Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1992 308771 164799 2026-09-20T08:27:15Z Lilbaaj1music 46956 Hordhac Lilbaaji1music waa fanaaniin Soomaaliyeed iyo soo-saare muusig oo ka shaqeeya noocyada Amapiano, Afro iyo Rap. Waxa uu bilaabay hawshiisa muusigga sannadihii u dambeeyay, isagoo soo saaray heeso iyo mashaariic muusig oo kala duwan. Nolosha hore Li 308771 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cutubyada caawinaada == Wikipedia waa qamus furan (fasaxan) kaasi oo ay isticmaalayaashiisa si wada jir ah u wada qorayaan. Bogan waxaad ka heli doontaa macluumaad la'xiriira wikipedia:ha, sidii aad usiticmaali lahayd iyo sida uu ushaqeeyo. * [[wikipedia:Tafaasiil| Tafaasiil guud oo ku saabsan Wikipedia]] Waxaad ka heleysaa waxa ku jiro wikipedia:ha iyo filosoofiyada ka dembeysa. Waxaa kaloo dheeraad ku ah sida aad wax uga bedeli lahayd maqaalada qoran iyo warbixin ku saabsan bulshada wikipedia * [[wikipedia:Sharciyada| Sharciyada Wikipedia]] Jawaabo ku saabsan su'aalahaan. Sidee loo dhaqmaa marka la'joogo wikipediaha? Maqaalo noocee ah ayaa lagu qorikaraa wikipediaha? Wikipedia waa qaamuus furan (fasaxan) kaasi oo ay isticmaalayaashiisa si wada jir ah u wada qorayaan. Bogan waxaad ka heli doontaa macluumaad la'xiriira wikipedia:ha, sidii aad u siticmaali lahayd iyo sida uu u shaqeeyo. * [[Wikipedia:Tafaasiil| Tafaasiil guud oo ku saabsan Wikipedia]] ---- Waxaad ka heleysaa waxa ku jiro wikipedia:ha iyo filosoofiyada ka dembeysa. Waxaa kaloo dheeraad ku ah sida aad wax uga bedeli lahayd maqaalada qoran iyo warbixin ku saabsan bulshada wikipedia * [[Wikipedia:Sharciyada| Sharciyada Wikipedia]] Jawaabo ku saabsan su'aalahan. Sidee loo dhaqmaa marka la'joogo wikipediaha? Maqaalo noocee ah ayaa lagu qorikaraa wikipediaha? ----- * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Horudhac (Introduction)]] waxaa rabaa inaa maqaalkeega soo dhigo * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Daadihin (Tutorial)]] * [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|Bacaadka (Sandbox)]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet| Waraaqda qishaka]] 8pblutkc4khlmrd86nzz21vqshkh35y 308772 308771 2026-09-20T08:41:55Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badalkii uu sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/Lilbaaj1music|Lilbaaj1music]] ([[User talk:Lilbaaj1music|wadahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:Ismail4all|Ismail4all]] 164799 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cutubyada caawinaada == Wikipedia waa qamus furan (fasaxan) kaasi oo ay isticmaalayaashiisa si wada jir ah u wada qorayaan. Bogan waxaad ka heli doontaa macluumaad la'xiriira wikipedia:ha, sidii aad usiticmaali lahayd iyo sida uu ushaqeeyo. * [[wikipedia:Tafaasiil| Tafaasiil guud oo ku saabsan Wikipedia]] Waxaad ka heleysaa waxa ku jiro wikipedia:ha iyo filosoofiyada ka dembeysa. Waxaa kaloo dheeraad ku ah sida aad wax uga bedeli lahayd maqaalada qoran iyo warbixin ku saabsan bulshada wikipedia * [[wikipedia:Sharciyada| Sharciyada Wikipedia]] Jawaabo ku saabsan su'aalahaan. Sidee loo dhaqmaa marka la'joogo wikipediaha? Maqaalo noocee ah ayaa lagu qorikaraa wikipediaha? Wikipedia waa qaamuus furan (fasaxan) kaasi oo ay isticmaalayaashiisa si wada jir ah u wada qorayaan. Bogan waxaad ka heli doontaa macluumaad la'xiriira wikipedia:ha, sidii aad u siticmaali lahayd iyo sida uu u shaqeeyo. * [[Wikipedia:Tafaasiil| Tafaasiil guud oo ku saabsan Wikipedia]] ---- Waxaad ka heleysaa waxa ku jiro wikipedia:ha iyo filosoofiyada ka dembeysa. Waxaa kaloo dheeraad ku ah sida aad wax uga bedeli lahayd maqaalada qoran iyo warbixin ku saabsan bulshada wikipedia * [[Wikipedia:Sharciyada| Sharciyada Wikipedia]] Jawaabo ku saabsan su'aalahan. Sidee loo dhaqmaa marka la'joogo wikipediaha? Maqaalo noocee ah ayaa lagu qorikaraa wikipediaha? ----- * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Horudhac (Introduction)]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Daadihin (Tutorial)]] * [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|Bacaadka (Sandbox)]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet| Waraaqda qishaka]] 1uhwlhkl2tgovbvhvd6773owgacdyjt 0 2301 308674 308327 2026-09-19T20:55:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* Islaamka Shiicada ah */ tixraac ku darista 308674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arkaan ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ciida diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=dead|website=Harvard University|access-date=2026-09-06|archive-date=2026-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260829082314/https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Ha ku darin xigashooyin hogaanka, marka laga reebo walxaha u badan tahay in la caqabado, sida ku cad [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Buugga Qaab dhismeedka/Qaybta Hoggaanka#Tixraacyada)]]. U wareeji xigashooyin aan loo baahnayn jirka.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kelinimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren-Quran">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation. "</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 Bisha Shanaad 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509202600/https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ }}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Imaam Cali Shrine oo ku yaalla Najaf, Ciraaq, ayaa waxaa u arka Muslimiinta Shiicada inay tahay goobta ugu quduska badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. Sano kasta, malaayiin xujey ah ayaa booqda oo maamuusa Cali. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Xarunta Imaam Xuseen inta lagu jiro Muxarram ee Karbala, Ciraaq, oo ah goob aad u qudus ka ah Islaamka Shiicada. Xajka Arbacinka ee xarunta ayaa ah isu-soo-baxa dadweynaha sannadlaha ah ee ugu weyn adduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peacock |first=Ruth |date=2024-08-26 |title=Millions join the Arbaeen pilgrimage in Iraq, the biggest annual gathering on earth |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/the-largest-annual-event-on-earth-millions-join-the-arbaeen-pilgrimage-in-iraq/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Religion Media Centre |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Arba'een Pilgrimage; world's largest annual public gathering |url=https://en.abna24.com/news/1390182/Arba-een-Pilgrimage-world-s-largest-annual-public-gathering |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=ABNA English |language=en}}</ref> | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Xarunta Imaam Riza oo ku taalla Mashhad, Iran, waa masaajidka adduunka ugu weyn, mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu quduska badan Islaamka Shiicada, waana goobta xajka ee ugu badan ee la booqdo Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679 |title=Inside Iran's Holy Money Machine |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=2007-06-02 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=2017-10-24 |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032806/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=soltani |first=mis |title=Islamic Republic of Iran: Over 30 million pilgrims visit Mashhad annually |url=http://www.wocoshiac.org/en/news-events/all-news-en/all-news-b-en/islamic-republic-of-iran-over-30-million-pilgrims-visit-mashhad-annually |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.wocoshiac.org |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-08 |title=Mashhad: A Hub of Tourism and Pilgrimage |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/travel/171/mashhad-a-hub-of-tourism-and-pilgrimage |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=FinancialTribune|language=en}}</ref> Mashhad waxaa u magacaabay Caasimadda Dhaqanka ee Adduunka Islaamka Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Mashhad dubbed 2017's 'Islamic culture capital' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-s-mashhad-dubbed-2017s-islamic-culture-capital-/734177 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Anadolu |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Mashhad, Cultural Capital of Islamic World in 2017 |url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/348440/Mashhad-Cultural-Capital-of-Islamic-World-in-2017 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Hawzah News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-24 |title=Iran's Mashhad officially named capital of Islamic culture in 2017 |url=https://en.abna24.com/news/806957/Iran-s-Mashhad-officially-named-capital-of-Islamic-culture-in |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=ABNA English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Mashhad Becomes 2017 Cultural Capital of Muslim World |url=https://iqna.ir/en/news/3462032/mashhad-becomes-2017-cultural-capital-of-muslim-world |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=IQNA |language=en}}</ref> }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. Farah}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 |edition=7th |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Firestone |first=Reuven |title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-512580-1}} * {{Cite book | last1=Goldschmidt | first1=Arthur Jr. |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |last2=Davidson |first2=Lawrence |publisher=Westview Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 |edition=8th |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=Ruth Marie |author1-link=Ruth Marie Griffith |title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance |last2=Savage |first2=Barbara Dianne |author2-link=Barbara D. Savage |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8370-5}} * {{Cite book |last1=Haddad |first1=Yvonne Yazbeck |last2=Smith |first2=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=Muslims in the West: Visible and Invisible |place=Walnut Creek, CA |publisher=Altamira |year=2002}} * {{Cite book |last=Hedayetullah |first=Muhammad |title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55369-842-5}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first2=Bernard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29136-1 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1 |author-link2=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor2-link=Ann Lambton |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC b7iy9ens8lqjkp57qzruxo1upxcdbzr 308675 308674 2026-09-19T21:19:25Z Isma4l 41797 /* Islaamka Shiicada ah */ Ku darista tixraac 308675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arkaan ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ciida diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=dead|website=Harvard University|access-date=2026-09-06|archive-date=2026-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260829082314/https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Ha ku darin xigashooyin hogaanka, marka laga reebo walxaha u badan tahay in la caqabado, sida ku cad [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Buugga Qaab dhismeedka/Qaybta Hoggaanka#Tixraacyada)]]. U wareeji xigashooyin aan loo baahnayn jirka.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kelinimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren-Quran">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation. "</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 Bisha Shanaad 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509202600/https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ }}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref><ref name="Never Again!" /><ref name="atimes.com">{{cite web |date= |title=Iran Diary, Part 2: Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date= |work=[[Asia Times Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Muslim Shia's Saint Imam Ali Holy Shrine |url=http://www.chnphoto.ir/gallery.php?gallery_uid=187&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905090748/http://www.chnphoto.ir/gallery.php?gallery_uid=187&lang=en |archive-date=2010-09-05 |access-date= |work=Cultural Heritage Photo Agency |format=16 images}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 4, 2003 |title=The tragic martyrdom of Ayatollah Al Hakim calls for a stance |url=http://www.modarresinews.com/artc.php?id=75%2F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918084430/http://www.modarresinews.com/artc.php?id=75%2F |archive-date=2010-09-18 |access-date= |work=Modarresi News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 13, 2004 |title=Title required |url=http://www.zaman.org/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20040813&hn=11401/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028164619/http://www.zaman.org/?bl=international |archive-date=October 28, 2006 |access-date= |work=Zaman Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 1, 2003 |title=Why 2003 is not 1991 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,926947,00.html/ |access-date= |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Imaam Cali Shrine oo ku yaalla Najaf, Ciraaq, ayaa waxaa u arka Muslimiinta Shiicada inay tahay goobta ugu quduska badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. Sano kasta, malaayiin xujey ah ayaa booqda oo maamuusa Cali. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Xarunta Imaam Xuseen inta lagu jiro Muxarram ee Karbala, Ciraaq, oo ah goob aad u qudus ka ah Islaamka Shiicada. Xajka Arbacinka ee xarunta ayaa ah isu-soo-baxa dadweynaha sannadlaha ah ee ugu weyn adduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peacock |first=Ruth |date=2024-08-26 |title=Millions join the Arbaeen pilgrimage in Iraq, the biggest annual gathering on earth |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/the-largest-annual-event-on-earth-millions-join-the-arbaeen-pilgrimage-in-iraq/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Religion Media Centre |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Arba'een Pilgrimage; world's largest annual public gathering |url=https://en.abna24.com/news/1390182/Arba-een-Pilgrimage-world-s-largest-annual-public-gathering |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=ABNA English |language=en}}</ref> | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Xarunta Imaam Riza oo ku taalla Mashhad, Iran, waa masaajidka adduunka ugu weyn, mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu quduska badan Islaamka Shiicada, waana goobta xajka ee ugu badan ee la booqdo Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679 |title=Inside Iran's Holy Money Machine |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=2007-06-02 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=2017-10-24 |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032806/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=soltani |first=mis |title=Islamic Republic of Iran: Over 30 million pilgrims visit Mashhad annually |url=http://www.wocoshiac.org/en/news-events/all-news-en/all-news-b-en/islamic-republic-of-iran-over-30-million-pilgrims-visit-mashhad-annually |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.wocoshiac.org |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-08 |title=Mashhad: A Hub of Tourism and Pilgrimage |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/travel/171/mashhad-a-hub-of-tourism-and-pilgrimage |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=FinancialTribune|language=en}}</ref> Mashhad waxaa u magacaabay Caasimadda Dhaqanka ee Adduunka Islaamka Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Mashhad dubbed 2017's 'Islamic culture capital' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/iran-s-mashhad-dubbed-2017s-islamic-culture-capital-/734177 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Anadolu |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Mashhad, Cultural Capital of Islamic World in 2017 |url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/348440/Mashhad-Cultural-Capital-of-Islamic-World-in-2017 |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=Hawzah News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-24 |title=Iran's Mashhad officially named capital of Islamic culture in 2017 |url=https://en.abna24.com/news/806957/Iran-s-Mashhad-officially-named-capital-of-Islamic-culture-in |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=ABNA English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Mashhad Becomes 2017 Cultural Capital of Muslim World |url=https://iqna.ir/en/news/3462032/mashhad-becomes-2017-cultural-capital-of-muslim-world |access-date=2026-07-04 |website=IQNA |language=en}}</ref> }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. Farah}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 |edition=7th |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Firestone |first=Reuven |title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-512580-1}} * {{Cite book | last1=Goldschmidt | first1=Arthur Jr. |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |last2=Davidson |first2=Lawrence |publisher=Westview Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 |edition=8th |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=Ruth Marie |author1-link=Ruth Marie Griffith |title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance |last2=Savage |first2=Barbara Dianne |author2-link=Barbara D. Savage |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8370-5}} * {{Cite book |last1=Haddad |first1=Yvonne Yazbeck |last2=Smith |first2=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=Muslims in the West: Visible and Invisible |place=Walnut Creek, CA |publisher=Altamira |year=2002}} * {{Cite book |last=Hedayetullah |first=Muhammad |title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55369-842-5}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first2=Bernard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29136-1 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1 |author-link2=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor2-link=Ann Lambton |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC e0vtbx1inc9bucye490xyg95ibe2gn4 0 2601 308762 307603 2026-09-20T02:09:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kanada''' waa waddan ku yaal [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]] . Tobankeeda gobol iyo saddex dhuleed waxay ka fidsan yihiin Badweynta Atlaantik ilaa Badweynta Baasifigga iyo woqooyiga ilaa Badweynta Arctic, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddanka labaad ee ugu weyn guud ahaan bedka , oo leh xeebta ugu dheer waddan kasta. Xuduudda ay la leedahay [[Maraykanka]] waa xuduudda dhulka ugu dheer ee caalamiga ah. Dalka waxa lagu gartaa tiro balaadhan oo ah gobolada saadaasha hawada iyo juqraafiga labadaba . Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 41 milyan, waxay leedahay cufnaan dadweyne oo aad u kala duwan, iyada oo inteeda badan ay deggan yihiin magaalooyinkeeda iyo degaannada waaweyn ee ay dadku ku yar yihiin. [[Caasimad]]a Kanada waa Ottawa sadexdeeda magaalo ee ugu waaweyn waa [[Toronto]] , Montreal , iyo Vancouver . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Canada<!--Magaca gobolka rasmiga ah ee Kanada waa ''Kanada''. Erayga "Dominion of Canada" waxaa si joogta ah loo isticmaalay in lagu qeexo dawlada Kanada ilaa laga gaadhayo [[Waddaninimada]] ee dastuurkii Kanada ee 1982. Eeg|Magaca Kanada--> | image_flag = Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg | alt_flag = Naqshad toosan oo triband ah (cas, caddaan, casaan) oo leh caleen maple cas oo dhexda ku taal. | image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg | symbol_type = Astaanta Kanada|Coat of arms | alt_coat = | national_motto = ''A mari usque ad mare'' ([[Latin]])<br/>"Bad ilaa badda" | national_anthem = "[[O Canada]]"<div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:"O Canada", performed by the United States Third Marine Aircraft Wing Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = CAN orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = Saadaasha Waqooyiga Ameerika ee Kanada ayaa lagu muujiyey cagaar | capital = [[Ottawa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|45|24|N|75|40|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Toronto]] | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]|[[Faransiis|Faransiis]]}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2017 |title=2016 Census of Population—Ethnic Origin, Catalog no. 98-400-X2016187 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; | title = Liiska qowmiyadaha| 72.9% [[Reer Yurub Kanadiyaanka|Yurub]] | 17.7% [[Aasiyaanka Kanadiyaanka|Aasiyaan]] | 4.9% [[Dadka asaliga ah ee Kanada|Asal ahaan deggan]] | 3.1% [[Madow Kanada|Afrikaan]] | 1.3% [[Laatin Ameerikaanka Kanada|Laatiin Ameerika]] | 0.2% [[Oceania]]n}}<!-- Boqolkiiba wadarta in ka badan 100% sababtoo ah jawaabo badan--> | religion_year = 2011 | religion_ref = <ref name="statcan1">{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2013 |title=2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515212448/http://statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> | religion = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title = List of religions|67.2% [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] |23.9% [[Irreligion in Canada|No religion]]|3.2% [[Islam in Canada|Islam]]|1.5% [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] |1.4% [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] |1.1% [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] |1.0% [[History of the Jews in Canada|Judaism]] |0.6% [[Religion in Canada#Other religions|Other]]}} | demonym = [[Kanadiyaan]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federaalka|Federaal]] [[Nidaamka baarlamaanka|baarlamaanka]]<br/>[[boqortooyo dastuuri ah]]<ref name="DowdingDumont2014">{{Cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AClHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT395 |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63444-7 |page=395}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Boqortooyada Kanada|Boqortooyo]] | leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Kanada|Gudoomiyaha Guud]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Mary Simon]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Canada|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Mark Carney]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Kanada|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Senatka Kanada|Senatka]] | lower_house = [[Aqalka Baarlamaanka Kanada|Golaha Hoose ee Baarlamaanka ]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Kanada|Madaxbanaanida]] | sovereignty_note = Ka ah [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] | established_event1 = [[Kanadiyaan Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]] | established_date1 = July 1, 1867 | established_event2 = [[Sharciga Westminster 1931|Xeerka Westminster]] | established_date2 = December 11, 1931 | established_event3 = [[Waddaninimada]] | established_date3 = April 17, 1982 | area_km2 = 9,984,670 | area_label = Guud ahaan aagga | area_rank = 2aad | area_sq_mi = 3,854,085<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 11.76 (as of 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#[[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_label2 = Wadarta bedka dhulka | area_data2 = {{convert|9093507|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | population_estimate = [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 41,528,680 <ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada |title=The "Qiyaasta dadka, saddexdii biloodba mar url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901, </ref> | population_census = 36,991,981<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2017 |title=""Profile Tirakoobka, Tirakoobka Dadweynaha 2021" |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada</ref> | population_estimate_year = Q1 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 37aad | population_density_km2 = 3.92 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.15<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 185aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$2.730&nbsp;trillion<!--end nowrap:-->}}<ref name="IMFWEOCA">{{Cite web |title="Daabacaadda Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025 Edition. (Kanada) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 15aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $65,707<ref name="IMFWEOCA" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 20aad | GDP_nominal = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $2.225{{nbsp}}<nowiki>trillion}}</nowiki><ref name="IMFWEOCA" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 9aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $53,558<ref name="IMFWEOCA" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 18aad | Gini = 30.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Income inequality |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality/indicator/english_459aa7f1-en {{Wayback|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality/indicator/english_459aa7f1-en |date=20241207221114 }} |</ref> | HDI = 0.939 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title="Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025" |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf </ref> | HDI_rank = 16aad | currency = [[Canadian dollar]] ($) | currency_code = CAD | utc_offset = −3.5 to −8 | utc_offset_DST = −2.5 to −7 | date_format = {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}}&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])<ref>The [[Government of Canada]] and [[Standards Council of Canada]] prescribe [[ISO 8601]] as the country's official all-numeric date format: {{Cite book |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau |author-link=Public Services and Procurement Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse/page/97 |title=The Canadian style: A guide to writing and editing |year=1997 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55002-276-6 |edition=Revised |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse/page/97 97] |chapter=5.14: Dates |chapter-url=http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tcdnstyl-chap?lang=eng&lettr=chapsect5&info0=5.14}} The {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yy|year}} and {{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|yy|year}} formats also remain in common use; see [[Date and time notation in Canada]].</ref> | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[Nambarada telefoonada ee Kanada|+1]] | iso3166code = CA | cctld = [[.ca]] | royal_anthem = "[[Ilaahow Boqorka Badbaadi]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Anthem |date=August 11, 2017 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |access-date=December 18, 2020 |publisher=Government of Canada |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206190257/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | today = }} Dadka asaliga ah waxay si joogto ah u degganaayeen waxa hadda loo yaqaan Kanada kumanaan sano. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 16aad, socdaalada Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska ayaa sahamiyey oo markii dambe degay xeebta Atlantic. Natiijo ka dhalatay iskahorimaadyo hubaysan oo kala duwan , [[Faransiiska|Faransiisku]] waxay ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaan gumeysigiisii ​​Waqooyiga [[Ameerika]] ku wareejiyeen 1763. 1867, oo ay la midoobeen saddex gobol oo Woqooyiga Ameerika ah oo [[British English|British]] ah iyada oo loo marayo Isbahaysi , Kanada waxaa loo sameeyay maamul [[federaal]] ah oo ka kooban afar gobol. Tani waxay bilawday kordhinta gobolada iyo dhulalka taasoo keentay barakaca dadka asaliga ah , iyo geedi socodka kordhinta madaxbanaanida [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]. Qaranimadan korodhay waxa iftiimiyay qaanuunka Westminster, 1931 , waxaanay ku dhammaatay sharciga Kanada 1982 , kaas oo gooyay ku tiirsanaanta sharciga ah ee Baarlamaanka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] Kanada waa [[dimuqraadiyad baarlamaani]] ah iyo boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo ku jirta dhaqanka Westminster . Madaxa xukuumadda ee dalka waa ra'iisul wasaaraha , kaas oo xilka u haya awood u leh inuu amar ku siiyo kalsoonida aqalka baarlamaanka ee la soo doortay , waxaana magacaabaya guddoomiyaha guud , oo matalaya boqorka Kanada , madaxa xafladaha . Wadanku waa dhul Barwaaqo-sooranka ah wuxuuna si rasmi ah ugu hadlaa laba luuqadood ([[Ingiriisi]] iyo [[Faransiis]]) oo ku yaal xukunka federaalka. Waxa ay aad ugu sareysaa marka la eego cabbirada caalamiga ah ee hufnaanta dowladda, tayada nolosha, tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, waxbarashada iyo xuquuqul insaanka. Waa mid ka mid ah qowmiyadaha adduunka ugu kala duwan iyo dhaqamada kala duwan , wax soo saarka socdaalka ballaaran . Xidhiidhka dheer ee kakan ee Kanada ay la leedahay [[Wadanka Maraykanka|Maraykanka]] ayaa saamayn wayn ku yeeshay taariikhdeeda , dhaqaalaheeda iyo dhaqankeeda . Waddan horumaray , Kanada waxa ay leedahay dakhli magac u yaal ah oo qofkiiba adduunka oo dhan iyo dhaqaalaheeda horumarsan waxa uu ka mid yahay kuwa ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga magac ahaan , iyada oo inta badan ku tiirsan kheyraadkeeda dabiiciga ah ee badan iyo shabakadaha ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee horumarsan . Waxaa loo aqoonsaday in ay tahay quwad dhexe , taageerada kanada ee dhinacyada badan leh iyo caalimiga waxay xiriir dhow la leedahay siyaasaddeeda dibadda ee nabad ilaalinta iyo gargaarka wadamada soo koraya . Kanada waxay kor u qaaddaa qiyamka ay wadaagto gudaha iyada oo ka qaybqaadanaysa ururo iyo golayaal caalami ah oo badan . ==Asalka erayga== Iyadoo aragtiyo kala duwan lagu dhajiyay asalka asalka ah ee Kanada , magaca hadda waa la aqbalay inuu ka yimid ereyga St. Lawrence Iroquoian kanata , oo macneheedu yahay "tuulo" ama "dejin". Sannadkii 1535, dadka asaliga ah ee ku nool gobolka Quebec ee maanta waxay adeegsadeen ereyga si ay ugu toosiyaan sahamiyaha Faransiiska Jacques Cartier tuulada Stadacona . Cartier ayaa markii dambe isticmaalay ereyga Kanada si uu u tixraaco oo keliya tuuladaas gaarka ah, laakiin dhammaan aagga oo dhan oo hoos yimaada Donnacona (madaxda Stadacona); 1545kii, buugaagta Yurub iyo khariidadaha waxay bilaabeen inay tixraacaan gobolkan yar ee ku teedsan wabiga Saint Lawrence sida Kanada . Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 16aad ilaa horraantii qarnigii 18aad, Kanada waxay tixraacday qayb ka mid ah Faransiiska Cusub ee ku yaal hareeraha wabiga Saint Lawrence. Ka dib qabsashadii Ingiriiska ee New France , goobtan waxaa loo yaqaanay Gobolka Quebec ee Ingiriiska 1763 ilaa 1791 . Labadan gumeysi waxaa si wada jir ah loogu yeeri jiray Kanada ilaa midawgoodii sida Gobolka Kanada ee 1841. 1867-kii markii uu isbaheysiga la sameeyay , Canada waxaa loo qaatay in uu noqdo magaca sharciga ah ee dalka cusub ee shirkii London waxaana ereyga xukun loo dhiibay magaca dalka. Ilaa 1950-meeyadii, ereyga Dominion of Canada mar dambe ma isticmaalin Boqortooyada Midowday, taas oo u tixgelisay Kanada "roonaanta Barwaaqo-sooranka". Sharciga Kanada ee 1982 , kaas oo si buuxda u hoos keenay dastuurka Kanada , oo loo gudbiyay Kanada oo keliya . Kadib sanadkaas, magaca fasaxa qaranka waxaa laga bedelay Maalinta Dominion ilaa Maalinta Kanada . ==Taariikhda== ===Dadka asaliga ah=== Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee deggan Waqooyiga Ameerika waxaa guud ahaan la qiyaasayaa inay ka soo haajireen Siberiya iyagoo sii maray buundada dhulka Bering waxayna yimaadeen ugu yaraan 14,000 oo sano ka hor. Goobaha qadiimiga ah ee Paleo-Indian ee Old Crow Flats iyo Caves Bluefish waa laba ka mid ah goobaha ugu da'da weyn ee deegaanka aadanaha ee Kanada. Tilmaamaha bulshooyinka asaliga ah waxaa ka mid ah degsiimooyin joogto ah, beero, kala sareyn bulsho oo adag, iyo shabakadaha ganacsiga. Qaar ka mid ah dhaqamadan ayaa burburay markii sahamiyayaashii reer Yurub ay yimaadeen dabayaaqadii 15aad iyo horraantii qarniyadii 16aad waxaana lagu ogaaday kaliya baaritaannada qadiimiga ah. Dadka asaliga ah ee ku nool Kanada maanta waxaa ka mid ah Qaramada Koowaad , Inuit , iyo Métis ugu dambeyntii asal ahaan isku dhafan kuwaas oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda bartamihii qarnigii 17aad markii Qaramada ugu horeysay ay guursadeen dadka reer Yurub iyo faracooda ka dib waxay horumariyeen aqoonsigooda. [[File:Indigenous population by census division.svg|thumb|]] Dadka asaliga ah ee wakhtiga degsiimooyinka Yurub ee ugu horreeya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ay ahaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 200,000 iyo laba milyan, iyada oo tiro dhan 500,000 ay aqbaleen Guddiga Boqortooyada Kanada ee Dadka Asaliga ah . Natiijada gumeysiga Yurub, dadka asaliga ah ayaa hoos u dhacay afartan ilaa siddeetan boqolkiiba. Hoos u dhaca waxaa loo aaneynayaa dhowr sababood, oo ay ku jiraan wareejinta cudurrada Yurub , kuwaas oo aan lahayn difaac dabiici ah, khilaafyada ganacsiga dhogorta, khilaafyada maamulka gumeysiga iyo degayaasha, iyo lumitaanka dhulalka asaliga ah ee degayaasha iyo burburkii xigay ee dhowr waddan oo isku-filaansho ah. In kasta oo aanay khilaaf la'aan ahayn, is-dhexgalka hore ee reer Kanada ee reer Yurub ee ay la lahaayeen Qaramada Koowaad iyo dadka Inuit waxay ahaayeen kuwo nabad ah. Qowmiyadda koowaad iyo dadka Métis waxay qayb muhiim ah ka ciyaareen horumarinta gumeysiga Yurub ee Kanada , gaar ahaan doorkooda ku aaddan caawinta coureurs des bois iyo socdaalayaasha Yurub ee sahaminta qaaradda intii lagu jiray ganacsiga dhogorta ee Waqooyiga Ameerika . Is dhexgalkan hore ee reer Yurub ee ay la yeesheen Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay ka bedeli doonaan saaxiibtinimada iyo heshiisyada nabadeed oo ay ku qabsanayaan dhulalka asaliga ah iyada oo loo marayo heshiisyo . Laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18aad, Kanadiyaanka Yurub waxay ku qasbeen dadka asaliga ah inay ku milmaan bulshada galbeedka Kanadiyaanka. Gumaysiga deggeneyaasha waxa uu gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyey dabayaaqadii 19aad iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad. Muddo dib- u - habayn ah ayaa ka bilaabmay samaynta guddi dib - u - heshiisiineed oo ay samaysay dawladda Kanada 2008 ===Gumeysiga Yurub=== [[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|]] Waxaa la fashiliyay in qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee la hormuudka ahaa si uu u sahamiyo xeebta bari ee Kanada uu ahaa sahmiyaha Norse Leif Erikson . Qiyaastii 1000 AD, Norse waxay dhistay xero yar oo aad gaaban ah taas oo si teel-teel ah u degganayd laga yaabee 20 sano L'Anse aux Meadows oo ku taal cidhifka woqooyi ee Newfoundland . Ma jiran sahan kale oo reer Yurub ah oo dhacay ilaa 1497, markii badmareen John Cabot uu ku saxsanaa oo uu ku andacooday xeebta Atlantic ee Kanada magaca Henry VII ee England . 1534, sahamiye Faransiis Jacques Cartier ayaa sahamiyay Gacanka Saint Lawrence, halkaas oo, Luulyo 24, uu ku beeray iskutallaab 10-mitir (33 ft) ah oo xambaarsan ereyada, "Noolow Boqorka Faransiiska", markii la wareegey dhulkii New France ee magaca Boqor Francis I. Horraantii waxa ay 16-kii aasaaska u ahayd ka qaybqaadashada Safarka Yurub. kalluumeysiga xilliyeedka iyo kalluumeysiga ee Atlantic. Guud ahaan, degsiimooyinka hore ee da'da gaaban waxay u dhaleen, umuliimo, sababtuna tahay isku darka cimilada adag, dhibaatooyinka hababka suuqyada iyo tartanka ee Scandinavia. Sanadkii 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert ,oo ay leedahay awood ee Queen Elizabeth I , ayaa lagu dhisay St John's, Newfoundland , oo ah xero xilliyeedkii ugu horreeyay ee Waqooyiga Ameerika . calaamad 1600, Faransiisku waxay aasaaseen goob ganacsi xilliyeedkoodii ugu horreeyay ee Tadoussac oo weheliya Saint Lawrence. Sahamiyaha Faransiiska Samuel de Champlain wuxuu ahaa 1603 markii la aasaasay degsiimooyinkii Yurub ee sii jiray sanadka oo dhan ee Port Royal (1605) iyo Quebec City (1608). Ka mid ah gumaystayaashii New France, Canadiens waxay si ay u dejiyeen dooxada Saint Lawrence River, Acadians waxay dejiyeen badda maanta ,halka ganacsatada dhogorta iyo adeegayaasha Katooliga ay sahamiyeen harooyinka waaweyn , Hudson Bay , iyo biyaha Mississippi ilaa Louisiana . Dagaalkii Beaver wuxuu shaqada bartamihii tilmaame 17aad ee xakameynta ganacsiyada ee Waqooyiga Ameerika. Ingriisku waxa uu sameeyay degsiimooyin dheeri ah Newfoundland 1610 oo ay la degsiimooyinka Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi ee koonfurta. Afar dagaal oo xiriir ah ayaa ka socday Waqooyiga Ameerika ee gumeysiga intii u awooday 1689 iyo 1763; dagaalladii dambe ee xilligaa waxay ka koobnaayeen masraxa Waqooyiga Ameerika ee dagaalkii maanta. Mainland Nova Scotia waxay hoos u dhaceen xukunkii Ingiriiska ee 1713 Treaty of Utrecht iyo Canada iyo badi New France waxay hoos u dhigeen xukunkii Ingiriiska 1763 ka dib Dagaalkii Todobada Sano. ===Waqooyiga Ameerika ee Ingiriiska=== [[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|Dhimashada Benjamin West ee General Wolfe (1771) ayaa riwaayad ka dhigaysa dhimashadii James Wolfe intii lagu jiray Battle of the Plains of Abraham ee Quebec City]] Ku dhawaaqida Boqortooyada ee 1763 ayaa dhidibada u taagtay xuquuqaha axdi qarameedka koowaad, waxa ay abuurtay Gobolka Quebec oo ka baxsan Faransiiska Cusub, waxa ayna ku dartay Jasiiradda Cape Breton ee Nova Scotia. Jasiiradda St John's (hadda Prince Edward Island ) waxay noqotay gumeysi gaar ah 1769. Si loo baajiyo colaadda Quebec , Baarlamaanka Ingiriiska wuxuu ansixiyay Xeerka Quebec 1774, dhul ballaarinta Quebec ilaa harooyinka waaweyn iyo dooxada Ohio . Waxaa ka sii muhiimsan, Xeerka Quebec wuxuu siiyay madax-bannaanida gaarka ah ee Quebec iyo xuquuqda is-maamulka waqti markii Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ay sii kordhayaan kacdoonka ka dhanka ah xukunka Ingiriiska. Waxay dib u dhistay luqadda Faransiiska, caqiidada Catholic, iyo sharciga madaniga ah ee Faransiiska halkaas, iyada oo ka hortagaysa kobaca dhaqdhaqaaqa madaxbannaanida ee ka soo horjeeda saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Ku dhawaaqida iyo Xeerka Quebec waxay ka cadhaysiiyeen dad badan oo degganaa Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi, taas oo sii kicisay dareenka British-ka ah sannadihii ka horreeyay Kacaanka Mareykanka .  Ka dib markii uu guulaystay dagaalkii Maraykanka ee madax-bannaanida, 1783-kii heshiiskii Paris waxa uu aqoonsaday madax-bannaanida Maraykanka cusub ee la sameeyay , wuxuuna dejiyay shuruudaha nabadda, isaga oo u gooyay dhulalkii Waqooyiga Ameerika ee koonfurta koonfurta harooyinka waaweyn iyo bariga wabiga Mississippi ee dalka cusub. Dagaalkii madax-bannaanida Maraykanku wuxuu sidoo kale sababay guuritaan ballaaran oo Loyalists ah ,degeyaashii la dagaalamay madax-bannaanida Maraykanka. Qaar badan ayaa u guuray Kanada, gaar ahaan Atlantic Canada, halkaas oo imaatinkoodu wax ka beddelay qaybinta tirada dadka ee dhulalka jira. New Brunswick ayaa markeeda kala qaybsantay Nova Scotia iyada oo qayb ka ah dib-u-habaynta degsiimooyinka daacadda ah ee Baddaha, taas oo horseeday in lagu daro Saint John, New Brunswick , oo ah magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Kanada. Si loo habeeyo qulqulka Ingiriisida daacadnimada ku hadla ee Bartamaha Kanada, Sharciga Dastuuriga ah ee 1791 wuxuu u qaybiyay gobolka Kanada ee ku hadla Faransiiska hoose ee Kanada (kadib Quebec ) iyo Ingiriisiga Sare ee Kanada (ka dib Ontario ), oo siinaya mid kasta oo ka mid ah golaha sharci-dejinta ee la doortay.  [[File:Laura Secord warns Fitzgibbons, 1813.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii 1812 ee geesinimada Laura Secord ayaa uga digay taliyihii Ingiriiska James FitzGibbon weerar soo socda oo Mareykan ah oo ku wajahan Dambiyada Beaver]] Kanada waxay ahayd hormoodka ugu weyn dagaalkii 1812 ee u dhexeeyay Maraykanka iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska . Nabaddu waxay timid 1815; xuduud lama bedelin. Soogalootiga ayaa dib u bilaabay heer sare, iyada oo in ka badan 960,000 ay ka yimaadeen Britain intii u dhaxaysay 1815 iyo 1850 . Cudurrada faafa ayaa dilay inta u dhaxaysa 25 iyo 33 boqolkiiba Yurubiyaanka u soo haajiray Kanada ka hor 1891. Damaca dawladnimo ee mas'uulka ka ah waxay keentay kacdoonkii dhicisoobay ee 1837 . Warbixinta Durham ka dib waxay ku talisay dawlad mas'uul ah iyo in Kanadiyaanka Faransiiska lagu daro dhaqanka Ingiriisiga. Sharciga Midowga 1840 wuxuu ku midoobey Canadas oo ah gobol midaysan oo Kanada ah waxaana dawlad mas'uul ah loo dhisay dhammaan gobollada Waqooyiga Ameerika ee bari ee Lake Superior 1855 . Tani waxay u gogol xaaraysay gumaysigii Ingiriiska ee Jasiiradda Vancouver (1849) iyo British Columbia (1858) . Heshiiskii Anglo-Ruushka ee Saint Petersburg (1825) ayaa aasaasay xuduudka xeebta Baasifigga, laakiin, xitaa ka dib iibkii Alaska US ee 1867, khilaafyadu waxay sii socdeen calaamadaynta saxda ah ee xuduudka Alaska-Yukon iyo Alaska-British Columbia ===Isbahaysi iyo ballaarinta=== [[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|Khariidad firfircooni ah oo muujinaysa kobaca iyo isbeddelka gobollada iyo dhulalka Kanada ilaa Confederation ee 1867]] Ka dib seddex shir oo dastuuri ah, Sharciga Waqooyiga Ameerika ee Ingiriiska, 1867 wuxuu si rasmi ah ugu dhawaaqay Isbaheysiga Kanada Luulyo 1, 1867, oo markii hore leh afar gobol: Ontario , Quebec, Nova Scotia, iyo New Brunswick. Kanada waxay la wareegtay gacan ku haynta Rupert's Land iyo Waqooyi-Galbeed Territory si ay u sameeyaan Waqooyi-galbeed Territories , halkaas oo cabashooyinka Métis ay kicisay kacdoonkii River Red River iyo abuurista gobolka Manitoba bishii Luulyo 1870. British Columbia iyo Vancouver Island (kaas oo lagu midoobey 186 confe). tareenada ka gudba qaaradaha ee ku fidsan Fiktooriya ee gobolka 10 sano gudahood, halka Prince Edward Island uu ku biiray 1873. 1898, intii lagu jiray Klondike Gold Rush ee Waqooyi Galbeed Territories, Baarlamaanku wuxuu abuuray Yukon Territory. Alberta iyo Saskatchewan waxay noqdeen gobolo 1905. Intii u dhaxaysay 1871 iyo 1896, ku dhawaad ​​rubuc ka mid ah dadka Kanadiyaanka ah waxay u haajireen koonfurta ilaa Maraykanka. Si loo furo Galbeedka oo loo dhiiri geliyo socdaalka Yurub, Dowladda Kanada waxay kafaala qaaday dhismaha saddex tareen oo transcontinental ah (oo ay ku jiraan Canadian Pacific Railway ), waxay meel mariyeen sharciga Dominion Lands si ay u nidaamiyaan dejinta waxayna dhiseen Booliska Waqooyi-Galbeed si ay u caddeeyaan awoodda dhulka. Muddadan ballaarinta galbeed iyo dhismaha qaranka waxay keentay in dad badan oo asaliga ah oo ku nool Prairies Canadian Prairies ay u barakacaan " Haydadka Hindida ", oo bannaynaya dariiqa loo maro degsiimooyinka qowmiyadaha Yurub . Tani waxay sababtay burburka Bison Plains ee galbeedka Kanada iyo hirgelinta beerihii lo'da ee Yurub iyo beerihii sarreenka ee dhulka xukumayay. Dadka asaliga ah waxay arkeen macaluul baahsan iyo cudurro ka dhashay luminta bisinka iyo dhulkii ugaarsiga dhaqameed. Dawladda federaalku waxay bixisay gargaar degdeg ah, iyada oo ku xidhan xaaladda dadka asaliga ah ee u guuraya kaydka. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, Kanada waxay soo bandhigtay Sharciga Hindida oo kordhinaya xakamaynta Qaramada Koowaad ee waxbarashada, dawladda iyo xuquuqda sharciga ===Horraantii qarnigii 20aad=== ===1918-kii Boodhadhka Dammaanadda Dagaalkii Kanada oo muujinaya saddex dumar ah oo Faransiis ah oo jiidaya maraq loo dhisay fardaha=== [[File:Canada WWI l'Emprunt de la Victoire2.jpg|thumb|Nooca Faransiiska - qiyaas ahaan waxaa loo tarjumaa "Waxay u adeegaan Faransiiska-Qof walba wuu adeegi karaa; Iibso curaarta guusha]] [[File:Canada WWI Victory Bonds2.jpg|thumb|Nooca Ingiriisiga - "Waxay u adeegaan Faransiiska-Sideen ugu adeegi karaa Kanada? Iibso Bonds Victory".]] Sababtoo ah Ingiriisku wali wuxuu sii waday xakamaynta arrimaha dibadda Kanada sida uu dhigayo Xeerka Waqooyiga Ameerika ee Ingiriiska, 1867, ku dhawaaqisteeda dagaalka 1914 waxay si toos ah u keentay Kanada Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka . Mutadawiciin loo diray Jabhadda Galbeedka ka dib waxay noqdeen qayb ka mid ah Ciidanka Kanada , kuwaas oo door la taaban karo ka qaatay Battle of Vimy Ridge iyo hawlgallada kale ee waaweyn ee dagaalka. Qalalaasaha askaraynta ee 1917 ayaa qarxay markii soo jeedinta Golaha Midawga ee lagu kordhinayo tirada sii yaraanaysa ee milatariga ee xubnaha firfircoon ee qoritaanka la kulmay diidmo adag oo ka yimid Quebecers ku hadla Faransiiska. Sannadkii 1919, Kanada waxay ku biirtay Ururka Qaramada Midoobay oo ka madax bannaan Britain, iyo Xeerka Westminster, 1931 , waxay xaqiijisay madaxbannaanida Kanada. Niyad -jabkii weynaa ee Kanada horraantii 1930-aadkii wuxuu arkay hoos u dhac dhaqaale, taasoo keentay dhibaato dalka oo dhan ah. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo hoos u dhaca, Xiriirka Iskaashatada Dawlada Dhexe (CCF) ee Saskatchewan waxay soo bandhigtay waxyaabo badan oo ka mid ah gobolka daryeelka (sida uu hormuudka ka yahay Tommy Douglas ) 1940s iyo 1950s. Talada Ra'iisul Wasaaraha William Lyon Mackenzie King , dagaalka Jarmalka waxaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu dhaqan galo Sebtembar 10, 1939, King George VI , todoba maalmood ka dib Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Dib u dhacaasi waxa uu hoosta ka xariiqay madaxbannaanida Kanada. Cutubyadii ugu horreeyay ee Ciidanka Kanadiyaanka ahi waxay yimaadeen Ingiriiska Diseembar 1939. Guud ahaan, in ka badan hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan ah ayaa ka mid ahaa ciidammada qalabka sida intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka . Ciidamada Kanada waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaareen dagaallo badan oo muhiim ah oo ay ku jiraan 1942 Dieppe Raid oo fashilmay , duulaankii xulafada ee Talyaaniga , soo degista Normandy , Battle of Normandy , iyo Battle of the Scheldt ee 1944 . ka xoraynta Nazi Germany . In kasta oo xiisad kale oo qorista ka dhacday Quebec 1944 , Kanada waxay dhammaysay dagaalkii ay la gashay ciidan badan iyo dhaqaale xooggan ===Xiliga casriga ah=== Dhibaatadii dhaqaale ee niyad jabka weyni waxay keentay in Dominion of Newfoundland ay ka tanaasusho dawladii masuulka ka ahayd 1934kii oo ay noqotay gumaysigii Crown ee uu xukumay gudoomiyihii Ingiriiska. Laba afti ka dib , Newfoundlanders waxay u codeeyeen inay ku biiraan Kanada 1949 gobol ahaan. Kobaca dhaqaalaha Kanada ee dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliso siyaasadihii dawladihii Liberal-ka ahaa ee isdaba-joogga ahaa, ayaa horseeday soo ifbaxa aqoonsiga Kanadiyaanka cusub , oo lagu calaamadeeyay qaadashada calan caleen maple ah 1965, hirgelinta laba-luqadlaha rasmiga ah (Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis) ee 1969, iyo hay'adda barnaamijyada dimoqraadiyadda rasmiga ah ee 79 ayaa sidoo kale lagu aasaasay 19 . sida Medicare , Qorshaha Hawlgabka Kanada , iyo Amaahda Ardayga Kanada ; in kastoo, dawladaha gobolka, gaar ahaan Quebec iyo Alberta, ay ka soo horjeesteen qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwan soo gelitaanka xukunkooda [[File:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (English).jpg|thumb|Nuqul ka mid ah Axdiga Kanada ee Xuquuqda iyo Xoriyada]] Ugu dambayntii, shirar kale oo taxane ah oo dastuuri ah ayaa natiijadii ka soo baxday Xeerka Kanada ee 1982 , ka-guurinta dastuurka Kanada ee Boqortooyada Midowday, iyadoo la raacayo abuurista Axdiga Xuquuqda iyo Xoriyadda ee Kanada . Kanada waxay dhistay madax-bannaani buuxda oo ah waddan madax-bannaan oo hoos yimaada boqortooyadiisa . Sannadkii 1999-kii, Nunavut waxay noqotay dhulkii saddexaad ee Kanada ka dib wada-xaajoodyo xiriir ah oo lala yeeshay dawladda federaalka. Isla mar ahaantaana, Quebec waxa ku dhacay isbeddelo bulsho iyo dhaqaale oo qoto dheer iyada oo loo marayo Kacaankii Deggan ee 1960-kii, isaga oo dhashay dhaqdhaqaaq qaran oo cilmaani ah . Jabhadda xagjirka ah ee liberation du Québec (FLQ) waxay kicisay Dhibaatada Oktoobar iyada oo qaraxyo iyo afduubyo xiriir ah ay sameeyeen 1970, iyo madax-bannaanida Parti Québécois ayaa la doortay 1976, iyada oo qabanqaabinaysa afti guul-darro ah oo ku saabsan madax-bannaanida.80. habayn qarannimada Quebec dastuur ahaan iyada oo loo marayo Heshiiskii Meech Lake ayaa ku guuldareystay 1990. Tani waxay keentay samaynta Bloc Québécois ee Quebec iyo dhiirigelinta Xisbiga Dib-u-habeeynta ee Kanada ee Galbeedka. Afti labaad ayaa ku xigtay 1995, kaas oo madax-banaanida lagu diiday xad yar oo ah 50.6 ilaa 49.4 boqolkiiba. 1997-kii, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay in gooni-u-goosadka hal-dhinac ee gobolku uu noqon doono mid aan dastuuri ahayn, waxaana sharciga caddaynaya baarlamaanka, oo qeexaya shuruudaha wada-xaajoodka ka bixitaanka Confederation. Marka laga soo tago arrimaha madax-banaanida Quebec, tiro xasarado ah ayaa ruxay bulshada Kanada dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa qaraxii Air India Flight 182 ee 1985, dil wadareedkii ugu weynaa ee taariikhda Kanada; xasuuqii École Polytechnique ee 1989, toogasho jaamacadeed oo lala beegsaday arday dumar ah; iyo Dhibaatada Oka ee 1990, kii ugu horreeyay ee tiro iskahorimaadyo rabshado wata oo u dhexeeya dawladaha gobolka iyo kooxaha asaliga ah. Kanada waxay ku biirtay dagaalkii khaliijka 1990 waxayna ka hawlgashay dhowr hawlgal nabad ilaalin ah sagaashamaadkii, oo ay ku jiraan hawlgalladii Balkans intii lagu jiray iyo ka dib dagaalkii Yugoslavia , iyo Soomaaliya , taas oo keentay dhacdo lagu tilmaamay " Waagii ugu madaw ee taariikhda ciidamada Kanada ". Kanada ayaa ciidamo u dirtay Afgaanistaan ​​2001dii , taasoo keentay in tirada ugu badan ee dhimashada Kanadiyaanka ah hal hawlgal oo milatari tan iyo Dagaalkii Kuuriya ee horaantii 1950-meeyadii. 2011, ciidamada Kanada waxay ka qaybqaateen faragelinta NATO ay hogaamiso ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya waxayna sidoo kale ku lug lahaayeen la dagaalanka kacdoonka Islaamiga ah ee Ciraaq bartamihii 2010-meeyadii. Faafida COVID-19 ee Kanada waxay bilaabatay Janaayo 27, 2020, taasoo keentay khalkhal bulsho iyo dhaqaale oo baahsan. Sannadkii 2021, xabaalaha suurtagalka ah ee carruurta asaliga ah ayaa laga helay meel u dhow dugsiyadii hore ee Kanada , taas oo muujinaysa xasuuqii dhaqameed ee ka dhanka ahaa dadka asaliga ah . Dagaal ganacsi oo ku lug leh Mareykanka ayaa billowday Febraayo 1, 2025, markii madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump uu saxiixay amarro lagu soo rogayo badeecadaha soo galaya Mareykanka ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Canada topo.jpg|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Kanada ah, oo ku jirta saadaasha cirifka (90° W), oo tusinaya meel sare oo hadhkoodu yahay cagaar ilaa bunni (sare)]] Marka la eego bedka guud (oo ay ku jiraan biyaheeda), Kanada waa dalka labaad ee ugu weyn . Dhulka oo kaliya , Kanada ayaa ku jirta kaalinta afraad , sababtoo ah waxay leedahay meesha ugu weyn adduunka ee harooyinka biyaha macaan . Isagoo ka soo jeeda Badweynta Atlaantigga ee bari, oo ku teedsan Badweynta Arctic dhanka woqooyi, iyo Badweynta Baasifigga ee galbeedka, waddanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul dhan 9,984,670 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,855,100 sq mi). Kanada sidoo kale waxay leedahay dhul badeed aad u ballaadhan, oo leh xeebta adduunka ugu dheer oo dhan 243,042 kiiloomitir (151,019 mi). Intaa waxaa dheer in la wadaago soohdinta dhulka ugu weyn adduunka ee Mareykanka - oo dhan 8,891 kiiloomitir (5,525 mi) —Canada waxay xuduud la wadaagtaa Greenland (oo markaa Boqortooyada Danmark ) waqooyi-bari, jasiiradda Hans , iyo xuduud badeed oo leh xuduud badeedka Faransiiska ee dibedda iyo Miquen . Kanada sidoo kale waxay hoy u tahay dejinta woqooyiga adduunka, Digniinta Saldhigga Ciidanka Kanadiyaanka , oo ku taal cidhifka woqooyi ee Jasiiradda Ellesmere — loolka 82.5°N—kaas oo 817 kiiloomitir (508 mi) u jira Cirifka Waqooyi. Latitude, dhulka ugu waqooyi ee Kanada waa Cape Columbia ee Nunavut at 83°6′41″N, iyada oo darafkeeda koonfureed ku taal Jasiiradda Dhexe ee harada Erie at 41°40′53″N. Longitude, dhulka Kanada wuxuu ku fidsan yahay Cape Spear , Newfoundland, 52°37'W, ilaa Mount St. Elias , Yukon Territory, at 141°W. Kanada waxa loo qaybin karaa todoba gobol oo jireed: gaashaanka Kanadiyaanka , bannaanka gudaha , harooyinka waaweyn–St. Lawrence Lowlands , gobolka Appalachian , Western Cordillera , Hudson Bay Lowlands , iyo Arctic Archipelago . Kaymaha boreal ayaa ku baahsan dalka oo dhan, barafku wuxuu caan ku yahay gobollada waqooyi ee Arctic iyo iyada oo loo sii marayo buuraha Rocky , iyo Prairies Kanadiyaanka ah oo siman oo ku yaal koonfur-galbeed waxay fududeeyaan beeraha wax soo saarka leh. Harooyinka waaweyn waxay quudiyaan wabiga St. Lawrence (koonfur-bari) halkaas oo dhul-hoosaadyadu ay martigeliyaan wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha Kanada. Kanada waxay leedahay in ka badan 2,000,000 harooyin - 563 ka mid ah waxay ka weyn yihiin 100 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (39 sq mi) - oo ka kooban inta badan biyaha nadiifka ah ee adduunka . Waxa kale oo jira barafka biyaha nadiifka ah ee Canadian Rockies , Buuraha Xeebta , iyo Arctic Cordillera . Kanada waa mid juquraafi ahaan firfircoon , oo leh dhulgariir badan iyo foolkaanooyin suurtagal ah ===Cimilada=== [[File:Canada Köppen.svg|thumb|Noocyada kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Kanada]] Celceliska heerkulka sare ee jiilaalka iyo xagaaga ee Kanada oo dhan way kala duwan yihiin gobol ilaa gobol. Jiilaalku wuxuu noqon karaa mid adag qaybo badan oo dalka ah, gaar ahaan gudaha iyo gobollada Prairie, kuwaas oo la kulma cimilo-qaradeed , halkaas oo celceliska heerkulka maalinlaha ahi uu ku dhow yahay -15 °C (5 °F ), laakiin wuxuu hoos uga dhici karaa -40 °C (-40 °F) oo leh qabow dabayl daran . Gobollada aan xeebaha ahayn, barafku wuxuu dabooli karaa dhulka ku dhawaad ​​lix bilood sanadka, halka qaybo ka mid ah waqooyiga barafku uu sii jiri karo sanadka oo dhan. Xeebta British Columbia waxay leedahay cimilo dhexdhexaad ah, oo leh qabow qabow iyo roobaad. Xeebaha bari iyo galbeed, celceliska heerkulka sare ayaa guud ahaan ah 20s ° C (70s ° F), halka xeebaha u dhexeeya, celceliska heerkulka xagaaga sare wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 25 ilaa 30 ° C (77 ilaa 86 ° F), iyadoo heerkulku uu ka badan yahay 40 ° C (104 ° F). Inta badan Waqooyiga Kanada waxaa daboolay baraf iyo barmafrost . Mustaqbalka barmafrost-ka lama hubo sababtoo ah Arctic ayaa kuleylaysay saddex jeer celceliska caalamiga ah taas oo ka dhalatay isbeddelka cimilada Kanada . Celceliska heerkulka Kanada ee sannadlaha ah ee dhulka ayaa kor u kacay 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), isbeddellada u dhexeeya 1.1 ilaa 2.3 °C (2.0 ilaa 4.1 °F) gobollo kala duwan, tan iyo 1948 . Gobollada koonfurta ee Kanada, wasakhowga hawada ee Kanada iyo Maraykanka labadaba - oo ay sabab u tahay birta dhalaalaysa, gubista dhuxusha tamarta korontada, iyo qiiqa baabuurta - waxay keentay roobka aashitada , taas oo si weyn u saamaysay marin-biyoodka, koritaanka kaynta, iyo wax soo saarka beeraha. Kanada waa mid ka mid ah gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee ugu weyn caalamka , iyadoo qiiqa sii daaya uu kordhay 16.5 boqolkiiba intii u dhaxaysay 1990 iyo 2022. ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada, 2017.gif|thumb|Dhul-beereedka iyo deegaanka ee Kanada . Ecozones waxaa lagu aqoonsaday midab gaar ah. Deegaannada deegaanku waa qayb-hoosaadyada ecozones waxaana lagu aqoonsaday kood lambar oo gaar ah]] Kanada waxay u qaybsantaa 15 dhul iyo shan ecozone badeed . Ecozone-yadani waxay ka kooban yihiin in ka badan 80,000 nooc oo duurjoogta Kanada ah , oo leh tiro siman oo aan weli si rasmi ah loo aqoonsan ama loo helin. Inkasta oo Kanada ay leedahay boqolkiiba hoose ee noocyada endemic marka loo eego dalalka kale , sababtoo ah hawlaha aadanaha, noocyada soo galitaanka iyo arrimaha deegaanka ee dalka , hadda waxaa jira in ka badan 800 noocyada khatarta ah in la lumiyo . Qiyaastii 65 boqolkiiba noocyada dadka degan Kanada waxaa loo tixgeliyaa "Ammaan". In ka badan kala badh ka mid ah muuqaalka Kanada ayaa ah mid sax ah oo ka xor ah horumarka aadanaha. Kaynta boreal ee Kanada waxaa loo arkaa kaynta ugu weyn ee dhulka, iyada oo ku dhawaad ​​3,000,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,200,000 sq mi) aanay carqaladayn waddooyinka, magaalooyinka ama warshadaha. Tan iyo dhamaadkii xilligii glacial ee ugu dambeeyay , Kanada waxay ka koobnayd siddeed gobol oo kayn ah oo kala duwan . Ku dhawaad ​​12.1 boqolkiiba dhulka qaranka iyo biyaha saafiga ah waa aagagga ilaalinta , oo ay ku jiraan 11.4 boqolkiiba oo loo qoondeeyay meelo la ilaaliyo . Ku dhawaad ​​13.8 boqolkiiba dhul badeedkeeda waa la dhawray, oo ay ku jiraan 8.9 boqolkiiba oo loo qoondeeyay meelo la ilaaliyo. Beertii Qaranka ee ugu horeysay ee Kanada , Banff National Park waxaa la aasaasay 1885. Beerta gobolka ee ugu da'da weyn Kanada, Algonquin Provincial Park waxaa la aasaasay 1893. Waxaa la aasaasay 2015. Gobolka duurjoogta qaranka ee ugu weyn Kanada, oo la aasaasay 2018, waa Aagga Duur-joogta Qaranka ee Scott Islands badda . ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Parliament Hill from a Hot Air Balloon, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Y2K (7173715788).jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka hawada ee dhismayaasha baarlamaanka Kanada iyo agagaarkooda]] Kanada waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay " dimuqraadiyad buuxda ", oo leh caado liberaaliga , iyo sinnaanta , aragti siyaasadeed oo dhexdhexaad ah . Xoogga saarista caddaaladda bulshada ayaa ahayd shay kala soocida dhaqanka siyaasadeed ee Kanada. Nabadda, kala dambaynta, iyo dawlad wanaagga , oo ay weheliso sharciga xuquuqda aadanaha , ayaa ah mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee federaalka Kanada . Heer federaal, Kanada waxaa gacanta ku haya laba xisbi oo dhexdhexaad ah oo ku dhaqmaya "siyaasad dillaalnimo": Xisbiga Liberal Party of Canada ee bidix dhexe u janjeera iyo xisbiga Conservative Party ee Kanada (ama kuwii ka horreeyay ). Libaraalka taariikh ahaan u badan ayaa isu dhigaya barta dhexe ee miisaanka siyaasadeed. Shan xisbi waxay lahaayeen wakiillo loo soo doortay baarlamaanka doorashada 2025 — Libaraalka, oo soo dhisay dawlad laga tirada badan yahay; Muxaafidka, oo noqday Mucaarad Rasmi ah ; Bloc Québécois ; Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Cusub (qabsashada bidixda ; iyo xisbiga Doogga . Siyaasadda midig-fog iyo siyaasadda bidix-fog weligood may ahayn xoog caan ka ah bulshada Kanada. Kanada waxay leedahay nidaam baarlamaani ah oo ku dhex jira macnaha boqortooyada dastuuriga ah - Boqortooyada Kanada waa aasaaska laamaha fulinta, sharci-dejinta , iyo garsoorka . Boqorka talada haya wuxuu sidoo kale boqor ka yahay 14 waddan oo kale oo madaxbannaan iyo 10-ka gobol ee Kanada . Boqorku wuxuu magacaabayaa wakiil, guddoomiyaha guud , isagoo raacaya talada ra'iisul wasaaraha , si uu u guto inta badan waajibaadkooda boqornimada. [[File:King Charles III (July 2023).jpg|thumb|Charles III Boqorka Kanada]] [[File:Mary Simon, Governor General of Canada.jpg|thumb|Mary Simon Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Kanada]] [[File:Mark Carney portrait February 2020.jpg|thumb|Mark Carney Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Kanada]] Boqortooyadu waa isha madax-banaanida iyo maamulka Kanada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo guddoomiyaha guud ama boqortooyadu ay awood u leeyihiin inay awoodaan iyaga oo aan la talin wasiirnimo xaalado dhif ah , isticmaalka awoodaha fulinta (ama awoodda boqortooyada ) waxaa si kale hagaya Golaha Wasiirada , guddi wasiirro ah oo ka tirsan Boqortooyada oo mas'uul ka ah Golaha Baarlamaanka ee la soo doortay oo ay doortaan oo uu hoggaamiyo ra'iisul wasaaraha , . Si loo xaqiijiyo xasilloonida dowladnimada, guddoomiyaha guud wuxuu inta badan u magacaabi doonaa ra'iisul wasaare qofka hadda ah hoggaamiyaha xisbi siyaasadeed oo heli kara kalsoonida aqlabiyadda xubnaha Golaha. Xafiiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha (PMO) waa mid ka mid ah hay'adaha ugu awoodda badan ee dawladda, oo bilaabaya inta badan sharciyada ansixinta baarlamaanka iyo xulashada magacaabista Dhaxalsugaha guud ee guddoomiyaha, ku-xigeennada , senetarada, garsoorayaasha maxkamadda federaalka, iyo madaxda shirkadaha Crown iyo hay'adaha dawladda. Hogaamiyaha xisbiga kuraasida labaad ee ugu badan waxa uu noqdaa hogaamiyaha mucaaradka rasmiga ah , waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka baarlamaaniga ah ee iska soo horjeeda ee loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo dawladda. [[File:West Block Temp House of Commons, 2022.jpg|thumb|Guriga Baarlamaanka ee ku-meel-gaarka ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah, West Block]] Baarlamaanka Kanada wuxuu soo saaraa dhammaan sharciyada federaalka. Waxay ka kooban tahay Boqortooyada, Aqalka Baarlamaanka, iyo Guurtida . In kasta oo Kanada ay dhaxashay fikradda Ingiriiska ee sarraynta baarlamaanka , tani waxay ahayd markii dambe, iyada oo la ansixiyay Sharciga Dastuurka, 1982, dhammaan laakiin gabi ahaanba waxaa beddelay fikradda Mareykanka ee sarraynta sharciga . Mid kasta oo ka mid ah 343 xubnood ee Baarlamaanka ee Aqalka Baarlamaanka waxaa lagu soo doortaa tiro badan oo fudud degmada doorasho ama fuushan. Sharciga Dastuurka, 1982 , wuxuu u baahan yahay in aan wax ka badan shan sano u dhexeynin doorashooyinka, inkastoo sharciga doorashooyinka Kanada uu tan ku xaddiday afar sano oo leh "go'an" taariikhda doorashada ee Oktoobar; Doorashada guud waa in weli uu ku dhawaaqaa guddoomiyaha guud, waxaana keeni kara talada ra'iisul wasaaraha ama codka kalsoonida ee Golaha. Xubnaha 105 ee golaha guurtida, kuwaas oo kuraastooda loo qaybiyo qaab gobol, waxay u adeegaan ilaa da'da 75. Federaalka Kanada wuxuu u qaybiyaa mas'uuliyadda dawladda inta u dhaxaysa dawladda federaalka iyo 10-ka gobol. Sharci-dejinta gobolku waa kuwo aan sharci ahayn waxayna ku shaqeeyaan qaab baarlamaani ah oo la mid ah Aqalka Hoose. Saddexda dhul ee Kanada sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin sharci-dejin, laakiin kuwani maaha kuwo madaxbannaan, waxay leeyihiin mas'uuliyad dastuuri ah oo ka yar gobollada, waxayna ka duwan yihiin qaab dhismeedkooda gobolka ===Sharciga=== Dastuurka Kanada waa sharciga ugu sarreeya ee dalka, wuxuuna ka kooban yahay qoraal iyo heshiisyo aan qornayn. Sharciga Dastuurka, 1867 (oo loo yaqaan Xeerka Waqooyiga Ameerika ee Ingiriiska, 1867 ka hor 1982), wuxuu xaqiijiyay maamul ku saleysan horudhac baarlamaanka iyo awoodaha kala qeybsanaanta dowladda dhexe iyo dowlad goboleedyada. Xeerka Westminster, 1931 , oo si buuxda loo siiyay madax-bannaani buuxda, iyo Xeerka Dastuurka, 1982 , wuxuu soo afjaray dhammaan xiriirkii sharci-dejinta ee Ingiriiska, iyo sidoo kale in lagu daro qaacidada wax ka beddelka dastuurka iyo Axdiga Kanada ee Xuquuqda iyo Xoriyadda . Axdigu waxa uu dammaanad qaadayaa xuquuqda aasaasiga ah iyo xorriyadaha kuwaas oo inta badan aanay dawladi ka gudbi karin; Si kastaba ha ahaatee qodob ayaa u ogolaanaya Baarlamaanka iyo sharci-dejinta gobolka in ay baabi'iyaan qaybo ka mid ah Axdiga muddo shan sano ah. [[File:Supreme court of Canada in summer.jpg|thumb|Maxkamadda Sare ee Kanada oo ku taal Ottawa, galbeedka Baarlamaanka Hill]] Garsoorka Kanada ayaa tarjuma tarjuma, awood u leh inuu sharraxaadda barnaamijyada baarlamaanka ee ku sharxay dastuurka. Maxkamada Sare ee kanaalada waa Maxkamada ugu darajada ,Garsoorka kama dambeysta ah, sida tan iyo 2017 hogaaminayay Richard Wagner , Gudoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Kanada . Taliyaha guud wuxuu kormeeraa sagaasha ee maxkamadda marka uu la taliyo ra'iisul weerar iyo weerarrada . Golaha Maxkamada fedaraalku wuxuu sidoo kale magacaabayaa garsoorayaal maxkamadaha sare ee tubaakada. qolka guud ayaa meel walba ka jira marka laga reebo Quebec, halkaas oo maskaxda madaniga ah uu u badan yahay. albaabka dembigu waa mas' xaddidan oo keliya oo wanaagsan labiska Kanada oo dhan. Dhaqangelinta Injirta, oo ay ku jiraan maxkamadaha dembiyada, waa si rasmi ah mas' fur gobolka, oo ay xireen booliska gobolka iyo kuwa degmada. Badi miigga iyo qaar, mas'uuliyiinta bilayska waxaa lagu dhuftay la siiya booliiska Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Makhaayadaha Aborijiniska Kanada waxa uu xuquuqdii dastuuri ah oo la aqoonsan yahay dhulka iyo dhaqamada dhaqanka ee soo baxay asaliga ah ee Kanada. Heshiisyo iyo sharciyo kala duwan ayaa la aasaasay si loogu calaamadiyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya Yurubiyaanka iyo dadyoowga asaliga ah. Doorka Aborijiniska iyo xuquuqaha ayan waxaa lagu qoray qaybta 35 ee bogga Dastuurka, 1982 . Waxaa ku jiri kara, shaqada, sida caawinta, iyada oo loo marayo siyaasadda Wareejinta caafimaadka Hindiya , iyo ka dhaafida xuquuqdata ===Gobolada iyo dhulalka=== Kanada waa federaal ka kooban 10 gobol oo federaal ah , oo loo yaqaan, iyo saddex dhulal federaal ah . Kuwaas waxaa loo qaybin karaa afar gobol oo waaweyn : Western Canada , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , iyo Northern Canada ( Bari Kanada waxaa loola jeedaa Bartamaha Kanada iyo Atlantic Canada wadajir). Calaamadda iyo dhulalka waxay leeyihiin mas' block bulshada sida, xarig , baahi , iyo muujinta bulshada, iyo sidoo kale maamulka maamulka (lakin maaha, dembiyada). In kasta oo gobolladu ay ka kooban yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo kala duwan, sinnaanta moodooyinka waxaa bixiya bixinaya si loo hubiyo in si macquul ah shaqada iyo canshuuraha loo fiiriyo tallaalka hodanka ah iyo kuwa saboolka ah. Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya gobolka Kanadiyaanka iyo dhulalka ayaa ah in gobolladu ay ka helaan madax-banaanidooda waajibaadka iyo waajibaadka iyo qaybaha Dastuurka, 1867 , halka qodobka dhulalka ay leeyihiin awoodo ay u wakiisheen baarlamaanka Kanada iyo wakiilladu waxay matalaan Boqorka golihiisa boos , si toos ah. Awoodaha ka soo baxaya Xeerka Dastuurka, 1867 , waxa ay kala qaybsan yihiin dawladaha iyo qaybaha gobolka inay si gaar ah u caddayn iyo isbeddel kasta oo lagu sameeyo habraacaas wuxuu u baahan yahay wax ka beddelka dastuurka , isbeddelka doorarka iyo awoodaha dhulalka uu samayn karo hal dhinac oo keliya Baarlamaanka Kanada. ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:Canadian embassies map.png|thumb|Ergada Diplomaasiyadeed ee Kanada]] Kanada waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay awood dhexe ay ku leedahay mawduucyada ah iyada oo u janjeerta inay raadiso xalal dhinacyo badan leh iyo macallimiin caalami ah . Kanada waxay caan ku tahay sida ay uga go'an tahay nabadda iyo amniga ah, iyo sidoo kale ciidda colaadaha, iyo alka gargaar soo koraya . Kanada iyo Jaamacadda waxay leeyihiin xidhiidh dheer oo adag; taariikh ahaan xulafada dhow, waxay si joogto ah isaga kaashadaan ololaha militariga iyo dadaallada bani'aadamnimada. Kanada waxa ay sidoo kale ilaalisaa xidhiidhka taariikhi iyo dhaqameed oo ay la leedahay Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska ,iyada oo ay weheliso labada waddan ee ay hore u gumaysan jireen iyada oo loo qaybnimadeeda Commonwealth of Nations iyo Ururka doorka ah ee de la Francophonie . Kanada waxaa lagu xusay inay xiriir togan la leedahay Nederland , iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay, qayb ahaan, gacantii ay ka xustay Nederland intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka . Kanada waxay xafiisyo walaaceeda iyo qunsuliyadeed ku leedahay in ka badan 270 goobood oo ku yaal dhegaha 180 waddan oo shisheeye ah. Kanada waxay kor u qaaddaa qiyamka ay wadaagto iyada oo ka qaybqaadanaysa ururo caalami ah oo badan . Kanada waxay xubin ka ahayd Qaramada Midoobay (UN) 1945 samaa bixiyey Ciidanka Difaaca Hawada Waqooyiga iyada oo ay weheliso Maraykanka 1958. Wadanku wuxuu xubin ka ahaa aasaasaha Madasha Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha ee Aasiya-Pacific ( APEC ) ee 1989 markii ku biiray Ururka Dawladaha Mareykanka (OAS) 1990 ===Ciidan iyo nabad ilaalin=== [[File:CAFDay-27 (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Canadian McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet ee "calaamadaynta gaarka ah" ee ay adeegsadeen kooxda CF-18 ee 2014]] Marka laga soo taago gooyo badan oo shaqsi ah, in ka badan 3,000 oo Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Kanada (CAF) ayaa la geeyay hawlgallo badan oo laga sameeyay badda . Ciidamada midaysan ee Kanadiyaanka waxay ka kooban yihiin Ciidanka Badda ee Royal Canadian Navy , Ciidanka Kanada , iyo Ciidanka Cirka ee Royal Canadian Air Force . Qaranku wuxuu shaqaaleeyaa shaqaalaysiinta leh, tabaruce ah oo ku dhow 68,000 oo shaqaale ah iyo 27,000 shaqaale kayd ah - kor u kaca ilaa 71,500 iyo 30,000 siday u kala adeegaan "Strong, Secure, Engaged" -oo leh qayb-hoosaad ah war 5.000 Canadian Rangers. calaamada 2022-kii, cuntooyinka Canada waxa uu gaadhay ku dhawaad ​​​​$26.9 bilyun, ama ku dhawaad ​​1.2 inch wax-soo-saarka guud ee dalka (GDP) – taas oo ka dhigaysa 14-AAD ARAGGANAAN . Doorkii Kanada ee ilaalinta ilaalinta ilaalinta iyo ka qaybqaadashada dadaallada nabad-ilaalinta ee 20aad ayaa door weyn ka ciyaartay muuqaalkeeda togan ee caalamka. Nabad-ilaalintu waxay si qoto dheer ugu dhex jirtaa dhaqanka Kanadiyaanka iyo muujinta kala soocida ee dadka Kanadiyaanka ahi ay dacwadan inay siyaasaddooda dibadda ka dhigayaan Maraykanka. Kanada ayaa Maktabad dheer ka soo jiidatay inay ka qaybgasho hawlgallada militari ee aan cunaqabatayn Qaramada Midoobay, sida Dagaalkii Vietnam ama duulaankii 2003 ee Ciraaq . Tan iyo iidellada 21aad, ka- warbixinada warbixinta ee Kanadiyaanka ee ilaalinta nabad ilaalinta Qaramada Midoobay ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacday. Hoos u dhaca weyni waxay natiijada ka dhalatay Kanada oo hagaysay ka- mkpọsakeeda hawlgallada sababta ay Qaramada Midoobay oggolaatay iyada oo loo marayo Ururka Heshiiska Waqooyiga Atlanta , halkii ay si toos ah u soo marin lahayd UN. Isbeddelka ka-hortagga iyada oo loo marayo NATO waxay keentay in loo beddelo hawlgallo badan oo Millatari iyo dilaa ah halkii ay ka heli lahaayeen agabka ilaalinta ilaalinta dhaqanka. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Toronto from above at night.jpg|thumb|Degmada maaliyadeed ee Toronto waa xarunta labaad ee dhaqaalaha ugu weyn Waqooyiga Ameerika, waana tan toddobaad ee ugu weyn adduunka xagga shaqada iyo wadnaha warshadaha maaliyadda ee Kanada]] Dhaqaalaha isku-dhafka ah ee Kanada waa mid aad u horumarsan , oo lagu qiimeeyay kaalinta sagaalaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego GDP-ga magac ahaan marka la eego 2023 , qiyaastii US$ 2.221 trillion . Wadanku waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu waaweyn ganacsiga adduunka , oo leh dhaqaale heer caalami ah . Sannadkii 2021, ganacsiga Kanada ee badeecadaha iyo adeegyadu wuxuu gaadhay $2.016 trillion.  Dhoofinta Kanada waxay dhammaatay in ka badan $637 bilyan, halka alaabteeda la soo dejisay ay qiimaheedu ka badnaayeen $631 bilyan, taas oo ku dhawaad ​​$391 bilyan ay ka timid Maraykanka.  2018, Kanada waxay lahayd hoos u dhac ganacsi oo alaab ah $ 22 bilyan iyo hoos u dhaca ganacsiga ee adeegyada $ 25 bilyan. Sarifka saamiyada Toronto waa sarifka saamiyada sagaalaad ee ugu wayn aduunka marka lasameeyo suuq geynta suuqa , iyada oo taxaysa in ka badan 1,500 shirkadood oo leh isku darka suuqa kala iibsiga ee ka badan US$2 trillion .  Bank of Canada waa bangiga dhexe ee dalka.  Wasiirka maaliyadda iyo wasiirka hal-abuurka, sayniska, iyo warshadaha waxay isticmaalaan xogta Statistics Canada si ay awood ugu yeeshaan qorsheynta maaliyadeed iyo horumarinta siyaasadda dhaqaalaha. Kanada waxay leedahay qayb bangi iskaashato oo xooggan , oo leh xubinnimada ugu sarreysa adduunka ee qof kasta ee ururada deymaha .  Waxay ku jirtaa heerka hoose ee Heerka Musuqmaasuqa (14th ee 2023)  iyo "waxaa si weyn loo tixgeliyaa inay ka mid yihiin wadamada ugu musuqmaasuqa yar adduunka". Waxay ku jirtaa heerka sare ee Warbixinta tartanka caalamiga ah (19th ee 2024).  Dhaqaalaha Kanada waxa uu ka sarreeyaa waddamada reer galbeedka intooda badan marka loo eego Tusmada Xoriyadda Dhaqaalaha ee Heritage Foundation  waxayna la kulmaan kala duwanaansho dakhli oo aad u hooseeya . Kanada waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu hooseeya ee ugu horumarsan xagga kiraynta guryaha  iyo maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye . Laga soo bilaabo horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, kobaca wax soo saarka Kanada , macdanta, iyo waaxyaha adeegga ayaa ka beddelay waddankii dhaqaalihii miyiga u badnaa una beddelay mid magaalo-magaaleed, mid warshadeed.  Dhaqaalaha Kanadiyaanka waxaa u badan warshadaha adeegga , kaas oo ka shaqeeya qiyaastii saddex-meelood meel shaqaalaha dalka. Kanada waxay leedahay qayb aasaasi ah oo aan caadi ahayn oo muhiim ah , kuwaas oo kaymaha iyo warshadaha batroolka ay yihiin qaybaha ugu caansan. Magaalooyin badan oo ku yaal waqooyiga Kanada, halkaas oo beeralaydu ku adag tahay, waxaa sii wata miinooyinka u dhow ama ilo alwaax ah. [[File:FTAs with Canada.svg|thumb|⬛Kanada 🟩Wadamada iyo dhulalka leh heshiisyada ganacsiga xorta ah]] Is dhexgalka dhaqaale ee Kanada iyo Maraykanka aad buu u kordhay ilaa dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . Kanada - Heshiiska Ganacsiga Xorta ah ee Maraykanka (FTA) ee 1988 wuxuu baabi'iyay canshuuraha u dhexeeya labada waddan, halka Waqooyiga Ameerika Heshiiska Ganacsiga Xorta ah (NAFTA) uu ballaariyay aagga ganacsiga xorta ah si loogu daro Mexico 1994 (kadibna waxaa beddelay Canada-United States-Mexico ). Laga bilaabo 2023, Kanada waa saxeexa 15 heshiisyada ganacsiga xorta ah ee 51 waddan oo kala duwan. Kanada waa mid ka mid ah dhawrka waddan ee horumaray ee sida saafiga ah u dhoofiya tamarta. Atlantic Canada waxay haysataa kayd gaas dabiici ah oo aad u ballaadhan , iyo Alberta waxay martigelisaa kaydka saliidda afraad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ciidda saliidda Athabasca ee ballaadhan iyo kaydka saliidda kale waxay Kanada siiyaan 13 boqolkiiba kaydka saliidda adduunka, taasoo ka dhigaysa saddexaad ama afraad ee ugu weyn adduunka . Kanada ayaa sidoo kale ka mid ah alaab-qeybiyeyaasha ugu weyn adduunka ee wax soo saarka beeraha ; Gobolka Canadian Prairies waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan caalamka ee soo saara sarreenka, canola , iyo miraha kale. Kanada dhoofinta ugu weyn waa zinc, uranium, dahab, nickel, platinoids , aluminium, steel, iron ore, coking coal, lead, copper, molybdenum , cobalt, iyo cadmium. Kanada waxay leedahay qayb wax soo saar oo baaxad leh oo xuddun u ah koonfurta Ontaariyo iyo Quebec, oo leh baabuur iyo aeronautics oo matalaya warshado muhiim ah gaar ahaan. Warshadaha kalluumeysiga ee dalka ayaa sidoo kale ah qayb muhiim ah oo ka qaybqaata dhaqaalaha. ===Sayniska iyo farsamada=== Sannadka 2020, Kanada waxay ku bixisay ku dhawaad ​​$41.9 bilyan cilmi-baarista gudaha iyo horumarinta , iyada oo qiyaasaha dheeriga ah ee 2022 ay ku kacayso $43.2 bilyan. Laga bilaabo 2023 , waddanku wuxuu soo saaray 15 Nobel abaalmarinta physics , chemistry iyo caafimaadka . Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta toddobaad ee saamiga adduunka ee maqaallada lagu daabacay joornaalada sayniska , sida laga soo xigtay Nature Index , waxayna hoy u tahay xarumaha dhowr shirkadood oo tiknoolajiyada caalamiga ah. Kanada waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee helitaanka internetka adduunka , iyada oo qiyaastii 95 boqolkiiba dadkeeda ay da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka sareeya. [[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|thumb|Gacanta Robotka Hawada ee ay dhistay Kanadiyaanka (bidix), loona yaqaan Canadarm , ayaa qaybta truss ee P5 u wareejisay cudud robotic ah oo saldhigeedu yahay Canada , oo loo yaqaan Canadarm2]] Guulaha kanada ee kabaha iyo tignoolajiyada ka mid ah abuurista baytariga calaamadaha ee alkaline, calaamadaha insulinta , tallaalka dabaysha , iyo baaritaanno ku saabsan qaabka qofka ee nukleus atomiga . Waxyaalaha kale ee kabaha ee Canadian-ka ah waxaa ka mid ah garaaca wadnaha macmalka ah , khariidaynta kortexka muuqaalka , mooto mikroskoob elektaroonig ah , tectonics plate , barashada qoto dheer , tign tababara taabasho badan , iyo qalabka godka madow ee ugu ciyaari , Cygnus X-1 . Kanada waxay leedahay taariikh dheer oo lagu ogaanayo hidde-sideyaasha, oo ay ku jiraan unugyada asliga ah , mutagenesis-ku hagayo goobta , soo-dhoweynta T-cell , biyaha hidda-wadayaasha keena Fanconi anemia , cystic fibrosis , iyo bilawga hore ee cudurka Alzheimers , iyo cuduro kale oo badan. Wakaaladda Hawada Kanada waxay waddaa barnaamij meel bannaan oo adeeg ah oo kayd lagu saarayo-meel-dheer, meeraha, iyo cilmi-baaris duulista, oo ay weheliso gantaallo iyo dayax-gacmeedyo. Kanada waxay dirtay dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay, Alouette 1 , 1962. ka qaybqaata Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah ee caan ku tahay aaladaha robotka, sida Kanadarms badan . Kanada waxay bilawday mashruucyo badan oo mustaqbalka fog ah, oo ay ku jiraan taxanaha dayax-gacmeedka ee Radarsat iyo gantaallada Black Brant . ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|thumb|Khariidadda cufnaanta dadweynaha Kanada (2014) Bidix sare: Waddada Quebec–Windsor Corridor waa gobolka ugu dadka badan ee la deggan yahay uguna warshadaysan]] Tirakoobka Kanada ee 2021 wuxuu tiriyay wadarta dadweynaha 36,991,981, oo ah koror ku dhawaad ​​5.2 boqolkiiba marka loo eego tirada 2016. Waxa lagu qiyaasaa in dadka Kanada ay kor u dhaafeen 40,000,000 sanadka 2023 . Kanada waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka socdaalka qof kasta ee ugu sarreeya adduunka, oo ay horseed u tahay siyaasadda dhaqaalaha iyo isu-keenidda qoyska . Rikoor 483,390 soo galooti ah ayaa la aqbalay 2024 .waxa ay dib u dajin u samaysay in ka badan 47,600 sanadii 2022 Cufnaanta dadweynaha Kanada, oo ku nool 4.2 deggane kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11/sq mi), ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya adduunka, iyada oo qiyaastii 95 boqolkiiba dadweynaha deggan koonfurta 55aad ee isbarbardhigga woqooyi. Qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba dadku waxay ku nool yihiin 150 kiiloomitir (93 mi) ee soohdinta Maraykanka. Kanada aad ayaa loo magaaleeyay, iyadoo in ka badan 80 boqolkiiba dadka ku nool ay ku nool yihiin xarumaha magaalooyinka. Inta badan dadka Kanadiyaanka ah (in ka badan 70 boqolkiiba) waxay ku nool yihiin in ka hooseysa 49-aad isbar-bar , iyadoo 50 boqolkiiba dadka Kanadiyaanka ah ay ku nool yihiin koonfurta 45°42′ (45.7 darajo) waqooyi. Qaybta ugu dadka badan dalka waa Waddada Quebec City–Windsor Corridor ee Koonfurta Quebec iyo Koonfurta Ontaariyo ee ku teedsan harooyinka waaweyn iyo wabiga St. Lawrence. Inta badan dadka Kanadiyaanka ah (boqolkiiba 81.1) waxay ku nool yihiin guryaha qoyska, 12.1 boqolkiiba waxay sheegeen inay keligood nool yihiin, iyo 6.8 boqolkiiba waxay la nool yihiin qaraabo kale ama dad aan qaraabo ahayn. Boqolkiiba kow iyo konton qoys waa lammaane leh ama aan lahayn carruur, 8.7 boqolkiiba waa qoysas hal waalid ah, 2.9 boqolkiiba waa qoysas jiilal badan, iyo 29.3 boqolkiiba waa qoysas hal qof ah ===Qowmiyad=== Jawaab bixiyaasha tirakoobka Kanada 2021 waxay iskood uga warbixiyeen in ka badan 450 " isir ama asal dhaqameed ". Kooxaha ugu waaweyn ee la doortay waxay ahaayeen: Yurub ( 52.5 boqolkiiba), Waqooyiga Ameerika ( 22.9 boqolkiiba), Asian ( 19.3 boqolkiiba), Waqooyiga Ameerika ( 6.1 boqolkiiba), Afrika ( 3.8 boqolkiiba), Latin, Bartamaha iyo Koonfurta Ameerika ( 2.5 boqolkiiba), Caribbean ( 2.1 boqolkiiba), Oceanian ( 0.3 boqolkiiba), iyo kuwa kale ( 0.3 boqolkiiba). In ka badan 60 boqolkiiba dadka Kanadiyaanka ah ayaa sheegay hal asal, iyo 36 boqolkiiba ayaa sheegay in ay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan qowmiyado badan, sidaas awgeed wadarta guud waxay ka weyn tahay 100 boqolkiiba [[File:Canadian_ethnocultural_diversity.png|thumb|168ka ugu sarreeya qowmiyad ama asal dhaqameed ayaa iskood uga warbixiyey Kanadiyaanka tirakoobka 2021]] Tobanka waddan ee ugu badan ee is-sheegga isir ama asal dhaqameed ee 2021 waxay ahaayeen Kanadiyaanka ( xisaabinta 15.6 boqolkiiba dadweynaha), oo ay ku xigto Ingiriisi (14.7 boqolkiiba), Irish (12.1 boqolkiiba), Scottish (12.1 boqolkiiba), Faransiis ( 11.0 boqolkiiba), Jarmal (8.1 boqolkiiba), Shiinaha (4.7 boqolkiiba ), Talyaani (3.3 boqolkiiba), Talyaani (3.3 boqolkiiba) . 36.3 milyan oo qof oo la tiriyey sanadka 2021, ku dhawaad ​​25.4 milyan ayaa sheegay inay yihiin " Caddaan ", oo ka dhigan 69.8 boqolkiiba dadweynaha. Dadka asaliga ah ee matalaya 5 boqolkiiba ama 1.8 milyan oo qof, ayaa kordhay 9.4 boqolkiiba marka la barbardhigo dadka aan asaliga ahayn, kuwaas oo koray 5.3 boqolkiiba 2016 ilaa 2021 . kuwa ugu badan ee 2021 waxay ahaayeen Koonfurta Aasiya (2.6 milyan oo qof; 7.1 boqolkiiba), Shiinaha (1.7 milyan; 4.7 boqolkiiba), Madow (1.5 milyan; 4.3 boqolkiiba), Filibiin (960,000 2.6 boqolkiiba), Carabta (690,000; 1.9 boqolkiiba sida Koonfur Ameerika), 0.0% Latin America . (390,000; 1.1 boqolkiiba), Galbeedka Aasiya (360,000; 1.0 boqolkiiba), Kuuriyaan (220,000; 0.6 boqolkiiba) iyo Jabbaan (99,000; 0.3 boqolkiiba). Intii u dhaxaysay 2011 iyo 2016, dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee muuqda ayaa kor u kacay 18.4 boqolkiiba. Sannadkii 1961, ilaa 300,000 oo qof, in ka yar boqolkiiba laba dadka Kanada, waxay ahaayeen xubno ka tirsan kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ee muuqda. Tirakoobka 2021 wuxuu muujiyay in 8.3 milyan oo qof, ama ku dhawaad ​​rubuc (23.0 boqolkiiba) dadweynaha, ay isu sheegeen inay yihiin ama ay ahaayeen soo galooti la degay ama deganaanshaha rasmiga ah ee Kanada - oo ka sarreeya tirakoobkii 1921 ee rikoorkii hore ee 22.3 boqolkiiba. Sannadkii 2021, Hindiya, Shiinaha, iyo Filibiin ayaa ahaa saddexda waddan ee ugu sarreeya asal ahaan muhaajiriinta u soo guuraya Kanada [[File:English-French_bilingualism_rate_in_Canada.png|thumb|]] Luuqado badan ayaa ay adeegsadaan dadka reer Kanada, oo Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis ( luqadaha rasmiga ah ) ay yihiin afafka hooyo ee boqolkiiba 54 iyo 19 boqolkiiba dadka Kanadiyaanka ah, siday u kala horreeyaan. Siyaasadaha laba-luqadnimo ee Kanada ee rasmiga ah waxay siinayaan muwaadiniinta xaqa ay ku helaan adeegyada dawladda dhexe Ingiriisi ama Faransiis midkoodna luqadda rasmiga ah ee laga tirada badan yahay waxay dammaanad qaadeen dugsiyadooda dhammaan gobollada iyo dhulalka. Xeerka Luqadda Rasmiga ah ee Quebec ee 1974 ayaa Faransiiska u asaasay luqadda rasmiga ah ee gobolka. Inkasta oo in ka badan 82 boqolkiiba dadka Faransiiska ku hadla ee Kanada ay ku nool yihiin Quebec, waxaa jira dad fara badan oo ku hadla afka Faransiiska ee New Brunswick , Alberta , iyo Manitoba , iyada oo Ontario ay leedahay dadka ugu badan ee Faransiiska ku hadla ee ka baxsan Quebec. New Brunswick, gobolka kaliya ee rasmiga ah ee labada luuqad ku hadla, ayaa leh Acadian French laga tirada badan yahay oo ka kooban 33 boqolkiiba dadweynaha. Waxa kale oo jira kooxo Acadians ah oo ku yaala koonfur-galbeed ee Nova Scotia, ee Cape Breton Island, iyo bartamaha iyo galbeedka Prince Edward Island. Gobollada kale ma laha luqado rasmi ah sida, laakiin Faransiiska waxaa loo isticmaalaa luqad wax lagu baro, maxkamadaha, iyo adeegyada kale ee dawladda, marka lagu daro Ingiriisiga. Manitoba, Ontario, iyo Quebec waxay ogol yihiin in Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis labadaba lagaga hadlo sharci-dejinta gobolka iyo sharciyada ayaa lagu soo rogay labada luqadood. On Ontario, Faransiisku wuxuu leeyahay xoogaa sharci ah, laakiin si buuxda uma wada shaqayn. Waxaa jira 11 kooxo af asali ah , oo ka kooban in ka badan 65 luqadood iyo lahjado kala duwan. Dhowr luqadood oo asaliga ah ayaa maqaam rasmi ah ku leh Gobollada Waqooyi Galbeed. Inuktitut waa luqadda ugu badan ee Nunavut waana mid ka mid ah saddexda luqadood ee rasmiga ah ee dhulka. Marka la eego tirakoobka 2021, in ka badan 7.8 milyan oo Kanadiyaan ah ayaa ku qoray luqad aan rasmi ahayn luqaddooda koowaad . Qaar ka mid ah luqadaha koowaad ee caadiga ah ee aan rasmiga ahayn waxaa ka mid ah Mandarin (679,255 ku hadla luqadda koowaad), Punjabi (666,585), Cantonese (553,380), Isbaanish (538,870), Carabi (508,410), Tagalog (461,150), Talyaani (319,50), Talyaani (237,890). Dalka waxa kale oo uu hoy u yahay luqado badan oo dhegoolayaasha ah , kuwaas oo qaarkood ay yihiin kuwo asaliga ah. Luqadda Calaamadaha Ameerikaanka (ASL) ayaa laga isticmaalaa dalka oo dhan sababtoo ah badinta ASL ee dugsiyada hoose iyo sare. [ 317 ] Luqadda Calaamadaha Quebec (LSQ) ayaa ugu horrayn loogu isticmaalaa Quebec ===Diinta=== Kanada diin ahaan way kala duwan tahay, oo ka kooban caqiido iyo caadooyin kala duwan. Dastuurka Kanada wuxuu tilmaamayaa Ilaah; si kastaba ha ahaatee, Kanada ma laha kaniisad rasmi ah, dawladduna waxay si rasmi ah uga go'an tahay ku dhaqanka jamac diimeed . Xorriyadda diinta ee Kanada waa xuquuq dastuuri ah oo la ilaaliyo. Heerarka ku-dhaqanka diinta ayaa si joogto ah hoos ugu dhacay ilaa 1970-meeyadii. Iyadoo Masiixiyaddu ay hoos u dhacday ka dib markii ay hal mar udub dhexaad u tahay dhaqanka Kanadiyaanka iyo nolol maalmeedka, Kanada waxay noqotay waddan ka dambeeya Masiixi , dawlad cilmaani ah . Inkasta oo inta badan dadka Kanadiyaanka ah ay u arkaan diinta inay tahay mid aan muhiim ahayn nolol maalmeedkooda, waxay weli aaminsan yihiin Ilaah. Ku dhaqanka diinta waxaa guud ahaan loo arkaa arrin gaar ah. Marka loo eego tirakoobka 2021, Masiixiyaddu waa diinta ugu weyn Kanada, iyadoo Roman Catholics ay matalaan boqolkiiba 29.9 dadka ugu badan ee raacsan. Masiixiyiinta guud ahaan ka dhigan 53.3 boqolkiiba dadweynaha, waxaa ku xiga dadka ka warbixinaya diin la'aan ama aan diin lahayn 34.6 boqolkiiba. Diimaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Islaamka (4.9 boqolkiiba), Hinduism (2.3 boqolkiiba), Sikhism (2.1 boqolkiiba), Buddhism (1.0 boqolkiiba), Yuhuudda (0.9 boqolkiiba), iyo ruuxa asaliga ah (0.2 boqolkiiba). Kanada waxay leedahay dadka labaad ee ugu weyn qaranka Sikh , ka dambeeya Hindiya . ==Caafimaadka== Daryeelka caafimaadka Kanada waxaa lagu bixiyaa nidaamka gobolka iyo dhulalka ee daryeelka caafimaadka dadweynaha ay maalgeliyaan , si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yeero Medicare . Waxa haga qodobada Xeerka Caafimaadka Kanada ee 1984 waana mid caalami ah . Helitaanka caalamiga ah ee adeegyada caafimaad ee dawladdu maalgeliso "waxaa inta badan dadka Kanadiyaanka ah u tixgeliyaan qiimo aasaasi ah oo hubinaya caymiska daryeelka caafimaadka qaranka qof kasta meel kasta oo uu ku nool yahay dalka". Qiyaastii 30 boqolkiiba daryeelka caafimaadka Kanadiyaanka waxa laga bixiyaa qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay. Tani waxay inta badan bixisaa adeegyada aan daboolin ama qayb ahaan ay daboolin Medicare, sida daawooyinka la qoro , dhakhtarka ilkaha iyo indhaha . Qiyaastii 65 ilaa 75 boqolkiiba dadka Kanadiyaanka ah waxay leeyihiin nooc ka mid ah caymis caafimaad oo dheeri ah; Qaar badan oo ka mid ah waxay ka helaan loo-shaqeeyayaasha ama galaan barnaamijyada adeegga bulshada ee sare. [[File:OECD_health_expenditure_per_capita_by_country.svg|thumb|Kharashka caafimaadka iyo maalgelinta dalka . Wadarta kharashka caafimaadka qofkiiba dollarka Maraykanka (PPP)]] Si la mid ah waddamo kale oo badan oo horumaray, Kanada waxa la kulma korodhka kharashyada daryeelka caafimaadka taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isbeddelka tirakoobka ee dadka da'da ah, oo leh hawlgab badan iyo dad yar oo da'da shaqada ah. 2021, celceliska da'da Kanada waxay ahayd 41.9 sano. Cimriga nolosha waa 81.1 sano. Warbixin 2016 ah oo uu soo saaray madaxa caafimaadka dadweynaha ayaa lagu ogaaday in 88 boqolkiiba dadka Kanadiyaanka ah, oo ka mid ah tirada ugu badan ee dadka ku nool wadamada G7, ay muujiyeen inay "caafimaad wanaagsan leeyihiin ama aad u wanaagsan yihiin". Boqolkiiba 80 ka mid ah dadka qaangaarka ah ee Kanadiyaanka ah ayaa iskood u sheega in ay haystaan ​​​​ugu yaraan hal arrin oo khatar ah oo loogu talagalay cudurrada daba-dheeraada: sigaar-cabista, dhaqdhaqaaq la'aanta jireed, cunto aan caafimaad lahayn ama isticmaalka khamriga xad-dhaafka ah. Kanada waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee buurnaanta dadka waaweyn ee wadamada OECD , taas oo gacan ka geysata ku dhawaad ​​​​2.7 milyan oo xaaladood oo sonkorow ah . Afar cudur oo dabadheeraad ah - kansar (sababta ugu horreysa ee dhimashada), cudurrada wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga , cudurrada neef-mareenka , iyo sonkorowga - xisaabaadka 65 boqolkiiba dhimashada Kanada. Waxaa Kanada ku nool ku dhawaad ​​8 milyan oo qof oo da'doodu tahay 15 jir oo leh hal ama in ka badan oo naafo ah . 2024, Machadka Kanada ee Macluumaadka Caafimaadka wuxuu qiyaasay in kharashka daryeelka caafimaadku gaadhay $372 bilyan, ama 12.4 boqolkiiba GDP-ga Kanada sanadkaas. Sannadkii 2022, kharashka qof kasta ee Kanada ee kharashyada caafimaadka ayaa kaalinta 12aad ka galay nidaamyada daryeelka caafimaadka ee OECD . Kanada waxay samaysay ku dhawaad, ama ka sarreeya celceliska inta badan tilmaamayaasha caafimaadka OECD tan iyo horraantii 2000-meeyadii, oo ka sarreeya celceliska tilmaamayaasha OECD ee wakhtiyada sugitaanka iyo helitaanka daryeelka, celceliska dhibcaha tayada daryeelka iyo isticmaalka kheyraadka. Warbixinta Sanduuqa Dawlada Dhexe ee 2021 isbarbardhigga nidaamyada daryeelka caafimaadka ee 11ka waddan ee ugu horumarsan ayaa galay Kanada kaalinta labaad ilaa ugu dambeysa. Daciifnimada la aqoonsaday ayaa marka la barbardhigo sare u kacday heerka dhimashada dhallaanka, baahsanaanta xaaladaha daba-dheeraada, waqtiyada sugitaanka ee dheer, helitaanka liita ee daryeelka saacadaha ka dambeeya, iyo la'aanta daawooyinka dhakhtar qoro iyo caymiska ilkaha. Dhibaatada sii kordheysa ee nidaamka caafimaadka Kanada waa la'aanta xirfadlayaasha daryeelka caafimaadka, iyo awoodda isbitaalka ==Waxbarashada== [[File:Educationincanada-eng.png|thumb|Kanada gobol ahaan iyo territori ahaanba, taas oo muujinaysa boqolkiiba dadka da'doodu u dhaxayso 25 ilaa 64 ee haysta shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ama ka sareeya, iyo boqolkiiba dhibicdu waxay isbeddelaysaa 2016 ilaa 2021]] Waxbarashada Kanada inta badan waxaa loo bixiyaa si guud , waxaa maalgeliya oo kormeera dawladaha federaalka , gobolka , iyo dawladaha hoose . Waxbarashadu waxay ku dhex jirtaa xukunka gobolka, manhajka gobolkana waxaa kormeera dawladeeda. Waxbarashada Kanada guud ahaan waxay u qaybsantaa waxbarashada aasaasiga ah , waxaana ku xiga waxbarashada sare iyo tan ka dambaysa . Waxbarasho Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis labadaba ah ayaa laga heli karaa meelo badan oo Kanada ah. Kanada waxay leedahay tiro badan oo jaamacado ah, ku dhawaad ​​dhamaantood si guud ayaa loo maalgeliyaa. Waxaa la aasaasay 1663, Université Laval waa machadka ugu da'da weyn ee ka dambeeya dugsiga sare ee Kanada. Saddexda jaamacadood ee ugu sarreeya qaranka waa Jaamacadda Toronto , McGill , iyo Jaamacadda British Columbia . Jaamacadda ugu weyn waa Jaamacadda Toronto , taas oo ay dhigtaan in ka badan 85,000 oo arday. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin 2022 ay soo saartay OECD, Kanada waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu aqoonta badan adduunka; waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad adduunka oo dhan boqolkiiba dadka qaangaarka ah ee haysta waxbarasho jaamacadeed, iyada oo in ka badan 56 boqolkiiba dadka waaweyn ee Kanada ay heleen ugu yaraan shahaadada jaamacadeed ama shahaado jaamacadeed. Kanada waxay ku bixisaa celcelis ahaan 5.3 boqolkiiba GDP-ga waxbarashada. Wadanku waxa uu si weyn u maalgeliyaa waxbarashada jaamacadeed (in ka badan US$20,000 ardaygiiba). Laga bilaabo 2022 , 89 boqolkiiba dadka qaangaarka ah ee da'doodu u dhaxayso 25 ilaa 64 waxay kasbadeen wax u dhigma shahaadada dugsiga sare, marka la barbardhigo celceliska OECD ee 75 boqolkiiba. ==Dhaqanka== [[File:WLM-CA-2018-Toronto-Union_Station-9296.jpg|thumb| Taallo Dhaqamada Kala Duwan ee uu qoray Francesco Pirelli, Toronto]] Taariikh ahaan, Kanada waxaa horyaaly Ingiriis, Faransiis , iyo dhaqamada iyo caadooyinka asalka ah. Intii lagu jiray dhacdooyinka 20aad, Kanadiyaanka haysta dhulaha Afrika, Kariibiyaanka, iyo Aasiya waxay ku dareen celiyeen Kanadiyaanka iyo dhaqankooda. Dhaqanka Kanada wuxuu saameyn ku yeeshaa qaababka kala duwan ee ay ka kooban tahay, siyaasadda kor u qaada bulshooyin ah waa la ilaaliyaa dastuur ahaan. Tan iyo 1960-meeyadii, Kanada waxay awood xuquuqul insaanka iyo ka- xannibaada dhammaan. Aqoonsiga Kanadiyaanka waxa uu ka soo wareegay asal ahaan British ku salaysan una guuray dhaqamo kala duwan intii u koobay 1960-meeyadii iyo 1970-meeyadii. Siyaasadda ah ee gobolka ee dhaqamada kala duwan waxaa inta badan lagu tilmaamaa mid ka mid ah tilmaamaha loo baahan yahay ee Kanada iyo qayb muhiim ah oo lagu kala saaro kabaha Kanadiyaanka. Quebec, luqada dhaqanku waa mid koonfurta waxaan jiray dhaqan Canadian Canadian ah oo ka duwan dhaqanka Kanada ee wadnaha. Guud ahaan, Kanada waxay ku jirtaa aragtida mosaic-dhaqameedka qaybaha hoose ee gobolka oo leh meelo kala duwan iyo qawmiyad qawmiyad . Habka maamulka kanada ee ruujinta saaraya dhaqamada badan, kaas oo ku salaysan diinta , isdhexgalka bulshada, iyo waxbarashada dugsiyada midigta fog, ayaa leh taageero dadweyne oo. Siyaasadaha Dowladda Sida Xalalka Walaalaha ah, canshuuraha sare loo qaado si loo qaybiyo xoolaha, sharci-dejinta ciqaabta dilka , dadaalada Kanadalada ee lagu ciribtirayo faqriga , ficilta adag , habdhaqan xornimo bulsheed oo ku dhaleeceeyay haweenka (sida uurka ) iyo mamnuucista LGBT , iyo sharciyeynta euthanasia iyo qaar xashiishka ayaa tilmaamaya dhaqanka. Kanadiyaanka sidoo kale waxay aqoonsadaan siyaasadda gargaarka gudaha dalka, ilaalinta ilaalinta ilaalinta, beerta nidaamka qaranka, iyo Axdiga Kanada ee Xuquuqda iyo Xoriyadda. ===Suugaanta=== [[File:Margaret_Atwood_(3x4_cropped).jpg|thumb|Qoraaga Margaret Atwood ayaa soo jeedisay in intii lagu jiray 1970-yadii suugaanta Kanadiyaanka ay wali raadinayeen aqoonsi qaran]]Suugaanta Kanada waxay inta badan u qaybsantaa suugaan Faransiis-iyo Ingiriisi, kuwaas oo ku qotoma dhaqanka suugaanta ee Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska, siday u kala duwan yihiin. Sheekooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee Kanadiyaanka ahaa dalalka socdaal iyo saxinta. Tani waxay u bixisay mawduuc mawduuc oo waaweyn oo suugaanta Canadian taariikhiga ah: dabeecadda, nolosha xudduudaha, iyo booska Kanada ee caddaynta, kuwaas oo lagu xiray maskaxda garrison . Kobcinta suugaanta Kanadiyaanka waxay si qotodheer ugu xidhxidhan yihiin xaaladaha taariikheed iyo bulsho ee dalka, inta badan waxay muujinaysaa warbixinta iyo isbeddelada bulshada Kanada. Sida suugaanta Kanadiyaanka u sii gudubtay qarniyadii 20-aad iyo 21-aad, waxay wax ka qabanayaan maadooyin iyo mawduucyo kala duwan, sida haweenka, qaybaha LGBTQ, waayo-aragnimada soogalootiga, arrimaha, xiriirka dadka asaliga ah, iyo qiyamka Kanada iyo furo. Taageerada taageero ee hay'adaha dawliga ah, sida Golaha Fanka ee Kanada iyo muujinta deeqaha kala duwan ee gobolka, waxay fududaysaa abuurista, daabacadaha, iyo sawirada qorayaasha Kanada . Qorayaal badan oo Kanadiyaanka ah ayaa helay abaalmarinno suugaaneed caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan sheekooyinka Nobel ee suugaanta , buugaagta , iyo suugaan Pulitzer ee khayaaliga . Abaalmarinta suugaanta Kanada iyo abaalmarinnada waxaa ka mid ah Abaalmarinta Suugaanta Guud ee Guddoomiyaha , Abaalmarinta Giller , Abaalmarinta Gabayada Latner Griffin ee Trust , Abaalmarinta Burt ee Koowaad, Suugaanta Inuit iyo Métis iyo abaalmarinno suugaaneed loogu talagalay diyaarinta ===Muusiga=== [[File:O-Canada-1908.pdf|thumb|Daabacaaddii asalka ahayd ee " O Canada " oo Ingiriisi, 1908 (Faransiis, 1880) ]] Muusiga Kanada waxa uu ka tarjumayaa muuqaalo kala duwan oo heer gobol ah Kanada waxay samaysay kaabayaal muusiko oo aad u ballaadhan oo ay ku jiraan hoolalka kaniisadaha , hoolalka qolka , xarumaha ilaalinta akadeemiyada , xarumaha fanka , shirkadaha duubista , idaacadaha , iyo kanaalada muusiga ee telefishinka . Barnaamijyada taageerada dawladda, sida Sanduuqa Muusikada Kanada, waxay caawiyaan fannaaniin iyo ganacsato badan oo abuura, soo saara oo suuq geynaya muusikada Kanada ee asalka ah iyo kuwa kala duwan. Iyada oo ay sabab u tahay muhiimada dhaqameed, iyo sidoo kale hindisayaasha dawladda iyo xeerarka, warshadaha muusiga ee Kanada waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn adduunka, oo soo saara laxamiistayaal caalami ah oo caan ah fannaaniin , iyo isku xidh . Baahinta muusiga ee dalka waxaa maamula CRTC. Akademiyada Kanada ee Diiwaangelinta Farshaxanka iyo Sayniska waxay soo bandhigtaa abaalmarinnada warshadaha muusikada ee Kanada, Abaalmarinta Juno . Hall of Fame Music Canadian waxay sharfaan fannaaniinta Kanadiyaanka guulaha noloshooda. " God Save the King " waxaa laga isticmaali jiray Kanada ilaa dabayaaqadii 1700-meeyadii waana heesta boqortooyo ee dalka. Muusiga wadaniga ah ee Kanadiyaanka ayaa soo taxnaa in ka badan 200 sano, oo leh " The Bold Canadian ", oo la qoray 1812, caan ka ahaa qarnigii 19aad oo dhan. " The Maple Leaf Forever ", oo la qoray 1866, waxay ahayd mid caan ah oo u adeegay sidii heesta wadaniga ah ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee Ingiriisiga Kanada. " O Kanada ", oo asal ahaan ka kooban Faransiis 1880, sidoo kale waxay u adeegtay sidii heesta calanka aan rasmiga ahayn qarnigii 20aad waxaana loo qaatay heesta rasmiga ah ee dalka 1980 ===Warbaahinta=== [[File:CBC_Radio_Canada_Chevrolet_Express_02.jpg|thumb|Baabuurta dayax gacmeedka ee Hay'adda Warbaahinta Kanada (CBC), oo loo isticmaalo baahinta telefishinka tooska ah]] Warbaahinta Kanada waa madax-bannaan aan faafreeb lahayn , kala duwan , oo aad gobolaysan. Xeerka Baahinta waxa uu ku dhawaaqayaa "nidaamku waa inuu u akhriyo si loo ilaaliyo, tayeeyo, iyo dhaqanka, waxbarashada, bulshada, iyo dhaqaalaha Kanada". Kanada waxay leedahay qaybo warbaahineed oo si fiican u horumarsan, laakiin wax soo saarkeeda dhaqan - gaar ahaan filimada , bandhigyada telefishinka iyo joornaallada - badanaa waxaa hadheeyay alaabada laga keeno Maraykanka. Natiijo ahaan, ilaalinta dhaqanka Kanadiyaanka ah ee gaarka ah waxaa taageera shirkadaha, shirkadaha, hay'adaha sida Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Guddiga Filimada Qaranka ee Kanada (NFB), iyo Canadian Radio-TV and Communication Commission (CRTC). Warbaahinta Kanada, daabac daabacadda iyo dhijitaalka ah , iyo labada luqadood ee muuqaal ah, waxaa inta badan gacanta ku haya " shirkad faro-ku-tiris ah ". Shirkadda ugu weyn ee shirkadaha waa warbaahinta guud ee qaranka ee Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, taas oo sidoo kale door weyn ka ciyaarta soo saarista alaabada dhaqanka guddaha, iyada oo ku ilaalin raadiyaha iyo shabakadaha TV-ga ee xorriyadda iyo France. Marka lagu daro CBC-da, qaar ka mid ah degmooyinka gobolka waxay ku deeqeen baahinta TV-ga waxbarasho sidoo kale, sida TVOntario iyo Télé-Québec . warbaahinta aan wararka ahayn ee kanada, oo ay ku jiraan filimada iyo qaybaha, waxaa laga sameeyey abuuraasha ah, sidoo kale kuwa laga keeno mareykaniga, England, Australia, iyo Faransiiska. Dadaal lagu dhimayo cadadka warbaahinta ajnabiga ah, faragelinta rabshada ee warbaahinta telefishinka waxaa ku jiri kara nidaaminta nuxurka iyo maal-gashiga . Sharciyada canshuuraha Kanada ayaa akhriyaya tartanka ajnabiga ah ee gaarka ah joornaalka ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_Statue_(9162222032).jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka ciyaarta ee Edie Parker oo ka baxsan Hoolka caanka ah ee Hockey ee Toronto]] Ciyaaraha qaranka kanada waa xegada barafka iyo lakrosse . Ciyaaraha kale eeleyda ah waxaa ka mid ah curling , basketball , baseball , soccer , iyo kubbadda cagta . Guulaha waaweyn ee ciyaaraha Kanada waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay "Halls of Fame" badan iyo madxafyo, sida Hall of Fame ee Kanada . Kanada waxa ay Maraykanka la wadaagtaa dhawr horyaal oo isborti oo waawayn. kooxaha Kanadiyaanka ee ku jira horyaalada oo ku jira todobo faransiis oo ka tirsan National Hockey League , , furka oo Kubadda Cagta ee Major League Soccer , iyo hal koox mid kasta oo ka mid ah Kubadda Koleyga ee Major League Baseball iyo Ururka Kubadda Koleyga Qaranka . Tartamada ciyaartoyda kale ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah kubada cagta Kanada , National Lacrosse League , kanada Kanada , iyo tartanka curling ee ay qabtaan Curling Canada . Kanadiyaanka waxay u aqoonsadeen xeego inay tahay cayaarta ay door bidayaan ee daawashada, waxaan ku xigay kubbadda cagta iyo kubbadda koleyga. Marka la eegu ka qaybgalka, dabaasha ayaa ahayd ciyaartii ugu badan ee la soo sheegay saddex-meelood meel (35 etejin) Kanadiyaanka 2023. Tani waxay si dhow ula socotay baaskiilka (33 roojin) iyo orodka (27 dhismaha). Caannimada ciyaaraha gaarka ah way kala duwan yihiin; guud ahaan, dadka Kanada ku dhashay waxay u badan tahay inay ka qaybqaataan ciyaaraha jiilaalka sida xeegada barafka (ciyaaraha kooxda da'yarta ee ugu), kaydka barafka , barafka iyo baraafka , marka la barbar dhigo, kuwaas oo u badan tahay inay ciyaaraan kubbadda cagta (ciyaaraha ugu ciyaartoyga dhalinyarada), ama kubbadda kolayga . Isboortiga sida golf-ka , kubbadda laliska , badminton , bowling-ka , iyo fanka dagaalka ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu bartay dhalinyarada iyo hiwaayadda. Kanada waxay ku guuldarreysatay guul Olombikada Jiilaalka iyo Olombikada Xagaaga -gaar ahaan Ciyaaraha Jiilaalka sida "wadamada ciyaaraha jiilaalka" - ciyaartoyda marti-qaadka dhaqanka isboorti oo heer sare ah oo caalami ah sida Olombikada Xagaaga 1976 , 1988 Olombikada Jiilaalka , 2010 Haweenka FIFA 2010 World Pan. Dalka ayaa loo wada wadajiray si uu u martigeliyo Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA 2026 oo ay weheliyaan Mexico iyo Mareykanka. ==Xubin== *[[IMF]] *[[IADB]] *[[OECD]] *[[Midowga Yurub]] *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Kooxda Labaatanka]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] == Gobollada == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Gobollada !Aagga !Dadka |- |'''Kanada''' |'''9,093,507''' |'''35,151,728''' |- |[[Alberta]] |642,317 |4,067,175 |- |[[British Columbia]] |925,186 |4,648,055 |- |[[Manitoba]] |553,556 |1,278,365 |- |[[New Brunswick]] |71,450 |747,101 |- |[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] |373,872 |519,716 |- |[[Northwest Territories]] |1,183,085 |41,786 |- |[[Nova Scotia]] |53,338 |923,598 |- |[[Nunavut]] |1,936,113 |35,944 |- |[[Ontario]] |917,741 |13,448,494 |- |[[Prince Edward Island]] |5,660 |142,907 |- |[[Quebec]] |1,356,128 |8,164,361 |- |[[Saskatchewan]] |591,970 |1,098,352 |- |[[Yukon]] |474,391 |35,874 |} [[File:Google 2015 logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|Gold Coast]] ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[United Kingdom]] * [[United States]] * [[Australia]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html "Heesta Boqortooyada"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |date=20201206190257 }} [https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA14 Magacaabidda Kanada: Sheekooyin ku saabsan Magacyada Goobta Kanada] [https://books.google.com/books?id=b9OLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 Da'da cusub ee Elizabethan: Dhaqanka, Bulshada iyo Aqoonsiga Qaranka kadib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka] [https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/cpdv-vdpr/index-eng.cfm "Barnaamijka Tirakoobka Dashboardka Xogta Dashboard"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43 Qoraalka Xiriirka: Bulshooyinka Deganayaasha Yurub iyo Hindida ee Xuduudaha Iroquoia, 1667-1783] [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVjZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 Dhirta, Dadka, iyo Goobaha: Doorarka Ethnobotany iyo Ethnoecology ee Xuquuqda Dhulka ee Dadka asaliga ah ee Kanada iyo Wixii ka dambeeya] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Uae4mTTyYYC&pg=PA28 Xuquuqda Aasaaska iyo Heshiisyada Kanada: Qoraallada Sharciga, Sinnaanta, iyo Ixtiraamka Farqiga] [https://books.google.com/books?id=7gWQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 Dugsiyada Deganaanshaha Kanada: Taariikhda, Qaybta 1, Soo Bilaabantay 1939: Warbixinta Ugu Dambeysa ee Guddiga Runta iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Kanada, Cadadka] [https://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf "Horumarinta Runta, Dib-u-heshiisiinta Mustaqbalka: Kooban Warbixinta Ugu Dambeysa ee Guddiga Runta iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Kanada"] {{Wayback|url=https://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf |date=20160706170855 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=hLoeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 Laga soo bilaabo Heshiisyada ilaa Kaydka: Dawladda Federaalka iyo Dadka Dhaladka ah ee ku nool Territorial Alberta, 1870-1905] [https://books.google.com/books?id=w2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 Dagaalkii Wayn ee Kanada, 1914–1918: Sida ay Kanada u caawisay Badbaadinta Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay u noqotay Qaran Waqooyiga Ameerika] [https://books.google.com/books?id=JIuO9HmX_8QC&pg=PA112 Siyaasadda Luuqada: Khilaaf, Aqoonsi, iyo jamac dhaqameed marka la eego dhinaca isbarbardhigga: Khilaaf, Aqoonsi, iyo jamac dhaqameed marka la eego] [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/canada-residential-schools-unmarked-graves-indigenous-children-60-minutes-2023-02-12/ "Qabuuraha Kanada ee aan calaamadda lahayn: Sida dugsiyada la deggan yahay ay u fuliyeen "xasuuq dhaqameed" oo ka dhan ah carruurta asaliga ah"] [https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trump-trade-tariffs-timeline-1.7481280 "Trump wuxuu soo rogay tacriifooyin xaaqid ah. Halkan waxaa ah jadwalka sida aan halkan ku gaadhnay"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14 Haysashada jaakada cagajuglaynta: Kanada iyo Boqortooyada Mareykanka] [[doi:10.3390/socsci10120485|"Furitaanka Doorka Neoliberalism-ka ee Siyaasadda Siyaasadda Dhimista Saboolnimada ee Ontaariyo, Kanada: Daraasad Case oo Sharaxan iyo Falanqeyn Halis ah"]] [https://www.unhcr.ca/news/unhcr-calls-for-concerted-action-as-forced-displacement-hits-new-record-in-2022/ "UNHCR waxay ku baaqeysaa in tallaabo wadajir ah la qaado maadaama barakaca lagu qasbay uu gaaray rikoor cusub sanadka 2022"] [https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601 "Qowmiyad ama asal ahaan xagga jinsiga iyo da'da: Kanada, gobollada iyo dhulalka, goobaha tirakoobka ee magaalooyinka iyo tirakoobka tirakoobka oo leh qaybo"] [https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 "Dadka laga tirada badan yahay iyo kooxda dadweynaha ee la arki karo heerka jiil: Kanada, gobollada iyo dhulalka, goobaha tirakoobka ee magaalooyinka iyo tirokoobka qaybo"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=l4XN6eyYqiUC The Economic Impact of the 2010 Vancouver, Canada, Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest: hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, August 5, 2005] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_ref-451 Soo-dejinta Ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee Ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee Isticmaalka Koobka Adduunka Haweenka] [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/ "Waa maxay sababta Toronto ay ugu faraxsan tahay Ciyaaraha Pan Am"] [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44464913 "Koobka Adduunka 2026: Canada, US iyo Mexico waxay si wadajir ah ugu guuleysteen martigelinta tartanka"] * [https://brandirectory.com/rankings/canada/table] * [https://www.ranker.com/list/best-canadian-brands/ranker-shopping] * [https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/canadian-brand-top-40-ranking] {{Wayback|url=https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/canadian-brand-top-40-ranking |date=20220826013111 }} ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kanada]] {{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}} tnhxlqsvevgwwjtcgw0seg7e1h4lgx8 0 2741 308725 307667 2026-09-19T22:06:15Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ciraaq<br />''جمهورية العراق'' |conventional_long_name = ''Republic of Iraq'' |common_name = Ciraaq |qaarada = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Iraq.svg |sawir_qaran = |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Ciraaq|Mawtini]] |image_map = Iraq in its region.svg |caasimada = [[Baqdaad]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Kurdish]][[Af-Carabi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,425 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $130 Billion Dollar | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Cabdul Latiif Rashiid]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Maxamed Shiyaac al-Suudaani]] |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]}} |established_date1 = [[1]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1919]] |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Ingriiska]]}} |established_date2 = [[3]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1932]] |area = 438,317 |areami² = 169,234 |biyo = 1.1 |population_estimate = 29,267,000² |population_estimate_year = 2007 |lacagta = [[Ciraaqi Diinaar]] |wakhti = [[UTC]] |furaha_debeda = 964 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Ciraaq''' (magaca maxalli: جمهورية العراق « ''Jumhuriyah Al Iraq'' » – magac maxalli oo gaaban: العراق « '''Al Iraq''' ») waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]] ama galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. Ciraaq waxee xuduud la leedahay, wadamada Urdun,[[Suuriya]], Turki, [[Iiraan]],[[Kuwayt|Kuweyt]] iyo [[Sacuudi Carabiya]]. Si uu qof walba uga qaato fikrad ama aragti sax ah, xaalada ka taagan meel ama wadan, waxa uu u baahan yahay inuu wax uun ka ogaado sooyaalka taariikheed ee meeshaas ama wadankaa. Saan la socono baryahaan '''Ciraaq''' ayaa noqotay meel ay aaladaha warbaahinta aduunka ama ruux walbaa oo dunida saaran uu hadal hayo xiisadda ka taagan Ciraaq. Sooyaalka taariikheed ee Ciraaq maaha mid hal ama laba qormo lagu soo koobi karo, sidaa darteed ayaan bal isku dayey inaan soo ururiyo war bixinno ama taariikho ku saabsan Ciraaq. Ciraaq waa xubin muhiim ah oo ka tirsan: '''[[OPEC]]'''; '''[[Jaamacada Carabta]]'''; '''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''; Iyo '''[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]'''iyo sidoo kale Kuwa kali badan.:•’!!’ Waa Jamhuuriyad Federaali ah oo ka kooban 19 gobol (gobollo) iyo hal gobo gobol (Ciraaq). Diinta rasmiga ah ee dalka waa Islaamka. Dhaqan ahaan, Ciraaq wuxuu leeyahay hanti aad u taajirsan, wuxuuna u dabaaldegayaa guulihii hore ee xilliyadii hore ee Islaamka, waxaana loo yaqaanaa gabayaaga. Sawir gacmeedka iyo sawirqaadayaashu waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu wanaagsan caalamka Carabta, qaar ka mid ah waxay yihiin heer caalami ah iyo sidoo kale soo saarista farsamooyin qurux badan, oo ay ku jiraan roodhadhka iyo roogaga.!! ==Babylon & Mesopotamia.!!== 1.Hada Carabta ee Ciraaq): Ciraaq waxay haysataa: {[{$11.99 trilion)]} oo aheeyd $15.9 Trillion oo kheyraad dabiici ah.!! 2. Dhulka saxaraha ah waxaa ku jira batroolka, gaaska dabiiciga ah, fosfatetada, baaruudka. Ciraaq waa dalka labaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda cayriin ee [[OPEC]]. Waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta shanaad ee adduunka ugu badan ee haysata kaydka saliidda cayriin ee la xaqiijiyay waxayna ku xidhan tahay dhoofinta saliidda cayriin qaddarka ugu badan ee dakhligeeda..!! <ref>https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp</ref>. ==Xubin== * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Waddanmha La Degaan Ciraaq== * {{Flag|Iraq}}: 46,951,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 2,200+ *'''{{flag|Arab League}}STS:''':250,000+: *''{{Flag|Pakistan}}'' 2,000+ *''{{Flag|South Korea}}'' 20,000+ ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Iiraan]] * [[Israaiil]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Baqdaad]]_* * [[Basra]]_* * [[Kuufa]]_* * [[Sadaam Xuseen]] * * * * [[Nuur Al-Maliki]] o * [[Maxamad al-mahdi]] * * [[Jalaal Daalabaani]] o =Tixraac= {{reflist}} [[Category:Ciraaq]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} qvvs4agqup60nykydvr9l7uc0pxcwui 0 2937 308740 307778 2026-09-19T22:11:30Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|15|N|48|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Yemen | native_name = {{big|الجُمهورية اليَمَنية}}<br />''{{transl|ar|DIN-31635|al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah}}'' | common_name = Yemen | image_flag = Flag of Yemen.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Yemen (2).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = Yemen (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <div style="line-height:1.45em;white-space:nowrap;">{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله, الوَطَن, الثَورة, الوَحدة}}}}|italics=off}}<br />{{transl|ar|DIN-31635|"Allāh, al-Waṭan, aṯ-Ṯawrah, al-Waḥdah"}}<br />{{small|"God, Country, Revolution, Unity"}}</div> | national_anthem = <div style="line-height:1.45em;white-space:nowrap;">{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|نشيد اليمن الوطني}}}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />''[[National anthem of Yemen|Nashīd al-Yaman al-waṭanī]]''<br />{{small|''United Republic''}}<br /><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - United Republic.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = [[Carabi]] | demonym = [[Yemeni (disambiguation)|Yemeni]] | capital = [[Sana'a]] | government_type = {{nowrap|Xukun mid ah, jamhuuriyad}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] | leader_title2 = Raysulwasaare | leader_name2 = [[Mohammed Basindawa]] | legislature = {{nowrap|Aqalka wakiilada Baarlamaanka}} | area_rank = 50th | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_km2 = 527,829 | area_sq_mi = 203,796 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 23,833,000<ref name=yearbook2011>{{cite web|title=Statistical Yearbook 2011|url=http://www.cso-yemen.org/publiction/yearbook2011/population.xls|publisher=Central Statistical Organisation|accessdate=24 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=9 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009023840/http://www.cso-yemen.org/publiction/yearbook2011/population.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2011 | population_estimate_rank = 96th | population_census = 19,685,000<ref name=yearbook2011/> | population_census_year = 2004 | population_density_km2 = 44.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 115.7 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 160th | GDP_PPP_year = 2011 | GDP_PPP = $57.966 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=1&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=474&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Yemen |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,306<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $14.675 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2011 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,340<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2011 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of its publication--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.462 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |publisher=The United Nations |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 154th | FSI = {{nowrap|93.2 {{decrease}} 3.4}} | FSI_year = 2007 | FSI_rank = 24th | FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;white-space:nowrap;">Alert</span> | sovereignty_type = Establishment | established_event1 = [[North Yemen]] independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]]^a | established_date1 = <br />1 November 1918 | established_event2 = [[South Yemen]] independence^b | established_date2 = <br />30 November 1967 | established_event3 = [[Yemeni unification|Unification]] | established_date3 = 22 May 1990 | currency = [[Yemeni rial]] | currency_code = YER | country_code = YEM | time_zone = | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385 |title=Yemen |publisher=International News Safety Institute |accessdate=14 October 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 Bisha Shanaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505191038/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Yemen|+967]] | cctld = [[.ye]] | footnote_a = From the [[Ottoman Empire]]. | footnote_b = From the [[United Kingdom]]. }} '''Yemen''' ([[Af-Carabi]]: اليَمَن), ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Yemen''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]]. Yemen waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] oo ka xigta [[Woqooyi]]ga iyo [[Galbeed]]ka xeebta [[Baddacas]], iyo [[Cumaan]] oo ka xigta [[Bari]]ga, Dhinaca [[Koonfur]]ta waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] iyo [[Bada Carabeed]], dhinaca [[Galbeed]]ka neh waxaa ka xiga [[Bada Cas]], wadanka caasimadiisa waa [[Sanca]].wadanka Yemen waa wadanka kaliya ee Bariga dhexe oo isticmaalo Jamhuuriyad. yemen waa wadan aad u duqsan waxaana aad looga caabudaa diinta islaamka, dhinaca dhaqaalaha yemen uma taajirsano sida wadamada kale ee carabta, wadanka waxoo leeyahy shidaal iyo saliid, laakiin wax soo saarkooda aad ayoo u yaryahay. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * * * * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] (baarlimentka waziirada “ Jaamacada (Ummadda) Carabta)..”.:• ==Waddanmaha la Degaan Yemen== *'''{{Flag|Egypt}}''':121+Mil++: **{{Flag|Jordan}}:1,200+ **{{Flag|Syria}}:2,000++ ***{{Flag|Kuwait}}:950,000+ ***{{Flag|Iraq}}:124,000+ ****{{Flag|Palestine}}:950,000+ *****{{Flag|Sudan}}:25,000+ *****{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:35,000+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>]. *''{{Flag|Eritrea}}'' 4,940,000++: [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref> == Taariikh == Yemen waa wadan aad u duqsan waxoona leeyahay guryo taariikhi ah oo ladhisay kumanaansano kahor, ilaa hadda dadka yemaniga waxee isticmaalaan dhaqanka guryihii ladhisi jiray waagaas.Wadanka Yemen waxoo xornimo ka helay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]] iyo gumeestihii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]. Wadanka Yemen waxoo markiisa hore u kala qeebsanaa [[Woqooyi]] Yemen iyo [[Koonfurta]] yemen , taariikhda marka ee eheed 1962dii ayaa [[koonfurta]] Yemen la midowday woqooyiga Yemen, waa markii wadanka laisku dhahay Jamhuuriyada yemen. ==Magaloyiinka== * [[Ibb|Ibb]] * [[Sanca|Sanca]] * [[Marib|Mareb]] * [[Cadan|Cadan]] * [[Ta'izz|Ta'ezz]] * [[Al Mahwit]] * [[Al Mukalla]] * [[Hadhramaut]] ==Sido Kale fiiri== *[[Yemeni rial]] *Arabian Degaanka tectonic =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] edvylt0td39g8i76jfhjnldxzd2jceu 0 2954 308736 307769 2026-09-19T22:09:38Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Suuriya |native_name = |common_name = |image_flag = Flag of Syria (2025-).svg |image_coat = Emblem of Syria (2025–present).svg |national_anthem = |image_map = Syria (orthographic projection).svg |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Carabi]] |capital = [[Dimishiq]] |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = Raysulwasaare |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |legislature = |largest_city = [[Aleppo]] |latd=33 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=36 |longm=18 |longEW=E |area_rank = 89th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 186475 |area_sq_mi = 71479 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1.1 |population_estimate = 22,530,746<ref name="CIA"/> |population_estimate_rank = 53rd |population_estimate_year = July 2012 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 118.3 |population_density_sq_mi = 306.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 101st |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$107.831 billion<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=59&pr1.y=13&c=463&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Syria |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,100<ref name="CIA"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|7.057 Billion<ref name="CIA" />}} |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,802<ref name="CIA" /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |established_event1 = [[Independence]] from [[Ottoman Empire]] |established_date1 = 1 September 1918 |established_event2 = [[Independence]] from France |established_date2 = 17 April 1946 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Secession]] from the<br />[[United Arab Republic]]}} |established_date3 = 28 September 1961 |Gini_year = 2004 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.8 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=World Bank GINI index |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |date= |accessdate=2013-01-22}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.632 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 November 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=21 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 119th |currency = [[Syrian pound]] |currency_code = SYP |country_code = SY |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Midig |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Syria|+963]]^b |cctld = [[.sy]] |footnote_a = }} '''Suuriya''' ({{lang-en|Syria}}; {{lang-ar|{{big|سوريا}}}} ama {{lang|ar|{{big|سورية}}}}) waa dal ku yaala [[Bariga Dhexe]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Dalkaan wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Lubnaan]], [[Israaiil]], [[Urdun]], [[Turki]] iyo [[Ciraaq]]. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Dimishiq]]. Suuriya waxaa degen dad gaaraaya ilaa 22,505,000 oo qof qiyaastii. Suuriya waxeey ka midtahay wadamada aadka ugud xadaarad fog dunida, waxeeyna leedahay taariikh aad u dheer, Suuriya waxeey jiri jirtay kumanaan sano kahor, waxaana soo gumeestay dawladihii cosmaaniyiinta iyo Faransiiska. Af-Ingiriisi, magaca "Suuriya" ayaa horay u dhigma Levant (oo lagu yaqaan Carabi sida al-Sham), halka gobolka casriga ahi uu ku yaallo goobaha boqortooyooyinka dhawrka ah iyo boqortooyooyinka, oo ay ku jirto ilbaxnimada Eblan ee 3-ta mitul ee BC. Magaalada caasimadda Damascus iyo magaalada ugu weyn Aleppo waxay ka mid yihiin magaalooyinka ugu da 'weyn ee dunida ku nool. Xilligii Islaamka, Damascus wuxuu ahaa kursiga Umayyad Khaliifka iyo caasimadda gobolka ee Mamluk Sultanate ee Masar. Dawlad casri ah oo Suuriya ah ayaa la aasaasay qarnigii 20aad kaddib qarniyo badan oo Ottoman ah iyo mudo gaaban oo Faransiis ah, oo matalayay dawlad goboleedka ugu wayn ee Carabtu ka soo baxdo kuwii hore ee gobollada Siiriya ee xukumayay Suuriya. Waxa uu helay xornimad-xor ah sida Jamhuuriyadda Baarlamaanka 24-kii October 1945, markii Jamhuriyadda Suuriya ay noqotay xubin aasaasi ah oo Qaramada Midoobey ah, oo ah sharci sharci ahaan lagu soo afjaray Faransiis Mandaqadii hore - inkasta oo ciidamada Faransiisku aanay ka tagin dalka ilaa April 1946. Muddadii xorriyadda madax-bannaaniddu waxay ahayd mid baqdin leh, tiro badan oo ciidamo milatari ah iyo afgambi isku dayey in ay waddanku ku dhufteen muddadii 1949-71. Sannadkii 1958-kii, Suuriya waxay ku biirtay urur xeeladaysan oo Masar la yiraahdo Jamhuuriyadda Carabta, taas oo joojisay mujaahidiintii Siiriya 1961-kii. Jamhuuriyaddu waxa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta dhammaadkii 1961 kadib Diisambar 1 dastuuri ah, oo ahaa mid sii xoogaysanaya ilaa Ba'athaanka Guutada Dimoqraadiga, tan iyo markii Xisbiga Ba'ath uu hayo awoodiisa. Suuriya waxay hoos tagtay Sharciga Xaaladaha Degdega ah laga bilaabo 1963 illaa 2011, si wax ku ool ah u hakisay inta badan dastuurka ilaalinta muwaadiniinta Bashar al-Assad wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha tan iyo sanadkii 2000, waxaana ka soo hor jeeday aabihiis Hafez al-Assad, 14-kii shaqaale ka ahaa 1971 ilaa 2000. [[File:Ghouta_rebels_in_1925.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:LatakiaSkyline.png|thumb|right|400px|Magaaloyinka Latkaiya]] Tan iyo bishii Maarso 2011, Suuriya waxaa lagu soo rogay colaado hubaysan, iyada oo ay jiraan tiro ka mid ah wadamada gobolka iyo kuwa kale ee ku lug leh howlgalka militariga ama haddii kale. Sidaas darteed, tiro ka mid ah hay'ado siyaasadeed oo is-daba-joog ah ayaa ka soo baxay dhulalka Suuriya, oo ay ku jiraan mucaaradka Suuriya, Rojava, Tahrir al-Sham iyo Dawladda Islaamiga ah ee Ciraaq iyo Levant. Suuriya ayaa kaalinta ugu dambeysa ku leh caalamkii caalamiga ahaa ee nabadda, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddanka ugu xoogga badan adduunka sababo la xiriira dagaalka, inkasta oo noloshu si caadi ah u socoto inta badan dadkeeda marka loo eego December 2017. Dagaalku wuxuu keenay 470,000 dhimasho (Febraayo 2016) 7.6 milyan oo qof oo gudaha ku barokacay (Julaay 2015 qiyaasta qiyaasta) iyo in ka badan 5 milyan oo qaxooti ah (Julaay 2017 diiwaangelisay by UNHCR), sameynta qiimayntu waa ay adagtahay sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Laga soo bilaabo qiyaastii 10,000 BC, Suuriya waxay ka mid ahayd xarumaha dhaqanka Neolithic (oo loo yaqaan Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) halkaas oo beeraha iyo lo'da ay u muuqdeen markii ugu horeysay ee aduunka. Xilliga Neolithic ee soo socda (PPNB) waxaa matala guryaha qaylo-dhaanta ah ee dhaqanka Mureybet. Waqtiga dufanka hore ee Neolithic, dadka ayaa isticmaala maraakiib ka samaysan dhagax, gyps iyo lime gubtay (Vaisselle blanche). Raadinta qalabka wax lagu cuno ee ka soo jeeda Anatolia waa caddaynta xiriirka hore ee ganacsiga. Magaalooyinka Hamokar iyo Emar ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray xilligii Neolithic iyo Bronze Age. Arkaeologists waxay muujiyeen in jinsiyada Suuriya ay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu da'da weynaa ee dhulka, laga yaabee inay ka soo baxeen oo keliya kuwa Mesopotamia. ==Daadka La Degaan Suuriya== **{{Flag|Jordan}}:200+ **{{Flag|Iraq}} 200+ **{{Flag|Palestine}}: 500+ ==Sido Kale Fiiri== * [[Turkiga]] * [[Iiraan]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Suuriya]] [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] jdt3tdkqgu3qmr3aqft19pmxirzltqk 0 3822 308730 307757 2026-09-19T22:07:24Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308730 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Sidoo kale eeg : [[Levant]] {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Lubnaan | common_name = Lubnaan | native_name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية اللبنانية|italics=off}}<br><small>''{{transl|ar|al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah}}''</small> | image_flag = Flag of Lebanon.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Lebanon.svg | national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |{{lower|0.1em|{{big|[[Lebanese National Anthem|كلّنا للوطن]]}}}} |{{transl|ar|ISO|''Kulluna lil-watan''}} |{{small|''Dhammaanteen waxaan u nahay waddankii hooyo!''}}}} <center>[[File:Lebanese national anthem.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Lebanon - Location Map (2012) - LBN - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Beyruut]] | coordinates = {{Coord|33|54|N|35|32|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Beyruut]] | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]]<ref>Article 11 of the Constitution of Lebanon states: "Arabic is the official national language. A law shall determine the cases in which the French language can be used.</Ref> | recognised_languages = [[Af-Faransiis]] | demonym = Lubnaan | government_type = Unitary, parliamentary<br>multi-confessionalist republic<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lebanese Constitution |publisher=Presidency of Lebanon |url=http://presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=20 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119201440/http://presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf |archivedate=19 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Madaxweynaha | leader_name1 = [[Joseph Aoun]] | leader_title2 = Raiisul wasaaraha | leader_name2 = [[Najib Mikati]] | leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Baarlamaanka | leader_name3 = [[Nabih Berri]] | legislature = Parliament | established_event1 = [[Gobolka Lubnaan]] | established_date1 = 1 Sebteembar 1920 | established_event2 = Dastuurka | established_date2 = 23 Maye 1926 | established_event3 = Madaxbanaanida | established_date3 = 22 Nofeembar 1943 | established_event4 = Waajibkii Faransiisku wuu dhamaaday | established_date4 = 24 Oktoobar 1945 | established_event5 = Ka bixitaanka ciidamada Faransiiska | established_date5 = 31 Diseembar 1946 | area_km2 = 10452 | area_label = Total | area_rank = 162nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 4036 | percent_water = 1.8 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Lebanon}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 112th | population_density_km2 = 560 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,450 | population_density_rank = 21st | GDP_PPP = $88.786&nbsp;billion<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=26&pr1.y=13&c=446&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=Lebanon, International Monetary Fund]</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $19,128 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 80th | GDP_nominal = $19.915&nbsp;billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $11,615 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 71st |Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.763 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <Ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 76th | currency = [[Lebanese pound]] | currency_code = LBP | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | drives_on = Right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Lebanon.html |title=Driving in Lebanon |publisher=adcidl.com |accessdate=17 January 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=17 Bisha Koobaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000049/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Lebanon.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Lebanon|+961]] | cctld = [[.lb]] | area_magnitude = 1 E10 }} [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|thumb|210px|Lubnaan]] [[File:LocationLebanon.svg|thumb|210px|Lubnaan, Aasiya]] [[Lubnaan]] (Carabi: الجمهوريّة اللبنانيّة) waa mid kamida dawladaha [[carbeed]] waxaa ay ku taalaa bariga dhexe waxa ay kaga taalaa qaarada [[aasiya]] koonfur galbeed waxa ay xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Suuriya]], [[Israaiil]] iyo [[Falastiin]]. Waxa kale oo ay xuduud ku leedahay bada dhexe ama bada cad taariikhda Lubnaan aad ayay u dheertahay waxa ay leedahay. [[File:Walid_Jumblatt_6C2.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Walid Jumblatt {{Flag|Lebanon}}]] ==Taariikhda iyo Xogta== Lubnaan waxa lagu magacaabi jiray ''[[Phoenicia]]'' oo hoos timaada [[Boqortooyada Roomaanka]]. Qaar ka mid ah macbadyada ugu waaweyn ee Qarniyadii waxay ku yaalliin [[Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)|Heliopolis]]. Qarnigii siddeedaad [[Carabtii]] waxay qabsadeen Foyniya oo ku soo rogeen diintoodii. Laakiin meelo badan oo buuraha ku hadhay Masiixi sida "Maroniit ah". Lubnaan waxay leedahay laba silsiladood oo buuro ah. Waxay leedahay khad dheer [[xeeb]]. Bedka Lubnaan waa 10,452 kilomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Lubnaan waxay ahayd [[madax-bannaanida|madaxbanaan]] ilaa 1943. [[magaalada caasimadda]] waa [[Bayruut]]. Dheer oo gaadhaysa ilaa 7000 oosano. Siyaasadda haddii aynu hada lubnaan waa wadan siyaasad ahaan dimuquraadi ah waxa xukunka loo qaybsadaa. Hab diimeed ama madhabeed.inta badan dadka lubnaan waacarab. Waxa ay kalahaystaan [[Islaam]] iyo kirista. [[Kiristanka]] lubnaana waa mid kaduwan kadawladaha carbta. Oo waxa ay leeyihiin awood balaadhan. Lubnaniyiintu waaydii hore ayay dabadaha u haajiriin caalamkana meelkasta way kajoogaan. Lubnaan waxa ay dagaalo lagashay dawlada yahuuda kadib markii ay yuhuudu ka qabsadeen koonfurta oo dhan sanadii [[1982]]. Mudabadan kadib lubnaan waxa ay koonfurta dib usoo ceshatay sanadii 2000 taasna waxaa sabab u ahaa xisbiga xisbulah.oo dhuunta u galay dawalda yuhuuda. Dagaalkaa yahuuda kasakaw lubnaan waxa kadhacay dagaalo sokeeye, oo aad udarnaa badhtamihii todobaataneeyadii ilaa dhamaadkii sideetameeyadii 2900 sano kahor miladiga waxa magaca lubnaan 12 jeer lagu sheegay gabayo xiligaas latiriyay. [[Cedar|Cedar]] waa [[calaamadaha qaranka]]. ==Dadweynaha== Ku dhawaad ​​5.2 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool Lubnaan.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=July 2021|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society|accessdate=|website=CIA|publisher=United States government|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113708/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku dhawaad ​​14 milyan oo qof oo Lubnaaniyiin ah ayaa ku nool meel ka baxsan Lubnaan. <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2018|title=The Lebanese Diaspora: An Exploration of Assimilation and Success in the United States|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=dissertations}}</ref> ==Gobolada iyo Degmooyinka== * [[Beirut Governorate]] ** Maamulka Beyruut looma qaybin degmooyin wuxuuna ku kooban yahay magaalada [[Beyruut]] * [[Gobolka Nabatieh]] (''Jabal Amel'') ** [[Degmada Bint Jebiil|Bint Jbeil]] ** [[Degmada Xasbaaya|Hasbaya]] ** [[Degmada Marjeeyoon|Marjeyoun]] ** [[Degmada Nabatiye|Nabatieh]] * [[Gobolka Beqaa]] ** [[Degmada Balcad|Baalbek]] ** [[Degmada Hermel|Hermel]] ** [[Degmada Rashaya|Rashaya]] ** [[Degmada Beqaa Galbeed|Western Beqaa]] (''al-Beqaa al-Gharbi'') ** [[Degmada Zahle|Zahle]] * [[Gobolka Waqooyi]] (''al-Shamal'') ** [[Degmada Akkar|Akkar]] ** [[Batroun District|Batroun]] ** [[Bsharri District|Bsharri]] ** [[Koura District|Koura]] ** [[Miniyeh-Danniyeh District|Miniyeh-Danniyeh]] ** [[Tripoli District|Tripoli]] ** [[Zgharta District|Zgharta]] * [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]] (''Jabal Lubnan'') ** [[Aley District|Aley]] ** [[Baabda District|Baabda]] ** [[Byblos]] (''Jbeil'') ** [[Chouf District|Chouf]] ** [[Keserwan District|Keserwan]] ** [[Matn District|Matn]] * [[South Governorate]] (''al-Janoub'') ** [[Jezzine District|Jezzine]] ** [[Sidon District|Sidon]] (''Saida'') ** [[Tyre District|Tyre]] (''Sur'') [[File:Pano Baalbek 1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Goobta taariikhiga ah ee Bacalbek ([[Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)|Heliopolis]]) ee Lubnaan]] ==Xubin== * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddanmaha degaan Lubnaan== *'''{{Flag|Lebanon}}''' 5,592,631+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1,500,000+ *{{Flag|Italy}} 12,000+ * {{Flag|France}} 20,000+ * {{Flag|Turkey}} 10,000+ *{{Flag|United Kingdom}} 10,000+ ===Kuwo kale=== * [[Dhibaato Lubnaan]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} {{commons|لبنان / Liban}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] j8t8ng8ishu5p5l368uaif35gxrg54s 0 3845 308722 307691 2026-09-19T22:04:58Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|42|00|N|43|30|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Joorjiya<br/>Georgia |native_name = {{nobold|საქართველო}}<br/>{{small|''Sakartvelo''}} |common_name = Georgia |linking_name = Georgia (country) |image_flag = Flag of Georgia.svg |image_coat = Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg |national_motto = <br/>ძალა ერთობაშია<br/>''Dzala Ertobashia''<br/>{{small|''Midnimo waa awood''}} |national_anthem = <br/>თავისუფლება<br/>''Tavisupleba''<br/>{{small|''Xoriyad''}}<br /><center>[[File:Georgian national anthem.oga]]</center> |image_map = Georgia (orthographic projection with inset).svg |map_caption = Meesha wadanka Joorjiya dhaco. |capital = [[Tibiliisi]]<br>[[Kutaisi]] {{small|(Sharcidejinta)}} |latd=41 |latm=43 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=47 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Tibiliisi]] |official_languages = Joorjiyaan<ref>. In [[Abkhazia]], also [[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]].</ref> |languages_type = Spoken languages<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |access-date=2016-09-13 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |ethnic_groups_year = 2014 |ethnic_groups = Joorjiyaan – 86.8%<br />[[Aserbiijaan]] – 6.2%<br />[[Armania]] – 4.5%<br />Kuwo kale – 2.8% |demonym = Joorjiyaan |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Madaxweyne]]}} [[Jamhuriyadda]]{{Ref label|regime|a}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweyne |leader_name1 = Giorgi Margvelashvili |leader_title2 = Gudoomiyaha Baarlamaanka |leader_name2 = David Usupashvili |leader_title3 = Raiisalwasaare |leader_name3 = Giorgi Kvirikashvili |legislature = Baarlamaan |sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaani |established_event1 = [[Ruushka|ka qaatey Boqortooyadii Ruushka]] |established_date1 = 26 May 1918 |established_event2 = [[Midowga Sofiyet]] |established_date2 = 25 February 1921 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|ka qatey [[Midowga Sofiyet]]}} <div style="text-align:right;">Ku dhawaaqey<br/>Dhamaystiray</div> |established_date3 = <br/>9 April 1991<br/>25 December 1991 |area_rank = 120th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 69,700 |area_sq_mi = 26,911 |area_footnote = |percent_water = |population_estimate = 3,720,400{{Ref label|population|b|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng|title=Population|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 131st |population_estimate_year = 2016 |population_census = 3,713,804{{Ref label|population|b|}}<ref name="2014 Census">{{cite web|url=http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census Main Results General Information — '''National Statistics Office of Georgia'''|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=8 Bisha Sideedaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808154843/http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_census_year =2014 |population_density_km2 = 53.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 138.6 |population_density_rank = 137th |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$35.6 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World GDP Ranking 2015 |url=https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2015-data-and-charts |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP_rank = 117th |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,500 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$14.372 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP of Georgia |url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/pres-relizi_2015_GEO.pdf |publisher=GEOSTAT |access-date=13 May 2016 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=14 Bisha Sagaalaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914212327/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/pres-relizi_2015_GEO.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,863 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->Hoos udhac |Gini = 40.0 <!-- number only --> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=November 21, 2015}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2014 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = 0.754 <!-- number only --> |HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 76th |currency = Joorjiyaan lari (₾) |currency_code = GEL |time_zone = GET |utc_offset = +4 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |DST_note = |date_format = |drives_on = [[Midig iyo bidix baabuur wadis|midig]] |calling_code = [[+995]] |iso3166code = GE |ISO_3166–1_alpha2 = GE |ISO_3166–1_alpha3 = GEO |ISO_3166–1_numeric = 268 |cctld = [[.ge]] [[.გე]] |footnote_a = {{Note|regime}} Moved in 2013 from a president-parliamentary system to a premier-presidential system. |footnote_b = {{Note|population}} Excluding [[Occupied territories of Georgia|occupied territories]]. }} [[File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Europe location GEO2.png|thumb|Georgia]] [[File:Georgia cities01.png|thumb|right]] '''Joorjiya''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bari]]ga [[Yurub]] iyo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Aasiya]]. Caasimada Joorgia waa [[Tibiliisi]]. Gobolada Joorjiya waxee gaarayaan 53 gobol.tirada dadka neh waxaa lagu qiyaasaa.ilaa.3,720,400 (2016) Georgia (Georgian: Somali, transliter .: sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] (ku saabsan codkan maqalka)) waa wadan ka jira gobolka Caucasus ee Eurasia. Waxay ku taallaa dhinaca galbeedka Aasiya iyo Bariga Yurub, waxay ku xiran tahay galbeedka Badda Badda, waqooyiga Ruushka, koonfurta ee Turkiga iyo Armenia, iyo koonfurta bari ee Azerbaijan. Magaalada caasimada ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Tbilisi. Georgia waxay daboosho dhulalka 69,700 oo kiilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (26,911 sq mi), dadkuna waa 2017, qiyaastii 3.718 milyan. Georgia waa jamhuuriyad madax-madaxbanaan, iyada oo dawladdu dooratay iyada oo loo marayo dimuqraadiyad wakiil. [3] Intii lagu jiray xilligii fasalka, boqortooyo madaxbannaan ayaa la aasaasay hadda waxa Georgia, sida Colchis, oo markii dambe loo yaqaano Lazica iyo Iberia. Reer Georgiyadu waxay qabteen mabaadi'da qarnigii 4aad. Caqiidada guud waxay ahayd muhiima aad u weyn xagga midnimada iyo midnimada siyaasadeed ee waddamada Griigi hore. Boqortooyada Midowday ee Georgia waxay gaartay dahab dahab ah xilligii boqornimada David King IV iyo Boqor Tamar 12-aad iyo horraantii 13-aad. Intaas ka dib, boqortooyadii ayaa hoos u dhacday waxayna ugu danbayntii burburisay hoos-u-dhaca awoodaha kala duwan ee gobollada, oo ay ku jiraan Mucaaradka, Boqortooyada Ciraaq, iyo dibad-baxyo isdaba-joog ah oo Iran ah. Boqolkii 18aad, Boqortooyada Bariga ee Boqortooyada ee Kartli-Kakheti waxay ku dhejisey boqortooyadii Boqortooyada Ruushka, oo si toos ah u dhigtay boqortooyadii 1801-kii, waxaana lagu guuleystay Boqortooyada Imraneti ee 1810kii. Xukunka Ruushka ee Georgia ayaa ugu danbeyn lagu qaddariyay heshiisyada kala duwan ee nabadda iyadoo Iran iyo Ottomans iyo dhulalka Giriigga ah ee soo hadhay ay ku dhajiyeen Boqortooyada Ruushka ee ku jirta qaab-qurxoon ee koorsada qarnigii 19-aad. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee ka dambeeyey kacdoonka Ruushka ee 1917kii, Georgia waxay si kooban u noqotay qayb ka mid ah Xiriirka Transcaucasian kadibna wuxuu u soo baxay Jamhuuriyad madax-bannaan ka hor intii aan la soo dhicin Ciidankii Ciidanka Xoogga ee 1921 kaas oo abuuray dawlad ka kooban soviirada shaqaalaha iyo beeraha. Sucuudiga Georgia ayaa lagu dari doonaa Federaalka cusub ee Transcaucasian kaas oo 1922-kii noqon lahaa Jamhuuriyad aasaasi ah Midowga Soofiyeeti. Sanadii 1936-kii, Xiriirka Transcaucasian Federation waa la tirtiray, Georgia ayaana u soo baxday Jamhuuriyadda Midowday. Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Waddaniga Weyn, ku dhawaad ​​700,000 oo Giriig ah ayaa ku dagaalamayay Ciidanka Laanqayrta Cas ee Jarmalka. Ka dib markii hogaamiyaha Soviet Sovet Joseph Stalin, oo ah reer hebel ah, wuxuu geeriyooday 1953-dii, waxaa lagu soo bandhigay munaasabad lagu soo bandhigay Nikita Khrushchev iyo dib-u-habeynkii deenishka, taas oo keentay geerida ku dhowaad boqol arday ah 1956-dii. iyada oo ay musuqmaasuq ba'an iyo kor u ==Visa Joorjiya== * <s>Taiwan</s> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] [[Category:Yurub]] 9t3avblsdqb131obaacv6012gt3834n 0 3913 308719 307641 2026-09-19T22:04:23Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masar''' ([[Carabi]] : مصر , romanized: loogu dhawaaqo [[Carabi|Carabi Masaarida]] : [mɑsˤr] ), si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Carbeed ee Masar''' , waa waddan ku baahsan geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Afrika]] iyo koonaha koonfur-galbeed ee Aasiya iyada oo la sii marayo Gacanka Siinaay. Waxa waqooyi kabadda Mediterranean-,[[Falastiin]] (Marinka Gaza) iyo [[Israaiil]] waqooyi-bari,baddacasoo bari ka xigta, Suudaanoo dhanka koonfureed ah iyo Liibiya oo galbeed ah; Gacanka Caqaba ee waqooyi bari Masar ayaa kala qaybiya Urdun iyo Sucuudiga. Qaahira waa caasimadda,magaalada ugu weyn, iyo hormuudka xarunta dhaqanka, halka Alexandria waa magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn iyo xudunta muhiimka ah ee warshadaha iyo dalxiiska. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 107 milyan, Masar waa saddexda wadan ee ugu dadka badan Afrika iyo 15-aad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Carbeed Masar | name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية مصر العربية}}<br />{{resize|}} | common_name = Egypt | image_flag = Flag of Egypt.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg | image_map = EGY orthographic.svg | map_caption = Goobta Jamhuuriyadda Masar | national_anthem = "[[Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]]"<br />{{lang|ar|"بلادي، بلادي، بلادي"}}<br />({{Lang-so|"Dalkayga, dalkayga, dalkayga""}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady.ogg]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]] | national_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi Masar]]{{ref label|offlang|a}} | languages = | religion = [[Islam]] 90% (mostly [[Sunni]])<br>[[Christianity]] 10% ([[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic]]) | demonym = Masar <br> Masri, [[Islam]] | capital = [[Qaahira]] | coordinates = {{Coord|30|2|N|31|13|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Dawlad midaysan|Midaysan]] [[Hab-madaxweynenimo-hoosaad|Nidaam madaxweyne]]<br />[[jamhuuriyada]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Masar|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Masar|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Madbouly]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada (Masar)|Afhayeenka Aqalka]] | leader_name3 = Cali Abdel Aal | legislature = Baarlamaanka | upper_house = golaha guurtida qaranka | lower_house = Golaha Wakiilada | established_event1 = Midaynta [[Masar Sare iyo Hoose|Sare<br />iyo Masar Hoose]]<ref name="goldschmidt_oldest_nation">{{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Arthur |title=Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmZyAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=978-0-86531-182-4 |page=5 |quote=Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity. |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm |title=Background Note: Egypt |date=10 November 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs]] |access-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->{{ref label|estevent|b|}} | established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]] 3150 BC | established_event2 = Maxamed Cali oo la caleema saaray | established_date2 = 9 July 1805<ref>{{cite book |author=Pierre Crabitès |title=Ibrahim of Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1 |access-date=10 February 2013 |year=1935 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-81121-7 |page=1 |quote=...&nbsp;on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo&nbsp;... }}</ref> | established_event3 = [[Ku Dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Masar|Madaxbanaanida]] ka<br /> [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ee great Biriten iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] | established_date3 = 28 Febraayo 1922 | established_event4 = [[Kacaankii Masar 1952kii|Maalinta Kacaanka]] | established_date4 = 23 Julaay 1952 | established_event5 = Jamhuuriyadda ayaa lagu dhawaaqay | established_date5 = 18 June 1953 | established_event6 = [[Dastuurka Masar|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 18 Janaayo 2014 | area_rank = 29aad | area_km2 = 1,010,408<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |title=Total area km2, pg.15 |publisher=Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321110107/http://capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 387,048 | percent_water = 0.632 | population_estimate = [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 109,450,000 <ref>{{cite web |title=الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء |url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/ |website=www.capmas.gov.eg |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=7 Bisha Sagaalaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907025744/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=أقل زيادة في 10 سنوات.. رحلة الوصول إلى 100 مليون مصري (إنفوجرافيك) |url=https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2020/2/11/1722317/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-10-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-100-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83- |website=www.masrawy.com |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144159/https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2020/2/11/1722317/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-10-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-100-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83- |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 15aad | population_census = [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 94,798,827 | population_census_year = [[Tirakoobka Masar#2017|2017]] | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 108.32 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 99aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $2.372 tilyan<ref name="IMFWEOEG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=64&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=469&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 17aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,668<ref name="IMFWEOEG" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 87aad | GDP_nominal = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $347.342 tilyan<ref name="IMFWEOEG" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 42aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $3,174<ref name="IMFWEOEG" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 133aad | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] 31.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kordhin<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = {{increase}} 0.754 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 100aad | currency = [[Egyptian pound]] (E£) | currency_code = EGP | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2{{ref label|dst|c}} | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+20]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.eg]] |{{lang|ar|[[مصر.]]}}}} | official_website = [https://www.egypttourpackages.com/ Egypt ] | footnote_a = | footnote_b = | footnote_c = }} Masar waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah taariikhda ugu dheer ee waddan kasta, iyada oo raadinaysa dhaxalkeeda webiga Nile Delta ilaa 6aad-4aad millennia BCE. Markii loo tixgeliyey ilbaxnimada , Masar hore waxay aragtay qaar ka mid ah horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qorista, beeraha, magaalaynta, diinta habaysan iyo dawladda dhexe. Masar waxay ahayd xarun hore oo muhiim u ah Masiixiyadda , ka dib waxay qaadatay Islaamka qarnigii toddobaad wixii ka dambeeyay. Alexandria , caasimaddeedii hore ee Masar iyo hadda magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn, waxay ahayd xudunta aqoonta caalamiga ah iyada oo loo marayo maktabadeeda . Qahira waxay noqotay caasimadii Khilaafadii Faatimid qarnigii tobnaad iyo Mamluk Sultanate ee xigtay qarnigii 13aad. Masar waxay markaas ka mid noqotay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta sannadkii 1517kii, ilaa uu taliyihii degaanka Muxammad Cali ka asaasay Masar casriga ah oo ah Khedivate iskeed u madaxbannaan 1867. Dalka waxa qabsaday Boqortooyadii Ingriiska oo ay weheliso Suudaan oo xornimada qaadatay 1922-kii oo boqortooyo ah . Kacaankii 1952 ka dib Masar waxay ku dhawaaqday jamhuuriyad . Intii u dhaxaysay 1958 iyo 1961 Masar waxay ku biirtay Suuriya si ay u samaystaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Carbeed . Masar waxa ay dhawr dagaal oo hubaysan la gashay Israa’iil sannadihii 1948 , 1956 , 1967 iyo 1973 , waxaanay si joogto ah u qabsatay Marinka Qaza ilaa 1967. 1978kii, Masar waxa ay saxeexday heshiiskii Camp David , kaas oo u aqoonsaday Israa’iil beddelkeeda inay ka baxdo Siinaydii la haystay. Ka dib kacdoonkii Carabta ee horseeday kacdoonkii Masar 2011 iyo afgambigii Xusni Mubaarak , dalka waxa soo food saaray qalalaase siyaasadeed oo daba dheeraaday ; Doorashadii ugu horeysay ee dimoqraadi ah oo dhacday 2012-kii ayaa natiijadeedu ahayd muddo gaaban, dawladdii ay isku haysteen Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Mohamed Morsi , oo ay afgambiyeen militariga ka dib mudaaharaadyo waaweyn 2013kii Dowladda hadda jirta waa jamhuuriyad madaxtinimo-gaar ah oo uu hoggaamiyo Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , kaas oo la doortay 2014-kii balse waxaa loo arkaa mid kalitalis ah . Masar waa waddan soo koraya oo leh dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika Waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay quwad goboleed ku taal Bariga Dhexe, Waqooyiga Afrika iyo dunida Muslimka iyo awood dhexe oo adduunka ah. Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah , Carabigana waa luqadda rasmiga ah. Masar waxay xubin ka tahay Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Jaamacadda Carabta , Midowga Afrika , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka , Madasha Dhallinyarada Adduunka , iyo xubin ka tirsan BRICS . ==Magacyada== Magaca Ingiriisiga "Masar" wuxuu ka yimid Giriiggii hore " Aígyptos " (" Αἴγυπτος "), iyada oo loo sii marayo Faransiiska Dhexe "Masar" iyo Laatiinka " Aegyptus ". Waxa ay ka muuqataa kiniiniyada tooska ah ee Giriiga hore sida "a-ku-pi-ti-yo". Sifada "aigýpti-"/"aigýptios" waxaa loo soo amaahday Coptic sida " gyptios ", oo halkaas laga soo qaatay Carabi sida " qubṭī ", oo dib loo sameeyay" قبط "( qubṭ ), halka Ingiriisi" Copt ". Juquraafigii hore ee Giriigga Strabo wuxuu bixiyay etymology folk isagoo sheegaya in " Αἴγυπτος " (Aigýptios) uu asal ahaan ka soo baxay xarun ka " Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως " ( Aegaeou huptiōs theegean ), oo macneheedu yahay " Aegaeou huptiōs ". Soo-jiidashada dhabta ah waxaa loo maleynayaa inay ka timid ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ ( Hutkaptah , ku dhawaaqida Masar ee dambe [ħəjˌkojpəˈtaħ] ), " Macbadka Ka of Ptah ," oo ah erey magaalada Memphis . " Miṣr " ( ku dhawaaqida Carabiga: [misˤɾ] ; " مِصر ") waa Carabiga Qur'aanka ee qadiimiga ah iyo magaca rasmiga ah ee casriga ah ee Masar, halka " Maṣr " ( ku dhawaaqida Carabiga Masar: [mɑsˤɾ] ; مَصر ) waa ku dhawaaqida maxaliga ah ee Carabiga Masar . Magaca hadda ee Masar, Misr/Misir/Misru, wuxuu ka yimid magacii hore ee Semitic-ga . Eraygu wuxuu asal ahaan ka dhigan yahay " Ilbaxnimo " ama " Metropolis ". Miṣr Carabi qadiimiga ah (Masar Carabi Carabi Maṣr ) waxay si toos ah ula socotaa Cibraaniga Baybalka Miṣráyīm ( מִצְרַיִם / מִצְרָיִם), oo macneheedu yahay "labada cidhiidhi", tixraaca kala soocida predynastic ee Sare iyo Hoose Masar . Sido kale dhowr luqadood oo Semitic ah lagu sheegay sida Mesru , Misir iyo Masar Marqaatiga ugu da'da weyn ee magacan Masar waa Akkadian "mi-iṣ-ru" ("miṣru") ee la xidhiidha miṣru/missirru/miṣaru , oo macneheedu yahay "xuduuda" ama "xuduudda". Boqortooyada Neo-Assyrian waxay adeegsatay ereyga la soo saaray , Mu-ṣur . Magacii hore ee Masar ee wadanku waxa uu ahaa ( 𓆎 🅓 🏏 📊) km.t , oo macneheedu yahay dhul madow, oo ay u badan tahay inay tixraacayso carrada madow ee barwaaqada ah ee bannaanka daadadka webiga Niil , oo ka duwan deshret ( ⟨ dšṛt ⟩ ), ama "dhul cas" saxaraha . Magacan waxaa caadi ahaan loogu dhawaaqaa Kemet , laakiin malaha waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa [kuːmat] Masaaridii hore.  Magaca waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay K(h)ēmə ( Bohairic Coptic : ⲭⲏⲙⲓ , Sahidic Coptic : ⲕⲏⲙⲉ ) ee marxaladda Coptic ee luqadda Masar, wuxuuna u muuqday Giriiggii hore sida Χημία ( Khēmía ). Magac kale wuxuu ahaa ⟨ tꜣ-mry ⟩ "dhulka webiga jiinka". Masar sare iyo hoose magacyadoodu waxay ahaayeen Ta-Seme'aw ( ⟨ tꜣ-šmꜥw ⟩ ) "sedgeland" iyo Ta-Mehew ( ⟨ tꜣ mḥw ⟩ ) "waqooyiga", siday u kala horreeyaan. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda hore iyo Masar hore=== [[File:Derr_(_125_miles_south_of_Aswan,_right_bank)._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg|thumb|Macbadka Derr ayaa burburay 1960kii]] Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya dhagax-dhagaxyo lagu sameeyay hareeraha dhulka webiga Niil iyo dhulka saxaraha ah. Millenniyadii 10-aad ee BCE , dhaqankii ugaadhsadayaasha iyo kalluumaysatada waxa beddelay dhaqan-shiidid hadhuudh . Isbeddellada cimiladu ama daaqsintii ku dhawaad ​​8000 BCE waxay bilaabeen inay xaalufiyaan dhul-dhaqatada Masar, taasoo samaysa Saxaraha . Qabiiladii hore waxay u haajireen webiga Niil halkaas oo ay ka dhisteen dhaqaale beeralay ah oo deggen iyo bulsho dhexe oo badan. Ilaa 6000 BC, dhaqanka Neolithic ayaa xidid ku yeeshay dooxada Niil. Intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic, dhaqammo badan oo horudhac ah ayaa si madax-bannaan u horumariyay Masar Sare iyo Hoose . Dhaqanka Badariyaanka iyo taxanihii Naqada ee dhaxalka lahaa ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inay horudhac u yihiin Masar fir-fircooneed . Meesha ugu horraysa ee loo yaqaanay Masaarida Hoose, Merimda, waxay ka horraysa Badariyaanka ilaa toddoba boqol oo sano. Bulshooyinka Masaarida Hoose ee wakhtigan waxay la noolaayeen dhiggooda koonfurta in ka badan laba kun oo sano, dhaqan ahaan way ka duwan yihiin, laakiin xidhiidh joogto ah oo ganacsi. Caddaynta ugu horraysa ee la og yahay ee qoraallada hieroglyphic ee Masaarida waxay soo muuqdeen xilliyadii hore ee weelasha dheriga ee Naqada III, oo ku taariikhaysnaa qiyaastii 3200 BC. [[File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg|thumb|Giza Necropolis waa kan ugu da'da weyn mucjisooyinka qadiimiga ah iyo kan kaliya ee weli jira.]] Waxaa la aasaasay boqortooyo midaysan c.  3150 BCE by King Menes , taasoo keentay in taxane taxane ah oo xukumay Masar saddexdii kun ee soo socda. Dhaqanka Masaarida wuxuu kobcay muddadaas dheer wuxuuna ahaa Masaar si gaar ah diintiisa , fankiisa , luqaddiisa iyo caadooyinkiisa. Labadii boqortooyo ee ugu horreeyay ee Masar midaysan waxay dejiyeen marxaladda xilligii Boqortooyada Hore , c.  2700–2200 BCE, kaas oo dhisay Ahraamyo badan , gaar ahaan Ahraamta Saddexaad ee Boqortooyada Djoser iyo Boqortooyadii Afraad ee Giza Ahraamta . Muddadii dhexe ee koowaad waxa ay keentay wakhti qalalaase siyaasadeed ilaa 150 sano. Daadka Niilka ee xooggan iyo xasilinta dawladda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay dib u soo celisay barwaaqada dalka ee Boqortooyada Dhexe c.  2040 BCE, oo gaadhay meeshii ugu sarreysay xilligii Fircoon Amenemhat III . Muddadii labaad ee midnimo la'aantu waxay ku bishaaraysay imaatinka boqortooyadii ugu horreysay ee ajnabiga ah ee xukunka Masar, tii Semitic Hyksos . Soo duulay Hyksos waxay la wareegeen inta badan Masar Hoose qiyaastii 1650 BC waxayna ka aasaaseen caasimad cusub Avaris . Waxa meesha ka saaray xoogagii Masar sare ee uu hogaaminayey Axmose I , kaas oo dhidibada u taagay Boqortooyadii Sideed iyo Tobnaad oo ka raray magaalada Memphis , una raray Thebes . Boqortooyada Cusub c.  1550-1070 BCE waxay ka bilaabantay Boqortooyadii Sideed iyo tobnaad, iyada oo calaamad u ah kor u kaca Masar oo ah awood caalami ah oo ballaarisay intii lagu jiray fidinta ugu weyn ee boqortooyo ilaa koonfurta ilaa Tombos ee Nubia , oo ay ku jiraan qaybo ka mid ah Levant ee bari. Muddadan waxaa lagu xusay qaar ka mid ah Faraaciintii caanka ahaa , oo ay ku jiraan Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten iyo xaaskiisa Nefertiti , Tutankhamun iyo Ramesses II . Hadalkii ugu horreeyay ee taariikh ahaan la caddeeyo ee tawxiidku waxa uu yimid muddadan sida Atenism . Xidhiidhada soo noqnoqda ee quruumaha kale waxay keeneen fikrado cusub Boqortooyada Cusub. Dalka waxaa markii dambe ku duulay oo qabsaday Liibiya , Nuubiyiin iyo Ashuur , laakiin Masaaridii u dhalatay ayaa aakhirkii ka saaray oo dib ula wareegay talada dalkooda. [[File:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg|thumb|Miisaanka Qalbiga ee ka yimid kitaabka dhintay ee Ani]] 525 BCE, Boqortooyadii Achaemenid , oo uu hogaaminayey Cambyses II , ayaa bilaabay qabsashadooda Masar, ugu dambeyntiina waxay qabsadeen Fircoon Psamtik III dagaalkii Pelusium . Cambyses II ayaa markaa la wareegay magaca rasmiga ah ee Fircoon , laakiin waxa uu Masar ka xukumay gurigiisa Susa ee Faaris (Iran casriga ah), isaga oo Masar ku hoos jira xukunka satrapy . Boqortooyadii Masar oo dhan todoba iyo labaatanaad , laga soo bilaabo 525 ilaa 402 BCE, marka laga reebo Petubastis III , waxa ay ahayd gebi ahaanba muddo Achaemenid ah, iyada oo boqorada Achaemenid dhamaantood la siiyay magaca Fircoon. Dhowr kacdoon oo ku-meel-gaar ah oo lagu guuleystay oo ka dhan ah Achaemenids ayaa calaamadeeyay qarnigii shanaad ee BCE, laakiin Masar weligeed ma awoodin inay si joogto ah u afgembiso Achaemenids. Boqortooyadii Soddonaad waxa ay ahayd boqortooyadii ugu dambaysay ee xukunta dalka intii lagu jiray waagii Fircooniga. Waxay mar kale ku dhacday Achaemenids 343 BCE ka dib markii Fircoon, Boqor Nectanebo II , lagaga adkaaday dagaalka. Soddon iyo kow ee Boqortooyada Masar , si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma sii socon muddo dheer, maadaama Achaemenids la riday dhowr sano ka dib Alexander the Great . Guud ahaan Giriigga Macedonia ee Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter , ayaa aasaasay Boqortooyada Ptolemaic ===Batlamyo iyo Roman Masar=== [[File:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg|thumb|Boqoradda Ptolemaic Cleopatra VII iyo wiilkeeda oo uu qoray Julius Caesar, Caesarion , oo ku yaal Macbadka Dendera]] Boqortooyada Ptolemaic waxay ahayd dawlad Hellenistic ah oo awood leh , oo ka soo bilaabantay koonfurta Suuriya ee bari, ilaa Cyrene oo galbeed ah, iyo koonfurta ilaa xudduudaha Nubia. Alexandria waxay noqotay magaalo-madaxeed iyo xarunta dhaqanka iyo ganacsiga Giriiga . Si ay u helaan aqoonsi ay ka helaan shacbigii Masar ee u dhashay, waxay isku magacaabeen in ay yihiin kuwii dhaxlay Faraaciintii. Ptolemiyadii dambe waxay qaateen caadooyinka Masaarida, iyaga laftooda ayaa lagu sawiray taallooyinkii dadweynaha ee qaabka Masar iyo labbiska, waxayna ka qaybqaateen nolosha diinta Masaarida. Laydhka Alexandria (Pharos of Alexandria) waxaa la dhisay qiyaastii 280 BCE jasiiradda Faaris, oo u dhow Alexandria, Masar. waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah todobada mucjiso ee dunidii hore, taas oo ay weheliyaan Ahraamta waaweyni ay sidoo kale saldhig u ahayd Masar. Dhererkeeda waxaa lagu qiyaasay in uu ahaa ilaa 100-130 mitir, taas oo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu dheer ee wakhtigeeda. Ujeeddadu waxay tahay: badmaaxiinta la hagayo si nabad ah oo ay ku galaan dekedda mashquulka badan ee Alexandria. Waxaa si xun u waxyeeleeyay dhulgariirkii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 10-aad iyo 14-aad, waxaana ugu dambeyntii la waayay 1303-dii AD, balse dhagxaanteeda ayaa markii dambe dib loogu isticmaalay dhismayaal kale, sida Daarta Qaitbay . Hogaamiyihii ugu dambeeyay ee khadka Ptolemaic wuxuu ahaa Cleopatra VII , oo isdilay ka dib aaska jacaylkeeda Mark Antony , ka dib markii Octavian uu qabsaday Alexandria oo ciidamadeeda calooshood u shaqeystayaal ah ay carareen. Ptolemies waxa ay la kulmeen fallaagada Masaarida u dhalatay waxayna ku lug lahaayeen dagaallo shisheeye iyo kuwo sokeeye oo horseeday hoos u dhaca boqortooyada iyo qabsashada Roomaanka. Masiixiyadda waxa Masar keenay Saint Mark the Evangelist qarnigii 1aad. Boqortooyadii Diocletian (284-305 CE) waxay calaamad u ahayd isbeddelkii Roomaanka ilaa xilligii Byzantine ee Masar, markii tiro badan oo Masiixiyiin Masaar ah la silciyey. Axdiga Cusub ayaa markaas loo turjumay Masar. Kadib Golaha Chalcedon ee CE 451, Kaniisad Coptic Masaar oo kala duwan ayaa si adag loo aasaasay. ===Qarnigii 7aad - 1517)=== [[File:C9B5617-Pano.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Camr ibn al-Cas ee Qaahira, oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay kan ugu da'da weyn Afrika]] Byzantines waxay awood u yeesheen inay dib u soo ceshadaan xukunka dalka ka dib duullaan kooban oo Sasanid Faaris ah horaantii qarnigii 7aad ee dagaalkii Byzantine-Sasanian ee 602-628 muddadaas oo ay aasaaseen gobol cusub oo gaaban muddo toban sano ah oo loo yaqaan Sasanian Masar , ilaa 639-42, markii Masar lagu soo duulay oo ay qabsadeen Carabtii Islaamka . Markii ay ka adkaadeen ciidamadii Bizantine ee Masar, Carabtu waxay keeneen Islaamka dalka. In muddo ah muddadaas, Masaarida waxay bilaabeen inay ku dhex milmaan caqiidadooda cusub iyo caqiidada asalka ah iyo dhaqamada wadaniga ah, taasoo keentay amarro kala duwan oo suufi ah oo soo kordhay ilaa maantadan la joogo. Cibaadooyinkan hore waxay ka badbaadeen xilligii Coptic Christianity . Sannadkii 639-kii waxa Masar loo diray ciidan uu hoggaaminayo khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar oo uu madax u ahaa Camr bin Al Caas . Waxay ku jabiyeen ciidankii Roomaanka dagaalkii Heliopolis. Amr waxa uu u sii socday dhanka Alexandria, kaas oo isu dhiibay heshiis la saxeexay 8 November 641. Alexandria waxa dib loogu soo celiyay Boqortooyada Byzantine 645, laakiin waxaa dib u qabsaday Amr 646. 654-kii duullaan duullaan ah oo uu soo diray Constans II waa la diiday. Carabtu waxay aasaaseen caasimadda Masar oo lagu magacaabo Fustat , taas oo markii dambe la gubay xilligii Saliibiyiinta. Qaahira ayaa markii dambe la dhisay sanadkii 969 si ay u koraan si ay u noqoto magaalada ugu weyn uguna qanisan khaliifada Carabta , waxa ay ka xigtaa Baqdaad kaliya . [[File:ساحة مسجد احمد بن طولون.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Ibnu Tuluun ee Qaahira, ee Axmad Ibnu Tuluun]] Xilligii Cabbaasiyiinta waxaa lagu asteeyay canshuuro cusub, Copts-na waxay mar kale ka gadoodeen sannadkii afraad ee xukunka Cabbaasiyiinta. Bilawgii qarnigii 9-aad waxa dib u bilaabmay hab-dhaqankii lagu maamuli lahaa Masar oo loo maro guddoomiye Abdallah ibn Tahir , kaas oo go'aansaday inuu dego Baqdaad , isaga oo u soo diray ku xigeen Masar si uu u xukumo isaga. Sannadkii 828dii kacdoon kale oo Masari ayaa qarxay, 831kiina Copts waxay ku biireen Muslimiintii u dhalatay ee ka soo horjeeday dawladda. Ugu dambayntii awooddii Cabbaasiyiinta ee Baqdaad waxay horseedday in guud ahaan guud ahaan ay la wareegaan xukunka Masar, haddana ay hoos imanayaan xulafada Cabbaasiyiinta, Boqortooyada Tulunid (868-905) iyo Boqortooyada Ikhshidid (935-969) waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu guusha badnaa ee ka horyimid Khaliifkii Cabbaasiyiinta [[File:مسـجد الحاكم بأمر الله 06.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Al-Xakiim ee Qaahira, ee Al-Xakiim Bi-Amr Allah , khaliifkii lixaad, sida uu u dayactiray Daawdi Bohra]] Hogaamiyeyaashii Muslimiintu waxay gacanta ku hayeen Masar lixdii qarni ee soo socota, iyadoo Qaahira ahayd xaruntii Khilaafadii Faadimiinta . Dhammaadkii boqortooyadii Ayyubid , Mamluks , oo ah Turco - Circassian militariga, ayaa la wareegay xukunka qiyaastii 1250. Dhamaadkii qarnigii 13aad, Masar waxay isku xirtay Badda Cas, Hindiya, Malaya, iyo Bariga Hindiya.  Badhtamihii Qarnigii 14aad ee Dhimashada Madaw waxa ay dishay 40% dadka dalka. ===Xilligii hore ee casriga: Cusmaaniyiinta Masar (1517-1867)=== [[File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg|thumb|Napoleon wuxuu ku jabiyay ciidamadii Mamluk ee Dagaalkii Ahraamta , 21 Luulyo 1798, oo uu rinjiyeeyay Lejeune .]] Masar waxa qabsaday Turkiga 1517, ka dib waxa ay noqotay gobol ka mid ah Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta . Milatarigii difaacu waxa uu dhaawac u geystay bulshada rayidka ah iyo hay’adihii dhaqaalaha. Diciifnimada nidaamka dhaqaalaha oo ay weheliso saamaynta daacuunka ayaa Masar ka dhigtay mid u nugul duullaanka shisheeye. Ganacsatadii Bortuqiisku waxay la wareegeen ganacsigoodii. Intii u dhaxaysay 1687 iyo 1731, Masar waxay la kulantay lix macaluul. Macaluushii 1784 waxay ku kacday qiyaastii lix meelood meel dadkeeda. Masar waxa ay mar walba ahayd gobol ay adag tahay in ay maamulaan salaadiinta Cusmaaniyiinta , taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay awoodda iyo saamaynta joogtada ah ee Mamluuk , oo ah darafkii milatariga Masar ee dalka soo xukumayay qarniyo badan. Masar waxay sii ahaan jirtay maamul-goboleed hoos yimaada Mamluks ilaa ay ku soo duuleen ciidamadii Faransiiska ee Napoleon Bonaparte 1798. Ka dib markii Faransiisku ka adkaaday Ingiriiska, waxaa bilaabmay loolan awoodeed oo saddex geesood ah oo dhex maray Turkidii Cusmaaniyiinta , Mamluk Masaarida oo Masar xukumayay qarniyo, iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal Albania ah oo u adeegaya Cusmaaniyiinta. [[File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg|thumb|Muxammad Cali waxa uu ahaa aasaasihii boqortooyadii Muxamed Cali iyo Khediifkii ugu horeeyey ee Masar iyo Suudaan.]] Ka dib markii Faransiiska la ceyriyay, waxaa awoodda la wareegay 1805-tii Muhammad Ali Pasha , oo ahaa taliyihii militariga Albania ee ciidamadii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Masar. Muxamed Cali waxa uu xasuuqay Mamluuqa waxa uuna aasaasay boqortooyo ka talin jirtay Masar ilaa kacaankii 1952. Bilawgii 1820-kii ee suufka aadka u dheeraa waxa uu beeralayda u bedelay mid ka mid ah dhaqalaha kaash-ka-soo-saarka ee ka hor dhamaadka qarniga, isaga oo xoogga saaray lahaanshaha dhulka iyo u wareejinta wax soo saarka dhinaca suuqyada caalamiga ah. Maxamed Cali waxa uu la wareegay Waqooyiga Suudaan (1820-1824), Suuriya (1833), iyo qaybo ka mid ah Carabta iyo Anatolia . Sannadkii 1841kii, quwadihii reer Yurub oo ka baqayey in uu xukunka ka tuuro Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta lafteeda, ayaa ku khasbay in uu inta badan qabsashadiisa ku soo celiyo Cusmaaniyiinta. Hamigiisa ciidan waxa uu u baahnaa in uu dalka dib u casriyeeyo: waxa uu dhisay warshado, nidaamka kanaalka waraabka iyo gaadiidka, waxa uu dib u habayn ku sameeyay shaqaalaha dawladda. Wuxuu dhisay dawlad ciidan ah oo ku dhawaad ​​​​boqolkiiba afar ka mid ah dadka u adeegaya ciidanka si ay Masar u gaarsiiyaan meel awood leh oo ku taal Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta si ay u muujiyaan inay la mid yihiin xeeladaha Soofiyeedka (iyada oo aan shuuci ahayn) oo la qabtay qarnigii 20aad. [[File:Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png|thumb|Masar oo hoos tagta Boqortooyada Maxamed Cali]] Muhammad Ali Pasha waxa uu ka soo saaray milatariga mid ku shiray dhaqanka corvée ilaa ciidan weyn oo la casriyeeyay. Waxa uu soo bandhigay qoritaanka beeralayda lab ee Masar qarnigii 19-aad, waxana uu qaaday hab cusub oo uu ku abuurayo ciidankiisii ​​weynaa, isaga oo ku xoojinaya tiro iyo xirfad. Waxbarashada iyo tababarka ciidamada cusub waxay noqotay mid waajib ah; Fikradaha cusub waxaa sidoo kale lagu xoojiyay go'doomin. Nimanka waxa lagu hayay dhufeysyo si ay uga fogaadaan in la carqaladeeyo korriimadooda iyaga oo ah unug ciidan oo lagu xisaabtamo. Ciilkii hab-nololeedkii ciidannimo ayaa aakhirkii ka baxay raggii, waxaana qabsaday fikrad cusub oo qarannimo iyo faan ku dhisan. Waxay ahayd iyadoo la kaashanayo cutubkan cusub ee dhowaan dib u dhashay ee Muxammad Cali uu xukunkiisa ku soo rogay Masar. Siyaasadda uu Mohammad Ali Pasha raacay intii uu xukunka hayay ayaa qayb ahaan sharraxaysa sababta tirada Masar marka la barbar dhigo dalalka kale ee Waqooyiga-Afrika iyo Bariga Dhexe oo kordhay oo keliya heer aad u yar, maaddaama maalgelinta waxbarashada dheeraadka ah ay ka dhaceen oo keliya qaybta militariga iyo warshadaha. Muxammad Cali waxa si kooban xilka u kala wareegay wiilkiisii ​​Ibraahim (Sebtember 1848), ka dibna uu awoowe u ahaa Cabbaas I (Noofambar 1848), ka dibna Saciid (1854), iyo Ismaaciil (1863) oo dhiirigeliyay cilmiga iyo beeraha, kana mamnuucay addoonsiga Masar. Masar oo hoos tagta boqortooyadii Muxamed Cali waxay magac ahaan ahaan jirtay gobol Cusmaaniyiin ah. Waxaa la siiyay heerka dawlad-goboleed madaxbannaan ama Khedivate (1867-1914) ee 1867. Suez Canal , oo la dhisay iyada oo lala kaashanayo Faransiiska, ayaa la dhameeyay 1869. Dhismaheeda waxaa maalgeliyay bangiyada Yurub. Lacago badan ayaa sidoo kale ku baxay mas’uulnimo iyo musuqmaasuq. Canshuuraha cusub ayaa sababay niyad jab caan ah. Sannadkii 1875-kii Ismaaciil waxa uu ka fogaaday in uu kaco isaga oo ka iibiyay dhammaan saamigii Masar ee kanaalka dawladda Ingiriiska. Saddex sano gudahood tani waxay keentay in la soo rogo koontaroolayaasha Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska kuwaas oo ku fadhiistay golaha wasiirada Masar, iyo, "awoodda dhaqaale ee dammaanad-qaadayaasha gadaashooda, waxay ahaayeen awoodda dhabta ah ee dawladda", Xaalado kale sida cudurrada faafa (cudurka lo'da ee 1880-meeyadii), daadadka iyo dagaalladu waxay keeneen hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha waxayna kordhiyeen ku tiirsanaanta Masar ee deynta shisheeye xitaa dheeraad ah. [[File:Tel-el-Kebir.JPG|thumb|Dagaalkii Tel el-Kebir ee 1882 wakhtigaas oo ahaa dagaalkii Anglo-Masar]] Ku qanacsanaan la'aanta maxalliga ah ee Khedive iyo faragelinta reer Yurub ayaa horseeday abuuritaanka kooxihii ugu horreeyay ee waddaniyiinta 1879, iyadoo Axmed 'Urabi uu ahaa shakhsi caan ah. Ka dib markii ay korodhay xiisado iyo kacdoono wadani ah, Boqortooyada Ingiriisku waxay ku soo duushay Masar 1882-kii, oo ay ku burburisay ciidankii Masar ee Battle of Tell El Kebir oo si millatari u qabsaday dalka. 64​​​​​ Sannadkii 1899-kii, waxa la saxeexay Anglo-Masar Agreement Condominium: Heshiisku waxa uu sheegay in Suudaan ay si wadajir ah u maamuli doonaan Khedivate ee Masar iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Xakamaynta dhabta ah ee Suudaan waxay ku jirtay gacanta Ingiriiska oo keliya. Sannadkii 1906-dii, dhacdadii Denshawai waxay keentay dad badan oo Masaari ah oo dhexdhexaad ah inay ku biiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa waddaniyiinta. ===Saldanada iyo Boqortooyada Masar=== [[File:Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_Edward_VIII,_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg|thumb|Fuad I ee Masar iyo Edward, Prince of Wales , 1932]] [[File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg|thumb|Ciidanka lugta Ingiriiska ee u dhow El Alamein , 17 Luulyo 1942]] 1914kii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta waxay gashay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka iyagoo isbahaysi la leh boqortooyooyinkii dhexe; Khedive Abbas II (kaas oo sannadihii hore aad ugu sii kordhay cadaawadda Ingiriiska) waxa uu go’aansaday in uu dagaalka ku taageero dalka hooyo. Go’aankaas ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu si xoog ah xilka uga qaaday, kuna beddelay walaalkiis Xuseen Kaamel . Huseen Kamel waxa uu ku dhawaaqay in Masar ay ka madax banaan tahay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, isaga oo qaatay magaca Suldaanka Masar . Wax yar ka dib xornimada, Masar waxaa lagu dhawaaqay inay tahay maxmiyad Boqortooyada Midowday. [[File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg|thumb|Wadaniyiin dhedig ah oo mudaaharaad ka dhigaya Qaahira , 1919]] Ka dib dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka , Saad Zaghlul iyo Xisbiga Wafd ayaa u horseeday dhaqdhaqaaqa wadaninimada Masar aqlabiyadda golaha sharci dejinta. Markii Ingiriisku u masaafuriyey Zaghlul iyo asxaabtiisii ​​Malta 8-dii Maarso 1919, waddanku wuxuu ka kacay kacaankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee casriga ah . Kacdoonku wuxuu horseeday in dawladda UK ay ku dhawaaqdo madaxbannaanida Masar 22kii Febraayo 1922 . inkasta oo magac ahaan ay madax banaan tahay, Boqortooyadu wali waxa ay ku hoos jirtay gumaysigii millatari ee Ingiriiska, Ingiriiskuna waxa uu weli saamayn weyn ku lahaa dawladda. Sannadkii 1923kii, dawladdii cusbayd waxay diyaarisay oo hirgelisay dastuur ku salaysan hab baarlamaan . Xisbiga Waddaniga ah ee Wafd ayaa ku guuleystay guul weyn doorashadii 1923-1924 waxaana Saad Zaghloul loo magacaabay ra'iisul wasaaraha cusub. Sannadkii 1936-kii, waxaa la soo gebagebeeyey heshiiskii Anglo-Masar , waxaana ciidamadii Ingiriisku ka baxay Masar, marka laga reebo kanaalka Suweys. Heshiisku ma xallin su'aasha Suudaan , taas oo, iyada oo la raacayo shuruudaha Anglo-Masar Condominium Agreement ee 1899, oo dhigaya in Sudan ay si wadajir ah u maamulaan Masar iyo Ingiriiska, laakiin awoodda dhabta ah ay ku sii jirto gacanta Ingiriiska. Britain waxay Masar u adeegsatay inay saldhig u noqoto hawlgallada Isbahaysiga ee gobolka oo dhan, gaar ahaan dagaalladii Waqooyiga Afrika ee Talyaaniga iyo Jarmalka. Mudnaanteeda ugu sareysa waxay ahayd gacan ku haynta Bariga Mediterranean-ka, iyo gaar ahaan in Suez Canal ay u furan tahay maraakiibta ganacsiga iyo xiriirka militari ee Hindiya iyo Australia. Markii dagaalku bilaabmay Sebtembar 1939, Masar waxay ku dhawaaqday sharciga dagaalka waxayna goysay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed ee Jarmalka. Waxay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jartay Talyaaniga 1940-kii, balse waligiis dagaal kuma dhawaaqin, xitaa markii ay ciidamada Talyaanigu soo galeen Masar. Ciidanka Masar wax dagaal ah may samayn. Bishii Juun 1940-kii Boqorku wuxuu shaqada ka eryay Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Aly Maher, kaasoo si liidata ula qabsaday Ingiriiska. Xukuumad cusub oo isbahaysi ah ayaa la dhisay iyadoo ra'iisul wasaare laga dhigay Xasan Pasha Sabri oo madax-bannaan. Ka dib qalalaasihii wasiirnimo ee Febraayo 1942, danjire Sir Miles Lampson , wuxuu ku cadaadiyay Farook in la helo dawlad Wafd ama Wafd-isbahaysi ah oo beddela xukuumaddii Hussein Sirri Pasha . Habeenimadii 4-tii Febraayo 1942-kii, ciidamada Ingiriiska iyo taangiyada ayaa ku hareeraysan qasriga Abdeen ee Qaahira, Lampsonna wuxuu u bandhigay Farouk amar kama-dambays ah . Faaruuq wuu ka hadlay, Nahhasna wax yar ka dib wuxuu soo dhisay dowlad. Sannadkii 1947-kii, inta badan ciidamadii Ingiriiska waxaa loo daadgureeyay aagga kanaalka Suweys, inkastoo ciidanka Ingiriisku ay saldhig ciidan ku lahaayeen aaggaas. Dareenka wadaninimo, ee ka soo horjeeda Ingiriiska ayaa sii waday inay koraan dagaalka ka dib. Dareenka boqortooyo-diidka ayaa sii kordhay ka dib wax-qabadkii foosha xumaa ee Boqortooyada ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Carabta iyo Israa’iil . Doorashadii 1950-kii waxa si weyn ugu guulaystay xisbigii wadaniga ahaa ee Wafd , Boqorkuna waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in uu Mostafa El-Nahas u magacaabo raysal wasaare cusub. Sannadkii 1951kii, Masar waxay ka baxday heshiiskii Anglo-Masar ee 1936 waxayna ku amartay dhammaan ciidamadii Ingiriiska ee hadhay inay ka baxaan kanaalka Suweys. Markii Ingiriisku diiday in uu ka baxo saldhiga ay ku leeyihiin agagaarka kanaalka Suweys, dawladda Masar ayaa jartay biyihii, diidayna in cuntada la galiyo saldhiga Kanaalka Suweys, waxa ay ku dhawaaqday in ay qaadacday badeecooyinka Ingiriiska, shaqaalaha Masaaridana ka mamnuucday in ay gudaha u galaan saldhigga, isla markaana ay kafaalo qaadaan weerarada jabhadaha. 24-kii Janaayo 1952, Jabhadda Masaarida ayaa weerar xooggan ku qaaday ciidamadii Ingiriiska ee ku sugnaa agagaarka kanaalka Suweys, xilligaasi oo la arkayay ciidamada Booliiska Masar oo gacan siinaya jabhadda. Isagoo ka jawaabaya, 25kii Janaayo, General George Erskine wuxuu diray taangiyo British ah iyo ciidan lug ah si ay u hareereeyaan saldhigga bilayska ee Ismailia. Taliyaha bilayska ayaa u yeedhay Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha, Fouad Serageddin , oo ah gacanta midig ee Nahas, si uu u waydiiyo haddii uu isa soo dhiibo ama uu dagaalamo. Serageddin waxa uu ku amray booliiska in ay la dagaalamaan "ilaa ninka ugu dambeeya iyo xabbada u dambaysa". Dagaalkan ayaa la sheegay in lagu dilay 43 askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada Biritishka iyo 3 askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada Biritishka. Dhacdadii Ismaaciiliya waxay aad uga cadhaysiisay Masar. Maalintii xigtay, 26 Janaayo 1952 waxay ahayd "Sabti madow" , sida loo yaqaanay rabshadihii ka dhanka ahaa Ingiriiska, kaas oo arkay in badan oo ka mid ah faras-magaalaha Qaahira kaas oo Khedive Ismail the Magnificent uu dib u dhisay qaabkii Paris, gubtay. Faaruuq wuxuu ku eedeeyay Wafd inay ka dambeeyeen rabshadihii Sabtidii Madow, wuxuuna Nahas ka ceyriyay ra'iisul wasaare maalintii xigtay. Waxaa lagu bedelay Aly Maher Pasha . 22-23 Luulyo 1952, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Saraakiisha Xorta ah , oo ay hogaaminayaan Muxammad Naguib iyo Gamal Abdel Nasser , ayaa bilaabay inqilaab ( Kacaankii Masar ee 1952 ) oo ka dhan ahaa boqorka. Faaruuq I ayaa carshiga ka qaaday wiilkiisa Fouad II , kaas oo ahaa, wakhtigaas, ilmo todoba bilood jir ah. Qoyska boqortooyada ayaa maalmo ka dib ka ambabaxay Masar, waxaana la sameeyay Golaha Boqortooyada, oo uu hoggaamiyo Amiir Muhammad Abdel Moneim . Goluhu waxa uu haystay awood magac-u-yaal oo keliya, awoodda dhabta ahna waxa ay ku jirtay gacanta Golaha Taliskii Kacaanka , oo ay hoggaaminayeen Naguib iyo Naasir. Rajada caanka ah ee dib-u-habaynta degdegga ah ayaa horseeday rabshadihii shaqaalaha ee Kafr Dawar 12 Agoosto 1952. Ka dib tijaabo gaaban oo lagu sameeyay xukunka madaniga ah, Saraakiisha Xorta ah waxay baabi'iyeen Boqortooyada iyo dastuurkii 1923 waxayna ku dhawaaqeen Masar Jamhuuriyad 18 June 1953. Naguib ayaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne, halka Nasser loo magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare. ===Masar oo Jamhuuri ah oo hoos imanaysa Nasser (1952-1970)=== Kadib kacdoonkii 1952 ee dhaqdhaqaaqa saraakiisha xorta ah , xukunka Masar wuxuu u wareegay gacan militari waxaana la mamnuucay dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadeed. 18-kii Juun 1953-kii, Jamhuuriyadda Masar ayaa lagu dhawaaqay, iyadoo General Muhammad Naguib uu ahaa Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda, isagoo xilkaas hayay wax yar ka yar hal sano iyo bar. Jamhuuriyadda Masar (1953-1958) ayaa lagu dhawaaqay. [[File:Nasser_in_Mansoura,_1960.jpg|thumb|Madaxweynihii Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser ee Mansoura, 1960kii]] Naguib waxaa lagu qasbay inuu is casilo 1954-tii Gamal Abdel Nasser  - Pan-Arabist iyo naqshadihii dhabta ahaa ee dhaqdhaqaaqa 1952 - ka dibna waxaa lagu riday xabsi guri . Iscasilaadii Naguib ka dib, jagada madaxweynanimo waxay banaanaatay ilaa laga soo dooranayo Naasir 1956. Bishii Oktoobar 1954, Masar iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska waxay ku heshiiyeen in la baabi'iyo heshiiskii Anglo-Masar ee Condominium ee 1899 iyo in Suudaan la siiyo madaxbannaani; heshiisku wuxuu dhaqan galay 1dii Janaayo 1956kii. Naasir waxa uu xilka madaxweynenimo la wareegay bishii June 1956 waxa uuna bilaabay in uu xukumo taariikhda Masar casriga ah . Ciidamada Ingriisku waxay dhammeeyeen ka bixitaankoodii ay ka baxeen Suweys Canal Zone 13 June 1956. Wuxuu qarameeyay kanaalka Suweys 26 Luulyo 1956; Qaabka cadawtinimada leh ee uu u wajahay Israa’iil iyo waddaniyad dhaqaale ayaa kicisay bilawgii dagaalkii labaad ee Carabta iyo Israa’iil (Xiisadda Suweys), kaas oo Israa’iil (oo taageero ka helaysa Faransiiska iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska) ay qabsatay gacanka Sinai iyo kanaalka. Dagaalku wuxuu soo afjarmay sababtoo ah US iyo USSR faragelin diblomaasiyadeed iyo xaaladdii hore ayaa dib loo soo celiyay. [[File:Port_Said_from_air.jpg|thumb|Qiiqa ayaa ka kacay haamaha saliidda ee ku ag yaal Kanaalka Suweys ku dhuftay intii lagu jiray weerarkii ugu horreeyay ee Anglo-Faransiiska Masar, 5tii Noofambar 1956.]] Sannadkii 1958kii, Masar iyo Suuriya waxay samaysteen midow madax-bannaan oo loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyaddii Carabtu . Midawgu waxa uu ahaa mid muddo kooban socday,waxana uu dhamaaday 1961 markii ay Suuriya ka go’day. Inta lagu guda jiro inta badan jiritaankeeda, Jamhuriyadda Carabtu waxay sidoo kale ku jirtay isbahaysi dabacsan oo ay la lahayd Waqooyiga Yemen (ama Boqortooyada Mutawakkilite ee Yemen), oo loo yaqaan United Arab State . Horraantii 1960-meeyadii, Masar waxa ay si buuxda uga qayb qaadatay dagaalka sokeeye ee Waqooyiga Yemen . Inkastoo dhowr dhaq-dhaqaaq ciidan iyo shirar nabadeed, haddana dagaalku wuxuu noqday mid is-mariwaa ah. Badhtamihii May 1967kii, Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu soo saaray digniino Naasir ku wajahan weerar ay Israa'iil ku hayso Suuriya. In kasta oo madaxa shaqaalaha Mohamed Fawzi uu ku caddeeyey inay yihiin "aan sal iyo raad lahayn", Naasir wuxuu qaaday saddex tallaabo oo isku xigta oo dagaalka ka dhigay mid lama huraan ah: 14kii May wuxuu ciidamadiisa geeyay Sinai oo u dhow xudduudda Israa'iil, 19-kii May wuxuu eryay nabad-ilaaliyeyaashii Qaramada Midoobay ee fadhigoodu ahaa xudduudda Sinai Peninsula ee Israa'iil, wuxuuna xiray 23 May ee Shiicada Israel. On 26 May Nasser wuxuu ku dhawaaqay, "Dagaalku wuxuu noqon doonaa mid guud, ujeedadayada aasaasiga ahna waxay noqon doontaa inaan burburino Israa'iil". Taasi waxay soo dedejisay bilawgii dagaalkii saddexaad ee Carabta Israa’iil (Dagaalka Lixda Maalmood) ee Israa’iil ay ku weerartay Masar, kuna qabsatay Gacanka Siinaay iyo Marinka Qaza , oo Masar ay qabsatay tan iyo dagaalkii Carabta iyo Israa’iil ee 1948-kii . Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii 1967, waxaa la sameeyay sharciga degdega ah , wuxuuna jiray ilaa 2012, marka laga reebo fasax 18 bilood ah 1980/81. Sida uu qabo sharcigan, awoodda booliiska ayaa la kordhiyay, xuquuqaha dastuuriga ah ayaa la laalay, faafreebna waa la sharciyeeyay. Waqtigii dhicistii Boqortooyada Masar horaantii 1950-meeyadii, in ka yar nus milyan Masaari ah ayaa loo tixgeliyey dabaqadda sare iyo hodan, afar milyan oo dabaqadda dhexe ah iyo 17 milyan oo dabaq hoose ah iyo sabool. In ka yar kala bar dhammaan carruurta da'da dugsiga hoose ayaa dhiganayay dugsiga, intooda badan waxay ahaayeen wiilal. Siyaasadaha Naasir ayaa tan bedelay. Dib-u-habaynta iyo qaybinta dhulka, kobaca weyn ee waxbarashada jaamacadda, iyo taageerada dawladda ee warshadaha qaranka waxay si weyn u wanaajiyeen isu socodka bulshada waxayna hoos u dhigtay qalooca bulshada. Laga soo bilaabo sannad dugsiyeedkii 1953-54 ilaa 1965-66, guud ahaan is-diiwaangelinta dugsiyada dadwaynaha in ka badan labanlaabmay. Malaayiin masaari ah oo hore u faqiir ahaa, waxbarasho iyo shaqooyin ay ka heleen qaybaha bulshada, ayaa ku biiray dabaqadda dhexe. Dhakhaatiir, injineero, macalimiin, qareenno, saxafiyiin, ayaa ka kooban inta ugu badan ee bararka dabaqadda dhexe ee Masar ee Naasir. Intii lagu guda jiray 1960-meeyadii, dhaqaalaha Masar wuxuu ka socday gaabis ilaa qarka u saaran inuu burburo, bulshadu waxay noqotay mid xor ah, rafcaankii Nasserna aad buu u yaraaday. ===Masar oo ay xukumayeen Saadaat iyo Mubarak (1971-2011)=== [[File:Egyptian_Armor.jpg|thumb|Taangiyada Masar oo ku sii socda saxaraha Siinay intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Yom Kippur , 1973]] [[File:Begin,_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg|thumb|U dabaal degaya saxiixii 1978dii Heshiiskii Camp David : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter , Anwar Sadat]] Sannadkii 1970-kii, Madaxweyne Naasir wuu dhintay, waxaana xilka kala wareegay Anwar Sadat . Muddadii uu jiray , Sadat waxa uu Masar ka beddelay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti una beddelay Maraykanka, isaga oo eryay la-taliyayaashii Soofiyeedka 1972. Masar waxa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta ee Masar 1971. Sadat waxa uu bilaabay siyaasadda dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha Infitah , isaga oo hoos u dhigaya mucaaradka diimeed iyo kuwa cilmaaniga ah. Sannadkii 1973-kii, Masar, oo ay weheliso Suuriya, waxay bilaabeen dagaalkii afraad ee Carabta iyo Israa'iil (Yom Kippur War), weerar lama filaan ah oo ay dib ugu soo ceshadeen qayb ka mid ah dhulka Siinay oo ay Israa'iil qabsatay lix sano ka hor. 1975, Sadat waxa uu bedelay siyaasadii dhaqaale ee Naasir waxa uuna damcay in uu isticmaalo caannimadiisa si uu u dhimo qawaaniinta dawlada una dhiiri galiyo maalgashiga shisheeye isagoo adeegsanaya barnaamijkiisii ​​Infitah. Iyadoo loo marayo siyaasaddan, dhiirigelinta sida canshuur dhimista iyo canshuuraha soo dejinta ayaa soo jiitay maalgashadayaasha qaarkood, laakiin maalgelinta ayaa inta badan lagu jiheeyay khatar yar iyo ganacsiyo faa'iido leh sida dalxiiska iyo dhismaha, oo laga tagayo warshadaha dhallaanka Masar. Sababtoo ah baabi'inta kabidda cuntada aasaasiga ah, waxay keentay rabshadihii rootiga ee Masar 1977 . Sadat waxa uu booqasho taariikhi ah ku tagay Qudus 1977-kii , taas oo horseedday 1979kii Masar iyo Israa’iil axdi nabadeed oo ay Israa’iil uga baxday Siinay. Taa beddelkeeda, Masar waxay u aqoonsatay Israa'iil inay tahay waddan madaxbannaan oo sharci ah. Hindisaha Saadaat waxa uu ka dhaliyay khilaaf aad u weyn wadamada Carabta ,waxana uu horseeday in Masar laga saaro ururka Jaamacadda Carabta ,balse waxaa taageeray inta badan Masaarida. Sadat waxa dilay xagjir Islaami ah bishii Oktoobar 1981kii. [[File:Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG|thumb|Xusni Mubaarak -Madaxweynihii Masar ee 1981 ilaa 2011]] Xusni Mubaarak ayaa xukunka qabtay kadib markii la dilay Saadaat oo afti loo qaaday oo uu ahaa musharaxa kaliya. Wuxuu noqday hogaamiye kale oo taariikhda Masar maamula . Xusni Mubaarak waxa uu dib u xaqiijiyay xidhiidhka Masar iyo Israa’iil uu weli qaboojiyay xiisadda kala dhaxaysa dalalka Carabta ee deriska la ah Masar. Gudaha, Mubarak waxa uu la kulmay dhibaatooyin halis ah. Saboolnimo baahsan iyo shaqo la'aan ayaa keentay in qoysaska reer miyiga ah ay u qulqulaan magaalooyinka sida Qaahira halkaas oo ay ku dhamaadeen xaafadaha isku raranta ah, iyaga oo si dirqi ah u maareynaya si ay u noolaadaan. 25kii Febraayo 1986 , Booliska Nabadsugida ayaa bilaabay rabshado, iyagoo ka soo horjeeda wararka sheegaya in muddo xileedkooda loogu kordhinayo saddex ilaa afar sano. Hoteelo, goobo lagu caweeyo, maqaayado iyo goobo casino ayaa lagu weeraray magaalada Qaahira, waxaana magaalooyinka kale ka dhacay rabshado. Bandow maalintii ah ayaa lagu soo rogay. Saddex maalmood ayay ciidanka ku qaadatay inuu soo celiyo nidaamka. 107 qof ayaa ku dhintay. [[File:Cairo_north.JPG|thumb|Qaahira waxay noqotay magaalo weyn oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 22 milyan.]] Sanadihii 1980-meeyadii, 1990-meeyadii, iyo 2000-meeyadii, weerarrada argagixisanimada ee Masar waxay noqdeen kuwo aad u badan oo daran, waxayna bilaabeen in la beegsado Copts Masiixiyiinta , dalxiisayaasha ajnabiga ah iyo saraakiisha dawladda. Sagaashameeyadii koox Islaami ah , Al-Gamaca al-Islamiyya , waxay ku hawlanayd olole fidsan oo fidsan, laga soo bilaabo dilalkii iyo isku daygii dil ee qorayaasha iyo aqoonyahannada caanka ah, ilaa la beegsado soo noqnoqda ee dalxiisayaasha iyo ajaanibka. Dhaawac culus ayaa loo geystay qaybta ugu weyn ee dhaqaalaha Masar -dalxiiska -iyo dhinaca dawladda, laakiin sidoo kale waxay burburisay hab-nololeedyada dad badan oo ay kooxdu ku tiirsan tahay taageerada. Intii lagu jiray xukunkii Mubaarak, masraxa siyaasadda waxaa gacanta ku hayay Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Qaranka , kaas oo uu abuuray Sadat 1978. Waxa uu soo saaray 1993-kii Syndicates Law, 1995 Law Saxafada, iyo 1999kii sharciga ururada aan dawliga ahayn kaas oo curyaamiyay xoriyatul qawlka iyo xoriyatul qawlka iyadoo lagu soo rogay xeerar cusub iyo ciqaab adag oo ku saabsan xadgudubyada. Natiijo ahaan, dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii siyaasadda baarlamaanku waxay noqotay mid aan khusayn oo dariiqooyinkii kale ee lagu muujin lahaa siyaasadda ayaa sidoo kale la xaddiday. Qaahira waxay ku kortay meel magaalo weyn ah oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 22 milyan. 17kii Noofambar 1997, 62 qof, oo u badnaa dalxiisayaal, ayaa lagu xasuuqay meel u dhow Luxor . Dabayaaqadii Febraayo 2005, Mubarak wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay sharciga doorashada madaxweynaha, taasoo u gogol xaareysa doorashada musharrixiinta badan markii ugu horreysay tan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqii 1952-kii . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciga cusub ayaa xaddiday musharixiinta, wuxuuna horseeday in Mubarak uu si fudud ugu guuleysto mar kale doorashada. Tirada codbixiyayaashu waxay ka yaraayeen 25%. Goob-joogayaasha doorashadu waxay kaloo ku eedeeyeen inay xukuumaddu faragelin ku hayso hannaanka doorashada. Doorashadii ka dib, Mubarak wuxuu xidhay Ayman Nour , oo ahaa kii labaad. Warbixinta Human Rights Watch ee 2006 ee Masar ayaa si faahfaahsan u faahfaahisay xadgudubyada xuquuqda bini'aadamka ee halista ah ee hoos yimaada xukunkii Mubaarak, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil joogto ah , xarig aan sabab lahayn iyo dacwado la horgeeyo maxkamadaha milatariga iyo kuwa dawladda. Sannadkii 2007, Amnesty International ayaa soo saartay warbixin ay ku sheegtay in Masar ay noqotay xarun caalami ah oo lagu jirdilo, halkaas oo waddamo kale ay u soo diraan tuhmanayaal su'aalo la waydiiyo, inta badan qayb ka ah dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada . Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee Masar ayaa si degdeg ah u soo saartay war-saxaafadeedkan. Isbeddelka dastuuriga ah ee loo codeeyay 19-kii Maarso 2007 wuxuu mamnuucay xisbiyada inay diinta u adeegsadaan saldhig u ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed, waxay oggolaadeen diyaarinta sharciga cusub ee la-dagaallanka argagixisada, oggolaaday awood ballaaran oo bilays ah oo xarig iyo ilaalin ah, wuxuuna siiyay madaxweynaha awood uu ku kala diro baarlamaanka oo uu joojiyo la socodka doorashada garsoorka. Sannadkii 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Xoghayaha Warbaahinta ee Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Qaranka ( NDP ), ayaa Masar ku tilmaamay " Nidaamka siyaasadeed" fircooniga ah , iyo dimoqraadiyadda inay tahay " hadaf mustaqbalka fog ah". Dessouki ayaa sidoo kale sheegay in "xarunta dhabta ah ee awooda Masar ay tahay militariga". ===Kacaanka, qalalaasaha siyaasadeed iyo kala-guurka (2011- hadda)=== [[File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png|thumb|]] [[File:TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg|thumb|Sare: Dabaaldegyo ka dhacay fagaaraha Taxriir kadib markii lagu dhawaaqay in Xusni Mubaarak uu xilka iska casilayo. Gunta: Mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay fagaaraha Taxriir ee lagaga soo horjeedo madaxweyne Morsi 27kii Noofambar 2012.]] 25kii Janaayo 2011, waxaa billowday mudaaharaadyo ballaaran oo looga soo horjeedo dowladda Mubarak. 11kii Febraayo 2011, Mubaarik wuu iscasilay oo ka cararay Qaahira. Dabaaldegyo farxadeed ayaa ka dhacay fagaaraha Taxriir ee magaalada Qaahira warkaas. Milateriga Masar ayaa markaas la wareegay awoodda maamulka. Maxamed Xuseen Tantaawi , guddoomiyaha golaha sare ee ciidamada qalabka sida ayaa si ku meel gaar ah u noqday madaxa qaranka . 13kii Febraayo 2011, milatarigu waxay kala direen baarlamaanka waxayna laaleen dastuurkii. Afti dastuuri ah ayaa la qabtay 19-kii Maarso 2011. 28kii Noofambar 2011, Masar waxa ay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee baarlamaanka tan iyo markii taliskii hore uu xukunka hayay. Dadka u soo baxay doorashada ayaa ahaa kuwo aad u sarreeya mana jiraan warar sheegaya khaladaad weyn ama rabshado. Maxamed Mursi oo ka tirsanaa ururka Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Masar 24 June 2012 . 2dii Agoosto 2012, ra'iisul wasaaraha Masar Hisham Qandil ayaa ku dhawaaqay golahiisa wasiirada oo ka kooban 35 xubnood oo ka kooban 28 cusub, oo ay ku jiraan afar ka tirsan Ikhwaanul Muslimiin. Kooxaha liberaaliga iyo cilmaaniyiinta ayaa ka baxay golaha deegaanka sababtoo ah waxay aaminsanaayeen in ay soo rogi doonto dhaqamo Islaami ah oo adag, halka taageerayaasha Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ay taageereen Morsi. 22kii Noofambar 2012, Madaxweyne Morsi waxa uu soo saaray bayaan ku meel gaar ah oo uu kaga hortagayo go'aamadii uu soo saaray oo uu ku doonayay in uu ilaaliyo shaqada golaha deegaanka. Talaabadan ayaa horseeday mudaaharaadyo waaweyn iyo falal rabshado wata oo Masar oo dhan ka dhacay. 5tii Diseembar 2012, tobanaan kun oo qof oo taageersan iyo kuwa ka soo horjeeday Madaxweyne Morsi ayaa isku dhacay, dagaalkaas oo lagu tilmaamay inuu ahaa dagaalkii ugu ba'naa ee dhexmara Islaamiyiinta iyo cadawgooda tan iyo kacaankii dalka. Mohamed Morsi wuxuu soo bandhigay "wadahadal qaran" oo uu la yeesho hogaamiyayaasha mucaaradka laakiin wuxuu diiday inuu joojiyo aftidii dastuuriga ahayd ee December 2012 . 3 Luulyo 2013, ka dib mowjad dadwayne oo ka xumaaday xad-gudubyada ismaamulka ah ee dawladdii Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Morsi , militariga ayaa Morsi ka xayuubiyay xafiiska, kala diray Golaha Shuurada waxayna soo saareen dawlad ku meel gaar ah. 4-tii Luulyo 2013, 68-sano jir ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Dastuuriga ah ee Masar Adly Mansour ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ku-simaha madaxweynaha dowladda cusub kaddib markii xilka laga tuuray Morsi. Maamulka cusub ee Masar ayaa gacan bir ah ku qabtay ururka Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka iyo taageerayaashiisa, iyagoo xabsiga u taxaabay kumannaan qof, waxayna xoog ku kala eryeen mudaaharaadyadii taageersanaa Mursi iyo Ikhwaanka. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah hogaamiyayaasha Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha ayaa midkood lagu xukumay dil ama xabsi daa'in maxkamado wadareedyo xiriir ah. 18kii Jannaayo 2014, dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah waxay dejisay dastuur cusub ka dib afti ay ku ansixiyeen aqlabiyad aqlabiyad ah oo codbixiyayaashu (98.1%). 38.6% codbixiyeyaashii diwaan gashanaa ayaa ka qaybqaatay aftida tiro ka badan 33% ee u codeeyay afti intii uu xilka hayay Morsi. Doorashadii bishii Juun 2014, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ayaa ku guuleystay boqolkiiba 96.1%. 8dii Juun 2014, Abdel Fatah el-Sisi ayaa si rasmi ah loogu dhaariyay inuu noqdo madaxweynaha cusub ee Masar. Madaxweyne el-Sisi, Masar waxay hirgelisay siyaasad adag oo lagu xakameynayo xadka marinka Qaza, oo ay ku jirto burburinta tunnelyada u dhexeeya marinka Gaza iyo Siinay. Bishii Abriil 2018, El-Sisi ayaa mar labaad lagu doortay cod aqlabiyad ah doorashada iyada oo aysan jirin mucaarad dhab ah. Bishii Abriil 2019, baarlamaanka Masar ayaa kordhiyey muddada madaxweynenimada oo ahayd afar ilaa lix sano. Madaxweyne Abdel Fattah al-Sisi ayaa sidoo kale loo oggolaaday inuu mar saddexaad u tartamo doorashada soo socota ee 2024. Xilligii El-Sisi Masar ayaa la sheegay in ay dib ugu soo laabatay kali talisnimo. Dib-u-habeyn cusub oo dastuuri ah ayaa la hirgeliyay, taasoo macnaheedu yahay in la xoojinayo doorka militariga iyo xaddididda mucaaradka siyaasadeed. Isbeddellada dastuuriga ah ayaa lagu aqbalay afti bishii Abriil 2019. Bishii Diseembar 2020, natiijooyinka kama dambaysta ah ee doorashada baarlamaanka ayaa xaqiijiyay aqlabiyad cad oo ah kuraasta Masar ee Mostaqbal Watan ( Mustaqbalka Qaranka ) Xisbiga, oo si weyn u taageersan madaxweyne El-Sisi. Xisbigu xitaa wuxuu kordhiyey aqlabiyadiisa, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah xeerarka cusub ee doorashada. ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Egypt_Topography.png|thumb|Muuqaalka Masar]] Masar waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 22° iyo 32°N , iyo longitudes 25° iyo 35°E . 1,001,450 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (386,660 sq mi), waa dalka 30-aad ee ugu wayn aduunka. Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay oomanaha aadka u daran ee cimilada Masar, xarumaha dadku waxay ku urursan yihiin dooxada Niilka cidhiidhiga ah iyo Delta, taasoo la micno ah in qiyaastii 99% dadku ay isticmaalaan qiyaastii 5.5% guud ahaan bedka dhulka. 98% Masaarida waxay ku nool yihiin 3% dhulka. [[File:Sand_Dunes_(Qattara_Depression).jpg|thumb|Niyad -jabka Qattara ee waqooyiga galbeed ee Masar]] Masar waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Liibiya dhanka galbeed, koonfurta Sudan, iyo marinka Qaza iyo Israel oo bari ah. Waddan ka gudba qaaradaha , waxay leedahay buundada dhulka (Isthmus of Suez) ee u dhaxaysa Afrika iyo Aasiya, oo ay maraan marin-biyoodka la maraayo ( Suez Canal ) oo isku xidha Badda Mediterranean-ka iyo Badweynta Hindiya ee marinka Badda Cas. Marka laga yimaaddo dooxada Niil, dhulka Masar intiisa badan waa saxare, oo ay ku yaalliin dhawr doog oo kala firidhsan. Dabayshu waxay abuurtaa dunyo ciid ah oo aad u sarreeya oo sarreeya in ka badan 30 mitir (100 ft). Masar waxa ku jira qaybo ka mid ah saxaraha Saxaraha iyo saxaraha Liibiya . Jasiiradda Siinaay waxay martigelisaa buurta ugu sarreysa Masar, Mount Catherine oo dhererkeedu yahay 2,642 mitir. Badda Cas Riviera , oo ku taal bariga jasiiradda, ayaa caan ku ah hodantinimada reefs-ka iyo nolosha badda. Magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah Alexandria , magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn; Aswaan ; Asyut ; Qaahira , caasimadda casriga ah ee Masar iyo magaalada ugu weyn; El Mahalla El Kubra ; Giza , goobta Ahraamta Khufu; Hurghada ; Luxor ; Kom Ombo ; Dekedda Safaga ; Dekedda ayaa tidhi ; Sharm El Sheikh ; Suez , halkaas oo ay ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee Kanaalka Suweys; Zagazig ; iyo Minya . Dhul-badeedka waxaa ka mid ah Bahariya , Dakhla , Farafra , Kharga iyo Siwa . Ilaaliyeyaasha waxaa ka mid ah Beerta Qaranka ee Ras Mohamed, Protectorate Zaranik iyo Siwa. 13-kii Maarso 2015, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay qorshe la soo jeediyay caasimadda cusub ee Masar ===Cimilada=== [[File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa-Egypt--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png|thumb|Sawirka kororka heerkulka Masar ee saacadaha dheeraadka ah]] Inta badan roobabka Masar ayaa da'a bilaha jiilaalka.  Koonfurta Qaahira, celceliska roobabku waxay ku dhow yihiin kaliya 2 ilaa 5 mm (0.1 ilaa 0.2 in) sannadkii iyo inta u dhaxaysa sannado badan. Meel aad u khafiif ah oo xeebta waqooyi ah roobabku waxay noqon karaan ilaa 410 mm (16.1 in), badiyaa inta u dhaxaysa Oktoobar iyo Maarso. Barafka ayaa ku da'a buuraha Sinai iyo qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka waqooyi ee xeebaha sida Damietta , Baltim iyo Sidi Barrani , marar dhif ahna Alexandria. Baraf aad u yar ayaa ka da'ay Qaahira 13-kii December 2013, waana markii ugu horreysay muddo tobanaan sano ah. Barafka waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan badhtamaha Siinay iyo badhtamaha Masar. Masar waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl, qorrax leh iyo qallayl aan caadi ahayn. Celcelis ahaan heerkulka sare ayaa sarreeya waqooyiga laakiin aad iyo aad ayuu u sarreeyaa inta kale ee dalka inta lagu jiro xagaaga. Dabaylaha qaboobaha ee Mediterranean-ka ayaa si joogto ah uga dhaca xeebta woqooyiga badda, taas oo ka caawisa in la helo heerkul dhexdhexaad ah, gaar ahaan wakhtiga ugu sarreeya ee xilliga xagaaga. Khamaseen waa dabayl kulul oo qalalan oo ka timaada saxaraha baaxadda leh ee koonfurta , waxayna dhacdaa guga ama horraanta xagaaga. Waxay keentaa ciid kulul iyo qaybo boodh ah, waxayna badanaa keentaa heerkul maalintii ka sarreeya 40 ° C (104 ° F) iyo mararka qaarkood in ka badan 50 ° C (122 ° F) gudaha gudaha, halka qoyaanka qaraabada ah uu hoos ugu dhici karo 5% ama xitaa ka yar. Kahor inta aan la dhisin biyo xidheenka Aswan , wabiga Niil ayaa sanad walba fatahay, isaga oo buuxiya ciidda Masar. Tani waxay Masar siisay goos goos joogto ah sannadaha oo dhan. Cimilada kulul iyo qalalan ee Masar ayaa waxaa sii kordheysa cidhiidhiga cimilada, taasoo keentay heerkul aad u daran, abaaro, fatahaado, iyo sare u kaca heerka badda.   Sida waddan aad u nugul, isbeddelladan deegaanku waxay khatar gelinayaan sugnaanta cuntada, helitaanka biyaha, caafimaadka bulshada, iyo xasilloonida dhaqaalaha. ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg|thumb|Eagle Imperial Bari waa xayawaanka qaranka Masar.]] Masar waxa ay saxiixday Rio Convention on Diversity Biological on 9 June 1992 , waxayna noqotay qayb ka mid ah shirweynihii 2 June 1994 . iyo dhirta, Qorshuhu wuxuu sheegay in tiradan soo socota ee noocyada kooxaha kala duwan laga diiwaan geliyay Masar: algae (1483 nooc), xayawaanka (qiyaastii 15,000 nooc oo ka badan 10,000 oo cayayaan ah), fangaska (in ka badan noocyada 627), monera (319 nooc), dhirta (2426 nooc), protozoans (371 nooc). Qaar ka mid ah kooxaha waaweyn, tusaale ahaan fungus-sameeya lichen iyo gooryaanka nematode, tirada lama aqoon. Marka laga reebo kooxaha yaryar iyo kuwa si wanaagsan loo bartay sida amphibians, shimbiraha, kalluunka, naasleyda iyo xamaaratada, tirada badan ee tirooyinkaas waxay u badan tahay inay kordhiyaan maadaama noocyo kale oo dheeraad ah laga diiwaan geliyay Masar. Wixii fangaska, oo ay ku jiraan noocyada lichen-samaynta, tusaale ahaan, shaqada ku xigtay ayaa muujisay in in ka badan 2200 nooc ayaa laga diiwaan geliyey Masar, iyo tirada kama dambaysta ah ee dhammaan fangaska dhab ahaantii ka dhacaya dalka ayaa la filayaa in ay aad u badan. Cawska, 284 nooc oo dhalasho iyo mid dabiici ah ayaa lagu aqoonsaday oo lagu duubay Masar. ==Dowladda== [[File:AbdelFattah_Elsisi_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi waa madaxweynaha hadda ee Masar .]] Golaha Wakiilada , oo xubnahooda loo doorto inay xilka hayaan shan sano, waxay ku takhasusaan sharciyada. Doorashooyinka waxa la qabtay intii u dhaxaysay November 2011 iyo January 2012 , kuwaas oo markii dambe la kala diray. Ka dib mowjad diidmo ah oo ay dadweynuhu ka qaadeen dawladda Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Madaxweyne Maxamed Mursi , 3dii Luulyo 2013 markaas Janaraal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in Morsi xilka laga qaaday iyo in la laalo dastuurka . Guddiga dastuurka oo ka kooban 50 xubnood ayaa la sameeyay si ay wax uga bedelaan dastuurka , kaasoo markii dambe loo daabacay codeynta dadweynaha waxaana la ansixiyay 18kii Janaayo 2014. Doorashada soo socota ee baarlamaanka ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in la qabto 6 bilood gudahood marka dastuurka la ansixiyo 18 Janaayo 2014, waxaana la qabtay laba weji, 17 Oktoobar ilaa 2 December 2015. Markii hore, baarlamaanka ayaa la dhisay ka hor inta aan la dooran madaxweynaha, laakiin madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah Adly Mansour ayaa riixay taariikhda. Doorashadii madaxtinimada Masar ee 2014 waxay dhacday 26-28 May. Tirokoobyada rasmiga ah ayaa muujinaya in ay u soo baxeen 25,578,233 ama 47.5%, iyadoo Abdel Fattah el-Sisi uu ku guuleystay 23.78 milyan oo cod, ama 96.9% marka la barbardhigo 757,511 (3.1%) Hamdeen Sabahi . 2024, iyada oo qayb ka ah warbixinteeda Xorriyadda Adduunka , Freedom House ayaa ku qiimeysay xuquuqda siyaasadeed ee Masar 6 (iyadoo 40 ay ka dhigan tahay kuwa ugu xorta ah iyo 0 ugu yar), iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah ee 12 (iyadoo 60 ay tahay dhibcaha ugu sarreeya iyo 0 ugu hooseeya), taas oo siisay qiimeynta xorriyadda "Xornimada Maaha".Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusaha Masar waa dalka sideedaad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Daabacaadda 2023 ee Tusaha Dimuqraadiyadda Dhaqaale-yahanku waxa uu Masar u kala saarayaa "maamul ka amar-qaata", oo leh dhibco dhan 2.93. Masar waxay leedahay dhaqanka baarlamaanka ee joogtada ah ee ugu da'da weyn dunida Carabta. Shirkii ugu horreeyay ee caanka ah waxaa la aasaasay 1866. Waxaa la kala diray natiijadii gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee 1882-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu oggolaaday oo keliya hay'ad la-tashi ah inay fadhiisato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1923, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay madax-bannaanida dalka, dastuur cusub ayaa qeexaya boqortooyada baarlamaanka. ===xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_(1).jpg|thumb|Sare: Madaxweynihii hore ee Xusni Mubaarak iyo Madaxweynihii hore ee Maraykanka George W. Bush oo ku sugnaa Camp David 2002. Gunta: Madaxweyne Abdel Fattah el-Sisi iyo Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin ee Sochi, Agoosto 2014.]] Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda Masar waxa qaabeeya mawqifkeeda istaraatiijiyadeed ee juqraafiyeed, dhaxalka taariikheed, iyo saamaynta diblomaasiyadeed ee Afrika, badda Mediterranean-ka, iyo Koonfur-galbeed ee Aasiya. Sida xubin aasaasi ah oo ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Qaramada Midoobay, Masar waxay sii waday mawqif aan daacad ahayn iyada oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraysa diblomaasiyadda gobolka. Qaahira, oo taariikh ahaan ah isgoysyada ganacsiga iyo dhaqanka, ayaa weli ah xarunta saamaynta maskaxeed iyo siyaasadeed ee gobolka. Maraykanku waxa uu ahaa saaxiibka muhiimka ah, isaga oo Masar siinaya US $ 1.3 bilyan oo gargaar milatari sannadkii 2015 . Xiligii madaxweyne Donald Trump , xiriirku wuu soo fiicnaaday, booqashadii Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ee 2017 ee Aqalka Cad ayaa noqoneysa tii ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne Masar uu ku tago siddeed sano. Xidhiidhka Ruushka ayaa sii xoogaystay ka dib markii Morsi xilka laga tuuray, iyadoo labada dal ay balaadhiyeen iskaashiga milatari iyo xidhiidhka ganacsi. Sidoo kale, xiriirka Shiinaha ayaa sii qoto dheereeyay, isaga oo ku dhameeyay sameynta "iskaashi istaraatiijiyadeed oo dhamaystiran" 2014. 2024 Masar iyo Midowga Yurub waxay sare u qaadeen xidhiidhkooda "iskaashi istiraatijiyadeed oo dhamaystiran", iyagoo xoogga saaraya iskaashiga siyaasadeed, iyo iskaashiga dhaqaalaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, labada dhinacba waxay ka shaqeynayaan sii xoojinta xiriirka ganacsiga ee hoos yimaada Heshiiska Ururka, taageeridda xasilloonida dhaqaale ee Masar, iyo xoojinta dadaallada ka hortagga argagixisada. Masar ayaa weli ah dhexdhexaadiyaha saamaynta leh ee isku dhacyada Bariga Dhexe, gaar ahaan dhexdhexaadinta xabbad joojinta Gaza iyo fududaynta geeddi-socodka nabadda ee Israel iyo Falastiin . Sidoo kale waa dal xubin ka ah Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta , oo martigelinaya xarunta Jaamacadda Carabta ee Qaahira. Jaamacadda Carabta waxay si ku meel gaar ah ugu guurtay Tunis sannadkii 1978-kii iyagoo ka soo horjeeda heshiiskii Masar iyo Israa'iil ee nabadda , laakiin waxay ku soo noqdeen Qaahira 1989. Masar waxay sidoo kale xiriir dhaqaale oo xooggan la sameysatay waddamada Khaliijka sida Sacuudi Carabiya iyo Imaaraadka Carabta , labaduba waxay bixiyeen balaayiin doolar oo kaalmo dhaqaale ah. ===Milatari=== [[File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg|thumb|Askarta ilaalada sharafta Masar]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Masar waxay ka kooban yihiin aasaaska militariga Masar, oo ka kooban Ciidanka Masar , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , iyo Ciidamada Difaaca Cirka ee hoos yimaada kormeerka tooska ah ee Madaxa Shaqaalaha, oo xaruntoodu tahay Xarunta Taliska Istiraatiijiga ah ee Gobolka , oo loo yaqaan Octagon, oo ku taal caasimadda cusub ee maamulka . Milatarigu waxa uu inta badan kormeeraa difaaca dibadda laakiin waxa uu sidoo kale ka ciyaaraa door gudaha ah, isaga oo ka caawinaya booliiska ilaalinta kaabayaasha muhiimka ah inta lagu jiro xaaladaha degdegga ah iyo hawlgallada ka hortagga argagixisada. Waxay sidoo kale ka qaybqaataan hawlgallada nabad ilaalinta ee ajnabiga ah waxayna galaan dhoolatus ciidan oo laba geesood ah iyo kuwa caalami ah. Milatarigu waxa uu leeyahay saamayn siyaasadeed oo mug leh, isaga oo si madaxbanaan u shaqaynaya oo ka hadhay sharciyo badan oo rayid ah. Tiro aad u badan oo xog ciidan ah laguma soo bandhigo si guud, oo ay ku jiraan xogta miisaaniyadda, magacyada saraakiisha guud iyo cabbirka ciidanka (taas oo loo arko sirta dawladda). Intaa waxaa dheer, ciidanku waa darawalka ugu weyn ee muuqaalka dhaqaalaha Masar, ku hawlan horumarinta kaabayaasha, wax soo saarka alaabta macaamiisha, iyo hantida maguurtada ah iyada oo loo marayo Ururka Mashaariicda Adeegga Qaranka . Warshadaha difaaca ayaa sidoo kale si wanaagsan loo dhisay, iyaga oo soo saara hubka fudud, baabuurta gaashaaman, iyo maraakiibta badda, iyadoo la ilaalinayo heshiisyada wax soo saarka ee shatiga leh ee lala galo wadamada sida Jarmalka iyo Mareykanka . Iyada oo leh xoog shaqaale firfircoon oo ah 438,500 iyo 479,000 kayd, waa mid ka mid ah militariga ugu weyn uguna qalabaysan gobolka. Milatarigu waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa hub kala duwan oo ka kooban casri casri ah oo reer galbeed ah, waagii Soofiyeedka, iyo qalabka dalka laga soo saaro, kuwaas oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Shiinaha, Faransiiska, Jarmalka, Talyaaniga, Ruushka, iyo Maraykanka. Dadaaladii ugu dambeeyay ayaa diiradda lagu saaray casriyeynta iyo soo iibinta hubka horumarsan. Masar waa mid ka mid ah waddamo yar oo gobolka ah si ay u haystaan ​​satalaytka basaaska, oo hawada sare u dirtay EgyptSat 1 ee 2007, waxaa ku xiga EgyptSat 2 ee 2014 . Sannadkii 2023, Masar waxay bilawday Horus-1 iyo Horus-2, qiyaastii hal bil ayay u dhaxaysay. Wadanku wuxuu sidoo kale dhigay MisrSat-2 wareega wareega sanadka dambe. Saddexdooduba waa dayax-gacmeedyo indho-indheyn heersare ah. Sannadkii 2024, laba bilood ka dib markii la bilaabay MisrSat-2, waddanku wuxuu si guul leh u dhammaystiray wejigii hore ee hawlgalka ee NEXSAT-1, oo ah kii ugu horreeyay ee tijaabo ah ee dayax-gacmeedka Dunida, isagoo gaadhay heerar muhiim ah sida horumarinta software-ka wadaniga ah ee dusha sare leh, nidaamyada xakamaynta dabeecadda sare, iyo si madax-bannaan u qabashada iyo habaynta sawirka sare ee qaranka Masar awoodaha. Shaqaalaynta waa qasab ragga da'doodu tahay 18-30, oo leh waajibaad adeeg oo u dhexeeya 14 ilaa 36 bilood, taas oo ku xidhan heerka waxbarashada, oo ay ku xigto waajibaad kayd ah oo sagaal sano ah. Diiwaangelinta ikhtiyaariga ah waxay suurtogal u tahay da'da 16 ragga iyo 17 haweenka. ===Sharciga=== [[File:Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg|thumb|Maxkamada sare ee cadaalada oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada Qaahira]] Nidaamka sharcigu wuxuu ku salaysan yahay shareecada Islaamka iyo madaniga (gaar ahaan Napoleonic codes ); iyo dib-u-eegis garsoor oo ay sameyso Maxkamadda Sare, oo aqbasha awoodda Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Cadaaladda ee qasabka ah oo keliya iyada oo la haysto. Awoodda ugu sarraysa ee garsoorka Masar waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Dastuuriga ah , oo ku taal degmada Maadi ee Qaahira. Fiqhiga Islaamku waa isha ugu muhiimsan ee sharciga. Maxkamadaha shareecada iyo qadiyada waxaa maamula oo shati ka siisay wasaarada cadaalada . Sharciga xaaladda qofka ee maamula arrimaha sida guurka, furriinka iyo xannaanaynta ubadka waxa xukuma shareecada. Maxkamadda qoyska dhexdiisa, marag-furka haweeneydu waxay qiimaysaa kala badh markhaatiga ninka. 26kii Diisambar 2012, Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka waxay isku dayeen inay dhisaan dastuur cusub oo muran badan dhaliyay. Waxaa lagu ansixiyay dadweynuhu afti la qabtay 15-22 December 2012 iyadoo lagu taageeray 64%, laakiin kaliya 33% ka qaybqaadashada codbixiyayaasha. ​​Waxay bedeshay Dastuurkii Ku-Meel-Gaarka ahaa ee Masar 2011 , oo la ansixiyay kacaankii ka dib Xeerka ciqaabtu wuxuu ahaa mid gaar ah maadaama uu ka kooban yahay " Sharciga cayda ". Nidaamka maxkamada ee hadda jira wuxuu ogol yahay ciqaab dil ah oo ay ku jirto shaqsi maqan oo la isku dayay isagoo maqan . Dhowr Maraykan ah iyo Kanadiyaanka ayaa lagu xukumay dil 2012. 18kii Jannaayo 2014, dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah waxay ku guulaysatay inay dhisto dastuur cilmaani ah .Madaxweynaha waxaa loo doortay muddo afar sano ah wuxuuna xilka hayn karaa 2 xilli. Baarlamaanku waxa uu xilka ka qaadi karaa madaxweynaha. Marka loo eego dastuurka, waxaa jira dammaanad ah sinnaanta jinsiga iyo xorriyadda fikirka oo dhammaystiran . Milatarigu waxa uu awood u leeyahay inuu u magacaabo wasiirka gaashaandhigga qaranka labada xilli ee soo socda oo buuxa tan iyo markii dastuurku dhaqan galay. Sida ku cad dastuurka, xisbiyada siyaasaddu kuma salayn karaan "diinta, jinsiyadda, jinsiga ama juqraafiga". ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== [[File:Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg|thumb|Mudaaharaadayaal ka soo jeeda fagaaraha saddexaad, kuwaas oo aan taageersanayn dawladdii hore ee Morsi iyo ciidamada qalabka sida, 31 July 2013]] Golaha Qaranka ee Xuquuqul Insaanka waxaa la aasaasay 2003dii, laakiin waxa uu la kulmay dhaleeceyn uga timid dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa oo ku doodaya in ay u adeegto sidii qalab dacaayad dawladeed si loo caddeeyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha iyo sharciyada cabudhinta sida sharciga degdegga ah.  Masar ayaa lagu tiriyaa wadamada ugu xun xoriyada diimaha, iyadoo si weyn loogu takooray dadka laga tirada badan yahay sida Coptic Christian , Bahá'ís , iyo kooxaha kale ee Muslimiinta. Warbixin ay soo saartay 2009 ee Pew Forum on Religion & Life Life ayaa Masar ka gashay kaalinta shanaad ee ugu liidata caalamka marka loo eego xoriyada diimaha, halka komishanka Maraykanka ee xoriyada diimaha caalamiga ah uu Masar galiyay liiska ay ilaalinayso sababtoo ah xadgudubyada ay dawladu u dul qaadanayso. Sahan ay samaysay Pew 2010 waxay ogaatay in 84% Masaarida ay taageereen ciqaabta dilka ah ee riddada , 77% taageeray goynta tuugada, iyo 82% ay ogolaadeen in dhagax lagu dilo sinada .  Tan iyo wixii ka dambeeyay afgambigii Masar ee 2013-kii , waxaa sii xoogeystay caburinta siyaasadeed, iyadoo la xiray dad badan iyo cadaadisyo adag oo ka dhan ah mucaaradka. Intii lagu jiray August 2013 fadhi-ku-dirir , 595 mudaaharaadayaal ah ayaa la dilay, taasoo ka dhigaysa 14 Agoosto 2013 maalintii ugu dhimashada badnayd taariikhda casriga ah ee Masar.  Tan iyo markaas, qiyaastii 60,000 maxaabiis siyaasadeed ayaa weli ku jira xabsiyada.  Masar ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay cambaareyn caalami ah oo lagu xukumay dil wadareed, oo uu ku jiro xukun 2014-kii oo 529 qof lagu xukumay dil hal dhageysi ah. Qaramada Midoobay iyo kooxaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa cambaareeyay maxkamadayntaas oo ay ku tilmaameen xad-gudub weyn oo sharciga caalamiga ah .  Khaniisnimada ayaa weli ah mid dambiile ah, iyadoo 95% dadka Masaarida ah ay ka soo horjeedaan aqbalaaddeeda, sida lagu sheegay sahan ay samaysay Pew 2013 . Ra'yi ururin ay samaysay Thomson Reuters Foundation , oo ku salaysan qiimaynta khubarada ku takhasusay xuquuqda haweenka, ayaa Qaahira ku qiimeeyay megacity-ka ugu xun ee haweenka, qiimaynta magaalooyinka ku saabsan dhibaataynta galmada, helitaanka daryeelka caafimaadka, dhaqamada waxyeelada leh, iyo fursadaha dhaqaale. ===Xoriyadda saxaafadda=== Saxafiyiinta Aan Xuduudka Lahayn ayaa Masar ka gashay Qiimaynta Xorriyadda Saxaafadda Adduunka ee 2017 oo ay ku jirto lambarka 160 ee 180-ka waddan. Ugu yaraan 18 suxufi ayaa lagu xidhay Masar, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2015 . Sharci cusub oo ka dhan ah argagixisada ayaa la soo saaray Agoosto 2015 kaas oo ugu hanjabaya xubnaha warbaahinta ganaaxyo u dhexeeya ilaa US $ 25,000 ilaa $ 60,000 qaybinta macluumaadka khaldan ee falalka argagixisada ee gudaha dalka "kaas oo ka duwan bayaannada rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Difaaca Masar. ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Masar waxay u qaybsantaa 27 gobol. Gobollada ayaa loo sii kala qaybiyay gobollo. Goboladu waxay ka kooban yihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin. Maamul goboleed kastaa waxa uu leeyahay caasimad, mararka qaar waxa uu sitaa magac la mid ah kan gobolka. [[File:Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png|thumb|Maamul goboleedyada Masar]] 1. Matrouh 2. Alexandria 3. Beheira 4. Kafr El Sheikh 5. Dakahlia 6. Damietta 7. Port Said 8. North Sinai 9. Gharbia 10. Monufia 11. Qalyubia 12. Sharqia 13. Ismailia 14. Giza 15. Faiyum Cazzey 15 19. Beni Suef 20. Minya 21. New Valley 22. Asyut 23. Red Sea 24. Sohag 25. Qena 26. Luxor 27. Aswan ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg|thumb|Isbeddelka qofkasta GDP ee Masar, 1820-2018. Tirooyinka ayaa sicir bararka-isku-habboon ee doolarka caalamiga ah ee 2011.]] Dhaqaalaha Masar waa kan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika , wuxuuna ku jiraa 42-aad adduunka oo dhan sida 2025. Waa dhaqaale suuq weyn oo soo koraya , oo lagu calaamadeeyay xubinnimada ururada sida Midowga Afrika , Jaamacadda Carabta , BRICS , iyo ka qaybgalka Aagga Ganacsiga Xorta ah ee Qaaradda Afrika (AfCFTA). Dhaqaalaha Masar ayaa si weyn u kobcay tan iyo horraantii 2000-meeyadii, isaga oo u gudbaya nidaam ku jihaysan suuqa iyada oo loo marayo dib-u-habayn maaliyadeed iyo mid lacageed, dadaallada gaarka loo leeyahay, iyo dhiirigelinta maalgashiga shisheeye. Tallaabooyinkani waxay gacan ka geysteen xasilloonida dhaqaalaha sare iyo kor u kaca shaqo la'aanta iyo heerka saboolnimada. Saldhigga warshadaha Masar waa kala duwan yahay, oo ka kooban wax soo saarka kiimikaad , Electronics , macdanta , birta , wax soo saarka baabuurta , daawooyinka , iyo dunta . Warshadaha kiimikada waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn Masar, oo ka kooban caagadaha , caag , waraaqaha , saabuunta , rinjiga , bacriminta , iyo dhalooyinka . Kiimikooyinka batroolka oo keliya ayaa ka qayb qaata ku dhawaad ​​12% wax soo saarka warshadaha, oo lagu qiimeeyo ku dhawaad ​​$7 bilyan sanadkii. Iyada oo la saadaaliyay dhoofinta $ 9 bilyan ee 2024, dawladdu waxay ku taageertaa waaxda horumarinta kaabayaasha, maalgashiga tignoolajiyada, iyo heshiisyada ganacsiga. Qalabka elektaroonigga ah iyo qalabka guriga, Masar waxay isu dhigtay inay noqoto xarun wax soo saar leh iyada oo loo marayo hindiseyaal ay ka mid yihiin "Masar waxay samaysaa Electronics," iyada oo shirkado badan oo caalami ah ay warshado ka sameysteen dalka, oo ay ku jiraan Electrolux , Samsung , Hisense , Beko , iyo Haier . Masar waa wax soo saarka birta ugu sarreeya Afrika, kaalinta 20aad adduunka oo dhan, iyada oo leh 9.8 milyan oo tan 2022 iyo dhoofinta saddex laablaaban ilaa 1.54 milyan tan 2023. [[File:MCV_C127_EV,_Busworld_Europe_2023,_Brussels_(P1140238).jpg|thumb|Korantada buuxda ee MCV C127 EV, oo lagu sameeyay Masar suuqa Jarmalka]] Warshadaha baabuurta ee Masar, oo ay hogaaminayaan shirkadda El Nasr Automotive Production Company iyo shirkado gaar loo leeyahay sida Ghabbour Group iyo MCV , ayaa balaadhiyey iyada oo la kaashanaysa wax-soo-saareyaasha caalamiga ah, iyaga oo soo saaray gaadiid rakaab iyo ganacsi oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay suuqyada maxalliga ah iyo kuwa dhoofinta labadaba. Istaraatiijiyadda dawladda ee 2024-2030 waxay higsanaysaa in ay kordhiso wax soo saarka ilaa 500,000 oo baabuur sannadkii, kor u qaadida dhoofinta, iyo in la sameeyo wax soo saarka baabuurta korontada ee maxaliga ah 2025, isku dhafka EVs gaadiidka dadweynaha iyo kobcinta xarun baabuurta ee suuqyada gobolka iyo caalamiga ah. Warshadaha dahabka ee Masar ayaa si xawli ah u balaadhay, iyadoo ay ka danbeyso kaydka aan la faa'iidaysan iyo dib u habaynta ay dawladu hogaaminayso ee looga dan leeyahay in la casriyeeyo qaybta. Daah-furka wareegyada dalabaadka caalamiga ah waxa ay calaamad u ahayd ka-qaybgalka qaybta gaarka ah, oo soo jiidatay ciyaartoy waaweyn sida AngloGold Ashanti iyo Alexander Nubia International . Macdanta Sukari , oo ah hawl-galkii dahabka casriga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ee Masar, ayaa noqday udub dhexaadka dadaalladan, oo si weyn uga qayb qaatay wax soo saarka. Dawladdu waxay tan iyo markii ay soo bandhigtay dib-u-habayn qaabdhismeedka si kor loogu qaado saamiga GDP ee macdanta ilaa 5-6% 2030, oo ay ku jiraan hindisayaasha digitization iyo siyaasadaha maalgashiga u saaxiibka ah. Tallaabooyinkani waxay kiciyeen kororka dhoofinta dahabka, oo gaadhay $ 2.17 bilyan 2024, ku dhawaad ​​​​laba jibaar sannadkii hore, iyadoo Masar ay rabtay inay ka mid noqoto 10ka dahab ee ugu sarreeya adduunka 2027. Qaybta beeralayda Masar ayaa weli ah mid lama huraan u ah dhaqaalaheeda, in kasta oo qaybteeda wax-soo-saarka iyo shaqaalaynta ay hoos u dhacday muddo ka dib. Masar waxay soo saartaa xaddi la taaban karo oo sarreen ah , galley, sonkor, miro, khudaar , calafka , iyo bariiska , weli waxay ku tiirsan tahay sarreenka iyo galleyda laga keeno, ugu horrayn Ukraine iyo Ruushka, in kasta oo waxsoosaarku uu horumaray tan iyo 1970. Ku tiirsanaantani waxay ka timaadaa baahida gudaha ee sareeysa, oo ay kaxeyso kabitaanno iyo doorbid cunto karinta ah ee dhulka, iyo sidoo kale beerashada Masar. dalagga dhoofinta. Biyo Xireenka Sare ee Aswan, oo la dhameeyay 1971, ayaa si weyn u hagaajiyay xasilloonida waraabka. Laga soo bilaabo 2010, 3.6 milyan hektar ayaa la beeray , iyadoo dowladdu ay beegsaneyso 4.8 milyan hektar 2030 . Dadaalada lagu xakamaynayo beeraha ayaa wanaajiyay is-waafajinta qiimaha suuqyada caalamiga ah, laakiin isbedelka cimilada iyo biyo la'aanta ayaa sii socota inay keenaan caqabado mustaqbalka fog ah. [[File:Central_business_district_2,_New_Administrative_Capital.jpg|thumb|Xarunta dhexe ee ganacsiga ee caasimadda cusub ee Masar]] Masar waxa ay ka mid tahay shanta waddan ee ugu horeeya ee hela xawaaladaha adduunka , kuwaas oo gaadhay $23.7 bilyan 10-kii bilood ee ugu horreeyay 2024, taas oo ah korodh 45.3% sannadkii hore. Soo gelitaankan ayaa muhiim u ah kaydka shisheeye ee Masar iyo dakhliga qoyska. Tan iyo 1979kii, Masar waxay heshay kaalmo shisheeye oo Maraykan ah oo la taaban karo , celcelis ahaan $1.5 bilyan sanadkii, iyadoo ku dhawaad ​​$200 milyan loo qoondeeyay kaalmada dhaqaale inta soo hartayna lagu jiheeyo gargaarka milatari ee soo iibinta nidaamyada hubka alaab-qeybiyeyaasha Mareykanka. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka dhaqaale ee ugu muhiimsan Masar sannadihii la soo dhaafay ayaa ahaa sabbeynta lacagta 2024, taas oo keentay hoos u dhaca 38% lacagta qaranka, Pound Masar , ka dib markii ay heleen in ka badan 50 bilyan oo doolar oo maalgelin caalami ah. Tallaabadan, oo ay weheliso heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo lala galay IMF , Bangiga Adduunka , EU , iyo dawladaha Khaliijka , waxay hagaajisay aragtida deynta Masar. Dawladdu waxa kale oo ay hirgelisay tallaabooyin maaliyadeed si kor loogu qaado saamiga cashuurta iyo dakhliga iyo dardargelinta ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay ee shirkadaha dawladdu leedahay si loo xoojiyo maaliyadda dawladda. Natiijo ahaan, rubuci ugu dambeeyay ee 2024, maalgashiga gaarka ah ee Masar ayaa dhaaftay maalgashiga dadweynaha rubuci labaad ee isku xiga, iyada oo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan kala badh tirada guud ee maalgashiga. Maalgelinta gaarka ah ayaa kor u kacday 35.4% sannadkiiba, halka maalgashiga dadweynuhu uu hoos u dhacay 25.7%. Isbedelkaani wuxuu ka dhigan yahay dib-u-dheellitir weyn oo ku saabsan muuqaalka dhaqaalaha Masar, oo calaamad u ah ka bixitaan la taaban karo oo ka yimid awoodda maalgashiga dadweynaha ee taariikhda dhaqaale ee dalka ee dhow. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg|thumb|Dalxiisayaal fuushan awr hortii Ahraamta Khafre . Giza Necropolis waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu waaweyn ee loo dalxiis tago ee Masar.]] Dalxiiska waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Masar. 2024 waxa la arkay rikoor 15.7 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah, taas oo kor u dhaaftay 14.9 milyan sanadka 2023. Kobacan, oo ay hogaaminayaan dadaalka dawladda ee lagu xoojinayo taageerada amniga iyo dalxiiska, ayaa ka tarjumaysa soo kabashada xooggan ee hoos u dhaca masiibada keentay ee 2020. Dakhliga dalxiiska ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacay, isagoo gaadhay $14.1 bilyan, taasoo muujinaysa horumar joogto ah sannadihii hore.  Istaraatiijiyadda dalxiiska Masar waxay rabta inay soo jiidato 30 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah marka la gaaro 2028, iyadoo diiradda la saarayo hagaajinta kaabayaasha, mashaariicda heersare ah sida Matxafka Masar ee Grand , iyo kor u qaadista khibradaha booqdayaasha. 2024, suuqyada dalxiiska ee ugu sarreeya dalka waxaa ka mid ah Jarmalka, Ruushka, iyo Sacuudi Carabiya. Giza Necropolis waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu caansan ee dalxiiska ee Masar; waa tan kaliya ee ka mid ah Todobada Cajiib ee Adduunki Hore ee wali jira. Xeebaha Masar ee ku yaal badda Mediterranean-ka iyo badda cas, kuwaas oo gaaraya in ka badan 3,000 kiiloomitir (1,900 mayl), sidoo kale waa goobo loo dalxiis tago; xeebaha Gacanka Aqaba , Safaga , Sharm el-Sheikh , Hurghada , Luxor , Dahab , Ras Sidr iyo Marsa Alam waa goobo caan ah. ===Tamarta=== [[File:Darfeel_plat.png|thumb|Meel xeebta ku taal oo ku taal Beerta Gaaska Darfeel]] Masar waxa ay leedahay tamar kala duwan oo ku salaysan ugu horayn dhuxusha, saliida, gaaska dabiiciga ah, iyo tamarta biyaha . Kaydka dhuxusha ee waqooyi bari ee Sinai waxa ay soo saartaa qiyaastii 600,000 tan (660,000 oo tan gaaban) sanadkii. Wax soo saarka saliida Masar waxa uu ku urursan yahay saxaraha Galbeed, Gacanka Suweys , iyo Niil Delta, iyada oo wax soo saarka saliidda cayriin ee ugu sarreysa uu gaadhay ku dhawaad ​​941,000 bbl/d (149,600 m 3 / d) 1993 ka hor inta aanu hoos u dhicin 630,000 bbl/d ( 100,03000 ) m . Hoos u dhac ayaa Masar u beddeshay soo dejinta saliidda saafiga ah 2008-2009, taasoo keentay isbeddel istaraatiiji ah oo ku wajahan gaaska dabiiciga ah. Gaaska dabiiciga ah ayaa tan iyo markaas noqday mid muhiim u ah dhaqaalaha Masar, isagoo soo jiidanaya maalgashi shisheeye oo la taaban karo iyo mudnaanta dowladda ee warshadaha batroolka iyo dhoofinta gaaska. Sannadkii 2009, qiyaastii 38% gaasta dabiiciga ah ee dalka laga soo saaro ayaa loo qoondeeyay dhoofinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kor u kaca baahida gudaha ayaa keentay Masar in ay mudnaanta siiso isticmaalka maxaliga ah ee dhoofinta 2014, si weyn u yareynaya gaaska loo heli karo suuqyada caalamiga ah. Sannadkii 2015, Eni wuxuu helay gaaska Zohr , kaydka gaaska dabiiciga ah ee ugu weyn ee Mediterranean, oo leh qiyaastii 30 trillion cubic feet oo gaas ah. Wax soo saarku wuxuu bilaabmay Diseembar 2017, isagoo gaadhay 2.7 bilyan cubic fuudh maalintii (bcf/d) 2019, ayaa si weyn u wanaajinaya rajada tamarta Masar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrimaha farsamada ee dhawaanahan ayaa hoos u dhigay wax soo saarka Zohr, taasoo keentay Masar inay xaqiijiso gaas dheeri ah oo laga keeno Qubrus si loo ilaaliyo dhoofinta Yurub iyada oo loo marayo marinnada LNG. Hawlgallada qodista cusub ayaa la qorsheeyay si loo soo celiyo awoodda wax-soo-saarka Zohr. Shirkadaha caalamiga ah ee batroolka, gaar ahaan BP, ayaa maalgashi ballaaran ku sameeyay horumarinta gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Masar. 2015, BP waxay ballan-qaadday $ 12 ugu horreyn mashruuca West Nile Delta, oo hadda soo saarta ku dhawaad ​​​​1 bcf / d, oo ay weheliso beero kale oo muhiim ah sida Atoll (300 milyan cubic cagood maalintii) iyo Waqooyiga Damietta, iyada oo wax soo saarka Qattameya laga bilaabo 2020. Masar waxay hadda dhisaysaa xarunteedii ugu horreysay ee tamarta Nukliyeerka, Wershadda Korantada Nukliyeerka ee El Dabaa , oo ku taal gobolka waqooyi ee xeebta, oo ay ku maalgelisay US $ 25 amaah ah oo ka timid Ruushka. ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Metro-1-l.jpg|thumb|Metro-ga Qaahira (line 2)]] Gaadiidka Masar waxa uu inta badan ku urursan yahay agagaarka Qaahira, iyada oo la raacayo qaabka degitaanka wabiga Niil. Shabakadda tareenada ee dalka oo dhererkeedu yahay 4,800-km (3,000 mi) waxaa maamula Khadadka Tareennada Qaranka Masar , iyadoo qadkeeda ugu weyni uu ka socdo Alexandria ilaa Aswan . Sannadkii 2021, Masar waxay bilawday $4.5 bilyan oo doolar mashruuc tareen xawaare sare leh oo isku xidhaya Ain Sokhna , Mersa Matruh , iyo Alexandria , ka dib waxa lagu kordhiyey waddooyinka isku xidha Greater Qaahira ilaa Aswan iyo Luxor ilaa Hurghada iyo Safaga . Metro -ga Qaahira waxa ay ku shaqaysaa saddex xariiq, iyada oo laynka afraadna la dhisayo, waxana uu qorshaynayaa ballaadhin dheeraad ah mustaqbalka. Dhanka kale, laba khad monorail ah ayaa sidoo kale laga dhisayaa magaalada, oo ay weheliso nidaamka metro ee Alexandria . Masar waxa ay samaysay balaadhinta kaabayaasha waaweyn ee wadooyinka iyada oo loo marayo Mashruuca Wadooyinka Qaranka , kordhinta wadarta guud ee wadooyinka waaweyn ku dhawaad ​​30% laga bilaabo 23,500 km 2014 ilaa 30,500 km 2024 Kaalinta 18-aad sanadka 2024. Waaxda duulista ee Masar waxa hogaaminaya EgyptAir , oo ah diyaarad siday calanka dalka iyo diyaarada diyaaradeed ee ugu weyn, waxaana la aasaasay 1932-kii Talaat Harb . Hadda ay dawladdu leedahay, EgyptAir waxa ay ka hawlgashaa xudunta Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Qaahira , iyada oo la qorsheeyay adeegyada rakaabka iyo xamuulka in ka badan 75 goobood oo ku kala baahsan Bariga Dhexe, Yurub, Afrika, Aasiya, iyo Ameerika. Duulimaadyada hadda ee shirkadu waxay ka kooban yihiin 80 diyaaradood [[File:Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG|thumb|Buundada Kanaalka Suweys]] Suez Canal , oo ah marin-biyood macmal ah oo heer-badeed ah, ayaa isku xidha badda Mediterranean-ka iyo badda cas, taas oo awood u siinaysa maraakiibta tooska ah ee isaga kala goosha Yurub iyo Aasiya iyada oo aan la dhex marin Afrika. Sannadkii 2023 waxay Masar u soo saartay dakhli dhan $9.4 bilyan. Waxa la furay Noofambar 1869, kii 193.30 kiiloomitir ( 120)+1⁄ 8 mi) Kanaalka wuxuu ka socdaa Port Said ee waqooyiga ilaa Port Tawfiiq ee koonfurta, iyadoo Ismaaciiliya ay ku taal3 kiiloomitir ( 1) .+7 ⁄ 8 mayl) galbeedka barteeda dhexe. Kanalku waa 24 mitir (79 cagood) qoto dheer iyo 205 m (673 ft) balac ah ilaa 2010 , oo ka kooban 22 km (14 mi) kanaalka gelitaanka woqooyi, 162.25 km ( 100)+7 ⁄ 8 mi) qaybta ugu weyn, iyo9 km ( 5+1⁄ 2 mi) kanaalka gelitaanka koonfurta . Ballah By-Pass iyo harada weyn ee qadhaadhka ah waxay bixiyaan dhibco maris ah oo ku teedsan kanaalka, kaas oo ku shaqeeya bilaa quful, taasoo u oggolaanaysa biyaha badda inay si xor ah u qulqulaan. Balaadhinta la dhamaystiray 2015 waxay kordhisay awoodeeda maalinlaha ah 49 ilaa 97 markab, taas oo yaraysay wakhtiyada gaadiidka iyo kor u qaadida ganacsiga baddaha caalamiga ah. On 26 August 2014, Masar waxay soo jeedisay Kanaalka Suez ee Cusub , haadka maraakiibta barbar socda ee loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo awoodda taraafikada. Mashruucan ayaa la soo gebagebeeyey bishii Luulyo 2015, waxaana daah-furka rasmiga ah uu dhacay 6dii Agoosto 2015, oo ay ka soo qayb galeen dad caalami ah iyo duullimaadyo ciidan. ===Biyo-helidda iyo nadaafadda=== [[File:Egypt_sat.png|thumb|Dhulka waraabka cagaarka ah ee ku teedsan webiga Niil ee dhex yaal saxaraha iyo webiga Niil]] Biyaha Masar waxay si aad ah ugu tiirsan yihiin webiga Niilka , kaas oo bixiya ku dhawaad ​​90% wadarta kheyraadka biyaha ee dalka, iyada oo saami sanadle ah oo ah 55 bilyan cubic mitir, aan isbeddelin tan iyo 1954. 0.5 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik oo dheeraad ah ayaa ka imanaya ilo aan la cusboonaysiin karin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baahida qaranku waxa ay dhaaftaa 90 bilyan oo mitir kuyuub ah sannadkii, taas oo abuuraysa yaraanta biyaha joogtada ah. Natiijo ahaan, saamiga biyaha ee qofkasta Masar ayaa hoos u dhacay 570 mitir kuyuubik 2018, taas oo aad uga hooseysa heerka 1,000 mitir kuyuub ee heerka caalamiga ah ee biyo yaraanta. Si taas wax looga qabto, dawladdu waxay mudnaan siisay maamul hufan oo biyo ah, gaar ahaan wax ka qabashada kororka dadweynaha iyo ballaarinta beeraha. Iyadoo ay jiraan caqabadahaas, helitaanka biyuhu aad ayay u soo hagaagtay. Intii u dhaxaysay 1990 iyo 2010, daboolka biyaha tuubooyinka ayaa kor u kacay 89% ilaa 100% magaalooyinka iyo 39% ilaa 93% dhulka miyiga, taas oo meesha ka saartay saxaro furan ee gobolada miyiga iyo in la gaadho meel u dhow caalamka oo dhan oo laga helo ilo biyood oo hagaagay . Sannadkii 2015, 90% dadku waxay heleen biyo la cabbo oo si badbaado leh loo maareeyey, taasoo korodhay ilaa 96.9% sanadka 2019. Sidoo kale , daboolida fayadhowrka saxda ah ayaa ka korodhay 50% 2015 ilaa 66.2% 2019, halka boqolkiiba biyaha wasakhda ah ee la daweeyay marka loo eego wadarta biyaha wasakhda ahi ay kor uga kacday 50% ilaa 64.7% isla muddadaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, goldaloolooyinka kaabayaasha nadaafadda ayaa taariikh ahaan u horseeday walaac caafimaad, iyadoo warbixintii 2007 lagu qiyaasay 17,000 carruur ah inay sannad walba u dhintaan cudurrada shubanka ee la xidhiidha nadaafad-darrada. Masar waxa ay maalgashi la taaban karo ku samaysay kaabayaasha daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah taas oo qayb ka ah istaraatiijiyadeeda ballaadhan ee maaraynta biyaha. Sannadkii 2021-kii, waxaa la dhameeyay warshadda daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee Bahr El Baqar, taasoo noqotay tan ugu weyn adduunka xilligaas, iyada oo awooddeedu tahay 5 milyan oo mitir kuyuub ah maalintii. Biyaha la daweeyay ee xaruntan waxaa loo qoondeeyay waraabinta 342,000 acres oo hoos timaada Qorshaha Horumarinta Gacanka Siinaay. Sannadkii 2023, Masar waxa ay daah-furtay warshadda daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ee Delta , oo dhaaftay Bahr El Baqar oo ah xarunta ugu wayn ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee caalamka oo dhan, oo leh awood dhan 7.5 milyan cubic mitir maalintii. Qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah istaraatiijiyada fidinta beeraha ee Masar, warshadu waxay taageertaa mashruuca dib u soo celinta New Delta iyada oo sidoo kale yareyneysa wasakheynta harada Mariout iyo badda Mediterranean . Marka la eego cimilada qalalan ee Masar iyo la'aanta roobka la mahadiyo, beeruhu waxay gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan yihiin waraabka. Wabiga Niil, oo uu maamulo biyo xidheenka sare ee Aswan , waxa uu sii daayaa celcelis ahaan 55 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik ah, kuwaas oo 46 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik ah loo weeciyey kanaalada waraabka. Waraabkani wuxuu joogteeyaa 33,600 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (13,000 mayl laba jibaaran) oo dhul beereed ah oo ku yaal dooxada Niil iyo Delta Nile, taasoo soo saarta celcelis ahaan 1.8 dalag sanadkii. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png|thumb|Cufnaanta dadweynaha Masar (dadka halkii km2 )]] Masar waa dalka ugu dadka badan wadamada Carabta waana dalka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan qaarada Afrika , waxaana ku nool ilaa 95 milyan ilaa 2017 . Dadkeeda ayaa si xawli ah u kordhay min 1970 ilaa 2010 iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarka caafimaadka iyo korodhka wax soo saarka beeraha oo uu awooday Kacaankii Cagaaran . Dadka Masar waxa lagu qiyaasaa 3 milyan markii Napoleon uu ku soo duulay dalka 1798. Inta badan dadkeeda waxay ku nool yihiin meel u dhow bangiyada webiga Niil , aagga qiyaastii 40,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (15,000 sq mi), halkaas oo laga helayo dhulka kaliya ee la beeran karo . Gobollada waaweyn ee saxaraha Sahara , oo ka kooban inta badan dhulka Masar, ayaa ah kuwo aan deganayn. Qiyaastii 43% dadka Masar deggan waxay ku nool yihiin guud ahaan magaalooyinka dalka, oo badi ku faafay xarumaha dadku ku badan yahay ee Qaahira, Alexandria iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee Webiga Niil. Dadka Masar aad bay u deggan yihiin, iyagoo ku urursan hareeraha webiga Niil (gaar ahaan Qaahira iyo Alexandria), ee Delta iyo meel u dhow kanaalka Suweys. Masaarida waxa loo qaybiyaa dad ahaan kuwa ku nool xarumaha waaweyn ee magaalooyinka iyo fellahin , ama beeralayda, kuwaas oo degan tuulooyinka miyiga ah. Wadarta guud ee aagga la deggan yahay waxay ka kooban tahay 77,041 km² , taasoo ka dhigaysa cufnaanta jireed in ka badan 1,200 qof halkii km2 , oo la mid ah Bangladesh. Iyadoo socdaalka lagu xaddiday Naasir, kumannaan xirfadlayaal Masaar ah ayaa loo diray dibadda iyadoo loo eegayo dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Carabta . Socdaalka Masar ayaa la xoreeyay 1971, oo hoos yimaada Madaxweyne Sadat, oo gaadhay tirooyinka rikoodhka ka dib dhibaatadii saliidda ee 1973. Qiyaastii 2.7 milyan oo Masaari ah ayaa ku nool dibadda. Qiyaastii 70% muhaajiriinta Masar waxay ku nool yihiin wadamada Carabta (923,600 Sacuudi Carabiya, 332,600 Liibiya, 226,850 Jordan, 190,550 Kuwait ah inta kale ee gobolka) iyo 30% soo hartay waxay ku nool yihiin inta badan Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika (318,000 gudaha Mareykanka, 10 Kanada 90,000 oo Talyaani ah). Habka u haajiridda dalalka aan Carabta ahayn waxa uu socday ilaa 1950-meeyadii ===Qowmiyadaha=== Qowmiyadda Masar ayaa ilaa hadda ah qowmiyadda ugu badan dalka, oo ka kooban 99.7% tirada guud ee dadweynaha. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Abazas , Turki , Giriiga , Qabiilada Carabta Bedouin ee ku nool saxaraha bari iyo Jasiiradda Siinaay , Siwis ee Berber ku hadla ( Amazigh ) ee Siwa Oasis , iyo beelaha Nubian ee ku urursan webiga Niil. Waxa kale oo jira bulshooyinka Beja qabiilka ah oo ku urursan koonaha koonfur bari ee dalka, iyo tiro ka mid ah qabaa'ilka Dom oo u badan Niil Delta iyo Faiyum kuwaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah u milmay markii magaalayntu korodho. Masar waxay martigelisaa dadka soogalootiga ah ee ka badan 9 milyan, oo ka kooban 8.7% wadarta guud ee dadka dalka, sida uu sheegay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Socdaalka. Muhaajiriintan ayaa ka soo kala jeeda 133 waddan, kooxaha ugu badan waa Suudaan (4 milyan), Suuriyaan (1.5 milyan), Yemeniyiin (1 milyan), Liibiyaan (1 milyan), oo wadar ahaan ka ah 80% dhammaan muhaajiriinta caalamiga ah ee Masar. ===Luuqadaha=== Afka rasmiga ah ee Masar waa Suugaanta Carabiga . Luuqadaha lagu hadlo waa: Carabiga Masar (68%), Saciidi Carabi (29%), Bedawi Carabiga Bari (1.6%), Carabiga Suudaan (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi iyo kuwo kale. Intaa waxaa dheer , Giriiga, Armenian iyo Talyaani , iyo dhawaanahan, afafka Afrika sida Amxaariga iyo Tigrigna waa luqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee muhaajiriinta. Luqadaha ajnabiga ah ee ugu waaweyn ee lagu barto dugsiyada, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, waa Ingiriisi, Faransiis, Jarmal iyo Talyaani. Taariikh ahaan Masaarida ayaa lagu hadli jiray, marxaladda ugu dambeysa ee ay tahay Coptic Masaarida . Coptic-ka lagu hadlo inta badan waa dabar go'ay qarnigii 17-aad laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inuu ku badbaaday jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal Masar Sare dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Waxay weli u isticmaashaa sidii luqadda diinta ee Kaniisadda Coptic Orthodox ee Alexandria . Waxay samaysaa laan gaar ah oo ka mid ah qoyska afafka Afroasiatic . ===Diinta=== [[File:Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_(4).jpg|thumb|Madarasada-Masaajidka Suldaan Xasan]] Islaamku waa diinta dawladda Masar. Masar waxa ay leedahay Muslimiinta ugu badan ee ku nool dunida Carabta iyo dunida lixaad ee Muslimiinta ugu badan , oo ka dhigan boqolkiiba shan dhammaan Muslimiinta caalamka. Masar sidoo kale waxay leedahay dadka ugu badan ee Masiixiyiinta Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika . Xogta rasmiga ah ee ku saabsan diinta ayaa ka maqan sababtoo ah dareenka bulshada iyo siyaasadda. Qiyaastii 85-90% waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin Muslim, 10-15% inay yihiin Masiixiyiin Coptic ah , iyo 1% sida mad-habyada kale ee Masiixiyiinta; Qiyaasaha kale ayaa sheegaya in dadka Masiixiyiinta ahi ay yihiin 15-20%. Masar waxay ahayd xarun hore oo hormuud u ahayd diinta Masiixiga ilaa waayihii dambe . Kaniisadda Coptic Orthodox ee Alexandria waxaa la aasaasay qarnigii ugu horreeyay waxayna weli tahay kaniisadda ugu weyn Masar. Markii Islaamku yimid qarnigii toddobaad, Masar si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo Islaamay oo noqotay waddan Muslimiin u badan. Lama garanayo goorta Muslimiintu gaadheen aqlabiyad, si kala duwan loo qiyaasay c.  1000 CE ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 14aad. Masar waxay u soo ifbaxday inay noqoto xarunta siyaasadda iyo dhaqanka ee dunida muslimka . Markii Anwar Sadat , Islaamku noqday diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo Shareecada oo ah isha ugu weyn ee sharciga. [[File:StMarkCathAlex.jpg|thumb|St. Mark Coptic Cathedral ee Alexandria]] Inta badan Muslimiinta Masar waxay u hoggaansamaan laanta Islaamka Sunniga . Muslimiinta aan la aqoonsan waxay ka yihiin qiyaastii 12% dadweynaha. Waxaa kaloo jira Shiicada laga tirada badan yahay. Xarunta Arimaha Bulshada ee Jerusalem ayaa ku qiyaastay dadka Shiicada ah 1 ilaa 2.2 milyan waxayna qiyaasi kartaa ilaa 3 milyan. Dadka reer Axmadiya waxa lagu qiyaasaa in ka yar 50,000, halka Salafiga (Sunni ultra-conservative-ku) lagu qiyaaso shan ilaa lix milyan. Qaahira waxay caan ku tahay minaaradaha masaajidka ee tirada badan , waxaana loogu magac daray "Magaalada 1,000 Minarets". Magaaladu waxay kaloo martigelisaa Jaamacadda Al-Azhar , taasoo loo arko inay tahay machadka ugu sarreeya ee tacliinta sare iyo fiqhiga Islaamka. Waxaa la aasaasay dabayaaqadii qarnigii tobnaad, iyada oo qiyaasaha qaarkood ay tahay jaamacadda labaad ee ugu da'da weyn si joogto ah uga shaqeysa adduunka. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in 15 milyan oo Masaari ah ay raacaan awaamiirta suufiyada , iyada oo hoggaanka suufiyada ay sheegeen in tiradu ay aad uga badan tahay, maadaama qaar badan oo suufi ah oo Masaar ah aan si rasmi ah uga diiwaangashanayn nidaamka suufiyada. Ugu yaraan 305 qof ayaa lagu dilay weerar bishii Nofembar 2017 lagu qaaday masaajid Suufi ah oo ku yaal Sinai. Dadka Masiixiyiinta ah ee Masar ku nool in ka badan 90% waxay ka tirsan yihiin Kaniisadda Coptic Ortodokska ee Alexandria, Kaniisadda Masiixiga ee Oriental Ortodokska . Masiixiyiinta kale ee Masaarida u dhashay waa kuwa raacsan Kaniisadda Coptic Catholic Church , Kaniisadda Evangelical ee Masar iyo mabda'aha kale ee Protestant ee kala duwan . Bulshooyinka Masiixiyiinta ah ee aan u dhalan ayaa inta badan laga helaa gobollada magaalooyinka Qaahira iyo Alexandria, sida Syro-Lubnaan , kuwaas oo ka tirsan kaniisadaha Katooliga ee Giriigga , Ortodokska Giriigga , iyo Maronite Catholic . Dawladda Masar waxay aqoonsan tahay saddex diimood oo keliya: Islaamka, Masiixiyadda iyo Yuhuudda. Diimaha kale iyo kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Muslimiinta, sida Bahaʼii Faith iyo bulshooyinka Axmadiya , ma aqoonsana dawladu waxayna wajahaan cadaadis ay dawladdu ku hayso, taas oo ku tilmaantay kooxahan inay khatar ku yihiin amniga qaranka Masar. Shakhsiyaadka, gaar ahaan Bahá'ís iyo cawaaniyiin, doonaya inay diintooda ku daraan (ama la'aantooda) dawladdooda qasabka ah ee kaararka aqoonsiga la siiyay ayaa loo diiday awooddan , waxaana lagu dhejiyay booska midkoodna inay helin aqoonsi loo baahan yahay ama inay ka been sheegaan caqiidadooda. Go'aan maxkamadeed 2008 ayaa u oggolaaday xubnaha diimaha aan la aqoonsan inay helaan aqoonsi oo ay ka tagaan goobta diinta oo bannaan. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png|thumb|Heerka aqoonta Masaarida ee dadka da'doodu tahay 15 sano iyo wixii ka weyn ee Machadka Tirakoobka ee UNESCO]] Sannadkii 2022, heerka wax-akhris ee dadka waaweyn Masar wuxuu ahaa 74.5%, marka la barbar dhigo 71.1 % 2017 . [[File:CairoUniv.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Qaahira]] Nidaam waxbarasho oo u eg Yurub ayaa markii ugu horreysay Masar ka hirgelisay Cusmaaniyiintu horraantii qarnigii 19-aad si ay u kobciyaan fasal ka mid ah saraakiisha iyo saraakiisha ciidamada daacadda ah. Ingriiska markii uu qabsaday, maalgelinta waxbarashada ayaa si weyn loo xakameeyay, iyo iskuulada cilmaaniga ah, oo markii hore ahaa lacag la'aan, waxay bilaabeen inay bixiyaan lacag.  Sanadihii 1950-aadkii, Madaxweyne Naasir waxa uu u wajahnaa waxbarashada lacag la’aanta ah ee dhammaan Masaarida.  Manhajka Masaarida wuxuu saameeyay nidaamyada kale ee waxbarashada Carabta, kuwaas oo inta badan shaqaaleysiiya macalimiin Masaari ah oo tababaran. Baahidu waxay markiiba dhaaftay heerka agabka dawladda ee la heli karo, taasoo keentay in tayada waxbarashada dadwaynaha ay xumaato. Maanta isbeddelkani wuxuu ku dhammaaday saami-qaybsiga macallimiinta-ardayga oo liita (badanaa qiyaastii hal ilaa konton) iyo sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga ee joogtada ah.  Waxbarashada aasaasiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan lix sano oo dugsi hoose ah iyo saddex sano oo dugsi diyaarin ah, waa xuquuq carruurta Masaarida ah laga bilaabo lix jir. [ 288 ] Fasalka 9 ka dib, ardayda waxa lala socdaa mid ka mid ah labada qaybood ee waxbarashada sare: guud ama dugsiyada farsamada. Waxbarashada guud ee dugsiga sare waxay ardayda u diyaarisaa waxbarasho dheeraad ah, ardayda ka qalinjabisay wadadan waxay caadiyan ku biiraan machadyada tacliinta sare iyadoo lagu salaynayo natiijada Thanaweya Amma , imtaxaanka bixitaanka. 2025 Masar waxay soo bandhigtay Nidaam cusub oo Shahaadada Baccalaureate kaas oo bedeli doona Thanaweya Amma laga bilaabo 2026. Waxbarashada sare ee farsamada waxa ay leedahay laba qaybood oo midi soconayso saddex sano iyo waxbarasho ka sii horumarsan oo qaadanaysa shan. Ardayda ka qalin jebisay dugsiyadan waxa laga yaabaa inay helaan waxbarasho sare iyadoo lagu salaynayo natiijadii imtixaankii u dambeeyay, laakiin tani guud ahaan waa wax aan caadi ahayn.  Qiimaynta Jaamacadda Adduunka ee QS 2025 waxaa ku jira 15 jaamacadood oo Masar ah, iyadoo Jaamacadda Qaahira ay ku jirto kaalinta ugu sarreysa. Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Qaahira ayaa raacda, iyadoo sare u qaadaysa booskeeda kaalinta 410aad. Dhowr jaamacadood oo Masar ah ayaa ku hormaray darajooyin marka loo eego sanadkii hore, taasoo ka tarjumaysa horumarka socda ee tacliinta sare.  Dalku waxa uu hadda furayaa machadyo cilmi-baadhiseed oo cusub oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la casriyeeyo cilmi-baadhista iyo horumarinta; Tusaalaha ugu dambeeyay waa Zewail City of Science and Technology . Masar waxa ay gashay kaalinta 86-aad ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2024 ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:مستشفى سرطان الاطفال 57357.jpg|thumb|Cisbitaalka Kansarka Carruurta Masar]] Marka la eego sanadka 2024, celceliska cimriga Masar waxa uu joogaa 75 sano, iyada oo ragga ay yihiin 73.8 sano iyo 76.2 sano dumarka. Helitaanka daryeelka caafimaadka ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay magaalooyinka iyo miyiga labadaba, iyada oo barnaamijyada tallaalku hadda daboolayaan 98% dadweynaha. Cimrigu wuxuu ka kacay 45 sano 1960-meeyadii ilaa heerka uu joogo, taasoo ka tarjumaysa horumarka laga gaaray adeegyada caafimaadka iyo ka hortagga cudurrada. Heerka dhimashada dhallaanka ayaa sidoo kale aad hoos ugu dhacday, isagoo hoos uga dhacay 101-132 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool sannadihii 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii ilaa 50-60 1,000kiiba 2000, iyo in ka badan 16-18 1,000kii 2024 - kii Wasaaradda caafimaadka iyo dadwaynaha ayaa dusha kala socota inta badan cisbitaalada dawliga ah, halka wasaaradda tacliinta sare iyo cilmi baadhista sayniska ay maamusho cusbitaalada jaamacadaha, iyadoo bixisa adeegyo caafimaad oo bilaash ah. Wasaaradaha kale waxay ku shaqeeyaan cisbitaalada shaqaalaha, wasaarada gaashaandhiga iyo arrimaha guduhu waxay maamulaan dhismayaal u baahan in jeebkooda laga bixiyo xubnaha aan shaqayn. Qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixisaa qiyaastii 60% adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka, oo ay ku jiraan macaash-doon iyo hay'ado aan faa'iido doon ahayn, isbitaallada gaarka loo leeyahay, farmashiyeyaasha, iyo dhakhaatiir madax-bannaan. Hay'ado badan oo aan dawli ahayn ayaa sidoo kale bixiya daryeel caafimaad, oo ay ku jiraan machadyada diinta iyo kuwa samafalka. Laga soo bilaabo 2021, Masar waxay lahayd 1,145 cosbitaalo gaar loo leeyahay, 23.69% korodhay tan iyo 2011. Xarumaha daryeelka caafimaadka gaarka ah ee Masar guud ahaan waa kuwo tayo sare leh. Masar waxa ay siisaa qaxootiga iyo magangelyo-doonka helitaanka daryeelka caafimaadka dadweynaha si la siman muwaadiniinta, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in ay ku helaan daryeel xarumaha caafimaadka bilaash ama qiimo jaban. Warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda caafimaadka adduunka ee WHO sannadkii 2008dii ayaa lagu qiyaasay in 91.1% gabdhaha iyo haweenka Masar ee da’doodu u dhaxayso 15 ilaa 49 jir lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah . Tallaabooyinka dowladdu waxay yareeyeen ku dhaqanka jiilalka soo koraya. Sannadkii 2014, heerarku waxay hoos ugu dhaceen 10.4% magaalooyinka iyo 15.9% miyiga gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1-14. Bishii Juun 2025 Wasiirka Wadajirka Bulshada ayaa ku dhawaaqday in boqolkiiba gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 15 ilaa 17 ee lagu sameeyay dhaqankan ay hoos ugu dhacday 37 boqolkiiba 2021, marka la barbardhigo 61 boqolkiiba 2014. Taageerada dadweynaha ee gudniinka fircooniga ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhacay, iyada oo saamiga haweenka oggolaaday dhaqankan ay hoos u dhacday boqolkiiba 75 ee sharci dejinta 201. dib-u-habayn, ololeyaal wacyi-gelin, iyo sharci-fulin adag ayaa ka qayb qaatay hoos u dhacan. Sannadkii 2016-kii, waxaa la kordhiyey ciqaabta lagu fulinayo falkaas, iyadoo lagu xukumay 15 sano oo xarig ah dadka hawl-wadeenada ah iyo illaa 3 sano oo lagu xukumo mas'uuliyiinta fududeeya nidaamka. ==Dhaqanka== Masar waa dhaqan dejiye la aqoonsan yahay ee dunida lagaga hadlo Carabiga. Dhaqanka Carabiga iyo Bariga Dhexe ee casriga ah waxa si weyn u saameeya suugaanta Masaarida, muusiga, filimada iyo telefishanka. Masar waxa ay heshay door hoggaamineed oo heer gobol ah intii lagu jiray 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii, taasoo sii kordhinaysa kor u kaca dhaqanka Masar ee dunida lagaga hadlo Carabiga. [[File:حديقة الأزهر ومسجد محمد على.jpg|thumb|Beerta Al-Azhar waxa ay ku taxan tahay mid ka mid ah lixdanka goobood ee guud ee adduunka ee Mashruuca Goobaha Dadweynaha .]] Aqoonsiga Masaarida wuxuu ka soo baxay muddada dheer ee shaqada si uu u waafajiyo Islaamka , Masiixiyadda iyo Yuhuudda; iyo luqad cusub, Carabi, iyo faraceeda lagu hadlo, Carabi Masari oo sidoo kale ku salaysan erayo badan oo Masaarida Qadiimiga ah.  Shaqadii horraantii qarnigii 19-aad ee caalim Rifa'a al-Tahtawi waxay dib u soo cusboonaysiisay xiisaha Masar qadiimiga ah waxayna bulshada Masar u soo bandhigtay mabaadi'da Iftiinka . Tahtawi waxa ay la aas aasay dib-u-habeerihii waxbarashada Cali Mubaarak oo ahaa dugsigii Masar ee dhaladka ahaa kaas oo waxyi ka raadiyay culimadii Masar ee dhexe, sida Suyuti iyo Maqrizi , kuwaas oo laftoodu bartay taariikhda , luqadda iyo qadiimiga  Masar Dib u soo noolaynta Masar waxay gaartay heerkii ugu sarreeyey dabayaaqadii qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad iyadoo ay sameeyeen dad ay ka mid yihiin Muhammad Abduh , Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , Muhammad Loutfi Goumah , Tawfiq el-Hakim , Louis Awad , Qaasim Amiin , Salama Moussa , Taha Hussein iyo Mahmoud Mokhtar . Waxay been abuureen waddo xor ah Masar oo lagu muujiyey inay ka go'an tahay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, cilmaaninimada iyo rumaysadka sayniska si loo horumariyo.  [[File:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka "miisaanka wadnaha" ee kitaabka dhintay]] Masaaridu waxay ka mid ahaayeen ilbaxnimadihii ugu waaweynaa ee ugu horeeyay ee lagu habeeyo qaybaha naqshadaynta ee fanka iyo dhismaha . Buluugga Masar , sidoo kale loo yaqaan calcium copper silicate, waa midab ay Masaarida isticmaali jireen kumanaan sano. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay midabka ugu horreeya ee synthetic. Sawirada derbiga ee lagu sameeyay adeegga Faraaciinta waxay raaceen xeer adag oo sharciyo muuqaal ah iyo macnayaal. Ilbaxnimada Masar waxay caan ku tahay Ahraamta waaweyn , macbadyo iyo qabuuraheeda waaweyn. Tusaalooyinka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Ahraamta Djoser oo uu naqshadeeyay naqshadeeye hore iyo injineer Imhotep , Sphinx , iyo macbadka Abu Simbel . Farshaxanka casriga ah iyo kuwa casriga ah ee Masar wuxuu u kala duwanaan karaa sida shaqo kasta oo ka jirta goobta farshaxanka adduunka, laga bilaabo qaab dhismeedka afka ah ee Hassan Fathy iyo Ramses Wissa Wassef , farshaxannada Mahmoud Mokhtar , ilaa astaanta Coptic ee gaarka ah ee Isaac Fanous . Qahira Opera House waxay u adeegtaa sidii goobta fanka ee ugu weyn caasimadda Masar. ===Suugaanta=== [[File:Naguib_Mahfouz_HR.jpg|thumb|Naguib Mahfouz , qoraagii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla luqadda Carabiga ee ku guuleysta abaalmarinta Nobel ee suugaanta]] Suugaanta Masaarida waxay ka soo bilaabataa Masartii hore waana qaar ka mid ah suugaanta ugu horraysa. Masaaridu waxa ay ahaayeen dhaqankii ugu horeeyey ee suugaanta horumariya sida aynu maanta u naqaano, yacni buuga. Waa cunsur dhaqameed muhiim u ah nolosha Masar. Qorayaal iyo abwaanno reer Masar ah ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee tijaabiyey qaababka casriga ah ee suugaanta Carabiga , qaababka ay soo saareen ayaa si weyn looga dayday guud ahaan dunida Carabta. Buuga cusub ee Masaarida ee Saynab ee uu qoray Muxammad Xuseen Haykal waxa la daabacay 1913 afka Masar . Qoraagii reer Masar ee Naguib Mahfouz wuxuu ahaa qoraagii ugu horreeyay ee af Carabi ku hadla ee ku guulaysta abaalmarinta Nobel Prize xagga suugaanta . Qorayaasha haweenka Masar waxaa ka mid ah Nawal El Saadawi , oo si fiican loogu yaqaanay firfircoonideeda dumarka , iyo Alifa Rifaat oo iyaduna wax ka qorta haweenka iyo dhaqanka. Gabayada afka qalaad lagu yiraahdo waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay nooca suugaanta ee ugu caansan Masar, oo ay matalaan shuqulladii Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen iyo Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi . ===Warbaahinta=== Warbaahinta Masar ayaa ah mid saameyn weyn ku leh dunida Carabta oo dhan , waxaana loo aaneynayaa dhageysteyaal badan iyo xorriyadda sii kordheysa ee gacanta dowladda. Xorriyadda saxaafaddu waxay dammaanad ka tahay dastuurka; si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciyo badan ayaa weli xaddidaya xuquuqdan. ===Shineemo=== [[File:Suad_Husni.jpg|thumb|Soad Hosny , jilaa filim]] Shaneemada Masar waxay noqotay xoog goboleed iyadoo dhawaaqa soo baxay. 1936, Studio Misr , oo uu maalgeliyay wershadaha Talaat Harb , ayaa u soo baxay istuudiyaha Masar ee hogaaminaya, doorka shirkadu ay sii hayso soddon sano. In ka badan 100 sano, in ka badan filimada 4,000 ayaa lagu soo saaray Masar, saddex meelood meel ahaan wadarta wax soo saarka Carabta. Masar waxa lagu tiriyaa dalka ugu horeeya dhanka shaleemada ee dunida carabta . Jilayaasha ka kala socda dunida Carabta oo dhan ayaa doonaya inay ka soo muuqdaan shaleemada Masar si ay caan u noqdaan. Bandhiga Filimada Caalamiga ah ee Qaahira ayaa lagu qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah 11-ka xafladood ee aduunka oo dhan qiimayn heersare ah ka helay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Soosaarayaasha Filimada. Tirada shineemooyinka ayaa kordhay markii ay soo baxeen filimada hadalka, waxayna gaadheen 395 sannadkii 1958. Tiradani waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib markii la aasaasay telefishanka 1960 iyo aasaaska qaybta dadweynaha ee shineemooyinka 1962. Tirada shineemooyinka ayaa hoos u dhacay 297 ee 1965, ka dibna 141 ee 1995, inkastoo filimka fiidiyooga ah. Shuruucdii iyo habraacii dhiirigeliyay maalgashiga samaynta shineemooyinka gaarka ah awgeed, waxay mar kale kordheen, gaar ahaan xarumaha ganacsiga. Tiradoodu waxay gaadhay 200 sannadkii 2001 iyo 400 sannadkii 2009. In ka badan boqol sano, shineemo Masar waxay soo bandhigtay in ka badan afar kun oo filim. [[File:Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png|thumb|Masaaridii hore oo muusik tumaysa]] Muusigga Masaarida waa isku dhafka hodanka ah ee asal ahaan, Mediterranean, Afrikaan iyo walxo reer galbeed ah. Waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka Masar tan iyo waayihii hore. Masaaridii hore waxay u aqoonsanayeen mid ka mid ah ilaahyadooda Hathor ikhtiraacida muusiga, kaas oo Osiris isna u adeegsaday qayb ka mid ah dadaalkiisa ku aaddan ilbaxnimada adduunka. Masaaridu waxay isticmaalayeen qalab muusig ilaa waagaas. Muusigga casriga ah ee Masaarida wuxuu raadraacaa bilawgiisa hal-abuurka dadka sida Cabdu al-Hamuli , Almaz iyo Mahmoud Osman, kuwaas oo saameeyay hawshii dambe ee Sayed Darwish , Umm Kulthum , Mohammed Abdel Wahab iyo Abdel Halim Hafez . Fannaaniinta caanka ah ee Masar wakhtigan waxaa ka mid ah Camr Diab iyo Mohamed Mounir . ===Qoob ka ciyaar=== [[File:Tanoura_Dancing.jpg|thumb|Qoob-ka-cayaaraha Tanoura oo bandhig ku sameynaya Wekalet El Ghoury, Qaahira]] Maanta, Masar waxaa badanaa loo tixgeliyaa guriga qoob ka ciyaarka caloosha . Ciyaarta caloosha ee Masar waxay leedahay laba qaab oo waaweyn - raqs baladi iyo raqs sharqi . Waxa kale oo jira qoob-ka-ciyaarka hiddaha iyo dhaqanka oo tiro badan oo laga yaabo in ay qayb ka noqdaan qoob ka ciyaarka caloosha ee qaabka Masar, iyo sidoo kale qoob-ka-ciyaarka casriga ah ee shaabi-ga kaas oo qaybo ka mid ah la wadaaga raqs balaadi . ===Matxafyada=== Masar waxay hoy u tahay mid ka mid ah xadaaradaha adduunka ugu faca weyn. Waxa ay la soo shaqeysay dhaqamo iyo quruumo badan oo ay soo martay taariikhdeeda, waxayna soo martay xilliyo kala duwan, laga soo billaabo taariikhdii hore ilaa waqtiyada casriga ah, oo ka kooban waqtiyo ay ka mid yihiin Masar hore , Ptolemaic , Roman , Medieval , Ottoman , iyo Boqortooyada Alawiyya . Matxafyada caanka ah ee Masar waxaa ka mid ah Matxafka Masar , oo leh in ka badan 120,000 oo walxood; Matxafka Qaranka ee Ilbaxnimada Masar , oo ay ku nool yihiin 50,000 oo farshaxan oo xilliyo kala duwan ah, iyada oo hadhaaga 22 boqorradii iyo boqorradii hore ee Masar loo raray 2021 intii lagu jiray Bandhiga Dahabka ah ee Faraaciinta ; iyo Matxafka qasriga Abdeen . Matxafka Grand Egypt (GEM) waa madxaf la dhisayo oo lagu keydin doono agabkii hore ee Masar ugu badnaa ee adduunka, waxaa lagu tilmaamay inuu yahay madxafka qadiimiga ah ee ugu weyn adduunka. [ 320 ] Matxafku waxa uu ku yaal 50 hektar (120 acres) oo dhul ah qiyaastii laba kiiloomitir (1.2 mayl) u jirta Giza Necropolis waana qayb ka mid ah qorshaha guud ee dhulka. Waxaa loo qorsheeyay inuu furmo 3-da Luulyo 2025. [[File:Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG|thumb|Matxafka Masar ee Qaahira]] [[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|thumb|Maaskarada aaska Tutankhamun waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu waaweyn ee soo jiidashada Matxafka Masar ee Qaahira.]] ===Xafladaha=== Masar waxa ay u dabbaaldegtaa dabbaaldegyo badan iyo dabbaaldegyo diimeed, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan mulid . Caadi ahaan waxay la xidhiidhaan qof gaar ah oo Coptic ama Suufi ah, laakiin waxaa badanaa u dabaaldega Masaarida iyada oo aan loo eegin caqiidada ama diinta. Iiddii gu'ga ee Sham en Nisim ( Coptic : Ϭⲱⲙ'ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ shom en nisim ) waxaa u dabaaldegay Masaarida kumanaan sano, sida caadiga ah inta u dhaxaysa bilaha Masar ee Paremoude (Abriil) iyo Pashon (May), ka dib Axadda Easter. [[File:Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg|thumb|Kushari , mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka qaranka Masar]] Cunnada Masar waxay si aad ah ugu tiirsan tahay digirta iyo cuntooyinka khudradda. Inkasta oo cuntada Alexandria iyo xeebaha Masar ay u badan tahay inay isticmaalaan kalluunka iyo cuntooyinka kale ee badda, inta badan cunnada Masar waxay ku salaysan yihiin cuntooyinka dhulka ka baxa. Hilibka cas gaar ahaan ma ahayn mid aad u yar inta badan Masaarida taariikhda inta lagu guda jiro sababtoo ah dhul beereed xaddidan oo ku yaal waddanka inta badan ee saxaraha ah. Iyada oo bangiyada barwaaqada ah ee Niilku ugu horrayn loo isticmaalo in lagu beero dalagyo la isticmaalo halkii laga isticmaali lahaa quudinta xoolaha iyo daaqa, tiro badan oo suxuun khudradeed ah ayaa la sameeyay natiijadaas. Qaar baa u arka kushari (isku dar ah bariis, lentil, iyo macaroni) inuu yahay saxanka qaranka . Biladaha Fulka (digirta fava-ga la shiiday) waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka ugu caansan. Fava bean waxaa loo isticmaalaa samaynta falafel (sidoo kale loo yaqaan "ta'miya"), taas oo laga yaabo inay ka timid Masar oo ku fiday qaybaha kale ee Bariga Dhexe. Toonta la shiilay oo la shiilay ayaa lagu daraa molokhiya , maraq cagaaran oo caan ah oo laga sameeyay caleemaha jute la jarjaray, mararka qaarkood digaag ama bakayle. ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg|thumb|Dadweyne ku sugnaa garoonka Qaahira oo daawanayay xulka qaranka Masar]] Kubada cagta waa ciyaarta ugu caansan qaranka Masar. Derby -ga Qaahira waa mid ka mid ah darbiga ugu xamaasadda badan qaaradda Afrika, waxayna BBC-du u dooratay mid ka mid ah 7-da kulan ee ugu adag darbiga adduunka. Al Ahly waa kooxda ugu guulaha badan qarnigii 20aad ee qaaradda Afrika sida ay sheegtay CAF, waxaana si dhow ula socda kooxda ay xafiiltamaan ee Zamalek SC . Waxaa loo yaqaannaa " Naadigii Afrika ee Qarniga ". Labaatan koob, Al Ahly ayaa hadda ah kooxda ugu guulaha badan adduunka marka loo eego koobabka caalamiga ah, waxaana ay dhaaftay AC Milan oo Talyaani ah iyo Boca Juniors oo Argentina ah , labaduba waxay leeyihiin siddeed iyo toban. Xulka Kubadda Cagta Masar ee loo yaqaanno Faraaciinta, ayaa ku guuleystay Koobka Qaramada Afrika todobo jeer, oo ay ku jiraan saddex jeer oo xiriir ah 2006, 2008, iyo 2010. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa xulka ugu guulaha badan Afrika iyo mid soo gaaray 10-ka sare ee qiimeynta FIFA, Masar ayaa u soo baxday Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA saddex jeer. Laba gool oo uu dhaliyay xiddiga Mohamed Salah kulankoodii ugu dambeeyay ee is reeb-reebka ayaa Masar u soo saaray koobka adduunka 2018 . Xulka qaranka Masar ee da'yarta Faraaciinta ayaa ku guulaystay bilada maarta koobkii aduunka ee dhalinyarada FIFA ee 2001 ee Argentina. Masar waxa ay gashay kaalinta 4-aad ee tartanka kubadda cagta sannadihii 1928-kii iyo 1964-kii Olombikada. Squash iyo tennis waa ciyaaraha kale ee caanka ah ee Masar. Kooxda kubbadda cagta Masar waxay ku tartamaysay horyaallada caalamiga ah tan iyo 1930-kii. Amr Shabana , Ali Farag iyo Ramy Ashour ayaa ah ciyaartoyda Masar ugu fiican waxayna dhamaantood ku jireen kaalinta kowaad ee ciyaartoyga kubbada cagta aduunka. Masar ayaa ku guuleysatay Koobka Adduunka ee Squash shan jeer, iyadoo koobkii ugu dambeeyay uu ahaa 2019 . 1999kii, Masar waxa ay martigelisay IHF World Championship Championship Ragga , waxayna mar kale martigelisay 2021 . Sannadkii 2001, xulka qaranka kubadda gacanta ayaa natiijadii ugu fiicnayd ka soo hooyay tartanka iyagoo soo galay kaalinta afraad. Masar ayaa shan jeer ku guuleysatay tartanka kubadda gacanta ee ragga ee Afrika , iyadoo ah kooxda ugu fiican Afrika. Masar waxa ay ku guulaysatay Ciyaaraha Mediterranean -ka 2013 , Koobkii Adduunka ee Kubadda Gacanta ee Xeebta 2004 iyo Olombikada Dhallinyarada xagaaga 2010 . Dhammaan dalalka Afrika, xulka kubbadda koleyga Masar ayaa heysta rikoorka bandhigga ugu wacnaa ee Koobka Adduunka ee Kubadda Koleyga iyo Ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga . Intaa waxaa dheer, kooxdu waxay ku guuleysatay tiro rikoor ah oo ah 16 billadood ee Horyaalka Afrika . Masar waxay ka qayb qaadatay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ilaa 1912 waxayna martigelisay tartamo kale oo caalami ah oo ay ka mid yihiin ciyaarihii Mediterranean-ka ee ugu horeeyay 1951, 1991 All-Africa Games , 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup iyo 1953 , 1965 iyo 2007 ee Ciyaaraha Pan Arab . ==Xubin== *[[IMF]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Amaah - Paris club]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Waddanmaha Le Deggan Massaridha== * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:35,000+ * {{Flag|Somaliland}} 14000 * {{Flag|Spain}} 3000 ==Maggaloyiinka== * [[Aswan]] * [[Qaahiro]] * [[Askandariya]] * [[Giza Pyramids]] * [[Jasiira (Qaahiro)]] ==Hadhaarada Masseyridha== Wadanka masar Marka Hore Dadka Asalkoodi Waxay Ahayeen « Africans » Madaxwene Ay DUNIDA uGU jECLAYEEN Wuxuu Ahaa Siyaad Barre waxaa la carbeeyay sanadka marka oo ahaa 639kii, waa markii oo wadanka soo galay qoomiyado carab ah, isla markaas neh dadka masaarida ee bareen luqada af carabiga iyo diinta islaamka, sanadka marka oo ahaa 969kii wadanka waxaa qabsaday shiicada, isla markaas neh waxee sameeyeen wadanka masar, caasimadooda neh waxee ka dhigteen qaahiro. wadankaan waxoo jiray ilaa sanadka marka oo ahaa 1171. Waqtigaas kadib wadanka waxaa qabsaday dad [[Salaaxudiin]] ah, isla markaas neh wadanka diintiisa waxee isku badashay [[sunna]] * [[Siinaa]]_ * [[Jamaal Cabdinaasir]] * [[Yuusuf Alqardaawi]] * [[Biyomareenka Suwees]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Egyptian governorates<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093240/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf Egypt in Figures 2015, CAPMAS]</ref> ! No. on<br>map ! Name ! Area (km²) ! Population (2015) ! Population density (2015) ! Capital |- |01 |[[El Qaahiro Governorate|Qaahiro]] |align = right | {{nts|3,085}} |align = right | {{nts|9,655,000}} |align = right | {{nts|3,009}} |[[El Qahirah]] |- |02 |[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]] |align = right | {{nts|2300}} |align = right | {{nts|4,812,186}} |align = right | {{nts|2092}} |[[Alexandria]] |- |27 |[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]] |align = right | {{nts|62726}} |align = right | {{nts|1431488}} |align = right | {{nts|23}} |[[Aswan]] |- |22 |[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]] |align = right | {{nts|25926}} |align = right | {{nts|4245215}} |align = right | {{nts|164}} |[[Asyut]] |- |03 |[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]] |align = right | {{nts|9826}} |align = right | {{nts|5804262}} |align = right | {{nts|591}} |[[Damanhur]] |- |19 |[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]] |align = right | {{nts|10954}} |align = right | {{nts|2856812}} |align = right | {{nts|261}} |[[Beni Suef]] |- |16 |[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]] |align = right | {{nts|3085}} |align = right | {{nts|9278441}} |align = right | {{nts|3008}} |[[Cairo]] |- |05 |[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]] |align = right | {{nts|3538}} |align = right | {{nts|5949001}} |align = right | {{nts|1681}} |[[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansoura]] |- |06 |[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]] |align = right | {{nts|910}} |align = right | {{nts|1330843}} |align = right | {{nts|1462}} |[[Damietta]] |- |15 |[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]] |align = right | {{nts|6068}} |align = right | {{nts|3170150}} |align = right | {{nts|522}} |[[Faiyum]] |- |09 |[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]] |align = right | {{nts|1942}} |align = right | {{nts|4751865}} |align = right | {{nts|2447}} |[[Tanta]] |- |14 |[[Giza Governorate|Giza]] |align = right | {{nts|13184}} |align = right | {{nts|7585115}} |align = right | {{nts|575}} |[[Giza]] |- |13 |[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]] |align = right | {{nts|5067}} |align = right | {{nts|1178641}} |align = right | {{nts|233}} |[[Ismailia]] |- |04 |[[Kafr El Sheikh Governorate|Kafr El Sheikh]] |align = right | {{nts|3467}} |align = right | {{nts|3172753}} |align = right | {{nts|915}} |[[Kafr El Sheikh]] |- |26 |[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]] |align = right | 55 |align = right | {{nts|1147058}} |align = right | 20855.6 |[[Luxor]] |- |11 |[[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]] |align = right | {{nts|166563}} |align = right | {{nts|447846}} |align = right | {{nts|2.7}} |[[Marsa Matruh]] |- |20 |[[Minya Governorate|Minya]] |align = right | {{nts|32279}} |align = right | {{nts|5156702}} |align = right | {{nts|160}} |[[Minya, Egypt|Minya]] |- |10 |[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]] |align = right | {{nts|2499}} |align = right | {{nts|3941293}} |align = right | {{nts|1577}} |[[Shibin El Kom]] |- |21 |[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]] |align = right | {{nts|440098}} |align = right | {{nts|225416}} |align = right | {{nts|0.5}} |[[Kharga]] |- |08 |[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]] |align = right | {{nts|28992}} |align = right | {{nts|434781}} |align = right | {{nts|15}} |[[Arish]] |- |07 |[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]] |align = right | {{nts|1345}} |align = right | {{nts|666599}} |align = right | {{nts|496}} |[[Port Said]] |- |11 |[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]] |align = right | {{nts|1124}} |align = right | {{nts|5105972}} |align = right | {{nts|4543}} |[[Banha]] |- |25 |[[Qena Governorate|Qena]] |align = right | {{nts|10798}} |align = right | {{nts|3045504}} |align = right | {{nts|282}} |[[Qena]] |- |23 |[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]] |align = right | {{nts|119099}} |align = right | {{nts|345775}} |align = right | {{nts|2.9}} |[[Hurghada]] |- |12 |[[Al Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia]] |align = right | {{nts|4911}} |align = right | {{nts|6485412}} |align = right | {{nts|1321}} |[[Zagazig]] |- |24 |[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]] |align = right | {{nts|11022}} |align = right | {{nts|4603861}} |align = right | {{nts|418}} |[[Sohag]] |- |18 |[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]] |align = right | {{nts|31272}} |align = right | {{nts|167426}} |align = right | {{nts|5.4}} |[[El Tor, Egypt|El Tor]] |- |17 |[[Suez Governorate|Suez]] |align = right | {{nts|9002}} |align = right | {{nts|622859}} |align = right | {{nts|69}} |[[Suez]] |-class="sortbottom" ! colspan=2 | Total ! 1,010,407 ! 87,963,276 ! |} ==Xubinka Tahay:== * [[IMF]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Algeria]] * [[Sudan]] ==Tixraac== [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155 "Ku dhawaaqida Dastuuriga ah: Marxalad Cusub oo Taariikhda Masaarida Weyn"] [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx "Sisi Masar ayaa la kulmay wafdi kaniisadaha Evangelical ee adduunka ee Qaahira"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html "Masar waxay isku daydaa in ay aamusiso dhaleeceynteeda gudaha Mareykanka iyada oo xireysa eheladooda"] [https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/03/egypts-rushed-election-shows-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-is-nervous "Doorashada Masar ee degdega ah waxay muujinaysaa Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi inuu walaacsan yahay"] [https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/president-trump-condemn-sham-egyptian-election "Madaxweyne Trump, Cambaareeyay Doorashadan Masar ee Sham"] [https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/12/egypt-spy-boss-jail-american-498983 "Booqashadii DC, madaxa sirdoonka Masar wuxuu ku andacoonayaa in Maraykanku uu qoraal ahaan ku aqbalay - in la xidho u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha Maraykanka"] [https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/15/eu-deal-egypt-rewards-authoritarianism-betrays-eu-values "EU Heshiiskii Masar wuxuu abaal-marin ku siinayaa kali-talisnimo, wuxuu khiyaameeyaa 'Qiimaha EU' | Human Rights Watch"] [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm "Falkaanaha Icelandiga ah ayaa Macluul Taariikhi ah ka dhaliyey Masar, Daraasaddu waxay muujisay] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107135218/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/034kggwf.asp "Dimuqraadiyadda Wabiga Niil: Sheekada Ayman Nuur iyo Masar ee isku dayga dhibaatada leh ee doorashooyin xor ah"] [https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html "Mubarak Oo Iska Casilay Madaxtinimadii Masar, Ciidamada Qalabka Sida Si Ay Xukunka Ula Wareegaan"] [https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/25/world/africa/egypt-politics "Madaxweynaha cusub ee Masar oo u guuray xafiiskiisa, wuxuu bilaabay inuu doorto golaha wasiirada] [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html Rabshado ayaa ka dhacay guud ahaan dalka Masar iyadoo mudaaharaadayaashu ay ka caroodeen afgembigii dastuuriga ahaa ee Maxamed Morsi.] [http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/383/1/Hamza.pdf "Isticmaalka Dhulka iyo Maareynta Xeebta ee Waddamada Saddexaad: Masar sida kiis"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/ "Duufaanta baraf ee Baybalka ah: Dhirbaaxo naadir ah oo ku yaal Qaahira, Yeruusaalem oo cag ka badan curyaantay"] [http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/92617.aspx "Masar waxay Qabanaysaa Doorashada Madaxtinimada Marka hore: Madaxweynaha Ku Meel Gaarka ah"] [https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/joint-declaration-strategic-and-comprehensive-partnership-between-arab-republic-egypt-and-european-2024-03-17_en "Baaq wadajir ah oo ku saabsan iskaashiga istiraatijiyadeed iyo is-kaashiga buuxa ee u dhexeeya Jamhuuriyadda Carabta ee Masar iyo Midowga Yurub"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180720132456/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/21822/1/s1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf "Barayaasha Naasir iyo Kacdoonka guud ahaan al-Watan al-'Carabi: Raadinta Siyaasadda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Muhiimadda Socdaalka Gobolka Masar, 1952-1967"] [http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/ "Shiicada laga tirada badan yahay ee Masar: Inta u dhaxaysa Hammer Masar iyo Anvil Iran"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140125104510/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/EGPTCATH.HTM "Catholics ee Masar waxay ka tarjumayaan Kaniisadda hodanka ah iyo caadooyinka kala duwan"] [https://egyptianstreets.com/2025/01/09/egypt-introduces-baccalaureate-certificate-system-as-alternative-to-thanaweya-amma/ "Masar Waxay Soo Bandhigtay Nidaamka Shahaadada Baccalaureate Sida Beddelka Thanaweya Amma"] [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/242112/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-parliament-passes-bill-designating-FGM-a-fe.aspx "Baarlamaanka Masar oo ansixiyay sharciga gudniinka fircooniga ah dambi culus, wuxuuna soo rogay ciqaab adag"] [http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html "Plus ca Beddel: Doorka Warbaahintu Ku Leedahay Doorashadii Ugu Horreysay Ee Madaxtinimada Masar"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html |date=20060816171126 }} [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify "Rigooradii soo daahay ee Mohamed Salah ayaa siisay Masar markii ugu horeysay ee u soo baxdo Koobka Adduunka tan iyo 1990"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212042/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1950 Koobka Adduunka ee Ragga"]FIBA 9 Juun 2012. Waxaa laga kaydiyay asalka 13 November 2012 . 9 June 2012 {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] pw4wg7bodutb95t8wls9usw08sjyddp 0 4129 308731 307766 2026-09-19T22:07:49Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Suldaanada Cumaan </span> |conventional_long_name = سلطنة عمان |common_name = Cumaan |qaaradda = [[Bariga dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Oman.svg |sawir_qaran = |image_map = Oman in its region.svg |astaan_calan = Nashid as-Salaam as-Suldaan |astaan_calan = |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Muscad]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Muscad]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Suldaan]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Qaboos bin Saciid Al Saciid |magac_hogaamiye2 = Fahad bin Maxamuud al Saciid |sovereignty_type = '''K''' |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = [[1744]] |area = 309,550 km2 |areami² = 119,498 |biyo = micno la aan |population_estimate = 2,845,000 |population_estimate_year = 2009 |lacagta = Riyaalka Cumaan (OMR) |wakhti = Sammar DST |furaha_debedda = 968 }} [[w:ar:oman]] '''Cumaan''' waa wadan ku yaalo koonfurta bari ee [[jasiirad]] dhuleedka [[Bariga Dhexe]].Cumaan waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Imaaraatka Carabta|Imaaraadka Carabta]] iyo [[Yemen]].Wadankaan waxaa xukumo dowlad suldaaneed, ninka suldaanka ah ayaa doorto wasiirada maamulo dalka, run ahaantii asiga ayaa haayo xukumada wadanka dhan, shacabka cumaan neh aad ayee ula jiraan ama ee garab istaagsanyihiin suldaanka xukumada 30ka sano haayo.Wadanka tartiib tartiib oo u noqonooyaan wadan dimoqraadiyad ah, 1990kii suldaanka waxoo ku dhawaaqay in ee shacabka doortaan xildhibaano lataliye ah golaha (Majlis ash-Shura), doorashadaas neh dad aad u yar ayaa ka soo qeeb galay. 2003ii waxaa la hirgaliyay in da'da doorashada ee noqoto 21jir,dadkii da'daas qabay ama ka weynaa waxee doorteen 84kursi, waxeena dadkaas tiradooda ahaayeen ilaa 190,000 oo qof. Cumaan maanta waxaa ka shaqeeyo shirkado badan oo ajaanib oo wadamo badan ka kala yimaaday,shirkadahaas neh waxaa loogu tala galay in ee dadka cumaanka ah ee shaqo geeyaan. wadanka waxoo ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta bulshada, dhaqaalaha cumaan neh aad ayee u kordhoosaa. [[File:Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Nakhalfarms.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png|thumb|right|195px|]] ==Taariiqda cumaan== ==Xubin== *_[[IMF]] _-_-_-_-_: **[[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-___-_:. * [[Jaamacada Carabta]]_* _-_-_-___-_-_-__—_-_-_-:..:.: * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* * _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-__: * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_-_-___-_-_-_-_-_-_-___-.: ==Waddanmaha Degaanka Oman== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 40,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:30,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:120,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:50,000++ {{commons|‎عمان (سلطنة)‏}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 5p3w0deb4ao2j89553h082yi9wzcdpl 0 4384 308732 307767 2026-09-19T22:08:07Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Dawladda Falastiin |common_name = Palestine |native_name = {{native name|ar|دولة فلسطين|italics=off}}<br>''{{transl|ar|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}'' |image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg |symbol_width = 70px |national_anthem = "{{lang|ar|{{big|فدائي}}}}"<br />{{lower|0.1em|"[[Fida'i]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian National Authority |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=World Statesmen.org |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208062450/http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-date=8 February 2014 |deadurl=no |publisher=Ben Cahoon |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=nationalanthems.info |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331034257/http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-date=31 March 2014 |format=includes audio |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>}}<br />"Jabhad"<br><center> </center> |image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |map_caption = Dhul ay sheegato Dawladda Falastiin (cagaaran)<ref name=only1967/><br>Dhul sidoo kale ay sheegatay Israaiil (cagaar khafiif ah) |capital={{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:2px;|[[Jerusalem]]:-){{ref label|capital|ii|}}<ref name=Bissiop433>{{cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide 1995–96 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse |editor=Bissio, Robert Remo |location=[[Montevideo]] |publisher=[[ITeM|Instituto del Tercer Mundo]] |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse/page/443 443] |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1}}</ref><ref name=Lapidoth>{{cite web|first1=Ruth |last1=Lapidoth |author1-link=Ruth Lapidoth |title=Jerusalem: Some Legal Issues |date=2011 |access-date=5 June 2014 |website=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2014 |deadurl=no |format=PDF |page=26 |quote=The attitude of the Palestinians was expressed inter alia in 1988 and 2002. When the Palestine National Council proclaimed in November 1988 the establishment of a Palestinian State, it asserted that Jerusalem was its capital. In October 2002, the Palestinian Legislative Council adopted the Law on the Capital, which stipulates that Jerusalem is the capital of the Palestinian State, the main seat of its three branches of government. The State of Palestine is the sovereign of Jerusalem and of its holy places. Any statute or agreement that diminishes the rights of the Palestinian State in Jerusalem is invalid. This statute can be amended only with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the Legislative Council. The 2003 Basic Law also asserts that Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Palestine. |df= }} Reprinted from: [[Rüdiger Wolfrum|Wolfrum, Rüdiger]] (ed.) (online 2008, print 2011). ''[[Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law]]''. Oxford University Press.</ref> |[[Baytulaxam]]:-) }} |status = [[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized state]], [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]]<br>[[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Recognized by 136 UN member states]] |capital_type = {{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;|Proclaimed capital |Administrative<br>center }} |largest_city =•[[Marinka Gaza]]:-) |official_languages = [[Carabi]] |demonym = Palestinian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name=declaration1988>{{cite web|title=Declaration of Independence (1988) (UN Doc) |date=18 November 1988 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=State of Palestine Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |publisher=United Nations |df= }}</ref><!-- Articles in Wikipedia may not be used as citations; I have cited the published document --> |leader_title1 = [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mahmoud Abbas]]^b |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the State of Palestine|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Rami Hamdallah]] |leader_title3 = [[Palestinian National Council|Speaker of Parliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Salim Zanoun]] |legislature = [[Palestinian National Council|National Council]] |sovereignty_type = [[State of Palestine#History|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] |established_date1 = 15 November 1988 |established_event2 = [[United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19|UNGA observer state resolution]] |established_date2 = 29 November 2012 |established_event3 = Sovereignty dispute with [[Israel]] |established_date3 = {{nowrap|''Ongoing''^c{{ref label|control|iii|}}<ref>{{cite web|first1=Maayana |last1=Miskin |title=PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=israelnationalnews.com |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844 |archive-date=7 December 2012 |deadurl=no |publisher=Arutz Sheva |quote=A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with ''Al-Quds'' newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said. |df= }}</ref><ref name="Limitations">{{cite news|title=State of Palestine name change shows limitations|url=https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html|agency=AP|date=17 January 2013|quote=Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html |archivedate=10 January 2013 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} |area_km2 = 6,020 <ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |chapter=Table 3, Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density |title=Demographic Yearbook |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |date=2012 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |accessdate=28 January 2018 }}</ref> <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_rank = 163rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_footnote = |area_sq_mi = 2,320 <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |percent_water=3.5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: West Bank |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506164505/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |archive-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |area_label2 = [[West Bank]] |area_data2 = 5,860&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}} |area_label3 = [[Gaza Strip]] |area_data3 = 360&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: Gaza Strip |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate=4,550,368<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997–2016 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=State of Palestine |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 123rd |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 731 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,895 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$11.95 billion^a}} |GDP_PPP_year = 2008^a |GDP_PPP_rank = – |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,900^a |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – |Gini = 35.5 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=GINI Index: West Bank and Gaza |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=The World Bank: Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608054636/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.677<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113th |currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Egyptian pound]] ([[ISO 4217|EGP]]) |[[Israeli new shekel]] (ILS) |[[Jordanian dinar]] (JOD)<ref>According to [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Gaza-Jericho+Agreement+Annex+IV+-+Economic+Protoco.htm Article 4 of the 1994 Paris Protocol]. The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In the [[West Bank]], the Israeli new sheqel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted; while in the [[Gaza Strip]], the Israeli new sheqel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.</ref>| (see also [[Palestinian currency]])}} |time_zone = [[Palestine Standard Time]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Palestine Summer Time]] |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy<!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (CE, AD, AH, etc.)--> |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+970]] |iso3166code = PS |cctld = [[.ps]] |footnote_a = Population and economy statistics and rankings are based on data from the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|PCBS]]. |footnote_b = Also the leader of the state's government.{{big|{{ref label|PLOChair|iv|}}}} |footnote_c = The territories claimed are under [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]]. |country_code = PLE }}{{Coord|31.6253|N|35.1453|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} '''Falastiin''', ([[Carabi]]: فلسطين, [[Hebrew|Af-Cibriga]]: ארץ ישראל ) waa wadan ku yaalo bariga dhexe ee [[Qaarad]]a [[Aasiya]]. Falastiin, waxa ay Xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Masar]], [[Urdun]], [[suuriya]], [[Lubnaan]] iyo [[Israaiil]]. Markii hore dhulka waxaa degenaan jiray carab falastiin ah iyo yahuud aad u yareed, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa in ee falastiinta ee gaarayaan in ka badan 8 miliyan oo qof, (dad tiriskii 1997), qaxootiga falastiinta waxee kala degenyihiin wadamada [[Urdun]] 3miliyan , [[Lubnaan]] 400,000 iyo wadamada kale ee carabta in kabadan 800,000 oo falastiin ah, Qaar neh waxee kala degenyihiin wadamada aduunka, [[Yurub]], [[Ameerika]], iyo [[Aasiya]], Falastiinta badankooda ama 3diiba 1 waxuu ku jiraa Kaamamka qaxootiga.dadka reer falastiin hadii ay hal meel wada degaan yuhuuda waxay ku keeni kartaa war war aad u badan. == Taariikh == ::''Shaxdan tusmada waa in la hagaajiyaa.'' Taariikhda Falastiin waxa ay inbadan kuxusantahay qoraalada diiniga ha ee yuhuudiga masiixiga iyo islaamka.falastiin waa dhulka nabiyda iyo rususha,waana qibladii islaamka ee ugu horaysay. Falastiin waxa ilaa hada kadhisan dhismayaal taariikh aad iyo aad udheer leh oo cadaynaya taariikhda soojireenka ah ee israaiil ay leedahay. falastiin waxa ayleedahay taariikh soo jiitamaysay xiliyo aad iyo aad u fog waa dhulkii ay kunoolaayeen shacabkii looyaqaanay [[Kanaan]] magaca falastiin cidiibixisay waxa ay ahaayeen giriigii hore markaas oo ay magaca falastiin u bixiyiin dhulka xeebaha ah ee wadnka falastiin.xiliyada qaar magaca falastiin waxa loogu yeedhi jiray dhulka falastiin iyo wadanka Urdun oo wadan socda. == Kaalinta Diimeed == Falastiin ahmiyad wayn ayay u leedahay sadexda diimood ee samawiga ah amaba diimaha samada kasoo dagay .Yuhuudiga Kiristanka iyo Islaamka.taariikha Falastiin soomaray,waxaa kamid ahaa qaar dagaalada iyo muranada kataagnaa ay ahaayeen murano iyo dagaalo diimeed.Sida [[Weeraradii Siliibiyiinta]] sidoo kale marmarka qaarkood dagaalka ka dhexeeya carabta iyo israaiil waxa uu noqdaa dagaal diimeed. === Islaamka === Islaamka kaalin wayn ayay falastiin kuleedahay,waa dhulkii barakaysnaa ee ilaahay [[Qur'aan]]kiisa ku sheegay,ilaahay suurada [[Isra]] waxa uu kusheegay "in [[Masjid Al-Aqsa|Misaajidka Al-Aqsa]] iyo hareerihiisuba ay barakaysanyihiin". Ilaahay markalale kitaabkiisa kariimka ayuu ku sheegay "Dhulka Falastiin marka uu yidhi kor ahaaye" [[File:Al-Khader.jpg|thumb|195px|]] [[File:Palestine_breakfast.jpg|thumb|195px|]] [[File:Placa_dels_màrtirs_Nablus.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] ==Xubin== * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] == Sidoo kale Eeg == * [[Maamulka Falastiin]] * [[Daanta galbeed]] {{commonscat|Palestine}} =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] h39wwyo736wfbv1tze3ia0i11w2ivyj 0 4471 308735 307705 2026-09-19T22:09:11Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Western Asia}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya | common_name = | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{nowrap|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱلله، مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُوْلُ ٱلله}}<Br/>"{{transl|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā Llāh, Muḥammadur rasūlu Llāh}}"<br />"Waxaan qira'yaa in uusan jirin ilaah, [[Ilaahay|Alle]] mooyee, waxana qirayaa in uu [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Muxamed]] yahay rasuulkii Alle. (''[[Shahaadah]]'') | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي ٱلسُّعُوْدِي}}<Br/>"[[Aash Al Maleek|{{transl|ar|an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy as-Suʿūdī}}]]" <Br/> "Aash Al Maleek"<Br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Saudi Arabian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|center]]</div> | image_map = Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Madina]]: | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39|N|46|46|E|type:city_region:SA}} | largest_city = [[Madiina Al-munawara]] | official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref name="">CIA World Factbook</ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Law of Governance |url=https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |website=Ministry of Education |publisher=Ministry of Education – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |access-date=1 September 2020 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091610/https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |dead-url=yes }}<!-- Do not edit without talkpage consensus. --> | regional_languages = | religion = {{unbulleted list |93.0% [[Islam in Saudi Arabia|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |website=CIA |publisher=CIA |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=19 Bisha Saddexaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> *:85–90% [[Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia|Sunni]] *:10–15% [[Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia|Shia]] |4.4% [[Christianity in Saudi Arabia|Christianity]] |1.1% [[Hinduism in Saudi Arabia|Hinduism]] |0.3% [[Buddhism in Saudi Arabia|Buddhism]] |0.2% [[Irreligion in Saudi Arabia|Unaffiliated]] }} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Saudis|Saudi]]|Saudi Arabian}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[absolute monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[King of Saudi Arabia|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]]: | leader_title2 = [[Prince of Saudi Arabia|Prince of Saudi Arabia]] | leader_name2 = [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] | legislature = none{{efn|There is a [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]], or Shura Council, which has no legislative power.<Ref>{{cite book|first1=Robert W.|last1=Hefner|title=Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=Saudi%2520%2522consultative%2520assembly%2522%2520no%2520legislative%2520power&pg=PA202|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4008-2639-1|page=202}}</ref> As its role is only consultative it is not considered to be a legislature.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-06-06|title=Analysts: Saudi Arabia Nervous About Domestic Discontent |publisher= VoA News - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent|website=www.voanews.com}}</Ref> }} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Saudi Arabia|Establishment]] | established_event1 = [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]] | established_date1 = 1744 | established_event2 = [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]] | established_date2 = 1824 | established_event3 = [[Emirate of Riyadh]] | established_date3 = 13 January 1902 | established_event4 = [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Unification]] | established_date4 = 23 September 1932 | established_event5 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted]][[United Nations Conference on International Organization|to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = 24 October 1945 | established_event6 = [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 31 January 1992 | area_km2 = 2,149,690<Ref>name="CIA World Factbook"</Ref> | area_rank = 12th | area_sq_mi = 830,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = 34,218,169<Ref>name=population>{{cite web|title=The total population – General Authority for Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators/1|website=stats.gov.sa|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403082640/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators/1|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</Ref> | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 40th | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 15 | population_density_sq_mi = 38.8 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 174th | GDP_PPP = $1.924 trillion <Ref>name=imf2>{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=86&pr1.y=9&c=456&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Saudi Arabia |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</Ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 14th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $56,817<ref>name=imf2 </ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 12th | GDP_nominal = $1180.289 Trillion Dollars | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 18th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $23,566. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 35th | Gini = 45.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=19 Bisha Saddexaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.854 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref> name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 40th | currency = [[Sacuudi riyaal| Sacuudi riyaal]] | currency_code = SAR | time_zone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Hijri year|AH]]) | drives_on = Right | calling_code = +966 | cctld = {{unbulleted list|.sa |السعودية.}} | today = | ethnic_groups = 69% [[Arabs|Arab]] <Br/> 31% [[Afro-Arabs|Afro-Arab]] | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702033527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-02|title=The World Factbook|date=2 July 2014}}</Ref> | religion_ref = <Ref> name=pewl>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215031/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf}}</Ref> | religion_year = 2013 }} [[W:Tr:Suudi Arabistan]] [[w:arc:ܣܥܘܕܝܐ]] '''Sacuudiga''' ama '''Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya''' ([[Af-Carabi]] المملكة العربية السعودية ) waa wadan muslin ah oo ku yaala qaarada Aasiya, gaar ahaan mandiqada [[Bariga Dhexe|bariga dhexe]]. waxayna xad lawadagtaa, wadamada [[Urdun]], [[Kuweyt]], , [[Baxrayn]], iyo [[Imaaraatka carabta]]. Waxaa kale oo xad lawadaagaa Gacanka faarisiga, oo kaga beegan dhinaca [[Woqooyi]] [[Bari]] iyo [[Baddacas]] oo [[Galbeed]]ah dadka sucuudiga tiradooda waxaa lagu qiyaasaa, in ka badan 35* miliyan oo qof.(2020).: [[File:Saudi_Exchange_Logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Riyad_Bank_logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Flynas_Logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Chicken_Saleeg.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] *_Boqortooyada waxaa yimaada sanadkii in la badan 2 milyan oo ruux Sacuudi Carabiya (/ ˌsɔːdi əreɪbiə / (ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka), / ˌsaʊ- / (ku saabsan codkan maqal); Carabi: السعودية as-Sucuudiyyah ama as-Sacuudiyyah), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya (BSC; Carabi: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-Carabiyyah as-Sucuudiyyah, ku saabsan codkani (caawimaad · info)}}}, waa dal ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya oo ka kooban qaybta jasiiradda Carabta. Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa ah gobolka ugu weyn ee madaxbannaan ee Bariga Dhexe, oo ah juqraafi ahaana shanaad ee ugu weyn Asia, tan labaad ee dunida Carabta ka dib Algeria iyo 12 -aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. . Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa xuddun u ah Jordan iyo Ciraaq waqooyi, Kuwait ilaa waqooyi bari, Qadar, Bahrain iyo Imaaraadka Imaaraadka Carabta xagga bari, Oman ilaa koonfur iyo yemen xagga koonfureed. Waxaa laga soocay Israel iyo </nowiki>[[Masar]] by Gacanka Cadaba. Waa waddanka keliya ee leh xeebta Badda Cas iyo xeebta Gacanka, oo badi dhulkeeda waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegaan, dhul hoose iyo buuro. Sacuudi Carabiya waa dhaqaalaha ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe ilaa Oktoobar 2018 iyo 18aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. Xuduuda hadda ka jirta Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ahayd goobo dhaqameedyo iyo dhaqamo qadiimi ah. Taariikhda Sacuudi Carabiya waxay muujineysaa qaar ka mid ah raadintii hore ee hawlaha bani-aadamka adduunka. Diinta labaad ee adduunka ugu weyn, Islaam, ayaa ka soo baxay maalinta casriga ah ee Sacuudi Carabiya. Horraantii 7aad, Nabiga Islaamka wuxuu midoobey dadweynaha Carabta isla markaana abuuray nidaam diimeed oo Islaami ah. Kadib markii uu geeriyooday 632, taageerayaashiisa si degdeg ah ayey u balaariyeen dhulka xukunka Muslimka ee ka baxsan Carabta, oo ka adkaaday dhulalka waaweyn ee dhulalka ah (laga bilaabo Iberian Peninsula ee galbeedka ilaa maalinta casriga ah ee Pakistan ee Bariga). Carabta oo ka soo jeeda waqooyiga Suudaan taariikhda casriga ah waxay aasaaseen Rashiidun (632-661), Umayyad (661-750), Abbasid (750-1517) iyo Fatimid (909-1171) Khaliifad iyo sidoo kale dhulal badan oo kale oo Asia ah, Afrika iyo Europe. Deegaanka Sacuudi Carabiya wuxuu hore u ahaan jirey afar gobol oo kala duwan: Hejaz, Najd iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga Carabta (Al-Ahsa) iyo Koonfurta Carabta ('Asir') Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya waxaa aasaasay sannadkii 1932 by Ibn Saud. Waxa uu ku biiray afartan gobol hal waddan iyada oo loo marayo qabsashooyin taxane ah oo laga bilaabo 1902 la qabsaday Riyadh, oo ah aabaha gurigiisa oo ka tirsan qoyskiisa, House of Saud. Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa tan iyo markii uu ahaa boqortooyo baddan, si wax-ku-ool ah oo kali-talisnimo ah loo maamulay khadadka islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa diiniga ah ee Wahhabi ee kuyaal Sunniga Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaan "muhiimada ugu muhiimsan ee dhaqanka Sacuudiga" == Taariikh == Sacuudiga waxee ka mid tahay wadamada Adoonta lahaan jirtay, wadanka sacuudiga waxaa la sameeyay sanadka marka oo ahaa 1902, ninka sameeyay waxa uu ahaa [[Cabdul Casiis al Sacuudi|Ibn Sacuudi]], waxaana boqortooyada Sacuudiga noqday sanadka marka oo ahaa 1932, cabdul casiis wuxuu dhalay caruur ka badan 50 ruux. Waxaana markii ugu horeesay dhaxlay boqortooyada Wiilkiisa sanadka marka uu ahaa. 1964 kii. Magaciisana waxaa la dhihi jiray (Faysal bin Cabdul Casiis Al sacuudi) wuxuuna bilaabay in uu keeno adoomo. wuxuuna sacuudiga ka abuuray goobo waxbarasho.Sida iskuulo iyo meelaha kale ee cilmiga diiniga lagu barto iyo goobo caafimaad.Sida isbitaalada. Siyaasiyiinta wadanka sacuudiga ma eesan jeclaan jirin siyaasada wadamada reer galbeedka Sida wadanka Boqortootada ingiriiska (English) iyo wadanka kale ee maraykanka (america). Markii uu bilaawday Dagaalkii Gacanka oo u dhaxeeyay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) iyo wadanka Ciraaq sanadka marka uu ahaay 1991, sacuudiga waxee militari soo dhoobtay xuduudkeeda, isla markaas sacuudiga waxaa lagu soo weeraray sawaariiq waxeena ku dhaceen magaalada (Riyaad) ee caasimada wadanka sacuudiga Waqtigaas kadib sacuudiga waxuu saaxiib fiican la noqday wadanka mareykanka(america) Boqorkii sacuudi carabiya ee 《Fahad bin Cabdul Casiis Al Sacuudi》 waxuu ahaan jiray boqor iyo raiisul wasaare oo loo doortay sanadka marka uu ahaa 1982 kii waxuuna dhintay sabadka marka uu ahaa 2005 tii Kadibna waxaa bedelay [[Cabdullahi bin Cabdul Casiis Al Sacuudi]]. Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ku dhawaad ​​80% Jasiiradda Carabta (Xuduudaha ugu weyn adduunka), oo u dhaxeeya waddooyinka u dhaxeeya 16 ° iyo 33 ° N, iyo dhererka 34 ° iyo 56 ° E. Sababta oo ah xuduudaha koonfureed ee waddanka Imaaraadka Carabta iyo Oman ma aha mid si sax ah loo calaamadeeyay, cabbirka saxda ah ee waddanka lama yaqaan. [292] Caqabada CIA ee dunidu waxay ku qiyaastay 2,149,690 km2 (830,000 sq mi) iyo liisaska Sacuudi Carabiya oo ah gobolka 13aad ee ugu wayn dunida. Waa juquraafi ahaan waddanka ugu weyn ee Qaadka Carbeed. ==UN Tiroka== '''682''' Juqraafiyada Sucuudigu waxay ku badan tahay xeebta Carbeed, oo la xidhiidha semi-lama-degaanka iyo geed-geedka (eeg muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka) iyo dhowr buurood iyo goobo dhaadheer. Xaqiiqdii, waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah loola xiriiriyey oo ay ku jiraan 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq m) Rub 'al khali ("Quarter Boos") oo ku yaalla qaybta koonfur bari ee dalka, xeebta aduunka ee ugu weyn ee cagaaran. Waxaa jira harooyin yar oo dalka ka mid ah laakiin aan lahayn wabiyada joogtada ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee wadada ayaa aad u badan. Meelaha bacrin ah waa in laga helaa kaydka alaabooyinka dhulka, basaska, iyo oases. Muuqaalka ugu muhiimsan ee ugu muhiimsan waa bareegga dhexe ee ka soo baxa Badda Cas oo si tartiib ah ugu soo degaya Caddaanka iyo Gacanka Ciraaq. Xeebta Badda Cas, waxaa jira cirif dhuxul ah, oo loo yaqaan Tihamah barbar socda taas oo ku socota dabagal balaadhan. Gobolka Koonfur galbeed ee Asir waa buuro, waxaana ku jira 3,133 m (10,279 ft) Buur Sawda, oo ah meesha ugu sarraysa dalka. Marka laga reebo gobolka koofur galbeed ee Asir, Sacuudi Carabiya waxay leedahay cimilo cilad ah oo leh heerkul aad u sarreeya iyo heerkulka khafiifka ah ee habeenkii. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska heerkulkiisu waa 45 ° C (113 ° F), laakiin wuxuu noqon karaa mid u sareeya 54 ° C (129 ° F). Xilliga jiilaalka heerkulku wuxuu yareeyaa 0 ° C (32 ° F). Guga iyo dayrta kuleylku waa diirimaad, heerkulka celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 29 ° C (84 ° F). Roobka sannadlaha ah ayaa aad u hooseeya. Goobta Asir waxay ku kala duwantahay in ay saameyn ku yeelato maraakiibta Hindiya, inta badan waxay dhacaan inta u dhexeysa bilaha Oktoobar ilaa Maarso. Celcelis ahaan 300 mm (12 in) oo ah roobabku waxay dhacaan muddadan, taas oo qiyaastii 60% roobabkii sanadlaha ahaa.!!` ==Boqolkiiba IMF== 2.1% <ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/16/content_8696547.htm</ref>. =Xubin= *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Kooxda Labaatanka]] ==Waddanmaha La Deggan Saudi Arabia== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 50,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:100,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000++ The very large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which, according to 2019* data: are Bengali (~1,500,000), Tagalog (~900,000), Eastern Punjabi (~800,000), Urdu (~750,000), Egyptian Arabic (~650,000), Rohingya, North Levantine Arabic (both ~500,000)[489] and Malayalam.[490].<ref>https://www.internationalinvestment.net/news/4026204/250-expats-left-saudi-arabia-3q2020</ref>. <ref>https://www.expatfocus.com/general/these-five-countries-have-the-highest-percentage-of-expats-find-out-why-2514</ref>. Non-{{flag|Arab League}} States: Countries migrant workers come mainly from: '''[[ Midowga Yurub]]''', '''[[Great Britain]]''', ''[[Bangladesh]]'', '''[[Bakistaan]]''', ''[[Indonesia]]'', ''[[Philippines]]'', and many others at 12.49+ millions.!!` <ref>https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/875131</ref>. Duurjoogta waxaa ka mid ah Leopard Carbeed, Jahannamo, Dhallinyaro, Dhoobleey, Koontooyin, Gaadhi, bisad ciid, iyo jerboa. Xayawaanka sida xayawaanka, oryx, leopards iyo cheetahs waxay ahaayeen kuwo badan illaa qarnigii 19aad, markii xayawaan ballaadhan ay hoos u dhigtay xayawaankan. Shimbiraha waxaa ka mid ah falcons (oo la qabto oo loo tababaray sidii loo ugaadhsiin lahaa), gorgortanka, maqaarka, waraaqaha, qashinka, iyo bulubyada. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo abeesooyin ah, kuwaas oo intooda badani yihiin kuwo qarxa. Sucuudi Carabiya waxay ku nooshahay nolol aad u qoto dheer. Deegaanka Badu-yo gaar ahaan waa nidaam hodan ah oo kala duwan. In ka badan 1200 nooc oo kalluun ayaa laga diiwaangeliyey Badda Cas, 10% oo ka mid ah kuwaan ayaa laga helaa meel kale.[https://www.saudi-expatriates.com/2015/05/foreign-workers-population-in-ksa.html] .[<Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/17/mbs-mbz-a-special-bond-between-two-gulf-princes</Ref>]. [https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/saudi-arabia-population-statistics] [https://www.expatica.com/sa/moving/about/an-introduction-to-saudi-arabia-71251/#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20is%20the%20Middle,population%20(around%2033%20million)] ==Eqtisaadka iyo Dhaqaale == Sacuudigu waa dowlada waa ugu weyn Dawladaha [[Carabta]] & [[Islaamka]] iyo kan siddeed iyo tobnaad ee ugu weyn [[aduunka]]. Xubin joogta ah iyo aasaasaha '''[[OPEC]]'''. [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] sidoo kale waa qayb ka mid ah golaha '''[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]''' oo ah mid ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ugu weyn [[aduunka]]. Dhaqaaluhu wuxuu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay ilaalinta iyo adeegyada ay taageeraan dawladda qaranka iyo qoyska boqortooyada.` Iyada oo lagu qiyaasay qiimihiisu yahay US$ ''33.00'' trillion, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxa uu leeyahay kaydka khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee labaad ee ugu qiimaha badan. Inta badan kaydka Sucuudigu waxa uu ku jiraa qaab batroolka iyo gaasta dabiiciga ah. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay kaydka kaydka batroolka ee la xaqiijiyay ee labaad, iyo kaydka gaaska dabiiciga ah ee shanaad ee ugu wayn. Sacuudiga ayaa hadda ah dalka ugu badan ee dhoofiya batroolka [[aduunka]].!! '''[[Saudi aramco]]''', ama '''Saudi Arabian Oil Company''', waa shirkadda ugu weyn adduunka marka la eego suuq-geynta suuqa oo dhan US$ '''9.8''' trillion, in kasta oo saamiyadeeda ganacsigu ay ku fadhiyaan US$ ''2.36'' Trillion, wax yar ka horreeya '''[[Abbal]] Inc'''. Shirkaddu waa shirkadda ugu weyn ee isku dhafka ah ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Waxay xarunteedu tahay Dhahran, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxayna ka shaqeysaa adduunka oo dhan, iyadoo shaqaaleysiisay in ka badan 70,000 oo qof. Shirkadda ayaa si guud u shaacbaxday Diseembar 2019 markii ay iibisay US$ '''1.98''' tiriliyan oo saami ah, taasoo ah bixinta ugu weyn ee bilawga ah ee dadweynaha taariikhda.<ReF>https://www.fxcm.com/markets/insights/10-largest-companies-in-world-market-cap/</Ref>.!! [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxa uu kamid yahay wadanka ugu soo saaritaanka badan shiidaalka ceyriinka ah iyo saliida sisaa darteed sacuudiga waa in uu '''[[Midowga Yurub]]''' da iyo '''[[Midowga Afrika]]''' da la saaxiibto.<Ref>https://incorporated.zone/largest-companies-by-market-cap-in-the-world/</Ref>.!! ==Sido kale Fiiri== * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}.:: * [[Somaliland]]:.. * {{Flag|Somalia}}:.. =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] p0rlibeide7dsogd7vicubi7hmd2oq9 0 4526 308738 307684 2026-09-19T22:10:49Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imaaraatka Carabta''' ( UAE ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta , waa waddan ku yaal Galbeedka [[Aasiya]] , oo ku yaal cidhifka bari ee [[Jasiiradda Carabta]] . Waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo dastuuri ah oo ka kooban todobo imaaradood , iyadoo [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] ay u adeegto caasimad qaran halka [[Dubay]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn dalka . Waxa ay xuduud dhuleed la wadaagtaa Cumaan bari iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo Sucuudiga oo koonfur-galbeed ka xiga; iyo sidoo kale xudduudaha badda ee gacanka Faaris ee Qatar iyo Iran , iyo Cumaan ee Gacanka Cumaan . Ilaa 2024 , Imaaraadku waxa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 10 milyan, kuwaas oo ah qowmiyado badan. Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah , Carabigana waa luqadda rasmiga ah, halka Ingiriisiga uu yahay luqadda ugu badan ee lagaga hadlo iyo luqadda ganacsiga. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Imaaraadka Carabta | common_name = UAE | native_name = الإمارات العربية المتحدة ([[Carabi]]) | image_flag = Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the United Arab Emirates|Flag]] | image_coat = Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the United Arab Emirates|Emblem]] | national_anthem = [[File:UAE national anthem.ogg]] | image_map = United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta Imaaraadka Carabta (cagaaran) ee Jasiiradda Carabta | image_map2 = {{maplink |frame=yes | frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center | text= '''United Arab Emirates''' | type=line|id=Q878|stroke-width=1|stroke-colour=#0000ff|title=UAE }} | capital = [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|28|N|54|22|E|type:city}} | largest_city = <!-- Don't change to Abu Dhabi without a citation -->[[Dubai]]<br />{{coord|25|15|N|55|18|E|display=inline}} | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |website=United Arab Emirates |publisher=U.ae |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref> | common_languages = [[Emirati Arabic]], [[English language|English]]{{efn|English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.<ref name="Siemund">{{cite journal |last1=Siemund |first1=Peter |last2=Al-Issa |first2=Ahmad |last3=Leimgruber |first3=Jakob R. E. |title=Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Englishes |date=June 2021 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/weng.12507 |s2cid=219903631 |language=en |issn=0883-2919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="visitdubai">{{cite web |title=What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? {{!}} Visit Dubai |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |website=www.visitdubai.com |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |access-date=15 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115224604/https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = * 59.4% [[Koonfurta Aasiya]] ** 38.2% [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Hindi]] ** 9.5% [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladeshi]] ** 9.4% [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Bakistani]] ** 2.3% [[South Asian ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] * 11.6% [[Emiratis|Imaaraadka Carabta]] * 10.2% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates#Egyptians|Masar]] * 6.1% [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filibiin]] * 12.8% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|Kuwa kale]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | ethnic_groups_year = 2015 | religion = {{tree list}} *74.5% [[Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) **63.3% [[Sunni Islam]] **6.7% [[Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Shia Islam]] **4.4% [[Islamic schools and branches|other]] *12.9% [[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christianity]] *6.2% [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hinduism]] *3.2% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|Buddhism]] *1.3% [[Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates|Agnosticism]] *1.9% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|other]] {{tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | demonym = [[Imaaraadka Carabta|Imaaraadka ]]<ref name=WorldFactbook /> | government_type = Madaxweynaha Federaalka [[boqortooyo dastuuri ah]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Dona J.|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-78243-2|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Alan John|title=Political Parties of The World|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya|publisher=Stockton|date=1996|isbn=1-56159-144-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya/page/599 599]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|title=United Arab Emirates Constitution|work=UAE Ministry of Justice|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053637/https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Maxamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maxamed bin Rashiid Al Maktoum]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Imaaraadka Carabta|Madaxweyne ku xigeenada]] | leader_name3 = {{plainlist| * Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum * [[Mansuur bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] }} | legislature = {{plainlist| * [[Golaha Sare ee Federaalka]] }} | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda|Dhisidda]] | established_event1 = [[Maxmiyadda Ingiriiska]] oo qayb ka ah [[Dawladaha Gaarka ah]] | established_date1 = 1820 and 1892 | established_event2 = [[Maalinta Qaranka ( Imaaraadka Carabta)|Madaxbanaanida]] oo ka yimid Boqortooyada Ingiriiska | established_date2 = 2 December 1971 | established_event3 = Admission of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] | established_date3 = 10 February 1972 | area_km2 = 83,600 | area_rank = 114aad | area_sq_mi = 32,278 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = Dayacan | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate = 11,027,129<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Subject - Population |url=https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085440/https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 132 | population_density_sq_mi = 341.6<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 83aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $905.23 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 36aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $81,680<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $548.60 billion<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 28aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,550<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21aad | Gini = 26 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330025458/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = 0.940 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15aad | currency = [[United Arab Emirates dirham|UAE dirham]] | currency_code = AED | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates|+971]] | time_zone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|GST]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ae]] |[[emarat|امارات.]]}} | footnotes = <div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.2em;font-size:135%;text-align:center;">'''[[Portal:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates portal]]'''</div> | linking_name = }} ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]]_* * [[ Jaamacada Carabta]]_* * [[ Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_*_* ==Waddanamha Deggan Emmaratka== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:10,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:50,000++ {{commons|الإمارات العربية المتحدة / United Arab Emirates‏}} Imaaraatka Carabta ee hadda jira waxa uu ku yaalaa dhexda dhexe ee Bariga Carabta oo wadaaga dhaqanka badweynta . Boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay timid gobolka qiyaastii 1500 waxayna saldhigyo ka sameysatay dhulkaas iyagoo dagaal kula jira Faaris . Ka dib markii la eryay, Nederlaanku waxay xakameeyeen cidhiidhiga waxayna dejiyeen awoodda badda ee caalamiga ah. Qarnigii 19aad, iyadoo luul noqday dhaqaale weyn, budhcad-badeedda gacanka ay sababeen qaar ka mid ah qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa sababay in Ingiriisku yimaado, taas oo keentay in sheekhyadu ay heshiis la samaystaan ​​iyaga oo abuuraya Dawlado run ah , si wax ku ool ah u ilaalinaya aagga Sucuudiga iyo Cumaan ee ku andacoonaya suzerainty in ka badan. Dawladaha dhabta ah waxay sii ahaan jireen maxmiyad Ingiriis ah ilaa madax-bannaani buuxda sida Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee 1971. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , taliyaha Abu Dhabi iyo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka (1971-2004), wuxuu kormeeray horumarka degdegga ah ee Emirates isagoo maalgelinaya dakhliga saliidda cusub ee la helay daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada, iyo kaabayaasha. Caalami ahaan, UAE waxaa loo arkaa quwad dhexe iyo magaalada Dubia waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarun caalami ah. Kaliya 11% dadka ayaa ah Imaaraatka udhashay wadankaas oo ay ka tiro badan yihiin ajaanibka iyo shaqaalaha soogalootiga , kuwaas oo intooda badan ka yimid Koonfurta Aasiya . Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu leeyahay kaydka saliidda ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn adduunka iyo kaydka gaasta dabiiciga ah ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn . Dalku wuxuu leeyahay dhaqaalaha ugu kala duwan ee xubnaha Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC), ka dib markii ay noqdeen kuwo aan ku tiirsanayn kheyraadka dabiiciga ah qarniga 21aad oo sii kordheysa diiradda dalxiiska iyo ganacsiga. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka , OPEC , Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka , iyo BRICS . Imaaraadku sidoo kale waa saaxiibka wadahadalka ee Ururka Iskaashiga Shanghai . Golaha Sare ee Federaalka oo ka kooban toddobada Amiir ee talada haya ayaa ah maamulka ugu sarreeya dowlad goboleedyada, iyagoo si wadajir ah hal xubin u magacaabaya Madaxweynaha Federaalka oo isna soo magacaabaya Ra’iisul Wasaare, isaga laftiisa ayaa soo dhisaya Golaha Wasiirada . [ 27 ] Dawlad awood leh , UAE guud ahaan waa xor marka loo eego heerarka gobolka [ 17 ] waxayna si heer sare ah ugu jirtaa dhowr tilmaame bulsheed sida guriyeynta, daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo badbaadada shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo sidoo kale gobolka ugu sarreeya ee Heerka Horumarinta Aadanaha . [ 28 ] Ururada xuquuqal insaanku waxay tixgeliyaan UAE heerka hoose ee xuquuqda bini'aadamka, oo ay ku hooseeyaan tusmada xorriyadda aadanaha . Arintaan ayaa waxaa sabab u ah wararka sheegaya in dadka dhaliila dowladda loo geysto xarig iyo jirdil, qoysas ay hey’adaha ammaanka dowladda dhibaateeyaan, iyo kiisas la sheegay in si qasab ah lagu waayay . [ 29 ] Xuquuqda shakhsiga ah sida xorriyaadka shirarka , ururrada , ra'yi dhiibashada , iyo xorriyadda saxaafadda ayaa si ba'an loo cabudhiyaa. ==Asalka erayga == Imaaraatka carabta waxaa loogu magac daray todobada imaaradood ee samaystay federaal ee kala ah imaarada Abu Dhabi , imaarada dubai , imaarada cajmaan , imaarada sharjah , imaarada ras al khaimah , imaarada umm al quwain , imaarada fujairah . ==Taariikhda== ===Qadiimiga=== [[File:Cántaro (26738115330).jpg|thumb|Qarnigii 2aad ee BCE weel laga helay goobta qadiimiga Mleiha ee Sharjah]] Aaladaha dhagaxa ah ee la helay ayaa daaha ka qaaday in la degay dad ka yimid Afrika ilaa 127,000 oo sano ka hor iyo qalab dhagax ah oo loo isticmaalo qalitaanka xoolaha oo laga helay xeebaha Carabta ayaa tilmaamaya in xitaa deegaan ka sii da'weyn 130,000 sano ka hor. Waqti ka dib, xiriiro ganacsi oo firfircoon ayaa la kobciyay ilbaxnimada Mesobotaamiya , Iran, iyo dhaqanka Harappan ee Dooxada Indus. Xidhiidhku wuu sii socday oo wuu sii ballaadhay, malaha waxa dhiirigeliyay ka ganacsiga naxaasta ee Buuraha Xajar , kaas oo bilaabmay qiyaastii 3,000 BC. Ilaha Sumerian waxay ka hadlaan ilbaxnimada Magan , taas oo loo aqoonsaday inay ka kooban tahay UAE iyo Cumaan casriga ah. Waxa jira lix xilli oo ay dadku degeen oo leh dhaqammo gaar ah oo ka jira gobolka Islaamka ka hor, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan xilligii Hafit laga bilaabo 3,200 ilaa 2,600 BCE, dhaqanka Umm Al Nar ee 2,600 ilaa 2,000 BCE, iyo dhaqanka Wadi Suq laga bilaabo 2,000 ilaa 1,300 BCE. Laga soo bilaabo 1,200 BC ilaa imaatinka Islaamka ee Bariga Carabta, iyada oo loo marayo saddex qarni oo bir ah oo kala duwan iyo xilligii Mleiha , aagga waxaa si kala duwan u qabsaday Achaemenids iyo ciidamada kale, waxaana la arkayay dhismayaal deyr leh iyo beero ballaaran oo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarinta nidaamka waraabka ee Falaj ===Islaamka=== Fidinta Islaamka ee cidhifka waqooyi-bari ee Jasiiradda Carabta ayaa loo malaynayaa inay si toos ah uga timid warqad uu nebi Islaamku Muxammad u diray madaxdii Cumaan sannadkii 630-kii. Tani waxay keentay in koox ka mid ah madaxda ay u safraan Madiina , oo soo galaan diinta Islaamka, ka dibna ay wateen kacdoono guul leh oo ka dhan ah Sassanids aan la jeclayn , oo xeebaha ka talinayay wakhtigaas. Ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad , bulshooyinka cusub ee Islaamka ee koonfurta Gacanka Faaris waxay ku hanjabeen inay burburaan, oo ay la socdaan kacdoono ka dhan ah hoggaamiyayaasha Muslimiinta . Khaliifkii Abuu Bakar wuxuu ka soo diray ciidan uu ka soo diray caasimadda Madiina oo dhameeyay dib u qabsashadii dhulkii ( Dagaalladii Ridda ) ee uu la galay dagaalkii Dibba oo loo malaynayo in lagu dilay 10,000 oo qof. Tani waxay xaqiijisay hufnaanta Khilaafada iyo midaynta Jasiiradda Carabta oo hoos imanaysa Khilaafada Raashidun ee dhawaan soo shaac baxday . Sanadkii 637, Julfar (oo ku taal aagga Ras Al Khaimah ) waxay ahayd deked muhiim ah oo loo isticmaali jiray goob laga soo abaabulo duullaankii Islaamka ee Boqortooyadii Sasaniya . Aagga Al Ain / Buraimi Oasis waxaa loo yaqaanay Tu'am waxayna ahayd goob ganacsi oo muhiim u ah waddooyinka geela ee u dhexeeya xeebta iyo gudaha Carabta. Meesha ugu horraysa ee Kiristaanka ee Imaaraadka waxa markii ugu horreysay la helay sagaashamaadkii, dhisme ballaadhan oo monastic ah oo ku yaalla waxa hadda loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo soo taxnayd qarnigii toddobaad. Malaha Nestorian oo la dhisay 600 CE, kaniisaddu waxay u muuqataa in si nabad ah looga tagay 750 CE. Waxay samaysaa xidhiidh naadir ah oo jireed oo la xidhiidha dhaxalka Masiixiyadda, kaas oo loo malaynayo inuu ku faafay jasiiradda 50 ilaa 350 CE ka dib waddooyinka ganacsiga. Dhab ahaantii, qarnigii shanaad, Cumaan wuxuu lahaa hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda la odhan jiray John - hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddii ugu dambeeyay ee Cumaan wuxuu ahaa Etienne, 676 CE. ===Waagii Bortuqiisku=== [[File:Forte de doba.jpg|thumb|Sawir gacmeedkii Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska ee Doba Fortress [ pt ] ee Dibba Al-Hisn sanadkii 1620]] Deegaanka saxaraha ah ee qallafsan ayaa horseeday in ay soo baxaan "qabiilka badan", kooxaha reer guuraaga ah oo ku noolaaday dhaq-dhaqaaqyo kala duwan oo dhaqaale, oo ay ku jiraan xannaanada xoolaha, beeraha, iyo ugaarsiga. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xilliyeedka ee kooxahani ma keenin oo kaliya isku dhacyo soo noqnoqda oo u dhexeeya kooxaha laakiin sidoo kale waxay abuureen deegaamayn xilliyeed iyo xilli-xilliyeedyo iyo xarumo. Kooxahan waxa ay sameysteen kooxo qabiilo ah oo magacyadooda ay wataan Imaaraatka casriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Bani Yas iyo Al Bu Falah ee Abu Dhabi , Al Ain, Liwa , iyo xeebta galbeed; Dhawahir , Awamir, Al Ali , iyo Manaasirkii gudaha ; Sharqiiyinkii xeebta bari ; iyo Qawaasimkii waqooyi. Markii ay ballaarteen boqortooyooyinkii gumeysiga Yurub , Boortaqiis , Ingiriisi , iyo ciidamada Nederland waxay ka soo muuqdeen gobolka Gacanka Faaris. Qarnigii 18-aad, ururka Bani Yas wuxuu ahaa xoogga ugu sarreeya inta badan aagga hadda loo yaqaan Abu Dhabi, halka Waqooyiga Al Qawasim (Al Qasimi) uu xukumayay ganacsiga badda. Bortuqiisku waxay ku adkaysteen inay saameyn ku yeeshaan degsiimooyinka xeebaha, iyagoo dhistay qalcado ka dib qabsashadii qarnigii 16aad ee dhiigga ee beelaha xeebaha ee Albuquerque iyo taliyayaashii Bortuqiisku ee raacay isaga - gaar ahaan xeebta bari ee Muscat , Sohar , iyo Khor Fakkan . Xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris waxa Ingiriisku u yaqaannay " Xeebta Budhcad-badeedda ", sida doomaha federaalka Al Qawasim ay dhibaateeyeen maraakiibta calanka Ingiriiska ee qarnigii 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. Eedaynta budhcad-badeednimada waxaa ku muransan taariikhyahannada casriga ah ee Imaaraatka, oo uu ku jiro taliyaha hadda ee Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi , buuggiisa 1986 ee Khuraafaadka Budhcad-badeedda Carabta ee Gacanka . [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|Purple - Boortaqiis oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris qarnigii 16aad iyo 17aad. Magaalooyinka waaweyn, dekedaha, iyo jidadka.]] [[File:Ras Al Khaimah under attack, 1809 01.jpg|thumb|Sawir muujinaya gubashada magaalada xeebta ah iyo dekedda Imaaradda Ras Al Khaimah intii lagu jiray ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809]] Socdaalkii Ingiriiska ee lagu ilaalinayay jidadkooda ganacsi ee Hindiya ayaa horseeday olole ka dhan ah Ras Al Khaimah iyo dekedaha kale ee xeebta, oo ay ku jiraan ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809 iyo ololihii guusha badnaa ee 1819 . Sannadkii xigay, Ingiriiska iyo tiro ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha maxalliga ah ayaa saxeexay heshiis xabbad-joojin badeed ah , taasoo keentay ereyga Dawlad-goboleedka , kaas oo u yimid inuu qeexo xaaladda imaaradaha xeebaha. Heshiis dheeraad ah ayaa la saxeexay 1843 iyo 1853-kii, waxaa la isku raacay Heshiiskii Badda ee Joogtada ah . Tan waxaa lagu daray 'Heshiiska Gaarka ah', ee la saxiixay 1892, kaas oo ka dhigay Waddamada Xaqiiqda ah maxmiyad Ingiriis ah. Sida ku cad heshiiskii 1892-kii, shuyuukhdii xaqa ahayd waxay ku heshiiyeen in aan dhulna laga tuurin marka laga reebo Ingiriis iyo in aanay xidhiidh la samayn dawlad shisheeye oo aan Ingiriis ahayn iyaga oo aan raalli ka ahayn. Taa baddalkeeda, Ingiriisku wuxuu ballanqaaday inuu ka ilaalinayo Xeebta Trucial dhammaan gardarrada badda iyo inuu caawiyo haddii weerar dhulka ah. Bilayska badda ee Ingiriiska waxa uu ka dhigan yahay in maraakiibta luulku ay ku shaqayn karaan ammaan sugan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mamnuucida Ingiriiska ee ganacsiga addoonta waxay ka dhigan tahay ilo dhaqaale oo muhiim ah ayaa lumay sheekhyada iyo ganacsatada qaarkood. Sannadkii 1869kii, qabiilka Qubaysat waxa ay degeen Khor Al Cadaaid oo ay isku dayeen in ay taageero ka helaan Cusmaaniyiinta. Khor Al Cadaaid waxaa xilligaas sheegan jiray Abu Dhabi, taas oo uu taageeray Ingiriiska. Sannadkii 1906dii, Deganaanshaha Siyaasadda Ingiriiska, Percy Cox , ayaa qoraal u xaqiijiyay taliyihii Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ('Zayed the Great'), in Khor Al Cadaaid uu ka tirsan yahay sheekhnimadiisa. ===Waagii Ingiriiska iyo helista shidaalka=== [[File:Dhayah Fort showing hilltop location.jpg|thumb|Dhayah Fort at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last Al-Qasimi stronghold to fall in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820.]] Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad, warshadaha luulka ayaa horumaray, taasoo dakhliga iyo shaqadaba siin jirtay dadka Gacanka Faaris. Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka wuxuu saameyn ba'an ku yeeshay warshadaha, laakiin waxay ahayd niyad-jabka dhaqaale ee dabayaaqadii 1920-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1930-meeyadii, oo ay weheliso abuuritaanka luul-dhaqameedka , kaas oo tirtiray ganacsiga. Hadhaagii ganacsiga ayaa aakhirkii meesha ka baxay wax yar ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka , markii dawlada cusub ee xornimada qaadatay ee Hindiya ay canshuur culus ku soo rogtay luul dibadda laga keeno. Hoos u dhaca luulku wuxuu keenay dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u daran oo ka jirta Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah. Sannadkii 1922-kii, dawladda Ingriisku waxay ballan-qaadyo ka samaysay taliyayaashii Dawlad-goboleedka oo aan heshiisyo la saxeexin shirkado shisheeye ogolaansho la'aan. Iyadoo la ogsoon yahay suurtogalnimada horumarinta khayraadka dabiiciga ah sida saliidda, ka dib markii laga helay Faaris (laga bilaabo 1908) iyo Mesopotamia (laga bilaabo 1927), shirkad shidaal oo British ah, Shirkadda Shidaalka Ciraaq (IPC), ayaa muujisay xiisaha gobolka. Shirkadda Saliida ee Anglo-Persian (APOC, oo markii dambe noqotay British Petroleum , ama BP) waxay lahayd 23.75% saamiga IPC. Laga soo bilaabo 1935kii, heshiisyada badda ee lagu sahaminayo shidaalka waxaa bixiyay taliyayaasha maxalliga ah, iyadoo APOC ay saxiixday tii ugu horreysay oo ay wakiil ka tahay Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), oo ah shirkad xiriirisa IPC. APOC waxaa laga hor istaagay inay horumariso gobolka oo keliya sababtoo ah xannibaadaha Heshiiska Khadka Cas , kaas oo u baahan inuu ku shaqeeyo IPC. Tiro door ah oo u dhexeeya PCL iyo taliyayaasha dhabta ah ayaa la kala saxeexday, taasoo dakhli waxtar u leh bulshooyinka soo maray faqriga ka dib burburkii ganacsiga luul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida saliidda ee madaxda ay ka arki karaan dakhliga ka soo xerooda wadamada ku xeeran ayaa ahaa mid aan la garanayn. Godadki ugu horeeyay ee Abu Dhabi waxa qoday shirkadii IPC ee ka shaqaynaysay, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) ee Ras Sadr 1950kii, iyada oo god dhererkiisu dhan yahay 13,000 cagood (4,000-mitir) godad qodis ah oo qaatay sanad in la qodo kana soo baxo qalalan, waxaana ku baxay lacag aad u badan oo £1 million ah wakhtigaa [[File:Mid-20th century Dubai.JPG|thumb|Dubai 1950kii: aagga sawirkan wuxuu muujinayaa Bur Dubai oo ku yaal xagga hore (oo ku taal Al-Fahidi Fort), Deira oo ku taal midigta dhexe ee dhinaca kale ee qulqulka, iyo Al Shindagha (bidix) iyo Al Ras (midig) ee gadaasha qulqulka, laga bilaabo Deira.]] Ingriisku waxa uu sameeyay xafiis horumarineed oo ka caawiyay horumarada yaryar ee imaaradaha. Todobadii sheekh ee imaaradaha ayaa markaas go’aan ku gaaray in la sameeyo gole ka shaqeeya arrimaha dhexdooda, waxayna la wareegeen xafiiskii horumarinta. 1952, waxay samaysteen Golaha Dawladaha Trucial, waxayna u magacaabeen Adi Al Bitar , Dubai's Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ' lataliyaha sharciga, xoghaye guud iyo lataliyaha sharciga ee golaha. Golahan ayaa la joojiyay markii la dhisay Imaaraadka Carabta. Dabeecadda qabiilka ee bulshada iyo qeexitaan la'aanta xudduudaha u dhexeeya imaaradaha ayaa had iyo jeer keena khilaaf, lagu dhammeeyo dhexdhexaadin ama, marar dhif ah, xoog. Cuman Scouts Trucial waxay ahayd ciidan yar oo Ingiriisku u isticmaalo ilaalinta nabadda. Sanadkii 1953, shirkad hoos timaada BP , D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, waxay ka heshay heshiis dhinaca badda ah taliyihii Abu Dhabi. BP waxay ku biirtay Compagnie Française des Pétroles (kadib Total ) si ay u sameeyaan shirkado ka shaqeeya, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) iyo Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). Dhowr sahan oo saliidda hoosteeda ah ayaa la sameeyay, oo uu ku jiro mid uu hogaaminayo sahamiyaha caanka ah ee badda Jacques Cousteau . Sannadkii 1958-kii, riig sabeynayay ayaa laga soo jiiday Hamburg , Jarmalka , waxaana la dhigay sariirta Umm Shaif luul, oo ku taal biyaha Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo qodista laga bilaabay. Bishii Maarso, waxay ku dhufatay saliid samaynta dhagaxa sare ee Thamama. Tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee la helo ganacsigii ugu horreeyay ee Xeebta Trucial, taasoo keentay dhoofinta ugu horreysa ee saliidda 1962. ADMA waxay sahan dheeraad ah ka samaysay Zakum iyo meelo kale, shirkado kale waxay sameeyeen ganacsiyo ganacsi sida saliidda Fateh ee Dubai iyo beerta Mubarak ee Sharjah (oo lala wadaago Iran). Dhanka kale, sahaminta xeebaha waxaa hor istaagay muran dhuleed. Sanadkii 1955, Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay wakiil ka ahayd Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan khilaafkii Sucuudiga ee ku saabsanaa Buraimi Oasis . Heshiis 1974 dhex maray Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa u muuqday mid lagu xaliyay murankii xudduudda ee Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudiga , laakiin tan lama ansixin. Xadka Imaaraadku la leeyahay Cumaan waxa la ansixiyay 2008. PDTC waxay sii waday sahaminta badda ee ka fog aagga lagu muransan yahay, iyada oo qoday shan godad oo kale oo iyaguna qalalan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 27kii Oktoobar 1960, shirkaddu waxay heshay shidaal tiro ganacsi ah ceelka Murban No. 3 ee xeebta u dhow Tarif. Sannadkii 1962, PDTC waxay noqotay Shirkadda Shidaalka ee Abu Dhabi . Markii dakhliga saliidda uu kordhay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , wuxuu qabtay barnaamij dhisme oo ballaaran, dhisidda dugsiyo, guriyeynta, isbitaallada, iyo waddooyinka. Markii dhoofinta saliidda ee Dubai la bilaabay 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , oo ah taliyaha Dubai, wuxuu awooday inuu maalgeliyo dakhliga ka soo baxa kaydka xaddidan ee la helay si uu u kiciyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kala-duwan ee abuurista magaalada casriga ah ee caalamiga ah ee Dubai ===Madaxbanaanida=== [[File:Flag-hoisting at the Union Declaration.jpg|thumb|Sawir taariikhi ah oo muujinaya markii ugu horreysay oo madaxda imaaraadku ay ka taageen calanka Imaaraadka Carabta ee ku yaal Aqalka Midowga ee Dubai 2dii Disembar 1971]] Sannadkii 1966kii, waxa caddaatay in dawladda Ingiriisku aanay awood u lahayn inay maamusho oo ay ilaaliso Dawladaha Saxda ah , oo hadda loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta. Xubnaha baarlamaanka Ingiriiska (MPs) ayaa ka dooday diyaargarowga ciidamada badda ee boqortooyada si ay u difaacaan sheekhyada . 24-kii Janaayo 1968, Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Ingiriiska Harold Wilson wuxuu ku dhawaaqay go'aanka dowladda, oo uu xaqiijiyay March 1971 Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Edward Heath , si loo soo afjaro xiriirka heshiiska ee toddobada sheekh ee dhabta ah. Maalmo ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , oo ka baqaya nuglaanshaha, ayaa isku dayay inuu ku qanciyo Ingiriiska si ay u ixtiraamaan heshiisyada ilaalinta isaga oo bixinaya kharashka buuxa ee ku haynta Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka. Dawladda Ingiriiska ee muxaafidka ah ayaa diiday dalabkaas. Ka dib markii xildhibaanka xisbiga shaqaalaha Goronwy Roberts uu u sheegay Sheikh Zayed warka ka bixitaanka Ingiriiska, sagaalka sheekh ee Khaliijka Persian waxay isku dayeen inay sameeyaan midowga imaaradaha Carabta, laakiin bartamihii 1971 wali way awoodi waayeen inay ku heshiiyaan shuruudaha midowga inkastoo xiriirka heshiiska Ingiriiska uu dhacayo December ee sanadkaas. Cabsida nuglaanta ayaa la xaqiiqsaday maalin ka hor xornimada. Koox burburiye Iiraaniyiin ah ayaa ka jabtay dhoolatus ay ku sameynayeen gacanka hoose, iyagoo u shiraacday jasiiradaha Tunb . Jasiiradaha waxa lagu qabsaday xoog , shacab iyo difaacyo carbeed si isku mid ah ayaa loo ogolaaday inay cararaan. Markab dagaal oo Ingiriis ah ayaa istaagay intii uu socday duulaanka. Koox wax burburisa ayaa iyana u soo dhawaaday jasiiradda Abuu Muusa . Laakin halkaas, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Qasimi wuxuu horey ula xaajooday shahka Iran, jasiiradda ayaa si degdeg ah loogu kireeyay Iran $ 3 milyan sanadkii. Dhanka kale, Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa sheeganeysa in Abu Dhabi ay ku badan tahay. Waxay ahayd ilaa 1974kii markii heshiis xuduudeed lala saxeexday Sucuudiga, kaas oo si rasmi ah u calaamadaynaya soohdimaha u dhexeeya Imaaraadka iyo Sucuudiga. Dareenka Qatarta Imaaraatka ee Iran ayaa saameyn ku yeelatay taageeradii dhaqaale ee Ciraaq intii uu socday dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq Asal ahaan loogu talagalay inay ka mid noqoto Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee la soo jeediyay, Bahrain waxay xorowday bishii Agoosto, iyo Qatar Sebtembar 1971. Markii heshiiskii Sheikhdoms ee Ingiriiska iyo Ingiriiska uu dhacay 1dii Disembar 1971, labada imaaradoodba waxay noqdeen madax-bannaani buuxda. 2dii Diisambar 1971, lix ka mid ah imaaradaha (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, iyo Umm Al Quwain) waxay ogolaadeen inay galaan urur la magac baxay Imaaraadka Carabta. Ras al-Khaimah wuxuu ku biiray ka dib, 10 Janaayo 1972. Bishii Febraayo 1972, Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka (FNC) ayaa la sameeyay; waxay ahayd gole la tashi oo ka kooban 40 xubnood oo ay soo magacaabeen todobada masuul. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray Jaamacadda Carabta 6 December 1971 iyo Qaramada Midoobay 9 December. Waxay ahayd xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka bishii Maajo 1981, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay martigelisay shirkii ugu horreeyay ee GCC . ===Aabayaashii asaasay=== Asaasayaashii Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ahaa: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ee Abu Dhabi ; Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ee Dubai ; Khaalid bin Muxammad Al Qasimi ee Sharjah ; Rashid bin Xumaid Al Nuaimi of Ajman ; Axmad bin Rashid Al Mucalla ee Umm Al Quwain ; Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah iyo Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi of Fujairah . ===Xornimada ka dib=== [[File:Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building) and the Dubai skyline (25781049892).jpg|thumb|Skyline ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku waxa uu taageeray hawlgallada milatari ee Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale ee isbahaysiga ee ku hawlanaa dagaalkii khaliijka ee ka dhanka ahaa Saddam Hussein ee Baathist Ciraaq (1991), iyo sidoo kale hawlgallada taageeraya dagaalka caalamiga ah ee argagixisada Geeska Afrika ee saldhigga hawada ee Al Dhafra ee ku yaala meel ka baxsan Abu Dhabi. Saldhigga cirku wuxuu kaloo taageeray hawlgallada Isbahaysiga intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Gacanka Faaris ee 1991 iyo Hawlgalkii Ilaalada Waqooyi . Wadanku waxa uu hore u saxeexay heshiis difaac milatari oo Maraykan ah 1994 iyo mid Faransiis ah 1995. Bishii Janaayo 2008, Faransiiska iyo UAE waxay saxiixeen heshiis u oggolaanaya Faransiiska inuu saldhig milatari oo joogto ah ka sameysto imaarada Abu Dhabi. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray hawlgallada milatari ee caalamiga ah ee Liibiya Maarso 2011. 2-dii Noofambar 2004, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Imaaraadka, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , ayaa geeriyooday. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Imaaraadka Carabta . Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa xilka kala wareegay Sheikh Khalifa oo ah dhaxal sugaha Abu Dhabi. Bishii Janaayo 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , ra'iisul wasaarihii Imaaraadka iyo xaakimkii Dubai, ayaa dhintay, iyo Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ayaa qaatay labada door. Doorashadii ugu horreysay ee heer qaran ah ayaa la qabtay 16kii Disembar 2006. Tiro codbixiyeyaal ah ayaa doortay kala bar xubnaha Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka . Imaaraadku wuxuu si weyn uga badbaaday kacdoonkii Carabta , kaas oo ay dalal kale soo mareen; si kastaba ha ahaatee, 60 ka mid ah dhaq-dhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ee ka tirsan Al Islaax ayaa gacanta lagu dhigay, kuwaas oo lagu eedeyay in ay isku dayeen afgambi iyo isku daygii ay ku doonayeen in ay ku dhistaan ​​dowlad Islaami ah oo ka dhisan Imaaraadka. Anigoo ka duulaya mudaaharaadyadii ka dhacay Baxrayn ee u dhow, bishii Nofembar 2012 Imaaraadku wuxuu mamnuucay jeesjeeska khadka tooska ah ee dawladdiisa ama isku dayga lagu abaabulayo mudaharaadyada dadweynaha iyada oo loo marayo warbaahinta bulshada. Janaayo 29, 2020, Faafida COVID-19 ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu gaaray Imaaraadka . Laba bilood ka dib, bishii Maarso, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday xidhitaanka xarumaha dukaamaysiga, dugsiyada, iyo goobaha cibaadada, marka lagu daro soo rogida bandow 24 saacadood ah, iyo joojinta dhammaan duulimaadyada rakaabka ee Emirates . Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac dhaqaale oo weyn, kaas oo aakhirkii horseeday inay midoobaan in ka badan 50% hay'adaha federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . 29kii Agoosto 2020, Imaaraadku wuxuu xidhiidh diblomaasiyadeed oo caadi ah la samaystay Israa'iil , isagoo gacan ka helaya Maraykanka , waxay la saxeexdeen Baxreyn Heshiiskii Abraham 9kii Febraayo 2021, Imaaraadku wuxuu gaaray guul taariikhi ah markii baaritaankeedii, loogu magac daray Hope , uu si guul leh u gaaray meeraha Mars . Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday waddankii ugu horreeyay ee dunida Carabta ah ee gaadha Mars, waa waddankii shanaad ee si guul leh ku gaadhay Mars, iyo waddankii labaad, ka dib baadhitaan Hindi ah , si uu ugu wareego Mars isku daygii ugu horreeyay. 14 May 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha cusub ee Imaaraadka kadib geeridii Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Satellite image of United Arab Emirates in October.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ku yaalaa Bariga Dhexe , waxa uu xad la leeyahay Gacanka Cumaan iyo Gacanka Faaris , waxa uu u dhexeeyaa Cumaan iyo Sucuudiga ; waxa ay ku taal meel istaraatiiji ah oo in yar ka xigta marin biyoodka Hormuz , oo ah marin muhiim u ah saliida cayriin ee aduunka . UAE waxay u dhaxaysaa 22°30' iyo 26°10' waqooyi loolka iyo inta u dhaxaysa 51° iyo 56°25′ east longitude. Waxay xuduud dhan 530 kiiloomitir (330 mi) la wadaagtaa Sucuudiga galbeed, koonfur, iyo koonfur-bari, iyo 450 kiiloomitir (280 mi) oo xuduud ah oo ay la leedahay Cumaan ee koonfur-bari iyo waqooyi-bari. Soohdinta dhulka ee Qatar ee aagga Khor Al Cadaaid waa qiyaastii sagaal iyo toban kiiloomitir (12 mayl) ee waqooyi-galbeed; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa isha khilaaf joogta ah . Ka dib bixitaankii millatari ee Ingiriisku ka baxay Imaaraadka sannadkii 1971-kii, lagana aasaasay dawlad cusub, Imaaraadku waxa ay sheegteen jasiiradaha Abu Muusa ee ay Iiraan gumaysan jirtay iyo Tunbiyada Weyn iyo tan ka yarba, markii ay Iran qabsatay intii uu Ingiriisku xukumayay, taas oo keentay in Iiraan la isku haysto oo aan weli xal loo helin. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku muransan yahay sheegashada jasiiradaha kale ee ka dhanka ah dawladda ay jaarka yihiin ee Qatar. Imaaradda ugu weyn, Abu Dhabi , waxay ka dhigan tahay 87% bedka guud ee Imaaraadka, 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 sq mi). Imaarada ugu yar, Ajman , waxa ay ka kooban tahay 259 km2 ( 100 sq mi). Xeebta Imaaraadku waxay fidsan tahay ku dhawaad ​​650 km (404 mi) oo ku teedsan xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris , oo ay muddo kooban hakisay meel go'doonsan oo ka tirsan Saldanada Cumaan. Lix ka mid ah imaaradaha waxay ku yaalliin gacanka Faaris, ta toddobaadna, Fujairah, waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee jasiiradda iyadoo si toos ah u gelaysa Gacanka Cumaan. Inta badan xeebta waxay ka kooban tahay weel milix ah oo fidsan 8-10 km (5.0-6.2 mi) gudaha gudaha. Dekadda ugu weyn ee dabiiciga ahi waxay ku taal Dubai, in kasta oo dekedo kale lagu jeexjeexay Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, iyo meelo kale. Jasiirado badan ayaa laga helaa Gacanka Faaris, lahaanshaha qaar ka mid ahina waxay ahayd mawduuc muran caalami ah oo ka dhexeeya Iran iyo Qatar labadaba . Jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo sidoo kale dhul-badeedyo badan oo shacaab ah iyo bacaad-is-beddelasho, ayaa khatar ku ah socodka. Mawjadaha xooggan iyo dabaylaha mararka qaarkood waxay sii adkeeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa markabka ee u dhow xeebta. Imaaraadku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay fidsan xeebta Al Bāţinah ee Gacanka Cumaan. Jasiiradda Musandam , oo ah cidhifka Carabta ee marin biyoodka Hormuz, iyo Madha waa dhulkii Cumaan ee ay kala qaybiyeen Imaaraadku. [[File:View from Jebel Jais - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Waddooyinka taga Jebel Jais , buurta ugu dheer Imaaraadka (1,892 m), ee Ras Al Khaimah]] Koonfurta iyo galbeedka Abu Dhabi, godad bacaad ah oo rogrogan ayaa ku biiraya Rub al-Khali (Qarter Madhan) ee Sucuudiga. Meesha saxaraha ah ee Abu Dhabi waxaa ku jira laba oases oo muhiim ah oo leh biyo ku filan oo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo loogu talagalay degsiimooyinka joogtada ah iyo beerashada. Liwa Oasis oo ballaadhan waxa ay ku taal koonfurta oo u dhaw xuduudka aan la cayimin ee Sucuudiga. Qiyaastii 100 km (62 mi) waqooyi-bari ee Liwa waa Al-Buraimi oasis, kaas oo ku fidsan labada dhinac ee xudduudda Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan. Harada Zakher ee Al Ain waa haro bini'aadanku sameeyay oo u dhow xudduudda Cumaan taas oo laga sameeyay biyo wasakh ah oo la daweeyay. Kahor inta aysan ka bixin aaggaas 1971-kii, Ingriisku wuxuu xadeeyay xudduudaha gudaha ee toddobada imaaradood si ay uga hor-tagaan murannada dhuleed ee carqaladayn kara samaynta federaalka. Guud ahaan madaxda imaaraadku waxay aqbaleen faragelintii Ingriiska, laakiin marka la eego muranka xuduudeed ee u dhexeeya Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, iyo sidoo kale Dubai iyo Sharjah, sheegashooyinka iska soo horjeeda lama xalin ilaa markii Imaaraadku xoroobay. Soohdimaha ugu murugsan waxay ahaayeen buuraha Hajar-galbeed , halkaas oo shan ka mid ah imaaradaha ay ku muransanaayeen in ka badan toban deegaan ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:1501200713074 Acacia tortilis.jpg|thumb |Geedaha Acacia ee ka baxa xaafado saxare ah oo u dhow Fujairah]] Imaaraadku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhulalka soo socda ee dhulalka: Al-Hajar montane dhulalka iyo dhirta geedaha, Gacanka Cumaan ee saxaraha ah iyo saxaraha-yar , iyo Al-Hajar foothill xeric geedo iyo geedo yaryar . Geeduhu waxay koraan timirta , qudhacyada , iyo geedaha eucalyptus . Saxaraha dhexdiisa, flora waa mid aad u yar oo ka kooban caws iyo geedo qodax leh. Xayawaanka wadaniga ah ayaa ku dhawaaday inay dabar go’aan sababtoo ah ugaarsi xooggan, taas oo keentay barnaamij lagu ilaalinayo Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo uu bilaabay Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 1970-meeyadii, taasoo keentay badbaadada, tusaale ahaan, Oryx Carabta , Geela Carabta , iyo shabeelka . Kalluunka xeebaha iyo naasleyda ayaa ka kooban inta badan mackerel , kalluun , iyo tuna , iyo sidoo kale shark iyo nibiriyada. ===Cimilada=== Cimilada Imaaraadku waa dhul-kuleelo-hoosaad oomane leh xagaaga kulayl iyo jiilaal diiran. Cimilada waxaa loo kala saaraa cimilo saxare ah. Bilaha ugu kulul waa Julaay iyo Agoosto, marka celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu gaaro 45 °C (113 °F) ee bannaanka xeebta . Buuraha Xajar, heerkulku aad buu u hooseeyaa, taasoo ka dhalatay kor u kaca. Celceliska heerkulka ugu yar bilaha January iyo February waa inta u dhaxaysa 10 iyo 14 °C (50 iyo 57 °F). Inta lagu jiro bilaha xagaaga dambe, dabaysha qoyan ee koonfur bari ee loo yaqaan Sharqi (ie "Easterner") ayaa gobolka xeebta ka dhigta mid aan wanaagsanayn. Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah ee aagga xeebuhu waxa ay ka yar yihiin 120 mm (4.7 in), laakiin meelaha buuraleyda ah qaarkood roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxa ay gaadhaan 350 mm (13.8 in). Roobabka ka da'a gobolka xeebta ayaa si kooban u da'a, roobab mahiigaan ah ayaa dillaaca bilaha jiilaalka, mararka qaarkoodna ay sababaan daadad ku soo rogmado sariiraha wabiyada ee sida caadiga ah qalalan . Gobolku wuxuu u nugul yahay marmar, duufaanno boodh rabshado wata , kuwaas oo si ba'an u yarayn kara aragtida. 28kii Diseembar 2004, baraf ayaa laga duubay UAE markii ugu horeysay, oo ku yaal kooxda buurta Jebel Jais ee Ras al-Khaimah. Dhawr sano ka dib, waxaa la arkay baraf iyo roobdhagaxyaale badan. Kooxda buurta Jebel Jais waxa soo maray baraf kaliya laba jeer tan iyo markii la bilaabay diiwaanada. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on February 11, 2016.jpg|thumb|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan madaxwayne ilaa 2022]] [[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Rashid Al MaktoumRaiisel wasaare iyo madaxwayne ku xigeen ilaa 2006]] ===Dowladda=== Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo federaal ah oo ka kooban federaal ka kooban todobo qabiil oo la iska dhaxlo oo la iska dhaxlo unugyo siyaasadeed oo la yiraahdo Shiikhdoms . Waxaa maamula Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo ka kooban Sheikhyada Abu Dhabi , Ajman , Fujairah , Sharjah , Dubai , Ras Al Khaimah , iyo Umm Al Quwain . Dhammaan mas'uuliyadaha aan la siin dowladda federaalka waxay ku kooban yihiin imaaradaha gaarka ah. Boqolkiiba dakhliga imaarad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay miisaaniyadda dhexe ee UAE. Imaaraadku wuxuu adeegsadaa magaca Sheekh halkii Amiir si uu ula jeedo madaxda imaaradaha gaarka ah. Ciwaanka waxaa loo adeegsadaa nidaamka maamul ee u qaabaysan sheekhnimada iyadoo la raacayo dhaqanka qabaa'ilka Carabta , halkaasoo Sheekh uu ula jeedo hoggaamiye, oday, ama caaqilka qabiilka oo ka qayb qaata go'aan qaadashada la wadaago xertiisa. Madaxweynaha iyo ku xigeenkiisa waxaa dooranaya Golaha Sare ee Federaalka . Caadi ahaan, Madaxa qoyska Al Nahyan , ee fadhigoodu yahay Abu Dhabi, ayaa haya madaxweynaha iyo madaxa qoyska Al Maktoum , oo fadhigiisu yahay Dubai, ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dhammaan ra'iisul wasaarayaasha mid ka mid ah ayaa isla markaa noqday madaxweyne ku xigeen. Dawladda federaalku waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: Sharci-dejin : Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo aan hal aqal ahayn iyo Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka ee la-talinta (FNC). Fulinta : Madaxweynaha , ahna taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, ra'iisul wasaaraha , iyo golaha wasiirada . Garsoorka : Maxkamadda Sare iyo Maxkamadaha hoose ee federaalka [[File:Palacio Presidencial de los Emiratos, sede del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional..jpg|thumb |]] Dawlada Imaaraatka e-Government waa kordhinta dawlada dhexe ee UAE qaab elegroonig ah. Golaha Wasiirrada ee UAE ( Af-Carabi : مجلس الوزراء ) waa laanta fulinta ee dawladda uu hogaamiyo ra'iisul wasaaruhu. Ra'iisul wasaaraha oo uu soo magacaabo Golaha Sare ee Federaalka , ayaa magacaabaya wasiirrada. Golaha Wasiirada ayaa ka kooban 22 xubnood, waxaana ay maamulaan dhammaan arrimaha gudaha iyo dibadda ee Federaalka sida uu qabo sharciga dastuuriga ah iyo federaalka. Bishii Diseembar 2019, Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday dalka keliya ee Carbeed, iyo mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka, si ay u helaan sinnaanta jinsiga ee hay'ad sharci-dejineed oo qaran, iyada oo aqalkeeda hoose 50 boqolkiiba haween ah. Imaaraadku waa dalka kaliya ee adduunka ee leh Wasaaradda Dulqaadka , Wasaaradda Farxadda , iyo Wasaaradda Sirdoonka Artificial. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay wasaarad muuqaal ah oo lagu magacaabo Wasaaradda suurtagalka ah, oo loogu talagalay in lagu xalliyo caqabadaha iyo horumarinta tayada nolosha. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay Golaha Dhallinyarada Qaranka , kaas oo uu ku matalo golaha wasiirrada UAE Wasiirka Dhallinyarada. Hay’adda sharci-dejinta ee Imaaraadka waa Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka oo qabanqaabiya doorashooyin dalka oo dhan afartii sanaba mar. FNC waxay ka kooban tahay 40 xubnood oo laga soo kala xulay imaaradaha oo dhan. Imaaraad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay kuraas gaar ah si loo xaqiijiyo matalaad buuxda. Kala badh waxaa soo magacaabaya saldanada Imaaraatka ka dhisan, halka qeybta kalena ay soo doorteen tiro yar oo Imaaraat ah, oo hadda ah 33%, oo ay soo xulaan madaxda imaaraad kasta.Sharci ahaan, xubnaha golaha waa in ay si siman u qaybsadaan ragga iyo dumarka. FNC waxay ku xaddidan tahay door wada tashi ah . Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo kali talis ah . Sida laga soo xigtay New York Times , Imaaraadku waa "ka-talisnimo leh dhalasho horumar, dawlad casri ah". Imaaraatka waxa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay "Qabiil madax-bannaani" halkaasoo toddobada boqortooyo ee ka kooban yahay ay hoggaamiyaan saldanad qabiil oo hab iskeed u madaxbannaan. Ma jiraan hay'ado si dimoqraadi ah loo soo doortay, mana jirto ballanqaad rasmi ah oo ku aaddan xorriyadda hadalka. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada xuquuqul insaanka, waxaa jira xad-gudubyo nidaamsan oo xuquuqul insaanka, oo ay ku jiraan jirdilka iyo waayitaanka qasabka ah ee dhaleeceynta dowladda. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku liitaa tusaha xorriyadda ee cabbiraya xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed . Imaaraadku sannad walba waxa lagu qiimeeyaa "Non Free" warbixinta sannadlaha ah ee Freedom House 's Freedom in the World , taas oo cabbiraysa xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku jiraa meel aad u liidata tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Tusaha isbeddelka Bertelsmann wuxuu UAE ku sifeeyaa "Boqortooyo dhexdhexaad ah". Dalku waxa uu ku jiray 91 ka mid ah 137 dawladood waxana uu aad uga hooseeyaa celceliska dhibcaha horumarka ee dimuqraadiyadda. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusaha , Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Bariga Dhexe . ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ka kooban yahay todobo imaaradood. Imaaradda Dubia waa imaaradaha ugu dadka badan oo leh 35.6% dadweynaha Imaaraadka. Emirate -ka Abu Dhabi waxa uu haystaa 31.2%, taasoo la macno ah in saddex meelood laba meel dadka Imaaraadka ay ku nool yihiin Abu Dhabi ama Dubai midkood. Abu Dhabi waxa ay leedahay bed dhan 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 square miles), taas oo ah 86.7% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Waxay leedahay xeeb dhererkeedu ka badan yahay 400 km (250 mi) waxayna u qaybsantaa arrimo maamul saddex gobol oo waaweyn. Imaaradda Dubai waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka ilaa 72 km (45 mi). Dubia waxay leedahay bed dhan 3,885 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,500 square miles), oo u dhiganta 5% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Imaarada Sharjah waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 16 km (10 mayl) ee xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka Carabta iyo in ka badan 80 km (50 mi) gudaha. Imaarada waqooyi oo ay ku jiraan Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, iyo Umm al-Qaiwain dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin bedka guud ee 3,881 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,498 mayl laba jibaaran). Waxaa jira laba aag oo si wadajir ah loo maamulo. Mid waxaa si wadajir ah u maamula Cumaan iyo Ajman, ka kalena Fujairah iyo Sharjah. Waxaa jira carro weyn oo Cumaan ah oo uu ku hareereysan yahay dhulka Imaaraadka Carabta, oo loo yaqaan Wadi Madha . Waxay ku taallaa kala badh u dhexeeya Jasiiradda Musandam iyo Cumaan inteeda kale ee Imaarada Sharjah . Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii 75 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (29 mayl laba jibaaran) xuduuda waxaa la dejiyay 1969. Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Madha ayaa ugu dhow wadada Khor Fakkan-Fujairah, oo u jirta 10 mitir (33 cagood). Dhulka Cumaan ee Madha, waxaa ku yaal carro Imaaraatka oo lagu magacaabo Nahwa , oo sidoo kale iska leh imaarada Sharjah. Waxay qiyaastii siddeed kiiloomitir (5.0 mayl) u jirtaa waddo wasakh ah oo galbeed ka xigta magaalada New Madha. Waxay ka kooban tahay ilaa afartan guri oo leh rug caafimaad iyo telefoon isweydaarsi u gaar ah ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:President Trump and The First Lady Participate in an Abraham Accords Signing Ceremony (50346677397).jpg|thumb|Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Emirate-ka Carabta Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan (midigta fog) markii uu saxiixay heshiiskii Abraham]] Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa xiriir diblomaasiyadeed iyo mid ganacsi oo ballaaran la leh inta badan dalalka iyo xubnaha Qaramada Midoobay . Waxay kaalin mug leh ka ciyaartaa OPEC , waxayna ka mid tahay xubnihii aasaasay Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Imaaraadku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay iyo dhowr hay'adood oo gaar ah ( ICAO , ILO , UPU , WHO , WIPO ), iyo sidoo kale Bankiga Adduunka , IMF , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn . Sidoo kale, waa goobjooge ka tirsan Ururka Internationale de la Francophonie . Waddamada intooda badan waxay xafiisyo diblomaasiyadeed ku leeyihiin caasimadda Abu Dhabi iyadoo qunsuliyadaha ugu badani ay ku yaalliin magaalada ugu weyn Imaaraadka Carabta, Dubai . Xidhiidhka arrimaha dibadda ee Imaaraatka waxa si weyn u dhiirigeliya aqoonsiga iyo xidhiidhka dalalka Carabta . Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay xidhiidh adag la leedahay Bahrain, China, Egypt, France, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka 1971 iyo aasaaskii Imaaraadku dawlad ahaan, Imaaraadku waxay ku murmeen xuquuqaha saddex jasiiradood oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris oo ka dhan ah Iran, oo kala ah Abu Musa , Tunb weyn , iyo Tunb yar . Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa isku dayay in ay arintaan geeyaan maxkamada caalamiga ah ee cadaalada , balse Iran ayaa ku gacan seyrtay fikradaas. Pakistan waxay ahayd waddankii ugu horreeyay ee si rasmi ah u aqoonsada Imaaraadka Carabta markii la dhisay. Imaaraadka Carabta oo ay weheliyaan dalal badan oo Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrikaan ah ayaa xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jaray Qatar bishii Juun 2017 sababo la xiriira eedeymaha Qatar ee ah in Qatar ay tahay dowlad taageerta argagixisada , taasoo keentay xiisadda diblomaasiyadeed ee Qatar . Xidhiidhka ayaa dib loo soo celiyay bishii Janaayo 2021. Imaaraadku wuxuu aqoonsaday Israa'iil Agoosto 2020, isagoo gaadhay heshiis nabadeed oo taariikhi ah oo Israa'iil iyo Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ah oo horseedaya in si buuxda loo caadiyeeyo xidhiidhka labada waddan. ===Milatari=== [[File:Baynunah-class corvette Al Dhafra P-173 at NAVDEX.JPG|thumb|Baynunah -class corvette ee ciidamada badda ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb |F-16 Desert Falcon ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka kooban 44,000 oo askari oo firfircoon , 2,500 oo askari iyo 46 markab oo ciidamada badda ah , 4,500 askari iyo 386 diyaaradood oo ciidamada cirka ah iyo 12,000 oo askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada ilaalada madaxtooyada . 2022 wadanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay US$20.4 bilyan difaaca, taas oo ah 4% GDP. Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay kan ugu awooda badan dhanka ciidamada wadamada Khaliijka.  In kasta oo markii hore ay tiro yaraayeen, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Imaaraadku aad ayay u kordheen sannadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaana hadda lagu qalabeeyay qaar ka mid ah hababka hubka ee ugu casrisan, oo laga soo iibsaday dalal kala duwan oo militariga reer galbeedka ah, oo ay ugu horreeyaan Faransiiska, Mareykanka, iyo UK. Saraakiisha badankoodu waa kuwa ka qalin jabiyay Akadeemiyada Militariga Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ee Sandhurst , iyadoo qaar kalena ay ka soo baxeen Akadeemiyada Militariga Mareykanka ee West Point , Royal Military College, Duntroon ee Australia, iyo St Cyr , akadeemiyada militariga ee Faransiiska. Faransiiska iyo Maraykanku waxay ciyaareen doorarka istaraatiijiyadeed ee ugu muhiimsan heshiisyada iskaashiga difaaca iyo bixinta agab milatari.  Qaar ka mid ah ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah guuto lugta ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Qaramada Midoobay ee UNOSOM II ee Soomaaliya 1993, guutadii 35aad ee Mechanized Infantry ee Soomaaliya, Kosovo , guutooyin u socday Kuwait intii uu socday dagaalkii Ciraaq , howlgalladii miino baarista ee Lubnaan , Howlgalka Xoreynta Afgaanistaan , Faragelinta Mareykanka uu hoggaamiyo ee Liibiya , faragelintii Yemen ee uu hoggaamiyo Mareykanka iyo Suuriya . Doorka ciidan ee fir fircoon ee wax ku oolka ah, inkastoo ay yar yihiin shaqaale firfircoon, ayaa keentay in millatariga Imaaraatka lagu naanayso "Little Sparta" ee Generalada Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Mareykanka iyo xoghayihii hore ee difaaca Mareykanka James Mattis .  Imaaraadku wuxuu soo farageliyay dagaalka sokeeye ee Liibiya si uu u taageero General Khalifa Haftar ee Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya ee dagaalka kula jira dawladda caalamku aqoonsan yahay ee Axdiga Qaranka (GNA).  Tusaalooyinka hantida militariga ee la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah fulinta aagga duulimaadka ka caagan ee Liibiya iyadoo loo dirayo lix UAEAF F-16 iyo lix Mirage 2000 oo ah diyaaradaha dagaalka ee doorka badan ,  ciidamo dhulka ah oo la geynayo Afgaanistaan, 30 UAEAF F -16s iyo ciidamada dhulka ee la geeyay Koonfurta Yemen bartilmaameedyada Suuriya.  Imaaraadku waxa uu bilaabay soo saarista tiro badan oo qalab milatari ah, si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta shisheeye iyo caawinta warshadaha qaranka. Tusaalooyinka horumarinta millatariga qaranka waxaa ka mid ah shirkadda Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding (ADSB), oo soo saarta maraakiib kala duwan oo qandaraasle ah oo ku jira Barnaamijka Baynunah , barnaamij lagu naqshadeeyo, horumarinta, iyo soo saarista corvettes ee loogu talagalay hawlgalka biyaha gacmeed ee Gacanka Faaris . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu soo saarayaa hubka iyo rasaasta Caracal International , gaadiidka dagaalka ee Nimr LLC , iyo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee si wada jir ah u soo saara shirkadda Imaaraad ee Difaaca Warshadaha . Imaaraadku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 nooc gaar ah oo si aan rasmi ahayn loo yaqaan " Desert Falcon ", oo ay soo saartay General Dynamics oo kaashanaysa Imaaraadka Carabta iyo gaar ahaan Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . Ciidanka Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka shaqeeya taangiga Leclerc oo la habeeyey waana ta kaliya ee ka shaqeysa taangiga marka laga reebo Ciidanka Faransiiska. Bandhigga ugu weyn ee difaaca iyo shirka Bariga Dhexe, Bandhigga Difaaca Caalamiga ah , wuxuu ka dhacaa Abu Dhabi sannadkiiba mar. Imaaraadku wuxuu soo rogay adeeg ciidan oo qasab ah ragga qaangaarka ah, tan iyo 2014-kii, muddo 16 bilood ah si loo ballaariyo ciidamadooda kaydka ah. Khasaaraha nafeed ee ugu badan taariikhda ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa dhacay Jimcihii 4-tii Sebtembar 2015, kaas oo 52 askari lagu dilay deegaanka Marib ee bartamaha Yaman oo loo adeegsaday gantaal Tochka ah oo lala beegsaday kayd hub ah oo sababay qarax weyn ===Sharciga=== [[File:Police helicopter at sunset (Unsplash).jpg|thumb |Diyaarad Helicopter ah oo Bilayska Dubai ah oo ku duulaysa qorrax dhaca]] Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ay leedahay nidaam maxkamadeed oo federaal ah, imaaradaha Abu Dhabi , Dubai , iyo Ras Al Khaimah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin habab maxkamadeed oo maxalli ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Imaaraadku waxa uu ka soo jeedaa nidaamka sharciga madaniga ah iyo shareecada . Nidaamka maxkamaduhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay maxkamadaha madaniga ah iyo maxkamadaha shareecada. Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah arimaha sharciga qoyska muslimka ah, halka maxkamadaha madaniga ahi ay qabtaan dhamaan arimaha kale ee sharciga ah. Ilaa Sebtembar 2020, ciqaabta jidhku hadda ma ahan qaab ciqaabeed sharci ah sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka UAE. Sida ku cad wareegtada, qaababka sharciga ah ee ciqaabtu waa aargoosiga iyo bixinta lacagta dhiigga, ciqaabta dilka, xabsi daa'im, xabsi ku meel gaar ah, xarig aan xad lahayn, iyo ganaaxyo. Qodobka 1aad ee Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka waxa wax laga beddelay 2020 si uu u sheego in Shareecada Islaamku ay khusayso oo keliya ciqaabta magta iyo dhiigga; Horey maqaalku wuxuu u sheegay in " sharciga Islaamka lagu dabaqi doono dembiyada ciqaabta caqiidada, ciqaabta ciqaabta iyo lacagta dhiigga." Kahor 2020, karbaashka , dhagxaanta , goynta , iyo iskutallaabta waxay ahaayeen ciqaabo farsamo oo sharci ah dembiyada dembiyada sida sinada , galmada ka hor , iyo isticmaalka daroogada ama khamriga. Taariikhda dhow, Imaaraadku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu doonayo inuu u dhaqaaqo xeer sharci oo dulqaad badan, iyo inuu meesha ka saaro ciqaabta jirka guud ahaan si loo helo ciqaab gaar ah. Iyadoo sharciyada khamriga iyo wada-noolaanshaha la sii daayay ka hor 2020 World Expo , sharciyada Imaaraadku waxay noqdeen kuwo si isa soo taraysa loo aqbali karo booqdayaasha ka imanaya wadamada aan muslimka ahayn. [[File:Dubai Police at work (12385410394) (cropped).jpg|thumb |Mootada Baabuurta sare ee Booliska Dubai ee Jumeirah Road]] Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha sharciga qoyska Muslimka sida guurka, furriinka, xannaanaynta carruurta, iyo dhaxalka.  Haweenka Muslimiinta ah waa inay ka helaan ogolaansho nin mas'uul ah si ay u guursadaan oo ay dib u guursadaan. Shuruuddan waxa ay ka timid shareecada shareecada waxana ay ahayd sharci federaal ah ilaa 2005 . Qurbajoogta aan Muslimka ahayn waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen xukunnada shareecada ee guurka, furriinka, xannaanada carruurta, iyo dhaxalka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciga federaalka ayaa la bedelay si loo soo bandhigo sharciga sharciga shakhsi ahaaneed ee aan shareecada ahayn ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Dhowaan, imaaradda Abu Dhabi waxay furtay maxkamad qoys oo sharciga madaniga ah oo loogu talagalay dadka aan muslimka ahayn waxayna Dubai ku dhawaaqday in dadka aan muslimka ahayn ay dooran karaan guurka madaniga ah.  Riddada waa fal-dembiyeed farsamo ahaan weyn oo Imaaraadka ka jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan kiisas la diiwaangeliyay oo murtad lagu fuliyay. caydu waa sharci darro; Qurbajoogta ku lug leh aflagaadada Islaamka ayaa mas'uul ka ah masaafurinta. Sodomigu waa sharci darro waxaana lagu ciqaabayaa ugu yaraan 6 bilood oo xadhig ah ama ganaax ama labadaba, laakiin sharciga ma khuseeyo "marka laga reebo cabasho ka timid ninka ama mas'uulka sharciga ah", laakiin ciqaabta waa la laali karaa haddii cabashada la dhaafo.  Sannadkii 2013-kii, nin Imaaraati ah ayaa lagu soo oogay dacwad isaga oo lagu eedeeyay "gacan qaadka".  Sababo la xiriira kastamka maxalliga ah, bandhigga kalgacalka dadweynaha ee meelaha caamka ah qaarkood waa sharci-darro waxayna keeni kartaa in la masaafuriyo , laakiin gacmaha is-qabsiga waa loo dul-qaadanayaa.  Qurbajoogtii Dubai ayaa loo tarxiilay dhunkashada meel fagaare ah. Marar badan, maxkamadaha Imaaraadku waxay xidheen dumar soo sheegay kufsi. Sharciga federaalka ee UAE ayaa mamnuucaya in lagu dhaariyo baraha bulshada.  Qoob ka ciyaarka dhexdiisa waa sharci darro gudaha UAE.  Bishii Noofambar 2020, UAE waxay ku dhawaaqday inay mamnuucday khamriga, waxay qaadday mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin ee wada nool, waxayna soo afjartay ciqaabta naxariista leh ee dilka sharafta . Ajaanibta ku nool Imaaraadka ayaa loo ogolaaday inay raacaan sharciga dalkooda hooyo ee ku saabsan furriinka iyo dhaxalka.  Inkasta oo sharciyada shareecada ee xaddidaya qalabka khamaarka iyo mishiinnada UAE, waddanku wuxuu siiyay shatiga ganacsigiisa ugu horreeya ee ganacsiga Wynn Resorts kaas oo horumarinaya dalxiis qaali ah, oo ay ku jiraan 224.000 sq ft (20.800 m 2 ) qaybta casino, ee Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah . Bishii Sebtembar 2023, Imaaraadku wuxuu aasaasay Maamulka Guud ee Ciyaaraha Ganacsiga ee Ganacsiga (GCGRA), isagoo ka dhawaajiyay qorshihiisa sharciyaynta khamaarka . GCGRA waxay qeexday qaab-dhismeed dhamaystiran oo ay ku jiraan shatiyada casinos, mashiinnada booska , iyo miisaska turubka , iyo sidoo kale bakhtiyaa-nasiibka , ciyaaraha internetka , iyo wagering isboortiga. GCGRA waxay xooga saartaa ciyaaraha masuuliyada leh, waxay u baahan tahay hawl wadeenada inay hirgaliyaan barnaamijyada ciyaaraha ee mas'uul ka ah bulshada oo ay maraan xisaab hubin labadii sanaba mar. Barnaamijyadan waxaa ka mid ah waxbarashada cayaartoyga, suuqgeyn mas'uul ka ah, tababarka shaqaalaha, iyo qorshayaasha qiimeynta si loo cabbiro waxtarkooda. Hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha waa in ay ku lahaadaan "sharaf u qalma" gudaha UAE, oo lagu qeexay shirkad kasta oo UAE ah oo hawlo ganacsi oo la taaban karo ku leh xukunka. GCGRA waxa kale oo ay amar ku bixisaa qalabka maaraynta ciyaartoyga, oo ay ku jiraan xadaynta deebaajiga iyo wakhtiyada qaboojinta ciyaaraha khadka tooska ah.  Shatiga ugu horreeya ee bakhtiyaanasiibka waxaa la siiyay Game LLC, oo hoos yimaada calanka 'UAE Lottery'. Tallaabadan ayaa ka sarraysa hawl-wadeennada bakhtiyaanasiibka sida Mahzooz iyo Big Ticket, kuwaas oo aan hadda si sharci ah loo oggolayn inay bixiyaan adeegyadooda. Ciyaartoyda waxaa looga baahan yahay inay la xiriiraan hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha shatiga leh si ay uga fogaadaan ganaaxyada daran. Xeerarka ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya in hawl-wadeenadu ay awood u siiyaan ciyaartoydu inay iska xakameeyaan goobaha ciyaaraha ee khadka ah ugu yaraan 72 saacadood marka la codsado. Tani waa qayb ka mid ah hindisaha ballaadhan ee lagu xaqiijinayo ammaan iyo mas'uul ka ah jawiga ciyaaraha ganacsiga ee UAE. Talaabada Imaaraadku ku sharciyeynayo ciyaaraha ayaa loo arkaa inay tahay tilaabo istiraatijiyadeed oo lagu wanaajinayo dalxiiska iyo qaybteeda madadaalada, iyada oo ka faa’iidaysanaysa kaabayaashiisa jira iyo deegaan ganacsi oo saaxiibtinimo leh. Horumarkan ayaa la filayaa inuu soo jiito hawl-wadeennada ciyaaraha oo si weyn uga qayb qaata dhaqaalaha dalka. Wadanku ma laha sharciyo rasmi ah oo ciyaaraha rasmiga ah, sidaas darteed faahfaahinta mashruuca ee casino si buuxda looma soo bandhigin dadweynaha. Muwaadiniinta maxalliga ah looma ogola khamaarka, taas oo weli ah mamnuuc sharci iyo dhaqameed. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Laamaha ammaanka dowladda ee Imaaraadka ayaa lagu eedeeyay xadgudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha oo ay ka mid yihiin dad si qasab ah loo waayay, xarig aan loo meel dayin iyo jirdil. Warbixinta sanadlaha ah ee Freedom House ee xoriyada aduunka ayaa ku dartay Imaaraatka Carabta kuwa aan xor ahayn sanad walba tan iyo 1999, sanadkii ugu horeeyay ee diiwaanada laga heli karo shabakadooda. Xorriyadda isu-ururinta sidoo kale aad baa loo yareeyey. Ururada iyo NGO-yada waxaa looga baahan yahay inay iska diiwaan geliyaan dowladda; si kastaba ha ahaatee, labaatan kooxood oo aan siyaasadda ku jirin ayaa la sheegay inay dalka ka hawlgalayeen diiwaangelin la’aan. Dhammaan ururada waa in loo gudbiyaa habraacyada faafreebka oo dhammaan daabacadaha waa in marka hore ay ansixiyaan dowladda. Warbixin-sannadeedkeeda 2013, Amnesty International waxay dhaleecaysay rikoorka liita ee UAE ee arrimaha xuquuqda aadanaha; muujinta xaddidaadda xorriyadda hadalka iyo isu imaatinka, adeegsiga xarig aan sabab lahayn iyo jirdil, iyo adeegsiga ciqaabta dilka. Imaaraadku wuu ka baxsaday kacdoonkii Carabta ; iyo tan iyo 2011, ururada xuquuqul insaanka waxay ku andacoonayaan in dawladdu ay si isa soo taraysa u fulisay dad si qasab ah loo waayay . [ baahi loo qabo ] Ururka Carabta ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ayaa marqaatiyo ka helay eedaysaneyaal sheegtay in lagu afduubay, lagu jirdilay laguna tacaddiyeeyey xarumaha dadka lagu hayo; waxay sheegeen 16 hab oo jir dil ah oo ay ku jiraan garaacid, hanjabaad koronto iyo diidmo daryeel caafimaad. Tallaabooyin cadaadis ah, oo ay ku jiraan masaafurinta, ayaa lagu dabaqay ajaanibta iyadoo lagu saleynayo eedeymaha isku dayga lagu carqaladeynayo xasilloonida dalka. Arrinta xadgudubka galmada ee haweenka guryaha ka shaqeeya waa qayb kale oo walaac leh, gaar ahaan marka la eego in shaqaalaha gurigu aysan ku jirin sharciga shaqada ee UAE ee 1980 ama sharciga qabyada ah ee shaqada ee 2007 . Amnesty International ayaa sheegtay in rag u dhashay dalka Qatar ay dowladda Imaaraatka Carabta afduubatay, waxaana la sheegay inay ka qariyeen qoysaskooda xogta ku saabsan halka ay ku danbeeyeen raggaasi. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada qaar, in ka badan 4,000 shiicada shiicada ah ayaa laga soo tarxiilay Imaaraadka; oo ay ku jiraan qoysaska Shiicada Lubnaan oo lagu eedeeyay inay u damqadeen Xisbullah . Sannadkii 2013-kii, 94 qof oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ayaa lagu hayay xabsiyo qarsoodi ah waxaana la soo taagay maxkamad iyaga oo lagu eedeeyay inay isku dayeen inay afgembiyaan dowladda; Ehelka eedaysanaha ayaa loo xiray tweet-ka ku saabsan maxkamadeynta, waxaana lagu xukumay 10 bilood oo xabsi ah. Waayidii ugu dambeysay ee qasabka ah waxaa ku lug leh saddex gabdhood oo walaalo ah oo ka yimid Abu Dhabi . Sara Jacobs waxay qabatay jilayaal shisheeye, oo ay ku jiraan UAE, mas'uul ka ah dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee Suudaan . Waxay muujisay aragtideeda bishii Maarso 2024 booqashadii ay ku tagtay xeryaha qaxootiga, iyadoo sheegtay in carruurta Suudaan ay la nool yihiin dhaawacyo aad u ballaaran. Wakiilka Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale ku andacooday in si degdeg ah dagaalka loo soo afjari karo hadii la joojiyo ku lug lahaanshaha wadamada sida Imaaraatka Carabta. Jacobs waxa kale oo uu sheegay in Maraykanku uu damiir ahaan waajib ku yahay inuu qaado tillaabooyinka iyo joojinta hubka Imaaraadka, ilaa Imaaraadku joojiyo hubka uu siiyo RSF-ta. 29-kii Maarso 2024, Suudaan waxay dacwad rasmi ah oo ka kooban 78 bog u gudbisay Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNSC), iyadoo ku eedeysay Imaaraadka inay qorsheynayaan oo ay taageeraan maleeshiyada Rapid Support Forces (RSF) ee ka dhanka ah ciidamada Suudaan. Imaaraatka ayaa lagu eedeeyay in ay kaalmo ka qaadaneysay Chad , oo u shaqayn jirtay sidii marin loogu talagalay saadka milatari iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal si ay u gaaraan RSF ee Suudaan. Hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa tilmaamay in colaada Sudan ay ka mid tahay "dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee ugu xun aduunka", halka wadamada shisheeye sida UAE ay sii wadeen inay hub iyo qalab siiyaan dhinacyada is haya. Wararka ayaa sidoo kale daaha ka qaaday in Imaaraatka Carabta ay sheegteen in ay qaadeen olole bini'aadantinimo oo gargaar loogu fidinayo dadka Suudaan. Dhab ahaantii, waxa ay balaadhinaysay hawl-gal qarsoodi ah oo hub, lacag iyo xataa diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee xoogga leh u gudbinaysay maleeshiyada Suudaan. Saraakiishu waxay sheegeen in Imaaraadku doorkii ugu saamaynta badnaa ka ciyaarayay sidii uu u hurin lahaa xiisadda, iyagoo dhinaca kale ballan qaaday inay fududayn doonaan. Bishii Oktoobar 2024, Suudaan waxay warqad labaad oo rasmi ah u qortay UNSC, iyadoo ugu baaqday inay tallaabo adag ka qaado gardarrada joogtada ah ee Imaaraadku ku hayo Suudaan. Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suudaan ayaa sidoo kale sheegtay in Imaaraadku aanu ahayn taageere dadban oo kaliya ee RSF, balse uu yahay "ciyaaryahan safka hore ah oo xun oo dagaalka gardarada ah" ka dhanka ah Suudaan. Bishii Disembar 2024, ECDHR waxay iftiimisay arrimaha xuquuqul insaanka ee UAE iyo maqnaanshaha madax-bannaanida garsoorka, inta badan waxay diiradda saaraysaa maxkamadaynta caddaalad-darrada ah ee u horseedaysa eedaysanayaasha inay wajahaan xaalado xadhig ah. Dacwadaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan loo qabtaa si qarsoodi ah oo qareennada eedaysanayaasha waa la dayacay inay helaan galka dacwadaha iyo waraaqaha maxkamadda. Sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta ee 2014-ka ee ka hortagga argagixisanimada waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dhaqan geliyo mamnuucista safarka, xabsi daa’im iyo xitaa dil toogasho ah dadka naqdiya nidaamka iyo kuwa maamula urur. ECDHR ayaa sheegtay in sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta u degsan la dagaalanka argigixisada uu yahay mid lagu caburinayo xoriyatul qawlka waxayna ku baaqday in dowlada imaaraadku ay wax ka badasho. Isagoo tilmaamay in nidaamka garsoorka dalka uu u baahan yahay hufnaan iyo madax-bannaani dheeraad ah, hay’adda xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sheegtay in loo baahan yahay in la sameeyo guddi madax-bannaan oo dib u eegis ku sameeya dhammaan eedeymaha la xiriira jirdilka, xarigga qarsoodiga ah, iyo maxkamadeynnada caddaalad-darrada ah. Bishii Janaayo 2025, Human Rights Watch (HRW) ayaa daabacday warbixin muujineysa xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah xuquuqul insaanka ee Imaaraadku geystay 2024-kii, iyadoo inta badan diiradda saareysa maxkamadeynta baahsan ee aan cadaaladda ahayn. Waxay tilmaamtay kiiska ku lug leh xad-gudubyo badan oo muhiim ah, halkaas oo 44 qof oo ka mid ahaa "UAE94" si xaqdarro ah loogu xukumay laguna xukumay eedo la xiriira argagixisanimo. HRW waxay dhaleecaysay adeegsiga Imaaraatka Carabta Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka iyo Xeerka Dembiyada Internetka si ay u aamusiyaan dhaleecaynta dawladda, saxafiyiinta, mucaaradka iyo dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyadoo la xaddiday xorriyaddooda hadalka. Bishii Luulyo 2024, mas'uuliyiinta Imaaraatka ayaa 57 Bangladeshi u dhashay ku xukumay xabsi daa'in, sababo la xiriira mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay Imaaraadka oo looga soo horjeedo dowladdooda. Warbixintu waxa ay ku eedaysay Imaaraatka in ay caddeeyeen muuqaalkeeda iyada oo martigelinaysa dhacdooyin waaweyn oo caalami ah sida COP28, kuwaas oo la kulmay dhaleecayn ku saabsan ka qayb qaadashada joogtada ah ee wax soo saarka shidaalka iyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Waxay kaloo walaac ka muujisay doorka Imaaraadku ku leeyahay hubaynta iyo taageerada RSF ee colaadda Suudaan, iyadoo dhanka kale jabinaysa cunaqabataynta hubka ee Qaramada Midoobay. HRW waxay ku boorisay UNSC inay cusboonaysiiyaan oo ay xoojiyaan cunaqabataynta Suudaan ee 1591, iyo inay cunaqabatayn ku soo rogaan kuwa ku xadgudba, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa Imaaraadka. ===Shaqaale muhaajiriin ah=== [[File:Burj Dubai Construction Workers on 25 January 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |Laba shaqaale buluug ah oo u dhashay Koonfur Aasiya oo sawir la galay Burj Khalifa oo gadaal ka taagan]] Shaqaalaha soo galootiga ah ee ku sugan Imaaraadka looma ogola inay ku biiraan ururada shaqaalaha ama shaqo joojin sameeyaan. Kuwa shaqo joojinta sameeya waxay halis gelin karaan xabsiga iyo masaafurinta, sida lagu arkay 2014 markii daraasiin shaqaale ah loo tarxiilay shaqo joojin. Isutagga Ururka Shaqaalaha Caalamiga ah ayaa ugu baaqay Qaramada Midoobay inay baarto caddaymaha sheegaya in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah ee Imaaraadka loola dhaqmo sidii shaqo addoonnimo. 2019, baaritaan uu sameeyay The Guardian ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha dhismaha ee soogalootiga ah ee ka shaqeeya kaabayaasha iyo mashaariicda dhismaha bandhigga Imaaraadka Carabta ee Expo 2020 ay ku shaqeynayeen jawi aan ammaan ahayn. Qaar ayaa xitaa la kulmay xaalado halis ah oo ay sabab u tahay arrimaha wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga. Saacado dheer oo qorraxdu ku jireen ayaa ka dhigay kuwo u nugul istaroogga kulaylka. Warbixin la soo saaray bishii Janaayo 2020 ayaa iftiimisay in loo shaqeeyayaasha Imaaraatka Carabta ay si xun uga faa’iidaystaan ​​shaqaalaha Hindida oo ay ku qaataan fiisaha dalxiiska , taas oo ka sahlan kana jaban warqadaha shaqada . Shaqaalahan soogalootiga ah ayaa u furan in lagu xad-gudbo shaqada , halkaas oo ay sidoo kale ka baqayaan ka-faa'iidaysiga sharci-darrada awgeed. Ka sokow, arrintu wali waa mid aan la garanayn maadaama xogta fiisaha booqashada aan lagu haynin labadaba UAE iyo Hindida socdaalka iyo diiwaannada shaqada. 2dii Maajo 2020, Qunsulka Guud ee India ee Dubai , Vipul, ayaa xaqiijiyay in in ka badan 150,000 oo Hindi ah oo ku nool Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ay isu diwaangaliyeen in lagu celiyo dalkoodii iyada oo loo marayo ikhtiyaarka diiwaangelinta elektaroonigga ah ee ay bixiso qunsuliyadaha Hindiya ee Imaaraadka. Marka loo eego tirooyinka, 25% codsadayaasha ayaa waayay shaqooyinkoodii halka ku dhawaad ​​15% ay ku xayiran yihiin dalka sababo la xiriira xannibaadda. Ka sokow, 50% wadarta codsadayaasha waxay ka yimaadeen gobolka Kerala , India. 9kii Oktoobar 2020, The Telegraph ayaa soo warisay in shaqaale badan oo muhaajiriin ah laga tagay, maadaama ay ku waayeen shaqooyinkooda iyada oo lagu jiro dhaqaalaha sii adkeynaya COVID-19 dartiis . Ururo kala duwan oo xuquuqul insaanka u dooda ayaa walaac xoogan ka muujiyay xadgudubka lagu eedeeyay shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee ay ku kacayaan qandaraaslayaasha waaweyn ee qabanqaabinaya Expo 2020. Bixiyaha xalinta ganacsiga ee UAE German Pavilion ayaa sidoo kale lagula xisaabtamayaa xadgudubka shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah. ===Siyaasadda deegaanka=== Dalku waa hormuudka soo saarista saliidda iyo gaasta . Isticmaalkeeda tamarta qofkiiba waa ku dhawaad ​​370 Gigajoule . qiiqa kaarboon laba ogsaydh ee Imaaraatku qofkiiba waa mid aad u sarreeya, isagoo kaalinta lixaad ka galay dalalka caalamka. Dhawaan, waxay samaysay dadaallo ay nafteeda ku sii waari karto. Waxaa ka mid ah: Dejinta yoolka lagu dhimayo qiiqa GHG 31% marka la barbardhigo xaalad ganacsi marka la gaaro 2030 lana gaaro eber saafiga ah 2050. Daah-furka barnaamij si looga dhigo 3-da qaybood ee ugu badan ee qiiqa sii daaya, 40% tamar hufan . Daahfurka qaar ka mid ah barnaamijyada la xidhiidha dhismaha cagaaran . Dib u habeynta 30,000 oo dhismo oo keliya, waa in ay jartaa 1 milyan oo tan oo qiiq ah. Kor u qaadida gaadiidka dadweynaha iyo qaar kale. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo rasmi ah, gudaha Dubai, "saamiga gaadiidka tirada badan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dadku wuxuu kordhay min 6 boqolkiiba 2006 ilaa 20.61 boqolkiiba 2022." Si wada jir ah USA wadanku wuxuu 17 bilyan oo doolar ku maalgaliyay beero waara ==Dhaqaalaha== Isutagga Imaaraatka xirmooyinka ayaa ka soo baxay isku dhafka qabiilada Baadiyaha ilaa mid ka mid ah dowladaha ugu qanisan ilaalinta ku dhow 50 sano gudahood, iyaga oo ku faanaya mid ka mid ah GDP-ga ugu sarreeya (PPP) tirooyinka ilaalinta. Kobaca dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ahaa mid wanagsan oo joogto ah ilaa taariikhda isbahaysigan da'da yar ee imaaradaha oo leh hakad kooban oo hoos u dhac dhaqaale ah, tusaale ahaan xiisadii dhaqaale iyo dhaqaale ee caalamka sanadihii 2008-09, iyo sano oo isku dhafan oo sano 2015 ilaa 2019. Intii u koobay 2000 iyo 2018 . Waa dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu weyn GCC ( ka dib ganacsiga), with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018 Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaateen 1971, dhaqaalaha Imaaraadka waxa uu kor u kacay ku dhawaad ​​231 jeer ilaa 1.45 trillion ganacsiga ilaa 1.2 trillion AED, kobaca ku dhawaad ​​28 jeer laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 2012 Hadda, Imaaraadku wuxuu ka mid yahay waddamada ugu qanisan adduunka, iyadoo GDP qofkiiba uu ku dhawaad ​​80% ka sarreeya celceliska OECD [[File:The view from the 43rd floor of the Four Points by Sheraton Hotel - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dubai xarun maaliyadeed oo caalami ah]] Sida cajiibka ah ee kobaca dhaqaale ee Imaaraadka, wadarta dadka waxay kor u kacday qiyaastii 550,000 1975 ilaa 10 milyan 2018. Kobacani wuxuu inta badan sabab u yahay qulqulka shaqaalaha ajnabiga ah ee dalka soo galaya, taas oo ka dhigaysa dadka qaranka ee laga tirada badan yahay. Imaaraadku waxa uu leeyahay nidaam u gaar ah suuqa shaqada, kaas oo deganaanshaha UAE ay ku xidhan tahay xeerarka fiisaha adag. Nidaamkani waa faa'iido weyn marka la eego xasilloonida dhaqaalaha guud, maadaama saadka shaqaaluhu uu si dhakhso ah ula qabsado baahida inta lagu jiro wareegyada ganacsiga dhaqaalaha. Tani waxay u ogolaanaysaa dawladda in shaqo la'aanta dalka ka jirta ay ku hayso heer aad u hooseeya oo ka yar 3%, sidoo kale waxay siinaysaa dawladda fursad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan siyaasadda dhaqaalaha - halkaas oo dawladaha kale ay inta badan u baahan yihiin inay sameeyaan is-dhaafsi u dhexeeya la dagaalanka shaqo la'aanta iyo la dagaalanka sicir-bararka. Intii u dhaxaysay 2014 iyo 2018, hoyga iyo cuntada, waxbarashada, macluumaadka iyo isgaarsiinta, farshaxanka iyo madadaalada, iyo waaxaha hantida maguurtada ah ayaa si xad dhaaf ah uga shaqeeyay dhanka kobaca, halka dhismaha, saadka, adeegyada xirfada, dadweynaha, iyo saliida iyo gaaska ay hoos u dhacday. Dhanka tartanka, bishii Juun 2024 ayaa la sheegay in Imaaraadku uu kor u kacay saddex meelood oo uu galay kaalinta 7aad ee 10ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya tartanka IMD World. Qiimeyntan waxaa soo saaray Xarunta Tartanka Adduunka ee Machadka Horumarinta Maareynta (IMD) ee Switzerland ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb |Palm Jumeirah ee Dubai]] [[File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC 7260.JPG|thumb |Dubia Mall]] Dalxiiska wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii waax kobac ah oo loogu talagalay dhammaan dhaqaalaha UAE. Dubai waa meesha ugu sareysa ee loo dalxiis tago ee Bariga Dhexe. [ 193 ] Marka loo eego sanadlaha MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai waa meesha shanaad ee dalxiiska ugu caansan adduunka. Dubai waxay haysataa ilaa 66% dhaqaalaha dalxiiska Imaaraadka Carabta, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay leedahay 16% iyo Sharjah 10%. Dubai waxay soo dhawaysay 10 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah 2013kii. Imaaraadku wuxuu leeyahay kaabayaashii dhaqaale ee ugu horumarsanaa uguna horumarsanaa gobolka. Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, Imaaraadku waxa uu balaayiin doollar ku bixinayey kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha. Horumarradan ayaa si gaar ah uga muuqda imaaradaha waaweyn ee Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai. Imaarada waqooyi ayaa si degdeg ah u raacaya qaabkaas, iyaga oo siinaya dhiirigelin weyn horumarinta guryaha iyo guryaha ganacsiga. Kharashka dalxiiska ee soo gelaya UAE ee 2019 ayaa ahaa 118.6 boqolkiiba kharashka dalxiiska ee dibadda ka baxa. Laga bilaabo 6 Janaayo 2020, fiisooyinka dalxiiska ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxay shaqeynayaan shan sano. Waxaa la saadaaliyay in socdaalka iyo warshadaha dalxiisku ay ku biirin doonaan ilaa 280.6 bilyan dirham Imaaraadka Carabta Imaaraadka Carabta marka la gaaro 2028. Dalxiiska ugu weyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Burj Khalifa caanka ah ee Dubai , munaaradda ugu dheer adduunka; Jasiiradaha Adduunka iyo Palm Jumeirah sidoo kale Dubai; Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed iyo Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi ; Buuraha Al Xajar ee Fujairah . Gaarka ah ee nolosha saxaraha dabiiciga ah ee dalka, gaar ahaan kuwa reer Baadiyaha ah , ayaa sidoo kale fududeynaya warshadaha dalxiiska ee dalka. Imaaraadku wuxuu kala duwanayn doonaa qaybtiisa dalxiiska iyadoo la bilaabayo khamaarka casino . Wynn Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah ayaa ka muuqan doona casino ugu horeysay ee dalka iyo sidoo kale waxay noqon doontaa dalka ugu horeysay ee dalxiiska isku dhafan marka la furo 2027. Abu Dhabi ayaa lagu wadaa inay noqoto guriga Disneyland Abu Dhabi , beerta mawduuca Disney ee ugu horeysa ee Bariga Dhexe ===Gaadiidka=== Gegida caalamiga ah ee Dubai ayaa noqday gagida diyaaradaha ugu mashquulka badan aduunka ee ay raacaan taraafikada rakaabka caalamiga ah sanadkii 2014, isagoo dhaafay London Heathrow . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Abu Dhabi waa madaarka labaad ee ugu weyn UAE. Sababo la xiriira balaarinta lagu dhawaaqay ee garoonka Al Maktoum 28ka Abriil 2024, Gegida Caalamiga ah ee Dubia waa la xirayaa marka la dhammeeyo balaadhinta garoonka Al Maktoum. [[File:Dubai Roads on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |E 311 , waddo weyn oo ku taal Imaaraadka]] Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Quwain , iyo Ras Al Khaimah waxaa isku xidha jidka wayn ee E11 , kaas oo ah wadada ugu dheer dalka imaaraadka carabta. Dubai gudaheeda, marka lagu daro Metro Dubai , Tram Dubai iyo Palm Jumeirah Monorail waxay sidoo kale isku xiraan qaybo gaar ah oo magaalada ah. Waxa kale oo jira bas, tagsi, abra (doonta dhaqameed), iyo shabakad taxi-biyood oo ay maamusho RTA. T1 , nidaamka taraamka laba-dabaq ee ku yaal Downtown Dubai , waxay shaqeynayeen 2015 ilaa 2019. Salik, oo macneheedu yahay "furan" ama "cad", waa nidaamka aruurinta lacagaha elektaroonigga ah ee Dubai oo la bilaabay bishii Luulyo 2007 waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka maareynta ciriiriga gaadiidka ee Dubai. Mar kasta oo mid ka mid ah uu soo maro barta lacag bixinta ee Salik, lacagta ayaa laga jarayaa koontada taleefoonka ee darawalada iyadoo la isticmaalayo tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee Soo noqnoqoshada Raadiyaha (RFID). Waxaa jira afar dhibcood oo Salik ah oo la dhigo goobaha istiraatiijiga ah ee Dubai: buundada Al Maktoum , buundada Al Garhoud , iyo hareeraha wadada Sheikh Zayed ee Al Safa iyo Al Barsha [[File:5018 Dubai Metro in Dubai UAE.png|thumb|Tareenka metro ee Dubai . Dubai Metro waa nidaamkii ugu horreeyay ee deg deg ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta waxayna ahayd shabakadda metro darawal la'aanta ugu dheer adduunka ilaa 2016.]] 1,200 km (750 mi) oo tareen dalka oo dhan ah ayaa dhismihiisa lagu wadaa kaas oo isku xiri doona dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo dekedaha. Dubia Metro waa shabkada tareenada magaalo ee ugu horeyay ee Jasiirada Carabta . Dekadaha ugu waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Dekedda Khaliifa , Dekedda Zayed , Dekedda Jebel Cali , Dekedda Rashiid , Dekedda Khaalid , Dekedda Siciid , iyo Dekedda Khor Fakkan. Imaaraadku waxay sii kordhayaan horumarinta saadka iyo dekedahooda si ay uga qayb qaataan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Yurub iyo Shiinaha ama Afrika. Ujeedadaas awgeed, dekedaha si degdeg ah ayaa loo balaadhinayaa, waxaana lagu samaynayaa maalgashi xagga farsamada ah. Imaaraadku taariikh ahaan waa qayb ka mid ah Jidka Xariirta Badda ee ka baxa xeebta Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta iyadoo la sii marayo cirifka koonfureed ee Hindiya ilaa Mombasa , halkaas oo la sii maro Badda Cas ee Suez Canal ilaa Mediterranean-ka, halkaas ilaa gobolka Sare ee Adriatic iyo xuddunta waqooyiga Talyaaniga ee Trieste oo leh isku xirka tareenka ee Bartamaha Yurub , Bariga Yurub, iyo Waqooyiga Badda . ===Isgaarsiinta=== Imaaraadka waxaa ka shaqeeya laba shirkadood oo isgaarsiineed , Etisalat iyo Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat waxa ay ku shaqaynaysay monopoly ilaa du ay bilawday shaqada mobilada bishii February 2007. Macaamiisha Internetka waxa la eryay in ay korodho 0.904 milyan 2007 ilaa 2.66 milyan sanadka 2012 . Adeegyada wireless-ka ee 5G ayaa lagu rakibay dalka oo dhan sanadka 2019 iyadoo lala kaashanayo Huawei . ===VAT=== Dawladda Imaaraadku waxay dalka ka hirgalisay cashuurta qiimaha lagu kordhiyey (VAT) laga bilaabo 1-da January 2018, iyada oo ku kacaysa halbeeg dhan 5%. [ 259 ] Iyadoo ay dawladdu wali hagaajin karto habaynta saxda ah ee VAT, uma badna in wax cashuuro cusub ah la soo saari doono mustaqbalka la filayo. Canshuuraha dheeraadka ah ayaa burburin doona mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee Imaaraadku ku soo jiito ganacsiyada dalka ka jira, waxayna culeys weyn saaraysaa dhaqaalaha. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Dubai banner 2.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Dubai , magaalada ugu weyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Marka loo eego qiyaas uu sameeyay Baanka Adduunka , tirada dadka UAE ee 2020 waxay ahayd 9,890,400. Soo galootigu waxay ahaayeen 88.52% halka Imaaraadku ka dhigay inta soo hadhay 11.48%. Isku dheelitir la'aantan gaarka ah waxaa sabab u ah heerka socdaalka saafiga ah ee sida gaarka ah u sarreeya ee dalka oo ah 21.71, kan ugu sarreeya adduunka . Dhalashada UAE aad bay u adag tahay in la helo aan ka ahayn fayl-garayn oo keliya oo lagu bixiyo xaalado gaar ah. [[File:Palm jumeirah core.jpg|thumb |Guryaha la deggan yahay ee Palm Jumeirah ee timirta ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku isir ahaan wuu kala duwan yahay. Shanta jinsiyadood ee ugu dadka badan imaaradaha Dubai, Sharjah, iyo Ajman waa Hindi (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), iyo Filibiin (5%). Muhaajiriinta ka yimid Yurub, Australia, iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​100,000 oo dadweynaha ah. Inta kale ee dadwaynaha waxay ka soo jeedaan dawladaha kale ee Carabta . Qiyaastii 88% dadka ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta waa magaalo. Celceliska rajada noloshu waxay ahayd 76.7 2012, oo ka sarraysa waddan kasta oo Carbeed. Marka la eego saamiga lab / dhedig ee 2.2 lab ee dheddigga kasta ee tirada guud ee dadweynaha iyo 2.75 ilaa 1 kooxda da'da 15-65 , Isku dheelitir la'aanta jinsiga UAE ayaa ah tan labaad ee ugu sareysa adduunka ka dib Qatar. ===Luuqad=== Casriga casriga ah Carabi waa luqadda qaranka ee Imaaraadka Carabta. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda ugu badan ee lagu hadlo, ka dib heshiisyada Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska . Emirati Carabi , noocyo kala duwan oo ah Gacanka Carabiga , waxaa ku hadla afka hooyo dadka Imaaraadku. Islaamku waa diinta ugu weyn waana diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda Imaaraadka Carabta. Dawladdu waxay raacdaa siyaasad u dulqaadanaysa diimaha kale oo marar dhif ah ayay faragelisaa hawlaha diineed ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Waxa jira Sunni ka badan Shiicada Muslimiinta ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta, iyo 85% dadka Imaaraadku waa Muslimiin Sunni ah. Inta badan 15% ee soo hadhay waa Muslimiin Shiico ah, kuwaas oo ku badan Imaaradaha Dubai iyo Sharjah . In kasta oo aan la hayn tirokoob rasmi ah oo ku saabsan burburka u dhexeeya Sunniga iyo Shiicada Muslimiinta ee degan dadka aan dhalashada haysan, haddana qiyaasaha warbaahintu waxay soo jeedinayaan in ka yar 20% dadka Muslimiinta ah ee aan dhalashada haysanin ay yihiin Shiico. Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed ee Abu Dhabi waa masaajidka ugu weyn dalka waana goob dalxiis oo weyn. Cibadi waxay ku badan tahay Cumaaniyiinta Imaaraadka, halka saamaynta suufiyada ay sidoo kale jiraan. Masiixiyiinta ayaa 9% ka ah tirada guud ee dadka Imaaraadka Carabta, marka loo eego tirakoobkii 2005; qiyaasaha 2010 ayaa soo jeediyay tiro dhan 12.6%. Roman Catholics iyo Protestants waxay sameeyaan qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Masiixiyiinta laga tirada badan yahay. Wadanku waxa uu leeyahay in ka badan 52 kaniisadood 2023. Masiixiyiin badan oo ku sugan Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Aasiya, Afrikaan, iyo Yurub, oo ay la socdaan waddamada Bariga Dhexe sida Lubnaan, Suuriya, iyo Masar. Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay ka kooban tahay qayb ka mid ah Vicariate Rasuullada ee Koonfurta Carbeed iyo Basharka Rasuullada Vicar Paul Hinder wuxuu xaruntiisu tahay Abu Dhabi . Jaaliyad yar oo Yuhuudi ah ayaa ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta. Kahor 2023, waxaa jiray hal sunagog oo caan ah oo ku yaal Dubai , kaas oo furnaa ilaa 2008 iyo sunagogga sidoo kale soo dhaweeya booqdayaasha. Sunagog kale, Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue ayaa la dhameeyay 2023 iyada oo qayb ka ah dhismaha Guriga Qoyska Abraham ee Abu Dhabi . Laga bilaabo 2019, sida uu qabo Rabbi Marc Schneier oo ka tirsan aasaaska fahamka qowmiyadaha , waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay jiraan ilaa 150 qoys ilaa 3,000 oo Yuhuud ah oo si xor ah ugu nool oo cibaadaysanaya gudaha UAE Koonfurta Aasiya ee Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah qowmiyadda ugu badan dalka. In ka badan 2 milyan oo muhaajiriin Hindi ah (badanaa ka yimid gobollada koonfureed ee Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Xeebta Karnataka , iyo Tamil Nadu ) ayaa lagu qiyaasaa inay ku nool yihiin UAE. Waxaa hadda jira saddex macbadyo Hindu ah oo ku yaal waddanka. Diimaha kale ayaa sidoo kale ka jira Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan Jainism , Sikhism , Budhiism , Juudism , Bahá'ís , iyo Druze . Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda iyo iskaashiga caalamiga ah ee Imaaraatka Carabta, Abdullah bin Zayed , ayaa sanadka 2019 ku dhawaaqay nashqadaynta iyo dhismaha guriga Abrahamic Family House , kaas oo u shaqayn doona sidii dhismo diimo ah oo ay ku yaalaan macbad , masaajid iyo kaniisad ku taal Jaziirada Sadiyat ee Abu Dhabi . ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:UniversityCityHall.jpg|thumb |Hall City Hall waa dhismaha ugu weyn ee ku yaal magaalada Jaamacadda ee Sharjah . Xafladaha qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah , Jaamacadda Sharjah , iyo Kulliyadaha Tignoolajiyada Sare ayaa si gaar ah halkan loogu qabtaa.]] Nidaamka waxbarashada ilaa heerka dugsiga sare waxaa maamula Wasaaradda Waxbarashada dhammaan imaaradaha marka laga reebo Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo ay ka hooseeyeen waxbarashada waxbarashada iyo Aqoonta . dugsiyada sare waxay u qaybsan yihiin dugsiyo hoose , dugsi dhexe iyo dugsi sare . Dugsiyadda dawliga ah ayaa ah kuwa ay maaddo macalliso, manhajka waxbarashada waxa loo sameeyay si uu u waafajiyo himilooyinka calaamadaha ee saldhigga. Dhexdhexaadka waxbarashada ee dugsiga dadwaynaha waa Carabi iyadoo muuqalka la saarayo saliimka luqadaha. Waxa kale oo jira dugsiyo badan oo gaar loo leeyahay oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay. Dugsiyada Dawliga ah ee dalka waa u bilaash baxay, halka sababta laga qaado dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ay kala duwan yihiin. Nidaamka waxbarashada sare waxa la socda tacliinta sare. Wasaaraddu waxay kaloo mas'uul ka tahay inay ardayda geliso machadyada buuga ee jaamacadda . Heerka aqoonta dadka waaweyn ee 2015 waxay ahayd 93.8%. Imaaraadku waxa uu muujinayay uu u qaboojiyeey iyo cilmi- maqal. Shirkadaha waxaa ka mid ah samaynta tayeynta cilmi-baarista CERT iyo waxay hoos u dhigtay Masdar ee Sayniska iyo Tign-ka tayada iyo horumarinta ganacsiga. Marka loo eego QS Rankings, Jaamacadda ugu sareysa ee dalka waa Jaamacadda Jaamacadda (421-430th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Khalifa (441-450th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah (431-440th), iyo Jaamacadda Sharjah (551-600th fiirsashada). Ikhtiyaarka koowaad 33aad ka galay Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2021, marka loo eego 36th ee 2019. ===Caafimaadka=== Cimriga nolosha ee dhalashada UAE waa 76.96 sano.  Cudurka wadnaha waa sababta ugu weyn ee dhimashada UAE, oo ka kooban 28% wadarta dhimashada; Sababaha kale ee ugu waaweyn waa shilalka iyo dhaawacyada , malignancies , iyo cilladaha ku dhasha . Marka loo eego xogta Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee 2016 , 34.5% dadka qaangaarka ah ee ku nool UAE waa kuwo caafimaad ahaan cayilan , oo leh index mass index (BMI) oo ah 30 ama ka badan.  Bishii Febraayo 2008, Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ayaa soo bandhigtay istaraatiijiyad caafimaad oo shan sano ah oo loogu talagalay waaxda caafimaadka dadweynaha ee imaaradaha woqooyiga, taas oo hoos imaanaysa qorshaheeda oo, si ka duwan Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, aan lahayn maamulo daryeel caafimaad oo gaar ah. Istaraatiijiyadu waxay diiradda saaraysaa midaynta siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka iyo hagaajinta helitaanka adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka qiimo macquul ah, isla markaana yaraynaysa ku tiirsanaanta daaweynta dibadda. Wasaaraddu waxay qorsheyneysaa inay ku darto saddex isbitaal oo hadda ah 14, iyo 29 xarumaha caafimaadka aasaasiga ah ee hadda jira 86. Sagaal ayaa la qorsheeyay in la furo 2008.  Soo bandhigida caymiska caafimaadka ee qasabka ah ee Abu Dhabi ee loogu talagalay qurba-joogta iyo kuwa ku tiirsan waxay ahayd darawal weyn oo dib-u-habeyn ku ah siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka. Muwaaddiniinta Abu Dhabi waxaa la keenay nidaamka laga soo bilaabo 1 Juun 2008 Dubai waxay raacday shaqaalaheeda dawladda. Ugu dambayntii, sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka, Imaaraad kasta iyo qurbe-joog kasta oo dalka ku nool waxa uu dabooli doonaa caymis caafimaad oo khasab ah oo hoos imanaya nidaam midaysan oo khasab ah. Dalku wuxuu ka faa'iiday dalxiisayaal caafimaad oo ka kala yimid dhammaan Golaha Iskaashiga ee Dawladaha Carabta ee Gacanka . Imaaraadku waxa uu soo jiitaa dalxiisayaasha caafimaad ee doonaya qalliinka isqurxinta iyo hababka horumarsan, qalliinka wadnaha iyo laf dhabarta, iyo daawaynta ilkaha, maadaama adeegyada caafimaad ay ka heer sarreeyaan dalalka kale ee Carabta ee Gacanka Faaris ==Dhaqanka== [[File:UAE Folk Dance- Khaliji.jpg|thumb |Dumarku timahooda dhinac bay u rogaan oo waxay xidhaan dhar-dhaqameed midabyo dhalaalaya leh iyagoo soo bandhigaya qoob-ka-ciyaarka Imaaraatka.]] Dhaqanka imaaraadku waxa uu ku salaysan yahay dhaqanka Carabta waxaana saamayn ku yeeshay dhaqamada Faaris , Hindiya iyo Bariga Afrika . Qaab dhismeedka Carabta iyo Carabta waxyooday waa qayb ka mid ah muujinta aqoonsiga Imaaraatka maxalliga ah. Saamaynta Carabtu ku leedahay dhaqanka imaaraatka waxay si muuqata uga dhex muuqanaysaa qaab dhismeedka Imaaraatka ee soo jireenka ah iyo fanka dadweynaha . Tusaale ahaan, munaaradda dabaysha ee gaarka ah oo kor u kacda dhismayaasha Imaaraatka ee dhaqanka, Barjeel , waxay noqotay calaamad lagu garto dhismaha Imaaraatka waxaana loo aaneynayaa saameynta Carabta. Saamayntan waxa ay ka timid ganacsatadii ka soo qaxday nidaamkii cashuuraha ee Faaris horraantii qarnigii 19aad iyo lahaanshaha Imaaraatka ee dekedaha ku yaal xeebta Carabta, tusaale ahaan dekedda Al Qassimi ee Lingeh. Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ku nool bulsho kala duwan. Dhaqaalaha Dubai wuxuu aad ugu tiirsan yahay ganacsiga caalamiga ah iyo dalxiiska, waana u furan yahay dadka soo booqda, halka bulshada Abu Dhabi ay aad u badan tahay gudaha maadaama dhaqaalaha magaaladu uu diiradda saarayo soo saarista shidaalka. Fasaxyada waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Ciidul Fitriga , oo ku beegan dhammaadka Ramadaan , iyo maalinta Qaranka (2 Disembar), oo ku astaysan aasaaska Imaaraadka Carabta. Ragga Imaaraatka ah waxay door bidaan inay xidhaan kandura , khamiis cad oo dhererka anqawga ah oo laga tolo dhogorta ama suufka, dumarka Imaaraatkuna waxay xidhaan abaya , maro madow oo ka badan oo daboolaya inta badan qaybaha jidhka. Gabayaagii ugu horeyay ee Imaaraatka laga yaqaan waa Ibnu Majid , waxa uu dhashay intii u dhaxaysay 1432 ilaa 1437 kuna dhashay Ras Al-Khaymah. Qoraaga Imaaraatka ee ugu caansan waa Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880-1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887-1959), iyo Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905-1976). Saddex kale oo gabayaa ah oo Sharjah ah, oo loo yaqaan kooxda Xiirah, ayaa la arkayaa in ay si weyn u saameeyeen Apollo iyo gabayada Romantic . Bandhiga Caalamiga ah ee Buugaagta Sharjah waa kan ugu da'da weyn uguna weyn dalka. Liiska matxafyada Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ku jira qaar ka mid ah sumcadda gobolka, oo ay ugu caansan tahay Sharjah oo leh Degmada Heritage oo ka kooban 17 madxaf, oo 1998-kii ahayd Caasimadda Dhaqanka ee Dunida Carabta. Dubia, aagga Al Quoz ayaa soo jiitay tiro ka mid ah goobaha farshaxanka iyo sidoo kale matxafyada sida Matxafka Gaarka ah ee Salsali . Abu Dhabi waxay ka dhistay jaziiradda Sadiyat xaafad dhaqameed . Lix mashruuc oo waaweyn ayaa la qorsheeyay, oo ay ku jiraan Guggenheim Abu Dhabi iyo Louvre Abu Dhabi . Dubai waxa kale oo ay qorshaynaysaa in ay dhisto madxafka Kunsthal iyo degmo loogu talo galay galleries iyo fanaaniinta. Dhaqanka imaaraadku waa qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka Carabta bari . Liwa waa nooc ka mid ah muusiga iyo qoob ka ciyaarka lagu sameeyo gudaha, gaar ahaan bulshooyinka ay ku jiraan faraca dadka Bantu ee ka soo jeeda gobolka harooyinka waaweyn ee Afrika . Bandhiga Desert Rock Festival ee Dubai sidoo kale waa xaflad kale oo weyn oo ka kooban farshaxanada birta culus iyo dhagaxyada. Shineemada Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah mid aad u yar laakiin way sii fidaysaa. ===Cunto=== [[File:Luqaimat.jpg|thumb|Qaxwaha Carabiga oo leh lugaimat , macaan imaaraad dhaqameed]] Cunto-dhaqameedka Imaaraatku waxa ay had iyo jeer ahaan jireen bariis, kalluun, iyo hilib. Dadka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa inta badan cuntadooda ka qaatay wadamada kale ee Galbeedka iyo Koonfurta Aasiya sida Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, iyo India. Cuntooyinka badda ayaa qarniyo badan ahaa tiir-dhexaadka cuntada Imaaraatka. Hilibka iyo bariiska ayaa ah cuntooyinka kale ee daruuriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan wan iyo hilib lo'aad oo ay door bidaan ariga iyo hilibka lo'da. Cabitaanada caanka ah waa qaxwaha iyo shaaha, kuwaas oo lagu kabi karo karoom ama saffron si ay u helaan dhadhan gaar ah. Cuntooyinka dhaqanka ee Emirate-ka ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah seddexda , machboos , khubisa , khameer , iyo rootiga chabab iyo kuwo kale halka lugaimat uu yahay macmacaan caan ah oo imaarati ah. Saamaynta dhaqanka reer galbeedka, cuntada degdega ah waxay noqotay mid aad caan u ah dhalinyarada, ilaa heer la qabtay olole lagu muujinayo khatarta cuntooyinka degdega ah ee xad-dhaafka ah. Khamriga waa la ogol yahay in lagu adeego oo kaliya makhaayadaha hoteelada iyo baararka. Dhammaan goobaha lagu caweeyo waa loo ogolyahay inay iibiyaan khamriga. Suuqyada waaweyn ee gaarka ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay iibiyaan khamriga, laakiin alaabtan waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo gaar ah. Sidoo kale, hilibka doofaarka, kaas oo xaaraan ah (aan loo ogolayn Muslimiinta), waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo kala duwan dhammaan dukaamada waaweyn ee waaweyn. Inkasta oo khamriga la cabbo, waa sharci-darro in lagu sakhraamo meel fagaare ah ama lagu kaxeeyo baabuur leh raad khamri ah oo dhiigga ku jira ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Yas Marina Circuit, October 12, 2018 SkySat (cropped).jpg|thumb |Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi]] Formula One ayaa si gaar ah caan uga ah Imaaraadka Carabta, waxaana sanad walba tartanka Grand Prix lagu qabtaa wareegga Yas Marina ee Yas Island ee Abu Dhabi. Tartanku waxa uu dhacaa fiidkii,waxana uu ahaa Grand Prix-gii ugu horeeyay ee bilaaba maalinta oo dhammi habeenka. Ciyaaraha kale ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah tartanka geela , falconry , fuulista dulqaadka , iyo tennis-ka . Imaarada Dubai waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay laba koorso oo Golf ah oo waaweyn : Dubai Golf Club iyo Emirates Golf Club . Marka laga reebo dhinaca wakhtiga firaaqada, ciyaaruhu waxa ay qayb muhiim ah ka qaadan karaan qaabaynta aqoonsiga qaranka. Falconry, tusaale ahaan, waxay u shaqaynaysay sidii astaan ​​qaran tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1971. Marka laga reebo baahsanaanta qaranka ee falconry, Imaaraadku wuxuu door laxaad leh ka qaatay caalami ahaan isku dubaridka aqoonsiga UNESCO ee aqoonsiga falconry inuu yahay dhaxal aan la taaban karin . Waagii hore waxa la isticmaali jiray ciyaalka geela, taas oo keentay dhaleecayn baahsan. Ugu dambeyntii, Imaaraadku wuxuu soo saaray sharci mamnuucaya isticmaalka carruurta ee ciyaaraha, taasoo keentay in si degdeg ah meesha looga saaro ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan jockey-yada carruurta. Dhowaan robot jockeys ayaa la soo bandhigay si looga gudbo dhibaatada jookooyinka geela ee carruurta taasoo ahayd arrin ku saabsan xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Ansar Burney ayaa inta badan lagu amaanaa shaqada uu ka qabtay deegaankan ===Kubadda Cagta=== [[File:Abu Dhabi Zayed Sports City Stadium 1.jpg|thumb |Zayed Sports City Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Kubadda cagta waa ciyaar caan ka ah Imaaraadka. Al Nasr , Al Ain , Al Wasl , Sharjah , Al Wahda , iyo Shabab Al Ahli waa kooxaha ugu caansan oo ku raaxaysanaya sumcadda horyaalada gobolka. Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa la aas aasay 1971-kii tan iyo xilligaas waxa uu waqti iyo dadaalba u huray sidii uu ciyaarta u horumarin lahaa, una abaabuli lahaa barnaamijyada dhalinyarada , iyo in kor loo qaado awoodda ciyaartoydiisa oo keliya, balse sidoo kale mas’uuliyiinta iyo macallimiinta ku lugta leh xulalka gobollada. Imaaraadku wuxuu u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA 1990 , isagoo la socday Masar . Waa markii saddexaad ee isku xigta ee Koobka Adduunka oo ay ka soo baxaan laba waddan oo Carab ah, ka dib Kuwait iyo Algeria 1982 , iyo Ciraaq iyo Algeria mar kale 1986 . Imaaraadku waxa uu ku guuleystey Koobka Gacanka laba jeer: Koobkii ugu horreeyey ee uu qaado January 2007 oo lagu qabtay Abu Dhabi iyo kii labaad ee January 2013, oo lagu qabtay Bahrain .  wadanku waxa uu marti galiyay koobka AFC Asia 2019 . Xulka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa u soo gudbay semi-finalka,halkaas oo ay kaga adkaadeen xulka Qatar  ===Cricket=== [[File:Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium-01.jpg|thumb |Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Cricket-ku waa mid ka mid ah ciyaaraha ugu caansan Imaaraadka Carabta, sababta oo ah waxaa sabab u ah dadka ka soo qaxay dalalka SAARC , Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, iyo Australia. Xarunta Dhexe ee Golaha Cricket-ka Caalamiga ah (ICC) waxay ku taallaa dhismaha magaalada Dubai ee isboortiga tan iyo 2005, oo ay ku jiraan ICC Academy oo la aasaasay 2009. [ 360 ] Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah goobaha cricket-ka caalamiga ah ee UAE, kuwaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo tartamada caalamiga ah iyo "dhexdhexaad" taxane laba geesood ah oo ay ugu wacan tahay cimilada deegaanka iyo heerka Dubai ee xarun gaadiidka. Tartamada caalamiga ah ee xusida mudan ee ay marti galisay Imaaraadku waxa ka mid ahaa 2014 ka 19 Cricket World Cup , 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup , iyo saddex koob oo Asia Cup ah (1984, 1995, iyo 2018). Garoomada xusida mudan waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Ururka Cricket-ka Sharjah ee Sharjah , Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi , iyo Dubia International Cricket Stadium ee Dubai. The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) waxay xubin ka noqotay ICC ee 1990. Kooxda qaranka ee cricket-ka UAE ayaa u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee Cricket laba jeer ( 1996 iyo 2015 ) iyo ICC Men's T20 World Cup laba jeer ( 2014 iyo 2022 ). Kooxda haweenka qaranka si la mid ah waa mid ka mid ah kooxaha isku dhafka ah ee ugu xoogan Aasiya, gaar ahaan ka qayb qaadashada Isreebreebka Haweenka Adduunka 2018 ee ICC . Ka dib weerarkii 2009 ee lagu qaaday kooxda Cricket-ka qaranka Sri Lanka , Imaaraadku waxa ay u adeegeen sidii guriga dhabta ah ee kooxda cricket-ka qaranka Pakistan muddo ku dhow toban sano, iyo sidoo kale martigelinta Pakistan Super League . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu marti galiyay hal daabacaad oo buuxa ee Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2020 iyo laba qaybood oo qayb ka mid ah Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2014 iyo 2021. =Sidoo kale fiiri= * [[Oman]] * [[Somaliland]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Turkey]] [http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf "Xuduudaha Federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 "Soosaarista Saliid Ceyriin oo ay ku jirto Condensate Lease 2016"] [http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/84.htm Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta – Dhaqaalaha] [http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592 "Heshiiska taariikhiga ah ee Imaaraadka iyo Cumaan wuxuu ku lug leeyahay 272 km oo xuduud ah] [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag#page5 "Qorraxdu waxay ku dhacday Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyadoo Imaaraadku calankiisa kor u qaaday"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704222708/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb " Jasiiradaha Tonb (Greater iyo Ka yar), laba jasiiradood oo yaryar oo muhiimad istiraatiiji ah oo lagu doodi karo oo ku yaal Gacanka Persian bari, koonfurta cidhifka galbeed ee jasiiradda Qešm"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060814/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html "Oman ama Dawlado Xaqiiq ah - Asalka Cumaan Xaqiiqda ah ama Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah | Encyclopedia.com: Qaamuuska Oxford ee Magacyada Goobaha Adduunka"] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859 "Israa'iil iyo Imaaraadku waxay galeen heshiis taariikhi ah si loo caadiyeeyo xiriirka"] [http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm "Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Caalamiga ah, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Sheegashada Saddex Jaziiradood, Jaziirada Abu Muusa, Tumba Weyn & Tumbo Yar, Taariikhda Jasiiradaha, Khayraadka Shaqaalaha UAE, Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam Sharaftu waxay ku jirtaa Qanacsanaan: Nolosha Kahor Saliidda ee Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) iyo Gobollada deriska ah qaarkood] [https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/ "Waa maxay sababta uu u xoojinayo xiriirka Ruushka iyo Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms "Imaaraatka Carabta waxay dhaleeceeyeen khamriga, waxayna meesha ka saartay mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin inay wada noolaadaan"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf "Tallaabada Degdega ah: Waajibkii La Dhaqan Galiyay ee Muwaadiniinta Qatar"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html "Pakistan yaanay ku ciyaarin guriga UAE mar dambe: Maamulaha PCB"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html "IPL 2020 oo la qabanayo laga bilaabo Sebtembar 19 ilaa Noofambar 10"] [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661 "Sawirradii ugu horreysay ee Guriga Qoyska Ibraahim ee Abu Dhabi oo la dhisayo ayaa la sii daayay"] [https://www.mk.co.kr/en/world/10979447 <nowiki>"[Pilot Johan's Arab Nights-18] Luuqadda Imaaraadka Carabta (UAE) waa Carabi, sida na.. - MK"</nowiki>] [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html "Dubai waxay dhaaftay Heathrow si ay u noqoto kan aduunka ugu mashquulka badan"] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Dalalka carabta]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] kiy23nbry3u00ybbblwc08dtcbejvrq 0 4606 308727 307753 2026-09-19T22:06:38Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Boqortooyada Haashimit ee Urdun<br />''المملكة الأردنية الهاشميه '' |conventional_long_name = '''' |common_name = Urdun |qaaradda = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Jordan.svg |sawir_qaran = |image_map = Urdun |astaan_calan = [[عاش المليك]] ''<small><br />"Boqorka hanoolaado |image_map = LocationJordan.svg |caasimadda = [[Camaan]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Cuman]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Boqor]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,54O | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal = $41.692 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,292 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Cabdullahi II. |magac_hogaamiye2 = Cown Al Khasaawna: |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Ingiriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 25 [[Maajo]], [[1946]] |area = 92,300 km2 |areami² = 35,637 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 6,316,000<sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |lacagta = Urdun Dinaar |wakhti = Summer (DST) |furaha_debedda = 962 |footnote1 = }} '''Urdun''' (الأردن) waa maamul madaxbanaan oo ah boqortooyada Haashimiyad ee Urdun (Carabi: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Hāshimīyah) waa Gobolka Carabta ee ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya, oo ku taal Bankiga Bariga ee Webiga Jordan. Jordan waxaa xuddey Sacuudi Carabiya koonfurta, Ciraaq xagga waqooyi-bari, Suuriya woqooyiga, Israiil iyo [[Falastiin]] xagga galbeedka. Badda Dhimatay ayaa ku taal xudduudaha galbeedka, waddankuna waxa uu leeyahay xeebta yaryar ee [[Badda Cas]] ee koonfurta-galbeed ee aadka u xoogan, laakiin si kale ayaa loo wiiqay. Jordan waa istaraatijiyad ku taala bartamaha Asia, [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]]. Magaalada caasimadda ah ee Cammaan, waa magaalooyinka ugu badan ee dadku u badan yahay iyo sidoo kale xarun dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo dhaqameed. Imminka waxa uu [[Urdun]] ku noolaa dadka tan iyo xilligii Baleyolitiik. Saddex boqortooy oo xasillooni ah ayaa ka soo baxayey dhammaadkii Daaha Cagaasha: Caamoos, Moo'aab iyo Edom. Hogaamiyaasha dambe waxay ka mid yihiin Boqortooyada Nabata, Boqortooyada Roomaanka, Boqortooyada Boqortooyada. Kadib Carabta Carbeed oo ka soo horjeeday Cusmaani sanadkii 1916 intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Dunida I, boqortooyadii Boqortooyada waxaa loo qaybiyay Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska. Emirate of Transjordan waxaa la aasaasay 1921 by Hashemite, ka dibna Emir, Abdullah I, iyo emirate wuxuu noqday ''British Guardianate'' ah. 1946-kii, Jordan waxay noqotay waddan madax-bannaan oo si rasmi ah loogu aqoonsaday Boqortooyada Hashemite ee Transjordan, laakiin waxa loo beddelay 1949-kii boqortooyadii Hashemite ee dalka Jordan ka dib markii waddanku uu qabsaday Bankiga Galbeedka intii lagu jiray dagaalkii 1948-kii dagaalkii Carabta oo uu ku biiray ilaa uu lumay Israiil sanadkii 1967-dii. Jordan ayaa ku dhawaaqday dalabkii dhulkii 1988-kii, waxaana uu noqday mid ka mid ah laba dawladood oo Carbeed ah si ay heshiis ugu saxiixdeen [[Israiil]] 1994-kii. Urdun waa xubin muhiim u ah Ururka [[Jaamacadda Carabta]] iyo Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka. Waddanku waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah, laakiin boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awood ballaaran oo sharci iyo sharci-dajin ah. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]]* * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * * ==Daadka Deggan Urdun== * {{flag|Jordan}}: 12,Millions++: **{{Flag|Palestine}}: 2,2,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 100+: * {{Flag|Arab League}} 4.500,000+<ref name="">https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 200+ * {{Flag|France}} 2,000+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }}</ref>]. [[File:Amman.jpg|thumb|195px|right|Vista d'Amman.]] [[File:View_of_Abdali_project_2018.jpg|thumb|right|195px|{{Flag|Jordan}}]] [[File:The King of Jordan, 2013.jpg|195px|thumb|right|]] [[File:Petra_metzes.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Cunnto Urdun]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Masar]] * [[Falastiin]] * [[Israaiil]] * [[Bangalidesh]] * [[Bakistaan]] * [[Filibiin]] * [[Hindiya]] * [[Turkiga]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] eqtqs7be3mkewx9627llq8o24x9ifuc 0 4734 308717 307738 2026-09-19T22:03:16Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|26|01|39|N|50|33|00|E|region:BH_type:country|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = ''Boqortooyada Baxrayn<br />مملكة البحرين |conventional_long_name = Mamlakat al-Baxrayn |common_name = Kiinya |qaarada = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Bahrain.svg |astaan_calan = [[Baxrayni]] |image_map = LocationBahrain.png |caasimada = [[Manama]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |Dawladda = Baxrayn |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Boqor]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifah |magac_hogaamiye2 = Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |sovereignty_note = [[Iran]] 1783 iyo [[Ingriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 16 [[Diseembar]], 1971 |area = 765 km² |areami² = 295 |biyo = 0 |population_estimate = 1,378,000 |population_estimate_year = [[2016]] |lacagta = Baxrayn Dinar |wakhti = (UTC+3) |furaha_debeda = 973 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Baxrayn''' ama '''Boqortooyada Baxrayn'''([[af-Carabi]] مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baxrayn. waa wadan carbeed oo ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]]. Baxrayn waxee ka koobantahay Jasiirado, waxeena u dhaxeesaa ama Xad la wadaagtaa [[Sacuudi carabiya]] iyo Qatar. [[File:Persian Gulf economy map PL.png||thumb|Mapa economica del Golf Persic]] [[File:British political agency in Manama.png|right|thumb|200px|The British political agency, circa 1900.]] [[File:Khamis Mosque Minaret.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Khamis Mosque]].]] Bahrain oo ka hadlaya codkani: Arbacada: البحرين al-Baḥrayn IPA: (ku saabsan codkan maqalka)), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Bahrain (Carabi: مملكة البحرين Ku saabsan codkan Mamlakat al- Baḥreyn), waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo ku yaala bariga Persian. Waa waddan jasiirad ah oo ka kooban jasiirado yaryar oo ku yaala bariga Bahrain, oo u dhaxeeya Xeebta Jasiiradda iyo xeebta bari ee Sacuudi Carabiya, kaas oo ku xiran 25 kilomitir (16 mi) King Fahd Causeway. Dadka reer Bahrain waxay yihiin 1,234,571 (2010), oo ay ku jiraan 666,172 aan ahayn dadka aan muwaadiniinta ahayn [8] Waa 765.3 kilomitir kilomitir (295.5 sq mm), taas oo ka dhigaysa waddanka saddexaad ee ugu yar Asia Aasiya ka dib Maldives iyo Singapore. Baxreyn waa goobta uu ka kooban yahay ilbaxnimadii hore ee Dilmuun. [10] Waxay ahayd tan ugu caansan taariikhda kalluumaysiga kalluumeysiga, kuwaas oo loo tixgeliyey inay ugu fiican adduunka qarnigii 19aad. [11] Bahrain waxa uu ahaa mid ka mid ah goobihii ugu horreeyay ee lagu beddelay Islaamka, 628 CE. Ka dib markii uu xukunka xukunka Carabta, Bahrain waxa u degay Portugal 1521, kuwaas oo markaa laga soo tuuray 1602 Shah Shah Abbas I oo ka mid ah Boqortooyada Safafid ee ku taal Boqortooyada Faaris. Sanadkii 1783, Bani Utbah waxay qabsadeen Bahrain oo ka timid Nasr Al-Madxur, tan iyo markii xukunka laga tuuray qoyska boqortooyada Al Khalifa, iyadoo Ahmed al Fateh uu ahaa Bahrain markii ugu horeysay. Bilihii 1800maadkii, ka dib markii heshiisyadii ku-meel-gaadhka ahaa ee Ingiriisku, Baxraynku wuxuu noqday ilaaliye Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Sannadkii 1971, Bahrain waxay ku dhawaaqday xornimo. Bahrain waxaa lagu dhawaaqay boqortooyo sannadkii 2002-dii. Sanadkii 2011, waddanka ayaa la kulmay mudaaharaadyo ay ku dhiirigelisay Bisha Cas ee gobolka. [12] Boqortooyada boqortooyada al-Khalifa ee boqortooyada al-Khalifa ayaa lagu eedeeyay laguna dhaleeceeyay xad-gudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, oo ay ka mid yihiin xabsiyo, jirdil iyo dil loo gaystay mucaarad, mucaarad siyaasadeed iyo shiicada Muslimiinta. [14] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==Waddanmaha Deggan Bahrine== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}:30,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+ [[File:AradFort.jpg|thumb|195px]] [[File:Manama Souq 1965.JPG|thumb|195px|1965]] [[File:AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg|thumb|195px|1980s]] [[File:Modern Manama.jpg|thumb|Manama Harbor]] [[File:Manama-nightview.jpg|thumb|Manama night view]] [[File:Progressive Bahrain.jpg|thumb|Road View]] [[File:Muhammad Bahrain letter facsimile.png|thumb|195px]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} {{commons|البحرين / Bahrain}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 1op8l1lx7gd3p3qn62wtcx0h8lib3z4 0 4736 308724 307752 2026-09-19T22:05:41Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan | common_name = Iiraan | native_name = <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/><span class="nobold">{{native name|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|italics=off}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}</span> | image_flag = Flag of Iran (official).svg | image_coat = Emblem of Iran.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | symbol_type = Astaanta | national_motto = {{ubl | {{lang|ar|اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ}} | {{transliteration|ar|Allāhu ʾAkbar}} (''[[Takbiir]]'') | "[[Ilaah ee Islaamka|Ilaah]] baa Weyn" | (''[[de jure]]'') | {{lang|fa|استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی}} | {{transliteration|fa|Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi}} | "Madaxbannaani, xorriyad, Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah" | (''[[de facto]]''){{sfn|Temperman|2010|p=87}} }} | national_anthem = {{lang|fa|مهر خاورan}}<br />''[[Mehr-e Khavaran|Mehr-e Khâvarân]]''<br />"Cadceedda Bari"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji globe-ka|[[File:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Iiraan}} | map_width = 250px | capital = [[Tehran]] | coordinates = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord|35|41|N|51|25|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Tehran]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faarsi|Faarsi]] | languages2_type = Hejacaad gaar ah | demonym = [[Dadka Iiraan|Iiraani]] | government_type = Midaysan [[nidaamka madaxweynenimo|madaxweynenimo]] tayaquraadi ah [[Jamhuuriyad Islaami ah]] oo hoos timaada kalitalis [[authoritarianism|maamul adag]]{{efn|Awoodda kama dambaysta ah waxay u xilsaaran tahay [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]], oo ah jago ka sarreysa Madaxweynaha.}} | leader_title1 = [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]] | leader_name1 = ''[[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|Bannaan]]{{efn|[[Golaha Hogaaminta Ku-meel-gaarka ah]], oo ka kooban Madaxweyne Masoud Pezeshkian, Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]], iyo Ayatollah [[Alireza Arafi]], ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah u gudan doona waajibaadka ilaa hogaamiye sare oo cusub laga [[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|dooranayo]].{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi|first=Maziar|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran forms interim council to oversee transition after Khamenei's killing|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/iran-to-form-interim-council-to-oversee-transition-after-khameneis-killing|access-date=2026-03-01|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reals|first=Tucker|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|first9=|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran names three men for interim Leadership Council to pick next supreme leader|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/us-iran-war-israel-supreme-leader-khamenei-funeral-day-2/|access-date=2026-03-01|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-a08fca3a</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-7d54fc15</ref>}}}} | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweynaha Iiraan|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Iiraan|Madaxweyne kuxigeen]] | leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]] | leader_title4 = [[Liiska guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Golaha]] | leader_name4 = [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]] | legislature = [[Golaha La-talinta Islaamka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Iiraan|Abuuritaanka]] | established_event1 = [[Boqortooyadii Meediya]] | established_date1 = {{circa|678 CH}} | established_event2 = [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]] | established_date2 = 550 CH | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]] | established_date3 = 247 CH | established_event4 = [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 224 CD | established_event5 = [[Iranian Intermezzo]] | established_date5 = 821 | established_event6 = [[Safawi Iiraan]] | established_date6 = 22 Diseembar 1501 | established_event7 = [[Afshari Iiraan]] | established_date7 = 22 Janaayo 1736 | established_event8 = [[Zand Iiraan]] | established_date8 = 1751 | established_event9 = [[Qaajaari Iiraan]] | established_date9 = 20 Maarso 1794 | established_event10 = [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris|Kacaankii Dastuuriga]] | established_date10 = 12 Diseembar 1905 | established_event11 = [[Pahlavi Iiraan]] | established_date11 = 15 Diseembar 1925 | established_event12 = [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] | established_date12 = 11 Febraayo 1979 | established_event13 = [[Dastuurka Iiraan|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date13 = 3 Diseembar 1979 | established_event14 = [[Aafti-dastuurka Iiraan ee 1989|Wax ka badalida dastuurka]] | established_date14 = 28 Luulyo 1989 | area_km2 = 1,648,195 | area_rank = 17aad | area_sq_mi = 636,372 | percent_water = 1.63 (ilaa 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 92,417,681<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/ |title=Iran Population (2025) |website=Worldometer}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 17aad | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 85961000/1648195 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 85961000/636372 round 0}} | population_density_rank = 163aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.879 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Iran) |website= |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 22aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,473<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $356.513 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 42aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $4,074<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 132aad | Gini = 35.9 | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = korodh | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.799 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = korodh | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 75aad | currency = [[Riyaalka Iiraan]] ({{nq|{{wikt-lang|fa|ریال}}}}) | currency_code = IRR | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Iiraan|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | calling_code = [[+98]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ir]] |[[.ir|ایران.]]}} | drives_on = midig }} '''Iiraan''', si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan''', laguna yaqaanay '''Faaris''', waa dal ku yaalla [[Galbeedka Aasiya]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Ciraaq]] dhanka galbeed, [[Turkiya]], [[Asarbayjan]], iyo [[Armeeniya]] dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, [[Badda Kasbiya]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Turkmenistaan]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Afgaanistaan]] dhanka bari, [[Bakistaan]] dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo [[Gacanka Cumaan]] iyo [[Gacanka Faaris]] dhanka koonfureed. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 92 milyan, Iiraan waxay fadhidaa kaalinta 17aad ee caalamka xagga [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego bedka|baaxadda dhulka]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego dadka|tirada dadka]] waana [[Liiska dalalka Aasiya marka loo eego bedka|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn]] Aasiya. Waxay u qaybsantaa [[Gobollada Iiraan|shan gobol]] oo ka kooban [[Gobollada Iiraan|31 gobol (provinces)]]. [[Tehran]] waa caasimadda qaranka, [[Liiska magaalooyinka Iiraan|magaalada ugu weyn]], iyo xarunta maaliyadda. Iiraan waa hoyga mid ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu da'da weyn caalamka ee aan kala go'in, waxaana markii ugu horreysay la isugu keenay [[Boqortooyadii Meediya|dal]] ahaan [[Meediyiinta]] hoostooda qarnigii 7aad CH, waxayna gaartay baaxaddii ugu weyneyd qarnigii 6aad CH, markii [[Kuruska Weyn]] uu aasaasay [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]]. [[Alesandarka Weyn]] ayaa qabsaday boqortooyada qarnigii 4aad CH. Kacdoon Iiraani ah oo dhacay qarnigii 3aad CH ayaa dhisay [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]], taasoo markii dambe dalka xoreysay. Qarnigii 3aad CD, Paartiyadii waxaa beddelay [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]], taasoo horseedday xilli dahabi ah oo ka mid ah [[Taariikhda Iiraan|taariikhda ilbaxnimada Iiraan]]. Muddadaas, Iiraantii hore waxay aragtay horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qoraalka, beeraha, magaalo-falka, diinta, iyo maamulka. Iiraan oo mar ahaan jirtay xarun [[Zoroastrianism|Soroastariyiinta]], waxay martay [[Islaaminta Iiraan|Islaamin]] ka dib [[Qabsashadii Faaris ee Muslimiinta|qabsashadii Muslimiinta ee qarnigii 7aad CD]]. Hal-abuurka [[Suugaanta Faaris]], [[Falsafadda Iiraan]], xisaabta, [[Daawada qadiimiga ah ee Iiraan|daawada]], xiddigiska iyo [[Farshaxanka Faaris]] ayaa dib u soo cusboonaaday xilligii [[Waayihii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka]] iyo [[Iranian Intermezzo]], xilli ay [[Boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta ee Iiraan|boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta Iiraan]] soo afjareen xukunkii Carabta oo ay dib u soo nooleeyeen [[Af-Faarsi|luuqadda Faaris]]. Waxaa xilligan ku xigay xukunkii [[Boqortooyadii Saljuuqiyiinta]] iyo [[Boqortooyadii Khwaarismiyiinta]], [[Qabsashadii Mongol ee Faaris|qabsashadii Mongoliinta]] iyo [[Renaissance-ka Timuriyeed]] qarnigii 11aad ilaa 14aad. Qarnigii 16aad, [[Boqortooyadii Safawiyiinta]] ee u dhalatay dalka ayaa dib u dhistay dawlad Iiraani ah oo midaysan iyadoo [[Shiicada|Shiicada Laba-iyo-tobnaad]] ka dhigtay [[Diinta dawladda|diinta rasmiga ah]], taasoo dhigtay aasaaska dawladda casriga ah ee Iiraan. Xilligii [[Boqortooyadii Afshariyiinta]] ee qarnigii 18aad, Iiraan waxay ahayd quwad caalami ah oo hormuud ah, laakiin waxay lumisay maqaamkaas ka dib markii [[Qaajaariyiinta]] ay la wareegeen awoodda 1790-meeyadii. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad waxaa dhacay [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris]] iyo dhismihii [[Boqortooyadii Pahlavi]] oo uu aasaasay [[Reza Shah]], kaasoo xilkii ka tuuray Shaahii ugu dambeeyay ee Qaajaariyiinta 1925-kii. Ka dib [[Qabsashadii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan|duulaankii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan 1941-kii]], wiilkiisa [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] ayaa xilka qabtay. Isku dayadii uu [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] ku doonayay inuu [[Qaramaynta warshadaha saliidda Iiraan|ku qarameeyo warshadaha saliidda]] waxay horseedday [[Inqilaabkii Iiraan ee 1953|inqilaabkii Ingiriis-Ameerika ee 1953-kii]]. [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] ee 1979-kii ayaa xilkii ka tuuray boqortooyada, waxaana la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan oo uu hormuud ka ahaa [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], oo ahaa [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|hogaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka]]. 1980-kii, [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee Iiraan|Ciraaq ayaa soo weerartay Iiraan]], taasoo dhalisay [[Dagaalkii Iiraan iyo Ciraaq]] oo socday siddeed sano, kaasoo ku dhammaaday ismari-waa. Iiraan tan iyo markaas waxay ku lug lahayd [[dagaallo wakiilnimo]] ay la gashay [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Israa'iil|Israa'iil]] iyo [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Sacuudiga|Sacuudi Carabiya]]; bishii Juun 2025, duqeymaha Israa'iil ee Iiraan waxay kiciyeen xiisado horseeday [[Dagaalkii Laba-iyo-tobanka Maalmood]]. Dagaalkaas ka dib iyo iyadoo ay jirto [[Xiisadda dhaqaale ee Iiraan|xiisad dhaqaale oo sii kordhaysa]], waxaa dhici karta in [[Dibadbaxyada Iiraan ee 2025–2026|dibadbaxyadii ugu weynaa tan iyo 1979-kii]] ay dillaaceen dhammaadkii Diseembar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=As protests surge, the Iranian regime's options are narrowing |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/01/09/as-protests-surge-the-iranian-regimes-options-are-narrowing |url-access=limited |access-date=9 January 2026 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Doucet |first1=Lyse |title=Iran's rulers face biggest challenge since 1979 revolution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ve572edzqo |website=BBC |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote=Iran's rulers are confronting their most serious challenge since their own 1979 revolution.}}</ref> [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israa'iil]] ayaa bilaabay [[Isqabqabsiga Iiraan ee 2026|weerar weyn oo ka dhanka ah Iiraan]] iyagoo ujeedkeedu yahay [[beddelidda nidaamka]] dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=February 28, 2026|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref> Dawladda Iiraan waa [[Tayaquraadiyad Islaami ah]]{{efn|Iiraan waxaa lagu tilmaamay "jamhuuriyad tayaquraadi ah".}} oo ay maamulaan hay'ado la doortay iyo kuwo aan la dooran, iyadoo awoodda kama dambaysta ah ay u xilsaaran tahay hogaamiyaha sare. In kasta oo ay [[Doorashooyinka Iiraan|qabato doorashooyin]], xafiisyada muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan madaxa dawladda iyo milatariga, ma khuseeyaan codka dadweynaha. Dawladda Iiraan waa [[authoritarianism|maamul kalitalis ah]] kaas oo si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay caalamka sababo la xiriira [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iiraan|diiwaankeeda liita ee xuquuqda aadanaha]], oo ay ka mid yihiin xayiraadaha saaran [[xorriyadda isu-uimaatinka]], [[Xorriyadda hadalka ee Iiraan|hadalka]], iyo [[Warbaahinta Iiraan|saxaafadda]], iyo sidoo kale [[Xuquuqda dumarka ee Iiraan|la dhaqanka haweenka]], [[Laga tirada badan yahay ee Iiraan|dadka laga tirada badan yahay]], iyo [[Maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iiraan|mucaaradka siyaasadeed]]. Kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah ayaa walaac ka muujiyay caddaaladda geeddi-socodka doorashooyinka, gaar ahaan hubinta murashaxiinta ee hay'adaha aan la dooran sida [[Golaha Ilaalada]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay [[Dhaqaalaha dhexe|dhaqaale qorshaysan]] oo leh [[Shirkadaha dawladda|lahaanshaha dawladeed]] oo weyn qaybaha muhiimka ah, inkasta oo [[Ganacsiga gaarka ah|ganacsiga gaarka ahi]] uu garab jiro. Waa [[quwad dhexdhexaad ah]], sababtoo ah kaydka weyn ee [[shidaalka]] (oo ay ku jirto adduunka labaad ee ugu weyn [[Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iiraan|gaaska dabiiciga ah]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka ee kaydka saliidda|kaalinta saddexaad ee kaydka saliidda ee la hubo]]), meesha ay ku taallo oo muhiim u ah juquraafi-siyaasadeedka, iyo doorkeeda xarun caalami ah ee [[Shiicada]]. Iiraan waa dal leh [[Nuclear latency|aqoonta nukliyeerka]] oo leh [[Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan|mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada nukliyeerka ee loogu baadhista badan yahay]], kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu yahay uun ujeeddooyin madani ah; hase yeeshee, [[IAEA]], oo ah hay'ad ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) oo loo xilsaaray la socodka soo saarista [[hubka nukliyeerka]], ayaa laba jeer ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda ilaalinta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Paul |title=Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40094 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mills |first1=Claire |last2=Curtis |first2=John |title=Israel-Iran 2025: Developments in Iran's nuclear programme and military action |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/ |website=House of Commons Library |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote =In June 2025, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution which, for the first time since 2005, formally found Iran to be non-compliant with its nuclear safeguards obligations }}</ref> Waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan QM iyo [[Xiriirka dibadda ee Iiraan|xubin ka tirsan ururro badan oo caalami ah]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay 29 goobood oo ah [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee Iiraan|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] (kaalinta 10aad ee adduunka) waxayna fadhidaa kaalinta 4aad ee [[dhaxalka dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin]] ama hantida aadanaha. == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Iiraan}} === Taariikh ka hor === {{Main|Prehistory of Iran}} Joogitaanka ugu horreeya ee bani'aadamka ee Iiraan la yaqaan waxay ku beegan tahay qiyaastii 800,000 oo sano ka hor, xilligii [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name="bishi">Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S., (2006) The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archeology 69 (3–4): 160-168</ref> Goobo badan oo [[Middle Paleolithic]] ah ayaa la helay, badanaaba [[Buuraha Sagros]] ee galbeedka Iiraan iyo qaar ka mid ah goobaha la xiriira [[Neanderthal]]-ka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biglari |first1=Fereidoun |last2=Shidrang |first2=Sonia |year=2019 |title=Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706536 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=226–235 |doi=10.1086/706536 |s2cid=212851965 |issn=1094-2076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>J.D. Vigne, J. Peters and D. Helmer, ''First Steps of Animal Domestication'', Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002, {{ISBN|1-84217-121-6}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Sarsiyaan]] ayaa laga diwaangeliyey Iiraan xilligii [[Epipaleolithic]] (25,000–11,500 sano ka hor).<ref>Deborah I. Olszewski: "The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East", in: ''Humanities'' 19 (2012) 1-20, page 2.</ref> Beeruhu waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqdeen Iiraan qiyaastii 12,000 oo sano ka hor oo ay weheliyaan degsiimooyin si fiican loo diwaangeliyey ee [[Fertile Crescent]]. Goobta [[Chogha Golan]] waxay ka muuqatay beerashadii ugu horreysay ee qamadiga [[emmer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Goobta casriga ah ee [[Ganj Dareh]] waxay sidoo kale ka muuqataa dhaqashada ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee [[riyo|riyaha]] qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Initial Domestication of Goats (''Capra hircus'') in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-03-24_287_5461/page/2254 |journal=Science |bibcode=2000Sci...287.2254Z |last1=Zeder |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Hesse |first2=Brian |year=2000 |volume=287 |issue=5461 |pages=2254–2257 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2254 |pmid=10731145}}</ref> Magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Susa]], oo noqon lahayd caasimadda [[Elam]] ka dibna caasimadda boqortooyadii Akhaamenid, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la degay 4400–4200 CH, waxayna ku dhowdahay goobta casriga ah ee [[Shush, Iiraan]].<ref name="Elam">{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofela0000prof |first=D. T. |last=Potts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-56358-5}}</ref>{{rp|46–47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SUSA |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-parent/?highlight=Susa |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Kura–Araxes]] ({{circa|3400|2000 CH}}) wuxuu ka jiray waqooyi-galbeed Iiraan iyo [[Kawkas]].<ref name="books.google.nl2">{{cite book |last=Kushnareva |first=K. Kh. |title=The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |year=1997 |publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology |isbn=978-0-924171-50-5 |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913110041/https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}, page 44</ref> _america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran?page=0%2C2 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Era Khamenei ==== {{further|2009 Iranian presidential election protests|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|Mahsa Amini protests|2024 Iran–Israel conflict|Iran–Israel war|2025–2026 Iranian protests}} Markii uu dhimanayay sannadkii 1989, Khomeini wuxuu magacaabay Golaha Dib-u-habaynta Dastuurka oo ka kooban 25 xubnood, kuwaas oo u magacaabay [[Ali Khamenei]] inuu noqdo Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee xiga, waxayna isbeddel ku sameeyeen dastuurka Iiraan.<ref>Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.182</ref> In kasta oo Khamenei uu ka maqnaa "soo jiidashadii iyo maqaamkii wadaadnimo" ee Khomeini, haddana wuxuu dhisay shabakad taageerayaal ah oo ku dhex jira ciidanka qalabka sida iyo [[Bonyad|mu'asasada diimeed]] ee dhaqaalaha awoodda u leh.<ref>"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian ''London Review of Books'', 6 November 2008</ref> [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of Basij members at Azadi stadium October 2018 033.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei oo jooga Shirweynihii weynaa ee xubnaha [[Basij]] ee [[Azadi Stadium]], Oktoobar 2018]] Madaxweyne [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] wuxuu xoogga saaray siyaasadda ganacsiga u janjeerta ee dib loogu dhisayo dhaqaalaha, isagoon ka tanaasulin mabda'ii kacaanka. Wuxuu taageeray suuqa xorta ah, isagoo doorbidaya in la gaar yeelo warshadaha qaranka iyo inuu mowqif dhexdhexaad ah ka istaago heer caalami. Sannadkii 1997, waxaa Rafsanjani beddelay [[Iranian reform movement|isbeddel-doonkii]] dhexdhexaadka ahaa ee [[Mohammad Khatami]], kaas oo xukuumaddiisu u qareentay xorriyadda hadalka, xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo wax ku ool ah oo lala yeesho Aasiya iyo Midowga Yurub, iyo siyaasad taageeraysa suuqa xorta ah iyo maalgashiga shisheeye. [[2005 Iranian presidential election|Doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2005]] waxay awoodda u keentay musharraxa muxaafidka ah, caanka ah, ee wadaniyadda u janjeera ee [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. Waxaa lagu yaqiinnay aragtiyihiisa adag, nukliyeeraynta, iyo [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel|colaadda uu u qabo Israa'iil]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee uu u yeero [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|baarlamaanka]] si uu uga jawaabo su'aalo ku saabsan madaxtinimadiisa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Ahmadinejad critic Larijani re-elected Iran speaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510171821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2013, waxaa madaxweyne loo doortay [[Hassan Rouhani]] oo ahaa dhex-dhexaad isbeddel-doon ah. Wuxuu dhiirigeliyay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, helitaanka macluumaadka, iyo horumarinta xuquuqda haweenka. Wuxuu horumariyay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed isagoo adeegsanaya is-dhaafsiga waraaqo dib u heshiisiin ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Dehghan |first2=Saeed Kamali |date=19 September 2013 |title=Hassan Rouhani sets out his vision for a new and free Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112101132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |url-status=live}}</ref> Heshiiska [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] waxaa lagu gaaray [[Vienna]] sannadkii 2015, intii u dhaxeysay Iiraan, [[P5+1]] ([[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]] + Jarmalka) iyo Midowga Yurub. Wada-xaajoodyadu waxay udub dhexaad u ahaayeen joojinta [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929|cunaqabataynta dhaqaale]] iyadoo beddelkeeda Iiraan laga xaddidayo soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la hodmey]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kutsch, Tom |date=14 July 2015 |title=Iran, world powers strike historic nuclear deal |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715175516/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, Maraykanka oo uu hoggaaminayay Madaxweyne [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] ayaa ka baxay heshiiska, waxaana lagu soo rogay cunaqabatayn cusub. Tani waxay meesha ka saartay qodobbadii dhaqaalaha waxayna Iiraan keentay [[nuclear latency|heerka u dhow nukliyeerka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewer |first=Eric |date=25 June 2024 |title=Iran's New Nuclear Threat |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-new-nuclear-threat |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Sannadkii 2020, jeneraalka [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] [[Qasem Soleimani]], oo ahaa qofka 2-aad ee ugu awoodda badan Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=U.S. killing of Iran's second most powerful man risks regional conflagration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418120615/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> waxaa [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|dilay Maraykanka]], taas oo kordhisay [[Iran–United States relations|xiisadda u dhaxeysa labada dhinac]].<ref name="Roelants">Carolien Roelants, khabiir ku xeel dheer Iiraan ee ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', dooddii ka dhacday ''[[Buitenhof (TV series)|Buitenhof]]'' ee telefishinka Nederlaan, 5 Janaayo 2020.</ref> [[Operation Martyr Soleimani|Iiraan waxay uga jawaabtay weerar lagu qaaday saldhigyada cirka ee Maraykanka ee Ciraaq]], kaas oo ahaa weerarkii ugu weynaa ee gantaallada ballistic-ga ah ee abid lagu qaado dad Maraykanka ah;<ref>{{Citation |title=Never-before-seen video of the attack on Al Asad Airbase |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |url-status=live}}</ref> 110 ayaa qabay [[Traumatic brain injury|dhaawacyo maskaxda ah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 US troops diagnosed with brain injuries from Iran attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentagon admits 109 brain injuries in Iran attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113741/https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=10 February 2020 |title=Over 100 US troops have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries following Iran strike |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 8-dii Janaayo, [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] ee Iiraan ayaa soo riday diyaaraddii [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]], iyadoo dishay 176 rayid ah, taas oo horseeday [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests|mudaaharaadyo dalka oo dhan ka dhacay]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa keenay in dawladdu ay qirato in gantaal dhulka laga rido lagu soo riday diyaaradda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |date=8 January 2020 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |work=BBC |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |date=11 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> Muxaafidka adag ee [[Ebrahim Raisi]] ayaa laga adkaaday doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2017, laakiin wuxuu mar kale isu taagay [[2021 Iranian presidential election|doorashadii 2021]], isagoo beddelay Rouhani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |title=Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |url-status=live}}</ref> Muddadii uu Raisi xilka hayay, Iiraan waxay [[Nuclear program of Iran|xoojisay hodminta yuraaniyamka]], waxay hor istaagtay baaritaannada caalamiga ah, waxay ku biirtay SCO iyo BRICS, waxay [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|taageertay]] [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|duullaankii Ruushka ee Yukrayn]] waxayna soo celisay xiriirkii ay la lahayd Sacuudi Carabiya. Bishii Abriil 2024, [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus|weerarkii cirka ee Israa'iil ee qunsuliyadda Iiraan ee Dimishiq]] ayaa lagu dilay taliye ka tirsan IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430180537/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Iran's consulate in Syria killed 2 generals and 5 other officers, Iran says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419075609/https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay [[April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|uga jawaabtay]] iyadoo u adeegsatay [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], [[Cruise missile|gantaallada cruise-ka]] iyo [[ballistic missile|ballistic-ga]]; 9 ka mid ah ayaa ku dhacay Israa'iil.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jack Dutton |date=15 April 2024 |title=How Iran's attack on Israel is disrupting air traffic |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toossi |first=Sina |date=2 May 2024 |title=Iran Has Defined Its Red Line With Israel |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=What was in wave of Iranian attacks and how were they thwarted? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414091527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay ahayd weerarkii diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee ugu weynaa taariikhda,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The largest drone attack in history |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website= |language=en}}</ref> weerarkii gantaallada ee ugu weynaa taariikhda Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title='True Promise': Why and how did Iran launch a historic attack on Israel? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> weerarkeedii ugu horreeyay ee toos ah oo ay ku qaaddo Israa'iil<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran launches first-ever direct attack on Israel |url=https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=How Israel could respond to Iran's drone and missile assault |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174029/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo markii ugu horreysay [[1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel|tan iyo 1991]] oo Israa'iil ay si toos ah u weerarto dawlad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johny |first=Stanly |date=14 April 2024 |title=By attacking Israel, Iran turns shadow war into direct conflict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414203401/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2024, Raisi waxaa lagu dilay [[2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash|shil helicopter]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Who died alongside Iran's President Raisi in the helicopter crash? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/20/who-died-alongside-irans-president-raisi-in-the-helicopter-crash |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519213002/https://apnews.com/article/helicopter-iran-raisi-crash-azerbaijan-3ef9fe5772fb06f6d9dcc371b115923f |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay qabatay [[2024 Iranian presidential election|doorasho madaxtinimo]], markaas oo isbeddel-doonkii iyo wasiirkii hore ee [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education|Wasaaradda Caafimaadka]], [[Masoud Pezeshkian]], la doortay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon who rose to power in parliament, now Iran's president-elect |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-presidential-runoff-election-masoud-pezeshkian-profile-a07e9921fa8c25b1a05333e128c03916 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Vinograd |first2=Cassandra |date=6 July 2024 |title=Reformist Candidate Wins Iran's Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034614/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar, Iiraan waxay [[October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|ridday]] 180 gantaallada ballistic-ga ah oo ku wajahan Israa'iil si looga aarguto dilalkii [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|Ismail Haniyeh]], [[2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike|Hassan Nasrallah]] iyo [[Abbas Nilforoushan]]. Israa'iil waxay [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|weerartay]] goobo milatari oo Iiraan ah.<ref>{{cite news |title=What we know about Israel's attack on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 October 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027231243/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2025, xukuumadda Iiraan waxay amar ku bixisay [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran|masaafurin ballaaran]] oo lagu sameynayo qiyaastii afar milyan oo [[Afghan diaspora|muhaajiriin Afgaanistaan ah]] iyo qaxooti ku nool Iiraan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran tells millions of Afghans to leave or face arrest on day of deadline |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/iran-tells-millions-of-afghans-to-leave-or-face-arrest-on-day-of-deadline |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 July 2025}}</ref> [[File:تقدیم پیام پادشاه عربستان به رهبر انقلاب 07.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo ay weheliyaan Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Khalid bin Salman Al Saud|Khalid bin Salman]] iyo Janaraal [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] 17-kii Abriil 2025]] Wiiqidda [[Axis of Resistance|xulafada muhiimka ah iyo kooxaha u adeega]] Iiraan tan iyo 2023 waxay ka dhigtay xukuumadda Iiraan mid daciif ah oo go'doon ah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran's leader hopes America can save his faltering regime |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/01/irans-leader-hopes-america-can-save-his-faltering-regime |access-date=25 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Iran in a 'position of unprecedented weakness' after the fall of Assad in Syria |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241209-iran-position-unprecedented-weakness-after-fall-of-assad-syria-proxies-hezbollah-middle-east |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=The fall of Assad has exposed the extent of the damage to Iran's axis of resistance |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/12/fall-assad-has-exposed-extent-damage-irans-axis-resistance |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Chatham House |language=en}}</ref> Horraantii 2025, Iiraan waxay si xawli ah u hormarinaysay barnaamijkeeda nukliyeerka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Joe |date=31 January 2025 |title=Iran 'secretly building nuclear missiles that can hit Europe' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/01/31/iran-nuclear-warhead-europe-revolutionary-guard-north-korea/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Dadka falanqeeya waxay ka digeen in dhaqdhaqaaqaas uu dhaafay wax kasta oo qiil rayid ah u yeelan kara.<ref name="Economist20250128">{{Cite news |title=Iran's alarming nuclear dash will soon test Donald Trump |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/01/28/irans-alarming-nuclear-dash-will-soon-test-donald-trump |access-date=23 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Iiraan iyo Maraykanka waxay [[2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations|bilaabeen wada-xaajoodyo]] heshiis nukliyeer oo cusub ah, laakiin horumarka ayaa istaagay. Bishii Juun, [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] waxay ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda nukliyeerka;<ref name="Euronews20250612">{{Cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Euro News |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> iyadoo taas ka jawaabaysa, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday kicinta xarun hodmin oo cusub.<ref name="CNN20250612">{{Cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |date=12 June 2025 |title=Iran threatens nuclear escalation after UN watchdog board finds it in breach of obligations |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/middleeast/iran-threatens-nuclear-escalation-iaea-intl |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> 13-kii Juun 2025, Israa'iil waxay weeraro ka bilowday Iiraan oo dhan, iyadoo beegsanaysa xarumaha nukliyeerka ayna dishay xubno sarsare oo ka tirsan hoggaanka milatariga Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Sevastopulo |first2=Demetri |last3=England |first3=Andrew |last4=Bozorgmehr |first4=Najmeh |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel launches air strikes against Iran commanders and nuclear sites |url=https://www.ft.com/content/46b1a363-c805-4800-abbf-6b47b9602ef2 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Nauman |first2=Qasim |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Kingsley |first4=Patrick |last5=Bergman |first5=Ronen |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel Strikes Iran's Nuclear Program, Killing Top Military Officials: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/12/world/israel-iran-us-nuclear |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ugu jawaabtay weeraro gantaallo ah, colaadduna waxay keentay [[Twelve-Day War|dagaal toos ah]] oo u dhaxeeya labadooda. 22-kii Juun, [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites|Maraykanka ayaa weeraray xarumaha nukliyeerka ee Iiraan]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |title=Trump says US has attacked three nuclear sites in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/21/trump-us-nuclear-strikes-iran |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay [[Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base|weerartay saldhigyada Maraykanka ee Qatar]] taas ka dhalatay. 24-kii Juun, Israa'iil iyo Iiraan waxay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin ka dib markii uu Maraykanku ku adkeeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Trump says Iran and Israel agree to a ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trump-says-iran-israel-agree-ceasefire-2025-06-23/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-iran-israel-ceasefire-agreement-terms-b5fc5cc8a8c32b4899646130b496798a |title=A whirlwind 48 hours: How Trump's Israel-Iran ceasefire agreement came together |date=24 June 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> Tan iyo bishii Diseembar 2025, Iiraan waxaa ka jiray [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|mudaaharaadyo ballaaran]] oo ka dhacay magaalooyinka kuwaas oo loogu baaqayo in la rido Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah, taas oo ka dhalatay niyad-jab ku saabsan [[Iranian economic crisis|xiisadda dhaqaale]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parent |first1=Deepa |last2=Christou |first2=William |date=31 December 2025 |title='We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/31/we-want-the-mullahs-gone-economic-crisis-sparks-biggest-protests-in-iran-since-2022 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{As of|2026|01|13}}, ''[[Iran International]]'' waxay ku qiyaastay in ugu yaraan 12,000 oo mudaaharaadayaal ah lagu dilay gudaha [[2026 Internet blackout in Iran|xannibaadda internet-ka]], iyadoo ciidamada ammaanka ee dawladdu ay kordhiyeen isticmaalka rasaasta dilaaga ah ee ka dhanka ah mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref name="2000killed">{{cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Mass killings reported as security forces use live fire on Iran protesters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601103903 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Iran International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sparks |first=John |date=9 January 2026 |title=Iran's leaders facing most serious threat since 1979 revolution |url=https://news.sky.com/story/irans-leaders-facing-most-serious-threat-since-1979-revolution-13492604 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601130145</ref> {{As of|2026|01|17}}, qiyaasuhu waxay soo jeediyeen in ugu yaraan 16,500 oo qof lagu dilay ku dhawaad 330,000 oo kalena lagu dhaawacay [[2026 Iran massacres|xasuuqyadii Iiraan ee 2026]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Christina |date=17 January 2026 |title=Iran report says 16,500 dead in 'genocide under digital darkness' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-young-protesters-news-nsdztp5t2 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> 28-kii Febraayo 2026, [[United States|Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israel|Israa'iil]] waxay fuliyeen [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|weeraro milatari oo isku dubaridan]] oo ka dhan ah bartilmaameedyo dhowr ah oo ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan, taas oo muujinaysa kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid xiisadda soo jireenka ah ee u dhaxeysa [[Tehran]] iyo [[Israel–United States relations|isbahaysiga Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Nadeen |last3=Liebermann |first3=Oren |date=2026-02-28 |title=US carrying out strikes against Iran, three US officials say |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Iyadoo ay socdeen weeraro gantaallo ah oo baaxad leh oo ay Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil ku qaadeen Iiraan qayb ka mid ah [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Epic Fury]], sarkaal Israa'iili ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa sheegay in la helay maydka Ali Khamenei. Ma jirin qof si cad u beddelaya Khamenei.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=What to know about Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/raw/iran-khamenei-supreme-leader-nuclear-protests-military-487aa76fd32f398f2ca37d316e543760 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Juquraafi == {{Main|Juquraafiga Iiraan}} {{See also|Xuduudaha Iiraan|Beeraha Iiraan|Liiska buuraha Iiraan|Liiska jasiiradaha Iiraan}} [[File:Iran-geographic map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Geography of Iran#Topography|Topografiyada Iiraan]]]] Iiraan waxay leedahay bed gaaraya {{convert|1648195|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Waa [[List of Asian countries by area|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn qaaradda Aasiya]] iyo kan labaad ee ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Iran's Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071232/https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Waxay dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa loolka 24° iyo 40° N iyo dhigaha 44° iyo 64° E. Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi-galbeed [[Armenia]], gobolka go'an ee [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> iyo Jamhuuriyadda [[Azerbaijan]]; dhanka waqooyi waxaa ka xiga [[Caspian Sea|Badda Casbiya]]; waqooyi-bari [[Turkmenistan]]; bari waxaa ka xiga [[Afghanistan]] iyo Pakistan; koonfur waxaa ka xiga [[Persian Gulf|Khaliijka Faaris]] iyo [[Gulf of Oman|Khaliijka Cumaan]]; dhanka galbeedna [[Iraq]] iyo Turkiga. Iiraan waxay ku taal aag u nugul dhulgariirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |title=Which country has the most earthquakes? |date=2 May 2010 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |url-status=live}}</ref> Celcelis ahaan, dhulgariir cabbirkiisu yahay 7.0 ama ka badan wuxuu dhacaa tobankii sanno mar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 |script-title=fa:هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد &#124; خبرگزاری ایلنا |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-اخبار-47/11875-هر-ده-سال-یک |url-status=live}}</ref> Inta badan dhulgariirradu waa kuwo gacmeed ah (shallow-focus), waxayna keeni karaan burbur weyn, sida [[2003 Bam earthquake|dhulgariirkii Bam ee 2003]]. Iiraan waxay u badan tahay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]], iyadoo qaybteeda koonfur-galbeed ay saaran tahay [[Arabian plate|huurada Carabta]]. Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu buuraha badan adduunka; muuqaalkeeda waxaa u badan silsilado buuro ah oo kala sooca dooxooyinka ama dhul-sareedyada. Galbeedka Iiraan oo dadku ku badan yahay ayaa ah meesha ugu buuraha badan, waxaana ku yaal silsilado ay ka mid yihiin [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], iyo [[Alborz]]. [[Mount Damavand]] waa halka ugu sarreysa dalka, jooggeedu waa {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, waana foolkaanooyinka ugu sarreeya Aasiya. Buuraha Iiraan waxay saameyn ku lahaayeen siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha dalkaas muddo qarniyo ah. Waqooyiga Iiraan waxaa qariyay dhul-daaqsimeedka doogga ah ee [[Hyrcanian forests|kaymaha Hyrcanian]], oo u dhow xeebaha koonfureed ee Badda Casbiya. Dhanka bari wuxuu u badan yahay dooxooyin saxare ah, sida [[Dasht-e Kavir|Saxaraha Kavir]], oo ah saxaraha ugu weyn dalka, iyo [[Dasht-e Loot|Saxaraha Lut]], iyo sidoo kale harooyin cusbo leh. Saxaraha Lut waa meesha ugu kulul ee laga diiwaan geliyay dusha sare ee dhulka, iyadoo 70.7 °C laga diiwaan geliyay sannadkii 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2009 |title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World |url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=MapQuest Travel |language=en-us |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannaanlo ballaaran ayaa laga helaa xeebaha Casbiya iyo cirifka waqooyi ee Khaliijka Faaris, halkaas oo Iiraan ay xuduud ka leedahay webiga [[Shatt al-Arab|Arvand]]. Bannaanlo yaryar oo aan isku xirneyn ayaa ku yaal inta kale ee xeebta Khaliijka Faaris, [[Strait of Hormuz|Marinka Hormuz]], iyo Khaliijka Cumaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) |url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |url-status=live}}</ref> === Cimilada === {{main|Cimilada Iiraan}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IRN present.svg|thumb|Khariidadda [[Köppen climate classification|noocyada cimilada]] ee Iiraan]] Cimilada Iiraan waa mid kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[Desert climate|engeg]] iyo [[semi-arid climate|nus-engeg]], ilaa [[subtropics|kuleyl-xigeen]] ka jira xeebta Casbiya iyo kaymaha waqooyiga.<ref name="HaftlangLang2003">{{cite book |author1=Kiyanoosh Kiyani Haftlang |author2=Kiyānūsh Kiyānī Haft Lang |title=The Book of Iran: A Survey of the Geography of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gecy7sqblqoC&pg=PA17 |year=2003 |publisher=Alhoda UK |isbn=978-964-94491-3-5 |page=17}}</ref> Cirifka waqooyi ee Iiraan, heerkulku dhif iyo naadir ayuu hoos ugu dhacaa dhibicda barafka (freezing), aaggaasna waa mid qoyan. Heerkulka xagaaga dhif ayuu ka sarreeyaa {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |title=Weather and Climate: Iran, average monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed |newspaper=World Weather and Climate Information |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922105410/https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Roobka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|680|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} bannaanada bari iyo in ka badan {{convert|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} dhanka galbeed. Isku-duwaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Iiraan ayaa sheegay in "[[Water scarcity|Biyo-yaraantu]] ay tahay caqabadda ugu weyn ee xagga amniga bini'aadamka ee maanta ka jirta Iiraan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |title=Farming reforms offer hope for Iran's water crisis |last1=Moghtader |first1=Michelle |date=3 August 2014 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807031853/http://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Dhanka galbeed, deegaannada ku yaal dooxada Zagros waxay leeyihiin heerkul hoose iyo qaboobeyaal adag, oo leh baraf culus. Dooxooyinka bari iyo kuwa dhexe waa engeg, roobkuna wuxuu ka yaryahay {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska ah wuxuu gaari karaa {{convert|38|°C|1}}. Bannaanada xeebaha koonfureed ee Khaliijka Faaris iyo Khaliijka Cumaan waxay leeyihiin qaboobeyaal dhexdhexaad ah, iyo xagaayo aad u qoyan oo kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{convert|135|to|355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nagarajan2010">{{cite book |author=R. Nagarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1505bxl0EkC&pg=PA383 |title=Drought Assessment |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-481-2500-5 |page=383}}</ref> === Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha === {{See also|Duurjoogta Iiraan|Liiska jardiinooyinka qaranka Iiraan|Kaymaha Iiraan}} [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|thumb|[[Persian leopard|Libaax-badhka Faaris]], oo u dhashay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]]]] Ku dhowaad 60% Iiraan waa buuraley, in ka yar 10% na waa kaymo. Qiyaastii 120 milyan oo hektar oo kaymo iyo beero ah ayaa dawladdu leedahay. Kaymaha Iiraan waxaa loo qaybin karaa shan goobood: gobolka Hyrcanian oo ka kooban suunka cagaaran ee dhanka waqooyi; gobolka [[Turan]], oo u badan kuwo ku kala firirsan bartamaha Iiraan; gobolka [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], oo u badan kaymo geed-ballood (oak) ah dhanka galbeed; gobolka Khaliijka Faaris, oo ku kala firirsan suunka xeebta koonfureed; iyo gobolka [[Arasbaran|Arasbarani]], oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah. In ka badan 8,200 oo nooc oo [[plant|dhir]] ah ayaa ka baxa. Waxaa jira in ka badan 200 oo aag oo la ilaaliyo si loo dhowro duurjoogta, iyadoo in ka badan 30 ay yihiin [[national park|jardiinooyin qaran]]. Duurjoogta Iiraan waxaa ka mid ah 34 nooc oo fiidmeerta ah, [[Indian grey mongoose|shabeel-biyeedka Hindida]], [[golden jackal|dawaco-cas]], [[Indian wolf|yeyda]], [[fox|dawacooyinka]], [[striped hyena|waraabaha xariijimaha leh]], [[leopard|shabeelka]], [[brown bear|madax-madowga]] iyo [[Asian black bear|oromada madow ee Aasiya]]. Noocyada [[Ungulate|xayawaanka qofka leh]] waxaa ka mid ah [[wild boar|doofaarka duurka]], [[red deer|deerada cas]], iyo [[goitered gazelle|deerada goitered]].<ref name="Fast2005">{{cite book |author=April Fast |title=Iran: The Land |url=https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast |year=2005 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-9315-1}}</ref> [[Asiatic cheetah|Shabeelka Aasiya]] ee khatarta weyn ugu jira dabar-goynta wuxuu ku haray oo kaliya Iiraan. Iiraan waxay weysay dhamaan [[Asiatic lion|libaaxyadii Aasiya]] iyo [[Caspian tiger|shabeel-dharihii Casbiya]] horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Iiraan waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 570 nooc oo shimbiraha ah sida [[pheasant]], [[partridge]], [[stork]], [[eagle|gorgorka]] iyo [[falcon|shaqrada]]. == Dawladda iyo Siyaasadda == {{Main|Dawladda Iiraan|Siyaasadda Iiraan}} === Hoggaamiyaha Sare === {{Main|Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 320 | image1 = Emblem of Iran.svg | image2 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image3 = Mohammad Reza Aref, July 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption1 = ''Bannaan''<br /><small>[[Supreme Leader of Iran|Hoggaamiyaha Sare]] </small> | caption2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br /><small>[[President of Iran|Madaxweynaha]] </small> | caption3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Iran|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] </small> }} [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei met with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif 1404-3-10.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyaha Sare Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo la jooga Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Pakistan [[Shehbaz Sharif]] 26-kii May 2025]] Hoggaamiyaha Sare,{{efn|{{langx|fa|رهبر معظم|Rahbar-e Moazam}}}} ama ''Rahbar'', waa [[head of state|madaxa dawladda]] waana qofka mas'uulka ka ah kormeerka siyaasadda. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu leeyahay awood xaddidan marka loo eego ''Rahbar''. Wasiiro muhiim ah ayaa lagu soo doortaa heshiiska ''Rahbar'', kaas oo leh go'aanka ugu dambeeya ee siyaasadda dibadda.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=In jab at rivals, Rouhani says Iran protests about more than economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah ugu lug leeyahay magacaabista wasiirrada gaashaandhigga, sirdoonka iyo arrimaha dibadda. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah u xukumaa siyaasadda gobolka. Safiirada loo diro dalalka Carabta, tusaale ahaan, waxaa soo doorta [[Quds Force|Ciidanka Quds]], kuwaas oo si toos ah ugu warbixiya Rahbar.<ref name="english.aawsat.com">{{cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |date=25 September 2017 |title=Khamenei Orders New Supervisory Body to Curtail Government |url=https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu amri karaa in sharciyada la beddelo. [[Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order|Setad]], oo ah shirkad dawladu leedahay oo hoos timaada ''Rahbar'', ayaa lagu qiimeeyay $95 bilyan sannadkii 2013, xisaabaadkeeduna waa sir xitaa [[Iranian parliament|baarlamaanka]] laguma soo bandhigo. ''Rahbar'' waa [[commander-in-chief|taliyaha guud]] ee [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida]], wuxuu xukumaa sirdoonka milatariga iyo hawlgallada amniga, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda kaliya ee uu ku iclaamin karo dagaal ama nabad. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu sidoo kale magacaabaa madaxda garsoorka, shabakadaha raadiyaha iyo telefishinka dawladda, taliyayaasha booliska iyo milatariga, iyo xubnaha [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]]. [[Assembly of Experts|Golaha Khubarada]] ayaa mas'uul ka ah doorashada ''Rahbar'' waxayna leeyihiin awood ay xilka kaga qaadaan. Ilaa iyo hadda, Golaha Khubarada ma tartamin go'aan kasta oo ''Rahbar'' uu gaaray, ismana isku dayin inay xilka ka qaadaan. Qaar badan ayaa raba inay aamminsan yihiin in Golaha Khubarada uu noqday gole maamuus oo kaliya oo aan lahayn awood dhab ah. Nidaamka siyaasadeed wuxuu ku saleysan yahay [[Constitution of Iran|dastuurka dalka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tusmooyinka caalamiga ah, Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa heer hoose xagga cabbirada dimuqraadiyadda, gaar ahaan sinnaanta ragga iyo haweenka, xorriyadda ururrada, iyo xorriyadda hadalka. === Madaxweynaha === {{Main|Madaxweynaha Iiraan}} [[File:Presidential Administration of Iran building.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo madaxtooyada Iiraan, halkaas oo golaha wasiiradu ku kulmaan]] Madaxweynuhu waa [[head of government|madaxa xukuumadda]] iyo maamulka labaad ee ugu sarreeya Hoggaamiyaha Sare ka dib. Madaxweynaha waxaa lagu soo doortaa [[universal suffrage|codbixin guud]] muddo 4 sanno ah. Doorashada ka hor, musharraxiinta waa inay oggolaansho ka helaan [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Council of Guardians {{!}} Definition, Role, Selection, & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Council-of-Guardians |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Madaxweynaha waxaa dib loo dooran karaa hal mar oo kaliya. Madaxweynuhu waa guddoomiyaha [[Supreme National Security Council|Golaha Amniga Qaranka]], wuxuuna leeyahay awood uu ku iclaamiyo [[state of emergency|xaalad degdeg ah]] ka dib marka baarlamaanku ansixiyo. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay dhaqangelinta dastuurka iyo fulinta go'aannada iyo siyaasadaha guud ee uu qeexay ''Rahbar'', marka laga reebo arrimaha si toos ah ugu xiran ''Rahbar''. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabaa wasiirrada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Baarlamaanka iyo ''Rahbar'', kaas oo eryi kara ama dib u soo celin kara wasiir kasta. Sideed madaxweyne ku-xigeen ayaa hoos timaada madaxweynaha, iyo sidoo kale gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 22 wasiir. === Golaha Ilaalada === {{Main|Golaha Ilaalada}} Musharraxiinta madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka waa in ay ansixiyaan 12-ka xubnood ee Golaha Ilaalada (dhammaan xubnahooda waxaa magacaaba Hoggaamiyaha Sare) ka hor inta aysan u tartamin xilka si loo xaqiijiyo daacadnimadooda.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chibli Mallat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oB4_tohQegC |title=The Renewal of Islamic Law |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> Hoggaamiyaha Sare wuxuu ka noqon karaa go'aannada Golaha Ilaalada. Dastuurku wuxuu siinayaa golaha saddex waajibaad: awoodda diidmada (veto) ee sharciyada uu soo saaro [[Majlis of Iran|baarlamaanka]], kormeerka doorashooyinka, iyo ansixinta ama ka saarista musharraxiinta u tartamaya doorashooyinka maxalliga ah, baarlamaanka, madaxtooyada, ama Golaha Khubarada. Goluhu wuxuu burin karaa sharci kasta haddii uu ka soo horjeedo [[sharia|shariicada Islaamka]] ama dastuurka. === Ciidanka === {{Main|Military history of Iran}} [[File:Sejjil missile launch - November 2008 (21).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] [[Sejjil]]. Iiraan waa quwadda 6-aad ee [[Ballistic missile|gantaalaha]] adduunka, waana dalka 5-aad ee caalamka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]]]] Ciidanka waxaa loo qaabeeyey qaab midaysan, kaas oo ah [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force|Ciidanka Difaaca Cirka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka]], iyo [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Ciidanka Badda]]; iyo [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Ciidanka Hawada Sare]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy|Ciidanka Badda]], [[Quds Force]], iyo [[Basij]]; iyo sidoo kale [[Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Taliska Booliska]] (Faraja), kaas oo qabta shaqo u dhiganta [[Gendarmerie|jandarmaari]]. In kasta oo IRIAF ay ilaaliso madaxbannaanida dalka qaab dhaqameed, IRGC waxaa loo xilsaaray inay sugto hufnaanta Jamhuuriyadda kana hortagto faragelinta shisheeye, afgembiyaasha, iyo rabshadaha gudaha.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm "Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227172931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm|date=27 December 2008}}. [[BBC News]]. 18 October 2009.</ref> Sanadkii 2019, Mareykanka oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Donald Trump|Madaxweyne Donald Trump]] ayaa si rasmi ah ugu calaamadiyay Ilaalada Kacaanka urur argagixiso shisheeye. Waa markii ugu horreysay oo qayb ka mid ah dawlad shisheeye loo aqoonsado urur argagixiso.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-designate-iranian-guard-corps-a-foreign-terrorist-organization-11554499401|title=U.S. to Designate Iranian Guard Corps a Foreign Terror Group|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|date=5 April 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Strobel|first2=Warren P.|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Youssef|first3=Nancy A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/label-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps-terrorist-group-190406061535338.html|title=US 'to label Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps a terrorist group'|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> [[Conscription in Iran|Tan iyo 1925]], dhammaan muwaadiniinta labka ah ee jira 18 sano waa inay u adeegaan qiyaastii 14 bilood IRIAF ama IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:اخبار سیاسی ۲۶ اسفند؛ کمک رهبرانقلاب به زندانیان نیازمند/تایید کاهش مدت سربازی |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316122351/https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:تایید مصوبه کاهش مدت سربازی در شورای نگهبان |url=https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa-IR |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171553/https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay leedahay in ka badan 610,000 oo askari oo firfircoon iyo qiyaastii 350,000 oo kayd ah, taas oo ka dhigan ugu yaraan in ka badan hal milyan oo shaqaale ciidan ah, waana mid ka mid ah [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|boqolleyda ugu sarreysa ee muwaadiniinta leh tababarka ciidan]] ee adduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Murtaza |title=Why war with Iran would spell disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012940/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |chapter=Regular Military Power |pages=19–27 |jstor=resrep29480.7 |jstor-access=free |title=Containing Tehran: Understanding Iran's Power and Exploiting Its Vulnerabilities |date=2020 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |isbn=978-1-4422-8149-3}}</ref> Basij, oo ah maleeshiyo iskaa wax u qabso ah oo ka tirsan IRGC, waxay leedahay in ka badan 20 milyan oo xubnood, kuwaas oo 600,000 ay diyaar u yihiin u yeeritaan degdeg ah, 300,000 oo kayd ah, iyo hal milyan oo la abaabuli karo markii loo baahdo.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:ارتش بیست میلیونی |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |access-date=15 March 2024 |website= |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102527/http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |url-status=live}}</ref> Faraja, oo ah ciidanka booliska ee Iiraan, waxay leedahay in ka badan 260,000 oo shaqaale firfircoon. Inta badan hay'adaha tirakoobka kuma daraan Basij iyo Faraja warbixinadooda qiimeynta. Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 7-aad ee tirada ciidamada firfircoon<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sinéad Baker |author2=Thibault Spirlet |title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo kaalinta 9-aad ee baaxadda ciidamada dhulka iyo kuwa gaashaaman. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Iiraan ayaa ah kuwa ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya, waxayna ka kooban yihiin raxan diyaaradaha qumman ee ugu weyn Bariga Dhexe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Iran Press |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ka mid tahay 15-ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya dhinaca miisaaniyadda ciidanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Iran International |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanadkii 2021, kharashka milatariga ayaa kordhay markii ugu horreysay muddo afar sano ah, isagoo gaaray $24.6 bilyan, taas oo ah 2.3% wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Macrotrends |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan iyo kacaankii Islaamiga ahaa, si ay uga gudubto cunaqabateynta dibadda, Iiraan waxay horumarisay warshado milatari oo gudaha ah oo awood u leh inay soo saaraan [[tank]]-yo, [[armoured personnel carrier|gaadiidka gaashaaman ee ciidanka]], [[missile|gantaalo]], [[submarine|maraakiibta quusta]], [[Iranian frigate Jamaran|markabka gantaalaha xambaara]], nidaamyada [[radar]]-ka, [[helicopter|diyaaradaha qumman]], [[Navy|maraakiibta dagaalka]], iyo [[fighter aircraft|diyaaradaha dagaalka]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book |author1=Hossein Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 |title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis |author2=Amin Mohseni |author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 |page=93}}</ref> Sidaas darteed, Iiraan waxay leedahay arsenal-ka ugu weyn uguna kala duwan ee [[ballistic missile|gantaalaha balastikada]] ee Bariga Dhexe, waana dalka 5-aad ee adduunka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=6 June 2023 |title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay sidoo kale naqshadaysaa oo soo saartaa noocyo kala duwan oo [[unmanned aerial vehicle|diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn]] (UAV). Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka ee leh awoodda [[cyberwarfare|dagaalka internetka]]. === Barnaamijka Nukliyeerka === {{Main|Nuclear program of Iran}} Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan wuxuu soo bilaabmay 1950-meeyadii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=An atomic threat made in America |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-061209atoms-day1-story-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405050620/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-061209atoms-day1-story,0,2034260.htmlstory |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Iiraan waxay dib u soo noolaysay kacaankii Islaamiga ka dib, barnaamijkeeda kobcinta nukliyeerka wuxuu noqday mawduuc laga yeesho wada xaajoodyo caalami ah oo xooggan iyo cunaqabateyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Iran's Nuclear Program – Council on Foreign Relations |work=Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220182315/http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811}}</ref> Sanadkii 2015, Iiraan iyo [[P5+1]] waxay ku heshiiyeen [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Heshiiska Nukliyeerka]], ujeedkiisuna ahaa in la soo afjaro cunaqabateynta dhaqaale beddelkeedana la xaddido soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la kobciyey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Deal |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The White House |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427112948/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |url-status=live}}</ref> Si kasta ha ahaatee, 2018-kii, [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Mareykanka ayaa isaga baxay]] heshiiska intii uu jiray maamulkii Trump, waxaana dib loogu soo rogay cunaqabateyn. Tan waxaa kala kulmay iska caabin Iiraan iyo xubnaha kale ee P5+1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Kara |date=8 May 2018 |title=European leaders 'disappointed' in Trump's withdrawal from Iran deal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanad ka dib, Iiraan waxay bilowday inay dhimto u hoggaansanaanteeda heshiiska. Markay ahayd 2020, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday inaysan dhowri doonin wax xaddidid ah oo uu dhigayo heshiisku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Iran abandons enrichment limits in further step back from nuclear deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha tan iyo markaas laga gaaray waxay Iiraan keeneen meel u dhow heerka loogu yeero [[Nuclear latency|marinka nukliyeerka]]. === Saamaynta Gobolka === {{Main|Iranian influence in Lebanon|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}} [[File:Iranian Influence (2).png|thumb|Iiraan iyo [[sphere of influence|aagga saamaynteeda]]]] Saamaynta muuqata ee Iiraan waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu sifeeyaa "Bilowga Boqortooyada Cusub ee Faaris".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Fereydoun Khavand |date=14 September 2017 |title=Are We Witnessing The Dawn Of A New Persian Empire? |work=Radio Farda |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-influence-in-middle-east-new-empire/28735042.html |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> Qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha ayaa saamaynta Iiraan la xiriiriya dhaxalka qaran ee dalka, [[Achaemenid Empire|boqortooyadii]] hore iyo [[History of Iran|taariikhda]] qani ah ee ay leedahay. Kacaanka ka dib, Iran waxay kordhisay saamaynta ay ku leedahay gobolka iyo dibaddaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=The Challenge of Iran |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran, a Geopolitical Player in the Middle East |url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=G. P. F. |date=16 February 2018 |title=Iranian Expansion Spreads Beyond the Middle East |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Geopolitical Futures |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New report reveals extent of Iran's growing Middle East influence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay dhistay ciidamo millatari oo leh shabakad ballaaran oo ka kooban xubno dawladeed iyo kuwo aan dawli ahayn, laga bilaabo Xisbullah ee Lubnaan sanadkii 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=J. Robert |year=2018 |title=A Life Cycle Analysis of Hezbollah: Where the Group Came from and Where It Is Going |journal=American Intelligence Journal |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |jstor=26566567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=25 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093311/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |url-status=live}}</ref> Ciidanka Ilaalada Kacaanka ee IRGC ayaa fure u ahaa saamaynta Iran, iyadoo loo marayo Cududda Quds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513224544/https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeVore |first=Marc R. |year=2012 |title=Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=4/5 |pages=85–107 |jstor=26296878}}</ref> Deganaansho la'aanta Lubnaan (laga bilaabo 1980-meeyadii),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kliot |first=N. |year=1987 |title=The Collapse of the Lebanese State |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1080/00263208708700688 |jstor=4283154}}</ref> Ciraaq (laga bilaabo 2003)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=War, insurgency, IS and instability: Iraq since the 2003 US invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/19/war-insurgency-is-and-instability-iraq-since-the-2003-us-invasion |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> iyo Yemen (laga bilaabo 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=The Saudi-led War in Yemen: Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} Friends Committee On National Legislation |url=https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135958/https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |url-status=live}}</ref> waxay Iran u ogolaatay inay dhisto xulafo xooggan iyo saldhigyo ka baxsan xuduudaheeda. Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku lahayd adeegyada bulshada, waxbarashada, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda Lubnaan,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=resrep20960.6 |title=Hezbollah's Intervention in the Syrian Conflict |last1=Ali |first1=Mohanad Hage |journal=Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship |date=30 January 2024 |pages=8–13 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akbar |first=Ali |date=8 August 2023 |title=Iran's soft power in the Middle East via the promotion of the Persian language |journal=Contemporary Politics |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2023.2169305 |issn=1356-9775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lubnaanna waxay Iran siisaa marin ay ka gasho [[Badda Mediterranean-ka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran's Corridor to the Mediterranean Sea – EUROPolitika |url=https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=tr |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Iran Threatens Mediterranean Closure Over Gaza Without Saying How |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha istiraatiijiyadeed ee Xisbullah ay ka gaartay Israa'iil, sida guushii calaamadda u ahayd intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii Lubnaan ee 2006|Dagaalkii 2006 ee Israa'iil iyo Xisbullah]], waxay sare u qaaday saamaynta Iran ee [[Levant]] waxayna xoojisay soo jiidashadeeda guud ahaan [[Dunida Islaamka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Thrives In The Levant On Weakened States Threatened By Sunni Radicalism |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |title=How to Contain Iranian Influence in the Levant |language=en |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |url-status=live}}</ref> Duulaankii [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee 2003|Mareykanka ee Ciraaq sanadkii 2003]] iyo imaatinkii [[Dawladda Islaamka|ISIS]] badhtamihii 2010-yadii ka dib, Iran waxay maalgelisay oo tababartay kooxo maleeshiyo ah oo Ciraaq jooga.<ref name="Institute for the Study of War">{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Luca Nevola |author2=Miran Feyli |date=23 May 2023 |title=The Muqawama and Its Enemies: Shifting Patterns in Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Activity in Iraq |url=https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Crispin Smith |author2=Michael Knights |date=20 March 2023 |title=Remaking Iraq: How Iranian-Backed Militias Captured the Country |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Just Security |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq iyo dhicitaankii [[Saddam Hussein]] ka dib, Iran waxay qaabaysay siyaasadda Ciraaq.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq? |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran is still the main foreign power in Iraq |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ISPI |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130175734/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Where does Iran stand on neighbouring Iraq's political turmoil? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib halgankii Ciraaq ee ka dhanka ahaa ISIS ee 2014, shirkado lala xiriiriyo IRGC sida [[Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters|Khatam al-Anbiya]], waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan waddooyin, xarumo koronto, hoteello iyo ganacsiyo Ciraaq dhexdeeda ah, iyagoo abuuray marin dhaqaale oo ku kacaya qiyaastii $9 bilyan ka hor [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:افزایش صادرات ایران به عراق تا 9 میلیارد دلار/ در تجارت با منطقه جایگاه مناسبی نداریم |url=https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=KhabarFarsi.com |language=fa |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Achaemenid Empire 500 BCE.jpg|thumb|Boqortooyadii Achaemenid sanadkii 500 BC]] Intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen (2014–ilaa hadda)|Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen]] Iran waxay taageero millatari siisay Xuutiyiinta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Houthis, Iran, and tensions in the Red Sea |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=How Iran Helped Houthis Expand Their Reach |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Stephanie |date=19 December 2019 |title=Media Guide: Iran and the Yemeni Civil War |url=http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=American Iranian Council |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |url-status=live}}</ref> oo ah dhaqdhaqaaq Shiico [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] ah oo la dagaalamayay dawladda [[Sunni Islam|Sunniga]] ee Yemen ilaa 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=5 Things to Know About the Houthis, Their Attacks on Israel and the U.S., and Their Treatment of Yemen's Jews {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=16 January 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Houthis sink an arrow into the West's Achilles' heel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117171545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo helay [[Xiisadda Badda Cas|awood ballaaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels seize cargo ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324024030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=A ship earlier hit by Yemen's Houthi rebels sinks in the Red Sea, the first vessel lost in conflict |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323071241/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinch |first=first=Matt |date=25 March 2022 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Aramco facility after reports of a huge fire in Saudi city of Jeddah |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326083516/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku leedahay Afgaanistaan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Fatemiyoun|Qaybta Fatemiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235532/https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Iran's Tricky Balancing Act in Afghanistan |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322050754/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Xisbullah Afgaanistaan]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ari Heistein |author2=James West |date=20 November 2015 |title=Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=National Interest}}</ref><ref name="aijac">{{cite web |author=Oved Lobel |date=16 November 2018 |title=Afghanistan: The Forgotten Front Against Iran |url=https://aijac.org.au/fresh-air/afghanistan-the-forgotten-front-against-iran/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=aijac.org}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale Pakistan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Zainabiyoun|Guutada Zainabiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Meet the Zainebiyoun Brigade: An Iranian Backed Pakistani Shia Militia Fighting in Syria – The OSINT Blog |work=The OSINT Blog |url=https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502213753/https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> iyo [[Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan]].<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{Cite web |title='200 Iranian-trained Sipah-e-Muhammad activists hunting down ASWJ workers' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2018-07-26 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135021/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/|archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Suuriya dhexdeeda, Iran waxay taageertay Madaxweyne [[Bashar al-Assad]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |year=2015 |title=Iran's Strategy for Saving Asad |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2015_69_2/page/222 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=222–236 |doi=10.3751/69.2.1 |jstor=43698235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Iran's Evolving Policy on Syria |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria}}</ref> labada waddan waxay ahaayeen xulafo muddo dheer soo jiray.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=2008 |title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_winter-2008_62_1/page/32 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=32–53 |doi=10.3751/62.1.12 |jstor=25482471}}</ref><ref name="Institute for the Study of War"/> Iran waxay taageero millatari iyo dhaqaale oo weyn siisay dawladda Assad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=Why is Iran Involved in Syria: A Look at Multifaceted Reasons |work=Best Diplomats &#124; New York |url=https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, September 20, 2023 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Critical Threats |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> sidaas darteed waxay saldhig weyn ku lahayd Suuriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 7 years of war, Assad has won in Syria. What's next for Washington? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081024/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers}}</ref> Iran waxay muddo dheer taageertay ururada ku yaala [[Waqooyiga Afrika]] ee dalalka sida [[Aljeeriya]] iyo [[Tunisia]]. Iran waxay soo dhoweysay [[Xamaas]] qayb ahaan si ay gacan uga geysato wiiqidda caannimada [[Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin|Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin]] (PLO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran and Hamas beyond the borders of the Middle East |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref> Taageerada Iran ee Xamaas waxay si cad u soo baxday sannadihii dambe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skare |first=Erik |date=18 December 2023 |title=Iran, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad: A marriage of convenience |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116122514/https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hamas-Iran Relationship {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas And Israel: Iran's Role |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=10 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jake Tapper |author2=Katie Bo Lillis |date=14 November 2023 |title=Found document suggests Iran sought to help Hamas make its own weapons ahead of attack, sources say |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay sirdoonka Mareykanka, Iran si buuxda uma maamusho kooxahan dawliga ah iyo kuwa aan dawliga ahayn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=US intelligence officials estimate Tehran does not have full control of its proxy groups |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |website=Politico |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329202849/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Xuquuqda aadanaha iyo faafreebka === {{Main|Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iran|Faafreebka Iran}} {{See also|Ciqaabta dilka ee Iran|Cadaadiska siyaasadeed ee Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iran}} [[File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo [[Xabsiga Evin]], oo la aasaasay 1972. [[Vice Media|VICE]] waxay ku tilmaantay xabsiga "meesha argagaxa leh ee halyeeyga ah oo qofna uusan rabin inuu ku dambeyno."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voA0cS1JiGQ |title=VICE Guide to Iran with Suroosh Alvi |date=15 April 2020 |last=VICE |access-date=17 May 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>|225x225px]] Dawladda Iran ayaa lagu cambaareeyay ururo caalami ah iyo dawlado kala duwan inay ku xad-gudubto xuquuqda aadanaha.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay inta badan dhibaataysay oo xirtay dadka dhaleeceeya dawladda. Sharciga Iran ma aqoonsana [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|jihada galmada]]. [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|Dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada ee u dhexeeya xubnaha isku jinsiga ah]] waa sharci darro waana [[Ciqaabta dilka ee khaniisnimada|lagu ciqaabaa dil]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran defends execution of gay people |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109074057/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ciqaabta dilka]] waa ciqaab sharci ah, marka loo eego BBC-da, Iran "waxay fulisaa dilal ka badan waddan kasta, marka laga reebo Shiinaha".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran halts execution of three protesters after online campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907110937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay [[Javaid Rehman]] ayaa soo sheegay takoor ka dhan ah dhowr qowmiyadood oo laga tiro badan yahay oo Iran jooga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=Iran: UN expert says ethnic, religious minorities face discrimination |work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |location=New York |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |url-status=live}}</ref> Koox khubaro ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay sanadkii 2022 ayaa ku boriyay Iran inay joojiso "cadaadiska nidaamsan" ee ka dhanka ah diimaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyagoo raaciyay in xubno ka tirsan [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] la xiray, laga mamnuucay jaamacadaha, ama guryahooda la dumiyay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Rights experts urge Iran to end 'systematic persecution' of religious minorities |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[UN News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Rights Experts Call On Iran To Stop Persecution Of Baha'is, Other Religious Minorities |language=en |work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, baaritaan uu sameeyay Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in Iran ay gashay [[xasuuq]] ka dhan ah dadka siyaasadda iyo diimaha laga tirada badan yahay intii uu socday [[Xasuuqii Iran ee 1981–1982|xasuuqyadii 1981–1982]] iyo [[Toogashadii 1988 ee maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iran|dilalkii wadajirka ahaa ee 1988]].<ref name="ShahinClerical">{{cite journal |last1=Nasiri |first1=Shahin |title=Clerical Sovereignty and its Absolute Others: Religious Genocide in Iran |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=25 September 2025 |volume=28 |pages=1–25 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533#abstract |access-date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Faafreebka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu daran adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://rsf.org/en/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119053026/https://rsf.org/en/iran |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=The World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141729/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=[[Wariyayaasha aan Xuduudda Lahayn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Freedom in the World 2019, Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Iran waxay leedahay [[Faafreebka internetka ee Iran|faafreeb internet oo adag]], iyadoo dawladdu ay si joogto ah u xannibto baraha bulshada iyo baraha kale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Chloe |date=21 November 2019 |title=Iran's internet blackout enters fifth day as government claims victory over protesters |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122155819/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihalcik |first=Carrie |title=Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126051521/https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |archive-date=26 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNET]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171635/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo Janaayo 2021, mas'uuliyiintu waxay xannibeen dhowr barood oo baraha bulshada ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacLellan |first1=Stephanie |date=9 January 2018 |title=What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124164741/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |language=en}}</ref> Natiijooyinkii doorashada 2006 ayaa si weyn loogu muransanaa, taas oo keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii doorashada madaxweynaha ee Iran ee 2009|mudaharaadyo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Landry |first=Carole |date=25 June 2009 |title=G8 calls on Iran to halt election violence |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312135716/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |last2=Black |first2=Ian |last3=Tran |first3=Mark |date=17 June 2009 |title=Iran protests: Fifth day of unrest as regime cracks down on critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142529/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2009 |title=Iran clerics defy election ruling |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=18 June 2011 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=Is this government legitimate? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409060631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2017–18]] ayaa ku baahay dalka oo dhan iyadoo looga jawaabayay xaaladda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=4 August 2018 |title=Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissatisfaction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023212544/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Waxaa si rasmi ah loo xaqiijiyay in kumanaan mudaaharaadayaal ah la xiray.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Iran arrested 7,000 in crackdown on dissent during 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528144810/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2019–20]] waxay ka bilaabmeen 15kii Noofambar magaalada [[Ahvaz]], waxayna ku baaheen dalka oo dhan ka dib markii ay dawladdu ku dhawaaqday kor u kac qiimaha shidaalka ah oo gaaraya ilaa 300%.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=In Pictures: Iranians protest against the increase in fuel prices |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119060103/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> [[Xiritaanka Internetka ee Iran ee 2019|Internetka oo la damiyay muddo toddobaad ah]] ayaa calaamadeeyay mid ka mid ah xiritaankii ugu darraa ee internetka ee waddan kasta, iyo cadaadiskii dawladeed ee ugu dhiigga badnaa ee mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shutdown |first=Iran Internet |title=A web of impunity: The killings Iran's internet shutdown hid |url=https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235750/https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> Tobanaan kun ayaa la xiray boqolaalna waa la dilay dhowr maalmood gudahood sida ay sheegeen goobjoogayaal caalami ah oo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jirto [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223095916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]] wuxuu ahaa duulimaad caalami ah oo rakaab rayid ah oo ka yimid Tehran kuna socday [[Kyiv]], oo ay maamusho [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. 8-dii Janaayo 2020, Boeing 737–800 oo duulaysay marinkaas ayaa waxaa soo riday IRGC waxyar ka dib markii ay kacday, iyadoo dishay dhammaan 176-dii qof ee saarnaa taasna waxay keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752|mudaaharaadyo]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa horseeday in dawladdu ay qirato soo ridista, iyadoo ugu yeertay "qalad bini'aadam".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2020 |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112185600/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Mahsa Amini|Mudaharaadyo kale oo looga soo horjeedo dawladda]] ayaa bilowday 16-kii Sebtembar 2022 ka dib markii haweeney lagu magacaabo [[Dhimashadii Mahsa Amini|Mahsa Amini ay ku dhimatay gacanta booliiska]] ka dib markii ay xireen [[Guidance Patrol]], oo loo yaqaan "booliiska asluubta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Iran's 'morality police'? – DW – 12/04/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023065624/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Protests flare across Iran in violent unrest over woman's death |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927195508/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |date=26 September 2022 |title=Iran's Ferocious Dissent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927061245/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920020636/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Cadaadiskii dawladdu ay saartay mudaaharaadyada ayaa Qaramada Midoobay ay ku tilmaantay [[danbi ka dhan ah bini'aadantinimada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Iran committed crimes against humanity during protest crackdown, UN says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/8/iran-committed-crimes-against-humanity-during-protest-crackdown-un-says |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha == {{Main|Dhaqaalaha Iran}} {{See also|Kaalmooyinka Iran|Bangiyada iyo caymiska ee Iran}} Laga bilaabo {{As of|2024}}, Iran waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego GDP (PPP)|19-aad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga lagu hagaajiyay PPP]]. Waa [[Dhaqaale isku dhafan|isku dhafka]] [[Dhaqaalaha qorshaysan|qorshaynta dhexe]], [[lahaanshaha dawladda]] ee saliidda iyo shirkadaha kale ee waaweyn, beeraha tuulooyinka, iyo ganacsiga gaarka ah ee yar-yar iyo mashaariicda adeegga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608192955/http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 |title=Iran economy |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> Adeegyadu waxay ku darsadaan boqolkiiba ugu weyn ee GDP-ga, waxaa ku xiga warshadaha ([[Macdanta Iran|macdanta]] iyo wax soo saarka) iyo [[Beeraha Iran|beeraha]].<ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf ''Iran Investment Monthly''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=20131031023806 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031023806/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}. Turquoise Partners (April 2012). Retrieved 24 July 2012.</ref> Dhaqaalaha waxaa lagu gartaa waaxda hydrocarbon-ka, wax soo saarka iyo adeegyada maaliyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704155746/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 10% [[Kaydka saliidda ee Iran|kaydka saliidda]] adduunka iyo 15% [[Kaydka Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iran|kaydka gaaska]], Iran waa [[quwad weyn oo dhinaca tamarta ah]]. In ka badan [[Warshadaha Iran|40 warshadood]] ayaa si toos ah ugu lug leh [[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]. [[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]]] Tehran waa xarunta xoogga dhaqaale ee Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tehran (Iran): People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |archive-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qiyaastii 30% shaqaalaha waaxda guud ee Iran iyo 45% shirkadaheeda warshadaha ee waaweyn waxay ku yaallaan halkaas, kala bar shaqaalaha shirkadahaasna waxay u shaqeeyaan dawladda.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cordesman, Anthony H. |date=23 September 2008 |title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |work=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> [[Bangiga Dhexe ee Iran]] ayaa ka mas'uul ah horumarinta iyo ilaalinta lacagta: [[Rial-ka Iran]]. Dawladdu ma aqoonsana [[Liiska ururada shaqaalaha ee Iran|ururada shaqaalaha]] marka laga reebo golayaasha shaqaalaha ee Islaamiga ah, kuwaas oo ku xiran ogolaanshaha loo shaqeeyayaasha iyo adeegyada amniga.<ref name="ayatoil">{{cite news |title=Iran's banned trade unions: Aya-toiling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623080810/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay ahayd dalkii ugu horeeyay ee soo bandhiga [[Dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee caalamiga ah|dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee qaranka]] deyrta 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Iran's bold economic reform: Economic jihad |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/06/23/economic-jihad |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Shaqo la'aantu waxay ahayd 9% sanadkii 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |title=Iran Unemployment Rate |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141105/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Siyaasadda Iran#Miisaaniyadda|Dhimista miisaaniyadda]] waxay ahayd dhibaato raagto, badanaa waxaa ugu wacan [[Kaalmooyinka Iran|kaalmooyinka dawladeed ee waaweyn]], oo ay ku jiraan agabka cuntada iyo gaar ahaan shidaalka, oo wadartoodu gaartay $100 bilyan sanadkii 2022 tamarta oo kaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies |website=Iran International |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html |title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy |website= |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html}}</ref> Sannadkii 2010, qorshaha dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha wuxuu ahaa in la yareeyo kaalmooyinka si tartiib-tartiib ah laguna beddelo gargaar bulsho oo bartilmaameed ah. Ujeeddadu waa in loo guuro xaggii qiimaha suuqa xorta ah iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo cadaaladda bulshada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |title=Iran – Country Brief |access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> Maamulku wuxuu sii wadaa dib-u-habaynta, wuxuuna tilmaamayaa inuu kala duwanayn doono dhaqaalaha saliidda ku tiirsan. Iran waxay horumarisay [[Bioteknoolajiyadda Iran|bioteknoolajiyadda]], [[Nanotechnoolajiyadda Iran|nanotechnoolajiyadda]], iyo warshadaha [[Daawooyinka Iran|daawooyinka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-date=14 November 2006 |title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay [[Gaar u lahaanshaha Iran|gaar u leedahay warshadaha]]. Iran waxay leedahay warshado wax soo saar oo hormuud u ah samaynta baabuurta, gaadiidka, agabka dhismaha, qalabka guryaha, cuntada iyo agabka beeraha, hubka, daawooyinka, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka, iyo petrochemicals ee Bariga Dhexe.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan |archive-date=13 February 2006 |title=UK Trade & Investment |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Waxay ka mid tahay shanta soo saara ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ee [[apricot]]-ka, [[cherry|jeeriga]], [[qajaarka]], [[timirta]], [[bergamot|fiigga]], [[pistachio]]-ga, [[walnut]]-ka, [[Kiwifruit]]-ka iyo [[qaraha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=FAOSTAT |website=FAO |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cunaqabataynta caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Iran]] ayaa waxyeelo u geysatay dhaqaalaha.<ref name="everend">{{cite news |title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end? |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2012/08/18/when-will-it-ever-end |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=23 June 2013 |date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waa mid ka mid ah saddex waddan oo aan weli ansixin [[Heshiiska Paris]] si loo xaddido [[Isbeddelka cimilada ee Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika|isbeddelka cimilada]], inkastoo aqoonyahanadu ay sheegaan inay u wanaagsan tahay dalka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larch |first1=Mario |last2=Wanner |first2=Joschka |title=The consequences of non-participation in the Paris Agreement |journal=European Economic Review |date=April 2024 |volume=163 |article-number=104699 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104699 |hdl=10419/302105 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 4k4pvhknklc7mh1ij7xw8yav08ig0hq 0 4875 308755 271373 2026-09-19T22:37:06Z Soalt 39618 sawir beddalay iyo Category:Gacan 308755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suul(1).jpg|thumb|suul]] '''Suul''' waa xubin ka mid ah [[far]]aha shanta ah ee ku yaala [[Gacan|gacmaha]] iyo lugaha [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ka qaar sida daanyeerka. Suulku waa farta koowaad ee shanta farood. Sidoo kale, suulku waa farta ugu awooda badan faraha. Badanaa dadka caalamka waxaa dhaqan u ah markii suulka kor loo jeediyo, macnaheeda waa fiican, markii hoos loo jeediyo waa wax xun. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Gacan]] {{Commonscat|Thumbs}} 0qscyvlevjymvng8i6zyhtaxhuuswzv 308759 308755 2026-09-19T23:07:18Z Soalt 39618 faraha dadka 308759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suul(1).jpg|thumb|suul]] '''Suul''' waa xubin ka mid ah [[far]]aha shanta ah ee ku yaala [[Gacan|gacmaha]] iyo lugaha [[dad]]ka iyo [[xayawaan]]ka qaar sida daanyeerka. Suulku waa farta koowaad ee shanta farood. Sidoo kale, suulku waa farta ugu awooda badan faraha. Badanaa dadka caalamka waxaa dhaqan u ah markii suulka kor loo jeediyo, macnaheeda waa fiican, markii hoos loo jeediyo waa wax xun. {| class="infobox" style="text-align: center;" |style="background:#ccccff" | '''[[Far]]aha [[Dad]]ka''' |- | [[File:Hand left.svg|center|100px]] |- | style="font-size: smaller;" | [[Suul]] {{•}} [[Fardheer]] {{•}} [[Fardhexo]] {{•}} [[Faraanti galis (far)|Farta Faraantigelis]] {{•}} [[Faryar]] |- |}<noinclude> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Gacan]] {{Commonscat|Thumbs}} 9gcy3gmgza8ap2qmzk7itv4ohrbt44m 0 4876 308754 219291 2026-09-19T22:34:43Z Soalt 39618 Category:Xubnaha Jidhka 308754 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="text-align: center;" |style="background:#ccccff" | '''[[Far]]aha [[Dad]]ka''' |- | [[File:Hand left.svg|center|100px]] |- | style="font-size: smaller;" | [[Suul]] {{•}} [[Fardheer]] {{•}} [[Fardhexo]] {{•}} [[Faraanti galis (far)|Farta Faraantigelis]] {{•}} [[Faryar]] |- |}<noinclude> '''Far''' ({{lang-en|finger}}; {{lang-ar| أصبع}}) (wadar ahaan '''faro'''), waa [[xubin|xubno]] ka tirsan [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Sida caadiga ah dadku waxay leeyihiin 20 farood, kuwaasi oo ku kala yaala labada gacmood iyo labada lugood. Gacan kasta iyo lug kasta waxay leeyihiin shan farood oo iskugu jira: [[Suul]], [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|fardheero]] (murdiso), [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|fardhexo]], [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|faraantigalis]] (farta faadumo), iyo [[Far yareey|faryaro]]. ==Faraha Gacmaha== ===Suul=== [[File:Suul(1).jpg|thumb|suul]] '''Suul''' ({{lang-en|thumb}}; {{lang-ar|إبهام}}) waa xubin ka mid ah [[far]]aha shanta ah ee ku yaala [[Gacan|gacmaha]] iyo lugaha [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Suulku waa farta koowaad ee shanta farood. Sidoo kale, suulku waa farta ugu awooda badan ee ugu dhumucda iyo qarada weyn dhamaan faraha. ===Fardheero=== [[File:Murdiso1.jpg|thumb|murdiso ama murugsato]] '''Farta Murdiso''' ({{lang-en|''index finger''}}; {{lang-ar|السبابة}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano "'''''Fardheer'''''" iyo "'''''Murugsato'''''", waa [[far]]ta labaad ee ka mid ah shanta [[far]]ood ee [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Sidoo kale waa farta u dhexaysa [[suul]]ka iyo [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|fardhexada]]. ===Fardhexo=== [[File:Fardhexo.jpg|thumb|fardhexo]] '''Fardhexo''' ({{lang-ar|الوسطى}}; {{lang-en|middle finger}}) waa [[far]]ta [[sadex]]aad ee [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka. Fartani waxay u dhexaysaa [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|murdisada]] (murugsato) iyo farta faadumo [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|(faraanti galis]]), sida badan waa farta ugu dheer faraha. Fartaan iyo [[suul]]ka markii la isku cadaadiyo ka dibna la sii daayo waxaa ka dhasha dhawaq dheer, oo loo adeegsado soo jeedin ama baraarujinta cid loo dan leeyahay taasi oo loo yaqaano '''Suuldhabaale''' (en: snapping).<ref>[[:en:Finger_snapping|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_snapping]]</ref> ===Faraantigelis=== [[File:Faadumo ama faraanti galis.jpg|thumb|faraanti galils]] '''Farta faraanti galis''' ({{lang-ar|بنصر}}; {{lang-en|''ring finger''}}) (sidoo kale loo yaqaano farta faadumo) waa [[far]]ta afaraad u dhexaysa [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dheexadka]] iyo [[Far yareey|faryareey]]da. Waa farta ugu quruxda badan faraha aadanaha saas ayaana keentay in la galiyo faraantiga ama fargashiga. ===Faryaro=== [[File:Faryareey.jpg|alt=far, gacan|thumb|faryaro ama fryareey]] '''Faryaro''' ({{lang-ar|خنصر}}; {{lang-en|''Little finger''}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano ''Faryareey'', waa [[far]]ta shanaad ee faraha ku yaala [[gacan|gacmaha]] iyo [[lug]]aha [[dad]]ka; waxayna ku xigtaa [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|farta faraanti galis]]. Intaas waxaa dheer, in fartani tahay tan ugu yar faraha ugu wax qabadka yar. == Faraha Gacanta inta ay ka koobanyihiin == * '''[[Suul]]''' * '''[[Murdiso (Murugsato)|Murdiso]] ('''murugsato''')''' * '''[[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dhexo]]''' * '''[[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|faraanti galis]]''' (faadumo) * '''[[Far yareey|faryaro]] ('''faryareey) </noinclude> ==Tixraac== * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101992568 Our Fascinating Hands] {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Gacan]] [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Qiyaasaha Masaafooyinka]] [[Category:Xubnaha Jidhka]] lul7c1sjmx5do7cgqtvyzqzsiy41od3 0 4877 308760 268467 2026-09-19T23:12:21Z Soalt 39618 Category:Xubnaha Jidhka 308760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Gacan | Latin = Manus | Greek = | GraySubject = | GrayPage = | Image = Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg | Caption = Palmar and dorsal aspects of human right hand | Width = 240 | Image2 = Handskelett.png | Caption2 = Gacanta dadka oo la saaray raajato | ImageMap = | MapCaption = | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = qaabka gacanta | Nerve = Ulnar, median, radial nerve | Lymph = | MeshName = Hand | MeshNumber = A01.378.800.667 | Code = | Dorlands = | DorlandsID = }} [[File:PikiWiki Israel 12716 Hands image.JPG|thumbnail|Gacan qof weyn iyo gacan qof yar]] [[File:Tupaia cf javanica 050917 manc.jpg|thumb|Tupaia javanica, Homo sapiens]] '''Gacan''' [[Ingiriis (luqad)|(af-ingiriis]] {{{lang-en|Hand}}} {{lang-ar|يد}} ) wadar '''Gacmo''' ama '''Gacno''' waa mid ka mid ah afata addin ee [[Biniaadan]]ka waliba labada sare, halkii gacan waxay leedahay shan farood oo kala ah '''[[Faryaro]]''', '''[[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far-dhexo]]''', '''[[Faraanti galis (far)|faadumo]]''', '''[[Murdiso (far)|murdiso]]''' (murugsato) iyo '''[[suul]]'''ka, shantaas farood oo leh dareen iyo awooda qabashada walxaha, gacanta ayaa boos wayn ugu jirta aadanaha xaga hawlaha kala duwan , halkii gacan waxay leeyahy 27 [[Laf]]. gacanta faraheeda inta aan ka eheyn suulka, waxay leeyihiin halkii far 3 laf. halka Suulku leeyahy labo laf. == Adeegsiga gacanta == gacanta ayaa loo adeegsadaa wax walboo aadanuhu qabto waxaan ka ahayn hadalka iyo socodka, labadaas xitaa way ka qayb qaataan * wax qabasho * tilmaanta walax ama hadal ama af garad == Astaanta gacanta == gacanta ama calaacasheeda ayaa waxaa loo adeegsadaa qaabab kala duwan markii hadba si laga dhigo, ama faraha qayb la laabo ama la fidiyo, waana wax aadanuhu ka simayahay, umad walbana ay si u taqaan afgaradna ka dhigtaan, faraha ayaa iyagana midba wax macno leh u fadhisa, Dadka [[Indhoole|indhahaooleyaasha]] ah ayaa aad u adeegsada dareemada gacanta, waxayna dadka kaga badanyihiin dhinaca adeegsigiisa, sidoo kale dadka ayaa u adeegsada gacmaha qaab wada hadal sida ay saemeeyaan dadka dhagoolada ah, waxaana jirta [[luuqad]] gacmed iskoolada dhagoolayaasha lagu barto, == Gacanta dugaaga ama naflayda aan aadanaha ahayn == faraha hore ayay badanka [[dugaag]]<nowiki/>u uga egyihiin [[Biniaadan|aadanaha]], sida xubnaha cidiyaha, [[Muruq|murqah]]<nowiki/>a iyo [[laf]]<nowiki/>aha, qaar baa u adeegsada [[dhul]] qodida, ama duulida, dabaasha ama [[orod]]<nowiki/>ka, shan qayb wax ka badan ma jiro dugaag walba, noocyada gacnaha nafleyda aan aadanah ahayn ayaa kala duwan, gacnta daayeerka ayaa ugu dhow tan aadanaha xaga u ekaanshaha waxaa ku xiga caana qubta ama kashiitada, digaaga gacnihisa ayaa ah baalasha, == Maahmaahyaha soomaalida ee gacani ku jirto == * Af [[macaan]], gacan macaan baa dhaanta. * Gacani waa miskiin.  * Gacantii aadan goyn karin, waa la shumiyaa * Maalintii intay ishaadu gaadhaa la hadlaa, habeenkiina inta gacantaadu gaadho. * Ra saddex ka oggow: Gacan gudhan, gar weecsan, iyo guddoon jilicsan. * gacantii wax qaad dayn waysa gumud keedaa nuuxsada == naynaasaha soomaali ah oo gacan lagu sheegay == [[File:Paolo Monti - Serie fotografica - BEIC 6340852.jpg|thumb|Gacan, [[Paolo Monti]]]] * gacaneey * gacma dheere * gacmo dhagax * gacmo weyne * gacmo yare * gacmo dadab * gacmo cade == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Xubnaha Jidhka]] *{{commons|Hand}} ll0yig4wac1d6ovov24b6wtagao1jve 0 4886 308753 273490 2026-09-19T22:33:02Z Soalt 39618 Gadhmalays ku daray 308753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Panayot Hitov.jpg|thumb|[[Nin]] aad u shaarbo wayn.]] '''Shaarbo''' sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Shaarub''' ama '''Gadhmalays''' ([[ingiriis]]: Mustache) waa [[timo]] badan oo [[weji]]ga [[dad]]ka kasoo baxa inta u dhexeeysa [[san]]ka hoostiisa iyo [[faruur]]ta sare ee [[af]]ka. Sida caadiga ah, Shaarbuhu waxay ka soo baxaan raga markeey [[qaangaadh]] noqdaan, laakiin waxaa jira dumar leh shaarbo khafiif ah. Dadka qaar waxay leeyihiin shaarbo iyo [[gadh]] wayn oo qariya dhamaan [[daan|labada daan]] afka dushiisa iyo hoostiisa ilaa [[dhuun]]ta laga gaadhayo. Raga qaar waxay leeyihiin shaarbo iyo xoogaa timo ah oo afka hoostiisa ku yaala ayagoon [[dhaban]]ada wax timo ah ku lahayn. Sidoo kale, niman badan ma laha wax [[gadh]] iyo shaarbo toona waxaana loo yaqaanaa [[gadhmalays]]. =Akhrinta sii socota= {{Gumud}} [[Category:Timo]] [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Baayooloji]] [[Category:Xoolo]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Jidh]] [[Category:Naasley]] [[Category:Xubnaha Jidhka]] otghbvtxgosalpujrmb93tk0ypzeejl 0 5595 308733 307768 2026-09-19T22:08:34Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Qatar<br />''قطر'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Qatar |qaaradda = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Qatar.svg |image_map = Qatar (orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Qatar|As salaam al amiir]] |image_map = LocationQatar.png |caasimadda = [[Dooxa]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Dooxa]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 1 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $23,425<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $ 120 Billion Dollar <ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $44,550<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Dawladda = Qatar |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Al-Amiir]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Shiikh Xamdiin Khaliifat Al-thaanii]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Xamdiin bin Jaasim bin Jiber Al-thaanii]] |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = qoomiyadihii tar tamaayay iyo [[Ingiriis]]ka oo si nuuc kale ula dhaqmay |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 18 [[Diseembar]], [[1971]] |area = 11,437 km2 |areami² = 4,415km2 |biyo = micno la aan |population_estimate =2,675,522 |population_estimate_year = 2016 |lacagta = [[Riyaal qatar]] |Magaca internetka = &nbsp;[[.so]] |wakhti = [[waqtiga bariga dhexe]] |furaha_debedda = 974 |footnote1 = }} '''Qatar''' ama '''Qadar''' ( {{lang-ar|قطر}}), waa dal ku yaalla galbeedka [[Aasiya]] , Xudduudda dhul ee keliya waxay la leedahay Boqortooyada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] ee koonfurta, iyadoo inta kale ee dhulkeeda ku xeeran Gacanka Beershiya . Gacanka Baxreyn , oo ah marinka Gacanka Beershiya, wuxuu kala saaraa Qatar iyo Baxrayn oo u dhow . Horraantii 2017, tirada guud ee dadka Qatar waxay ahayd 2.6 milyan: 313,000 oo muwaadiniin Qatar ah iyo 2.3 milyan qurbajoog ah .<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality – 2017 report |access-date=7 February 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053320/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah ee Qatar. <ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution|url=http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024231923/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80|archive-date=24 October 2004}}</ref> Marka la eego dakhliga , waddanku wuxuu leeyahay GDP -da saddexaad ee ugu sarreeya (PPP) qofkiiba adduunka, <ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=2020-07-28|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> iyo kan lixaad ee ugu sarreeya GNI qofkiiba (Atlas method) . <ref>{{Cite web|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=2020-07-28|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728213153/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> QM waxay Qatar ku tilmaamtay inay tahay wadan horumarka biniaadamka aad u sarreeya, iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta saddexaad ee HDI ee dunida Carabta ka dib imaaraatka s iyo Sucuudiga .<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking {{!}} Human Development Reports|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|access-date=2020-07-28|website=hdr.undp.org|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Qadar waxaa soo xukumay aqalka Thani tan iyo markii Maxamed bin Thani uu heshiis la saxiixday Ingiriiska 1868 kaas oo lagu aqoonsaday maqaamkeeda gooni ah. Ka dib xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta , Qatar waxay noqotay maxmiyad Ingiriis horraantii qarnigii 20aad illaa ay xorriyadda qaadatay 1971. ==IMF== '''0.15%''' ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddanmaha La deggan Qatar== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}:50,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}:30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:120,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:50,000++ Sannadkii 2003, dastuurka ayaa si aqlabiyad leh loogu ansixiyay afti dadweyne, iyadoo ku dhowaad 98% ay taageersan yihiin. <ref name="electionguide.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|title=IFES Election Guide – Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003|website=www.electionguide.org|access-date=5 June 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=13 Bisha Shanaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513193632/http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|title=Qatar 2003|website=www.princeton.edu|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092106/https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Qarnigii 21aad, Qadar waxay u muuqatay inay awood weyn ku leedahay dunida carabta labadaba iyada oo loo marayo kooxdeeda war baahinta adduunka, Al Jazeera Media Network , waxaana lagu soo waramayaa inay taageertay dhowr jabhadood dhaqaale ahaan xilligii Kacdoonkii Carabta.. <ref>{{cite news|last=Dagher |first=Sam |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |title=Qatar: Rise of an Underdog |publisher=Politicsandpolicy.org |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610115944/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |archive-date=10 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Black in Tripoli |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |title=Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels |publisher=Theguardian.com |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> kubada cagta aduunka FIFA World Cup 2022 ayaa lagu qaban doona dalka Qatar, taasoo ka dhigeysa dalkii ugu horreeyay ee Muslim iyo Carab ah oo martigeliya munaasabadda. <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/599599/Amir-2022-World-Cup-Qatar-a-tournament-for-all-Ara |title=Amir: 2022 World Cup Qatar a tournament for all Arabs |date=15 July 2018 |work=Gulf Times|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> [[Cayaaraha Aasiya 2030]] ayaa lagu qaban doona dalka Qatar. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/doha-2030-asian-games-riyadh-2034-qatar-saudi-arabia|title=Doha to host 2030 Asian Games as Riyadh gets 2034 edition|date=2020-12-17|work=sportspromedia.com|access-date=2021-02-04|language=en|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428172035/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/doha-2030-asian-games-riyadh-2034-qatar-saudi-arabia|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Taariikh== Deganaanshaha biniaadamka ee Qatar wuxuu soo jiray ilaa 50,000 oo sano ka hor<ref name="cs1"/> Sanadkii 224 miilaadiga, Boqortooyadii Sasaaniya waxay la wareegtay dhulalkii ku hareeraysnaa gacanka Beershiya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cadène|first=Philippe|title=Atlas of the Gulf States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSSzAQAAQBAJ|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|isbn=978-9004245600|page=10}}</ref>Qadar waxay door ku yeelatay dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsi ee Sasanid, waxay ku biirisay ugu yaraan laba badeecadood: luul qaali ah iyo midab [[cirdhow]] ah. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/qatar-history.htm|title=Qatar – Early history|publisher=globalsecurity.org|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> Intii uu jiray xukunkii Sasanid, dad badan oo ka mid ah dadkii deganaa Bariga Carabta waxaa lagu bari jiray diinta kirishtaanka ka dib markii masiixiyiintii Mesobotaamiya ee bariga ku fidiyeen<ref name="gillman">{{cite book|last1=Gillman|first1=Ian|last2=Klimkeit|first2=Hans-Joachim|title=Christians in Asia Before 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=87, 121|year=1999|isbn=978-0472110407}}</ref>. Kaniisado ayaa la dhisay iyo degsiimooyin dheeri ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligan. <ref>{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Gulf States: A Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T56CBAAAQBAJ|publisher=I. B. Tauris|page=16|year=2012|isbn=978-1848852785}}</ref><ref>Habibur Rahman, p. 33</ref> Intii lagu jiray qaybtii dambe ee xilligii Masiixiyiinta, Qatar waxay ka koobnayd gobol loo yaqaan 'Beth Qatraye' ( Syriac oo loogu talagalay "guriga dadka reer Qatar").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf|title=AUB academics awarded $850,000 grant for project on the Syriac writers of Qatar in the 7th century AD|publisher=American University of Beirut|date=31 May 2011|access-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528053210/http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Gobolku kuma koobnayn Qadar; waxaa kale oo ka mid ahaa [[Baxrayn]] , [[Jasiirada Tarout]] , [[Al-Khatt]], iyo [[Al-Hasa]] . <ref>{{cite book|last1=Kozah|first1=Mario|last2=Abu-Husayn|first2=Abdulrahim|last3=Al-Murikhi|first3=Saif Shaheen|title=The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|year=2014|page=24|isbn=978-1463203559}}</ref> Markuu ahaa sanadka 628, nabi Muxammad csw wuxuu ergay muslimiin ah u diray taliye ka tirsan bariga carabta oo la yiraahdo [[Munzir bin Sawa Al Tamimi]] wuxuuna ka codsaday in isaga iyo dadka ay xukumaanba ay qaataan diinta islaamka. Munzir wuu ku qasbay codsigiisa, sidaa awgeed, inta badan qabiilooyinka carbeed ee gobolka ayaa qaatay diinta Islaamka. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/bahrain.html|title=Bahrain|publisher=maritimeheritage.org|access-date=17 January 2015}}{{better source needed|date=June 2017}}</ref> Qaadashada diinta islaamka kadib, waxaa dhacday Boqortooyadii Sasaaniya. ===Xilligii Islaamka ee hore iyo kii dambe (661–1783)=== Qadar waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay ahayd xarun caan ku ah faraska iyo dhaqashada geela xilligii [[Umawiyiinta]]<ref name="rahman">{{cite book|last=Rahman|first=Habibur|title=The Emergence Of Qatar|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=34|isbn=978-0710312136}}</ref> Qarnigii 8aad, waxay bilowday inay ka faa'iideysato booskeeda istiraatiijiyadeed ee ganacsi ee gacanka Beershiya waxayna u gudubtay inay noqoto xarun laga ganacsado luul.<ref>{{cite book|title=A political chronology of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC|publisher=Routledge / Europa Publications|year=2001|page=192|isbn=978-1857431155}}</ref><ref name="kogan">{{cite book|last=Page|first=Kogan|title=Middle East Review 2003–04: The Economic and Business Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78ACLNgHdf4C|publisher=Kogan Page Ltd|page=169|year=2004|isbn=978-0749440664}}</ref> ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Oman]] * [[Kuwayt]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[category:qadar]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 6fxgxx21buq4pypzv8tiy8qp5rteilq 0 5686 308705 296239 2026-09-19T21:47:40Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pluto in True Color - High-Res.jpg|thumb|Buluuto]] [[File:Pluto symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|⯓]] '''Buluuto''' ({{lang-ar|بلوتو}}, {{lang-it|Plutone}}, {{lang-en|Pluto}}; astaan: [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb, fixed width).svg|16px|⯓]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> ama [[File:Pluto monogram (fixed width).svg|16px|♇]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=John Lewis |date=2004 |title=Physics and chemistry of the solar system |edition= 2 |page=64 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>) waa [[meere]] yar oo ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan iyo [[baraf]] oo ku yaala cidhifka [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Buluuto waa meeraha tobanaad (10) ee ugu cufka iyo mugga weyn Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu, sidoo kale waa 1/6 xajmiga [[dayax]]a [[dhul]]ka. Meerahani wuxuu u jiraa [[qorax]]da masaafo lagu qiyaaso 4.4 - 7.4 [[bilyan]] kilomitir, waxayna ku qaadataa ilaa 49 sanno in uu hal mar qoraxda ku wareego. Taas micnaheedu waa halka sanno ee Buluuto wuxuu u dhigmaa 49 sanno [[dhul]]ka. [[Meere]]han waxa la helay sanadku markuu ahaa 1930kii, isla markaana lagu daray tirada [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Meeraha Buluuto wuxuu leeyahay shan (5) [[dayax]] oo kala ah: * ''Charon'' [Karon] oo ah dayaxa ugu weeyn kaas oo le'eg kala badh xajmiga Buluuto. * ''Nix'' [Niks] * ''Hydra'' [Hidra] * ''Kerberos'', iyo * ''Styx'' [Stiks] = Taariikhda Docay = = Tirada Dayax ee Buluuto = Meeraha Buluuto wuxuu leeyahay shan (5) [[dayax]] oo kala ah: * ''Charon'' oo ah dayaxa ugu weeyn kaas oo le'eg kala badh xajmiga Buluuto. * ''Nix'' * ''Hydra'' * ''Kerberos'', iyo * ''Styx'' Buluuto : Clyde William Tombaugh, [[1930]]. {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Xiddigis]] 6snir70cfgx7gfu9x1i5l5yq6t78vui 0 5689 308692 296219 2026-09-19T21:37:02Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Meeraha Raage iyo giraanta ku wareegsan]] [[File:Saturn symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♄]] '''Raage''' sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Saxal''' ({{lang-en|Saturn}}; {{lang-ar|زحل}} {{lang-om|Lafqubellaa}}; astaan: [[file:saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|♄]]) waa [[meere|meeraha 6aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Meerahani wuxuu ka mid yahay [[meere|4ta meere]] ee loo yaqaano [[Neefaha Waawayn]]. Sidoo kale, meerahani Raage wuxuu leeyahay tiro dhan [[Dayaxa raage|62 dayax]] taasi oo ka dhigaysa Raage meeraha labaad ee ugu dayaxa badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay. ==Dayaxyada Raage== [[File:Two_Halves_of_Titan.png|thumb|dayaxa [[Titan]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[File:Iapetus_as_seen_by_the_Cassini_probe_-_20071008.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Iapetus]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[File:Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Enceladus]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[File:Saturn's Moon Tethys as seen from Voyager 2.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Tethys]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[Meere]]ha Raage waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay 62 dayax. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Raage aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Titan]]''' * '''[[Iapetus]]''' * '''[[Enceladus]]''' * '''[[Tethys]]''' * '''[[Mimas]]''' * '''[[Hyperion]]''' * '''[[Dione]]''' * '''[[Phoebe]]''' * '''[[Janus]]''' * '''[[Epimetheus]]''' * '''[[Prometheus]]''' ==Muuqaalo== <gallery perrow="" widths="208" heights="208" caption="Meeraha Raage"> File:Prometheus_12-26-09a.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Prometheus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:PIA09813_Epimetheus_S._polar_region.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Epimetheus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:PIA12714_Janus_crop.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Janus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Phoebe_cassini.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Phoebe]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Dione_(Mond)_(30823363).jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Dione]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Mimas_moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Mimas]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Hyperion_in_natural_colours.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Hyperion]] ee meeraha Raage. </gallery> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Meere]] *[[Dhul]] ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Koon]] cv5pef78ur0lidnhatqjuy0rn0gboce 0 5690 308691 296221 2026-09-19T21:36:35Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jupiter.jpg|thumb|Meeraha Cirjeex]] {{Infobox planet|aphelion=1,514.50 milyan km (10.1238 AU)|perihelion=1,352.55 milyan km (9.0412 AU)|name=|eccentricity=0.0565|image=|sidereal_day=378.09 malmood|avg_speed=9.68 km/m (6.01 ma/m)|mean_anomaly=317.020|inclination=2.485° Dhanka qoraxda|surface_area=4.27×1010 km2 (1.65×1010 sq mi)}} [[File:Jupiter symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♃]] '''Cirjeex''' ({{lang-en|Jupiter}}; astaan: [[file:jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|♃]]) ama loo yaqaano magacyada kala ah (Cirjiir) ama (Mushtari) waa [[meere|meeraha 5aad]] ee ugu dhow [[qorax]]da<ref>"[[meere|meeraha 5aad]] ee ugu dhow [[qorax]]da"</ref> ayadoo u jirta masaafo dherer dhan [[AU|5.2 AU]], iyo 318 jeer muga [[dhul]]ka. Sidoo kale, Cirjeex waa kan ugu weyn meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>"Cirjeex waa kan ugu weyn meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]."</ref> Waa meere [[neef]] (gas) ah, oo jawigiisuna ka samaysan yahay [[isku dhis]]yo [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Hiliyaam]], oo tartiib u noqda haydarojiin dareerto ah. Waxaa suurto gal ah in meeruhu lee yahay bu’ is haysata oo [[dhagax]] iyo [[baraf]] ah.<ref>"[[dhagax]] iyo [[baraf]]"</ref> Jurmiweynidu oo qabo awgeed, [[Cirjeex]] wuxuu lee yahay [[cufisjiidad]] aad u weyn, wuxuuna soo jiidaa dibdheerooyin (kometer) iyo dhadhaabyo (asteroider) oo isaga ku dul dhaca, haddi kalena dhulka ayey kusoo dhici lahaayeen. Dhinaca kale, meeraha Cirjeex wuxuu lee yahay gobol weynoo ah jiid ama jaziirad guduudan, oo meeraha ku wareegata. Waa dabayl xoog leh oo weli ku meereysato tan iyo intii la og yahay oo aan awood u helnay inaan meerahan ku eegno doorbinnada waaweyn (teleskop). : Meeraha [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter) waa meeraha shanaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 5.2 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 318 jeer muga dhulka. Wuxuu ka samaysan yahay meerahani [[isku dhis]]yo u badan [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. : Dhinaca kale, meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu leh tirada ugu badan ee dayax asagoo leh [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Afarta ugu wayn [[Io]], [[Ganymede]], [[Callisto]], iyo [[Europa]] waxay leeyihiin qaabdhismeed u dhow [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, sida foolkaanaha iyo gudo kulul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies |author=Pappalardo, R T |work=Brown University |year=1999 |url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165551/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ganymede oo ah satelaytka ugu wayn [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], ayaa wuxuu ka wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (mercury). == Bilaha Cirjeex == [[File:Ganymede_g1_true_2.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Ganymede]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Europa]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] Cirjeex waxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]] taasi oo ka dhigtay midka koowaad ee ugu dayaxa badan dhamaan meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>"koowaad ee ugu dayaxa badan dhamaan meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]."</ref> Ilaa hadda waxaa weli la helaa dayaxyo cusub. Haseyeeshee afarta dayax ee ugu waaweyn waxay kala yihiin: [[Io]], [[Europa]], [[Callisto]] iyo [[Ganymedes]], waxa soo hor helay Galileo sanadkii [[1609]]. Dayaxaya ugu weyn, Ganymedes, waa mid ka weyn meeraha [[Dusaa]]. Afarta dayax ee ugu waaweyn waad arki kartaa haddii aad u kaashato doorbin caadi ah. [[File:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Io]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] [[File:Callisto.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Callisto]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] == Xogta Cirjeex == * Dhexroorka(diameter) : 143 884 km. * Fogaanta u jiro [[qorax]]da: [[milyan|741,816 millyan km]] ama [[AU|5.2 AU]]. * Mudada Udub-wareega (rotation) : [[saac|9 saacadood]] [[daqiiqad|50 daqiiqo]] iyo [[ilbiriqsi|30 ilbiriqsi]]. * Ku Wareega Qoraxda (sanad): [[sanad|12 sanad dhuleed]] * [[Heerkul]]ka oogada sare: -150&nbsp;°C == Meerayaasha Baxsan == [[File:Gas_giants_in_the_solar_system.jpg|thumb|Kor ka soo biloow ilaa hoos:<br />[[Docay]], [[Uraano]], [[Raage]] iyo [[Cirjeex]]<br />.]] Afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan waa meereyaasha [[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]<ref>[[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> kuwaas oo ah 99% walxaha ku wareega [[qorax]]da. [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] ayaa waxay yihiin tobanaan kun oo jeer miisaanka iyo muga [[dhul]]ka, waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[isku dhis]]yo [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. Dhanka kale, [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] waxay leeyihiin 20 jeer laab muga dhulka waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[macdan]]o dhalaali kara oo ka kooban [[baraf]].<ref>"[[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]]"</ref><ref>"[[isku dhis]]yo [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]"</ref> = Qoraalo La Mid ah = * [[Docay]] * [[Raage]] * [[Farraare]] * [[Cirjeex]] * [[Uraano]] * [[Bluto]] * [[Waxaraxir]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Cir]] * [[Meere Dhagaxley]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Xidig]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul badhe]] * [[Cilmiga Xidigaha]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] * [[Qorax]] = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] l935w9wrm7i1uqobhqpg88lmqxcl4gf 0 5692 308687 295018 2026-09-19T21:34:06Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | name = Waxaraxir | symbol = [[File:Venus symbol (bold).svg|24px|♀]] | image = [[File:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608 (cropped).jpg|250px|alt=Venus in approximately true colour, a nearly uniform pale cream]] | caption = | orbit_ref = | epoch = [[J2000]] | aphelion = {{plainlist | * {{val|108939000|u=km}} * {{val|0.728213|ul=AU}} }} | perihelion = {{plainlist | * {{val|107477000|u=km}} * {{val|0.718440|u=AU}} }} | semimajor = {{plainlist | * {{val|108208000|u=km}} * {{val|0.723327|u=AU}} }} | eccentricity = {{val|0.0067}} | period = {{plainlist | * {{val|224.701|u=day}} * {{val|0.615198|u=[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} * 1.92 Venus [[solar day]] }} | synodic_period = 583.92 days | avg_speed = 35.02&nbsp;km/s | inclination = {{plainlist | * {{val|3.39458|u=°}} to [[Ecliptic]] * 3.86° to [[Ecliptic#Ecliptic and planets|Sun’s equator]] * 2.19° to [[Invariable plane]] }} | asc_node = 76.678° | arg_peri = 55.186° | mean_anomaly = 50.115° | satellites = None | allsatellites= | physical_characteristics = | mean_radius = {{plainlist | * {{val|6051.8|1.0|u=km}}<ref> name="Seidelmann2007" </ref> * {{val|0.9499|u=Earths}} }} | flattening = 0 | surface_area = {{plainlist | * {{val|4.60|e=8|u=km2}} * 0.902 Earths }} | volume = {{plainlist | * {{val|9.28|e=11|u=km3}} * 0.866 Earths }} | mass = {{plainlist | * {{val|4.8676|e=24|u=kg}} * 0.815 Earths }} | density = {{val|5.243|u=g/cm3}} | surface_grav = {{plainlist | * {{val|8.87|u=m/s2}} * {{nowrap|0.904 ''[[g-force|g]]''}} }} | escape_velocity = 10.36&nbsp;km/s | sidereal_day = {{val|-243.0185|u=day}} <small>([[Retrograde motion|Retrograde]])</small> | rot_velocity = {{convert|6.52|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}} | axial_tilt = 177.36° | right_asc_north_pole = {{plainlist | * {{RA|18|11|2}} * 272.76° }} | declination = 67.16° | albedo = {{plainlist | * 0.67 ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]]) * 0.90 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]]) }} | magnitude = {{plainlist | * brightest −4.9 * −3.8 }} | angular_size = {{nowrap|9.7″ to 66.0″}} | temperatures = yes | temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]] | mean_temp_1 = 737&nbsp;K | temp_name2 = Celsius | mean_temp_2 = 462&nbsp;°C | mean_name3 = [[Fahrenheit]] | mean_temp_3 = {{convert|864|°F|°C|abbr=on}} | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Venus.ogg|ˈ|v|iː|n|ə|s}} | adjectives = [[Venusian]] or (rarely) [[Cytherean]], Venerean | atmosphere = yes | surface_pressure = 92&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]] (9.2&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|MPa]]) | atmosphere_composition = {{plainlist | * ≈&thinsp;96.5% [[carbon dioxide]] * ≈&thinsp;3.5% [[nitrogen]] * 0.015% [[sulfur dioxide]] * 0.007% [[argon]] * 0.002% [[water vapour]] * 0.0017% [[carbon monoxide]] * 0.0012% [[helium]] * 0.0007% [[neon]] * trace [[carbonyl sulfide]] * trace [[hydrogen chloride]] * trace [[hydrogen fluoride]] }} }} '''Waxaraxir''' ({{lang-en|Venus}}; {{lang-ar|الزهرة}}; astaan: [[File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♀]]) waa [[meere|meeraha]] labaad ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|baho cadceedeed]] iyo kan ugu dhod [[dhul]]ka. Meeraha Waxaraxir wuxuu ku wareegaa [[qorax]]da 224.7 [[maalin|maalmaha dunida]], taasi oo u dhiganta sanadka meerahaasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html |title=In Search of the Venusian Shadow |last=Lawrence |first=Pete |date=2005 |website=Digitalsky.org.uk |accessdate=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611003523/http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html |archive-date=11 June 2012 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Intaas waxaa dheer, meerahani wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Meere Dhagaxley|4ta meere dhagaxleda ah]] ee laga helo Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hashimoto, G. L. |author2=Roos-Serote, M. |author3=Sugita, S. |author4=Gilmore, M. S. |author5=Kamp, L. W. |author6=Carlson, R. W. |author7=Baines, K. H. |title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]] |date=2008 |volume=113 |doi=10.1029/2008JE003134 |pages=E00B24 |bibcode=2008JGRE..11300B24H}}</ref> == Hordhac == [[File:Venus, Earth size comparison.jpg|thumbnail|left|Xajmiga Waxarxir marka la barbardhigo [[Dhul]]ka|alt=Meeraha Waxaraxir marka la barbardhigo Meeraha Dhulka.]] Sidaan horay usoo sheegnay, Meeraha Waxaraxir wuxuu ka mid yahay [[Meere Dhagaxley|afarta meere ee dhagaxleyda]] ah, taasi oo [[dhul]]ku ka mid yahay. Sidoo kale, Waxaraxir waxay aad ugu xug iyo xajmi dhowdahay dhulka, waxaana guud ahaan lagu naaneysaa ''"Mataanka Dhulka"''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lopes, Rosaly M. C. |author2=Gregg, Tracy K. P. |title=Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-3-540-00431-8 |page=61}}</ref> ==Nidaamka Meeraha== {{selfref|''Qaybtan waxay u baahan tahay in la dayactiro.''}} Meerahan iyo dhulku aad baa ay isugu dhow yihiin baaxad ahaan. Waxaraxir dhexroorkiisu waa 12,104 km, ka dhulkuna waa 12,756 km. Sida dhulka, waxa uu leeyahay gibil hawo oo aad u qaro weyn ahna kaarboon laba-oksaaydh 96%, taas oo keenta in cadaadiska hawadiisu ay ka badnaato 90 jibbaar tan dhulka. Waxa aan marna laga waayin daruuro culus oo ka samaysan sulfuyuurik asiidh. Sidaas awgeed, meerahan oogadiisa isha laguma arki karo oo waxaa qarinaya daruurahaas. Raadaar iyo wax la mid ah uun baa lagu arki karaa. Gibilkaas hawo ee aadka u cufani waxaa uu dabraa oo uu kaydiyaa kulayl badan, taas oo sababtay in uu meerahani lahaado oogada ugu kulul bah-qorraxeedka (460°C). Waxa uu qaataa 224.7 maalin dhul in uu hal mar qorraxda ku wareego (sannad). In uu hal mar dhidibkiisa ku wareego waxa ay qaadataa 243 maalin dhul. Sidaas awgeedna maalintiisa ayaa ka dheer sannadkiisa. Meerayaasha intooda badani marka ay qorraxda ku wareegayaan waxa ay u socdaan midig-bidix ama galbeed-bari (sida Kacbada loogu dawaafo). Waxaraxir waxa uu u socdaa bidix-midig sida saacadda, qorraxduna waxa ay uga soo baxdaa galbeedka waxa ayna u dhacdaa bariga. Sannadkii 1962 ayaa NASA waxa ay meerahan u dirtay fagaagbuldiye (space probe) la odhan jirey MARINER 2. Midowgii Soofiyeedka ayaa 1970 kii diray fagaagbuldiyihii ugu horreeyey uguna dambeeyey ee ku dega oogada Waxaraxir. Waxaa la odhan jirey VENERA 7. Wax yar kaddib waa uu hawl gabay sidaas ayaana lagu waayey. Daqiiqadihii uu shaqaynayey xogtii uu soo diray waxaa ka mid ahaa heerkul gaadhaya 475°C, 92 bar (1300 psi. Shaagga/taayirka gaadhiga cadaadiska hawadiisu ma gaadho 40 psi). 1989 kii ayaa ay NASA mar kale dirtay fagaagbuldiye la odhan jirey MAGELLAN oo afar sano ku wareegayey meeraha, isaga oo sawirro ku qaadayey mawjadaha raadaarka, isaga oo muddadaas sawiray 98% oogada meeraha. Wakaaladda Cirbixinta ee Yurub iyaduna 2005 tii ayaa ay dirtay VENUS EXPRESS oo siddeed sano ku wareegey Waxaraxir ilaa shiidaalkii ka dhammaaday oo uu burburay. Fagaagbuldiyeyaal badan ayaa Waxaraxir booqday, welina qaar baa ku wareegaya si ay xog uga helaan gibilka hawo ee ku hareeraysan. ==Muuqaalo== <gallery perrow="" widths="208" heights="208" caption="Meeraha Waxaraxir"> File:Maat Mons on Venus.jpg File:Mgn p39146.png File:Venus structure.jpg File:Venuspioneeruv.jpg File:Dione_(Mond)_(30823363).jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Dione]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Mimas_moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Mimas]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Hyperion_in_natural_colours.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Hyperion]] ee meeraha Raage. </gallery> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Meere]] *[[Dusaa]] *[[Dhul]] *[[Farraare]] ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} ===Xiriirinta dibadda=== *[http://www.garanuug.com/abwaan/waxaraxir/ Waxaraxir] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garanuug.com/abwaan/waxaraxir/ |date=20220910064540 }}, ''garanuug.com''. {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] fgqknd5o1f6jzz0q6gv31h8rdbdtg9u 0 6281 308729 307754 2026-09-19T22:06:56Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Kuwayt دولة الكوي'' |conventional_long_name = Kuwayt |common_name = |qaaradda = [[Afrika]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Kuwait.svg |sawir_qaran =Emblem of Kuwait.svg |image_map = map_of_Kuwait-2.svg |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Masar|Al-Nasheed Al-Watani]] |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Magaalada kuwayt]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Magaalada Kuwayt]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Amiir]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 66th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $50,919<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 31th | GDP_nominal = $0.186 trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $38,755<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th |[[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Mr.Sabaax Al-Axmad Al-Jabar Al-Sabaah. |magac_hogaamiye2 = Mr.Naasir Maxamed Al-Axmed Al-Sabaah. |- |sovereignty_type = '''La abaabulay''' |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 1613 |area = ,17,820 km2 |areami² = 6,880 sq mi |biyo = Micno la'aan |population_estimate = 3,566,437 <sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = Diinaarka kuwayt |wakhti = Samar (DST) |furaha_debedda = +965 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Shuwaikh_Campus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]] [[File:Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] '''Kuwayt''' ama '''Dowladda Kuwayt''' ([[Af-Carabi]] دولة الكوي) waa wadan yar oo ku yaala [[Bariga Dhexe]] dhinaca [[Gacanka Faarsiga]]. Kuwayt waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada Ciraaq iyo [[Sacuudi carabiya]]. Wadankaan waa wadan aad u taajirsan oo saliid aad u badan leh.bedka uu wadankani ku fadhiyaa waa 17,818 km2, dadka kunooli waxa ay gadhayaan 3 milyan oo qof . waa xubin kamida [[Jaamacada Carabta]] waxa kale oo kuwayt ay kamidtahay aasaasayaashii [[Golaha Iskaashiga gcanka]] waxa kale oo ay katirsantahay [[Ururka Islamka]] iyo [[Qaramada Midoobay]] kuwayt waa mid kamida wadamada saliida soo saara ee ku bahoobay ururka [[OPEC]] Kuwait (/ kʊweɪt / (ku dhawaad ​​codka dhegeysanaya); [6] [7] Carabi: الكويت al-Kuwait, Gulf Carabi: [ɪl‿ɪkweːt] ama [lɪkweːt]), si rasmi ah State of Kuwait (carabi: dollar الكويت Ku saabsan sanadkaan Dawlat al-Kuwait), waa wadan ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya. Waxaa ku yaal waqooyiga geeska waqooyiga Carabta ee u dhaxeeya cirifka Gacanka Carbeed, waxa ay la wadaagaan xudduudaha Ciraaq iyo Sacuudi Carabiya. Ilaa 2016, Kuwait waxaa ku nool dad gaaraya 4.2 milyan oo qof; 1.3 milyan waa Kuwai iyo 2.9 milyan oo qof ayaa u dhoofaya. [8] Dhaqdhaqaaqyadu waxay tiriyaan 70% dadweynaha. [9] Kaydka shidaalka waxaa laga helay qadar ganacsi 1938-kii. Laga soo bilaabo 1946 ilaa 1982, waddanku wuxuu soo maray casriyeyn ballaadhan. Sanadihii 1980-meeyadii, Kuwait waxay soo mareen mudaharaad deganaansho juquraafi ah iyo dhibaatooyin dhaqaale kadib markii shilalka suuqa saamiyada. Sanadkii 1990-kii, Kuwait waxaa la soo weeraray, kadibna dib loo dhigay, by Saddam Ciraaq. Shaqada Ciraaq ee Kuwait ayaa dhammaadkii sanadkii la soo dhaafay ka dib markii ay millatari soo faragalisay by isbahaysiga milatari ee uu hogaamiyo Maraykanka. Kuwait waa asxaab ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee aan ka tirsanayn NATO. Kuwait sidoo kale waa asxaha ugu weyn ee ASEAN, iyada oo la sii wadayo xiriir adag oo lala leeyahay Shiinaha. [11] [13] [13] Kuwait waa dawlad dastuuri ah oo leh nidaam siyaasadeed oo semi-demoqraadi ah. Kuwait waxay leedahay dhaqaale dakhligoodu sarreeyo oo ay taageerayaan kaydka lixaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Diinta Kuwait waa lacagta ugu qiimaha badan adduunka. [14] Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay dakhliga afraad ee ugu sarreeya dunida oo dhan. Dastuurka waxaa la daabacay 1962. [15] [16] [17] Kuwait waxay hoy u tahay guriga ugu wayn ee bariga dhexe. Degmada Kuwait ee Degmooyinka Dhaqanka waa xubin ka mid ah Shabakadaha Dhaqanka ee Caalamiga ah [18] Kuwait ayaa si weyn loo tixgeliyaa "Hollywood-ka Gacanka" sababtoo ah sumcadda qalliinka iyo masraxa. Sanadkii 1613, magaalada Kuwait waxaa aasaasay Kuwait City casriga ah. Sanadkii 1716, Bani Utub waxay degeen Kuwait, oo waqtigaan deganaa kalluumeysato yar waxaana ugu horreyntii ka shaqayn jiray tuulo kalluumeysi ah. [19] Qarnigii siddeedaad, Kuwait way ku baraarugeen isla markaana si deg-deg ah u noqotay xarunta ganacsiga ee ugu weyn ee u dhexeeysa Hindiya, Muscat, Ciraaq iyo Carabta. [20] [21] Markii la gaaro 1700-meeyadii, Kuwait waxay horay u sameysey waddo weyn oo ganacsi oo ka timid Gacanka Khaliijka ilaa Aleppo. [22] Intii lagu guda jiray hareereeynta reer galbeedka ee Basra ee 1775-79, ganacsatada Ciraaq ayaa ku qulqulay Kuwait waxaana ay qayb ahaan ka mid ahaayeen qalabeynta ballaarinta dhismaha doonyaha Kuwait iyo hawlaha ganacsiga. Natiijada, ganacsiga bada ee Kuwait ayaa kor u kacay, [23] sida wadooyinka ganacsiga ee Hindiya ee Baqdaad, Aleppo, Smyrna iyo Constantinople loo rogay Kuwait wakhtigan. [22] Shirkadda East India waxaa loo wareejiyay Kuwait 1792. [25] Shirkadda Bariga Hindiya waxay hubisay waddooyinka badda ee Kuwait, Hindiya iyo xeebaha Bariga Afrika. [25] Ka dib markii Faaris ay ka baxeen Basra sanadkii 1779, Kuwait ayaa sii waday inay soo jiidato ganacsiga ka baxsan Basra. [26] ==Xubin== * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddamadda la Deggan AlKuwait== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:10,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:150,000++ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:120,000+ Kuwait wuxuu ahaa xarun dhisme doon ah oo ku taal gobolka Khaliijka Persian. [27] [28] Dhamaadkii siddeedaad iyo qarnigii sagaalaad, maraakiibta laga sameeyay Kuwait waxay wadeen dhaqdhaqaaq ganacsi u dhexeeya dekadaha Hindiya, Bariga Afrika iyo Badda Cas. 29 [31] Markab maraakiib ah oo Kuwaiti ah ayaa lagu caanbaxay Badweynta Hindiya. [32] Duufaan goboleed ayaa ka caawiyay barwaaqada dhaqaalaha ee Kuwait qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 18aad. [33] Waxaa laga yaabaa in kaniisada ugu badan ee Kuwait ay noqoto mid barwaaqo ah ay sabab u tahay xasiloonida Basra ee qarnigii 18aad. [34] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18aad, Kuwait qayb ahaan waxay u shaqeynayeen sidii ganacsato Basra ah, kuwaas oo ka cararaya cadaadiska dawladda Ottoman. [35] Kuwai wuxuu hormood u ahaa sumcaddii ugu badneyd ee ku jirta Gacanka Ciraaq. Sheekhumkii Kuwait wuxuu noqday 1899 (ilaa 1961) ka dib markii Heshiiskii Anglo-Kuwaiti ee 1899 lagu saxiixay Sheekh Mubaar Al-Sabah iyo xukuumadda Ingiriiska ee Hindiya sababo khatar ah oo ku aaddan xornimadii madax-banaanida Boqortooyada Boqortooyada ==Sido Kale fiiri== *[[Masar]] *[[Soomaaliya]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Kuwayt]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] gsfwkky4lqom4k6d38hf8k10jx2wnuw 0 6570 308690 296222 2026-09-19T21:35:25Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Maqaal Xul Ah}} {{Caddayn|{{PAGENAME}}|Meere}} {{Infobox planet | bgcolour = #c0c0ff | name = Dhul | symbol = [[File:Earth symbol (small, bold).svg|24px|alt=🜨|Astaanta dhulka]] | image = [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|frameless|Muuqaalka Dhulka marka la soo fiiriyo Apollo 17|alt=Muuqaalka guud ee meeraha Dhulka halkaas ooy ka muuqato qaaradaha dunida qaar ka mid ah.]] | caption = Muuqaalka Dhulka,<br />laga soo sawiray ''[[Apollo 17]]'' | alt_names = Tellus or Telluris, Gaia | flag = {{flagicon|world}} | epoch = [[J2000.0]] | aphelion = 152,098,232&nbsp;km<br /> 1.01671388&nbsp;[[astronomical unit|AU]] | perihelion = 147,098,290&nbsp;km<br /> 0.98329134&nbsp;AU | semimajor = 149,598,261&nbsp;km<br /> 1.00000261&nbsp;AU | eccentricity = 0.01671123 | inclination = 7.155° ilaa [[dhul-bare]]ha [[qorax]]da<br />1.57869° ee xagal toosan | asc_node = 348.73936° | arg_peri = 114.20783° | mean_anomaly = 357.51716° | wakhti = 365.256363004&nbsp;days <br />1.000017421&nbsp;[[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] | xawaare = 29.78&nbsp;km/s <br />107,200&nbsp;km/h | satellites = 1 dayax oo dabiici ah&nbsp;([[Dayax]]a),<br /> 8,300+ | Astaamaha Muuqaalka = haa | balaadhan = 0.0033528 | gacanka dhul-badhe = 6,378.1&nbsp;km | gacanka cidhifyada = 6,356.8&nbsp;km | gacanka caadiga = 6,371.0&nbsp;km | isku-wareeg = 40,075.017&nbsp;km&nbsp;([[dhul-bare]]) <br />40,007.86&nbsp;km&nbsp;([[meridional]]) 40,000 km [[metir]] | baaxada sare = 510,072,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> {{nowrap|148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup> land (29.2 %)}}<br /> {{nowrap|361,132,000 km<sup>2</sup> water (70.8 %)}} | muga = [[mug|1.08321{{e|12}}]]&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> | cufka = 5.97219{{e|24}}&nbsp;kg 3.0{{e|-6}}&nbsp;qoraxda | culeyska = 5.515&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> | cufisjiidadka oogada sare = [[Cufisjiidad|9.780327]] [[metre per second squared|m/s<sup>2</sup>]] <br />0.99732&nbsp;''[[g-force|g]]'' | xawaaraha uu ku socdo = 11.186&nbsp;km/s | wakhtiga gedgedoonka = 0.99726968&nbsp;d <br />23{{smallsup|h}}&nbsp;56{{smallsup|m}}&nbsp;4.100{{smallsup|s}} | xawaaraha wareega = {{convert|1674.4|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}} | axial_tilt = 23°26'21".4119 | albedo = 0.367 ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]]) 0.306 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]]) | Cir ma leeyahay = haa | heerkulka = haa | temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]] | min_temp_1 = 184&nbsp;K | mean_temp_1 = 288&nbsp;K | max_temp_1 = 330&nbsp;K | temp_name2 = [[Celsius]] | min_temp_2 = −89.2&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = 15&nbsp;°C | max_temp_2 = 56.7&nbsp;°C | cadaadiska oogada sare = [[Atmosphere (unit)|101.325]]&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] ([[Sea level|MSL]]) | cirku ka kooban yahay = 78.08%&nbsp;[[nitrojiin]] (N<sub>2</sub>) (hawo qalalan)<br /> 20.95%&nbsp;[[ogsajiin]] (O<sub>2</sub>)<br /> 0.93%&nbsp;[[argon]]<br /> 0.039%&nbsp;[[carbon dioxide]]<br />About 1% [[Uumi|uumi biyood]] (ku kala duwan [[cimilo|cimilada]]) |note = no }} [[File:Earth symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|🜨]] '''Dhulka''' ({{lang-en|Earth}}; {{lang-ar|أرض}}; astaan: [[file:earth symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|🜨]]) waa [[meere]]ha [[sadex]]aad ee [[qorax]]da u dhow ee [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Waa meeraha ugu muga iyo miisaanka weeyn iyo midka [[shan]]aad ee ugu xajmiga weeyn [[sideed]]da [[meere]] ee[[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Dhulka waxa lagu naaneeysaa '''Meeraha Midabka Buluugan'''<ref>Meeraha Midabka Buluugan</ref> sababtoo ah marka [[hawo]]da sare laga soo fiirinayo waxa muuqda midabka ''buluuga''. Dhulku waa [[meere]]ha kaliya ee [[nolol]] ka jirto dhamaan meereyaasha aan naqaano. Waxa lagu qiyaasaa meeraha dhulka in da'diisu ku dhowdahay 4.5 [[bilyan]] oo sanno. Dhulka isku-wareegiisa (Circumference) waa 40,007.86 km marka laga [[xisaab]]ayo [[dhul badhe]]ha, sidoo kale baaxada guud ee oogada dhulku waa 510,072,000 km2 - taas oo ka kooban 148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup><ref>"148,940,000 km<sup>2</sup>"</ref> dhul ama [[caro]] iyo [[dhagax]] ah una dhiganta 29.2 %; iyo 361,132,000 km2 [[biyo]] iyo [[bad]] ah, taas oo u dhiganta 70.8 %.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html NOAA&nbsp;– Ocean]</ref> [[Mug]]a dhulku waa 1.08321 ×10 12 km<sup>3</sup> halka [[cuf]]ka meeraha dhulku yahay 5.97219 ×10 24 kg. Sidoo kale, miisaanka [[cuf]] ee dhulku waa 5.515 g/cm<sup>3</sup>,<ref>"[[cuf]]ka dhulku waa 5.515 g/cm<sup>3</sup>"</ref> halka [[cufisjiidad]]ka [[dhul badhe]]hu yahay 9.780327 m/s2 taas oo u dhiganta 0.99732 g. [[Cadaadis]]ka dunidan waa 101.325 kPa (MSL). [[Heerkul]]ka oogada sare ee dhulku waa meel dhexaad taas oo ah mida taageertay in [[nolol]]<ref>"[[nolol]] ka jirto"</ref> ka jirto [[meere]]han. Kulka iyo qaboowga dhulku wuu kala duwan yahay ayadoo [[Cidhif]]yada (polars) oogu heerkul hooseeyo taas ka dhigtey qaboow badan, laakiin meelaha ku beegan [[dhul badhe]]ha ayaa ugu heerkul sareeya dunida. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html Noaa.gov]</ref> Guud ahaan, heerkulka dunidu marka ugu hooseeyo wuxuu gaadhaa 184 K ama −89.2&nbsp;°C, dhex-dhexaad markuu yahay heerkulku waa 15&nbsp;°C ama 288 K, marka uu ugu sareeyo kuleeylku wuxuu gaadhaa 56.7&nbsp;°C ama 330 K. [[Cir]]ka ama [[Samo]]da sare ee dunidan aan ku nool nahay waxay ka sameeysan tahay 78.08% [[curiye]]ha [[nitrojiin]] (N) taas oo ah [[hawo]], 20.95% [[ogsajiin]] (O), 0.93% argon, 0.039% [[Kaarboon]]-labo-ogsaadh (C<sub>2</sub>O) iyo qiyaastii 1% uumi [[biyo]] ah (in kastoo mararka qaar kala duwan tahay [[cimilo]]du). Meeraha dhulku wuxuu sameeyaa [[labo]] wareeg: mid uu ku wareego xariijintiisa taas oo loo yaqaano '''Sidereal rotation period''' oo ku qaadata [[wakhti]] dhan [[saacad|23 saacadood]], [[daqiiqad|56 daqiiqo]] iyo [[ilbiriqsi|4.100 ilbiriqsi]] taas oo ku dhow [[saacad|24 saacadood]] oo ah [[habeen]] iyo [[maalin]].<ref>"[[habeen]] iyo [[maalin]]"</ref> Wareega labaad dhulku wuxuu ku sameeyaa [[qorax]]da waxaanay ku qaadataa 365.25744 [[maalin|maalmood]] oo ah wakhti dhan hal [[sanad]]. ==Taariikhda dhulka== Taariikhda dhulku aad ayay u dheer tahay oo waxaa la sheegaa in dhulku sameeysmay [[bilyan|4.5 bilyan]] oo sano ka hor. Isla mar ahaantaana sii jiri doono 8 ilaa 10 [[bilyan|bilysan sanno]] oo soo socota. ===Samayska dhulka=== Sida eey isku raaceen khubarada [[cilmi]]ga [[saynis]]ka iyo [[Cilmi Fallag]]u, [[meere]]ha dhulka waxa uu sameeysmay 4.5 [[bilyan]] oo sano ka hor, taas oo [[hal]]kii [[bilyan]] ee ugu horeeyay dhexdiisa [[nolol]] ka bilaabantey. Isla [[wakhti]]yadaas ayay sameeysantey [[Oogo Cir]] ama (atmosphere) kaas oo difaac u ah nolosha dunida kana difaacda [[ileys]]ka halista ah ee [[qorax]]du soo deeyso (solar radiation). In ka badan 71% oo [[duni]]da ah waa [[biyo]]ha<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html NOAA&nbsp;– Ocean]</ref> dhanaan ee [[bad]]aha iyo [[har]]ooyinka [[biyo]]ha macaan ee laga helo oogada dhulka. Inta soo hadhay oo ah 29% waa [[qaarad]]aha iyo dhulka caadiga ah. [[Cidhif]]yada aduunka, [[Cidhifka Koonfur]]eed iyo [[Cidhifka Waqooyi]]<ref>"[[Cidhifka Koonfur]]eed iyo [[Cidhifka Waqooyi]]"</ref> dhamaantoodba waa [[baraf]] waana meelaha ugu [[qabow]]ga badan ee [[heerkul]]koodu aad u hooseeyo. [[Cufisjiidad]]ka dunida waxay xidhiidh is-dhexgal oo isku xidhan la leedahay [[meere]]yaasha kale, gaar ahaan [[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]da taas oo suurto-gelisay in miisanka dhulku dheeli tirnaado. Si la mid ah [[meere]]yaasha kale, dhulku wuxuu sameeyaa [[labo]] wareeg, mid uu ku wareegayo xariijintiisa midaas oo sameeysa [[habeen]]ka iyo [[maalin]]ta una dhiganta [[wakhti]] dhan [[saac|24 saacadood]], iyo wareega dheer ee sameeya [[sanad]]ka ee 365.4 [[maalin]] ee dhulku ku wareego [[qorax]]da ahna tan keenta [[Afarta Xili]] (four seasons) iyo kala duwanaanta [[cimilo]]oyinka dunida. Si ka duwan [[meere]]yaasha kale, dhulku wuxuu leeyahay [[hal]] [[dayax]] oo dabiici ah kaas oo ku wareega dunida [[wakhti]] u dhiganta [[hal]] [[bil]] ama 30 maalmood. Waxa la sheegaa in [[dayax]]u ka go'ay dhulka isla markaana bilaabay inuu ku wareego meerahan [[wakhti]] hada laga joogo 4.43 [[bilyan]] sano. ===Bilowgii nolosha=== Nolosha [[Meere|meeraha]] dhulka guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere", ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) [[bilyan|3.5 bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Dhulku wuxuu hooy u yahay malaayiin nooc oo [[noole]] ah, kaas ooy ka mid yihiin ''Aadamuhu''. Ilaha [[Macdan]]ta iyo habka is-daba-wareega [[biyo]]ha ayaa ah mid u gaar ah meerahan isla markaana suurto gal ka dhigey ineey taageerada noolaha degan dhulka. ===Mustaqbalka dhulka=== [[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka [[duni]]du waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[Qorax]]da.<ref>"Jiritaanka [[duni]]du waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[Qorax]]da."</ref> Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka.<ref>"[[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka."</ref> Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO<sub>2</sub>]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah. Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>J. Pearsall, The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Earth, Oxford University Press</ref> ==Qeeybaha dhulka== [[File:Tectonic plates (empty).svg|thumb| samaysanka Tektonkiga iyo Qaaradaha [[duni]]da. ]] Dhulku wuxuu u sameeyan yahay qaab wareegsan oo wax yar ka duwan [[goobo]]da lana odhan karo wuxuu u dhow yahay qaabka [[ukun]]ta,<ref>"[[goobo]]da lana odhan karo wuxuu u dhow yahay qaabka [[ukun]]ta"</ref> midaas oo ka dhigeeysa [[cidhif]]yada kuwo yara fidsan marka la bar-bar dhigo [[dhul badhe]]ha. Dhul badhuha ayaa 43 kilomitir ka dheer [[cidhif]]yada dunida taas ayaana keentay in u eekaado qaabka [[ukun]]ta. {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;" |+ Kimikooyinka Oogada sare ee dhulka !rowspan="2"|[[Isku dhis]] !rowspan="2"|Formula !colspan="2"|Ka kooban |- !style="font-size: smaller;"|Qaarad !style="font-size: smaller;"|[[Bad]]aha |- |[[Silikoon|silica]] |style="text-align: center;"|SiO<sub>2</sub> |style="text-align: right;"|60.2% |style="text-align: right;"|48.6% |- |[[Alumiiniyaam|alumina]] |style="text-align: center;"|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |style="text-align: right;"|15.2% |style="text-align: right;"|16.5% |- |[[Nuurad]] |style="text-align: center;"|CaO |style="text-align: right;"|5.5% |style="text-align: right;"|12.3% |- |[[Magniisiyaam|MagniisiyaamOgsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|MgO |style="text-align: right;"|3.1% |style="text-align: right;"|6.8% |- | [[Aayron|Aayron(II) ogsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|FeO |style="text-align: right;"|3.8% |style="text-align: right;"|6.2% |- |[[Sodhiyaam|SodhiyamOgsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|Na<sub>2</sub>O |style="text-align: right;"|3.0% |style="text-align: right;"|2.6% |- |[[Botashiyaam|BotashiyamOgsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|K<sub>2</sub>O |style="text-align: right;"|2.8% |style="text-align: right;"|0.4% |- |[[Aayron|Aayron(III) ogsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |style="text-align: right;"|2.5% |style="text-align: right;"|2.3% |- |[[Biyo|Biyo H2O]] |style="text-align: center;"|H<sub>2</sub>O |style="text-align: right;"|1.4% |style="text-align: right;"|1.1% |- |[[Kaarboon|Kaarbon Labo ogsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|CO<sub>2</sub> |style="text-align: right;"|1.2% |style="text-align: right;"|1.4% |- |[[Titaaniyaam|Tiitaaniyaam labo ogsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|TiO<sub>2</sub> |style="text-align: right;"|0.7% |style="text-align: right;"|1.4% |- |[[Fosforos|Fosforos pentogsaydh]] |style="text-align: center;"|P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> |style="text-align: right;"|0.2% |style="text-align: right;"|0.3% |- !colspan="2"|Dhamaan !style="text-align: right;"|99.6% !style="text-align: right;"|99.9% |} ===Qaab-dhismeedka dhulka=== Dhulku waa [[meere]] dhagaxleey (terrestrial) ah asagoo ugu xajmi iyo miisaan wayn [[meere|afarta meere]] ee la isku yidhaahdo [[Meere Dhagaxley]],<ref>"xajmi iyo miisaan wayn [[meere|afarta meere]] ee la isku yidhaahdo [[Meere Dhagaxley]]"</ref> taas oo macnaheedu tahay dhulku wuxuu ka sameeysan yahay jidh [[dhagax]]an ah si ka duwan meeraha [[Cirjeex]] oo [[hawo]] iyo [[neef]]o ka kooban. Dhulku wuxuu u sameeyan yahay qaab wareegsan oo u dhow qaabka [[ukun]]ta, midaas oo ka dhigeeysa [[cidhif]]yada kuwo yara fidsan marka la bar-bar dhigo [[dhul badhe]]ha. Taasi waxaa keenay wareega dhulku ku sameeyo xariijintiisa asagoo iska soo rogaaya [[Cidhifka Koonfur]] ilaa dhanka [[Cidhifka Waqooyi]]. Gacanka [[Dhul badhe]]ha dunidu 43 kilomitir ayuu ka dheer yahay [[cidhif]]yada. Tani waa sababta loo leeyahay dhulku wuxuu u sameeysan yahay si u dhow qaabka [[ukun]]ta. Isku-celiska gacanka goobada dhulku waa qiyaastii 12, 742 kilomitir. Barta ugu dheer oogada sare ee dhulku waa [[Buurta Everst]]<ref>"Barta ugu dheer oogada sare ee dhulku waa [[Buurta Everst]] oo [[biyo]]ha [[bad]]da ka sareeya 8,842 kilomitir"</ref> oo [[biyo]]ha [[bad]]da ka sareeya 8,842 kilomitir, halka meesha ugu hooseeysa tahay [[Dhufeeyska Mariyana]] oo ah god ka hooseeya 10,911 mitir oogada sare ee biyaha badda.<ref>"[[Dhufeeyska Mariyana]] oo ah god ka hooseeya 10,911 mitir"</ref> Qaab-dhismeedka dhulka ayaa loo kala saaraa [[sadex]] laamood, kuwaas oo kala ah [[Qolof Dhul]] ama (Earth's Crust), Qeeybta Dhexe e Dhulka ama (Mantle), iyo [[Ubuc Dhul]] (Core). {| class="wikitable" style="margin:4px; margin-right:0; width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Lakabyada Jiyooloji ee Dhulka |- ! rowspan="8" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center; padding:0;"|[[File:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.svg|250px|center]]<br />Qidcad dhulka oo muujinaysa qolofka sare ilaa ubucda dhexe. !Dhererka hoose<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">km</span> !style="vertical-align: bottom;"|Samayska Lakabka !Culeyska<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">g/cm<sup>3</sup></span> |- |0–60 |style="text-align:left;"|Cirka<ref>Locally varies between 5 and 200&nbsp;km.</ref> |— |- style="background:#FEFEFE;" |0–35 |style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"| Qolofta Dhulka<ref>Locally varies between 5 and 70&nbsp;km.</ref> |2.2–2.9 |- style="background:#FEFEFE;" |35–60 |style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"| Lakabka Labaad (mantle) |3.4–4.4 |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;35–2890 |style="text-align:left;"|Badhtanka Lakabka Labaad |3.4–5.6 |- style="background:#FEFEFE;" |100–700 |style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"| Asthenosphere |— |- |2890–5100 |style="text-align:left;"|Bu'da Sare |9.9–12.2 |- |5100–6378 |style="text-align:left;"|Ubucda dhexe |12.8–13.1 |} ====Qolofka dhulka==== {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;" |+ Xadiga [[Curiye|Isku Dhiska Curiye]] & [[Macdan]]ta Qolofka Dhulka !rowspan="1"|Isku dhis !rowspan="1"|Tiro (%) |- |[[Silikoon|silica]] (SiO2) |style="text-align: right;"|60.2% |- |[[Alumiiniyaam|alumina]] (Al2O3) |style="text-align: right;"|15.2% |- |[[Nuurad]] (CaO) |style="text-align: right;"|5.5% |- |[[Magniisiyaam|magnesiya]] (MgO) |style="text-align: right;"|3.1% |- |[[Aayron|Aayron(II)Ogsaydh]] (FeO) |style="text-align: right;"|3.8% |- |[[Sodhiyaam|sodhiyam Ogsaydh]] (Na2O) |style="text-align: right;"|3.0% |- |[[Botashiyaam|Botashiyaam Ogsaydh]] (K2O) |style="text-align: right;"|2.8% |- |[[Aayron|Aayron (III) Ogsaydh]] (Fe2O3) |style="text-align: right;"|2.5% |- |[[Biyo]] (H2O) |style="text-align: right;"|1.4% |- |[[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-Ogsaydh]] (CO2) |style="text-align: right;"|1.2% |- |[[Titaaniyaam|Tiitaniyaam-labo-Ogsaydh]] (TiO2) |style="text-align: right;"|0.7% |- |[[Fosforos|Fosforos-pentOgsaydh]] (P2O2) |style="text-align: right;"|0.2% |} [[Qolof Dhul]] ama (crust) waa lakabka ugu sareeya jidhka dhulka, midaas oo ka kooban [[dhagax]]aan, [[caro]] iyo [[macdan]]o kale.<ref>[[Qolof Dhul]]</ref> Xadiga [[curiye]]yaasha iyo [[macdan]]tu weey ku kala badan yihiin oogada dhulka; [[Isku dhis|isku dhisyada]] ugu badan waa: ::* ''Silica'' ([[Silikoon|SilikoonOgsaydh]]) (SiO<sup>2</sup>) ::* ''Alumina'' ([[Alumiiniyaam|AlumiiniyamOgsaydh]]) ::* [[Nuurad]] (lime) (CaO) ::* ''Magnesiya'' ([[Magniisiyaam|MagniisiyaamOgsaydh]]) ::* [[Aayron|Aayron(II)Ogsaydh]] ::* [[Sodhiyaam|Sodhiyaam-Ogsaydh]] ::* [[Botashiyaam|Botshiyaam-Ogsaydh]] ::* [[Aayron|Aayron(III)Ogsaydh]] ::* [[Biyo]] ([[H2O]]) ::* [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-Ogsaydh]] ::* [[Titaaniyaam|Titaaniyaam(II)Ogsaydh]], iyo ::* [[Fosforos|FosforosbentOgsaydh]] Isku-xidhka [[curiye]]yaashan waxay noqonayaan 99.6% qolofta sare ee dhulka,<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163 The 'Highest' Spot on Earth, Npr.org]</ref>--> tirada yar ee kale waa [[hawo]]oyin iyo [[neef]]o ku dhex jira. Guud ahaan [[cuf]]ka [[duni]]du waa qiyaas ahaan 5.98 ×10 24 kg, kuwaas oo ka kooban inta ugu badan [[bir]]ta [[Aayron]] (32.1%), [[Ogsajiin]] (30.1%), [[Silikoon]] (15.1%), [[Magniisiyaam]] (13.9%), [[Salfar]] (2.9%), [[Nikel]] (1.8%), [[Kaalshiyaam]](1.5%), iyo [[Alumiiniyaam]] oo ah (1.4%); inta soo hadhay oo ah 1.2% waxay ka kooban yihiin [[isku dhis]] [[curiye]]yaal kale. Dhinaca kale, maadaama [[cuf]]ka gudaha dhulku aad u badan yahay waxaa la aaminsan yahay in badhtanka dhulku ka sameeysan yahay 88.8% [[bir]]ta [[Aayron]] (iron), iyo xoogaa yar oo [[Nikel]] 5.8%, [[Salfar]] (4.5%), iyo 1% [[curiye]]yaal kale ah. ====Lakabka dhexe dhulka==== [[File:Earth poster.svg|thumb|[[sadex|Sadexda Lakab]] ee dhismaha Dhulka: [[Qolof Dhul|Qolofka Dhulka]], Lakabka dhexe iyo [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda Dhulka]].]] Qeybta dhexe ee dhulka loona yaqaano '''The mantle''' waa lakab dhagaxley ah oo saameyn ku leh miisaanka meeraha. Si la mid ah meerayaasha kale, dhulku wuxuu leeyahay jidh ka dhisan qeybo kala duwan. Lakabka sare, [[Qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]], waxaa ku xiga lakabkan ''The mantle'' oo ka samaysan maqaar [[dhagax|dhagaxaan Silika]] ah oo leh qiyaastii qaro (thick) 2,900 km (1,800 mile) ah taas oo u dhiganta 84% cufka dhulka.<ref>"[[Qolof dhul|oogada dhulka]]"</ref> Lakabkani waa [[caro]] adke ku dahaaran bu'da dhexe ee [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda dhulka]] oo ah [[dareere|dareere kulul]] oo qani ku ah [[Aayron|birta Aayronta]] iyo [[Nikel|birta Nikelka ah]], taas oo ah qiyaastii 15% cufka dhulka. Lakabkani wuxuu ka bilaabmaa 75 km marka dhulka hoos loo galo ilaa 2'900 km dherer hoos ah. Waxaana ku xiga lakabka aadka u kulul ee bu'da dhulka. Ayadoo ka tixraacayo [[Isku dhis|isku dhisyada]] iyo [[curiye]]yaasha uu ka kooban yahay ayaa lakabkan waxaa loo qeybiyaa dhowr nooc: mantleka sare (kaas oo ka bilaabmaya 75 km ilaa 410 km), qeybta dhexe (410–660 km), mantleka hoose (oo ka bilaabma 660 km ilaa 2891 km), iyo xadka bu'da iyo mantleka (oo leh qaro dhan qiyaastii ~200 km). {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;" |+ Samayska Lakabka Dhexe ee Dhulka ([[Curiye|Curiyayaasha]] & [[Isku dhis]]yada) !rowspan="1"|Curiye !rowspan="1"|Tiro (%) !rowspan="1"|Iskudhis !rowspan="1"|Tiro (%) |- |[[Ogsajiin]] |style="text-align: right;"|44.8 |- |[[Silikoon]] |style="text-align: right;"|21.5 |[[Silikoon|SiO2]] |style="text-align: right;"|46 |- |[[Magniisiyaam]] |style="text-align: right;"|22.8 |[[Magniisiyaam|MgO]] |style="text-align: right;"|37.8 |- |[[Aayron]] |style="text-align: right;"|5.5 |[[Aayron|FeO]] |style="text-align: right;"|7.5 |- |[[Alumiiniyaam]] |style="text-align: right;"|2.2 |[[Alumiiniyaam|Al2O3]] |style="text-align: right;"|4.2 |- |[[Kaalshiyaam]] |style="text-align: right;"|2.3 |[[Kaalshiyaam|CaO]] |style="text-align: right;"|3.2 |- |[[Sodhiyaam]] |style="text-align: right;"|0.3 |[[Sodhiyaam|Na2O]] |style="text-align: right;"|0.4 |- |[[Botashiyaam]] |style="text-align: right;"|0.03 |[[Botashiyaam|K2O]] |style="text-align: right;"|0.04 |- |Isku Gayn |style="text-align: right;"|99.7 |Isku Gayn |style="text-align: right;"|99.1 |} ====Ubuc dhul==== [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda dhulka]], loo yaqaano (Earth's Core) waa bu'da ama lakabka dhexe ee meeraha dunida. Qaybtani waa dareere aad u kulul oo leh qiyaastii qaro (thick) dhan 2,266 km (1,408 mi) taas oo kooban birta Aayron iyo Nikel. Ubucda dhulku waxay ka hooseysaa lakabka labaad ee mantleka. Bu'da dhulku waxay oogada sare ka hooseeysaa dherer dhan 2,890 km (1,800 mi) oo ah meesha Ubucda dhulku ka bilaabanto, ilaa 5,150 km (3,200 mi) oo ah badhtanka dhulka. [[Heerkul]]ka ubucda dhulku waxa uu ka bilaabmaa 4400&nbsp;°C (8000&nbsp;°F) maqaarka ubucda ilaa 5,430&nbsp;°C oo ah bu'da dhexe iyo meesha ugu [[Kul|kuleylka]] badan dhulka. Dhinaca kale, cadaadiska (pressure) [[Ubuc Dhul|Ubucda dhulku]] waa inta u dhexeeysa 330 ilaa 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).<ref>"[[Heerkul]]ka ubucda dhulku waxa uu ka bilaabmaa 4400&nbsp;°C"</ref> Ubucda dhulku waxay ka samaysan tahay isku dhisyo badan oo u badan [[Nikel]] iyo [[Aayron]]. Sidoo kale, [[Dahab]] iyo [[Balatiiniyaam]] badan ayaa iyagana laga helaa badhtamaha dhulka. Guud ahaan, bu'da dhulka la'aanteed nolosha dunidu waxay noqon lahayd nooc kale, sababtoo ah lakabkani waa sal-dhiga magnetka (magnetic field) dhulka. ===Wareega dhulka=== [[File:Ap 16 view of Earth during TLC.jpg|thumb|Sawir dhulka oo uu qaaday Apollo 17.]] Dhulku wuxuu ku wareegaa qoraxda asagoo u jira masaafo dhan 150 milyan kilomitir wakhti dhan 365.2564 maalmaha qoraxda, hal sano. Wareegan waxaa keena mid kale oo dhulku ku wareego xariijintiisa, asagoo ka soo wareegaya bari ilaa dhanka galbeed. Midan oo qaadata wakhti dhan 24 saac ayaa dhalisa habeenka iyo maalinta. Inta uu ku gudo jiro wareega qoraxda, dhulku wuxuu ku socdaa xawaare ah 29.8 km/ilbiriqsi oo u dhiganta 107,000 km saacadiiba. Dayaxa oo ah mid ku wareega dhulka wakhti 27.32 maalmood ah ayaa u jira dunida masaafo dhan 384,000 km. Marka la isku daro wareega dhulka iyo dayaxa ku sameeyaan qoraxda, bisha dayaxa ilaa bisheeda kale waa wakhti ah 29.53 maalmood, waa waxa aan u naqaano '''hal bil'''. Guud ahaan, wareega dhulka xariijintiisa, kan uu ku wareego qoraxda iyo wareega dayaxu ku sameeyo dhulka dhamaantood waa kuwo lid ku ah wareega saacada (counterclockwise). Wareegyada dhulka iyo dayaxu waxay mararka qaar keenaan [[Qorax Madoowaad|qorax madoowaad]] iyo [[Dayax Madoowaad|dayax madoowaad]]. ===Dayaxa dhulka=== [[File:Full moon partially obscured by atmosphere.jpg|thumb|[[Dayax]] Dhulka oo si fiican looga arko Oogada sare ee [[duni]]da.]] [[File:Moons of solar system-en.svg|thumb|Dayax/Bil]] Dayaxu waa duni yar oo ka samaysan dhagaxaan, kuna wareegta dhulka, taas oo leh dherer dhan rubuc gacanka dhulka. [[Dayax|Dayaxa dhulku]] waa kan ugu weeyn<ref>weeyn dhamaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> dhamaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kaas oo la odhan karo wuxuu ka wayn yahay meereyaasha yaryar qaarkood. Cufis-jiidadka u dhexeeya dhulka iyo dayaxa ayaa keena [[bad|mowjadaha badaha]], taas mi la mid ah ayaa keentay isku-xidhnaanshaha labadooda. Dayaxa oo ku socda xawaare dhan 1.022 kilomitir ilbiriqsigiiba, ayaa waxay ku qaadataa [[maalin|27 maalmood]], [[saacad|7 saacadood]] iyo [[daqiiqad|43 daqiiqo]] in uu hal mar ku wareego dhulka.365.24 solar days). Dhinaca kale, isku wareega dayaxu (circumference) waa 10, 921 km; [[cuf]]kiisuna waa 2.1958 ×<br /><span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span> halka [[mug]]iisu yahay 7.3477 ×<br /><span>10<sup>22</sup> kg</sup></span>. Maadaama dayaxa cirkiisu aad u khafiif yahay falaadhaha qoraxduna toos u soo taabtaan oogada dayaxa ayaa [[heerkul]]kiisu aad u sareeyaa ugu yaraan waa 100 Kalfin ugu badnaana wuxuu gaadhaa 390 K. Jidhka dayaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyo]] kala duwan kuwaas oo u badan [[curiye]]yaasha kala ah: [[curiye|Argon]], [[Hiliyaam]], [[Sodhiyaam]], [[Botashiyaam]], [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Raadhoon]]. Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda bani-aadamka, sanadkii 1959kii ayaa [[Dayax Gacmeed]] [[Ruush]]ku leeyahay tagay dayaxa. Ka dib, 1968dii ayaa qofkii ugu horeeyay cagaha saaray dayaxa kaas oo ka socday Dawladda [[Maraykan]]ka. Sanadkii 2004 wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa wadanada [[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa.<ref>"[[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa."</ref> Inkasto dayaxu lahayn [[cir|cir sare]] oo ka difaaca [[kul]]ka [[qorax]]da, cilmi baadhis la sameeyay waxay muujisay in dayaxu leeyahay [[biyo]] laga heli karo [[cidhif]]yada dayaxa iyo oogada sare dhexdeeda.<ref>Ptolemy's Almagest, Ptolemy, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press 1998</ref> ===Qaaradaha dunida=== {| class= "wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ Suxuunta Tektoniga ugu Muhiimsan Dhulka |- |colspan±"2" style="front-size: smaller; text-align: center;"|[[File:Tectonic plates (empty).svg|upright=1.5| alt=Shows the extent and boundaries of tectonic plates, with superimposed outlines of the continents they support]] |- !Magaca Saxanka !Baaxada<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup></span> |- | {{legend|#fee6aa|[[Baasifig|Saxanka Baasifiga]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"|103.3 |- | {{legend|#fb9a7a|[[Afrika|Saxanka Afrika]]}} || style="text-align: center;"| 78.0 |- | {{legend|#ac8d7f|[[Woqooyiga Ameerika|Saxanka Waqooyi Amerika]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 75.9 |- | {{legend|#7fa172|[[Aasiya|Saxanka YuroAasiya]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 67.8 |- | {{legend|#8a9dbe|[[Antiarktis|Saxanka Antaraktika]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 60.9 |- | {{legend|#fcb482|[[Ooshiyaaniya|Saxanka IndoUstaraliya]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"| 47.2 |- | {{legend|#ad82b0|[[Ameerikada koonfureed|Saxanka Amerika]]}} || style="text-align: center;"| 43.6 |} Lakabka sare ee [[Qolof Dhul|qolofka dhulka]], loo yaqaano ''the lithosphere'', waxaa loo qeeybiyaa waaxyo lagu magacaabo ''tectonic plates'' kuwaas oo maamula qaabka iyo naqshada [[Qaarad|qaaraduhu]] u samaysan yihiin. [[Dhulgariir]]ka, foolkaanaha (volcano), [[Buur|dhismaha buuraha]], iyo kala soocida [[Bad|badaha]] dhamaantood waxaa keena tectonic plateka.<ref>"[[Buur|dhismaha buuraha]], iyo kala soocida [[Bad|badaha]]"</ref> Qaab-dhismeeydka saxannada sameeya qaaraha dhulku waa [[todoba]], kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Baasifig|Saxanka Baasifiga]], [[Waqooyiga Ameerika|Saxanka Waqooyi Amerika]], [[Aasiya|Saxanka YuroAasiya]], [[Afrika|Saxanka Afrika]], [[Antiarktis|Saxanka Antaraktika]], [[Ooshiyaaniya|Saxanka Indo-Ustaraliya]], iyo [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Saxanka Koonfur Amerika]]. Intaas waxa soo raaca [[Saxanka Carabta]], [[Saxanka-Kaariibiyanka]], [[Saxanka Iskotiya]] ee koonfurta [[Badweyn|Badweynta Atlaantika]]. [[File:Continental models-Australia.gif|thumb|Maab midabaysan oo muujinaya gobolada [[Qaaradaha|Qaaradaha dunida]]. Qaaradaha qaar ayagoo isku-dhegan ayaa labo loo kala qeybiyay, sida YuroAasiya oo loo kala saaro [[Yurub]] (midabka cas) iyo [[Aasiya]] (midabka oranjiga). Dhinaca kale, qaaradaha [[Woqooyiga Ameerika|Waqooyiga Amerika]] & [[Ameerikada koonfureed|koonfurta Amerika]] mararka qaar waxa la xisaabiyaa hal qaarad ahaan.]] Qaab-dhismeedka tectonik plateska ayaa keenay qaab-dhismeedka [[qaaradaha]]. Sidas darteed, guud ahaan Dhulku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Qaaradaha|todoba qaaradood]] oo magac ahaan kala ah: [[Afrika|Qaarada Afrika]], [[Aasiya|Qaarada Aasiya]], [[Waqooyiga Ameerika|Waqooyiga Amerika]], [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Koonfurta Amerika]], [[Yurub|Qaarada Yurub]], [[Ooshiyaaniya|Qaarada Ustaraliya]] oo loo yaqaano ''Ooshiyaaniya'' isla markaana soo raacaan gasiiradaha yaryar ee u dhow, iyo [[Antiarktis|Qaarada Antaraktika]] ee barafka ah. ===Qoraxda dhulka=== [[File:Planets_and_sun_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Qoraxda marka la barbar dhigo xajmiga meerayaasha.]] [[Qorax]]du (sun) waa [[xidig]]ta iftiimisa, kulaylka gaadhiisa isla markaana [[cufisjiidad]] ku heeysa dhamaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900 kan meeraha [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900</ref> Sidoo kale, bu'da dhexe ee qoraxda waxaa ka yimaada [[heerkul]]ka, falaadhaha radiationka, elektaromagnetik radiation, iyo 400 ilaa 700 nm oo falaadhaha [[ileys]]ka muuqda ah. Cadaymo la arkey waxay xaqiijiyeen in barta qoraxdu ku taalo suurto gelisay in [[dhul]]ka ka jirto [[nolol]]i. [[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka meerayashu waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[qorax]]da. Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]]<ref>[[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano</ref> sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO<sub>2</sub>]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah.<ref>"[[Dhir|dhirta]] iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah."</ref> Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]]<ref>"[[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah"</ref> ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. ==Cimilada dunida== ===Cirka dhulka=== [[File:Earth in ultraviolet from the Moon (S72-40821).jpg|thumb|right|Sawirka dhulka oo laga sawiray dayaxa dushiisa.]] Cadaadiska [[Cir|oogada cirka]] isku cel-celiskiisu waa 101.325 [[kPa]], laga soo bilaabo dherer dhan 8.5 km. Waxaanay ka kooban tahay 78% [[nitrojiin]] iyo 21% [[Ogsajiin]] ah, iyo xoogaa yar oo uumi biyo ah iyo [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon labo Ogsaydh]] iyo neefo kale. Dhererka cirku u jiro oogada dhulka waa kala duwan tahay, waa 8 km cidhifyada iyo 17 km dhulbadhaha. Maqaarka cirku aad ayuu muhiim ugu yahay nolosha dhulka, caawinta wareega biyaha sida roobka iyo difaacida falaadhaha khatarta badan ee ka yimaada qoraxda ayaa ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka cirka. Sidoo kale, aqalkacagaaran (greenhouse) oo ka samaysan uumi biyo, kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh, miithayn (methane) iyo ozoneka oo masuul ka ah dheelitirka [[heerkul]]ka dunida ayaa ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka cirku u leeyahay dhulka. === Cimilada dhulka === Cirka dhulku ma lahan wax xad ah, si tartiib ah ayuu u noqonayaa khafiif sababo la xidhiidha wasakhowga hawada darteed. 3/4 muga cirka dunidu wuxuu u jiraa oogada dhulka 11 km oo kali ah, kuleylka ka imanaya qoraxda markuu soo gaadho meeshan wuxuu keenaa in hawadu kala baxdo ka dib ku qaboowda lakabka saree cirka. Taas ayaa keenta isbedelka cimilada, sida roobka, dabaylaha IWM.<ref>"isbedelka cimilada, sida roobka, dabaylaha IWM."</ref> Badaha waaweyn ayaguna qayb ayay ka yihiin isbedelka cimilada, sababto ah uumiga biyuhu wuxu ka yimaada badaha, kuwaas oo ku qabooba cirka dibna ugu soo noqda dhulka ayagoo roob ah. Biyaha roobka ayaa sameeya wabiyada iyo haraha leh biyaha macaan. Isku-wareega biyaha ee noocan (water cycle) ayaa si fiican u taageera nolosha iyo dhulkaba. Cimilada dhulka waxaa loo kala saari karaa waaxyo badan ayadoo la tixraacayo [[heerkul]]ka iyo roobka. Nooca ugu caansan kala saarka cimilada, '''Köppen climate classification''' oo uu sameeyay Wladimir Köppen, ayaa loo kala saaraa [[shan|shan qaybood]] oo kala ah: saxare qalayl ah, torobika (tropics), dhulka sareeya, qaboow-dhexe iyo qaboowga cidhifyada, kuwaas oo weli la sii qeeybiyo. Habka sameeynta cuntada ee dhirta (Photosynthesis) ayaa asna kaalin libaax ka qaata dheelitirka hawooyinka cirka, sababto ah dhirtu waxay isticmaashaa kaarboon-labo-ogsaydhka kuna sii daysaa cirka ogsajiin saafi ah. [[Haydarojiin]] oo ayadu ku badan cirka ayaa [[falgal|la falgasha]] [[Ogsajiin]]ta dhirtu soo daysto taas oo ayadna dhalisa [[Isku dhis|isku dhisyo]] biyo ah oo keena [[roob]].<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes, International Astronomical Union, 2006 |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |access-date=2014-01-15 |archive-date=2009-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230134246/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Nolosha dunida== {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;" |+ Qiyaasta Isticmaalka Dhulka Dunida (2000) !rowspan="1"|Isticmaalka Dhulka !rowspan="1"|Mha (Milyan Hectars) |- |Dhulka La Beerto |style="text-align: right;"|1,510–1,611 |- |Dhul Daaqsiin |style="text-align: right;"|2,500–3,410 |- |Kaymaha Dabiiciga |style="text-align: right;"|3,143–3,871 |- |Keymaha La Beeray |style="text-align: right;"|126–215 |- |Deegaanada La Degan Yahay |style="text-align: right;"|66–351 |- |Deegaanada aan La Isticmaalin |style="text-align: right;"|356–445 |} [[File:EilatFringingReef.jpg|thumb|left|Xadka u dhexeeya biyaha iyo dhulka: Xeebta.]] Nolosha [[Meere|meeraha]] dhulka guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere",<ref>"[[Meere|meeraha]] dhulka guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere""</ref> ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) 3.5 [[bilyan|bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Meelaha lagu noolyahay waxaa loo kala saaraa nidaamka ay u taageerayaan nolosha [[xayawaan]]ka ama [[dhir]]ta. Oogada dhulka waxa kala sooca kala duwanaanshaha [[Lool|loolalka]] iyo [[Dhig|dhigaha]] (latitude and longitude) iyo jooga dhulka ka sareeyo biyaha badda. Meelaha qaar, sida [[Cidhif|cidhifyada aduunka]], saxaraha aadka u kulul iyo buuraha dhaadheer nolosha xayawaanka iyo dhirtu aad ayay ugu yartahay. Sidaas ay tahay, waxaa jira [[Milyan|malaayiin]] nooc oo [[noole]] ah, dhir iyo xayawaan, oo ku baahsan oogada dhulka iyo [[Biyo|biyaha badaha]].<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |access-date=2014-01-15 |archive-date=2006-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ===Kheyraadka dabiiciga iyo isticmaalka dhulka=== Oogada dhulka waxaa laga helaa khayraad dabiici ah oo faa'iido badan u leh bani-aadamka. Qaar ka mid ah khayraadkaas waa mid aan la cusboonaysiin karin, sida [[macdan]]ta iyo [[Shidaal]]ka,<ref>[[macdan]]ta iyo [[Shidaal]]ka</ref> kuwaas oon wakhti dheer qaata samaysankooda. Sidoo kale, xadi badan oo [[Shidaal|shidaal qeyriin]] ah ayaa laga helaa dhulka kuwaas oo marka la warshadeeynayo loo kala saaro [[Dhuxul Dhagax]], [[Shidaal|Betrool]], [[Neef|Gaaska dabiiciga]], methane iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Khayraadkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in laga sameeyo awood iyo shidaal ay ku shaqeeyaan alaabta Aadamuhu sameystay. Sidoo kale, inta u badan [Curiye|curiyeyaasha]] waxaa laga qodaa [[Qolof Dhul|oogada dhulka]]. Waxaa intaas dheer in dhulku yahay isha khayraadka taageerta nolosha, sida cuntada, daawooyinka, alwaaxa wax lagu dhiso, Ogsajiinta IWM. Nolosha dhulka dushiisa (The land-based ecosystem) waxay ku tiirsan tahay carada sare iyo biyaha, halka nolosha badaha dhexdooda (oceanic ecosystem) ku xidhan tahay milanka nafaqada ka timaada oogada dhulka.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Pluto and the Solar System, IAU |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |access-date=2014-01-15 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sanadkii 1980, 5,053 Mha (Milyan Hegtar) oo oogada dhulka ahi waxay ahayd ''Keymo'', halka 6,788 Mha ay ahayd dhul-daaqsiimeed, iyo 1,501 Mha oo ahayd dhul-qodaal midho laga beero. Guud ahaan dhulku waa hooyga [[Xayawaan|xayawaanka dhul jooga]] ah - Aadamuhu ka midka yihiin halkaas oo guryo iyo meelo lagu noolaado laga dhisay. ===Khatarta dabiiciga=== [[File:MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80.jpg|thumb|Foolkaano khatar badan oo cirka gaadhay.]] Meelo badan oo oogada dhulka ah ayaa khatar badan isla markaana noloshu aad u adag tahay amaba aan la degenayn. Sida deegaanada cimiladu aadka u sareeyso ama hooseeyso, tusaale ahaan saxaraha iyo cidhifyada dunida. Sidoo kale, khatarta waxaa ka mid ah duufaanada, daadadka, dabaylaha waawayn, dhulgariirka, foolkaanaha, abaaraha, sunaamida IWM kuwaas oo ku xidhan cimilada.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331081504/https://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ NASA Staff Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e]</ref> Dhinaca kale, waxaa jira khatar badan oo Aadame-samee ah. Waxa ka mid ah wasakhowga hawada, wasakhowga biyaha, roobka asiidha leh, walxaha [[sun]]ta ah, xaalufinta keymaha (deforestation), tafiir-go'a xayawaanka duurjoogta ah, nabaadguurka carada iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Sida Jumciyada Quruumaha ka Dhaxaysa (UN) sheegtay, warshadaha aadamuhu samaystay halis ayay ku hayan dhulka kuwaas oo hawada ku sii daaya Kaarbon-labo-ogsaydh keentay in dunidu kululaato (global warming). Taas oo sabab u ah isbedelka cimilada iyo dhalaalka barafka cidhifyada. == Bani' aadamka == [[File:AS08-13-2329.jpg|thumb|Sawirkii ugu horeeyay ee Astronaut ka qaado dhulka.]] Bani' aadamka oo ah hogaanka dhamaan nolosha ka jirta dhulka ayaa 2011dii lagu qiyaasaa [[todoba|todoba bilyan]] oo qof kuwaas oo degan [[qaaradaha]] dunida. Sidoo kale, sanadka 2050ka ayaa lagu wadaa in tirada dadku gaadhi doonto 9.2 bilyan. Deegaanada bani-aadamku weey kala duwan yihiin, qaarada [[Aasiya]] ayaana ugu shacab badan. Dhinaca kale, sanadka 2020ka waxaa lagu wadaa 60% shacabka dunidu ku noolaan doonaan magaalooyinka. Waxa lagu qiyaasaa in 1/8 oogada dhulku ku haboon tahay in bani'aadamku ku noolaadaan taas oo kalabadh ah saxare iyo buuro dhaadheer. Taariikh ahaan, aadamuhu waligood waxay u noolaayeen qoysas, guutooyin, qabiilo, shacabyo, iyo wadano. Ma jirto maamul guud oo ka dhexeeya aadamaha, laakiin sanadkii 1945tii ayaa la dhisay urur u dhexeeya dhamaan Dawladdaha dunida, waa [[Qaramada Midoobay|Jumciyada Quruumaha Midoobay]] (UN).<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Johnson Michele, NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System, NASA, 20 December 2011 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html |access-date=15 Bisha Koobaad 2014 |archive-date=16 Bisha Shanaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516230313/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>Hand Eric Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets 20 December 2011</ref> [[File:STS-130_Endeavour_flyaround_5.jpg|thumb|Saldhiga guud ee Hawada Sare.]] Dhacdooyinka taariikhiga ah ee bani-aadamku sameeyay waxaa ka mid ah in dayaxa la tagay, meerayaal kale la soo sahamiyey, dayax gacmeedyo la diray. Qofkii ugu horeeyay ee dunida ka baxa waa Yuri Gagarin (April 12, 1961). Sanadkii 2010ka gebi ahaan dadka hawada sare tagay waa 487 qof, 12 ka mid ah dayaxa ayay dul socdeen. Masaafada ugu dheer ee aadamuhu ka gaadheen hawada sare waa 400,171 km, taas oo ahayd socdaalkii Apollo 13 sanadkii 1970kii.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne, J. Greenhill, J. Wambsganss, J. Menzies, A. Williams, U. G. Jørgensen, A. Udalski, D. P. Bennett, M. D. Albrow, V. Batista, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, A. Cole, Ch. Coutures, K. H. Cook, S. Dieters, D. Dominis Prester, J. Donatowicz, P. Fouqué, K. Hill, N. Kains et al.]</ref>Sahaminta Meereyaasha ==Qoraalol la mid ah== * [[Docay]] * [[Raage]] * [[Farraare]] * [[Cirjeex]] * [[Uraano]] * [[Bluto]] * [[Waxaraxir]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul badhe]] * [[Cilmiga Xidigaha|Cilmiga xidigaha]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|Bahda qoraxdu midaysay]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Koon]] * [[Neefaha Waawayn]] * [[Meere]] {{commons|Earth}} {{icon|portal}} [[Portal:Dhul]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|2}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] aq652jzqxa1iwmal606chpf881j3iak 0 8940 308737 307711 2026-09-19T22:10:03Z Soalt 39618 template:Western Asia 308737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga |native_name = Türkiga |common_name = Turkiga |national_motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|tr|''[[Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation|Egemenlik, kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir]]''}},<ref name="">Motto of Turkey"</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|title=Motto|date=23 February 2013|publisher=Gov.tr|accessdate=23 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=20 Bisha Labaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220150051/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} {{small|"Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation"}} |national_anthem = ''[[İstiklal Marşı]]'', {{small|"Independence March"}} |image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = |image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Ankara]] |largest_city = [[Istanbuul]]<Br/>{{small|{{coord|41|1|N|28|57|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = [[Af-Turki]] |demonym = [[Turki]] |ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list | 70–75% [[Turki]] | {{nbsp|6}}18% [[Af-Kurdish]] | {{nbsp|2}}7–12% qaybo kale }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.4em|<ref name="">cia</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |title=Turkey |publisher=The World Factbook |accessdate=9 February 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |government_type = Dawalad dhexe [[Baarlamaan]] [[Dastuurka turkiga|Dastuuri]] [[Jamhuuriyad]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = [[Rajab Dayib Erdogaan]] |leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |leader_name2 = [[Bin cali yildrim]] |leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha baarlamaanka |leader_name3 = [[ismaciil kahraman]] |leader_title4 = Gudoomiyaha maxkamadda sare |leader_name4 = [[Haşim Kılıç]] |legislature = {{nowrap|[[Baarlamaanka Turkiga]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Ka timid]] {{nobold|mid ka mid ah Imbaraatooriyadii cusmaaniyiinta}} |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Heshiiskii Lusaan]]}} |established_date1 = 24 Luulyo 1923 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|Ku dhwaaqista Jamhuuriyad}} |established_date2 = 29 Oktoobar 1923 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |area_km2 = 783562 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf UN statistics, page 7 (PDF format) --> |area_sq_mi = 302535 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 37th |percent_water = 1.3 |population_estimate = 84,382,387<ref name="">Population of Turkey</ref>. |currency = [[Turkish lira]]<sup>a</sup> |currency_code = TRY |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |drives_on = [[right]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Turkey|90]] |cctld = [[.tr]] }} '''Turkiga''' ([[Af-Turki]]: '''Türkiye'''; {{lang-ar|تركيا}}) sida Aduunka ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyada Turkiga''', waa Dal aad u balaadhan waxa uu ku kala yaala labad qaaradood ee [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Yurub]]. Turkigu waxa uu xuduud la leeyhay [[Joorjiya]], Iiraan, [[Armania|Armiiniya]], Azrabijan dhinaca bari dhinaca koonfur waxa uu xuduud kala leeyahay dalalka, Ciraaq Suuriya iyo bada dhexe dhinaca galbeed waxaa ka xiga wadan giriiga iyo wadanka [[Bulgaria|Bulgaariya]] iyo bada loo yaqaano eeje, dhina waqooyi waxaa ka xiga bada madaw,waxa uu ahaa turkigu mid ay maa musho dawladii cismaaniyuuntu ilaa [[1922]] markaas oo la sameeyay dawladan turkiga ee aynu manta naqaano, dawladaas oo uu sameeyay ninkii la odhan jiray [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]i. == Magaca Turkiya == Magaca Turkiya waxa uu kasoo jeedaa laba kalmadood oo laysisaaray oo kala ah kalmada Turk oo ah kalmada tilmaamaysa shacab waynaha Turkiga iyo kalmada iye oo ka hadlaysa wexeenaa markaa magacu macna ahaan waxa uu noqonayaa Turkiyadeena. == Taariikh == Wadanka Turkiga intii kahoraysay sanadkii 1922 waxaa maamulaysa [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]. Kadib markii ay bur burtay [[Dawladii Suluuqiyiinta]] waxa samaysamay Dawladi Sismaaniyiinta. [[File:MERSİN-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] == Dawladii Cismaniya iyo Sidii ay ku abuurantay == Wagas oo hee layeela soo dhmays tiira am. == Asalkoodii iyo dawladaasii siday ku abuurantay == [[Kitaabka quduska|Qorniinka Quduuska]] ah waxay inoo sheegaan inay webiyada la yiraahdo [[Furaat|Yufraad]] iyo [[Tigris]] (Xiddeqel) ay ka yimaaddeen Ceeden. Beerta Ceeden waxaa loo maleeyaa inay ku taallay meel maanta ah bariga Turki. Runtii, beerta Ceeden adduunka bay ku taallay. Ilaahay Aadan buu abuuray oo wuxuu dejiyay beerta Ceeden “inuu falo oo dhawro.”<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/iimaan-run-ah/qasdiga-ilaahay-oo-ku-saabsan-adduunka/ Muxuu Yahay Qasdiga Ilaahay oo ku Saabsan Adduunka?]</ref>. Waxa ay kasoojeedeen [[cismaaniyiintu.]]. qabiilada.oogooz.oo ah qabiilo kamid ahayd qawmiyada Turkumaanka waxa ay daganaayeen wadanka [[mangooliya]]kadib markii ay mangooliyiintu dhibaato u gyastayn waxa ay u yaaceen xagaas iyo Turkiga waxa ay degeen meesha lagu magacaabo.betyeeniya.oo ku taalaa deegaanka anaadool.ee wadanka Turkiga.waxa ay ahyad xiligii suldaan [[cismaan ardaqal]]. Ama cusmaankii koobaad.markii u horaysay cismaaniyiintu waxa ay lugohooda dhigeen.dhulka looyaqaano bolkaniska.ee katirsan bariga yurub.cismaaniyiintu waxa ay aad usii fideen kadib markii uu dhacay dagaalkii ka dhacay goobta looyaqaano. [[Nikobolis]] oo dhacay sanadii 1389.intaa kadib waxa dhacay dhawr jeer in ay jabaan.laakiin markiidanbe waxa ay lasoonoqdeen haybadoofdii iyo awoodoodii.waxayna aad u xoogaysteen xiligii, [[muraadkii labaad]].oo ahayd.[[1421-1451]]. Kadib waxa cyimi [[suldaan maxamed alfaatix]]. Oo awooday in uu qabsado [[giriiga]] 1453. Waxaan raba in aan wax kabarto turkiga wada nuuce ayaa lomara in tee ayay iguqadane in aan cagaha dhego dalka turkiga casimada Ankara. ==IMF== '''0.98%''' ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==waddanmah La Deggan Turkiga== * {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} 20,000+. * {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}: 2000+: * {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}: 1000+: == sobixitankii.reer.cusmaan == Kadib markii uu dhintay arduqal.waxa dhacday in wiilkiisa cismaan halkiisii loomagacaabay.cismaan ibnu ardoqalna waxa uu dhashay.1258.waxaanuu ahaa aasaaskii dawladan.waxa uu kasoojeeday qabiilada qay.awoowgii oo la odhanjiray suliman shaah ayaa waxa uu soo haajiray xagaas iyo.turkiga.waxaanuu dagay turkiga.maadaama oo uu ahaa cusmaan nin hogaaminaya qabeelo dhan markii uu yimi wadanka turkiga waxa ay sifiican isufahmeen cidii markaas halkaas katalinaysay.kadib waxa ay saaxiibtinimo wanaagsani dhex martay isaga iyo calaa adiin.oo ahaa odaygii ama hogaankii halkaas. Kadib calaa waxa uu suldaan cismaan siiyay.calan cad.oo ahaa calaamd lagu garto raga madaxda ah. Waxa kale oo uu siiyay.magaca ama naanaysta (bik) laga bilaabo 1289.waxa kale oo uu amray in lacagta lagusoo qoro magaciisaa.waxa kale oo uu u magacaabay hogaamiye qaybkamida ciidamadiisa. == Bilawgii cismaaniyiinta == Suldaankii cismaaniyiinta ugu horeeyay waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada (Sogüt) oo ah meel laga maamulo magaalada wayn ee (bin shahiir)sanadii 1258 kadib markii uu dhintay uldaankii halkaas xukumayay ayaa suldaan cismaan loo dooratay in uu noqdo hogaamiye.taasina waxa ya horseeday in ay bilaabmato dawldii cismaniyiintu.waxa uu suldaan cismaan samaystay dawlad adag iyo ciidan aad u awood badan.waxa uu baabiyiyay oo uu gacanta ku dhigay.dawldii giriiga.kadib dawladiisi waxa ay gaadhay dhul aad u balaadhan.oo ay kamid tahay Soomaaliya.cismaaniyuuntu waxa ay islaamka gaadhsiiyiin.badhtamaha yurub. == Fiditaankii dawlada cismaniyada == Wxa looqaybinkaraa fiditaankii iuyo taariikhdii cismaaniyiinta laba qaybood. qaybta hore waxa ay tahay xilgii horumarka iyo awooda milatari taas oo soo gaadhsiisnayd sanadii 1566 iyo taariikh kale oo ay dawladaasi soo martay xiliyo adag iyo dhibaato siyaasadeed waxaanay soo gaadhsiisanayd sanadii 1683. === Xiligii horumarka iyo awooda (1453–1566) === Kadib markii uu dhintay suldaan [[maxamed al-faatex]] waxa xukunka kumurmay labada wiil ee uu katagay laakiin waxa adkaaaday oo loodoortay boqor boqorka la odhan jiray [[baayasiid]] oo ahaa wiil uu katay maxamed al-faatex. kadib walaalkii waxa uu u cararay dhankaas iyo masar halkaas oo uu kaalmo karaadsaday dawladii katalinjiratay masar xiligaas ee [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]] kadib halkaas wuu katagay oo waxa uu aaday dhanka jsiirada [[Rodes]] halkaas oo uu iskudayay in uu gacansiiyo ciidamdii hogaamiye diimeedka (Knights Hospitaller) iyo dawladaha reer galbeedka == Taariikhda Turkiga iyo Giriiga == Taariikhdu culays miisaan ayey saartaa xiriirka u dhexeeya Giriigga iyo Turkiga. Giriiggu wuxuu qeyb ka ahaa boqortooyadii Cuthmaaniyiinta, taasoo uu Turkigu laf-dhabar u ahaa markii uu ku dhawaaqay madax bannaanidiisa qarnigii 19-aad. [[File:Bayraktar_TB2_Ground.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg|thumb|right|400px|turkiga treenka]] [[File:Food_fromTurkey.jpg|thumb|right|400px|cuntoka turkiga]] [[File:Turkish_Angora_in_Ankara_Zoo_(AO%C3%87).JPG|thumb|right|300px|turkish agora bisaad]] == Dagaalkii Giriigga iyo Turkiga == Ciidamadii Turkigu waxay la dagaallameen ciidamada Giriigga ee markaas haystay si ay halkaasi uga soo baxdo Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga sannadkii 1920-kii. Ilaa tobaneeyadii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxay u muuqatay in labada waddan ciidamadoodu ay isku dhici karaan. Laakiin, hadda dad aad u tiro yar ayaa rumaysan in ay waxaasi dhici karaan, xitaa haddii uu kala shaki ku kala dhex jiro labada shacbi. ==UN Tiro== '''792''' ===Dadaalka saaxiibtinnimo=== Labada Dawladdadood ee labada dal ee Giriigga iyo Turkigu aad bey u shaqeeyeen si uu mid kasta saaxiibtinnimo uga kasbado midka kale, taasoo weliba sii baahday kaalmadii uu mid kasta siiyey midka kale markii ay dhul-gariirradu ka dheceen halkaasi sannadkii 1999. Laakiin, haddana weli waxaa jira waxooga mushkilado ah. Jasiiradda qeybsan ee Qubrus ayaa hadda ah meesha ay ka soo burqato dhibaatada u dhexeysa labada dal, waxaana jira arrin si weyn la isugu khilaafsan yahay oo ah jawiga iyo xuquuqda dhul ee badda Aegean-ka taasoo kala qeybisa labada dal, laakiin haddana diblomaasiyiinta labada dal aad bey ugu rajo weyn yihiin kulankooda soo socda. ===Rabitaanka Turkiga=== Ganacsiga, rabitaanka Turkiga uu ku doonayo in uu ku biiro Midowga Yurub, iyo mustaqbalka Qubrus kaddib markii bishii hore lagu guul-darreystay aftidii lagu mideyn lahaa, ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ugu waaweyn yihiin waxyaabaha ay ka wada hadli doonaan. ===Khilaafka xaggee buu ka imaan karaa?=== Qeyb rasmi ah oo ka mid ah booqashada ayaa laga yaabaa in la isku khilaafo. Maalinta Sabtida ah ee soo socota, Mr Erdogan, ayaa Thrace ku booqan doona Bariga Giriigga, meeshasina waxaa deggan ilaa boqol kun oo shacab ah oo ku hadla afka Turkiga, kuwaasoo ka soo haray shacabkii la is-weydaarsaday sannadkii 1920-kii. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwaasi waxay ku baaqaan in la aqoonsado sugnaantooda Turkinnimo, taasoo ay iska diiddo Dawladda Giriigga. [[File:Galata Bridge, Istanbul (Constantinople).jpg|thumb|right|197px|19. yüzyıl sonlarında [[Galata Köprüsü]] ve arka planda [[Valide Sultan Camii|Yeni Cami]], İstanbul.]]] == Deegaanka == Turkiya waxa ay ka koobantahay labada qaaradood ee [[Yurub]] iyo [[Aasiya]] laakiin intabadan dhulka wadanka yurkigu waxa uu kuyaalaa qaarada Aasiya. wadanka Turkiya wqaxa uu kufiadhiyaa dhula gaadhaya ilaa 783,562 oo iskuweera == Tirada Dadka == Markii ugu horaysay ee tirakoob lagusameeyaa waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 2009 markaas oo ay dadku noqdeen ilaa 67,803,927 == Diinta == * [[Islaam]]|| 95.99% * [[Bilaadiin]]03.2% * [[Masiixiyad]]00.6% * Qaarkale 0.1 == Ciidamada == Ciidamada wadanka turkiya waxa ay ka koobanyihiin ciidamada cirka Dhulka iyo badda.xiliga nabada waxa lagutilmaamaa in ay hoos yimaadsaan wasaarada aramiha gudaha. Intaa waxaa dheer ciidamada booliska iyo jandarmaariga oo xiliga dagaalkana waxa ay hoostagaan wasaarada difaaca,ciidamada Turkigu waa ciidanka labaad ee kujira [[Gaashaanbuurta NATO]] marka maraykanka lagayimaado.ciidamada turkiga waxaa laguqiyaasaa in kabadan hal milyan iyo badh.qofkasta oo turkiya waxa qasab ku ah in uu soo maro adeega ciidanimo sadex todobaad ilaa 18 bilood. == Luqada Turkiga == laqada Turkiga waa mid kamida luqadaha turkiga ee looyaqaano in ay yihiin amaba kasoo jeedaan bah luqeedaka looyaqaano [[Altis]] intii ka horaysay waxa afka turkiga lagu qorui jiray farta carabiga.waxaana luqadaas u badanaa kalmado kasoo jeeda Faaris iyo carabi.laakiin Jamhuuriyiintii talada lawareegtay ee uu madaxda u ahaa [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], ayaa kadanbeeyay in afka Turkiga lagu qoro farta laatiinka ah ee maanta loo isticmaalo.daadka kuhadla luqada turkiga waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 130 milyan oo qof oo kukal nool in kabadan ilaa 15 wadan. * [[Aquila Synope]] <gallery> File:Hattusa.temple1.jpg|Vestigis dau Grand Temple (temple 1) de la vila bassa de [[Hattusa]]. File:Ruins of Gordion 3.JPG|Vestigis de [[Gordion]] qu'èra la [[capitala]] de [[Frígia]]. File:Pergamon - 01.jpg|Vestigis d'un temple dedicat a Trajan a [[Pergama]]. File:Aya sofya.jpg|Catedrala Santa Sofia bastida per lei Bizantins e transformada en [[mosqueta]] per leis Otomans. File:Akdamar kirche.jpg|Glèisa bizantina dins la region dau [[lac de Van]]. File:YesilCami Iznik 920.jpg|[[Mosqueta Vèrda]] d'estile otoman bastida a Bursa (fin dau sègle XIV). File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|Dòma de la [[Mosqueta Selimiye]] d'Edirne (sègle XVI). File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg|[[Mosqueta Blava]] d'estile otoman a [[Istambul]] (començament dau sègle XVII). File:İstanbul 4946.jpg|[[Mosqueta Nusretiye]] d'estile barròc otoman (començament dau sègle XIX). File:Dolmabahce, Istanbul, Turchia.JPG|[[Palais Dolmabahçe]] que mescla leis estiles barròc, rococò e neoclassic (mitat dau sègle XIX). File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|Intrada dau [[Palais Dolmabahçe]]. </gallery> <gallery> File:Flag of Turkey.svg|Drapèu oficiau de Turquia oficialament adoptat en [[1936]]. File:Ottoman flag.svg|Drapèu [[Empèri Otoman|otoman]] a l'origina dau drapèu turc actuau. File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG|Utilizacion d'un drapèu roge amb estela e luna per de soudats turcs en [[1299]]. File:Emblem of the Republic of Turkey.svg|Blason actuau utilizat per la diplomacia turca. File:Seal of the Turkish Parliament (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi).svg|Blason de la Granda Assemblada nacionala. File:Turkey emblem round.png|Blason utilizat dins certanei documents oficiaus e per leis equipas esportivas. </gallery> ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Germany]] * [[Switzerland]] * [[Spain]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} == Tixraac == <references /> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] e0ulr9al8i7m956u3980xmgctipiai7 10 9948 308734 109705 2026-09-19T22:08:48Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu qoraalka ku badalay "{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude>" 308734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> og6fhyj2ssd4fmzpqzuodk12q3cms0z 0 10871 308703 303036 2026-09-19T21:44:48Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308703 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Meereyaasha guud ahaan. Bogag kale fiiri [[Koon]] iyo [[Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay]]. '''Meere''' ({{lang-en|Planet}}; {{lang-ar|كوكب}}) Waa [[dhul]] ama duni ka sameysan [[dhagax]]aan, [[caro]] iyo [[hawo]] oo ku wareegta [[xidig]] ama [[qorax]]. Sida [[Cilmi Fallag]]u sheego waxa jira in ka badan balaayiin [[meere]]yaal [[Koon]]kan eeynu ku noolnahay. Meerayaasha waxaa guud ahaan loo qeeybiyaa labo: mid xajmi wayn oo cufkiisu yar yahay kana samaysan [[hawo]]oyin iyo mid xajmi yar oo cufkiisu wayn yahay kana samaysan oogo [[dhagax]]aan ah. Iyadoo la tix raacayo qeexida hay'ada [[Cilmi Fallag]]a ee dunida IAU (Midowga Cilmiga Xidigaha), waxa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsan yahay ineey jiraan 8 [[meere]] [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] ama (Solar System).<ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |publisher=International Astronomical Union |year=2006 |accessdate=2009-12-30 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2009-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230134246/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sideedaas [[Meere]] waxay kala yihiin [[Dusaa]] (Mercury) oo [[Qorax|Qorrax]]da ugu dhow, [[Waxaraxir]] (Venus), [[Dhul]]ka iyo meeraha [[Farraare]] (Mars). [[File:Gas giants in the solar system.jpg|thumb|Meerayaasha waawayn ee [[neef]]ta ka samaysan; [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter), [[Raage]] (Saturn), [[Uraano]] (Uranus) iyo meeraha [[Docay]] (Neptune).]] Ka dib waa meerayaasha xajmiga waaweeyn ee ka samaysan hawada iyo boodhka ee [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter), [[Raage]] (Saturn), [[Uraano]] (Uranus) iyo meeraha [[Docay]] (Neptune). Sidoo kale waxaa jira meerayaal yar-yar oo dhamaantood [[baraf]], [[hawo]] iyo xoogaa caro ah ka sameysan waxaana ka mid ah meeraha yar ee [[Bluto]] (Pluto) oo waqtiyadii hore loo aqoonsanaan jirey in uu ka mid yahay [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu|Bahda Midaysay Qorraxdu]].<ref name="WSGESP">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2006-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Meerayaashu weey kala xajmi duwan yihiin oo kala cimilo duwan yihiin. Meerayaasha qaar, sida [[Dusaa]] ama '''Venus''' aad ayuu u kulul yahay maadaama [[qorax]]da aad ugu dhow yahay. Halka meerayaasha qaar leeyihiin dayaxyaal aad u faro badan, sida meeraha [[Raage]] ama '''Saturn''' wuxuu leeyahay 32 [[dayax]] oo ku wareega meerahaasi. ==Dulxaadis== {| class="infobox" style="width: 280px;" |- | {| style="background-color: #000; white-space: nowrap;" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 |- | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered.jpg|140px|Mercury]][[File:venus-real color.jpg|130px|Venus]] |- | style="padding-left: 8px;" | [[File:Africa and Europe from a Million Miles Away.png|126px|Earth]][[File:Mars 23 aug 2003 hubble.jpg|130px|Mars]] |- | style="padding-left: 5px;" | [[File:Jupiter New Horizons.jpg|123px|Jupiter]][[File:Top view of the rings of Saturn by Cassini - October 10, 2013.jpg|148px|Saturn]] |- | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|138px|Uranus]][[File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|138px|Neptune]] |} |- |Sideeda Meere ee [[Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay]] *[[Meere#Meeraha dhexe|Meereyaasha Dhexe]]: :[[Dusaa]], [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dhul]], iyo [[Farraare]] *[[Meere#Meerayaasha Baxsan|Meereyaasha Waawayn]]: :[[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] ([[neef|Neefo Waawayn]]) :[[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] ([[baraf|Baraf Waawayn]]) ''Waxay u muuqdaan sida uga fog yihiin [[Qorax]]da iyo midabkooda saxda ah, iyio xajmiga (ma ahan miisanka).'' |} [[File:1e7m comparison Uranus Neptune Sirius B Earth Venus.png|thumb|Meereyaasha iyo xajmigooda. Labada ugu sareeya: [[Uraano]] (Uranus) iyo [[Docay]] (Neptune); Sadexda dhexe: [[Dhul]]ka, [[xidig]]a Sirius B iyo [[Waxaraxir]] (Venus); Qeybta hoose: [[Dusaa]] (Mercury) iyo [[Farraare]] (Mars); Ugu hooseeya: [[Dayax]]a, [[Meere]]yasha yar-yar [[Buluuto]] (Pluto) iyo Haumea.]] [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka Meereha aan ku noolnahay ee [[Dhul]]ka.]] [[File:Water ice clouds hanging above Tharsis PIA02653.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka Meereha [[Farraare]] ama Mars.]] {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:middle; float:middle; margin:10px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Meerayaasha 1854–1930, 2006–wakhti xaadirkan |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br /> [[Dusaa]] <br /> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br /> [[Waxaraxir]] <br /> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br /> [[Dhul]]ka <br /> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br /> [[Farraare]] <br /> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br /> [[Cirjeex]] <br /> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br /> [[Raage]] <br /> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br /> [[Uraano]] <br /> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br /> [[Docay]] <br /> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} == Taariikhda Cilmi Falaga == [[Dad]]ku waxay waligoodba jeclaayeen ineey fahmaan isla markaana ogaadaan in [[duni|duunyooyin]] kale oo sida [[dhul]]ka ah jiraan. [[Shan|Shan meere]] ([[qorax|qorrax]]da, [[dayax]]a, [[dusaa]], [[waxaraxir]], [[farraare]], [[cirjeex]] iyo [[raage]]) oo [[il|isha]] lagu arki karo ayaa aqoon yar loo lahaa tan iyo [[qarni|tobanaan qarni]]<ref> kale oo sida [[dhul]]ka ah jiraan. [[Shan|Shan meere]] ([[qorax]]da, [[dayax]]a, [[dusaa]], [[waxaraxir]], [[farraare]], [[cirjeex]] iyo [[raage]]) oo [[il|isha]] lagu arki karo ayaa aqoon yar loo lahaa tan iyo [[qarni|tobanaan qarni]]</ref> ka hor, kuwaas oo saamayn ku lahaa [[dad]]kii wakhigaas noolaa. Wakhtiyadii hore dadka [[xidigyahan]]ada ahaa waxay aqoon u lahaayeen sida iftiino gaar ahi [[cir]]ka u dhex maraan, [[xidig]]aha qaar wakhtiyada ay soo baxaan, kuwaas ooy u isticmaali jireen ineey ku safraan oogada dhulka iyo [[badweyn|badaha waawayn]] dhexdooda. Ilbaxnimooyinkii hore, sida Giriiga, [[Shiinaha]], Baabiloon (Babylon) iyo kuwo kaleba waxay aaminsanaayeen in [[dhul]]ku badhtan u yahay dhamaan [[koon]]ka.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Pluto and the Solar System, IAU |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |access-date=2014-01-13 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Reer binu Israa'iil waxay rumaysteen in dhulku wareegsan yahay iyo adduunku waxba kama laalaado. [[Kitaabka quduska]] wuxuu yiri, Ayuub qaybta lix iyo labaatan aayadda toddoba waxaa ku qoran inuu dhulka ka laalaado wax aan waxba ahayn. Markay dadka badidiis rumaysteen in dhulku fidsan yahay, Kitaabka Quduuska ah wuxuu sheegay inuu wareegsan yahay. — Ishacyaah 40:22.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/kitaabka-iyo-cilmiga/ Kitaabka Quduuska ah Iyo Cilmigu May Israacsan Yihiin?]</ref><ref>'''[https://www.jw.org/so/tacliinta-kitaabka/suʼaalo/ilaahay-ma-jiraa/ ”Qorayaasha Kitaabka waxay lahaayeen aqoon cilmiyeed oo ka sii horumarsan aqoonta qarnigooda. Matalan, waayihii hore dad badan waxay aamminsanayeen inuu adduunku kor saarnaa xayawaan, sida maroodi, doofaar ama dibi. Haddaba Kitaabka waxaa ku qoran “dhulkana Ilaahay wuxuu ka laalaadshaa wax aan waxba ahayn.” (Ayuub 26:7) Sidoo kale, si saxan ayuu Kitaabku qaabka adduunka ugu tilmaamay inuu ‘wareegsan’ yahay. (Ishacyaah 40:22) Markay eegaan aqoontan caynkan ah oo waqtigeeda ka horumarsan, dad badan waxay aamminsan yihiin in waxa ugu macquulsan uu yahay inay qorayaasha Kitaabka macluumaadkooda ka heleen xagga Ilaah.”]'''</ref>.<ref> '''[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/fiidiyow/#so/mediaitems/pub-lffv_31_VIDEO Adduunku Waxba Kama Laalaado]'''</ref> == Baabiloon == Ilbaxnimadii ugu horeeysay ee yeelata aqoon iyo fahan meerayaasha waxay ahayd [[Baabiloon]]<ref>Otto E. Neugebauer, 1945, The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, volume 4, issue 1, 1–38</ref> (babylon) oo ku dhex taalay [[Mesobotaamiya]] wakhtiyadii u dhaxaysay [[sanad|2'000 sano]] ilaa [[sanad|1'000 sano]] ciise hortiis.<ref>Babylonian Observational Astronomy |author=A. Sachs Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society volume 276, issue 1257, May 2, 1974, 43–50, Royal Society of London</ref> Qoraalo duug ah oo ku beegan [[sanad|700 sano]] ciise hortii kuwaas oo ka hadhay ilbaxnimadii Baabiloon waxa ku xusan liiska dhowr meere uu ka mid yahay [[waxaraxir]]. Sidoo kale waxaa ku qornaa liiska socodka meereyaasha waxaraxir, dusaa, farraare, cirjeex iyo raage; iyo meelaha ay ka iftiimaan wakhtiga [[habeen]]kii iyo wakhtiyada la arki karo sanadka.<ref>Colin Ronan, Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan, Walker, Astronomy Before the Telescope, 264–265]</ref> == Giriiga & Romanka == Horaantii ilbaxnimada Giriiga aqoon la mid ah tan Baabiloonta uma aanay lahayn meerayaasha iyo xidigaha. Laakiin [[qarni|qaringii 6aad]] ilaa [[qarni|qarnigii 5aad]] ciise hortiis ayaa qabiilada Pythagoras sameeysteen qaacidooyin cusub oo ay ku qeexeen qoraxda, dayaxa, dhulka iyo dhowr meere oo kale oo ku wareegaya dab badhtanka ka ololaya. Pythagoreansku waxay ahaayeen dadkii ugu horeeyay ee sheegay in xidigta la arko qorax-dhaca (hesperos) iyo tan la arko qorax-soo-baxu (phosphoros) ineey yihiin xidig isku mid ah.<ref>[http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog, The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]], Schneider Jean, 16 January 2013]</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horaantii qarnigii 1aad ciise hortii, ayaa Giriigu horumariyeen [[xisaab]]inta meelaha iyo wakhtiyada la filaayo in la arko xidigaha. Taas oo u sahashay ineey ku kala ogaadaan [[4ta xilli|xiliyada]], wakhtiyada [[roob]]ka la filaayo, iyo ineey u adeegsadaan socdaalada safarka. == Hindiya == Qiyaastii [[sanad|sanadkii 499]] ciise hortii ayaa [[xidigisyahan]] Aryabhata ee wadanka [[Hindiya]]<ref>J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181214/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html Aryabhata the Elder, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive''</ref> sheegay in dhulku ku wareego xariijintiisa, taasi oo uu ku qeexay in wareega dhulku ka yimaado dhanka galbeed. Sidoo kale wuxuu aaminsanaa ineey jiraan tiro kale oo meerayaal ah, dhamantoodna ay ku wareegaan shay ka wayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ardey baranayay [[Cilmi Fallag]]a [[sanad|sanadkii 1500]] Nilakantha Somayaji ayaa sii horumariyey qaacidadii Aryabhata, asagoo ku daray in dhulku sameeyo wareeg dheer oo uu ku wareego udub dhexaad, iyo in meerayaasha kala ah [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Farraare]], [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] dhamaantood ku wareegaan [[qorax|qorrax]]da.<ref>K. V. Sarma (1997) "Astronomy in India" in Helaine Selin (editor) ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-4066-3, p. 116</ref> == Muslimiinta == Horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 11aad]] ayaa aqoonta iyo cilmiga dowladii Islaamiyiintu aad u horumarisey fahanka iyo adeegsiga [[Cilmi Fallag]]a. Waxaa jirey dugsiyo gaar u ah barashada cimiga xidigaha, kuwaas oo lagu baran jirey wakhtiyada iyo meelahay ay ka soo baxaan xidiguhu isla markaana safarleeydu u isticmaali jireen jiheeye ahaan. Waxa la sheegaa in badhtamihii qarnigii 12aad [[xidigisyahan|xiddigisyahan]] ibn Bajjah uu sheegay inuu uu arkay labo meere oo waji madoow aadna ugu dhow [[qorax|qorrax]]da, kuwaas oo uu horaantii qarnigii 13aad uu ku fasirey saynisyahan Qotb al-Din Shirazi ineey ahaayeen meerayaasha [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]].<ref>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, 565–594, Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System</ref> Taasi waxay muujineysaa heerka aqoonta fiican eey Muslimiinta wakhtigaas u lahaayeen cilmiga xidigaha iyo sida ay u isticmaali jireen. == Yurubiyaanka == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px" |+ 7da Meere ee Ptolemy |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br /> Dayax <br /> [[File:Moon decrescent symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☾}}]] || 2 <br /> Waxaraxir <br /> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 3 <br /> Dusaa <br /> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 4 <br /> Qoraxda <br /> [[File:Sun symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☉}}]] || 5 <br /> Farraare <br /> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 6 <br /> Cirjeex <br /> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 7 <br /> Raage <br /> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Horaantii [[saynis|kacaankii sayniska]] ee [[qaarad]]a [[Yurub]] waxaa la fahmey in meerayaashu yihiin [[duni|duunyooyin]] dhisan lehna [[jidh]] la mid ah kan [[dhul]]ka.<ref>[http://books.google.com/?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&pg=PR4 John Burnet, Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato, 1950, Macmillan and Co., 7–11]</ref> Aqoonyahanadii [[Cilmi Fallag]]u waxay isku keeneen cilmigii xidigaha ee dhamaan dunida ka jirey. Waxay ogaadeen in [[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]du ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha kale, sidaas darteed waxay ku dareen liis ka duwan liiska meerayaasha. Horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 17aad]] waxay heleen in meereyaasha [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] yihiin [[duni]] ka wayn dhulka. Tan iyo intii laga gaadhayay qarnigii 19aad fahanka iyo aqoonta xidigaha iyo meerayaashu way isa soo tarayeen. == Qarnigii 19aad & 20aad == Qarnigii 19aad dhexdiisa [[xidigisyahan|xiddigisyahan]]adu waxay ogaadeen in duunyooyinka yaryar, sida Ceres, Pallas iyo Vesta, aanay ahayn meere laakiin ay yihiin duni yar sidaas darteed wax lagu magacaabay ''Asteroids''. Sanadkii 1846dii waxaa la helay meeraha [[Docay]] (neptune) kaasi oo lagu daray liiska meerayaasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horraantii qarnigii 20aad waxaa la helay dunida yar ee [[Buluuto]] (pluto) taasi oo wakhtigaas la aaminsanaa ineey ka xajmi weeyn tahay [[dhul]]ka, waxaana si dhakhso ah loogu aqoonsaday [[sagaal|meeraha 9aad]].<ref>Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems, K. Croswell, The Free Press, 1997, 57</ref> == Qarniga 21aad == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:10px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Meerayaasha 1854–1930, 2006–wakhti xaadirkan |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br /> Dusaa <br /> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br /> Waxaraxir <br /> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br /> Dhulka <br /> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br /> Farraare <br /> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br /> Cirjeex <br /> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br /> Raage <br /> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br /> Uraano <br /> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br /> Docay <br /> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} [[Qarni|Qarniga 21aad]] wuxuu ku bilaabmay ayadoo aqoon fiican loo leeyahay meerayaasha, dayaxyada, qoraxda, dunida yar, asteroidska, iyo dhamaan walxaha ku dhex jira [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu|Bahda Midaysay Qorraxdu]]. Sidoo kale, waxaa muran adag ka aloosmay in [[Buluuto]] ay ka mid ahaato meerayaasha iyo in loo aqoonsado duni yar. Ugu dambayn sanadkii 2006da waxaa la isla af-gartey in buluuto loo yaqaano duni yar, taasi oo tirada meerayaasha bahda midaysay qorraxda ka dhigeeysa [[sideed|siddeed meere]] (Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka, Farraare, Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docey).<ref>Lyttleton Raymond A., 1936, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system</ref> Dhinaca kale, maadaama teknoolajiyada [[ilbaxnimo|ilbaxnimada]] [[dad]]ku horumartey waxaa la sameeyay teleskoobyo waawayn oo lagu fiirinayo ''baho qoraxyeedyo'' kale, galaagsiyo kale iyo dhaamaan xidigaha ku baahsan [[koon]]ka. Sidoo kale, wakhtigan waxaa la dul tagay [[dayax]]a, [[dayaxgacmeed]]yo iyo satelaatyo ayaa hawada loo direy, dayaxgacmeed isagu ismaamulaya ayaa [[Farraare]] lagu dejiyay, xidigo badan iyo galaagsiyo badana waa la magacaabay.<ref>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, 565–594 Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System</ref> = Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay = Marka la tixraaco Midowga Caalamiga ee Cilmi Fallaga (International Astronomical Union) oo loo soo gaabiyo (IAU) waxa jira [[sideed|8 meere]] iyo [[shan|5 duni yar]] oo la aqoonsan yahay ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay]]. Ayagoo ka sii fogaanaya dhanka [[Qorax|Qorrax]]da meerayaashu waa: # [[File:Mercury symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Dusaa]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Waxaraxir]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Dhul]]ka''' # [[File:Mars symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Farraare]]''' # [[File:Jupiter symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|♃}}]] '''[[Cirjeex]]''' # [[File:Saturn symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|♄}}]] '''[[Raage]]''' # [[File:Uranus symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|⛢}}]] '''[[Uraano]]''' # [[File:Neptune symbol (bold).svg|14px|{{unicode|♆}}]] '''[[Docay]]''' Cirjeex waa kan ugu [[mug]]a wayn leh, in u dhiganta 318 muga dhulka, halka Waxaraxir yahan kan ugu cufka yar, tiro u dhiganta 0.055 muga dhulka.<ref>[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet; Oxford English Dictionary, planet, n 2007, Note: select the Etymology tab]</ref> Dhanka kale, meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay]] waxaa loo qaybin karaa guutooyin ayadoo lagu saleeynayo walxaha ay ka kooban yihiin: * '''[[Meere Dhagaxley]]''': waa meerayaasha la midka ah dhulka, kuwaas oo leh jidh ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan, waxayna kala yihiin: Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka iyo Farraare. Waxaraxir waa midka ugu muga iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhamaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay]], halka dhulku yahay kan ugu wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah.<ref>Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems, K. Croswell, The Free Press, 1997, 57, 978-0-684-83252-4</ref> * '''[[Neefaha Waawayn]]''': kuwani waa meerayasha inta ugu badan ka samaysan [[isku dhis]]yo [[neef]]o ah, sida caadiga ahna way ka wayn yihiin [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, waana: Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docay. Meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu wayn dhamaan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay. ** '''[[Baraf|Barafley Waawayn]]''', inta u dhexaysa Uraano iyo Docay waxaa jira neefo waawayn oo ka duwan kuwa aan kor ku soo sheegnay sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin miisaan iyo cuf aad uga hooseeya kuwa kale.<ref>Lyttleton Raymond A. 1936 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system</ref> * '''[[Duni|Duni yar]]''': kuwani waa meerayaal aad u yaryar oo sanadkii 2006da loo aqoonsaday in lagu magacaabo ''Dwarf Planets'', waxaana ka mid ah Ceres, Bluto, Haumea, Makemake iyo Eris.<ref>[http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/dps.html Astronomer Mike Brown Gps.caltech.edu]</ref> == Qoraxda == [[File:Planets_and_sun_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Qoraxda marka la barbar dhigo xajmiga meerayaasha.]] [[Qorax|Qorrax]]du (sun) waa [[xidig|xiddig]]ta iftiimisa, kulaylka gaadhiisa isla markaana [[cufisjiidad]] ku heeysa dhamaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay|Bahda Qorraxdu Midaysay]]. Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900 kan meeraha [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900</ref> Sidoo kale, bu'da dhexe ee qoraxda waxaa ka yimaada [[heerkul]]ka, falaadhaha radiationka, elektaromagnetik radiation, iyo 400 ilaa 700 nm oo falaadhaha [[ileys]]ka muuqda ah. Caddaymo la arkey waxay xaqiijiyeen in barta qorraxdu ku taalo suurto gelisay in [[dhul]]ka ka jirto [[nolol]]i. [[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|700px|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka meerayashu waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[qorax]]da. Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]]<ref>[[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano</ref> sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO<sub>2</sub>]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah.<ref>"[[Dhir|dhirta]] iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah."</ref> Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]]<ref>"[[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah"</ref> ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. = Qeeybaha Meerayaasha = Sida [[Cilmi Fallag]]u sheegay [[Koon]]kan eeynu ku nool nahay waxa jira in ka badan bilyan meere, kuwaas oo ku baahsan geesaha [[Koon]]ka.<ref>Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers, Ramasubramanian, K. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, 26, 11–31 [23–4], 1998</ref> [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] oo ah [[meere]]yaasha aan si fiican u naqaano waxay ka kooban yihiin 8 meere oo kala ah: [[File:4 Terrestrial Planets Size Comp True Color.png|thumb| Afarta Meere ee ugu dhow [[Qorax]]da: [[Dusaa]], [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dhul]]ka iyo [[Farraare]] ]] * [[Dusaa]] (''Mercury'') oo ah mida [[Qorax]]da ugu dhow, * [[Waxaraxir]] (''Venus'') oo ku xigta, * [[Dhul]]ka'' oo ah dunida aan ku nool nahay iyo * [[Farraare]] (''Mars'') oo ah meeraha kali ah ee u qaab-dhismeed dhow dunida aan ku nool nahay. Waxa jira baaxad weeyn oo u dhexeeysa 4 meere een soo sheegnay iyo inta kale. [[File:Solar System size to scale mul.svg|thumb| Xajmiga iyo miisaanka Meerayaasha ka tirsan [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]].]] Afarta meere ee ka dambeeya baaxada weeyn ee [[hawo]]oyinka iyo neefaha iyo dhagaxaanta ah waa meerayaasha xajmiga waaweeyn<ref>Raymond A., 1936 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system</ref> ee ka samaysan hawada iyo boodhka ee kala ah: * [[Cirjeex]] (''Jupiter'') waa meeraha oogu xajmi weeyn ''Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu'', * [[Raage]] (Saturn) waa meeraha labaad ee oogu xajmi weeyn [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]], wuxuuna leeyahay dariimo wareeg ah oo ku wareegsan, waana meeraha oogu dayaxa badan asagoo leh 32 [[dayax]] * [[Uraano]] (Uranus) iyo meeraha * [[Docay]] (Neptune). Sidoo kale waxaa jira aduunyooyin yar-yar oo dhamaantood [[baraf]], [[hawo]] iyo xoogaa caro ah ka samaysan; waxaana ka mid ah: * [[Bluto]] (''Pluto'') oo wakhtiyadii hore loo aqoonsanaan jirey in uu ka mid yahay [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Meerayaashu weey kala xajmi duwan yihiin oo kala cimilo duwan yihiin. Meerayaasha qaar, sida [[Dusaa]] (Mercury) aad ayuu u kulul yahay maadaama qoraxda aad ugu dhow yahay. Halka [[meere]]yaasha qaar leeyihiin [[dayax]]yaal aad u faro badan, sida meeraha [[Raage]] ama '''Saturn''' wuxuu leeyahay 32 [[dayax]] oo ku wareega meerahaasi.<ref>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, 565–594 , Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System, issue 2</ref> == Meeraha dhexe == [[File:Telluric_planets_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Meerayaasha dhexe. Ka soo biloow bidix ilaa midig:<br />[[Dhul]]ka, [[Farraare]], [[Dusaa]] iyo [[Waxaraxir]].<br />]] Afarta Meere ee u dhow [[qorax]]da, kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Meere Dhagaxley]] sababtoo ah waxay ka samaysan yihiin [[dhagax]]aan iyo [[macdan]]o<ref>[[dhagax]]aan iyo [[macdan]]o [[bir]]</ref> [[bir]] ah. Intooda u badan waxay leeyihiin tiro yar oo [[dayaxa meere|dayaxaan]] ah ama maba laha. Qaabdhismeedka jidhkoodu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo ka kooban macdanta [[Silikoon|silikates]], iyo biro ay ka mid yihiin [[aayron]] iyo [[nikel]] kuwaas oo sameeya [[Ubuc Dhul|ubucda]] dhexe ee meerahaasi. === Dusaa === : Meeraha [[Dusaa]] (mercury) waa kan ugu dhow [[qorax]]da (masaafo dhan 0.4 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda),<ref>masaafo dhan 0.4 [[AU]] u jirta [[qorax]]da</ref> iyo kan ugu yar dhamaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] asagoo leh 0.55 muga [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Schenk P., Melosh H. J. (1994), ''Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere'', Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 1994LPI....25.1203S</ref> : Meerahan Dusaa ma lahan wax [[dayaxa meere|dayax]] ah, waxaana lagu yaqaanaa in uu leeyahay [[Qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo [[heerkul]]keedu aad u sareeyo isla markaana qani ku ah [[curiye]]yaasha [[bir]]ta sida [[aayron]], [[nikel]] iyo [[Silikon|salikaytis]].<ref>[http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html 2006, Bill Arnett, Mercury, The Nine Planets |url=|accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref><ref>Benz, W., Slattery, W. L., Cameron, A. G. W. (1988), ''Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle'', Icarus, v. 74, p. 516–528.]</ref><ref>Cameron, A. G. W. (1985), ''The partial volatilization of Mercury'', Icarus, v. 64, p. 285–294.</ref> === Waxaraxir === : Meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (Venus) waa dunida labaad ee ugu dhow [[qorax]]da (masaafo dhan 0.7 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda),<ref>"masaafo dhan 0.7 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda"</ref> isla markaana waa mid aad ugu xajmi dhow [[dhul]]ka ayadoo leh 0.815 muga dhulka. : Sidoo kale, si la mid ah dhulka, meeraha Waxaraxir wuxuu leeyahay [[qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo ka samaysan silikayte iyo [[Ubuc dhul|ubuc dhexe]] oo ka kooban [[bir]]ta aayron iyo nikel; iyo waliba [[cir]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202751/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf Mark Alan Bullock, The Stability of Climate on Venus, Southwest Research Institute]</ref> sare oo hawooyin ku dahaaran tahay. : Meeraha Waxaraxir ma lahan wax dayax ah, aad ayuuna u qalalan yahay - taas macnaheedu waa [[biyo]] ma lahan. Intaas waxaa dheer, meerahan waa kan ugu kulul dhamaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] ayadoo leh [[salsiyas|400 °C]] (752&nbsp;°F).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202807/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf Paul Rincon, Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus, Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM]</ref> === Dhulka === : Meeraha [[Dhul]]ka (earth) waa kan sadexaad ee qoraxda u dhow (masaafo dhan 1 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda), kan ugu wayn ee ugu culus [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah. Sidoo kale, waa meeraha kali ah ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji iyo dunida kali ah eey ka jirto [[nolol]]<ref name=life>{{cite web |title=What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life? |publisher=NASA Science (Big Questions) |url=http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1/ |accessdate=2011-08-30 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915154635/http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> inta la ogyahay. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhulku waa meeraha kali ah ee leh [[biyo]] [[dareere]] ah dhamaan meerayaasha dhexe. : [[Cir]]ka sare ee dhulku waa mid ka duwan meerayaasha kale, waxaana ku dhex jira 21% [[ogsajiin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Earth's Atmosphere: Composition and Structure |author=Anne E. Egger, M.A./M.S. |work=VisionLearning.com |url=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?c3=&mid=107&l= |accessdate=2006-12-26 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221231635/http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=107&l=&c3= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> bilaash ah, taasi oo taageertay [[nolol|nolosha]] ka dhex jirta ee [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dhir]]ta leh. : Meeraha dhulku wuxuu leeyahay hal [[dayax]] oo dabiici ah.<ref>[[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dhir]]</ref> === Farraare === : Meeraha [[Farraare]] (mars) waa kan afaraad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 1.5 [[AU]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100313020403/http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload Modern Martian Marvels: Volcanoes? David Noever NASA Astrobiology Magazine]</ref> u jira qoraxda), isla mar ahaantaana waa mid waxyar ka yar dhulka ayadoo leh 0.107 muga dhulka. Cirkeedu wuxuu inta u badan ka kooban yahay [[Kaarbon|kaarbon labo ogsaydh]] iyo cadaadis dhan 6.1 millibars<ref>Encyclopaedia of the Solar System|editor=Lucy-Ann McFadden et al., Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions, David C. Gatling, Conway Leovy, 301–314, 2007}}</ref> taasi oo u dhiganta 0.6% cadaadiska dhulka. : Foolkaano aad u badan ayaa ka dhaca oogada sare ee Farraare, [[caro|carada]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020111930/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars&Display= Kids Mars: A Kid's Eye View, NASA]</ref> meerahani waa mid cas sababtoo ah waxaa ku badan [[macdan]]ta [[Aayron|aayron ogsaydh]] aad u [[daxal]]eysatey. : Meeraha Farraare wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa farraare|labo dayax]] oo dabiici ah, [[Deimos]] iyo [[Phobos]].<ref>[http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2004/SJK2004.pdf A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness, Scott S. Sheppard, David Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna, Astronomical Journa]</ref> == Meerayaasha Baxsan == [[File:Gas_giants_in_the_solar_system.jpg|thumb|Kor ka soo biloow ilaa hoos:<br />[[Docay]], [[Uraano]], [[Raage]] iyo [[Cirjeex]]<br />.]] Afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan waa meereyaasha [[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]<ref>[[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> kuwaas oo ah 99% walxaha ku wareega [[qorax]]da. [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] ayaa waxay yihiin tobanaan kun oo jeer miisaanka iyo muga [[dhul]]ka, waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[isku dhis]]yo [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. Dhanka kale, [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] waxay leeyihiin 20 jeer laab muga dhulka waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[macdan]]o dhalaali kara oo ka kooban [[baraf]].<ref>"[[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]]"</ref><ref>"[[isku dhis]]yo [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]"</ref> === Cirjeex === : Meeraha [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter) waa meeraha shanaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 5.2 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 318 jeer muga dhulka. Wuxuu ka samaysan yahay meerahani [[isku dhis]]yo u badan [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. : Dhinaca kale, meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu leh tirada ugu badan ee dayax asagoo leh [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Afarta ugu wayn [[Io]], [[Ganymede]], [[Callisto]], iyo [[Europa]] waxay leeyihiin qaabdhismeed u dhow [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, sida foolkaanaha iyo gudo kulul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies |author=Pappalardo, R T |work=Brown University |year=1999 |url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165551/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ganymede oo ah satelaytka ugu wayn [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], ayaa wuxuu ka wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (mercury). === Raage === : Meeraha [[Raage]] (saturn) waa meeraha lixaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 9.5 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 95 jeer muga dhulka. Meerahan waxaa lagu yaqaanaa dariimada goobo ee ku wareegsan taasi oo ka samaysan xoogaa [[baraf]] iyo saxaro [[dhagax]]aan ah, wuxuuna leeyahay 60% cufka Cirjeex, taasi oo ka dhigaysa meeraha ugu cufka yar dhamaan aduunyooyinka [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Density of Saturn, Fraser Cain, universetoday.com |url=http://www.universetoday.com/15322/density-of-saturn/ |access-date=2013-08-09 |archive-date=2013-08-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809073643/http://www.universetoday.com/15322/density-of-saturn/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> : Meerahan Raage wuxuu leeyahay tirada labaad ee ugu badan dayaxyada taasi oo ah [[Dayaxa Raage|62 dayax]]. Labada dayax ee ugu wayn dayaxyada Raage, [[Titan]] iyo [[Enceladus]] waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji inkastoo ay ka samaysan yihiin baraf iyo hawo.<ref>Kargel J. S., Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 67, 101–113, 1994</ref> Titan oo ah satelite labaad ee ugu wayn wuxuu ka jidh wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]]. === Uraano === : Meeraha [[Uraano]] waa kan todobaad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (asagoo u jira masaafo dhan 19.2 [[AU]]) iyo 14 jeer muga iyo miisaanka dhulka, kaasi oo ah kan ugu fudud dhamaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Uraano wuxuu leeyahay [[Ubuc dhul|ubuc dhexe]] oo ka qaboow badan [[Qolof dhul|oogada sare]].<ref>10 Mysteries of the Solar System, Astronomy Now, volume 19, pages 65, 2005</ref> : Meeraha Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan taasi oo dhan [[Dayaxa Uraano|27 dayax]], kuwa ugu waawayni waa [[Titania]], [[Oberon]], [[Umbriel]], [[Ariel]] iyo [[Miranda]]. === Docay === : Meeraha [[Docay]] (neptune) waa meeraha sideedaad ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] wuxuuna u jiraa [[qorax]]da masaafo dherer dhan 30 [[AU]], wuxuu leeyahay cuf iyo miisaan u dhigma 17 jeer laab cufka [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune, Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R, 1990, pages 1737, issue 10, vol. 17, Geophysical Research Letters</ref> : Meeraha Docay wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa Docay|4 dayax]] oo kan ugu wayn yahay [[Triton]] oo leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji firfircoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Plausibility of Boiling Geysers on Triton |author=Duxbury, N. S., Brown, R. H. |work=Beacon eSpace |year=1995 |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426005806/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Duni Yar == Waxa jira tiro dhowr ah oo meereyaal yaryar ah kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Duni|duniyar]] waxaana ka mid ah [[Bluto]]. Dunida yar ee bluto waxy u jirtaa qoraxda masaafo dherer oo dhan [[AU|39 AU]] waana tan ugu wayn dhowrka duniyar ee la yaqaano, waxaana la helay [[sanad|sanadkii 1930kii]] ayadoo wakhtigaas laga dhigay [[meere|meeraha 9aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay]]. Ka dib, [[sanad|sanadkii 2006da]] ayaa laga saaray liiska meerayaasha ayadoo loo aqoonsaday in bluto tahay duniyar. == Qaab Dhismeedka == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center" |- !|Nooca !|Magaca !|Dhulbadhe <br /> balaca<ref group=lower-alpha name=relativeearth>Measured relative to Earth.</ref> !|[[Cuf|Cufka Meere]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=relativeearth /> !|[[Wareega Meere|Gacanka Wareega]] ([[Astronomical unit|AU]]) !|[[Wareega Meere|Wakhtiga Wareega]] <br /> (sanado)<ref group=lower-alpha name=relativeearth /> !|[[Wareega Meere|Meesha <br /> kaga beegay yahay Qoraxda]] (°) !|[[Wareega Meere|Wareega<br /> eccentricity]]<!--hyphen for small monitors--> !|[[Wareega Meere|Wareega Xariijintiisa]] <br /> (maalin) !|Confirmed <br /> [[Dayax|Dayaxa Dabiiciga]]{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Confirmed|Jupiter has the most verified satellites (67) in the Solar System.<ref name="Sheppard">{{cite web |title=The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page) |publisher=Carnegie Institution for Science |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |accessdate=2013-04-12 |date=2013-01-04 |authorlink=Scott S. Sheppard |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} !|[[Wareega Meere|Goobo Meere]] !|[[Cir]]ka |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Meere Dhagaxley]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Waxaraxir]] | 0.382 | 0.06 | 0.31–0.47 | 0.24 | 3.38 | 0.206 | 58.64 | 0 | maya | aad u yar |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Dusaa]] | 0.949 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 3.86 | 0.007 | −243.02 | 0 | maya | [[Kaarboon|CO<sub>2</sub>]], [[Nitrojiin|N<sub>2</sub>]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Dhul]]ka<ref group=lower-alpha>See [[Earth]] article for absolute values.</ref> | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7.25 | 0.017 | 1.00 | [[Dayax|1]]<!--Moon (Luna)--> | Maya | N<sub>2</sub>, [[Ogsajiin|O<sub>2</sub>]], [[Aargon|Ar]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Farraare]] | 0.532 | 0.11 | 1.52 | 1.88 | 5.65 | 0.093 | 1.03 | [[Dayaxa Farraare|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | maya | CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, Ar |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Neefaha Waawayn]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Cirjeex]] | 11.209 | 317.8 | 5.20 | 11.86 | 6.09 | 0.048 | 0.41 | [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67]]<!--50 named, 67 verified, 67 known--> | [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|haa]] | [[Haydarojiin|H<sub>2</sub>]], [[Hiliyaam|He]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Raage]] | 9.449 | 95.2 | 9.54 | 29.46 | 5.51 | 0.054 | 0.43 | [[Dayaxa Raage|62]]<!--53 named, 62 verified, ~200 known--> | [[Rings of Saturn|yes]] | H<sub>2</sub>, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Uraano]] | 4.007 | 14.6 | 19.22 | 84.01 | 6.48 | 0.047 | −0.72 | [[Dayaxa Uraano|27]]<!--all known moons are named--> | [[Dayaxa Uraano|yes]] | H<sub>2</sub>, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Docay]] | 3.883 | 17.2 | 30.06 | 164.8 | 6.43 | 0.009 | 0.67 | [[Dayaxa Docay|14]]<!--all known moons are named, with the exception of S/2004 N 1--> | [[Dayaxa Docay|haa]] | H<sub>2</sub>, He |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#def;"|[[Duni|Duni yar]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Ceres]] | 0.08 | 0.000&nbsp;2 | 2.5–3.0 | 4.60 | 10.59 | 0.080 | 0.38 | 0 | maya | midna |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Bluto]] | 0.18 | 0.002&nbsp;2 | 29.7–49.3 | 248.09 | 17.14 | 0.249 | −6.39 | [[Dayaxa Bluto|5]]<!--Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, Hydra--> | maya | ku meel gaadh |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Haumea]] | 0.15×0.12×0.08 | 0.000&nbsp;7 | 35.2–51.5 | 282.76 | 28.19 | 0.189 | 0.16 | [[Dayaxa Haumea|2]]<!--Hi'iaka, Namaka--> | ? | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Makemake]] |~0.12 |0.000&nbsp;7 |38.5–53.1 |309.88 |28.96 |0.159 | 0.32 | 0 | ? | ?<ref group=lower-alpha name=tempatm>Like Pluto, when near [[Apsis|perihelion]], a temporary atmosphere is suspected.</ref> |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Eris]] | 0.19 | 0.002&nbsp;5 | 37.8–97.6 | ~557 | 44.19 | 0.442 | ~0.3 | [[Dayax|1]]<!--Dysnomia--> | ? | ?<ref group=lower-alpha name=tempatm /> |} == Muuqaalka Guud == Muuqaalka meere waa mid ku xidhan awooda <ref>[[cuf]]ka iyo [[mug]]a ee ku taxan awooda [[cufisjiidad]]ka</ref> isla markaana keenta awood elektaromangantig isku haysa muuqaalka meere oo ka dhigtay mid goobo ah. Marka xadi go'an oo cuf ah uu ku xidhmo awooda cufisjiidadka oo u soo jiidta badhtanka walaxdaasi taasi ayaa keenta in sheygaasi yeesho qaab wareegsan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |title=Pluto and the Solar System |publisher=IAU |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dhamaan meerayaasha, xidigaha, dhagaxaanta waawayn, dunida yar iyo walxaha kale ee koonka dhex sabeeynaya waxay leeyihiin qaab dhismeed goobada u dhow, taasi ooy sabab u tahay isku soo jiidashada bu'da dhexe ee shegaas oo cufisjiidadku ku hayo badhtanka. == Samayska Gudaha == Meere kasta wuxuu ku bilaabmay marxalad [[dareere]] ah; samayska marka hore, sheeyada miisaanka culus, ee qarada adag leh waxay iskugu tagaan bu'da ama badhtanka ayadoo inta fudud soo marto korka sare isla markaana ku qaboowdo ka dibna adke noqoto. Sidaas darteed, meere kasta waa kala duwan yahay xubnaha ku jira ubucda ama qeybta dhexe.<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DxnN7dw8?url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dhinaca kale, [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ahi way ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha [[neefaha waawayn]]. Kuwa dhagaxleyda ahi waxay leeyihiin qolof adag oo ku dahaadhan iyo ubuc ka samaysan [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah sida [[Aayron]], [[Nikel]] iyo iskudhisyo [[Silikoon]] ah, halka neefaha waawayni ku daboolan tahay daruur hawo iyo adke jilicsan ah.<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> == Wareega Meere == === Wareega Sanadle === Sida la isku waafaqay, dhamaan meerayaashu waxay ku wareegaan [[xidig]], taasi oo loo yaqaano ''wareega sanadle'' (orbiting). Tusaale ahaan, meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] dhamaantood waxay ku wareegaan [[qorax]]da, jiho la mid ah tan qoraxdu u ged-gedoonto (waa qaab la mid ah habka saacadu u wareegto "clockwise"). Ugu yaraan, hal meere, WASP-17b, oo aad inooga fog ayaa la arkey inuu u wareego jiho ka duwan tan xidigtiisu u gedoonto.<ref>Lyttleton, Raymond A., 1936, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 97, 108, On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system</ref> Wakhtiga ay meere ku qaadato inuu dhamaystiro hal wareeg oo uu ku soo duurayo qoraxda waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''[[sanad]]''. Hadaba sanadada meerayaashu way kala duwan yihiin taasi oo ku xidhan kolba masaafada iyo fogaanta uu u jiro qoraxda. Meeraha ugu fog masaafada qoraxda ayaa ugu sanad dheer isla markaana ugu socod gaaban sababtoo ah aad ayuu uga dheer yahay [[cufisjiidad]]ka qoraxdaasi. === Gedgedoonka Meere === Meere kasta wuxuu ku gedgedoomaa (rotate) xariijin udub-dhexaadkiisa ah taasi oon la arki karin. Gedoonkaasi meere oo ka soo bilaabma bari ilaa galbeed ayaa waxay keentaa [[maalin]]ta iyo [[habeen]]ka, sababtoo ah iftiinka qoraxda ayaa kolba dhinac ka mid ah meerahaais u muuqda.<ref>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 52, pages 565–594, Whipple Fred, 1964, The History of the Solar System</ref> Inta u badan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay waxay u soo gedoomaan hab waafaqsan wareega saacada, marka laga reebo meeraha Uraano oo asaga lagu wado in uu u gedoomo jiho lid ku ah wareega saacada. Gedgedoonka meerayaashu way kala duwan tahay, meeraha Dusaa waxay ku qaadataa dhowr saacadood inuu dhamaystiro gedoon xidhan, taasi oo ah habeen iyo maalinta Dusaa; halka meerayaasha waawayn ee neefta ah ay ku qaadato maalmo badan iney sameeyaan hal gedoon oo dhamaystiran.<ref>Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems, K. Croswell, The Free Press, 1997, 57</ref> == Cufusjiidadka == ==Cufka iyo Miisaanka== == Tirada Dayax ee Meeraha == [[File:Moons of solar system-en.svg|thumb|Dayax/Bil]] [[Dayaxa meere]] waa duni yar oo ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan, [[neef]] iyo [[isku dhis]]yo kale taasi oo ku wareegta [[meere]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[dayax]]a meeraha [[dhul]]ka. Waxaa jira 173<ref>173 dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega [[duni|dunida yaryar]]</ref> dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega [[duni|dunida yaryar]]. Meereyaasha [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]] ma lahan wax dayax ah, [[Dhul]]ku wuxuu leeyahay [[dayax|hal dayax]], meeraya afaraad [[Farraare]] wuxuu leeyahay labo dayax oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos).<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> [[Neefaha Waawayn]] waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood le'eg yihiin xajmiga dayaxa [[dhul]]ka. Meeraha [[Cirjeex]]<ref>[[Cirjeex]] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Waxaa ku xiga meeraha [[Raage]] oo leh tirada labaad ee ugu badan dhamaan sideeda meere ee bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo ah [[dayaxa raage|62 dayax]]. Dhinaca kale, meeraha [[Uraano]] wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan [[dayaxa uraano|27 dayax]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia"/> Meeraha [[Docay]] wuxuu leeyahay [[dayaxa docay|14 dayax]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[duni|duunyooyinka yar]] qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin dayaxyo yaryar oo ku wareega ayaga. Dunida yar ee [[Ceres]]<ref>[[Ceres]] ma lahan wax dayax ah</ref> ma lahan wax dayax ah, laakiin dunida yar ee [[Bluto]]<ref>[[Bluto]] waxay [[dayaxa bluto|5 dayax]] oo wareega.</ref> waxay [[dayaxa bluto|5 dayax]] oo wareega. Sidoo kale, dunida yar ee [[Haumea]] waxay leedahay [[Dayaxa Haumea|2 dayax]], waxaa iyadna [[dayax|hal dayax]] leh dunida yar ee [[Eris]]. Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in dayaxyada qaar ay ka jirto [[nolol]], sida dayaxa [[Titan]] ee [[Cirjeex]] iyo bisha [[Triton]] ee meeraha [[Docay]], laakiin lama hubo ineey jirto midaasi.<ref name="almagest">{{cite journal |first=Bernard R. |last=Goldstein |title=Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1–12 |location=Cambridge (UK) |bibcode=1997JHA....28....1G}}</ref> === Dayaxa Dhulka === [[File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg|thumb|Dayaxa [[meere|meeraha]] [[Dhul]]ka.]] [[Dayax|Dayaxa dhulku]]<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/was-life-created/the-living-planet/ The Living Planet]</ref> waa kan ugu weeyn<ref>weeyn dhamaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> dhamaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kaas oo la odhan karo wuxuu ka wayn yahay meereyaasha yaryar qaarkood. Cufis-jiidadka u dhexeeya dhulka iyo dayaxa ayaa keena [[bad|mowjadaha badaha]], taas mi la mid ah ayaa keentay isku-xidhnaanshaha labadooda. Dayaxa oo ku socda xawaare dhan 1.022 kilomitir ilbiriqsigiiba, ayaa waxay ku qaadataa [[maalin|27 maalmood]], [[saacad|7 saacadood]] iyo [[daqiiqad|43 daqiiqo]] in uu hal mar ku wareego dhulka. Dhinaca kale, isku wareega dayaxu (circumference) waa 10, 921 km; [[cuf]]kiisuna waa 2.1958 ×<br /><span>10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup></span> halka [[mug]]iisu yahay 7.3477 ×<br /><span>10<sup>22</sup> kg</sup></span>. Maadaama dayaxa cirkiisu aad u khafiif yahay falaadhaha qoraxduna toos u soo taabtaan oogada dayaxa ayaa [[heerkul]]kiisu aad u sareeyaa ugu yaraan waa 100 Kalfin ugu badnaana wuxuu gaadhaa 390 K. Jidhka dayaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyo]] kala duwan kuwaas oo u badan [[curiye]]yaasha kala ah: [[curiye|Argon]], [[Hiliyaam]], [[Sodhiyaam]], [[Botashiyaam]], [[Haydarojiin]] iyo ''Raadon''. Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda bani-aadamka, sanadkii 1959kii ayaa [[Dayax Gacmeed]] [[Ruush]]ku leeyahay tagay dayaxa. Ka dib, 1968dii ayaa qofkii ugu horeeyay cagaha saaray dayaxa kaas oo ka socday Dawladda [[Maraykan]]ka. Sanadkii 2004 wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa wadanada [[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa. Inkasto dayaxu lahayn [[cir|cir sare]] oo ka difaaca [[kul]]ka [[qorax]]da, cilmi baadhis la sameeyay waxay muujisay in dayaxu leeyahay [[biyo]] laga heli karo [[cidhif]]yada dayaxa iyo oogada sare dhexdeeda.<ref>Ptolemy's Almagest, Ptolemy, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 1998</ref> === Dayaxa Farraare === [[Meere]]ha [[Farraare]] (Mars) wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa meere|labo dayax]] oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos). === Dayaxa Cirjeex === [[File:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Io]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Cirjeex]]<ref>[[Cirjeex]] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax</ref> waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Cirjeex aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Europa]]''' * '''[[Ganymede]]''' * '''[[Io]]''' * '''[[Callisto]]''' === Dayaxa Raage === [[File:Two_Halves_of_Titan.png|thumb|dayaxa [[Titan]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Raage]]<ref>[[Raage]] waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay [[Dayaxa raage|62 dayax]]. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Raage aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Titan]]''' * '''[[Iapetus]]''' * '''[[Enceladus]]''' * '''[[Tethys]]''' * '''[[Mimas]]''' * '''[[Hyperion]]''' * '''[[Dione]]''' * '''[[Phoebe]]''' * '''[[Janus]]''' * '''[[Epimetheus]]''' * '''[[Prometheus]]''' === Dayaxa Uraano === [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Titania]] ee meeraha Uraano.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Uraano]]<ref>[[Uraano]] (Uranus) wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay</ref> (Uranus) wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa Uraano|27 dayax]]. Meerahan Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Titania]]''' * '''[[Oberon]]''' * '''[[Umbriel]]''' * '''[[Miranda]]''' === Dayaxa Docay === [[File:Proteus_Voyager_2_croped.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Proteus]] ee meeraha Docay.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Docay]]<ref>[[Docay]] (Neptune) wuxuu leeyahay tirada afaraad ee ugu badan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> (Neptune) wuxuu leeyahay tirada afaraad ee ugu badan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa docay|14 dayax]]. Meerahan Docay wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Proteus]]''' * '''[[Triton]]''' = Meerayaasha Koonka = [[File:Telluric planets size comparison.jpg|thumb| Afarta Meere ee ugu dhow [[Qorax]]da: [[Dusaa]], [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dhul]]ka iyo [[Farraare]] ]] = Aqoonta Aadamaha ee Koonka = Sawiraan ka kooban xubnaha [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] iyo sharaxaada xajmiga [[Meere]]yaasha iyo [[dayax]]yadooda. [[Qorax]]da in ka badan 10,000 oo jeer ayay ka weeyn tahay isla markaana 41 trillion ayay ka mug iyo cuf weeyn tahay dhamaantood.<ref>[http://books.google.com/?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&pg=PR4 John Burnet Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato, 1950 Macmillan and Co., 7–11]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;" |+ Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu |- style="background: black;" | | [[File:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|center|100x100px]] <!-- [[File:Saturn (planet) large.jpg|center|100x100px]]--> | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Venus-real.jpg|100x100px]] |- | [[Qorax]]<br /><small>(Xidig)</small> | [[Cirjeex]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Raage]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Uroono]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Docey]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Dhul]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Waxaraxir]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Ganymede g1 true 2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Farraare]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Ganymede (dayax)|Ganymede]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Titan (dayax)|Titan]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Dusaa (meere)|Dusaa]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Callisto (dayax)|Callisto]]<br /><small>(dayax Cirjeex)</small> | [[Io (dayax)|Io]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Dayax]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Dhulka)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|center|110x110px]] | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|center|110x110px]] | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:PIA00040_Umbrielx2.47.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Europa (dayax)|Europa]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Triton (dayax)|Triton]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Docey)</small> | [[Titania (dayax)|Titania]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uraano)</small> | [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> | [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Ariel in monochrome.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Dione (Mond) (30823363).jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Inset-sat tethys-large.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Enceladus from Voyager.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Miranda.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> | [[Dione (moon)|Dione]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Ceres (meere yar)|Ceres]]<br /><small>(meere yar)</small> | [[4 Vesta|Vesta]]<br /><small>(asteroid)</small> | [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Proteus Voyager 2 croped.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Mimas moon.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Hyperion in natural colours.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Phoebe cassini.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Docey)</small> | [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Janus (moon)|Janus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Epimetheus (moon)|Epimetheus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Prometheus (moon)|Prometheus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> |- | colspan="7"| {{navbar|SolarSummary}} |- |} = Nolosha Ka Jirta Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay = Ilaa iyo hada inta la ogyahay meeraha kali ah ee nolol ka jirto waa meeraha dhulka. Nolosha meeraha dhulka oo guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere", ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) [[bilyan|3.5 bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Dhulku wuxuu hooy u yahay malaayiin nooc oo [[noole]] ah, kaas ooy ka mid yihiin ''Aadamuhu''. Ilaha [[Macdan]]ta iyo habka is-daba-wareega [[biyo|biyaha]] ayaa ah mid u gaar ah meerahan isla markaana suurto gal ka dhigey ineey taageerada noolaha degan dhulka. == Raadinta Nolol kale == = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] cx6gkujct4ntk4p3k5rsmp43szy1oen 0 12220 308696 296218 2026-09-19T21:39:11Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|Meere|meeraha|Docey}} [[File:Neptune Full.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka meeraha Docey]] [[File:Neptune symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|♆]] '''Docay''' ({{lang-ar|نبتون}}; {{lang-it|Nettuno}}; {{lang-en|Neptune}}; {{lang-am|ነፕቲዩን}}; astaan: [[file:neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|♆]]) waa [[meere]]ha [[sideed]]aad (8) ee tirada meereyaasha [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] iyo midka oogu fog inta uu u jiro [[qorax]]da. Sidoo kale, Docay waa meeraha [[afar]]aad (4) ee ugu xajmiga weyn iyo midka [[sadex]]aad (3) ee ugu [[mug]]a badan culeeyska [[meere]]yaasha. Docay ( summad : ♆ ) waa meere siddeedaad ee [[Baho cadceedeed]]. Neptune waxaa loo yaqaan Rafaa ama Docay, gaaska , iyo waxa la magacaabay ka dib ilaah badda Neptune oo ku sugantahay Roman . On 24 August 2006 , markii sumalka Caalamiga ah ee Midowga go'aansaday in halkay ka dib dambe u ahaa meeraha ah , Neptune noqday meeraha ugu fogaa ee nidaamka qoraxda . Neptune ahaa meeraha ugu fogaa ee nidaamka qoraxda ayaa sidoo kale inta u dhaxaysa 1979 iyo 1999 , tan iyo markii halkay ka ahayd dhaw oo qorraxda ka sii Neptune . Neptune aad uula mid Triton , labada kooban atmosfeerta iyo kiimikada - labada badanaa of hydrogen , helium iyo methane ka kooban . Neptune [ 9 ] uu qaato in ka yar kala badh iftiinka qoraxda sida ugu badan ee Triton , laakiin kulaylka ka qayib ay gudaha dhigaysa Neptune hiinfaadhid badan Triton . Inkastoo Neptune waa meelo ka fog oo qorraxda ka sii Triton ma , waxa ay leedahay jawi badan livelier . Waxay leedahay dabaylo in gaari karto in ka badan 2 000 km saacadiiba , taas oo ah xawaaraha dabaysha ugu sareeya ee nidaamka qoraxda . Muujinta The ugu caansan ee Neptune leeyihiin lahaa kaalinta weyn ee mugdiga ah . Waxa lahaa ballaciisu yahay ee ku saabsan 16 000 kiilomitir iyo waxa ay hadda baxeen [ 10 ] , iyo aad uula mid ahayd Jupiter ee Great Red Spot . Triton waxaa la janjeerin 28 digrii , ku dhawaad ​​ugu badan ee Dhulka . [ 11 ] Masaafada u dhaxaysa Earth iyo Neptune wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 4.4 bilyan oo km oo wadin 110 km / h , waxaa ay qaadan lahayd oo ku saabsan 4500 sano . Xataa xuku ku qaadan lahayd muddo aad u dheer , tusaale ahaan marka aad tegi lahaa 11 kilomitir labaad , waxaa ay qaadan lahayd oo ku saabsan 12-13 sano . Tusmada [ hide] 1 Neptune - bixitaanka 2 Orbit 3 Properties Jirka 3.1 Qaab dhismeedka Inner 3.2 Khaatumo 3.2.1 Qaab Dhismeedka 3.2.2 Dabaylaha 3.2.3 Great Dark Spot The 3.2.4 isbedel Seasonal 3.3 magnetic 4 siddo waa Farraare 5 bilaha cusubu dhashaan Farraare 5.1 bilaha cusubu dhashaan Gudaha 5.2 hawaaqii 5.3 bilaha cusubu dhashaan dibadda ah 6 Discovery iyo sahaminta 6.1 Ka hor inta Voyager 6.2 Voyager 2 Ka dib markii 6.3 Voyager 6.4 Future 7 Seeds 8 Sidoo kale eeg 9 links External Neptune Bilowgii [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Ayaa Neptune iyo kooxda kale ee gaaska malaha sameeyay hab ka duwan nidaamka iyo barxadda hoose qoraxda iyo waxaa jira aragtiyaha kala duwan oo ku saabsan asalka . Sida oo dhan meerayaasha kale ee la sameeyey harta Neptune ka soo daruur gaaska iyo boodhka meel bannaan in umushay qorraxda ka . Ka dibna waxaa jira laba aragtiyood ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan sida kooxda gaas sameeyay . Mid ka mid ah waa in uu qayb ka mid ah baraf iyo siigada ka bartay iyo biireen si ay meerayaasha dibadda ah diirkja adag , taas oo markaas soo jiidatay gaasas iyada oo cuf . Kan labaadna waa in cad ee quruurux meel bannaan oo ku hareeraysnaa qorraxda dhalinyarada iftiimisay hoos galay kubadaha yar oo boodhka gaaska iyo kaas oo kadibna waa la wada jabi galay meerayaasha . In ka badan malaayiin sano ee Qurub adag ka bartay kasta oo kale oo markaa aad loo dhiso ilaa uu accumulations badan oo dhagax iyo bir ah , lagu magacaabo planetesimals . Waxay si tartiib ah u noqday weyn oo ku filan in ay cuf gaar ah soo jiidan lahaa arrinta more . Mararka qaarkood waxay ka bartay iyo wada biireen . Sababta uu Neptune ka yar tahay kooxda gaas oo barxadda hoose waxaa laga yaabaa in ay jirto wax ka yar ee ka jira qaybaha sare ee nidaamka cusub ee - sameeyay qoraxda . [ 12 ] Orbit [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Muddo dul qaado Farraare waa mid aad u dheer sababtoo ah meere ka fog qorraxda , oo ku saabsan soddon unugyo ah sumalka uguma waa . Waxay qaadataa planet 165 sano si ay u dhamaystiraan mid kacaanka agagaarka qorraxda . Neptune soo laabtay July 11 , 2011 [ 13 ] in ay dhibic ee ay idiinna ahayd markii la ogaado in 1846 , oo halkaas ku noqon doonaa sanadka soo socda 2176th [ 10 ] Cilmi baadhayaashu waxay leeyihiin arkay in Farraare idiinna duwan la filayo , iyo qiyaasayey in ay tahay sababta oo ah waddada waxaa saamayn ku jiido ee jiidashada shay ka baxsan idiinna ee Neptune . Marka ay ka heleen halkay ka haysteen in uu ahaa mid ka mid ah in carqaladeeyey idiinna ee Neptune , laakiin halkay ka leeyahay tiro aad u yar in ay saameynta badan Neptune . Waxaa la dibna wuxuu qiyaasayey in ay jirto meere weyn oo ka baxsan halkay ka ee idiinna in ay saamayn ku koorsada . Hadda la rumaysan , si kastaba ha ahaatee , in ay tahay alaab halkii more saamaynaya waddada Neptune sida Sedna . Properties Jirka [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Neptune waa sida Jupiter , Saatun iyo Triton waxay Rafaa gaaska . Waxaa in yar ka yar yahay Triton laakiin culeyskiisu more , taasoo ugu isafgaradka meerayaasha gaaska ka dhigayaa . Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Neptune leeyahay core ka kooban Silicon , birta iyo qaar kale oo culus . Qiyaastii xuduntii uu jiro intay galkeeda ka mid ah methane dareere ah , ammonia iyo biyaha . Qiyaasaha ayaa muujinaya in xudunta u leeyahay heerkul ah oo ku saabsan 7000 Celsius , waa gubniinka dusha qorraxda ee . Dhismaha Inner [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Neptune qaab-dhismeedka gudaha Neptune u muuqataa in ay ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba ka kooban yihiin lakabka ah maqaar saar ka kooban hydrogen , helium iyo ammonia ; . Qoto dheer hoos ku daruuraha , oo ku saabsan 8000 KM u dusha meere ee la arki karo , waa go'iisii ​​, oo ka kooban baraf , ammonia iyo methane [ 14 ] Stock Tani waxaa joogto at ah oo ku saabsan siddeetan kelvin , cadaadiska here wuxuu ku saabsan yahay mid jawi . Waxa kale oo ay u eg yihiin Jaakada ee waa xarunta field magnetic Farraare . Inta lagu jiro galkeeda waa lakab khafiif ah oo ah hydrogen iyo helium , heerkulka ee gobolka tani waa qiyaastii 250 kelvin , iyo cadaadiska atmosfeerta waa sare at 200 000 atmospheres . [ 14 ] Core Meeraha ayaa waxay leedahay ballaciisu yahay ee ku saabsan 7,500 kiilomitir in ay hodan ku tahay birta iyo macdanta kale . Heerkulka core ku saabsan yahay sidii la mid ah sida ay Sun ee photosphere , in waxay ku saabsan tahay 6500-7000 Kelvin . Waxaa jira aragtiyaha in kulaylka ka imaan karaa Nabaad guurka nukliyarka xuduntii , Kuwo kalena waxay rumaysan yihiin macdanaha kala duwan in la falgala kasta oo kale , waxay la mid yihiin waxa ka dhacaya Saatun ah . Cadaadiska in asaasiga ah waa qiyaastii 6 million atmospheres . [ 14 ] Khaatumo [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Jawiga Neptunian waa in [[cirdhow]] midabka , laakiin haddii kale waxaa yar in la kala saaro ka soo jawi Triton ah . At dhulbaraha , waxaa suurtagal ah in ay daawadaan guutooyinkiisii ​​oo barbaro ah iyaga gudbaya iyo guutooyinkiisii ​​oo . Neptune waa ka badan firfircoon ka badan Triton . Waxyaabaha kale , helay Voyager 2 inta ay safarka ee la soo dhaafay kaalinta madow ee , kaas oo lahaa ballaciisu yahay ee ka weyn 10 000 kiilomitir . Later , indha-indhaynta leh waxlaxaha Space muraayada shaaca ka qaaday in this kaalinta gabiahaan , sidaas this ifafaale ku tirinnaa in Farraare jawi waa mid aad u firfircoon oo u furan in la beddelo . [ 15 ] Qaab dhismeedka [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Voyager 2 sawiray oo hooskii daruur ugu horeeya on meere kale Jawiga badanaa ka kooban yahay qiyaastii siddeetan boqolkiiba hydrogen , siddeed iyo toban boqolkiiba helium iyo laba boqolkiiba methane . Sida Triton waa methane kaas oo ku siinaya planet midabka by dha light cas . Kuleylka in Neptune ka helo qorraxda kuma filna in uu ordo nidaamyada cimilada , si ay u la rumeysan yahay in kulaylka ka iman kartaa il kasta oo gudaha ah ee kulaylka , iyo tan markaas kicin lahaa waaweyn isbedel atmosfeerta . [ 16 ] Sababtoo ah Voyager 2 daruuraha in lagu tuuray oo hooskii on heer daruur hoose la sawiro , cilmi- gashay inay soo aragga cabiro kala duwan yihiin height ka dhex dhasha heerarka daruur sare iyo kuwa dhexe ee . [ 11 ] Farraare jawi waa mid ka mid ah qabow ee koonkan iyo heerkulka dhaladooda daruurtii noqon karaa yar intii toddobaatan kelvin ( -200 ° C) . Dabaylaha [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Farraare jawi leeyahay dabaylo nidaamka qoraxda ee ugu xoogga badan , oo leh xawaare ah ugu yaraan 2100 kilomitir saacaddii . [ 17 ] dabaysha on Neptune sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin kale marka loo eego meerayaasha kale . Seynisyahanno ku jirtay mid aad u adag si loo ogaado halka ay dabayshu waa inay afuufaan ku wareegsan dhibco mugdi ah . The xaaladaha dabayl korkeeda , inkastoo aan sidaas la yaab leh , laakiin dabaylaha afuufi dhinaca galbeed waa ka ku waani . On Jupiter , Saatun iyo Triton dharbaaxeen oo xagga bari , laakiin at Neptune guuro dabaylo xagga wareeg meere ee . Marka la daawashada dhow ee dunida korkeeda oo go'aan xawaaraha dabaysha dhici karta inay keentay maqnaanshaha kulaylka . In jawi diiran abuuray qas badan oo kaa caawin kara hakin dabayluhu . Xaqiiqadaas , cilmi- sharixi kartaa xawaaraha dabaysha Farraare . [ 18 ] Great Dark Spot [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] On August 27 , 1989 yimid probe meel bannaan oo Voyager 2 ilaa Neptune , aaladaan oo kaliya in halkaas . Voyager 2 helay boos mugdiga on meere ee soo hijrootay dhulalka koonfurta lala boos yar yar mugdiga iyo daruur aan caadi ahayn oo cad , waxaa lagu magacaabaa mooto . Kaalinta u weyn yahay oo ku saabsan kala badh sida weyn oo sida Jupiter ee Red Spot . Waxay ka kooban tahay , sida on Jupiter , duufaan weyn . Waxaa la arkay in , dabaysha ayaa ka yahay 600 mitir ilbiriqsigii bartii mugdiga . Sannadkii 1994 , waxlaxaha ahaa dhanka Neptune , iyo waxa la ogaanin in kaalinta madow ee la arkay shan sano ka hor lahaa la waayay . Waxay sameeyeen hase yeeshee ka heli a kaalinta mugdiga cusub on meere ee u hijroodeen . Taas macnaheedu waa in jawi Neptune waxaa la soo shubto . [ 11 ] Kor u magacaabay xilalka iyo tirada qaababka daruur lagu arkay on Farraare soo hijrootay dhulalka koonfurta by waxlaxaha inta u dhaxaysa 1996-2002 . Isbedelka Seasonal [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Haddii aad is barbar dhigi doonaa fiirooyinka ayaa la sameeyey intii u dhaxaysay 1996 iyo 2002 ayaa suurtagal ka heli yar kordhiso khiyaamo ah ee xilalka guud meere ee , qiyaastii boqolkiiba shan ilaa toban . Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa lagu sharaxi karaa koror ballaaran ee reflectivity ee qaar ka mid ah marsami khafiif ah , halkaas oo magacaabay xilalka laba jibaarmay . Tani waxay la xiriiri karaan isbedel xilliyeed . [ 15 ] Årtidsväxlingarna on Neptune qaadataa qiyaastii 165 times sidii waqti aad u badan sida kuwa dhulka , iyo isbedela ee ugu sareeya ee iftiinka qoraxda waa ka baxsan 900 times weyn marka loo eego dhulka . Model A fudud ku salaysan xilli matoorada stock muujinaysaa in kororka iyo hoos u dhac uu yahay mid la xidhiidha korodhka magacaabay xilalka . Neptune gaaro dhalaalayaa ugu badnaan shan iyo toban sano ka dib solstice xagaaga kasta , taas oo macnaheedu yahay in qiimaha next ugu badnaan waxay ka dhici doontaa mararka qaar agagaarka 2025 . [ 15 ] Field magnetic [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Neptune leedahay beer magnetic la mid ah Triton in ay magnetosphere . Sida for Triton field magnetic keli ahi xoog dhidibka wareeg ah ( 41 ° ) . Waxaa laga soo qaadayaa , sidaas darteed , ay hadda in jihada xad dhaaf ah kuwan beeraha magnetic waxaa sabab u ah isusocodka ee gudaha ee Planetary oo aan on Triton aanay sinaba u axial waaweyn , sida aan hore qiyaasayey . Oo siddooyinkooda ah Farraare [Wax ka bedel | edit isha ] Main article : siddo waa Farraare Oo siddooyinkooda ah Farraare , laga arki Voyager 2 Neptune ayaa , sida kooxda kale ee gaaska , oo siddooyinkoodana . Fiiro ah Ground ku salaysan muujiyeen kaliya inay siddooyinkiisa ku -goobeed , halka Voyager 2 muujiyey buuxa iyo xiran yihiin oo siddooyinkooda ah . Oo siddooyinku waxay ku yihiin aadka u madow iyo malaha ka kooban boodh dhagax . Mid ka mid ah lix siddo waa u muuqday leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka qaloocin ku waani . Caddayn in siddooyinku waxay ku dhamaystirnayn yimid oo kaliya in bartamihii 1980 , markii occultations si dharci daro mararka qaarkood muujiyeen il jabin ah oo dheeraad ah ka hor ama ka dib star meeraha occluded ah . Images qabsaday 1989 by Voyager 2 caddaynaysaa this , in wixii ay heleen oo nidaam leh dhowr siddo si miyir beelid . Giraanta ka xigtaa waxay , Adam Ring , waxaa ku jira saddex Afayeen joogto ah , taas oo markii dambe wax ayaa loo magacaabay Liberte , Egalite , iyo Fraternité ( Liberty , Sinaanta iyo ubadkooda ku ) . Haddi ay jiraan Afayeen ku leeyihiin way adag tahay inaad sharaxdo sababta oo ah shuruucda makaaniyada quruxsan si deg deg ah ku milmi waa giraan ah dhqaalaha . Maleeyo in ay tahay jiido ee jiidashada of Galatea , dayaxa , kaas oo uu ku yaal xaq on siddooyinkiisa , taasoo ekerstrukturen . Siddo Dhowr helay by camera Voyager . Giraantii dhuuban Adam kaas oo been 63 000 mayl ee xarunta of Neptune , Leverrierringen doono iyo barka ka khafiifsan No ku yaal 53,000 km oo 42,000 km from xarunta meere ee . Faa'iido A fainter dibadda ka yimid Leverrierringen ayaa loo magacaabay Lassellringen . Waxaa ku yaalla qaybaha sare ee Aragoringen at 57 000 kiilomitir . [ 19 ] Fiiro ah Ground ku samaysay sanadkii 2002 iyo 2003 ayaa muujinaya in siddo waa Farraare ka badan deganayn intii hore ka maleeyay in ay yihiin . Gaar ahaan , taasi waxay khusaysaa Libertéringen in laga yaabaa in lagu lumay ee sida waqti gaaban ka billawdaan toban sano ah . The fiiro ah oo cusub oo iska weyddiinayeen, inta of the gunaanad hore ee siddooyinkiisa farsamooyinka dhismaha ah iyo wareegyo nolosha . Habka in loo dadajiyo Oo siddooyinku waxay hadda yihiin muuqata badan ka xoog badan kuwa iyaga la abuuro . = Taariikhda Docay = {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Koon]] Alle waxa uu inoo sheegey quraankiisa kariimka ah in uu abuurey 11 dhul oo waa weyn midna midka kale kaweyn intaas oo dhan waxaa mahad ay usugnaatey rabiga carshiga weyn alxamdulillaah a1qlt0v9r6hzlis7vt66emwkx00o97t 0 12795 308752 273491 2026-09-19T22:31:39Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi 308752 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shaarbo]] cs1nvr95lut4pl2imwjjiib7cllbw65 0 13190 308714 124004 2026-09-19T21:52:59Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dayaxyada Farraare''' {{About|Dayaxa [[meere]]ha [[Farraare]]}} [[Meere]]ha [[Farraare]] wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa meere|labo dayax]] oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos). {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} rqyqq3ght0gbmpusm25paatcpnnk320 0 13194 308711 262979 2026-09-19T21:51:21Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dayaxyada Cirjeex''' [[Meere]]ha [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter) waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax. ==Liiska== Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Cirjeex aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Europa]]''' * '''[[Ganymede]]''' * '''[[Io]]''' * '''[[Callisto]]''' <gallery> Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg|dayaxa [[Io]] ee meeraha Cirjeex. Callisto.jpg|dayaxa [[Callisto]] ee meeraha Cirjeex. Ganymede_g1_true_2.jpg|dayaxa [[Ganymede]] ee meeraha Cirjeex. Europa-moon.jpg|dayaxa [[Europa]] ee meeraha Cirjeex. </gallery> == Xigasho== {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] gibc7p0fwsf3ckq67df2mf7cjwj3tv4 0 13202 308712 262973 2026-09-19T21:51:46Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|Dayaxa [[meere]]ha [[Raage]]}} [[File:Two_Halves_of_Titan.png|thumb|dayaxa [[Titan]] ee meeraha Raage.]] '''Dayaxyada Raage''' [[Meere]]ha [[Raage]] waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay 62 dayax. ==Liiska== Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Raage aad ayay u badan tahay, dhamaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Titan]]''' * '''[[Iapetus]]''' * '''[[Enceladus]]''' * '''[[Tethys]]''' * '''[[Mimas]]''' * '''[[Hyperion]]''' * '''[[Dione]]''' * '''[[Phoebe]]''' * '''[[Janus]]''' * '''[[Epimetheus]]''' * '''[[Prometheus]]''' ==Muuqaalo== <gallery perrow=" " widths="208" heights="208" caption="Qaar ka mid ah Dayaxyada Raage"> File:Iapetus_as_seen_by_the_Cassini_probe_-_20071008.jpg|dayaxa [[Iapetus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg|dayaxa [[Enceladus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Saturn's Moon Tethys as seen from Voyager 2.jpg|dayaxa [[Tethys]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Prometheus_12-26-09a.jpg|dayaxa [[Prometheus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:PIA09813_Epimetheus_S._polar_region.jpg|dayaxa [[Epimetheus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:PIA12714_Janus_crop.jpg|dayaxa [[Janus]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Phoebe_cassini.jpg|dayaxa [[Phoebe]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Dione_(Mond)_(30823363).jpg|dayaxa [[Dione]] ee meeraha Raage File:Mimas_moon.jpg|dayaxa [[Mimas]] ee meeraha Raage. File:Hyperion_in_natural_colours.jpg|dayaxa [[Hyperion]] ee meeraha Raage. </gallery> ==Qoraalo la mid ah== * [[Moon|Dayaxa dhulka]] * [[Dayaxa Farraare|2 Martian]] * [[Dayaxa raage|62 Dayaxa Raage]] * [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa Uraanus]] * [[Dayaxa Docay]] ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayax]] [[Category:Meere]] lzoz16gjt2krrwxom1ir7q8qnxg7ufu 0 13229 308713 262023 2026-09-19T21:52:25Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Titania]] ee meeraha Uraano.]] '''Dayaxyada Uraano''' ([[ingiriis]]: Uranus sattelites) [[Meere]]ha [[Uraano]] wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa meere|27 dayax]]. ==Liiska== Meerahan Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Titania]]''' * '''[[Oberon]]''' * '''[[Umbriel]]''' * '''[[Ariel]]''' * '''[[Miranda]]''' ==Muuqaalo== <gallery perrow=" " widths="208" heights="208" caption="Qaar ka mid ah Dayaxyada Uraano"> File:Voyager_2_picture_of_Oberon.jpg|dayaxa [[Oberon]] ee meeraha Uraano. File:PIA00040_Umbrielx2.47.jpg|dayaxa [[Umbriel]] ee meeraha Uraano. File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|dayaxa [[Miranda]] ee meeraha Uraano. </gallery> ==Qoraalo la mid ah== * [[Moon|Dayaxa dhulka]] * [[Dayaxa Farraare|2 Martian]] * [[Dayaxa raage|62 Dayaxa Raage]] * [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 Dayax]] ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayax]] [[Category:Meere]] 9decujjq59vv6ycjiyyiss0z8zm8c4p 0 13253 308697 305774 2026-09-19T21:40:28Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meere Dhagaxley''' # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Waxaraxir]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Dusaa]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Dhul]]ka''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Farraare]]''' '''Meere Dhagaxley''' ([[ingiriis]]: Terrestrial Planet) waa [[meere]]yaasha ka samaysan inta u badan [[dhagax]]a,<ref>[[dhagax]]a, waxaana ka mid ah [[dhul]]ka</ref> waxaana ka mid ah [[dhul]]ka, waxayna kala yihiin: [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Dhul]]ka iyo [[Farraare]]. Waxaraxir waa midka ugu [[mug]]a<ref>[[mug]]a iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhamaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhamaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], halka dhulku yahay kan ugu wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah.<ref>{{cite book | title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros |first = K. |last=Croswell |publisher = The Free Press |year = 1997 |page = [https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros/page/57 57] |isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> = Qoraalo La Mid ah = * [[Neefaha Waawayn]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] ho9b2652hko9cj49iumlm47udgaljas 0 13300 308704 296235 2026-09-19T21:46:46Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691).jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka dunidayar ee Ceres.]] [[File:Ceres symbol (planetary color).svg|80px|⚳]] '''Siires''' ({{lang-en|Ceres}}; astaan: [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|16px|⚳]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> waa [[duni]]yar iyo asteroidka ugu wayn kuwa laga dhex helo [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Siires waxay ka samaysan tahay [[dhagax]]aan iyo [[baraf]], dhererkeeduna waa [[Km|950 Km]]. Dunidan yar waxaa helay [[xidigisyahan]] Giuseppe Piazzi [[sanad|1dii Janaayo 1801]], markaas oo loo aqoonsanaa ineey tahay [[meere]]. Waxaa loogu magac daray [[Sanam|sanab]] eey caabudi jireen Roomaanka ee loo yaqaanay ''Ceres''. [[Dayaxgacmeed]]ka aanu qof wadin '''Dawn''' ee 27kii Sebtembar 2007 shirkada [[NASA]] dirtey kaas oo la filaayo inuu gaadho Siires [[sanad|sanadka 2015ka]] ayaa warbixin iyo macluumaad fiican laga sugayaa inuu ka keeno dunidan yar. = Qoraalo La Mid ah = * [[Dusaa]] * [[Docay]] * [[Raage]] * [[Farraare]] * [[Cirjeex]] * [[Uraano]] * [[Bluto]] * [[Waxaraxir]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Cir]] * [[Meere Dhagaxley]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Xidig]] * [[Meere]] * [[Eris]] * [[Dhul badhe]] * [[Cilmiga Xidigaha]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Koon]] = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] 5r8l34uurh6tigjwm6dr089kbzv3vot 0 13302 308710 296251 2026-09-19T21:50:19Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308710 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan meere. [[File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka dunidayar ee Eeris ([[File:Eris symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]])]] [[File:Eris symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|⯰]] '''Eeris''' ({{lang-en|Eris}}; astaan: [[file:Eris symbol (bold).svg|16px|⯰]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> waa [[duni]]yar oo laga dhex helo [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo mida [[9]]aad ee ugu [[cuf]]ka iyo miisaanka culus dhamaan sheeyada ku wareega [[qorax]]da. Dunidan yar Eeris dhererkeedu waa [[Km|2326 km]] (±12); taasi oo 27% ka miisaan culus dunidayar ee [[Bluto]], una dhiganta 0.27% cufka iyo miisaanka [[dhul]]ka. Dunidan yar waxaa helay [[xidigisyahan]] Mike Brown [[sanad|sanadkii 2005ta]], waxayna leedahay hal bil oo lagu magacaabo [[Dayaxa meere|Dysnomia]]. Masaafad fogaanta ay Eeris u jirto [[qorax]]da waxaa lagu qiyaasay [[AU|96.4 AU]] sanadkii 2014ta. Maadaama ay ka xajmi weyn tahay [[Buluuto]], dadkii helay iyo [[NASA]] labaduba waxay ku naanayseen ineey tahay [[meere|meeraha 10aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Guud ahaan, dunidan Eeris iyo [[Buluuto]], [[Siires]], [[Hawmiya]] iyo [[Maakemaake]] waxay isku yihiin guruub la isku yidhaahdo "dwarf planets". =Qoraalo La Mid ah= *[[Dusaa]] *[[Docay]] *[[Raage]] *[[Farraare]] *[[Cirjeex]] *[[Uraano]] *[[Bluto]] *[[Waxaraxir]] *[[Meere]] *[[Meere Dhagaxley]] *[[Dayax]] *[[Dayaxa meere]] *[[Dhul]] *[[Cir]] *[[Xidig]] *[[Ceres]] *[[Haumea]] *[[Makemake]] *[[Dhul badhe]] *[[Cilmiga Xidigaha]] *[[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] *[[Koon]] =Xigasho= {{Reflist}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] ou4e5baj1jhbi5cdzez5caexsxx5vx5 0 13335 308706 296243 2026-09-19T21:48:16Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Haumea Hubble.png|thumb|Muuqaalka dunidayar ee Hawmiya]] [[File:Haumea symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|🝻]] '''Hawmiya''' ({{lang-en|Haumea}}; astaan: [[File:Haumea symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🝻]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> waa [[duni]]yar oo laga dhex helo gadaasha [[meere|meeraha]] [[Docay]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Dunidan yari waa 1/3 [[cuf]]ka meeraha yar ee [[Bluto]] waxaana helay guruub [[xidigisyahan]]o ah oo uu hogaaminayay Mike Brown [[sanad|sanadkii 2004ta]]. = Qoraalo La Mid ah = * [[Dusaa]] * [[Docay]] * [[Raage]] * [[Farraare]] * [[Cirjeex]] * [[Uraano]] * [[Buluuto]] * [[Waxaraxir]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Cir]] * [[Meere Dhagaxley]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Xidig]] * [[Meere]] * [[Siires]] * [[Hawmiya]] * [[Makemake]] * [[Dhul badhe]] * [[Cilmiga Xidigaha]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Koon]] = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] k49a3db66em2nz03douggram2i2csmh 0 13337 308707 296247 2026-09-19T21:48:47Z Soalt 39618 template:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay 308707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Makemake_hubble.png|thumb|Muuqaalka dunidayar ee Maakemaake]] [[File:Makemake symbol (planetary color).svg|80px|🝼]] '''Maakemaake''' ({{lang-en|Makemake}}; astaan: [[File:Makemake symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]])<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= 2015-04-22 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2022-01-19}}</ref> waa [[duni]]yar oo laga dhex helo gadaasha [[meere|meeraha]] [[Docay]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Dunidan yari waa tan ugu wayn walxaha laga dhex helo "suunka kuiper" taasi oo leh 2/3 dhererka meeraha yar ee [[Bluto]]. Dunida Maakemaake ma lahan wax [[Dayaxa meere|dayax]] ah, waxayna leedahay [[heerkul]] aad u qaboow badan taasi oo gaadha −243.2&nbsp;°C. = Qoraalo La Mid ah = * [[Dusaa]] * [[Docay]] * [[Raage]] * [[Farraare]] * [[Cirjeex]] * [[Uraano]] * [[Bluto]] * [[Waxaraxir]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Cir]] * [[Meere Dhagaxley]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Xidig]] * [[Meere]] * [[Ceres]] * [[Haumea]] * [[Eris]] * [[Dhul badhe]] * [[Cilmiga Xidigaha]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Koon]] = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] sfgnl7pl46yfyltcsf8g7rh7vpb7zvb 0 15229 308756 246105 2026-09-19T22:42:15Z Viinasen tuttu 47464 File 308756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:R. Kelly mug shot.jpg|thumb|R. Kelly (2003)]] '''R. Kelly''' (dhashay 8 January 1967), waa fanaan mareykan ah oo qoro heesaha rap'ka ah, sidoo kale waxoo jilaa filmada. {{gumud}} [[Category:Muusig]] 1yd5u8fyo8u5por4vxjpxndvdmzbjvp 0 18486 308757 206732 2026-09-19T23:04:29Z Soalt 39618 Category:Gacan 308757 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Boga "[[fardhexaad]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay.'' [[File:Fardhexo.jpg|thumb|fardhexo]] '''Fardhexo'''  ({{lang-ar|الوسطى}}; {{lang-en|middle finger}}) waa [[far]]ta [[sadex]]aad ee [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka. Fartani waxay u dhexaysaa [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|murdisada]] (murugsato) iyo farta faadumo [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|(farta faraantga]] ), sida badan waa farta ugu dheer faraha. Fartaan iyo [[suul]]ka markii la isku cadaadiyo ka dibna la sii daayo waxaa ka dhasha dhawaq dheer, oo loo adeegsado soo jeedin ama baraarujinta cid loo dan leeyahay taasi oo loo yaqaano '''Suuldhabaale''' (en: snapping).<ref>[[:en:Finger_snapping|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_snapping]]</ref> =Faraha Dadka= {| class="infobox" style="text-align: center;" |style="background:#ccccff" | '''[[Far]]aha [[Dad]]ka''' |- | [[File:Hand left.svg|center|100px]] |- | style="font-size: smaller;" | [[Suul]] {{•}} [[Fardheer]] {{•}} [[Fardhexo]] {{•}} [[Faraanti galis (far)|Farta Faraantigelis]] {{•}} [[Faryar]] |- |} <noinclude> '''Far''' ({{lang-en|finger}}; {{lang-ar| أصبع}}) (wadar ahaan '''faro'''), waa [[xubin|xubno]] ka tirsan [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Sida caadiga ah dadku waxay leeyihiin 20 farood, kuwaasi oo ku kala yaala labada gacmood iyo labada lugood. Gacan kasta iyo lug kasta waxay leeyihiin shan farood oo iskugu jira: [[Suul]], [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|fardheero]] (murdiso), [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|fardhexo]], [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|faraantigalis]] (farta faadumo), iyo [[Far yareey|faryaro]]. ==Faraha Gacmaha== ===Suul=== [[File:Suul(1).jpg|thumb|suul]] '''Suul''' ({{lang-en|thumb}}; {{lang-ar|إبهام}}) waa xubin ka mid ah [[far]]aha shanta ah ee ku yaala [[Gacan|gacmaha]] iyo lugaha [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Suulku waa farta koowaad ee shanta farood. Sidoo kale, suulku waa farta ugu awooda badan ee ugu dhumucda iyo qarada weyn dhamaan faraha. ===Fardheero=== [[File:Murdiso1.jpg|thumb|murdiso ama murugsato]] '''Farta Murdiso''' ({{lang-en|''index finger''}}; {{lang-ar|السبابة}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano "'''''Fardheer'''''" iyo "'''''Murugsato'''''", waa [[far]]ta labaad ee ka mid ah shanta [[far]]ood ee [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Sidoo kale waa farta u dhexaysa [[suul]]ka iyo [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|fardhexada]]. ===Fardhexo=== [[File:Fardhexo.jpg|thumb|fardhexo]] '''Fardhexo''' ({{lang-ar|الوسطى}}; {{lang-en|middle finger}}) waa [[far]]ta [[sadex]]aad ee [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka. Fartani waxay u dhexaysaa [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|murdisada]] (murugsato) iyo farta faadumo [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|(faraanti galis]]), sida badan waa farta ugu dheer faraha. Fartaan iyo [[suul]]ka markii la isku cadaadiyo ka dibna la sii daayo waxaa ka dhasha dhawaq dheer, oo loo adeegsado soo jeedin ama baraarujinta cid loo dan leeyahay taasi oo loo yaqaano '''Suuldhabaale''' (en: snapping).<ref>[[:en:Finger_snapping|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_snapping]]</ref> ===Faraantigelis=== [[File:Faadumo ama faraanti galis.jpg|thumb|faraanti galils]] '''Farta faraanti galis''' ({{lang-ar|بنصر}}; {{lang-en|''ring finger''}}) (sidoo kale loo yaqaano farta faadumo) waa [[far]]ta afaraad u dhexaysa [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dheexadka]] iyo [[Far yareey|faryareey]]da. Waa farta ugu quruxda badan faraha aadanaha saas ayaana keentay in la galiyo faraantiga ama fargashiga. ===Faryaro=== [[File:Faryareey.jpg|alt=far, gacan|thumb|faryaro ama fryareey]] '''Faryaro''' ({{lang-ar|خنصر}}; {{lang-en|''Little finger''}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano ''Faryareey'', waa [[far]]ta shanaad ee faraha ku yaala [[gacan|gacmaha]] iyo [[lug]]aha [[dad]]ka; waxayna ku xigtaa [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|farta faraanti galis]]. Intaas waxaa dheer, in fartani tahay tan ugu yar faraha ugu wax qabadka yar. =Sidoo kale fiiri= * '''[[Suul]]''' * '''[[Murdiso (Murugsato)|Murdiso]] ('''murugsato''')''' * '''[[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dhexo]]''' * '''[[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|faraanti galis]]''' (faadumo) * '''[[Far yareey|faryaro]] ('''faryareey) </noinclude> =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Qiyaasaha Masaafooyinka]] [[Category:Jidh]] [[Category:Gacan]] ocopyxtz4th6zo9w4nzvyrz5l2wosmg 0 18487 308758 152420 2026-09-19T23:05:47Z Soalt 39618 Category:Gacan 308758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Faadumo ama faraanti galis.jpg|thumb|faraanti galils]] '''Farta faraanti galis''' ({{lang-ar|بنصر}}; {{lang-en|''ring finger''}}) (sidoo kale loo yaqaano farta faadumo) waa [[far]]ta afaraad u dhexaysa [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dheexadka]] iyo [[Far yareey|faryareey]]da. Waa farta ugu quruxda badan faraha aadanaha saas ayaana keentay in la galiyo faraantiga ama fargashiga, == Magaca == '''faraanti galis ''' ayaa loo yaqaan fartaan luuqado badan oo aduunka jira, maadaama la wada ogyahay farta faraantiga inay tahay tusaale ahaan ingiriiska ayaa loo yaqaan ( ring finger) oo la macno ah farta faraantiga, dadka qaar ayaa ugu yeera '''magaclaay, '''tusaale ahaan shiinaha ayaa looga yaqaan''' 无名指''' oo la macno ah farta magaclaay. ==Faraha Dadka== {| class="infobox" style="text-align: center;" |style="background:#ccccff" | '''[[Far]]aha [[Dad]]ka''' |- | [[File:Hand left.svg|center|100px]] |- | style="font-size: smaller;" | [[Suul]] {{•}} [[Fardheer]] {{•}} [[Fardhexo]] {{•}} [[Faraanti galis (far)|Farta Faraantigelis]] {{•}} [[Faryar]] |- |}<noinclude> '''Far''' ({{lang-en|finger}}; {{lang-ar| أصبع}}) (wadar ahaan '''faro'''), waa [[xubin|xubno]] ka tirsan [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Sida caadiga ah dadku waxay leeyihiin 20 farood, kuwaasi oo ku kala yaala labada gacmood iyo labada lugood. Gacan kasta iyo lug kasta waxay leeyihiin shan farood oo iskugu jira: [[Suul]], [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|fardheero]] (murdiso), [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|fardhexo]], [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|faraantigalis]] (farta faadumo), iyo [[Far yareey|faryaro]]. ==Faraha Gacmaha== ===Suul=== [[File:Suul(1).jpg|thumb|suul]] '''Suul''' ({{lang-en|thumb}}; {{lang-ar|إبهام}}) waa xubin ka mid ah [[far]]aha shanta ah ee ku yaala [[Gacan|gacmaha]] iyo lugaha [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Suulku waa farta koowaad ee shanta farood. Sidoo kale, suulku waa farta ugu awooda badan ee ugu dhumucda iyo qarada weyn dhamaan faraha. ===Fardheero=== [[File:Murdiso1.jpg|thumb|murdiso ama murugsato]] '''Farta Murdiso''' ({{lang-en|''index finger''}}; {{lang-ar|السبابة}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano "'''''Fardheer'''''" iyo "'''''Murugsato'''''", waa [[far]]ta labaad ee ka mid ah shanta [[far]]ood ee [[dad]]ka iyo in badan oo [[xayawaan]]ka ka mid ah. Sidoo kale waa farta u dhexaysa [[suul]]ka iyo [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|fardhexada]]. ===Fardhexo=== [[File:Fardhexo.jpg|thumb|fardhexo]] '''Fardhexo''' ({{lang-ar|الوسطى}}; {{lang-en|middle finger}}) waa [[far]]ta [[sadex]]aad ee [[gacan]]ta [[dad]]ka. Fartani waxay u dhexaysaa [[Murdiso (Murugsato)|murdisada]] (murugsato) iyo farta faadumo [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|(faraanti galis]]), sida badan waa farta ugu dheer faraha. Fartaan iyo [[suul]]ka markii la isku cadaadiyo ka dibna la sii daayo waxaa ka dhasha dhawaq dheer, oo loo adeegsado soo jeedin ama baraarujinta cid loo dan leeyahay taasi oo loo yaqaano '''Suuldhabaale''' (en: snapping).<ref>[[:en:Finger_snapping|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_snapping]]</ref> ===Faraantigelis=== [[File:Faadumo ama faraanti galis.jpg|thumb|faraanti galils]] '''Farta faraanti galis''' ({{lang-ar|بنصر}}; {{lang-en|''ring finger''}}) (sidoo kale loo yaqaano farta faadumo) waa [[far]]ta afaraad u dhexaysa [[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dheexadka]] iyo [[Far yareey|faryareey]]da. Waa farta ugu quruxda badan faraha aadanaha saas ayaana keentay in la galiyo faraantiga ama fargashiga. ===Faryaro=== [[File:Faryareey.jpg|alt=far, gacan|thumb|faryaro ama fryareey]] '''Faryaro''' ({{lang-ar|خنصر}}; {{lang-en|''Little finger''}}) sidoo kale loo yaqaano ''Faryareey'', waa [[far]]ta shanaad ee faraha ku yaala [[gacan|gacmaha]] iyo [[lug]]aha [[dad]]ka; waxayna ku xigtaa [[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|farta faraanti galis]]. Intaas waxaa dheer, in fartani tahay tan ugu yar faraha ugu wax qabadka yar. ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * '''[[Suul]]''' * '''[[Murdiso (Murugsato)|Murdiso]] ('''murugsato''')''' * '''[[Far-dhexo (Fardhexaad)|far dhexo]]''' * '''[[Faraanti galis (faadumo)|faraanti galis]]''' (faadumo) * '''[[Far yareey|faryaro]] ('''faryareey) == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Gacan]] 8mr2g5nq8d51eartjzibj6a5hcol0ix 0 46774 308769 305859 2026-09-20T02:38:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum | name = Museo Pambata | native_name = | logo = Museo Pambata logo.svg | logo_size = 150px | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = WTMP Team Kampai DSC 0023.JPG | caption = Museo Pambata, oo ku dhex yaalla dhismaha taariikhiga ah ee Elks Club. | established = 1993 | location = [[Ermita, Manila|Ermita]], [[Manila]], Filibiin | coordinates = {{coord|14.57907|N|120.97711|E|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Children's museum|Madxafka carruurta]] | visitors = | director = | curator = | owner = | website = {{URL|museopambata.org}} }} [[File:Manilajf0180 21.JPG|thumb|Boorka Museo Pambata [[Children's museum|madxafka carruurta]], oo ku yaalla [[Roxas Boulevard]], Manila]] ​'''Museo Pambata''' ({{literal translation|Madxafka Carruurta}}) waa [[Children's museum|madxaf carruureed]] ku yaalla [[Ermita, Manila|degmada Ermita]] ee [[Manila]], una dhow [[Rizal Park]], gudaha dalka [[Filibiin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museopambata.org/|title=Museo Pambata|website=www.museopambata.org|access-date=August 29, 2025|archive-date=Bisha Lixaad 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603190611/http://www.museopambata.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waxa uu ku dhex yaallaa dhismihii hore ee [[Elks Club Building (Manila)|Elks Club]], kaas oo ah dhisme taariikhi ah oo la dhisay 1910-kii, kuna teedsan [[Roxas Boulevard]] ee geesta South Drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Fun Museum at the Old Elks Club Building in Manila|url=http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/07/21/a-fun-museum-at-the-old-elks-club-building-in-manila/|website=TRAVELER ON FOOT: A TRAVEL JOURNAL|date=July 21, 2008 |access-date=March 13, 2012}}</ref> ==Hordhac== Museo Pambata waa madxaf carruureed is-dhexgal ah kaas oo bixiya beddelka barashada rasmiga ah ee fasalka dhexdiisa.<ref name="cnnph2018">{{cite news |last=Ang |first=Raymond |date=April 23, 2018 |title=The past, present, and future of Museo Pambata |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/04/23/museo-pambata-nina-yuson.html |work=CNN Philippines |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Waxa uu leeyahay bandhigyo gacanta lagu taaban karo oo ku dhiirigeliya carruurta inay baadhaan oo ay ogaadaan fikrado kala duwan, laga bilaabo qaabdhismeedka jidhka (anatomy) iyo dariiqooyinka shaqada ilaa sayniska iyo farshaxanka. Madxafku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay barnaamijyo iyo munaasabado joogto ah oo loogu talagalay qaybaha kala duwan. ​==Taariikhda== Waxa la furay 1994-tii, Museo Pambata waxa hindisay Nina Lim-Yuson, oo ah macallin waxbarashada carruurta hore, taas oo dhiirigelin ka heshad ka dib markii ay booqatay [[Boston Children’s Museum]] ee dalka Maraykanka, waxayna rajaysay meel la mid ah inay ka jirto Filibiin.<ref name="philstar2014">'''{{cite news |last=Lars |first=B. |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Museo Pambata: A gift to the Filipino child |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2014/10/26/1384351/museo-pambata-gift-filipino-child |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=August 29, 2025}}'''</ref> ​Bishii Maarso 1993, Yuson iyo hooyadeed, oo ahayd xoghayihii hore ee Waaxda Ladnaanta Bulshada iyo Horumarinta [[Estefania Aldaba-Lim]], ayaa u soo bandhigay soo-jeedin ku saabsan madxafka duqii xilligaas ee Manila [[Alfredo Lim]]. Duqa magaalada Lim ayaa ansixiyay soo-jeedinta, isagoo u oggolaaday inay isticmaalaan dhismaha taariikhiga ah ee [[Elks Club Building (Manila)|Elks Club]] ee Manila.<ref name="cnnph2018" /> ​Guddiga Maamulka (Board of Trustees) ayaa la dhisay bishii Juun 1993, kuwaas oo ka koobnaa barayaal, farshaxan-yaqaanno, iyo xirfad-leeyaal soo saaray fikradda madxafka. Naqshadeeyaha dhismaha iyo masraxa Joselito Tecson ayaa naqshadeeyay qolalka mawduucyada ee bilowga ah isagoo aan lacag ka qaadan.<ref name="philstar2014" /> Bishii Diseembar 1993, [[Manila City Council|Golaha Magaalada Manila]] ayaa ansixiyay heshiis is-faham (MOA) oo Museo Pambata siinaya 10 sano oo isticmaalka dhismaha Elks Club ah oo bilaash ah, taas oo oggolaatay in shaqada dib-u-habayntu ay ku bilaabato lacag laga soo ururiyay dadweynaha. ​Casho sharaf loo sameeyay "Ninongs iyo Ninangs" (kafilayaasha bixiyay hal milyan oo peso midkiiba) ee ugu horreeyay madxafka ayaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 1994. Kafilayaashan aasaasayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Luis H. Lim Foundation, Juan iyo Lualhati Cojuangco Foundation, A.Y. Foundation, Petron Corporation, iyo kuwo kale. ​Diseembar 21, 1994, madxafku wuxuu si rasmi ah u furay albaabadiisa.<ref name="philstar2014" /> ​Bishii Maarso 2012, Museo Pambata waxay heshay Ammaan Gaar ah (Special Commendation) oo uga timid xeerbeegtida abaalmarintii ugu horreysay ee Madxafka Carruurta ee ka dhacday Bologna, Talyaaniga, sababtoo ah "dhiirigelinta abuurista madxafyo carruureed oo cusub gudaha Filibiin iyo Aasiya.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/3068-kiddie-museum-makes-int-l-debut/ |title=Kiddie museum makes int'l debut |first=Paterno |last=Esmaquel II |website=Rappler |date=March 27, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanmuseumacademy.eu/4/upload/2012_cma_judges_report_1_.pdf |title=First Children’s Museum Award 2012 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618112610/http://www.europeanmuseumacademy.eu/4/upload/2012_cma_judges_report_1_.pdf |archive-date=June 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |work=European Museum Academy}}</ref> ​Museo Pambata waxa kale oo loo magacaabay Ururka Dhaqanka ee Soft Power-ka ugu wanaagsan (Best Soft Power Cultural Organization) gudaha Abaalmarinta Leading Cultural Destinations ee 2016, taas oo loogu yeedho "Oscars-ka madxafyada."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bautista |first=Stepf |date=October 4, 2016 |title=This Pinoy Museum Was Nominated for an International Award |url=https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/the-latest-arts-culture/67961/museo-pambata-was-nominated-for-an-international-award-a00171-20161004 |work=SPOT.ph |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ​Madxafku si ku-meel-gaadh ah ayuu u xidhmay intii lagu jiray [[COVID-19 pandemic|safmarkii COVID-19]] sannadkii 2020. Ka dib dib-u-habayn ballaadhan, waxa dib loo furay Diseembar 6, 2024, si loogu dabbaal-dego sannad-guuradiisii 30-aad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2024 |title=What to expect: Museo Pambata's reopening in December |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-culture/what-to-expect-museo-pambata-reopening-december-2024/ |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |date=December 2, 2024 |title=Museo Pambata reopening this December after four-year closure |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2024/12/02/2398410/museo-pambata-reopening-december-after-four-year-closure |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref> Dib-u-furistu waxay soo bandhigtay bandhigyo cusub iyo kuwo dib loo cusboonaysiiyay, oo ay ku jiraan gidaarka dhagax-fuulka iyo qaybta "Bahay na Bato".<ref>{{cite news |last=Abad |first=Ysa |date=December 10, 2024 |title='Play redefined': A look inside the new Museo Pambata |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-culture/things-to-do-look-inside-new-museo-pambata/ |work=Rappler |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ​ ==Qolalka Mawduucyada== [[File:MuseoPambatajf0230 01.JPG|thumb|Bandhigga [[Marionette|boombale-yada]] ee madxafka carruurta]] Waxaa jira siddeed qol oo mawduucyo leh gudaha Museo Pambata, kuwaas oo kala ah:<ref>{{cite news |last=TDT |first=Gab |date=November 29, 2024 |title=Museo Pambata reopens 6 December |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/11/29/museo-pambata-reopens-6-december/ |work=Daily Tribune |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ​'''Kalikasan (Deegaanka) iyo Karagatan (Badda Hoosteeda)''' - Waxa uu ka kooban yahay kaymo roobaad la ekaysiiyay iyo badda hoosteeda halkaas oo booqdayaashu ay wax kaga baran karaan walaaca deegaanka iyo ilaalinta nidaamka deegaanka. ​'''Maynila Noon (Maniladii Hore)''' - Booqdayaashu waxay wax ka baran karaan taariikhda iyagoo eegaya agabka qadiimiga ah iyo bandhigyo la ekaysiiyay oo muujinaya Maniladii bilowgii qarniga, oo ay ku jiraan moodal yar oo ah ''bahay na bato'' iyo markab weyn (galleon). ​'''Paglaki Ko (Ikhtiyaarada Shaqada)''' - Waxay soo bandhigaysaa shaqooyin kala duwan waxayna ku dhiirigelinaysaa booqdayaashu inay naftooda u sawiraan iyagoo qabanaya shaqo gaar ah. ​'''I Love My Planet Earth''' - Halka ay booqdayaashu wax kaga baran karaan isbeddelka cimilada iyo sida qofku uga qayb qaadan karo daryeelka meeraha. ​'''Pamilihang Bayan (Suuqa)''' - Waxa uu leeyahay saf dukaamo ciyaar ah halkaas oo carruurtu ay isaga dhigi karaan inay yihiin milkiile dukaan oo ay ku dhaqmi karaan xirfadahooda ganacsi. ​'''Katawan Ko (Sida Jidhkaygu u Shaqeeyo)''' - Waxa uu leeyahay bandhigyo is-dhexgal ah oo ku saabsan jidhka bini'aadamka, sida xubnaha kala duwan u shaqeeyaan, iyo talooyin ku saabsan daryeelka caafimaadka. ​'''Bata sa Mundo (Carruurta Tuulada Caalamiga ah)''' - Boombale-yo (dolls) ka kala yimid adduunka oo dhan ayaa lagu soo bandhigay qolkan. ​'''Tuklas (Ogaanshaha)''' - Qol cusub oo diiradda saaraya sayniska, teknoolajiyada, injineernimada, iyo xisaabta (STEM). ​Madxafku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay maktabad carruureed, hoolka bandhigyada isbedbeddelaya, dukaanka hadiyadaha, goobo munaasabadaha lagu qabto, iyo garoon lagu ciyaaro. ​==Barnaamijyada== ​===Xuquuqda Carruurta=== Barnaamijyada waxbarasho ee Museo Pambata waxay ku qotomaan u doodista xuquuqda carruurta, ugu horrayn xuquuqdooda waxbarasho, caafimaad, iyo madadaalo. Goob gaar ah, oo ah Hoolka Karapatan, ayaa lagu qabtaa hawlo diiradda lagu saarayo xuquuqdan. Mashaariicdii hore waxaa ka mid ahaa Tartanka Wacyigelinta Xuquuqda Ilmaha (1995) iyo "Mag-ROCK Tayo!" (2001-2002), kaas oo carruurta lagu barayay Heshiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Ilmaha, iyadoo lala kaashanayo hay'ado ay ka mid yihiin Golaha Ladnaanta Carruurta (CWC), UNICEF, iyo Waaxda Waxbarashada (DepEd). ​Bishii Nofembar 2009, madxafku wuxuu qabtay "Kanino ba ang CRC?", oo ahaa shir-madaxeed carruureed oo saddex maalmood socday kaas oo lagu xusayay sannad-guuradii 20-aad ee Heshiiska Xuquuqda Ilmaha. ​ ===Barnaamijyada Akhris-qoraalka=== '''Barnaamijka Maktabadda Wareegta''' (Mobile Library Program), oo bilaabmay 1995-tii, waa ololi akhriska oo loogu talagalay carruurta danyarta ah ee Manila. Baabuur maktabad wareegta ah, oo la furay 2001-dii iyadoo deeq laga helay Ford Foundation Philippines, ayaa geeya in ka badan 3,000 oo buugaagta carruurta ah iyo agabka waxbarashada bulshada kala duwan.<ref name="cnnph2018"/> ​Sannadkii 1999-kii, madxafku, isagoo kaashanaya xafiiska duqa magaalada Manila Lito Atienza, wuxuu bilaabay '''Sa Aklat Sisikat!''', oo ah ololi akhris-qoraalka ee magaalada oo dhan loogu talagalay dugsiyada dadweynaha si wax looga qabto hoos u dhaca awoodda akhriska.<ref name="philstar2014" /> ​ == Dhaqanka caanka ah == Muuqaallada hordhaca iyo gabagabada ee qaybo ka mid ah taxanaha waxbarashada ee [[ABS-CBN]], [[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]], waxaa lagu duubay Museo Pambata, gaar ahaan xilligii taxanaha ee lagu takhasusay geesiyaasha casriga ah iyo geesinimada wadajirka ah. ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​===Buug qoraal=== *{{cite book | title=Museums of Southeast Asia| url=https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz| last=Lenzi| first=Iola| date=2004| publisher=Archipelago Press| location=Singapore| isbn=981-4068-96-9| page=[https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz/page/200 200] pages}} ​ ==Xiriirinta dibadda== ​{{Commons category-inline}} ​{{Official website|https://www.museopambata.org/}} 1gjm9faabv1sc8possg8tri15x5x9f9 0 48208 308770 299961 2026-09-20T03:40:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Webiga Kilungutwe|image=|image_caption=Webiga Kilungutwe, Juun 2013|subdivision_type1=Waddan|subdivision_name1=[[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]}} '''Webiga Kilungutwe''' waa [[Durdur|durdur]] ku yaalla [[Degmada Mwenga]] ee [[Kivu-ta Koonfureed|Gobolka Kivu-ta Koonfureed]], oo ku yaalla qaybta bari ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] (DRC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-14 |title=Bukavu : Joseph Kabila clôture sa visite au Sud-Kivu |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/politique/2009/08/14/bukavu-joseph-kabila-cloture-sa-visite-au-sud-kivu |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref> Iyadoo dhererkeedu yahay 882 mitir, wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii mid ka mid ah qaybaha [[Webiga Ulindi]]. Ka dib marka uu ku biiro Webiga Ulindi qiyaastii 30 km dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, Webiga Ulindi wuxuu sii wataa koorsadiisa, ugu dambayntiina wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Kongo]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bulletin des séances, Volume 1, Issues 1-6 |publisher=Académie royale des sciences coloniales |year=1955 |location=Paris, France |pages=667–675 |language=French}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kilungutwe,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo//@-2.8217311,28.5311181,21z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!1m1!1s0x19e9d1a9b11a03e3:0xad97b17e22cbdc93!2m2!1d28.5311644!2d-2.8217604!1m0!3e0?entry=ttu |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Webiga Kilungutwe waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanay iridda laga galo kaynta oo ka timaada dhul-sare ee dhanka waqooyi-bari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAHGTnNu8KIC&dq=Kilungutwe+River&pg=PA257 |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |publisher=PublicAffairs |date=March 27, 2012 |isbn=9781610391597 |location=New York, New York |pages=257 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-23 |title=Des Hydrocarbures et de l'environnement |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/arrete_provincial_delimitation_rni_160629.pdf |access-date=2023-05-08 |page=6 |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Webigu waa deegaan u ah noocyo kala duwan oo noole ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[kalluunka catfish]], [[tilapia]], iyo ''[[Clarias anguillaris]]''. Dhanka hoose ee wabiga, [[Tuulada Kilungutwe]] waxay hodan ku tahay noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha, oo leh dhir aad u badan iyo noocyo kala duwan oo [[dhir]] iyo [[xayawaan]] ah. Webigu sidoo kale waa qayb dhaqaale oo heer gobol ah iyo il biyo oo muhiim ah oo loo isticmaalo waraabka iyo kalluumaysiga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Association française pour l'avancement des sciences |title=Actes du congrès, Volume 72 |publisher=Secrétariat de l'Association |year=1953 |pages=379 |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamada |first=Takako |title=Nyindu Culture and the Plant World : The Dynamic Relationship between the Knowledge on Plant Use and the Change in House Form |publisher=Kyoto University |year=1984 |location=Kyoto, Japan |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KILUNGUTWE Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com |url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-cg-v-07-d-m2843042.htm |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.tageo.com}}</ref> == Taariikh == Webiga Kilungutwe waxaa dhaqan ahaan degganaa dhowr qowmiyadood oo [[Bantu ah]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Lega (qowmiyad)|Lega]], [[Bembe (qowmiyad)|Bembe]], [[Bushi (gobol)|Shi]], [[Fuliiru (qowmiyad)|Fuliiru]], [[Nyindu (qowmiyad)|Nyindu]], iyo [[Vira (qowmiyad)|Vira]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |title=Statuary from the Pre-Bembe Hunters: Issues in the Interpretation of Ancestral Figurines Ascribed to the Basikasingo-Bembe-Boyo |publisher=Royal Museum of Central Afrika |year=1981 |location=Tervuren, Belgium |pages=English, French, and Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780520020856 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=3 |language=English}}</ref> === Xasuuqii Kasika === {{Main article|Xasuuqii Kasika}} Webiga Kilungutwe wuxuu ahaa goob istaraatiiji ah oo ay u soo baxsadeen dadkii ka badbaaday [[Xasuuqii Kasika]] kuwaas oo markii dambe la kulmay oo ay dileen [[Rally for Congolese Democracy]] (''Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie''; RCD), oo ahayd koox hubeysan oo uu taageerayo [[Rwanda]]. Dhibbanayaal badan ayaa la jarjaray ilaa ay ka dhintaan iyadoo la isticmaalayo mindiyo ama waxyaabo kale oo fiiqan, halka qayb yar oo ka mid ahna la toogtay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=IV: Eastern Congo: Findings |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/congo/Congoweb-03.htm |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> Si aan rasmi ahayn, qaar ka mid ah haweenka ayaa la kufsaday ka hor inta aan caloosha laga kala jeexin iyadoo la isticmaalayo mindiyo, iyadoo carruurtoodana lagu dhuftay derbiyada laguna tuuray musqulaha ama hareeraha wabiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=RDC: 22 ans après le massacre, retour à Kasika où la blessure des charniers reste vive |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200904-rdc-22-ans-apr%C3%A8s-le-massacre-retour-%C3%A0-kasika-o%C3%B9-la-blessure-charniers-reste-vive |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=RDC: polémique après un tweet de l'ambassadeur du Rwanda sur le massacre de Kasika |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200827-tweet-ambassadeur-rwanda-colere-activistes-rdc |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Life for women in the country that 'never turned the page of conflict' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/drc-sexual-violence-rape-democratic-republic-congo-war-election-women-a8937586.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ACHPR, Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda {{!}} How does law protect in war? - Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/achpr-democratic-republic-congo-v-burundi-rwanda-and-uganda |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=casebook.icrc.org }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20 Years On from the Kasika Massacre, Women Survivors Share Their Stories {{!}} Women For Women |url=https://womenforwomen.org.uk/blog/20-years-kasika-massacre-women-survivors-share-their-stories |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Women for Women International |language=en}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Nyindu (qowmiyad)]] * [[Lega (qowmiyad)]] * [[Bembe (qowmiyad)]] * [[Kasika (tuulo)|Kasika]] * [[Webiga Ulindi]] * [[Degmada Mwenga]] * [[Webiga Kongo]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} 6rcojnhk9f53dqoa655uslknt0u5105 0 50627 308761 305504 2026-09-20T01:22:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Etgert.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|46|46|N|7|01|19|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Etgert in WIL.svg |state = |district = Bernkastel-Wittlich |Verbandsgemeinde = Thalfang |elevation = 445 |area = 3.75 |postal_code = 54424 |area_code = 06504 |licence = WIL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 032 |mayor = Sabrina Kirch<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Etgert''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadajir ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafiyada == Degmadu waxay ku taal [[Hunsrück]] waxayna ka tirsan tahay [[Thalfang am Erbeskopf|''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Thalfang am Erbeskopf]], oo xarunteedu tahay degmada [[Thalfang]]. == Taariikhda == Laga bilaabo qarnigii 12-aad, Etgert waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah ''Mark Thalfang'', dhul u dhigma qiyaastii ''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee maanta. Natiijada qalalaasaha [[French Revolution|Kacaankii Faransiiska]], Etgert waxay ku hoos jirtay xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]] oo bilaabmay qiyaastii 1800. Sannadkii 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyay Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Tan iyo 1947, waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] ee markaas la aas-aasay. Ilaa dib-u-habaynta maamulka ee Rhineland-Palatinate 1969, degmadu waxay ka tirsanayd degmada Bernkastel, oo xarunteedu ahayd [[Bernkastel-Kues]]. Maanta Etgert waa qayb ka mid ah [[Thalfang am Erbeskopf|''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Thalfang am Erbeskopf]]. == Siyaasadda == === Golaha deegaanka === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, oo lagu doortay [[Plurality voting system|codka badnaanshaha]] doorashadii golaha deegaanka ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310603200.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> === Gacmaha jaakadda === [[Coat of arms|Calaamadda]] degmada waxaa loo tilmaami karaa sida soo socota: Or semée of oakleaves vert a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etgert’s arms |url=http://www.ute24.com/vgthalfang/index.shtml |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2012-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105074518/http://ute24.com/vgthalfang/index.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha == Etgert waa bulsho deggan oo miyi ah. Waxaa jira ganacsiyo yar yar oo u adeega baahiyaha deegaanka. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.vg-thalfang.de ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Thalfang am Erbeskopf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vg-thalfang.de/ |date=20110719112336 }} {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} odynptqitlbe8i05vvpwj0fp4slkcxo 0 52391 308763 308310 2026-09-20T02:18:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Leubsdorf |type = |image_photo = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Leubsdorf.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|32|50|N|7|17|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Leubsdorf in NR.svg |state = |district = Neuwied |Verbandsgemeinde = Linz am Rhein |elevation = 75 |area = 10.22 |postal_code = 53547 |area_code = 02644 |licence = NR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 38 037 |divisions = |website = [https://www.leubsdorf-rhein.de www.leubsdorf-rhein.de] |mayor = Heiko Glätzner<ref>[https://www.rhein-zeitung.de/region/aus-den-lokalredaktionen/kreis-neuwied_artikel,-leubsdorfer-rat-hat-entschieden-heiko-glaetzner-ist-ortsbuergermeister-_arid,2575980.html Leubsdorfer Rat hat entschieden: Heiko Glätzner ist Ortsbürgermeister], Rhein-Zeitung (Newspaper), accessed March 31, 2024 (in German).</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;24 |Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsbürgermeister |party = CDU }} '''Leubsdorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈlɔʏpsdɔʁf}}) waa degmo ka tirsan [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]], oo ku taal degmada [[Neuwied (district)|Neuwied]]. ==Juqraafiga== Tuulada Leubsdorf waxay ka kooban tahay afar qaybood oo kala ah Leubsdorf, Hesseln, Rothe Kreuz iyo Krumscheid. ==Taariikhda== Dukumentiyadii ugu horreeyay ee la ogyahay ee ku saabsan Leubsdorf waxay dib ugu noqonayaan 1250. Dukumentiyadii hore ee sannadkii 640 ayaa jira iyadoo lagu magacaabo "Lupstorf". Kaniisaddii ugu horreysay ee Leubsdorf waxaa la dhisay qarnigii 13-aad. ==Goobaha Dalxiiska== [[File:Burg Leubsdorf 002.jpg|thumb|left|Qalcadda Leubsdorf]] Marka laga reebo qalcadda cajiibka ah, guryo badan oo alwaax ah iyo iskutallaabyo duug ah ayaa ka sheekeynaya taariikhda. Dhismaha qalcadda waxaa la xusayaa qarnigii 13-aad. Dabaaldegta ugu muhiimsan ee Leubsdorf waa Walpurgis-Kirmes, oo ay soo qabanqaabiso ''Katholischer Junggesellenverein'' (Ururka Dhalinyarada Katooliga). ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.leubsdorf-rhein.de/ Bogga shabakadda ee Ortsgemeinde Leubsdorf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.leubsdorf-rhein.de/ |date=20220121013834 }} * [http://www.jgv-leubsdorf.de Macluumaadka ku saabsan Kirmes iyo Junggesellenverein Leubsdorf e.V.] {{Authority control}} e5qmbgwoug8b1l29jkrba24y8bey4go 0 52436 308764 308388 2026-09-20T02:26:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Lübberstedt COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|19|N|08|48|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Lübberstedt in OHZ.svg |state = |district = Osterholz |Samtgemeinde = Hambergen |elevation = 14 |area = 12.37 |postal_code = 27729 |area_code = 04793 |licence = OHZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 56 006 |mayor = Dieter Langmaack |party = CDU }} '''Lübberstedt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈlʏbɐʃtɛt}}; {{langx|nds|Lübbs}}) waa degmo iyo tuulo ku taal degmada [[Osterholz]] ee gobolka [[Germany|Jarmalka]] ee [[Lower Saxony]]. Waxay ku taal waqooyiga [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]]. Si wjir ah tuulooyinka [[Hambergen]], [[Axstedt]], [[Holste]] iyo [[Vollersode]], waxay samaynayaan ''[[Samtgemeinde]]'' ee Hambergen. == Taariikhda == Sanadkii ugu dambeeyay ee dagaalka (1944) xero hoose oo [[Neuengamme concentration camp|Neuengamme]] ah ayaa laga dhisay tuulada u dhow<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html |title=Anlage zu § 1: Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG |language=German |quote=883 Lübberstedt, Kreis Wesermünde |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-date=2006-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716014031/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html }}</ref> haweenka [[Jew|Yuhuuda]] ah ee ka yimid [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]]. Ilaaliyaal dumar ah oo dhowr ah ([[Aufseherin]]nen) ayaa ka shaqaynayay xeryaha waxayna dhibaateeyeen maxaabiista oo gaajaysnaa, la shaqeeyay oo la dhibaateeyay. == Gaadiidka == Lübberstedt waxay leedahay [[Lübberstedt railway station|saldhig tareen]] oo ku yaal khadka [[Bremerhaven]] ilaa [[Bremen]] kaas oo furmay 1862. Waddada ugu weyn waa [[Bundesstraße 74|B&nbsp;74]] oo ku xiraysa Bremen iyo [[Stade]]. == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lubberstedt}} 28vuusekw8nxclr27p4r0xd7xxozc1w 0 52617 308765 308603 2026-09-20T02:27:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen_Luetzelbach.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|47|18|N|9|4|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Lützelbach in ERB.svg |state = |region = Darmstadt |district = Odenwaldkreis |elevation = 278 |area = 35.46 |postal_code = 64750 |area_code = 06165, 09372, 06066 |licence = ERB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 06 4 37 010 |website = [http://www.luetzelbach.de www.luetzelbach.de] |mayor = Tassilo Schindler<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-04/BVII_m04-2023_Direktwahlen_Tabelle_1a.xlsx|title=Ergebnisse der jeweils letzten Direktwahl von Landrätinnen und Landräte sowie (Ober-)Bürgermeisterinnen und (Ober-)Bürgermeister in Hessen, Stand 13.04.2023|language=de|publisher=[[Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt]]|format=XLS|access-date=2026-09-19|archive-date=2023-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162647/https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-04/BVII_m04-2023_Direktwahlen_Tabelle_1a.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;29 |party = }} '''Lützelbach''' ({{IPA|de|lʏtsəlˌbax}}ˈ) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal [[Odenwaldkreis]] (degmada) ee [[Hesse]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta=== Degmada waxay ku taal waqooyiga [[Odenwald]] ee xadka Hesse iyo [[Bavaria]] oo leh jawi keymo qani ah. ===Bulshada la deriska ah=== Lützelbach waxay xuduud la leedahay waqooyiga magaalada [[Breuberg]] iyo magaalada [[Obernburg am Main|Obernburg]], dhinaca bari waxay ka xigtaa magaalooyinka [[Wörth am Main]] iyo [[Klingenberg am Main|Klingenberg]] (dhammaantood waxay ku jiraan [[Miltenberg (district)|degmada Miltenberg]] ee Bavaria), dhinaca koonfureed waxay ka xigtaa magaalooyinka [[Michelstadt]] iyo [[Bad König]] waxaana dhinaca galbeed uga beegan bulshada [[Höchst im Odenwald|Höchst]]. ===Bulshada qaybta ka ah=== Lützelbach's ''[[Ortsteil]]e'' waxay kala yihiin Lützel-Wiebelsbach (xarunta maamulka degmada), Seckmauern, Haingrund, Breitenbrunn iyo Rimhorn. Breitenbrunn, oo maanta leh 830 deganayaal, waxaa la xusay dokumenti markii ugu horreysay 1273, laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay soo baxday qarnigii 11aad. ==Siyaasadda== Doorashadii golaha degmada ee la qabtay 2001, 2006, 2011 iyo 2016 waxay soo saartay natiijada soo socota: {| class="wikitable" |--- class="hintergrundfarbe5" |colspan="2" | '''Xisbiyada iyo bulshooyinka codbixiyayaasha''' |align="center" | '''%<br />2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Kommunalwahlen 2016 in Hessen |url=https://www.statistik-hessen.de/k2016/html/EG437010.htm |website=[[Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt]] |access-date=3 Maarso 2021 |language=de}}</ref>''' |align="center" | '''Kuraasta<br />2016''' |align="center" | '''%<br />2011''' |align="center" | '''Kuraasta<br />2011''' |align="center" | '''%<br />2006''' |align="center" | '''Kuraasta<br />2006''' |align="center" | '''%<br />2001''' |align="center" | '''Kuraasta<br />2001''' |---- |CDU |[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]] |align="right" |23.4 |align="right" |7 |align="right" |23.5 |align="right" |7 |align="right" |24.1 |align="right" |7 |align="right" |25.9 |align="right" |8 |---- |SPD |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] |align="right" |38.6 |align="right" |12 |align="right" |40.3 |align="right" |13 |align="right" |40.8 |align="right" |13 |align="right" |30.7 |align="right" |10 |---- | ÜWG | Überparteiliche Wählergemeinschaft Lützelbach |align="right" |37.9 |align="right" |12 |align="right" |36.2 |align="right" |11 |align="right" |35.1 |align="right" |11 |align="right" |38.8 |align="right" |12 |---- | BfL | Bürger für Lützelbach |align="right" |– |align="right" |– |align="right" |– |align="right" |– |align="right" |– |align="right" |– |align="right" |4.6 |align="right" |1 |---- class="hintergrundfarbe5" |colspan="2" |'''Wadarta''' |align="right" |'''100.0''' |align="right" |'''31''' |align="right" |'''100.0''' |align="right" |'''31''' |align="right" |'''100.0''' |align="right" |'''31''' |align="right" |'''100.0''' |align="right" |'''31''' |---- class="hintergrundfarbe5" |colspan="2" |'''Tirada dadka codbixiyay %''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''46.7''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''51.7''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''47.8''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''57.6''' |} ===Duqa magaalada=== *2005–2023: Uwe Olt (SPD) *2023– : Tassilo Schindler ===Muwaadiniinta sharafta leh=== La-taliyaha Ruuxiga ah Joseph Klein, laga bilaabo 16 Nofeembar 1987 (dhashay 1913 gudaha [[Offenbach-Bieber|Bieber (hadda Offenbach)]], dhintay 2005) ==Dhaqanka iyo indha-indhaynta== Waxa mudan in la arko waa koorsada [[Neckar-Odenwald Limes]] oo ay la socdaan aasaaska munaaradda waardiyaha iyo haraaga [[Castra|castrum]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.luetzelbach.de Bogga rasmiga ah ee Lützelbach oo wata khariidad] {{in lang|de}} {{Towns and municipalities in Odenwaldkreis district}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lutzelbach}} aktoaaew25r9ozw3qs5m6wyjmely6ur 0 52625 308766 308611 2026-09-20T02:32:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Malterdingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|09|41|N|07|47|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Malterdingen in EM.svg |state = |region = Freiburg |district = Emmendingen |elevation = 192 |area = 11.14 |postal_code = 79364 |area_code = 07644 |licence = EM |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 3 16 024 |website = [https://www.malterdingen.de/ www.malterdingen.de] |mayor = Hartwig Bußhardt<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 11 Sebtembar 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2018&ndash;26 }} '''Malterdingen''' waa [[town|magaalada]] ku taal degmada [[Emmendingen (district)|Emmendingen]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Dadweynaha == '''Horumarinta dadweynaha:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemeinde Malterdingen {{!}} Daten & Fakten |url=https://www.malterdingen.de/de/unsere-gemeinde/wissenswertes/daten-fakten |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=www.malterdingen.de |archive-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622225006/https://www.malterdingen.de/de/unsere-gemeinde/wissenswertes/daten-fakten |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable zebra hintergrundfarbe5" !Sannadka !Dadweynaha |- align="right" |1950 |1.840 |- align="right" |1961 |2.006 |- align="right" |1970 |2.195 |- align="right" |1980 |2.191 |- align="right" |1990 |2.369 |- align="right" |2000 |2.738 |- align="right" |2010 |3.017 |- align="right" |2018 |3.250 |} |} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} rsesf7zc1lsjkbv5eslppfalqfew4tt 0 52629 308767 308615 2026-09-20T02:35:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Markt Indersdorf COA.svg |image_photo = Markt Indersdorf - Kloster - Panorama.jpg |image_caption = Indersdorf Abbey |coordinates = {{coord|48|22|N|11|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Markt Indersdorf in DAH.svg |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Dachau |elevation = 471 |area = 68.60 |postal_code = 85229 |area_code = 08136 |licence = DAH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 74 131 |website = [https://www.markt-indersdorf.de/ www.markt-indersdorf.de] |mayor = Franz Obesser<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], accessed 19 Luulyo 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Markt Indersdorf''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Dachau (district)|Dachau]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafiga== Markt Indersdorf waxay ku taal wabiga [[Glonn (Amper)|Glonn]]. Webiga Glonn wuxuu kala qaybiyaa labada magaaladood ee ugu waaweyn Markt Indersdorf iyo Kloster (keniisad) Indersdorf. Markt Indersdorf waa magaalada ugu weyn ee ku taal dhulka hoose ee Dachau iyada oo leh goob dhex-dhexaad ah oo ku dhex taal degmada Dachau. Tuulooyinka u dhow waa Langenpettenbach, Engelbrechtsmühle, Glonn, Karphofen, Strassbach, iyo Untermoosmühle. Tuulooyinka kale ee sii fog waa [[Ainhofen]], [[Eichstock]], Langenpettenbach iyo Hirtlbach. ==Taariikhda== Aagga ku xeeran Indersdorf waxaa soo degdegay dad bilyan oo sano ka hor. Haraadiga qaab-dhismeedka Celtic/[[Vindelici]] ee u dhow Arnzell (inta u dhaxeysa Indersdorf iyo Altomünster) ayaa la helay.<ref>Die Viereckschanze Arnzell (German). http://www.kraftvolle-orte.de/2010/10/viereckschanze-arnzell/</ref> [[Roman road|Waddo Roman]] ah oo ka timid Salzburg ilaa Augsburg ayaa soo martay keymka koonfur-bari ee Indersdorf. Wadada ayaa markii dambe loo isticmaali jiray ganacsiga dibi/lo'da ee Qarniyadii Dhexe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschichtliche Daten {{!}} Markt Markt Indersdorf |url=https://www.markt-indersdorf.de/die-gemeinde/geschichte/geschichtliche-daten/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.markt-indersdorf.de}}</ref><ref>Christina Dalhede: Zum Europäischen Ochsenhandel: Das Beispiel Augsburg 1560 und 1578. Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, St. Katharinen 1992, ISBN 3-928134-69-8</ref> Magaca "Indersdorf" wuxuu tixraaci karaa magaca Baaria ee "Undeo" ama "Undio", oo ka shaqaynayay wadaad ahaan Indersdorf qarnigii 9aad. Indersdorf waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dokumenti sannadkii 972 Milodadiyada. [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[monastery|keniisad]] iyo kaniisad, oo lagu sharfayo [[Assumption of Mary|Munaasabadda Maryama]] (Klosterkirche Maria Himmelfahrt) waxaa la aas aasay 1120 amar ka yimid [[Otto IV, Count of Scheyern|Count Otto IV. von Wittelsbach]], oo ahayd kaffarid dembiyadiisii ahayd afduubka [[Pope Paschal II]] intii lagu jiray ololaha milatari ee Talyaaniga oo uu la lahaa [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Boqor Henry V]] 1120 Milodadiyada. Kaniisadda iyo keniisaddu waxay noqdeen xarun dhaqaale iyo mid ruuxi ah oo ka tirsan aagga. Sannadkii 1223 suufiyadu waxay aasaaseen dugsi keniisad ah. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Thirty Years' War|Dagaalkii Soddonka Sanno]] magaalada waxaa boobay Swedan-ka 1632 iyo 1634. Sannadkii 1635 cudurka daacuunka ayaa dillaacay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschichte des Klosters {{!}} |url=https://www.900-jahre-kloster-indersdorf.de/jubilaeum-900-jahre/geschichte-des-klosters/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.900-jahre-kloster-indersdorf.de |archive-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222162602/https://www.900-jahre-kloster-indersdorf.de/jubilaeum-900-jahre/geschichte-des-klosters/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 1704, intii lagu jiray [[War of the Spanish Succession|Dagaalkii Dhaxalka Spain]], ciidan ka tirsan Ingiriiska iyo Austria ayaa ka gudbay wabiga Danube waxayna bilaabeen inay dhacaan qaybo ka mid ah Baaria. Suufiyada keniisadda ee Indersdorf waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay u cararaan Munich. Sida uu qabo hal diiwaan kaniisad: "sababtoo ah ka dib [[Battle of Blenheim|Dagaalkii Höchstädt]] ciidamadii cadowga waxay si buuxda ugu soo galeen Baaria iyagoo sii maraya Augsburg waxayna wax walba ku boobeen Indersdorf 19kii Ogoosto".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirchen und Kapellen im Landkreis Dachau |url=http://kirchenundkapellen.de/marktindersdorf-portal-1024.htm |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=kirchenundkapellen.de}}</ref> Farmashiyaha keniisadda waxaa la dhisay 1790, waxaana ku xigtay warshad khamri oo keniisad ah 1803, taas oo hadda loo beddelay 'Wirsthaus' iyo 'Biergarten' ilaa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stocker |first=Robert |date=2016-11-04 |title=In die Klosterbrauerei Indersdorf kehrt neues Leben ein |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/dachau/markt-indersdorf-sensible-sanierung-1.3233335 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref> [[File:Wening M080 Indersdorf, Kloster.jpg|thumb|Monastery in Indersdorf around 1700]] Sannadkii 1856 Gabdhaha Naxariista ee [[Vincent de Paul|St. Vincent de Paul]] waxay dejiyeen xarun agoomo ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1990-meeyadii, kii ugu dambeeyay ee suufiyada ayaa guuray oo keniisaddu mar dambe ma shaqaynayso. Si kastaba ha ahaatee [[Archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] ayaa weli leh kaniisadda iyo hantida. Isbitaal ayaa laga dhisay Indersdorf 1869, kaas oo weli jira ilaa maanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen |url=https://www.helios-gesundheit.de/standorte-angebote/kliniken/indersdorf/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.helios-gesundheit.de |language=de}}</ref> Sannadkii 1882, oo uu ku dhawaaqay [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Boqor Ludwig II]], magaca bulshada waxaa si rasmi ah looga beddelay Indersdorf oo loogu magac daray Markt Indersdorf.<ref>Wilhelm Volkert (Hrsg.): Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799–1980. C. H. Beck, München 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7, S. 443.</ref> Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in magaaladu ay hadda leedahay [[Market town#German-language area|xuquuq ay ku qabato suuqyo waaweyn oo dadweyne]] (Jarmal: ''Marktrecht''). Sannadkii 1912/1913 wadadii tareenada ee ugu horreysay ee u dhaxeysa [[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]] iyo [[Altomünster]] waxay martay Markt Indersdorf.<ref>Armin Franzke, Hartmut Klust, Ursula Nauderer: ’s Bockerl. 80 Jahre Lokalbahn Dachau-Altomünster. Hrsg.: Zweckverband Dachauer Galerien und Museen. Bezirksmuseum, Dachau 1993, S. 24, 26–31, 34, 41–44.</ref> Sannadkii 1938, guri carruureed ayaa lagu dhisay keniisadda. Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, "barxadda carruurta" waxaa la dhisay 1944 dhallaanka shaqaalaha qasabka ah ee ajnabiga ah ee ka yimid Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Poland, kuwaas oo inta badan ka dhashay xadgudub. 32 carruur ah oo halkaas degganaa ayaa ka dhintay daryeel xumo iyo nafaqo-xumo.<ref>Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0, S. 163</ref> Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib, [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]] waxay ka samaysay xarun soo dhaweyn ah carruurtii lagu silciyay Naasigii keniisaddii hore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emonts |first=Benjamin |date=2015-12-10 |title=Die geretteten Kinder von Indersdorf |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/dachau/markt-indersdorf-die-geretteten-kinder-von-indersdorf-1.2775402 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}} </ref> Ka dib dib-u-habeyntii gobolka Baaria ee 1972, dhowr bulsho oo u dhow ayaa lagu daray Markt Indersdorf. Horraantii qarnigii 21aad, Markt Indersdorf wuxuu kor u kacay oo wuxuu noqday xarunta dhexe ee degmada Dachau. Waxaa jiray horumarino kala duwan oo dhanka kaabayaasha ah sida waddooyinka taraafikada oo la hagaajiyay, qaab-dhismeedka dugsiga, daryeelka caafimaadiga, iyo dhaqaalaha iyo ganacsiga. Korontaynta khadka tareenka rakaabka ee S-Bahn (S2) ee ku saabsan [[Dachau–Altomünster railway|wadada Altomünster-Dachau]] waxaa la dhammeeyay 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-04-02 |title=Ein Kraftakt |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/dachau/linie-a-ein-kraftakt-1.1927491 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}} </ref> Sannadkii 2020 Markt Indersdorf waxay u dabaaldegatay sannad-guuradii 900aad ee aasaaska keniisadda iyo kaniisadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee inta badan dabaaldegyada waa la joojiyay sababtoo ah [[COVID-19 pandemic in Germany|cudurka faafa ee COVID-19 ee Jarmalka]]. ==Siyaasadda== Duqa magaalada ee hadda (Bürgermeister) ee Markt Indersdorf waa Franz Obesser (CSU) ilaa 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grusswort des 1. Bürgermeisters {{!}} Markt Markt Indersdorf |url=https://www.markt-indersdorf.de/die-gemeinde/grusswort-des-1-buergermeisters/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.markt-indersdorf.de}} </ref> Tirada dadka Markt Indersdorf, laga bilaabo 2019, waa 10,921 qof.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zahlen und Fakten {{!}} Markt Markt Indersdorf |url=https://www.markt-indersdorf.de/aktuelles/zahlen-und-fakten/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.markt-indersdorf.de}}</ref> [[File:Markt Indersdorf - Kloster v W.jpg|thumb|Markt Indersdorf (2018)]] ==Dhaqanka iyo Ciyaaraha== Markt Indersdorf waxay bixisaa socod badan iyo waddooyinka baaskiilka, kuwaas oo dhex mara Dooxada Glonn iyo muuqaallada buuraleyda ah ee kala duwan. Munaaraddii asalka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ('Schneiderturm', oo u dhow kaniisadda keniisadda) waxaa loo beddelay Matxaf (Augustiner-Chorherren-Museum) ilaa 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museum |url=https://augustiner-chorherren-museum.de/de/home |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Augustiner Chorherren Museum - Indersdorf |language=de}}</ref> Indersdorfer Volksfest waxay dhacdaa xagaaga kasta. Waxaa jira Adventsmarkt sannadle ah oo ku yaal fagaaraha kaniisadda keniisadda ka hor ciidda Masiixiga. Waxa kale oo jira [[Carnaval|Banaanbax Carnaval]] oo sannadle ah (Fasching) oo dhex mara Indersdorf Axadda ka hor Arbacooyinka dambaska. Kooxda ciyaaraha ee magaalada waa TSV Indersdorf 1907 e.V.<ref>TSV Indersdorf 1907 e.V. https://www.tsv-indersdorf.de/39-fussball/fussball.html</ref> Markt Indersdorf u dhow waa koorsada golf-ka ee 18-dalool ee 'Gut Häusern'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Englisch {{!}} Münchner Golf Eschenried - Golf München |url=https://www.muenchner-golf-eschenried.de/englisch/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=de-DE}} </ref> ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.markt-indersdorf.de/ Website von Markt Indersdorf] (Jarmal) * Hans Schertl: [http://kirchenundkapellen.de/marktindersdorf-portal-1024.htm Churches and Chapels in and around Markt Indersdorf] (Jarmal) ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} dc1e0et6xuhwie5rmca9m4rp9mkj2zk 0 52640 308768 308627 2026-09-20T02:37:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 308768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Marmstorf |name_local = |image_photo = Marmstoerp - Doerpssicht mit Fachwarkhuus.jpg |image_caption = |type = Quarter |City = Hamburg |state = |borough = [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]] |coordinates = {{Coord|53|26|09|N|9|58|07|E|display=it|region:DE_type:city}} |area = |pop_ref = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02|datref=QUELLE}}</ref> |population = {{Metadata Population DE-HH|Marmstorf}} |population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02|datref=STAND}} |postal_code = |area_code = |year = |plantext = Goobta Marmstorf ay ku taal Hamburg |image_plan = Marmstorf in HH.svg }} '''Marmstorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈmaʁmsˌtɔʁf|-|De-Marmstorf.ogg}}) waa xaafad ka tirsan [[Hamburg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]] oo ku taal degmada [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dasoertliche.de/Themen/Vorwahlen/Hamburg.html|title=Das Ortliche|website=Das Ortliche|access-date=29 Janaayo 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktantrag.com/de/immobilien/grundbuchauszug/ort/Hamburg/|title=Katasteramt/Vermessungsamt Hamburg (Kataster)|website=Katasteramt|access-date=30 Sebtembar 2021|archive-date=2025-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224185817/https://direktantrag.com/de/immobilien/grundbuchauszug/ort/Hamburg|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} cfr7uh3dcuewz9xi9rtev1170pbd9g1 10 52657 308644 2026-09-19T15:32:30Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = Decathlon CMA CGM Team | team name = Decathlon CMA CGM Team | team name-1992 = Chazal–Vanille et Mûre | team name-1993 = Chazal–Vetta–MBK | team name-1994 = Chazal–MBK | team name-1995 = Chazal–König | team name-1996 = Petit Casino | team name-1997 = Casino | team name-1998 = Casino–Ag2r | team name-1999 = Casino–Ag2r Prévoyance | team name-2000 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2001 = AG2R Pr... 308644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = Decathlon CMA CGM Team | team name = Decathlon CMA CGM Team | team name-1992 = Chazal–Vanille et Mûre | team name-1993 = Chazal–Vetta–MBK | team name-1994 = Chazal–MBK | team name-1995 = Chazal–König | team name-1996 = Petit Casino | team name-1997 = Casino | team name-1998 = Casino–Ag2r | team name-1999 = Casino–Ag2r Prévoyance | team name-2000 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2001 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2002 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2003 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2004 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2005 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2006 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2007 = AG2R Prévoyance | team name-2008 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2009 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2010 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2011 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2012 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2013 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2014 = Ag2r–La Mondiale | team name-2015 = AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2016 = AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2017 = AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2018 = AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2019 = AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2020 = AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2021 = AG2R Citroën Team | team name-2022 = AG2R Citroën Team | team name-2023 = AG2R Citroën Team | team name-2024 = Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2025 = Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale | team name-2026 = Decathlon CMA CGM | year = {{{year|}}} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Cycling team data|DAT]] </noinclude> ltr5qrn9wk9rxb4nqxfboneop7wfea7 10 52658 308645 2026-09-19T15:34:23Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>__NOEDITSECTION__ {{documentation|content=<kbd>Template:{{PAGENAME}}</kbd> is an internal data container not intended to be transcluded directly. It is used indirectly by the {{tl|UCI team code}} template. {{ombox|text=This template is within the scope of '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Cycling|WikiProject Cycling]]''', a collaborative effort to improve and maintain articles relating to cycling.}} ==Xuduudaha caadiga ah== {{{!}} class="wikitable" {{!}}- ! Parameter name... 308645 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>__NOEDITSECTION__ {{documentation|content=<kbd>Template:{{PAGENAME}}</kbd> is an internal data container not intended to be transcluded directly. It is used indirectly by the {{tl|UCI team code}} template. {{ombox|text=This template is within the scope of '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Cycling|WikiProject Cycling]]''', a collaborative effort to improve and maintain articles relating to cycling.}} ==Xuduudaha caadiga ah== {{{!}} class="wikitable" {{!}}- ! Parameter name !! Value {{!}}- {{!}} team link {{!}}{{!}} {{{team link}}} {{!}}{{!}} Main article name ([[{{{team link}}}]]) {{!}}- {{!}} team name {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name}}} {{!}}{{!}} {{!}}} ==Noocyada magacyada== {{{!}} class="wikitable" {{!}}- ! Year !! Label {{!}}- {{#if: {{{team name-1899|}}}| {{!}} 1899 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1899}}} {{!}}- }} {{!}}- {{#if: {{{team name-1900|}}}| {{!}} 1900 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1900}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1901|}}}| {{!}} 1901 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1901}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1902|}}}| {{!}} 1902 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1902}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1903|}}}| {{!}} 1903 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1903}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1904|}}}| {{!}} 1904 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1904}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1905|}}}| {{!}} 1905 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1905}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1906|}}}| {{!}} 1906 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1906}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1907|}}}| {{!}} 1907 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1907}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1908|}}}| {{!}} 1908 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1908}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1909|}}}| {{!}} 1909 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1909}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1910|}}}| {{!}} 1910 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1910}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1911|}}}| {{!}} 1911 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1911}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1912|}}}| {{!}} 1912 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1912}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1913|}}}| {{!}} 1913 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1913}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1914|}}}| {{!}} 1914 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1914}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1915|}}}| {{!}} 1915 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1915}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1916|}}}| {{!}} 1916 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1916}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1917|}}}| {{!}} 1917 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1917}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1918|}}}| {{!}} 1918 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1918}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1919|}}}| {{!}} 1919 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1919}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1920|}}}| {{!}} 1920 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1920}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1921|}}}| {{!}} 1921 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1921}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1922|}}}| {{!}} 1922 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1922}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1923|}}}| {{!}} 1923 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1923}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1924|}}}| {{!}} 1924 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1924}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1925|}}}| {{!}} 1925 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1925}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1926|}}}| {{!}} 1926 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1926}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1927|}}}| {{!}} 1927 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1927}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1928|}}}| {{!}} 1928 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1928}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1929|}}}| {{!}} 1929 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1929}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1930|}}}| {{!}} 1930 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1930}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1931|}}}| {{!}} 1931 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1931}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1932|}}}| {{!}} 1932 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1932}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1933|}}}| {{!}} 1933 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1933}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1934|}}}| {{!}} 1934 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1934}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1935|}}}| {{!}} 1935 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1935}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1936|}}}| {{!}} 1936 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1936}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1937|}}}| {{!}} 1937 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1937}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1938|}}}| {{!}} 1938 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1938}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1939|}}}| {{!}} 1939 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1939}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1940|}}}| {{!}} 1940 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1940}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1941|}}}| {{!}} 1941 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1941}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1942|}}}| {{!}} 1942 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1942}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1943|}}}| {{!}} 1943 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1943}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1944|}}}| {{!}} 1944 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1944}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1945|}}}| {{!}} 1945 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1945}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1946|}}}| {{!}} 1946 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1946}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1947|}}}| {{!}} 1947 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1947}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1948|}}}| {{!}} 1948 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1948}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1949|}}}| {{!}} 1949 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1949}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1950|}}}| {{!}} 1950 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1950}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1951|}}}| {{!}} 1951 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1951}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1952|}}}| {{!}} 1952 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1952}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1953|}}}| {{!}} 1953 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1953}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1954|}}}| {{!}} 1954 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1954}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1955|}}}| {{!}} 1955 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1955}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1956|}}}| {{!}} 1956 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1956}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1957|}}}| {{!}} 1957 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1957}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1958|}}}| {{!}} 1958 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1958}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1959|}}}| {{!}} 1959 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1959}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1960|}}}| {{!}} 1960 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1960}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1960a|}}}| {{!}} 1960a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1960a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1960b|}}}| {{!}} 1960b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1960b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1961|}}}| {{!}} 1961 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1961}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1962|}}}| {{!}} 1962 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1962}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1963|}}}| {{!}} 1963 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1963}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1964|}}}| {{!}} 1964 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1964}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1965|}}}| {{!}} 1965 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1965}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1966|}}}| {{!}} 1966 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1966}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1967|}}}| {{!}} 1967 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1967}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1968|}}}| {{!}} 1968 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1968}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1969|}}}| {{!}} 1969 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1969}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1969a|}}}| {{!}} 1969a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1969a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1969b|}}}| {{!}} 1969b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1969b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1970|}}}| {{!}} 1970 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1970}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1970a|}}}| {{!}} 1970a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1970a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1970b|}}}| {{!}} 1970b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1970b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1971|}}}| {{!}} 1971 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1971}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1971a|}}}| {{!}} 1971a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1971a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1971b|}}}| {{!}} 1971b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1971b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1972|}}}| {{!}} 1972 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1972}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1972a|}}}| {{!}} 1972a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1972a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1972b|}}}| {{!}} 1972b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1972b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1973|}}}| {{!}} 1973 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1973}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1973a|}}}| {{!}} 1973a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1973a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1973b|}}}| {{!}} 1973b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1973b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1974|}}}| {{!}} 1974 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1974}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1974a|}}}| {{!}} 1974a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1974a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1974b|}}}| {{!}} 1974b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1974b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1975|}}}| {{!}} 1975 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1975}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1975a|}}}| {{!}} 1975a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1975a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1975b|}}}| {{!}} 1975b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1975b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1976|}}}| {{!}} 1976 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1976}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1976a|}}}| {{!}} 1976a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1976a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1976b|}}}| {{!}} 1976b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1976b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1977|}}}| {{!}} 1977 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1977}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1977a|}}}| {{!}} 1977a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1977a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1977b|}}}| {{!}} 1977b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1977b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1978|}}}| {{!}} 1978 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1978}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1978a|}}}| {{!}} 1978a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1978a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1978b|}}}| {{!}} 1978b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1978b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1979|}}}| {{!}} 1979 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1979}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1979a|}}}| {{!}} 1979a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1979a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1979b|}}}| {{!}} 1979b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1979b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1980|}}}| {{!}} 1980 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1980}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1980a|}}}| {{!}} 1980a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1980a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1980b|}}}| {{!}} 1980b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1980b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1981|}}}| {{!}} 1981 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1981}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1981a|}}}| {{!}} 1981a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1981a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1981b|}}}| {{!}} 1981b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1981b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1982|}}}| {{!}} 1982 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1982}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1982a|}}}| {{!}} 1982a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1982a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1982b|}}}| {{!}} 1982b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1982b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1983|}}}| {{!}} 1983 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1983}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1983a|}}}| {{!}} 1983a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1983a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1983b|}}}| {{!}} 1983b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1983b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1984|}}}| {{!}} 1984 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1984}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1984a|}}}| {{!}} 1984a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1984a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1984b|}}}| {{!}} 1984b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1984b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1985|}}}| {{!}} 1985 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1985}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1985a|}}}| {{!}} 1985a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1985a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1985b|}}}| {{!}} 1985b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1985b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1986|}}}| {{!}} 1986 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1986}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1986a|}}}| {{!}} 1986a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1986a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1986b|}}}| {{!}} 1986b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1986b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1987|}}}| {{!}} 1987 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1987}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1987a|}}}| {{!}} 1987a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1987a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1987b|}}}| {{!}} 1987b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1987b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1988|}}}| {{!}} 1988 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1988}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1988a|}}}| {{!}} 1988a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1988a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1988b|}}}| {{!}} 1988b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1988b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1989|}}}| {{!}} 1989 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1989}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1989a|}}}| {{!}} 1989a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1989a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1989b|}}}| {{!}} 1989b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1989b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1990|}}}| {{!}} 1990 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1990}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1990a|}}}| {{!}} 1990a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1990a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1990b|}}}| {{!}} 1990b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1990b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1991|}}}| {{!}} 1991 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1991}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1991a|}}}| {{!}} 1991a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1991a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1991b|}}}| {{!}} 1991b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1991b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1992|}}}| {{!}} 1992 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1992}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1992a|}}}| {{!}} 1992a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1992a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1992b|}}}| {{!}} 1992b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1992b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1993|}}}| {{!}} 1993 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1993}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1993a|}}}| {{!}} 1993a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1993a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1993b|}}}| {{!}} 1993b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1993b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1994|}}}| {{!}} 1994 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1994}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1994a|}}}| {{!}} 1994a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1994a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1994b|}}}| {{!}} 1994b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1994b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1995|}}}| {{!}} 1995 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1995}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1995a|}}}| {{!}} 1995a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1995a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1995b|}}}| {{!}} 1995b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1995b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1996|}}}| {{!}} 1996 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1996}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1996a|}}}| {{!}} 1996a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1996a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1996b|}}}| {{!}} 1996b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1996b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1997|}}}| {{!}} 1997 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1997}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1997a|}}}| {{!}} 1997a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1997a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1997b|}}}| {{!}} 1997b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1997b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1998|}}}| {{!}} 1998 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1998}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1998a|}}}| {{!}} 1998a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1998a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1998b|}}}| {{!}} 1998b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1998b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1999|}}}| {{!}} 1999 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1999}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1999a|}}}| {{!}} 1999a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1999a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1999b|}}}| {{!}} 1999b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1999b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2000|}}}| {{!}} 2000 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2000}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2000a|}}}| {{!}} 2000a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2000a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2000b|}}}| {{!}} 2000b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2000b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2001|}}}| {{!}} 2001 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2001}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2001a|}}}| {{!}} 2001a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2001a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2001b|}}}| {{!}} 2001b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2001b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2002|}}}| {{!}} 2002 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2002}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2002a|}}}| {{!}} 2002a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2002a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2002b|}}}| {{!}} 2002b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2002b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2003|}}}| {{!}} 2003 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2003}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2003a|}}}| {{!}} 2003a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2003a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2003b|}}}| {{!}} 2003b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2003b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2004|}}}| {{!}} 2004 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2004}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2004a|}}}| {{!}} 2004a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2004a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2004b|}}}| {{!}} 2004b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2004b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2005|}}}| {{!}} 2005 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2005}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2005a|}}}| {{!}} 2005a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2005a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2005b|}}}| {{!}} 2005b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2005b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006|}}}| {{!}} 2006 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006a|}}}| {{!}} 2006a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006b|}}}| {{!}} 2006b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006c|}}}| {{!}} 2006c {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006c}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006d|}}}| {{!}} 2006d {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006d}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2007|}}}| {{!}} 2007 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2007}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2007a|}}}| {{!}} 2007a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2007a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2007b|}}}| {{!}} 2007b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2007b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2008|}}}| {{!}} 2008 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2008}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2008a|}}}| {{!}} 2008a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2008a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2008b|}}}| {{!}} 2008b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2008b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2009|}}}| {{!}} 2009 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2009}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2009a|}}}| {{!}} 2009a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2009a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2009b|}}}| {{!}} 2009b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2009b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2010|}}}| {{!}} 2010 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2010}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2010a|}}}| {{!}} 2010a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2010a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2010b|}}}| {{!}} 2010b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2010b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2011|}}}| {{!}} 2011 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2011}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2011a|}}}| {{!}} 2011a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2011a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2011b|}}}| {{!}} 2011b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2011b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2012|}}}| {{!}} 2012 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2012}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2012a|}}}| {{!}} 2012a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2012a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2012b|}}}| {{!}} 2012b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2012b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2013|}}}| {{!}} 2013 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2013}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2013a|}}}| {{!}} 2013a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2013a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2013b|}}}| {{!}} 2013b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2013b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2014|}}}| {{!}} 2014 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2014}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2014a|}}}| {{!}} 2014a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2014a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2014b|}}}| {{!}} 2014b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2014b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2015|}}}| {{!}} 2015 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2015}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2015a|}}}| {{!}} 2015a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2015a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2015b|}}}| {{!}} 2015b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2015b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2016|}}}| {{!}} 2016 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2016}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2016a|}}}| {{!}} 2016a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2016a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2016b|}}}| {{!}} 2016b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2016b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2017|}}}| {{!}} 2017 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2017}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2017a|}}}| {{!}} 2017a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2017a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2017b|}}}| {{!}} 2017b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2017b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2018|}}}| {{!}} 2018 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2018}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2018a|}}}| {{!}} 2018a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2018a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2018b|}}}| {{!}} 2018b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2018b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2019|}}}| {{!}} 2019 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2019}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2019a|}}}| {{!}} 2019a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2019a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2019b|}}}| {{!}} 2019b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2019b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2020|}}}| {{!}} 2020 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2020}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2020a|}}}| {{!}} 2020a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2020a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2020b|}}}| {{!}} 2020b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2020b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2021|}}}| {{!}} 2021 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2021}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2021a|}}}| {{!}} 2021a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2021a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2021b|}}}| {{!}} 2021b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2021b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2022|}}}| {{!}} 2022 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2022}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2022a|}}}| {{!}} 2022a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2022a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2022b|}}}| {{!}} 2022b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2022b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2023|}}}| {{!}} 2023 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2023}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2023a|}}}| {{!}} 2023a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2023a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2023b|}}}| {{!}} 2023b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2023b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2024|}}}| {{!}} 2024 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2024}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2024a|}}}| {{!}} 2024a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2024a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2024b|}}}| {{!}} 2024b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2024b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2025|}}}| {{!}} 2025 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2025}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2025a|}}}| {{!}} 2025a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2025a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2025b|}}}| {{!}} 2025b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2025b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2026|}}}| {{!}} 2026 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2026}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2026a|}}}| {{!}} 2026a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2026a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2026b|}}}| {{!}} 2026b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2026b}}} {{!}}- }} {{!}}} }} </includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 398h0cjjma3n41gnzj03yxeialf9ixp 308646 308645 2026-09-19T15:36:10Z Isma4l 41797 308646 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>__NOEDITSECTION__ {{documentation|content=<kbd>Template:{{PAGENAME}}</kbd> waa xog keyd ah oo gudaha ah taasoo aan loogu talagalin in si toos ah loo geliyo. Waxaa si dadban u isticmaala qaabka {{tl|UCI team code}}. {{ombox|text=Qaabkani wuxuu ku dhex jiraa baaxadda '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Cycling|WikiProject Cycling]]''', oo ah dadaal wadajir ah oo lagu horumarinayo oo lagu ilaalinayo maqaallada la xiriira baaskiil wadista.}} ==Xuduudaha caadiga ah== {{{!}} class="wikitable" {{!}}- ! Magaca cabbirka !! Qiimaha {{!}}- {{!}} team link {{!}}{{!}} {{{team link}}} {{!}}{{!}} Magaca maqaalka ugu weyn ([[{{{team link}}}]]) {{!}}- {{!}} team name {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name}}} {{!}}{{!}} {{!}}} ==Noocyada magacyada== {{{!}} class="wikitable" {{!}}- ! Sannadka !! Calaamadda {{!}}- {{#if: {{{team name-1899|}}}| {{!}} 1899 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1899}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1900|}}}| {{!}} 1900 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1900}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1901|}}}| {{!}} 1901 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1901}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1902|}}}| {{!}} 1902 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1902}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1903|}}}| {{!}} 1903 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1903}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1904|}}}| {{!}} 1904 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1904}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1905|}}}| {{!}} 1905 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1905}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1906|}}}| {{!}} 1906 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1906}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1907|}}}| {{!}} 1907 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1907}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1908|}}}| {{!}} 1908 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1908}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1909|}}}| {{!}} 1909 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1909}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1910|}}}| {{!}} 1910 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1910}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1911|}}}| {{!}} 1911 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1911}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1912|}}}| {{!}} 1912 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1912}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1913|}}}| {{!}} 1913 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1913}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1914|}}}| {{!}} 1914 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1914}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1915|}}}| {{!}} 1915 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1915}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1916|}}}| {{!}} 1916 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1916}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1917|}}}| {{!}} 1917 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1917}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1918|}}}| {{!}} 1918 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1918}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1919|}}}| {{!}} 1919 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1919}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1920|}}}| {{!}} 1920 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1920}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1921|}}}| {{!}} 1921 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1921}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1922|}}}| {{!}} 1922 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1922}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1923|}}}| {{!}} 1923 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1923}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1924|}}}| {{!}} 1924 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1924}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1925|}}}| {{!}} 1925 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1925}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1926|}}}| {{!}} 1926 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1926}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1927|}}}| {{!}} 1927 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1927}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1928|}}}| {{!}} 1928 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1928}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1929|}}}| {{!}} 1929 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1929}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1930|}}}| {{!}} 1930 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1930}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1931|}}}| {{!}} 1931 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1931}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1932|}}}| {{!}} 1932 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1932}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1933|}}}| {{!}} 1933 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1933}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1934|}}}| {{!}} 1934 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1934}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1935|}}}| {{!}} 1935 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1935}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1936|}}}| {{!}} 1936 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1936}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1937|}}}| {{!}} 1937 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1937}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1938|}}}| {{!}} 1938 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1938}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1939|}}}| {{!}} 1939 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1939}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1940|}}}| {{!}} 1940 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1940}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1941|}}}| {{!}} 1941 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1941}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1942|}}}| {{!}} 1942 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1942}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1943|}}}| {{!}} 1943 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1943}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1944|}}}| {{!}} 1944 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1944}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1945|}}}| {{!}} 1945 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1945}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1946|}}}| {{!}} 1946 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1946}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1947|}}}| {{!}} 1947 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1947}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1948|}}}| {{!}} 1948 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1948}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1949|}}}| {{!}} 1949 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1949}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1950|}}}| {{!}} 1950 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1950}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1951|}}}| {{!}} 1951 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1951}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1952|}}}| {{!}} 1952 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1952}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1953|}}}| {{!}} 1953 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1953}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1954|}}}| {{!}} 1954 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1954}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1955|}}}| {{!}} 1955 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1955}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1956|}}}| {{!}} 1956 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1956}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1957|}}}| {{!}} 1957 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1957}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1958|}}}| {{!}} 1958 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1958}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1959|}}}| {{!}} 1959 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1959}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1960|}}}| {{!}} 1960 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1960}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1960a|}}}| {{!}} 1960a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1960a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1960b|}}}| {{!}} 1960b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1960b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1961|}}}| {{!}} 1961 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1961}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1962|}}}| {{!}} 1962 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1962}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1963|}}}| {{!}} 1963 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1963}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1964|}}}| {{!}} 1964 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1964}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1965|}}}| {{!}} 1965 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1965}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1966|}}}| {{!}} 1966 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1966}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1967|}}}| {{!}} 1967 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1967}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1968|}}}| {{!}} 1968 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1968}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1969|}}}| {{!}} 1969 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1969}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1969a|}}}| {{!}} 1969a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1969a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1969b|}}}| {{!}} 1969b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1969b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1970|}}}| {{!}} 1970 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1970}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1970a|}}}| {{!}} 1970a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1970a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1970b|}}}| {{!}} 1970b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1970b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1971|}}}| {{!}} 1971 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1971}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1971a|}}}| {{!}} 1971a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1971a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1971b|}}}| {{!}} 1971b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1971b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1972|}}}| {{!}} 1972 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1972}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1972a|}}}| {{!}} 1972a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1972a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1972b|}}}| {{!}} 1972b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1972b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1973|}}}| {{!}} 1973 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1973}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1973a|}}}| {{!}} 1973a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1973a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1973b|}}}| {{!}} 1973b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1973b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1974|}}}| {{!}} 1974 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1974}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1974a|}}}| {{!}} 1974a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1974a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1974b|}}}| {{!}} 1974b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1974b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1975|}}}| {{!}} 1975 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1975}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1975a|}}}| {{!}} 1975a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1975a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1975b|}}}| {{!}} 1975b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1975b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1976|}}}| {{!}} 1976 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1976}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1976a|}}}| {{!}} 1976a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1976a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1976b|}}}| {{!}} 1976b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1976b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1977|}}}| {{!}} 1977 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1977}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1977a|}}}| {{!}} 1977a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1977a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1977b|}}}| {{!}} 1977b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1977b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1978|}}}| {{!}} 1978 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1978}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1978a|}}}| {{!}} 1978a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1978a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1978b|}}}| {{!}} 1978b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1978b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1979|}}}| {{!}} 1979 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1979}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1979a|}}}| {{!}} 1979a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1979a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1979b|}}}| {{!}} 1979b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1979b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1980|}}}| {{!}} 1980 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1980}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1980a|}}}| {{!}} 1980a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1980a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1980b|}}}| {{!}} 1980b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1980b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1981|}}}| {{!}} 1981 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1981}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1981a|}}}| {{!}} 1981a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1981a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1981b|}}}| {{!}} 1981b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1981b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1982|}}}| {{!}} 1982 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1982}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1982a|}}}| {{!}} 1982a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1982a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1982b|}}}| {{!}} 1982b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1982b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1983|}}}| {{!}} 1983 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1983}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1983a|}}}| {{!}} 1983a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1983a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1983b|}}}| {{!}} 1983b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1983b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1984|}}}| {{!}} 1984 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1984}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1984a|}}}| {{!}} 1984a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1984a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1984b|}}}| {{!}} 1984b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1984b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1985|}}}| {{!}} 1985 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1985}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1985a|}}}| {{!}} 1985a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1985a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1985b|}}}| {{!}} 1985b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1985b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1986|}}}| {{!}} 1986 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1986}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1986a|}}}| {{!}} 1986a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1986a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1986b|}}}| {{!}} 1986b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1986b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1987|}}}| {{!}} 1987 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1987}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1987a|}}}| {{!}} 1987a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1987a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1987b|}}}| {{!}} 1987b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1987b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1988|}}}| {{!}} 1988 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1988}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1988a|}}}| {{!}} 1988a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1988a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1988b|}}}| {{!}} 1988b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1988b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1989|}}}| {{!}} 1989 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1989}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1989a|}}}| {{!}} 1989a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1989a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1989b|}}}| {{!}} 1989b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1989b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1990|}}}| {{!}} 1990 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1990}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1990a|}}}| {{!}} 1990a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1990a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1990b|}}}| {{!}} 1990b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1990b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1991|}}}| {{!}} 1991 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1991}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1991a|}}}| {{!}} 1991a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1991a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1991b|}}}| {{!}} 1991b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1991b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1992|}}}| {{!}} 1992 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1992}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1992a|}}}| {{!}} 1992a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1992a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1992b|}}}| {{!}} 1992b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1992b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1993|}}}| {{!}} 1993 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1993}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1993a|}}}| {{!}} 1993a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1993a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1993b|}}}| {{!}} 1993b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1993b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1994|}}}| {{!}} 1994 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1994}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1994a|}}}| {{!}} 1994a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1994a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1994b|}}}| {{!}} 1994b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1994b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1995|}}}| {{!}} 1995 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1995}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1995a|}}}| {{!}} 1995a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1995a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1995b|}}}| {{!}} 1995b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1995b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1996|}}}| {{!}} 1996 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1996}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1996a|}}}| {{!}} 1996a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1996a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1996b|}}}| {{!}} 1996b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1996b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1997|}}}| {{!}} 1997 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1997}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1997a|}}}| {{!}} 1997a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1997a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1997b|}}}| {{!}} 1997b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1997b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1998|}}}| {{!}} 1998 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1998}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1998a|}}}| {{!}} 1998a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1998a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1998b|}}}| {{!}} 1998b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1998b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1999|}}}| {{!}} 1999 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1999}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1999a|}}}| {{!}} 1999a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1999a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-1999b|}}}| {{!}} 1999b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-1999b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2000|}}}| {{!}} 2000 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2000}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2000a|}}}| {{!}} 2000a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2000a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2000b|}}}| {{!}} 2000b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2000b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2001|}}}| {{!}} 2001 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2001}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2001a|}}}| {{!}} 2001a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2001a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2001b|}}}| {{!}} 2001b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2001b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2002|}}}| {{!}} 2002 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2002}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2002a|}}}| {{!}} 2002a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2002a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2002b|}}}| {{!}} 2002b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2002b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2003|}}}| {{!}} 2003 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2003}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2003a|}}}| {{!}} 2003a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2003a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2003b|}}}| {{!}} 2003b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2003b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2004|}}}| {{!}} 2004 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2004}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2004a|}}}| {{!}} 2004a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2004a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2004b|}}}| {{!}} 2004b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2004b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2005|}}}| {{!}} 2005 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2005}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2005a|}}}| {{!}} 2005a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2005a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2005b|}}}| {{!}} 2005b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2005b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006|}}}| {{!}} 2006 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006a|}}}| {{!}} 2006a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006b|}}}| {{!}} 2006b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006c|}}}| {{!}} 2006c {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006c}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2006d|}}}| {{!}} 2006d {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2006d}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2007|}}}| {{!}} 2007 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2007}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2007a|}}}| {{!}} 2007a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2007a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2007b|}}}| {{!}} 2007b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2007b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2008|}}}| {{!}} 2008 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2008}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2008a|}}}| {{!}} 2008a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2008a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2008b|}}}| {{!}} 2008b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2008b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2009|}}}| {{!}} 2009 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2009}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2009a|}}}| {{!}} 2009a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2009a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2009b|}}}| {{!}} 2009b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2009b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2010|}}}| {{!}} 2010 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2010}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2010a|}}}| {{!}} 2010a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2010a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2010b|}}}| {{!}} 2010b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2010b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2011|}}}| {{!}} 2011 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2011}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2011a|}}}| {{!}} 2011a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2011a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2011b|}}}| {{!}} 2011b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2011b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2012|}}}| {{!}} 2012 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2012}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2012a|}}}| {{!}} 2012a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2012a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2012b|}}}| {{!}} 2012b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2012b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2013|}}}| {{!}} 2013 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2013}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2013a|}}}| {{!}} 2013a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2013a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2013b|}}}| {{!}} 2013b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2013b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2014|}}}| {{!}} 2014 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2014}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2014a|}}}| {{!}} 2014a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2014a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2014b|}}}| {{!}} 2014b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2014b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2015|}}}| {{!}} 2015 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2015}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2015a|}}}| {{!}} 2015a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2015a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2015b|}}}| {{!}} 2015b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2015b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2016|}}}| {{!}} 2016 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2016}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2016a|}}}| {{!}} 2016a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2016a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2016b|}}}| {{!}} 2016b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2016b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2017|}}}| {{!}} 2017 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2017}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2017a|}}}| {{!}} 2017a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2017a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2017b|}}}| {{!}} 2017b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2017b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2018|}}}| {{!}} 2018 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2018}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2018a|}}}| {{!}} 2018a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2018a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2018b|}}}| {{!}} 2018b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2018b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2019|}}}| {{!}} 2019 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2019}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2019a|}}}| {{!}} 2019a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2019a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2019b|}}}| {{!}} 2019b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2019b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2020|}}}| {{!}} 2020 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2020}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2020a|}}}| {{!}} 2020a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2020a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2020b|}}}| {{!}} 2020b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2020b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2021|}}}| {{!}} 2021 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2021}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2021a|}}}| {{!}} 2021a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2021a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2021b|}}}| {{!}} 2021b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2021b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2022|}}}| {{!}} 2022 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2022}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2022a|}}}| {{!}} 2022a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2022a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2022b|}}}| {{!}} 2022b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2022b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2023|}}}| {{!}} 2023 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2023}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2023a|}}}| {{!}} 2023a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2023a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2023b|}}}| {{!}} 2023b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2023b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2024|}}}| {{!}} 2024 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2024}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2024a|}}}| {{!}} 2024a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2024a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2024b|}}}| {{!}} 2024b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2024b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2025|}}}| {{!}} 2025 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2025}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2025a|}}}| {{!}} 2025a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2025a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2025b|}}}| {{!}} 2025b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2025b}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2026|}}}| {{!}} 2026 {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2026}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2026a|}}}| {{!}} 2026a {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2026a}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if: {{{team name-2026b|}}}| {{!}} 2026b {{!}}{{!}} {{{team name-2026b}}} {{!}}- }} {{!}}} }} </includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> if2z1t922kn7rb87qpai1h2x2z1kmsi 10 52659 308647 2026-09-19T15:37:06Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{Cycling data {{{1|}}} | Cycling team {{#if:{{{nolink|}}}|nolink|link}} | year = {{{year|{{{2|}}}}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cycling data {{{1|}}} | Cycling team {{#if:{{{nolink|}}}|nolink|link}} | year = {{{year|{{{2|}}}}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> mv8gm1bglvs2jzvvg9ab10dp0o35i8r 10 52660 308648 2026-09-19T15:38:07Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{ {{{1}}} | team link = Cycling team }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 308648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1}}} | team link = Cycling team }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ja5up493jlmykqux3wiw41imsj3ek1f 10 52661 308649 2026-09-19T15:39:14Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#if:{{{year|}}} |{{#if: {{{team season-{{{year}}}|}}} |{{#if: {{{noseasonlink|}}}| [[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name-{{{year}}}}}}]]|[[{{{team season-{{{year}}} }}}|{{{team name-{{{year}}} }}}]]}} |{{#if:{{{team name-{{{year}}}|}}} |[[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name-{{{year}}}}}}]] |[[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name}}}]]<includeonly>{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = :Category:Cycling team data... 308649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{year|}}} |{{#if: {{{team season-{{{year}}}|}}} |{{#if: {{{noseasonlink|}}}| [[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name-{{{year}}}}}}]]|[[{{{team season-{{{year}}} }}}|{{{team name-{{{year}}} }}}]]}} |{{#if:{{{team name-{{{year}}}|}}} |[[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name-{{{year}}}}}}]] |[[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name}}}]]<includeonly>{{Fix | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | link = :Category:Cycling team data problems | text = template problem | title = This link uses a template that has produced an error. | cat = {{#if:{{NAMESPACE}} | | [[Category:Cycling team data problems]] }} }}</includeonly> }} }} |[[{{{team link}}}|{{{team name}}}]] }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 40e26xuj15rrmgvitmjqns30g388jwt 10 52662 308650 2026-09-19T15:41:26Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <templatestyles src="NFPA 704 diamond/styles.css" /><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme">{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs">{{{ref|}}}</div>}}<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container {{#if:{{{ref|}}}|nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref}}"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines" {{#if:{{{background|}}}|style="background:{{{background}}};"}}> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map">{{#tag:imagemap| File:NFPA 704.svg{{!}}80px{{!}}alt=NFPA 704 four-colored diamond poly... 308650 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="NFPA 704 diamond/styles.css" /><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme">{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs">{{{ref|}}}</div>}}<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container {{#if:{{{ref|}}}|nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref}}"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines" {{#if:{{{background|}}}|style="background:{{{background}}};"}}> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map">{{#tag:imagemap| File:NFPA 704.svg{{!}}80px{{!}}alt=NFPA 704 four-colored diamond poly 150 150 300 300 150 450 0 300 [[NFPA 704#Blue|{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=blue|code={{{H|}}}}}]] poly 300 0 450 150 300 300 150 150 [[NFPA 704#Red|{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=red|code={{{F|}}}}}]] poly 450 150 600 300 450 450 300 300 [[NFPA 704#Yellow|{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=yellow|code={{{I|{{{R|}}}}}}}}]] poly 300 300 450 450 300 600 150 450 [[NFPA 704#White|{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code={{{S|}}}}}]] desc none }}</div><!-- ----- Blue, H --><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> {{#switch:{{{H|}}}|0|1|2|3|4=[[NFPA 704#Blue|<span title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=blue|code={{{H|}}}}}" class="notheme mw-no-invert">{{{H|}}}</span>]] |-=|#default=}}</div><!-- ----- Red, F --><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> {{#switch:{{{F|}}}|0|1|2|3|4=[[NFPA 704#Red|<span title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=red|code={{{F|}}}}}" class="notheme mw-no-invert">{{{F|}}}</span>]] |-=|#default=}}</div><!-- ----- Yellow, I, R --><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> {{#switch:{{{I|{{{R|}}}}}}|0|1|2|3|4=[[NFPA 704#Yellow|<span title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=yellow|code={{{I|{{{R|}}}}}}}}" class="notheme mw-no-invert">{{{I|{{{R|}}}}}}</span>]] |-=|#default=}}</div><!-- ----- White, S -->{{#switch:{{{S|}}}||-= |#default={{#switch:{{uc:{{{S|}}}}} |W|OX|SA=<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert">[[NFPA 704#White|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors" title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code={{{S|}}}}}">{{#ifeq:{{uc:{{{S|}}}}}|W|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike">W</span>|{{uc:{{{S|}}}}}}}</span>]]</div> |W+OX|W OX|WOX=<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert">[[NFPA 704#White|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox" title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code={{{S|}}}}}"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike">W</span><br>OX</span>]]</div> |ALK|COR|POI=<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert">[[NFPA 704#White|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp" title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code={{{S|}}}}}">{{uc:{{{S|}}}}}</span>]]</div> |ACID|CRYO=<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert">[[NFPA 704#White|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac" title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code={{{S|}}}}}">{{uc:{{{S|}}}}}</span>]]</div> |RA={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{showimage|yes}}}}}|yes|<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-image">[[File:Radiation warning symbol 3.svg|20px|top|link=NFPA 704#White|{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code=RA}}]]</div>|<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert">[[NFPA 704#White|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors" title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code=RA}}">RA</span>]]</div>}} |BIO={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{showimage|yes}}}}}|yes|<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-image">[[File:Biohazard symbol.svg|20px|top|link=NFPA 704#White|{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code=BIO}}]]</div>|<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert">[[NFPA 704#White|<span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp" title="{{NFPA 704 diamond/text|quarter=white|code=BIO}}">BIO</span>]]</div>}} |#default=<!--code unknown/error-->}} }}</div><!-- ----- References ----- --></div><!--{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<span id="refs" style="float:right; background:gold; padding:1px; text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">{{{ref|}}}</span>}}--></div><!-- ----- Maintenance category: NFPA code checks Categorized are articles with input code unknown/erroneous. Outside of article space a message is shown instead, no category added (e.g., talkpage), Parameter set cat=no will skip this check. Space, hyphen (-), blank, all whitespace: show 'no-code'. 'no-code' is a blank individual color diamond (=no NFPA code at all). Blank is the default input for the template (so: shows no-code). Every other input must be added by an editor. Hyphen (-) is the explicit option to show no-code. -->{{yesno|{{{cat|yes}}}|yes=<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{H|}}}||-|0|1|2|3|4=|#default={{main other|demospace= |1=[[Category:Articles with unknown NFPA 704 code|H, {{PAGENAME}}]] |2={{smaller|1=<br><code>H={{{H|}}}</code>&nbsp;[[:template:NFPA 704 diamond|{{color|red|NFPA&nbsp;code&nbsp;error}}]]}}.&#x20;}}}}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{F|}}}||-|0|1|2|3|4=|#default={{main other|demospace= |1=[[Category:Articles with unknown NFPA 704 code|F, {{PAGENAME}}]] |2={{smaller|1=<br><code>F={{{F|}}}</code>&nbsp;[[:template:NFPA 704 diamond|{{color|red|NFPA&nbsp;code&nbsp;error}}]]}}.&#x20;}}}}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{{I|{{{R|}}}}}}||-|0|1|2|3|4=|#default={{main other|demospace= |1=[[Category:Articles with unknown NFPA 704 code|I, {{PAGENAME}}]] |2={{smaller|1=<br><code>I={{{I|{{{R|}}}}}}</code>&nbsp;[[:template:NFPA 704 diamond|{{color|red|NFPA&nbsp;code&nbsp;error}}]]}}.&#x20;}}}}<!-- -->{{#switch:{{uc:{{{S|}}}}}||-|W|OX|W+OX|W OX|WOX|ACID|ALK|BIO|COR|CRYO|POI|RA|SA=|#default={{main other|demospace= |1=[[Category:Articles with unknown NFPA 704 code|S, {{PAGENAME}}]] |2={{smaller|1=<br><code>S={{uc:{{{S|}}}}}</code>&nbsp;[[:template:NFPA 704 diamond|{{color|red|NFPA&nbsp;code&nbsp;error}}]]}}.&#x20;}}}} }}<noinclude>{{clear}}{{documentation}}</noinclude> 5imwvw6609jptfszkli19wtvhhd4jfj 10 52663 308651 2026-09-19T15:42:01Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .nfpa-704-diamond-ref { float: right; padding: 1px; text-align: right; } .nfpa-704-diamond-container { width: 82px; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0 auto; } .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref { float: left; margin-left: 1em; } .nfpa-704-diamond-images { float: left; font-size: 20px; text-align: center; position: relative; height: 80px; width: 80px; padding: 1px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-map { position: absolute; height: 80px; width: 80px; }... 308651 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .nfpa-704-diamond-ref { float: right; padding: 1px; text-align: right; } .nfpa-704-diamond-container { width: 82px; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0 auto; } .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref { float: left; margin-left: 1em; } .nfpa-704-diamond-images { float: left; font-size: 20px; text-align: center; position: relative; height: 80px; width: 80px; padding: 1px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-map { position: absolute; height: 80px; width: 80px; } .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize { margin: 0 auto; } .nfpa-704-diamond-code { line-height: 1em; text-align: center; position: absolute; } .nfpa-704-diamond-code > a { color: black; } .nfpa-704-diamond-blue { width: 13px; top: 31px; left: 15px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-red { width: 12px; top: 12px; left: 35px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow { width: 13px; top: 31px; left: 54px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image { position: relative; top: 51px; left: 0; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text { vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; line-height: 80%; position: absolute; top: 52px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a > span { position: absolute; color: black; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors { font-size: 15px; width: 23px; left: 29px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox { font-size: 15px; font-stretch: condensed; width: 21px; line-height: 80%; top: -4px; left: 29px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp { font-size: 13.5px; font-stretch: condensed; width: 28px; left: 26px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac { font-size: 10px; width: 30px; left: 25px; } .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike { text-decoration: line-through; } e7lby9ig37j6ri8qbqa5l0um0a4g042 10 52664 308652 2026-09-19T15:42:37Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{infobox | bodystyle = width: 12em; {{{style|}}} | abovestyle = background:#FFCB66; font-size: 98%; | above = {{{title|[[NFPA 704|NFPA&nbsp;704]]<br>''safety&nbsp;square''}}} | image = {{NFPA 704 diamond | H = {{{H|{{{Health|-}}}|}}} | F = {{{F|{{{Flammability|-}}}}}} | I = {{{I|{{{Instability|{{{R|{{{Reactivity|-}}}}}}}}}}}} | S = {{{S|{{{Special|-}}}}}} | ref = {{{ref|}}} | showimage = {{{showimage|yes}}} | background = {{{background|}}} | cat = {{{cat|y... 308652 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{infobox | bodystyle = width: 12em; {{{style|}}} | abovestyle = background:#FFCB66; font-size: 98%; | above = {{{title|[[NFPA 704|NFPA&nbsp;704]]<br>''safety&nbsp;square''}}} | image = {{NFPA 704 diamond | H = {{{H|{{{Health|-}}}|}}} | F = {{{F|{{{Flammability|-}}}}}} | I = {{{I|{{{Instability|{{{R|{{{Reactivity|-}}}}}}}}}}}} | S = {{{S|{{{Special|-}}}}}} | ref = {{{ref|}}} | showimage = {{{showimage|yes}}} | background = {{{background|}}} | cat = {{{cat|yes}}} }} | caption = {{#if:{{{caption|}}}|{{clear}}{{{caption|}}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6npug0idote8hqwf2znz28fvaoopjmq 10 52665 308653 2026-09-19T15:43:39Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#switch:{{uc:{{{quarter|}}}}}<!-- ----- Health ----- -->|BLUE|H={{#switch:{{{code|}}} | 0 = Caafimaad 0: Soo-gaadhista xaaladaha dabku ma bixiso wax halis ah oo ka baxsan kan agabka caadiga ah ee guban kara. Tusaale: sodium chloride | 1 = Caafimaad 1: Soo-gaadhistoodu waxay keeni kartaa cuncun laakiin waa dhaawac yar oo hadhaad ah oo keliya. Tusaale: turpentine | 2 = Caafimaad 2: Soo-gaadhista daran ama joogtada ah ee aan ahayn mid daba-dheeraatay waxay keeni kartaa inaan la s... 308653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{uc:{{{quarter|}}}}}<!-- ----- Health ----- -->|BLUE|H={{#switch:{{{code|}}} | 0 = Caafimaad 0: Soo-gaadhista xaaladaha dabku ma bixiso wax halis ah oo ka baxsan kan agabka caadiga ah ee guban kara. Tusaale: sodium chloride | 1 = Caafimaad 1: Soo-gaadhistoodu waxay keeni kartaa cuncun laakiin waa dhaawac yar oo hadhaad ah oo keliya. Tusaale: turpentine | 2 = Caafimaad 2: Soo-gaadhista daran ama joogtada ah ee aan ahayn mid daba-dheeraatay waxay keeni kartaa inaan la shaqayn karin ku-meel-gaadh ah ama dhaawac hadhaad ah oo suurtagal ah. Tusaale: chloroform | 3 = Caafimaad 3: Soo-gaadhista gaaban waxay keeni kartaa dhaawac halis ah oo ku-meel-gaadh ah ama hadhaad ah. Tusaale: gaaska chlorine | 4 = Caafimaad 4: Soo-gaadhista aadka u gaaban waxay keeni kartaa geeri ama dhaawac weyn oo hadhaad ah. Tusaale: gaaska VX ||-=Caafimaad (buluug): ma jiro koodh halis|#default=}}<!-- ----- Flammability ----- -->|RED|F={{#switch:{{{code|}}} | 0 = Gubasho 0: Ma guban doonto. Tusaale: biyo | 1 = Gubasho 1: Waa in horay loo kululeeyaa ka hor intaanu hanka bixin. Heerkulka ololka ka sarreeya 93 °C (200 °F). Tusaale: saliidda canola | 2 = Gubasho 2: Waa in si dhexdhexaad ah loo kululeeyaa ama la geliyo heerkul ku xeeran oo sarreeya ka hor intaanu hanka bixin. Heerkulka ololka int u dhaxeeya 38 iyo 93 °C (100 iyo 200 °F). Tusaale: shidaalka naaftada | 3 = Gubasho 3: Dareerayaasha iyo adkaadka la shidi karo ku dhowaad dhammaan xaaladaha heerkulka deegaanka. Heerkulka ololka int u dhaxeeya 23 iyo 38 °C (73 iyo 100 °F). Tusaale: baatroolka | 4 = Gubasho 4: Si dhakhso ah ama gebi ahaanba ayuu u uumi baxaa cadaadiska iyo heerkulka jawiga caadiga ah, ama si fudud ayuu ugu faafaa hawada oo si fudud ayuu u guban doonaa. Heerkulka ololka ka hooseeya 23 °C (73 °F). Tusaale: propane ||-=Gubasho (gaduud): ma jiro koodh halis|#default=}}<!-- ----- Instability (Reactivity) ----- -->|YELLOW|I|R={{#switch:{{{code|}}} | 0 = Deganaansho la'aan 0: Caadi ahaan waa degan yahay, xataa xaaladaha soo-gaadhista dabka, mana la falgasho biyaha. Tusaale: nitrogen dareere ah | 1 = Deganaansho la'aan 1: Caadi ahaan waa degan yahay, laakiin wuxuu noqon karaa mid aan degganayn heerkulka iyo cadaadiska sarreeya. Tusaale: calcium | 2 = Deganaansho la'aan 2: Wuxuu la kulmaa isbeddel kiimiko oo daran oo ka dhaca heerkulka iyo cadaadiska sarreeya, wuxuu si daran ula falgalaa biyaha, ama wuxuu samayn karaa isku-dhaf qarxa oo biyaha wata. Tusaale: fosfooraska cad | 3 = Deganaansho la'aan 3: Wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu qarxo ama u burburo si qarxid ah laakiin wuxuu u baahan yahay il bilow adag, waa in la kululeeyaa iyadoo la xidhay ka hor intaanu bilaabmin, wuxuu si qarxid ah ula falgalaa biyaha, ama wuxuu qarxi doonaa haddii si daran loo naxdiyo. Tusaale: hydrogen peroxide | 4 = Deganaansho la'aan 4: Si fudud ayuu u awoodaa inuu qarxo ama u burburo si qarxid ah heerkulka iyo cadaadiska caadiga ah. Tusaale: nitroglycerin ||-=Deganaansho la'aan (urjire/jaalle): ma jiro koodh halis|#default=}}<!-- ----- Special hazards ----- -->|WHITE|S=<!-- -->{{#switch:{{uc:{{{code|}}}}} | <s>W</s> = sWs | W = Halis gaar ah W: Waxay si aan caadi ahayn ama halis ah ula falgashaa biyaha. Tusaale: sodium, sulfuric acid | OX = Halis gaar ah OX: Oksaydiyaha. Tusaale: potassium perchlorate | W+OX|W OX|WOX = Halis gaar ah W+OX: Waxay si aan caadi ahayn ama halis ah ula falgashaa biyaha WAXAA KALE OO AH oksaydiye | ACID = Halis gaar ah ACID: Aashito | ALK = Halis gaar ah ALK: Alkaline (Asaas) | BIO = Halis gaar ah BIO: Halis bayooloji. Tusaale: fayruuska furuqda | COR = Halis gaar ah COR: Dhuuqid/mirqid; aashito ama sal adag. Tusaale: sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide | CRYO = Halis gaar ah CRYO: Heerkul-hooseeye aad u daran | POI = Halis gaar ah POI: Sun ah | RA = Halis gaar ah RA: Shucaac. Tusaale: plutonium | SA = Halis gaar ah SA: Gaas fudud oo neef-ku-qabatimaya. Tusaale: nitrogen, helium ||-=Halisyada gaarka ah (cad): ma jiro koodh|#default=}}<!-- end of four color options -->|#default=}}<noinclude> {{documentation|Template:NFPA 704 diamond/doc}}</noinclude> jf1dh4bhs67q8lhuvfsn1g6vn6he7vc 10 52666 308654 2026-09-19T15:44:56Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#switch:{{{pre|}}}{{{p|}}}{{{dash|}}} |no|off|#default= |comma|,=,&nbsp; |ndash|dash|n|d|on=&nbsp;–&#32;}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>NSWcity/core|{{{1}}}|{{{b1|}}}}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#if:{{{2|}}}|, {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>NSWcity/core|{{{2}}}|{{{b2|}}}}}}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#if:... 308654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#switch:{{{pre|}}}{{{p|}}}{{{dash|}}} |no|off|#default= |comma|,=,&nbsp; |ndash|dash|n|d|on=&nbsp;–&#32;}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>NSWcity/core|{{{1}}}|{{{b1|}}}}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#if:{{{2|}}}|, {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>NSWcity/core|{{{2}}}|{{{b2|}}}}}}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#if:{{{3|}}}|, {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>NSWcity/core|{{{3}}}|{{{b3|}}}}}}}<noinclude><!-- --></noinclude>{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#if:{{{4|}}}|, {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>NSWcity/core|{{{4}}}|{{{b4|}}}}}}}<noinclude><!-- --> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> s6o7njar90b5xxd0cnoxew9mwabhriv 10 52667 308655 2026-09-19T15:45:24Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#ifeq: {{{2}}}|on|[[{{{1}}} (New South Wales)|{{{1}}}]]<noinclude> {{High-use}} <!-- --></noinclude>|{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#switch: {{{1}}} |sydney = [[Sydney central business district|Sydney]] |#default = [[{{{1}}}, New South Wales|{{{1}}}]]}}}} 308655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#ifeq: {{{2}}}|on|[[{{{1}}} (New South Wales)|{{{1}}}]]<noinclude> {{High-use}} <!-- --></noinclude>|{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#switch: {{{1}}} |sydney = [[Sydney central business district|Sydney]] |#default = [[{{{1}}}, New South Wales|{{{1}}}]]}}}} 3djyr94csvkcyeia74a86gr8gf4agdq 10 52668 308656 2026-09-19T15:47:17Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{main other|[[Category:WikiProject Australian Roads articles with a junction list using templates]]}} {{Jcttop/core |1={{{1|}}} |2={{{2|}}} |region={{#switch: {{uc:{{{state|}}} }} | SA = Koonfurta Australia | VIC = Victoria | NSW = New South Wales | QLD = Queensland | NT = Dhulka Waqooyi | WA = Galbeedka Australia | TAS = Tasmania | ACT = Degmada Caasimadda Australia}} |region_col={{{state_col|}}} |former={{{form... 308656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main other|[[Category:WikiProject Australian Roads articles with a junction list using templates]]}} {{Jcttop/core |1={{{1|}}} |2={{{2|}}} |region={{#switch: {{uc:{{{state|}}} }} | SA = Koonfurta Australia | VIC = Victoria | NSW = New South Wales | QLD = Queensland | NT = Dhulka Waqooyi | WA = Galbeedka Australia | TAS = Tasmania | ACT = Degmada Caasimadda Australia}} |region_col={{{state_col|}}} |former={{{former|}}} |unnum={{{unnum|}}} |indep_city={{{indep_city|}}} |sub1={{{LGA|}}} |sub1name={{#if: {{{sub1|}}} | {{{sub1}}} | {{abbr|LGA|Aagga dowladda hoose}} }} |sub1dab={{{LGAdab|}}} |sub1_ref={{{LGA_ref|{{{sub1_ref|}}}}}} |sub2={{{location|}}} |sub2_ref={{{location_ref|}}} |unit=km |unit2=mi |length_ref={{{length_ref|}}} |old_ref={{{old_ref|}}} |exit_ref={{{exit_ref|}}} |name_ref={{{name_ref|}}} |dest_ref={{{dest_ref|}}} |notes_ref={{{notes_ref|}}} |type={{{type|highway}}} |nosub1={{{noLGA|}}} |hatnote={{{hatnote|}}} }}<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} </noinclude> tvbltpv24p3bhubzlf3qxgm5buupo7t 10 52669 308657 2026-09-19T15:47:44Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude>{{AUSinttop}} </noinclude>{{AUSintcore |1={{{1|}}} |state=New South Wales |state_special={{{state_special|}}} |sspan={{{sspan|}}} |LGAspan={{{LGAspan|}}} |LGA={{{LGA|}}}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude> |LGAC={{{LGAC|}}} |LGA-C={{{LGA-C|}}} |LGARC={{{LGARC|}}} |LGA-Co={{{LGA-Co|}}} |LGADC={{{LGADC|}}} |LGA-DC={{{LGA-DC|}}} |LGAM={{{LGAM|}}} |LGA-M={{{LGA-M|}}} |LGA-R={{{LGA-R|}}} |LGAS={{{LGAS|}}} |LGA-S={{{LGA-S|}}} |LGAAS={{{LGAAS|}}} |LGAT={{{LGAT|}}} |LGA_note={{{LGA_n... 308657 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{AUSinttop}} </noinclude>{{AUSintcore |1={{{1|}}} |state=New South Wales |state_special={{{state_special|}}} |sspan={{{sspan|}}} |LGAspan={{{LGAspan|}}} |LGA={{{LGA|}}}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude> |LGAC={{{LGAC|}}} |LGA-C={{{LGA-C|}}} |LGARC={{{LGARC|}}} |LGA-Co={{{LGA-Co|}}} |LGADC={{{LGADC|}}} |LGA-DC={{{LGA-DC|}}} |LGAM={{{LGAM|}}} |LGA-M={{{LGA-M|}}} |LGA-R={{{LGA-R|}}} |LGAS={{{LGAS|}}} |LGA-S={{{LGA-S|}}} |LGAAS={{{LGAAS|}}} |LGAT={{{LGAT|}}} |LGA_note={{{LGA_note|}}} |location={{{location|}}} |location_special={{{location_special|}}}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude> |lspan={{{lspan|}}} |lcspan={{{lcspan|}}} |lcalign={{{lcalign|}}} |type={{{type|}}} |unit={{{unit|}}} |km={{{km|}}} |km2={{{km2|}}} |uspan={{{uspan|}}} |old={{{old|}}} |ospan={{{ospan|}}} |exit={{{exit|}}} |espan={{{espan|}}} |road={{{road|}}} |rspan={{{rspan|}}} |rcspan={{{rcspan|}}} |notes={{{notes|}}} |nspan={{{nspan|}}} |place={{{place|}}}{{{tunnel|}}}{{{bridge|}}} |pspan={{{pspan|}}}{{{tspan|}}}{{{bspan|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Jctbtm}} {{documentation |1=Template:AUSintcore/doc |content= {{Template:AUSintcore/doc|state=NSW}} }} </noinclude> okat2q5lryvaxg7l03q1cnfcu885wl1 308669 308657 2026-09-19T15:56:28Z Isma4l 41797 308669 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{AUSinttop}} </noinclude>{{AUSintcore |1={{{1|}}} |state=New South Wales |state_special={{{state_special|}}} |sspan={{{sspan|}}} |LGAspan={{{LGAspan|}}} |LGA={{{LGA|}}}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude> |LGAC={{{LGAC|}}} |LGA-C={{{LGA-C|}}} |LGARC={{{LGARC|}}} |LGA-Co={{{LGA-Co|}}} |LGADC={{{LGADC|}}} |LGA-DC={{{LGA-DC|}}} |LGAM={{{LGAM|}}} |LGA-M={{{LGA-M|}}} |LGA-R={{{LGA-R|}}} |LGAS={{{LGAS|}}} |LGA-S={{{LGA-S|}}} |LGAAS={{{LGAAS|}}} |LGAT={{{LGAT|}}} |LGA_note={{{LGA_note|}}} |location={{{location|}}} |location_special={{{location_special|}}}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude> |lspan={{{lspan|}}} |lcspan={{{lcspan|}}} |lcalign={{{lcalign|}}} |type={{{type|}}} |unit={{{unit|}}} |km={{{km|}}} |km2={{{km2|}}} |uspan={{{uspan|}}} |old={{{old|}}} |ospan={{{ospan|}}} |exit={{{exit|}}} |espan={{{espan|}}} |road={{{road|}}} |rspan={{{rspan|}}} |rcspan={{{rcspan|}}} |notes={{{notes|}}} |nspan={{{nspan|}}} |place={{{place|}}}{{{tunnel|}}}{{{bridge|}}} |pspan={{{pspan|}}}{{{tspan|}}}{{{bspan|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Jctbtm}} {{documentation }} </noinclude> syogjzigjkxd0lw49ex69kygjpr3avl 10 52670 308658 2026-09-19T15:48:13Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude>{{jcttop}}</noinclude>{{#invoke:Jctbtm|jctbtm}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> 308658 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{jcttop}}</noinclude>{{#invoke:Jctbtm|jctbtm}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> ct6sr0kiyy0tdlnujh0lh1ffdmyb27n 828 52671 308659 2026-09-19T15:48:43Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} local types = mw.loadData("Module:Road data/RJL types") local columns = { -- Constants for how many columns different list types should have. default = 6, -- default exit = 7, -- default + exit number old = 8, -- default + exit number + old exit number } local function parameterParser(args) local keysParam = args.keys if not(keysParam) then return {} end local keys = mw.text.split(keysParam, ",") table.sort(keys) return keys end local fu... 308659 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local types = mw.loadData("Module:Road data/RJL types") local columns = { -- Constants for how many columns different list types should have. default = 6, -- default exit = 7, -- default + exit number old = 8, -- default + exit number + old exit number } local function parameterParser(args) local keysParam = args.keys if not(keysParam) then return {} end local keys = mw.text.split(keysParam, ",") table.sort(keys) return keys end local function createLegend(key, html_object) local listargs = { class = 'jct-bottom-legend' } for _,v in ipairs(key) do local type = types[v] if type then table.insert( listargs, '<span class="jct-bottom-legend-color" style="background-color: ' .. type.color .. '">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">' .. type.jctbtm .. '</span>' ) end end html_object:wikitext(require('Module:List').horizontal(listargs)) end function p._jctbtm(args) local root = mw.html.create() local cols = args.col or columns[args[1]] or columns.default row = root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', cols) :addClass('jct-bottom notheme') :wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Jctbtm/styles.css' } }) if (args.conv or 'yes') == 'yes' then row:wikitext("1.000&nbsp;mi = 1.609&nbsp;km; 1.000&nbsp;km = 0.621&nbsp;mi<br>") end local key = parameterParser(args) if key[1] then createLegend(key, row) end local keyParam = args.key if keyParam then -- This is a deprecated parameter local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local pagename = page.prefixedText row:wikitext(string.format("[[Category:Jctbtm temporary tracking category|# %s]]", pagename)) end row:wikitext(args.notes or args.key) -- If additional notes are provided, display them. if #row.nodes == 0 then return '|-\n|}' else return tostring(root) .. '\n|-\n|}' end end function p.jctbtm(frame) return p._jctbtm(require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame)) end return p md17x1uhkf4lw9saoqjryl5ktfvrp4p 828 52672 308660 2026-09-19T15:49:14Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local types = { trans = { color = "#dff9f9", jctbtm = "[[Route number|Route]] transition", jctint = "Route transition" }, concur = { color = "#ddffdd", jctbtm = "[[Concurrency (road)|Concurrency]] terminus", jctint = "Concurrency terminus" }, closed = { color = "#d3d3d3", jctbtm = "Closed/former", jctint = "Closed or former", routelist = "Former" }, incomplete = { color = "#ffdddd", jctbtm = "[[Interchange (road)#Complete and incomplete interchang... 308660 Scribunto text/plain local types = { trans = { color = "#dff9f9", jctbtm = "[[Route number|Route]] transition", jctint = "Route transition" }, concur = { color = "#ddffdd", jctbtm = "[[Concurrency (road)|Concurrency]] terminus", jctint = "Concurrency terminus" }, closed = { color = "#d3d3d3", jctbtm = "Closed/former", jctint = "Closed or former", routelist = "Former" }, incomplete = { color = "#ffdddd", jctbtm = "[[Interchange (road)#Complete and incomplete interchanges|Incomplete access]]", jctint = "Incomplete access" }, unbuilt = { color = "#ffdead", jctbtm = "Unopened", jctint = "Unopened or under construction", routelist = "Unbuilt or under construction" }, proposed = { color = "#ffdead", jctbtm = "Proposed", jctint = "Proposed and unbuilt", routelist = "Proposed and unbuilt" }, hov = { color = "#ffff99", jctbtm = "[[High-occupancy vehicle lane|HOV only]]", jctint = "High occupancy vehicle exit only" }, toll = { color = "#dcdcfe", jctbtm = " [[Toll road|Tolled]]", jctint = "Toll required" }, etc = { color = "#dcdcfe", jctbtm = "[[Electronic toll collection]]", jctint = "Electronic toll collection only" }, complete = { color = "#ff0000", jctbtm = "Invalid type", jctint = "Invalid type" } } types.former = types.closed types.future = types.proposed types.mplex = types.complete types.none = types.complete return types 3q1padyt2x1dkm0azspby2xxqbeikgc 828 52673 308661 2026-09-19T15:49:53Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: .jct-bottom { text-align: center; background-color: #eaecf0; } .jct-bottom-legend { margin-left: 1.6em; font-size: 90%; } .jct-bottom-legend ul { text-align: center; } .jct-bottom-legend-color { border: 1px solid #000; } 308661 sanitized-css text/css .jct-bottom { text-align: center; background-color: #eaecf0; } .jct-bottom-legend { margin-left: 1.6em; font-size: 90%; } .jct-bottom-legend ul { text-align: center; } .jct-bottom-legend-color { border: 1px solid #000; } 7hmgy828l8x2c373y9fpwzun32ahre5 10 52674 308662 2026-09-19T15:51:36Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude><table class=wikitable></noinclude><tr style="text-align:left"> {{#if:{{{sspan|}}}|<td rowspan={{{sspan|1}}}>{{#if:{{{state_special|}}}|{{{state_special}}}|[[{{Jct/statename|{{{state}}} }}]]}}</td>| }} {{#if:{{{county|}}}{{{parish|}}}{{{borough|}}}{{{municipality|}}}|<td rowspan={{{cspan|1}}}>{{#switch:{{{state}}}|AK={{{borough}}}_Borough|LA={{{parish}}}_Parish|PR={{{municipality}}}|#default={{{county}}}_County}},_{{Jctint/state|1={{{state}}}}}{{!}}{{#switch:{{{state... 308662 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><table class=wikitable></noinclude><tr style="text-align:left"> {{#if:{{{sspan|}}}|<td rowspan={{{sspan|1}}}>{{#if:{{{state_special|}}}|{{{state_special}}}|[[{{Jct/statename|{{{state}}} }}]]}}</td>| }} {{#if:{{{county|}}}{{{parish|}}}{{{borough|}}}{{{municipality|}}}|<td rowspan={{{cspan|1}}}>[[{{#switch:{{{state}}}|AK={{{borough}}}_Borough|LA={{{parish}}}_Parish|PR={{{municipality}}}|#default={{{county}}}_County}},_{{Jctint/state|1={{{state}}}}}{{!}}{{#switch:{{{state}}}|AK={{{borough}}}|LA={{{parish}}}|PR={{{municipality}}}|#default={{{county}}}}}]]<br><small>{{{county_note|}}}</small></td>|{{#if:{{{county_special|}}}|<td rowspan={{{cspan|1}}}>{{{county_special}}}<br><small>{{{county_note|}}}</small></td>|}}}} <td colspan=8 style="text-align:center;">No major junctions{{{ref|}}}</td></tr><noinclude></table>{{documentation}}</noinclude> rtfjzq8mupsa45ffqqsh4rxl6yjaiuz 308663 308662 2026-09-19T15:52:02Z Isma4l 41797 308663 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><table class=wikitable></noinclude><tr style="text-align:left"> {{#if:{{{sspan|}}}|<td rowspan={{{sspan|1}}}>{{#if:{{{state_special|}}}|{{{state_special}}}|[[{{Jct/statename|{{{state}}} }}]]}}</td>| }} {{#if:{{{county|}}}{{{parish|}}}{{{borough|}}}{{{municipality|}}}|<td rowspan={{{cspan|1}}}>[[{{#switch:{{{state}}}|AK={{{borough}}}_Borough|LA={{{parish}}}_Parish|PR={{{municipality}}}|#default={{{county}}}_County}},_{{Jctint/state|1={{{state}}}}}{{!}}{{#switch:{{{state}}}|AK={{{borough}}}|LA={{{parish}}}|PR={{{municipality}}}|#default={{{county}}}}}]]<br><small>{{{county_note|}}}</small></td>|{{#if:{{{county_special|}}}|<td rowspan={{{cspan|1}}}>{{{county_special}}}<br><small>{{{county_note|}}}</small></td>|}}}} <td colspan=8 style="text-align:center;">Ma jiraan isgoysyo waaweyn{{{ref|}}}</td></tr><noinclude></table>{{documentation}}</noinclude> i6w45t89xfhsbtvyl54gbvmf8ibsy67 10 52675 308664 2026-09-19T15:52:31Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude><table></noinclude><tr> <td colspan={{{col|8}}} style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{#switch:{{{type}}} |closed|unbuilt={{Jctint/type|{{{type}}}}}|#default=}}|}}>{{{text|Gap in {{#switch:{{{state|}}}|MI=highway|#default=route}} }}}</td></tr><noinclude></table>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308664 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><table></noinclude><tr> <td colspan={{{col|8}}} style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{#switch:{{{type}}} |closed|unbuilt={{Jctint/type|{{{type}}}}}|#default=}}|}}>{{{text|Gap in {{#switch:{{{state|}}}|MI=highway|#default=route}} }}}</td></tr><noinclude></table>{{documentation}}</noinclude> sotss4rhk0skjh2s1ez0q7isaeq9hbh 308665 308664 2026-09-19T15:53:24Z Isma4l 41797 308665 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><table></noinclude><tr> <td colspan={{{col|8}}} style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{#switch:{{{type}}} |closed|unbuilt={{Jctint/type|{{{type}}}}}|#default=}}|}}>{{{text|Farqiga ku jira {{#switch:{{{state|}}}|MI=dariiq|#default=waddo}} }}}</td></tr><noinclude></table>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 3x2b83u8z4ujw1z6sjrijeg66l0ltev 10 52676 308666 2026-09-19T15:54:23Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude>{{AUSinttop}} </noinclude>{{Jctint/core <!-- */ EXIT NUMBER COL, ARTICLE DAB /* -->|1={{{1|}}} |2={{{2|}}} |primary_topic=no |region={{{state|}}}<!-- */ REGION COLUMN /* -->|region_special={{{state_special|}}} |regionspan={{{sspan|}}}<!-- */ LGA COLUMN /* -->|sub1span={{{LGAspan|}}} |sub1_special={{#if:{{{LGA|}}}|{{{LGA}}}| <!-- Auto-linking for common LGA types: -->{{#if:{{{LGAC|}}}|[[City of {{{LGAC}}}|Magaalada {{{LGAC}}}]]}}<!-- for "City of <nam... 308666 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{AUSinttop}} </noinclude>{{Jctint/core <!-- */ EXIT NUMBER COL, ARTICLE DAB /* -->|1={{{1|}}} |2={{{2|}}} |primary_topic=no |region={{{state|}}}<!-- */ REGION COLUMN /* -->|region_special={{{state_special|}}} |regionspan={{{sspan|}}}<!-- */ LGA COLUMN /* -->|sub1span={{{LGAspan|}}} |sub1_special={{#if:{{{LGA|}}}|{{{LGA}}}| <!-- Auto-linking for common LGA types: -->{{#if:{{{LGAC|}}}|[[City of {{{LGAC}}}|Magaalada {{{LGAC}}}]]}}<!-- for "City of <name>" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-C|}}}|[[{{{LGA-C}}} City|Magaalada {{{LGA-C}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> City" -->{{#if:{{{LGARC|}}}|[[Rural City of {{{LGARC}}}|Magaalada Miyiga ee {{{LGARC}}}]]}}<!-- for "Rural City of <name>" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-Co|}}}|[[{{{LGA-Co}}} Council|Golaha {{{LGA-Co}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> Council" -->{{#if:{{{LGADC|}}}|[[District Council of {{{LGADC}}}|Golaha Degmada {{{LGADC}}}]]}}<!-- for "District Council of <name>" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-DC|}}}|[[{{{LGA-DC}}} District Council|Golaha Degmada {{{LGA-DC}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> District Council" -->{{#if:{{{LGAM|}}}|[[Municipality of {{{LGAM}}}|Degmada Hoosaysa ee {{{LGAM}}}]]}}<!-- for "Municipality of <name>" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-M|}}}|[[{{{LGA-M}}} Municipality|Degmada Hoosaysa ee {{{LGA-M}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> Municipality" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-R|}}}|[[{{{LGA-R}}} Region|Gobolka {{{LGA-R}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> Region" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-RC|}}}|[[{{{LGA-RC}}} Regional Council|Golaha Gobolka {{{LGA-RC}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> Regional Council" -->{{#if:{{{LGAS|}}}|[[Shire of {{{LGAS}}}|Degmada {{{LGAS}}}]]}}<!-- for "Shire of <name>" -->{{#if:{{{LGA-S|}}}|[[{{{LGA-S}}} Shire|Degmada {{{LGA-S}}}]]}}<!-- for "<name> Shire" -->{{#if:{{{LGAAS|}}}|[[Aboriginal Shire of {{{LGAAS}}}|Degmada Aborijinis ee {{{LGAAS}}}]]}}<!-- for "Aboriginal Shire of <name>" -->{{#if:{{{LGAT|}}}|[[Town of {{{LGAT}}}|Magaalada {{{LGAT}}}]]}}<!-- for "Town of <name>" --> }}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude> |sub1_note={{{LGA_note|}}}<!-- */ LOCATION COLUMN /* -->|sub2={{{location|}}} |sub2span={{{lspan|}}} |sub2_special={{#if: {{{lcspan|}}} | | {{{location_special|}}} }}<noinclude>&nbsp;</noinclude><!-- */ LOCATION SPANS MULTIPLE COLUMNS /* -->|indep_city_special={{#ifeq: {{{lcspan|}}} | 2 | {{{location_special|}}} }} |indep_city_align={{{lcalign|}}} |unitary={{#ifeq: {{{lcspan|}}} | 3 | {{{location_special|}}} }} |unitary_align={{{lcalign|}}}<!-- */ ROW BACKGROUND COLOUR /* -->|type={{{type|}}}<!-- */ DISTANCE & EXIT COLUMNS /* -->|unit={{#switch:{{{unit}}} |none=none |#default={{{km|}}} }} |unit2={{{km2|}}} |uspan={{{uspan|}}} |old={{{old|}}} |ospan={{{ospan|}}} |exit={{{exit|}}} |name={{{name|}}} |espan={{{espan|}}}<!-- */ DESTINATIONS & NOTES COLUMNS /* -->|road={{{road|}}} |rspan={{{rspan|}}} |rcspan={{{rcspan|}}} |notes={{{notes|}}} |nspan={{{nspan|}}} |place={{{place|}}}{{{tunnel|}}}{{{bridge|}}} |pspan={{{pspan|}}}{{{tspan|}}}{{{bspan|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Jctbtm}} {{documentation|Template:AUSintcore/doc/core}} </noinclude> rou5pri91noqukj8af9jo3zpxkl0q95 10 52677 308667 2026-09-19T15:54:44Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude>{{Jcttop}}</noinclude>{{#invoke:Jctint|jctint}}<noinclude>{{Jctbtm}} {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 308667 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Jcttop}}</noinclude>{{#invoke:Jctint|jctint}}<noinclude>{{Jctbtm}} {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 4ddyrjncmy7efsbrmioqifavtzmmog7 828 52678 308668 2026-09-19T15:55:36Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} -- Package to be exported -- Local version of string formatting function local format = mw.ustring.format -- Local version of string trimming function local trim = mw.text.trim -- Store this function in a local variable to avoid expensive table lookups. local insert = table.insert -- mw.html object for the generated row local row -- Default row span for all columns (`jspan` = "junction span") local jspan -- Any error messages produced that will be added to the outp... 308668 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} -- Package to be exported -- Local version of string formatting function local format = mw.ustring.format -- Local version of string trimming function local trim = mw.text.trim -- Store this function in a local variable to avoid expensive table lookups. local insert = table.insert -- mw.html object for the generated row local row -- Default row span for all columns (`jspan` = "junction span") local jspan -- Any error messages produced that will be added to the output local errorMsg = {} -- A specification for self-closing HTML tag. local selfClosing = {selfClosing = true} --- -- Converts the distance specified in unit from `unit` specified in `unitdef` -- to the other supported unit. local function convert(unit, unitdef) if unit == nil or unitdef == nil then return {} end -- Import module to convert length. local util = require("Module:Road data/util") local lengths = util.convertLengths({[unitdef] = unit}) if lengths.error then -- An error occurred during conversion. -- Add the transcluding page to an error tracking category. local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Get transcluding page's title local pagename = page.prefixedText -- Extract page's full title as string -- Create category string local category = format("[[Category:Jctint template using non-numeric parameter values|# %s]]", pagename) insert(errorMsg, category) -- Add error category to error message table. end return lengths end --- Creates cells for the location columns. local function locations(args) -- Unitary, e.g., state line local unitary = args.unitary -- Value to span all of the location columns if unitary then -- Text alignment of the cell contents, default to "left". local align = args.unitary_align or 'left' row:tag('td') -- Create unitary cell :attr('colspan', 3) -- spanning three possible columns :css('text-align', align) :wikitext(unitary) -- Store the contents of unitary in the cell. return end -- Create cells for regular location columns. -- Region, for disambiguation and potentially for display local region = args.region if region or args.region_special then -- Row span for region; must be specified to display a region cell. local regionSpan = args.regionspan if regionSpan then row:tag('td') -- Create a region cell :attr('rowspan', regionSpan) -- Store region text in the cell. -- `region_special` argument overrides wikilinked `region` argument. :wikitext(args.region_special or format("[[%s]]", region)) end end -- Primary topic requires no specialization to supplied locations. local primaryTopic = args.primary_topic ~= 'no' -- Note below main text in the next column local sub1note = args.sub1_note -- check existence later -- Row span for the last location column, default to `jspan` local sub2span = args.sub2span or jspan -- Independent city local indepCityText -- Value to span both subdivision columns. if args.indep_city_special then indepCityText = args.indep_city_special -- Overrides `indep_city` argument. elseif args.indep_city then local indepCity = args.indep_city local cityLink -- Wikilink for independent city if primaryTopic then cityLink = format('[[%s]]', indepCity) elseif region then -- Specialize independent city to the region. cityLink = format('[[%s, %s|%s]]', indepCity, region, indepCity) end if cityLink then indepCityText = "[[Independent city|City]] of " .. cityLink end end if indepCityText then -- Display independent city. -- Text alignment of the cell contents, default to "left". local align = args.indep_city_align or 'left' local indepCityCell = row:tag('td') -- Create independent city cell :attr('colspan', 2) -- spanning two columns :attr('rowspan', sub2span) -- with the calculated row span. :css('text-align', align) :wikitext(indepCityText) -- Store the independent city in the cell. if sub1note then -- A note is provided. indepCityCell:tag('br', selfClosing) -- Add a line break to the cell. -- Add the note to the cell, within an HTML <small> tag. indepCityCell:tag('small'):wikitext(sub1note) end return end -- Create two cells for the first- and second-level subdivisions. -- First-level subdivision, e.g., county -- Name of the type of subdivision, e.g., "County" and "Parish" local sub1name = args.sub1name -- check existence later local sub1Text -- Value for first-level subdivision column. if args.sub1_special then sub1Text = args.sub1_special -- Overrides `sub1` argument. elseif args.sub1 then local sub1 = args.sub1 if primaryTopic then -- Add type (if specified) to wikilink for first-level subdivision. local sub1Link = sub1name and format("%s %s", sub1, sub1name) or sub1 sub1Text = format('[[%s|%s]]', sub1Link, sub1) elseif region and sub1name then -- Add type to first-level subdivision. local sub1Typed = trim(format('%s %s', sub1, sub1name)) -- Specialize first-level subdivision, with type added, to the region. sub1Text = format('[[%s, %s|%s]]', sub1Typed, region, sub1) end end if sub1Text then -- Display first-level subdivision. -- Row span for first-level subdivision, default to `jspan`. local sub1span = args.sub1span or jspan local sub1Cell = row:tag('td') -- Create first-level subdivision cell :attr('rowspan', sub1span) -- with the calculated row span. :wikitext(sub1Text) -- Store the first-level subdivision in the cell. if sub1note then -- A note is provided. sub1Cell:tag('br', selfClosing) -- Add a line break to the cell. -- Add the note to the cell, within an HTML <small> tag. sub1Cell:tag('small'):wikitext(sub1note) end end -- Second-level subdivision, e.g., city and town local sub2Text -- Value for second-level subdivision column. if args.sub2_special then sub2Text = args.sub2_special -- Overrides `sub2` argument. elseif args.sub2 then local sub2 = args.sub2 if sub2 == "none" or sub2 == "&nbsp;" then sub2Text = "&#8203;" -- Zero-width space elseif primaryTopic then sub2Text = format("[[%s]]", sub2) else local sub2Link = {sub2} local sub2Name = sub2 -- Type of area, e.g., city and village, as a form of disambiguation local area = args.area if area then insert(sub2Link, format(' (%s)', area)) -- Add area to wikilink. local areas = { -- table of different area types borough = "Borough", city = "City", community = "Community", CDP = "Community", hamlet = "Hamlet", town = "Town", village = "Village", ["unorganized territory"] = "Unorganized Territory" } -- Add area name to displayed wikitext. sub2Name = format("%s of %s", areas[area], sub2Name) end insert(sub2Link, ", ") -- Some second-level subdivisions are not unique in a given region. -- `sub1dab` is the first-level subdivision to be used for disambiguation. local sub1dab = args.sub1dab if sub1dab and sub1name then insert(sub2Link, trim(format('%s %s', sub1dab, sub1name)) .. ", ") end if region then insert(sub2Link, region) -- Add region to wikilink end sub2Text = format("[[%s|%s]]", table.concat(sub2Link), sub2Name) end end if sub2Text then -- Display second-level subdivision. row:tag('td') -- Create second-level subdivision cell :attr('rowspan', sub2span) -- with the calculated row span. :wikitext(sub2Text) -- Store the second-level subdivision in the cell. end end --- Creates cells for the distance columns. local function units(args) -- Alternate units, e.g., California's postmiles. local alt_unit = args.altunit if alt_unit then -- Alternate units override standard units. -- Row span (`auspan` = "alt[ernate] unit span") local auspan = args.auspan or jspan -- Create the alternate unit cell as a header cell for the row, -- since it is usually unique within the table. row:tag('th'):attr('scope', 'row') :css('text-align', 'right') :attr('rowspan', auspan) :wikitext(alt_unit) -- Store the contents of alt_unit in the cell. else -- Convert numeric distances to a secondary unit, and display both units. -- Distance in the primary unit, or 'none' local unit = args.unit -- If `unit` is "none", no cells are displayed. if unit == "none" then return end local unitdef = args.unitdef or "km" -- The primary unit ('mi' or 'km') -- Convert and format the distance. local lengths = convert(unit, unitdef) -- Row span (`uspan` = "unit span") local uspan = args.uspan or jspan -- Create the primary unit cell as a header cell for the row, -- since it is usually unique within the table. local primary = row:tag('th'):attr('scope', 'row') :css('text-align', 'right') :attr('rowspan', uspan) -- Store the primary distance and any conversion error message in the cell. :wikitext(lengths[lengths.orig], lengths.error) local secondary = row:tag('td') -- Create the secondary unit cell. :css('text-align', 'right') :css('background-color', '#eaecf0') :attr('rowspan', uspan) :wikitext(lengths[lengths.comp]) -- Store the secondary distance in the cell. local unit_ref = args.unit_ref if unit_ref then -- A reference is provided for the distance. primary:wikitext(unit_ref) -- Add reference to the primary distance cell. end local unit2 = args.unit2 if unit2 then -- A second distance is provided. local line = args.line -- A horizontal rule may be requested between the distances. if line then -- Add a horizontal rule to both cells. primary:tag('hr', selfClosing) secondary:tag('hr', selfClosing) else -- Add an en-dash and a line break to both cells. primary:wikitext('–'):tag('br', selfClosing) secondary:wikitext('–'):tag('br', selfClosing) end -- Convert and format the second distance. local lengths2 = convert(unit2, unitdef) -- Add the second distance and any conversion error message to the primary distance cell. primary:wikitext(lengths2[lengths2.orig], lengths2.error) -- Add the converted second distance to the secondary distance cell. secondary:wikitext(lengths2[lengths2.comp]) end local unit2_ref = args.unit2_ref if unit2_ref then -- A reference is provided for the distance. primary:wikitext(unit2_ref) -- Add reference to the primary distance cell. end end end -- Color specified by any supplied type local color -- Tooltip specified by any supplied type local title --- Apply any type-derived coloring and tooltip to the given cell. local function applyTypeStyle(cell) cell:attr('title', title):css('background-color', color) end --- Creates a cell for places, such as bridges and rest areas. local function place(args) local place = args.place -- Contents of the place cell -- Do nothing if `place` is "none" if place == "none" then return end local colspan = 2 -- Initial column span local exit = args[1] -- Whether this table has exit number columns local named = args[2] -- Whether this table has named junction column -- Adjust column span if exit == "old" then colspan = colspan + 2 elseif exit == "exit" then colspan = colspan + 1 end if named == "name" then colspan = colspan + 1 end -- Row span (`pspan` = "place span") local pspan = args.pspan or jspan local placeCell = row:tag('td') -- Create place cell :css('text-align', 'center') :attr('colspan', colspan) :attr('rowspan', pspan) :wikitext(place) -- Store the place in the cell applyTypeStyle(placeCell) end --- Creates cells for exit number and named junction columns. local function exits(args) local exit = args[1] -- 'exit', 'old', or nil local named = args[2] -- 'name' or nil if exit == 'old' then -- Add old exit number cell -- Row span (`ospan` = "old span") local ospan = args.ospan or jspan row:tag('td') -- Create old exit number cell :css('text-align', 'center') :css('background-color', '#d3d3d3') :attr('title', 'Former exit number') :attr('rowspan', ospan) :wikitext(args.old) -- Store the old exit number in the cell end if exit then -- "exit" or "old" is defined; add current exit number cell -- Row span (`espan` = "exit span") local espan = args.espan or jspan local exitCell = row:tag('td') -- Create exit number cell :css('text-align', 'center') :attr('rowspan', espan) :wikitext(args.exit) -- Store the exit number in the cell applyTypeStyle(exitCell) end if named then -- Junction list has a junction name column local namespan = args.namespan or jspan -- Row span local nameCell = row:tag('td') -- Create junction name cell :attr('rowspan', namespan) :wikitext(args.name) -- Store the junction name in the cell applyTypeStyle(nameCell) end end --- Creates cell for the destinations column. local function destinations(args) local road = args.road -- Contents of the destinations cell -- Do nothing if `road` is "none" if road == "none" then return end -- Column span (`rcspan` = "road column span"), default to 1 local rcspan = args.rcspan or 1 -- Row span (`rspan` = "road span") local rspan = args.rspan or jspan local destCell = row:tag('td') -- Create destination cell :attr('colspan', rcspan) :attr('rowspan', rspan) :wikitext(road) -- Store the destination in the cell applyTypeStyle(destCell) end --- Creates cell for the notes column. local function notes(args) local notes = args.notes -- Contents of the notes cell -- Do nothing if `notes` is "none" if notes == "none" then return end -- Row span (`nspan` = "notes span") local nspan = args.nspan or jspan local notesCell = row:tag('td') -- Create notes cell :attr('rowspan', nspan) :wikitext(notes) -- Store the notes in the cell applyTypeStyle(notesCell) end --- -- Returns a row in the junction list. -- Accessible from other Lua modules function p._jctint(args) jspan = args.jspan or 1 -- Global row span for all columns; defaults to 1 -- {{{type}}} argument to determine color and tooltips local argType = args.type if argType then -- {{{type}}} was passed -- Type-based data for colors and tooltips if argType == 'mplex' then local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Get transcluding page's title local pagename = page.prefixedText -- Extract page's full title as string insert(errorMsg, format("[[Category:Jctint template with invalid type|$ %s]]", pagename)) end local types = mw.loadData("Module:Road data/RJL types") local typeData = types[string.lower(argType)] -- Retrieve the type data if typeData then color = typeData.color -- Store the color globally title = typeData.jctint -- Store the tooltip globally else -- Add error category to error message table. local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Get transcluding page's title local pagename = page.prefixedText -- Extract page's full title as string insert(errorMsg, format("[[Category:Jctint template with invalid type|%s]]", pagename)) end end local root = mw.html.create() -- Create the root mw.html object to return -- Create the table row and store it globally row = root:tag('tr'):css('text-align', 'left') locations(args) -- Handle location arguments units(args) -- Handle distance arguments if args.place then -- {{{place}}} spans all columns to the right of the distances place(args) -- Create cell for place else exits(args) -- Handle exit/named junction arguments destinations(args) -- Handle destinations notes(args) -- Handle notes end -- Return the HTML code in the mw.html object as a string, plus any error messages return tostring(root) .. table.concat(errorMsg) end --- Entry function for {{jctint/core}} function p.jctint(frame) -- Import module function to work with passed arguments local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs -- Gather passed arguments into easy-to-use table local args = getArgs(frame) return p._jctint(args) end return p -- Return package owlhru4jybhdixhedr3f0ijc1gx9nvh 10 52679 308670 2026-09-19T15:56:52Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{AUshield/core|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}} }}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{AUshield/core|{{{3}}}|{{{4}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{3}}}|2={{{4}}} }}}}}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{AUshield/core|{{{5}}}|{{{6}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{5}}}|2={{{6}}} }}}}}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{AUshield/core|{{{7}}}|{{{8}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/defau... 308670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AUshield/core|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}} }}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{AUshield/core|{{{3}}}|{{{4}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{3}}}|2={{{4}}} }}}}}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{AUshield/core|{{{5}}}|{{{6}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{5}}}|2={{{6}}} }}}}}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{AUshield/core|{{{7}}}|{{{8}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|size={{{size|{{AUshield/default size|1={{{7}}}|2={{{8}}} }}}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 3w2xdzyzfwzgkmpdbr5bt73p0v2g4mc 10 52680 308671 2026-09-19T15:57:22Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#switch:{{{1|none}}} |Met=[[File:AUS Metroad {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Metroad {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |N|NH=[[File:Australian national highway {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | National Highway {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |M|A|B|C=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{1}}}{{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route {{{1}}}{{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |QA={{#switch:{{{2}}} |ALTA2=File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt=... 308671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1|none}}} |Met=[[File:AUS Metroad {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Metroad {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |N|NH=[[File:Australian national highway {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | National Highway {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |M|A|B|C=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{1}}}{{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route {{{1}}}{{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |QA={{#switch:{{{2}}} |ALTA2=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Alternate State Route A2 | {{!}}link= }}]] |#default=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route A{{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route A{{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]]}} |QM=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route M{{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route M{{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |AN|QLD|SA|NT|VIC|TAS|NSW={{#switch:{{{2}}} |ALTA2=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Alternate State Route A2 | {{!}}link= }}]] |#default=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]]}} |ACT=[[File:New South Wales alphanumeric route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |S|QS|SR=[[File:Australian state route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | State Route {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |ACTN=[[File:Australian national highway ACT {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | National Highway {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |R|NR=[[File:Australian national route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | National Route {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |AR|ALTNR=[[File:Australian national route ALT{{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | National Route ALT {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |T|TD=[[File:Australian Tourist Drive {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Tourist Drive {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |ACTT|ACT-TD=[[File:Australian Capital Territory Tourist Drive {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Tourist Drive {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |Bris=[[File:Brisbane freeway {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | {{{2}}} Freeway | {{!}}link= }}]] |Mel=[[File:Melbourne freeway {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | {{{2}}} Freeway | {{!}}link= }}]] |D=[[File:New South Wales detour route {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Detour Route {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |NSWF=[[File:New South Wales freeway {{{2}}}.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Freeway {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |Toll=[[File:AUS Alphanumeric Route {{{2}}} toll.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Toll {{{2}}} | {{!}}link= }}]] |None|none|0=[[File:{{{2}}} none.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | | {{!}}link= }}]] |+={{#switch:{{{2}}} |airport=[[File:Western Australia MR-SM-11.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Airport | {{!}}link= }}]] |hospital=[[File:Western Australia MR-SM-1.svg|{{{size}}}|alt={{#if: {{{alt|}}} | Hospital | {{!}}link= }}]] |#default=}} |#default=}} j7vty8zzgy933359jn3yekljudrtvg9 10 52681 308672 2026-09-19T16:03:31Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{If ||{{{doc|}}} |<!--Do nothing--> |{{#invoke:R avoided double redirect|main|{{{1|}}}}}}}<!--|all category=comment for automatic namespace detection--></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 308672 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{If ||{{{doc|}}} |<!--Do nothing--> |{{#invoke:R avoided double redirect|main|{{{1|}}}}}}}<!--|all category=comment for automatic namespace detection--></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> g1ckrpajq3s97atvh6zyz719wi18s4r 828 52682 308673 2026-09-19T16:04:29Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} local function noredir(page) local link = page:fullUrl("redirect=no") return "<span class=\"plainlinks\">[" .. link .. " " .. page.fullText .. "]</span><span style=\"display: none\">[[:" .. page.fullText .. "]]</span>" end function p.main(frame) local args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs(frame, {removeBlanks=false}) -- Demo parameters, for demonstrating behavior with certain redirect -- targets and avoiding categorization (do not use in articles) loc... 308673 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local function noredir(page) local link = page:fullUrl("redirect=no") return "<span class=\"plainlinks\">[" .. link .. " " .. page.fullText .. "]</span><span style=\"display: none\">[[:" .. page.fullText .. "]]</span>" end function p.main(frame) local args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs(frame, {removeBlanks=false}) -- Demo parameters, for demonstrating behavior with certain redirect -- targets and avoiding categorization (do not use in articles) local noError = args.noerror local demo = args.demo or noError or args.thistarget or args.othertarget local function formatError(err) return "<span class=\"error\">Khalad ku jira [[Module:R avoided double redirect]]: " .. err .. "</span>" .. (demo and "" or "[[Category:Avoided double redirect errors]]") end local thisPage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local otherPage = mw.title.new(args[1] or "") if not otherPage then return formatError("Lama cayimin bogol kale."); end if mw.title.equals(thisPage, otherPage) then return formatError("Bogolka hadda la joogo ayaa loo gudbiyay cabbir ahaan."); end -- Get mw.title objects for redirect targets. -- Note that using mw.title's redirectTarget will correctly handle preview mode, unlike Module:Redirect. local thisTarget, otherTarget if demo and args.thistarget then thisTarget = mw.title.new(args.thistarget) else thisTarget = thisPage.redirectTarget end if demo and args.othertarget then otherTarget = mw.title.new(args.othertarget) else otherTarget = otherPage.redirectTarget end -- For double redirects local thisDoubleTarget = thisTarget and thisTarget.redirectTarget local otherDoubleTarget = otherTarget and otherTarget.redirectTarget local function formatOutput(update, info) local from, cat if otherTarget then from = "cinwaan kale ama mawduuc la xiriira '''" .. noredir(otherPage) .. "''', oo ah hakin kale oo ku socota isla cinwaankaas" else from = "cinwaan kale ama mawduuc la xiriira '''[[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]]''', oo ah hakin hore oo ku socotay isla cinwaankaas" end cat = demo and "" or update and "Avoided double redirects to be updated" or "Avoided double redirects" return frame:expandTemplate({ title = "Redirect template", args = { id = 'R avoided double redirect', from = from, info = update and "\n**" .. info or info, ["all category"] = cat, name = "From an avoided double redirect" } }) end if not noError then if not thisTarget then return formatError("Bogolkani ma aha mid shaqeynaya oo la hakinayo – suurtagal ma aha in RfD ay curyaamisay", demo) elseif mw.title.equals(thisPage, thisTarget) then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Kani waa hakin jabtay (waxay ku hagaajineysaa nafteeda).</span>") elseif not thisTarget.exists then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Kani waa hakin jabtay (halka ay ku socoto ma jirto).</span>") elseif not otherPage.exists then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">[[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]] ma jirto.</span>") elseif otherTarget and mw.title.equals(otherPage, otherTarget) then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">[[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]] waa hakin jabtay (waxay ku hagaajineysaa nafteeda).</span>") elseif otherTarget and not otherTarget.exists then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">[[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]] waa hakin jabtay (waxay ku hagaajineysaa bogol aan jirin).</span>") elseif mw.title.equals(thisTarget, otherPage) then if not otherTarget then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">[[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]] ma aha hakin, oo kanina mar hore ayuu ku socdaa.</span> Inta badan qaabkan waa la tirtiri karaa.") elseif mw.title.equals(otherTarget, thisPage) then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Kani waa hakin wareegsan.</span> Fadlan beddel halka ay ku socoto hakintan iyo " .. noredir(otherPage) .. " labadaba ilaa maqaalka saxda ah.") end return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Bogolkani wuxuu u hagaajinayaa " .. noredir(otherPage) .. ", kaas oo u hagaajinaya [[:" .. otherTarget.fullText .. "]].</span> Fadlan beddel halka ay hakintani ku socoto ilaa [[:" .. otherTarget.fullText .. "]] ama si kale u xalliso xaaladda.") elseif not otherTarget then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">[[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]] ma aha hakin.</span> Inta badan hakintan waa in la cusbooneysiiyaa si ay u tilmaanto [[:" .. otherPage.fullText .. "]] hadda oo aan aysan mar dambe ahayn hakin, qaabkana waa la tirtirayaa.\n** Haddii aysan taasi ahayn halka saxda ah ee hakintan ku socoto, cusbooneysii ama tirtir qaabkan iyo/ama hakinta lafteeda iyo/ama bogolka kale sida ku habboon.") elseif thisDoubleTarget then if otherDoubleTarget then if mw.title.equals(thisDoubleTarget, otherDoubleTarget) then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Labada bogol ee kan iyo " .. noredir(otherPage) .. " waa hakin labanlaab ah.</span> Fadlan beddel halka ay labada hakin ku socdaan ilaa " .. (thisDoubleTarget.isRedirect and "maqaalka saxda ah." or "[[:" .. thisDoubleTarget.fullText .. "]] (ama maqaal kale oo sax ah).")) end return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Labada bogol ee kan iyo " .. noredir(otherPage) .. " waa hakin labanlaab ah.</span> Fadlan hagaaji.") end return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Kani waa hakin labanlaab ah.</span> Fadlan hagaaji, laga yaabo adoo u beddelaya [[:" .. otherTarget.fullText .. "]].") elseif not mw.title.equals(thisTarget, otherTarget) then return formatOutput(true, "<span class=\"error\">Bogolkani iyo " .. noredir(otherPage) .. " waxay u hakinayaan maqaallo kala duwan.</span> Inta badan waa inaad beddesho halka ay hakintani ku socoto ilaa [[:" .. otherTarget.fullText .. "]] si ay u midowdo.\n** Haddii aysan taasi ahayn halka saxda ah ee hakintan ku socoto, cusbooneysii ama tirtir qaabkan iyo/ama hakinta lafteeda iyo/ama bogolka kale sida ku habboon.") elseif thisTarget.fragment ~= otherTarget.fragment then -- Should this case report for update? return formatOutput(false, "Sababtoo ah [[Wikipedia:Double redirects|hakinada labanlaaban]] waa la mamnuucay," .. " labada bogolba hadda waxay tilmaamayaan [[:" .. otherTarget.prefixedText .. "]] (laakiin waxay leeyihiin anshaxyo kala duwan).\n" .. "**Haddii " .. noredir(otherPage) .. " dib loo hagaajiyo ama lagu ballaariyo maqaal gooni ah, qaab, ama bogol mashruuc kale ah, " .. " hakintan waxaa loo kala saari doonaa in dib loo cusbooneysiiyo." ) end end return formatOutput(false, "Sababtoo ah [[Wikipedia:Double redirects|hakinada labanlaaban]] waa la mamnuucay," .. " labada bogolba hadda waxay tilmaamayaan [[:" .. otherTarget.fullText .. "]].\n" .. "**Haddii " .. noredir(otherPage) .. " dib loo hagaajiyo ama lagu ballaariyo maqaal gooni ah, qaab, ama bogol mashruuc kale ah, " .. " hakintan waxaa loo kala saari doonaa in dib loo cusbooneysiiyo." ) end return p h03do2q288tubt9754tw374f9x4imk1 10 52683 308676 2026-09-19T21:22:49Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#invoke:flag||Uruguay}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Uruguay|URY|URU|URU}} </noinclude> 308676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:flag||Uruguay}}<noinclude> {{flag template documentation|Uruguay|URY|URU|URU}} </noinclude> ooyykx7heyg8q2vmpgfus4pubs2t8os 10 52684 308677 2026-09-19T21:24:14Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <small><span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.75em;border:1px solid #C2C2C2; font-family:sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF); text-align:center; color:{{{color|var(--color-destructive, #bf3c2c)}}};" class="plusonetemplate">+<span style="font-weight:bold;">{{{1|1}}}</span></span></small><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 308677 wikitext text/x-wiki <small><span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.75em;border:1px solid #C2C2C2; font-family:sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF); text-align:center; color:{{{color|var(--color-destructive, #bf3c2c)}}};" class="plusonetemplate">+<span style="font-weight:bold;">{{{1|1}}}</span></span></small><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> e1nobtuogv319g0nimggy66m75f06v3 10 52685 308678 2026-09-19T21:25:03Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <small><span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.75em;border:1px solid #C2C2C2; font-family:sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); text-align:center; color:{{{color|var(--color-destructive, #bf3c2c)}}};" class="plusonetemplate">&minus;<span style="font-weight:bold;">{{{1|1}}}</span></span></small><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 308678 wikitext text/x-wiki <small><span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.75em;border:1px solid #C2C2C2; font-family:sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); text-align:center; color:{{{color|var(--color-destructive, #bf3c2c)}}};" class="plusonetemplate">&minus;<span style="font-weight:bold;">{{{1|1}}}</span></span></small><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> lfipil0182kiv6ba3dvvyams424b2h6 10 52686 308679 2026-09-19T21:25:59Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#switch:{{lc:{{{icon|}}}}} |old = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.80em;border:1px solid;border-radius:3px;text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Symbol thumbs up.svg}}} |class=skin-invert-image|text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&nbsp;{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|likes}}}|users {{{1|like}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] likes this.|{{{1|Jeclow}}}}}}}</span> |fb = <span style="display:i... 308679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{icon|}}}}} |old = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.80em;border:1px solid;border-radius:3px;text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Symbol thumbs up.svg}}} |class=skin-invert-image|text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&nbsp;{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|likes}}}|users {{{1|like}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] likes this.|{{{1|Jeclow}}}}}}}</span> |fb = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.80em;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold; font-family:'Helvetica',Arial,sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background-color:#1877f2; color:#fff; text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Facebook like thumb.png}}} |text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&nbsp;{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|likes}}}|users {{{1|like}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] likes this.|{{{1|Like}}}}}}}</span> |fb-old = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.75em;border:1px solid #CAD4E7; font-family:'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background:#ECEEF5; text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Facebook like thumb.png}}} |text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&thinsp;<span style="color:#3B5998;">{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|likes}}}|users {{{1|like}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}|[[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] likes this.|{{{1|Like}}}}}}}</span></span> |[[File:{{{image|Wikipedia like SVG.svg}}} |25px|alt=👍]] '''{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|likes}}}|users {{{1|like}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] likes this.|{{{1|Like}}}}}}}'''}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 2sd6o4uv0ydllptez0zrjamzvhqdhmx 308680 308679 2026-09-19T21:29:34Z Isma4l 41797 308680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{icon|}}}}} |old = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.80em;border:1px solid;border-radius:3px;text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Symbol thumbs up.svg}}} |class=skin-invert-image|text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&nbsp;{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|likes}}}|users {{{1|like}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] likes this.|{{{1|Jeclow}}}}}}}</span> |fb = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.80em;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold; font-family:'Helvetica',Arial,sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background-color:#1877f2; color:#fff; text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Facebook like thumb.png}}} |text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&nbsp;{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|jecel}}}|users {{{1|jecel}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] jecel tan.|{{{1|Like}}}}}}}</span> |fb-old = <span style="display:inline-block;padding:0 .5em;line-height:1.75em;border:1px solid #CAD4E7; font-family:'Lucida Grande',Tahoma,Verdana,sans-serif; border-radius:3px; background:#ECEEF5; text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|Facebook like thumb.png}}} |text-top|link=|alt=👍|16px]]&thinsp;<span style="color:#3B5998;">{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|jecel}}}|users {{{1|jecel}}}}} tan.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}|[[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] jecel tan.|{{{1|jecel}}}}}}}</span></span> |[[File:{{{image|Wikipedia like SVG.svg}}} |25px|alt=👍]] '''{{#if:{{{num|}}}|{{{num|}}} {{PLURAL:{{{num|}}}|user {{{1|jecel}}}|users {{{1|jecel}}}}} this.|{{#if:{{{username|}}}| [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{username|}}}]] jecel tan.|{{{1|Jecel}}}}}}}'''}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6eikd7jda1nc13tnjzdb5jtz76v388j 10 52687 308681 2026-09-19T21:30:51Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{nowrap|{{#switch: {{{1|}}} |4-2-4=[[4-2-4 (locomotive)|4-2-4]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |4-4-2=[[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |2-4-4=[[2-4-4T|2-4-4]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |0-8-4=[[0-8-4T|0-8-4]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |4w=[[Whyte notation#Internal combustion locomotives|4w]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |6w=[[Whyte notation#Internal combustion locomotives|6w]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |8w=Whyte not... 308681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nowrap|{{#switch: {{{1|}}} |4-2-4=[[4-2-4 (locomotive)|4-2-4]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |4-4-2=[[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |2-4-4=[[2-4-4T|2-4-4]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |0-8-4=[[0-8-4T|0-8-4]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |4w=[[Whyte notation#Internal combustion locomotives|4w]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |6w=[[Whyte notation#Internal combustion locomotives|6w]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |8w=[[Whyte notation#Internal combustion locomotives|8w]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} |{{#ifexist: {{{1|}}}| [[{{{1|}}}]]{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}}| {{{1|}}}{{Whyte suffix|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} }}}}}}<noinclude> {{doc}} </noinclude> 05omltogc1xw2yvribaeudekhgbsglw 10 52688 308682 2026-09-19T21:31:20Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{uc:{{{1}}}}}| TT =[[Tender-tank locomotive|{{abbr|TT|Tender-tank}}]]| TANK =[[Tank locomotive|{{abbr|T|Tank}}]]| T =[[Side tank locomotive|{{abbr|T|Side tank}}]]| PT =[[Pannier tank locomotive|{{abbr|PT|Pannier tank}}]]| ST =[[Saddle tank locomotive|{{abbr|ST|Saddle tank}}]]| IST =[[Inverted saddle tank locomotive|{{abbr|IST|Inverted saddle tank}}]]| WT =[[Well tank locomotive|{{abbr|WT|Well tank}}]]| BT =Back tank locomotive|{{abbr|BT|B... 308682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{uc:{{{1}}}}}| TT =[[Tender-tank locomotive|{{abbr|TT|Tender-tank}}]]| TANK =[[Tank locomotive|{{abbr|T|Tank}}]]| T =[[Side tank locomotive|{{abbr|T|Side tank}}]]| PT =[[Pannier tank locomotive|{{abbr|PT|Pannier tank}}]]| ST =[[Saddle tank locomotive|{{abbr|ST|Saddle tank}}]]| IST =[[Inverted saddle tank locomotive|{{abbr|IST|Inverted saddle tank}}]]| WT =[[Well tank locomotive|{{abbr|WT|Well tank}}]]| BT =[[Back tank locomotive|{{abbr|BT|Back tank}}]]| REAR =[[Rear tank locomotive|{{abbr|RT|Rear tank}}]]| C =[[Crane tank locomotive|{{abbr|C|Crane tank}}]]| CT =[[Crane tank locomotive|{{abbr|CT|Crane tank}}]]| VB =[[Vertical boilered locomotive|{{abbr|VB|Vertical-boilered}}]]| VBT =[[Vertical boilered locomotive|{{abbr|VBT|Vertical-boilered}}]]| F =[[Fireless locomotive|{{abbr|F|Fireless}}]]| R =[[Railcar|{{abbr|R|Railcar}}]]| RAILCAR=[[Railcar|{{abbr|R|Railcar}}]]| COG =[[Cog locomotive|{{abbr|R|Rack}}]]| RACK =[[Rack locomotive|{{abbr|R|Rack}}]]| RT =[[Rack locomotive|{{abbr|RT|Rack}}]]| P =[[Petrol locomotive|{{abbr|P|Petrol}}]]| PM =[[Petrol-mechanical locomotive|{{abbr|PM|Petrol-mechanical}}]]| PE =[[Petrol-electric locomotive|{{abbr|PE|Petrol-electric}}]]| D =[[Diesel locomotive|{{abbr|D|Diesel}}]]| DM =[[Diesel–mechanical locomotive|{{abbr|DM|Diesel-mechanical}}]]| DE =[[Diesel–electric locomotive|{{abbr|DE|Diesel-electric}}]]| DH =[[Diesel–hydraulic locomotive|{{abbr|DH|Diesel-hydraulic}}]]| BE =[[Battery electric locomotive|{{abbr|BE|Battery-electric}}]]| OE =[[Electric locomotive#Overhead lines|{{abbr|OE|Overhead-electric}}]]| CA =[[Compressed-air locomotive|{{abbr|CA|Compressed-air}}]]| G =[[Geared steam locomotive|{{abbr|G|Geared}}]]| {{{1}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#switch:{{uc:{{{2}}}}}| F =[[Fireless locomotive|{{abbr|F|Fireless}}]]| G =[[Geared steam locomotive|{{abbr|G|Geared}}]]| R =[[Railcar|{{abbr|R|Railcar}}]]| C =[[Crane tank|{{abbr|C|Crane tank}}]]| T =+[[Tender (rail)|{{abbr|T|Tender}}]]| {{{2}}}}}}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 6lkp1spf23d794l90q204yu7w8z3tgl 10 52689 308683 2026-09-19T21:32:04Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{country data {{{1}}} | flag link/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = women's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = women's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}} | flag link/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = women's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = women's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 6zekscrjl85spxdumfjygu6g6lcryb2 10 52690 308684 2026-09-19T21:32:28Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{country data {{{1}}} | flagright/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = women's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = women's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}} | flagright/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = women's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = women's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> maq54zs984wz8i4z4tz31vvgv80gjyv 10 52691 308685 2026-09-19T21:33:02Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{country data {{{1}}} | flagbig/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = women's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = women's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}} | flagbig/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = women's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = women's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> qruia911wf65ou2l8dkn0ybuskdo43p 10 52692 308686 2026-09-19T21:33:29Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{country data {{{1}}} | flag link/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = men's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = men's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{country data {{{1}}} | flag link/core | variant = {{{variant|{{{2|}}}}}} | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = men's national volleyball team | altvar = volleyball | mw = men's }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> awngi01bx1jkp57ect1h70vnnxc6m8y 10 52693 308688 2026-09-19T21:34:19Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#switch: 1 | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 6*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 6*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: 6*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 5*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 5*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|... 308688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: 1 | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 6*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 6*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: 6*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 5*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 5*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: 5*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 4*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 4*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: 4*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 3*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 3*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: 3*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: 2*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: 2*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: 2*{{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | {{#ifeq: {{padleft:|{{#expr: {{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{2|0}}} }}|{{padleft:|{{#expr: {{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} }}|{{{1|00x}}} }}| 1|0}} = {{#invoke:string|sub|s={{{1|00x}}}|i={{#expr: {{#invoke:string|len|s={{{2|0}}}}} + 1 }} }} | #default = {{{1|00x}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9euwnp8r8zu3l1nczdl0zrt38gbndee 10 52694 308689 2026-09-19T21:35:21Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{safesubst<noinclude/>:#invoke:String2 |split}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 308689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst<noinclude/>:#invoke:String2 |split}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> tocutineb7d2by04a4bidm1qg6orzd2 10 52695 308693 2026-09-19T21:37:31Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:String|match|{{{page|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#titleparts:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}|%d+|match={{{1|{{{match|1}}}}}}|nomatch={{{2|{{{nomatch|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 308693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:String|match|{{{page|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#titleparts:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}|%d+|match={{{1|{{{match|1}}}}}}|nomatch={{{2|{{{nomatch|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> nram1yl41ku3r4x507unpqv19legrxy 10 52696 308694 2026-09-19T21:38:22Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{safesubst:#invoke:ArrayList|main|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}|{{{4}}}|{{{5}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 308694 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:#invoke:ArrayList|main|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}|{{{4}}}|{{{5}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> qgwhyicfz0xzqu8xyxuvp3b846rn9tf 828 52697 308695 2026-09-19T21:38:47Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} -- Helper function to trim whitespace local function trim(s) return s:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") end -- Escape special characters in the delimiter for pattern matching local function escapePattern(str) return str:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%?%-])", "%%%1") end -- Main function to call other functions dynamically function p.main(frame) local func = frame.args[1] if p[func] then return p[func](frame) else return "void:notfound " .. to... 308695 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} -- Helper function to trim whitespace local function trim(s) return s:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") end -- Escape special characters in the delimiter for pattern matching local function escapePattern(str) return str:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%?%-])", "%%%1") end -- Main function to call other functions dynamically function p.main(frame) local func = frame.args[1] if p[func] then return p[func](frame) else return "void:notfound " .. tostring(func) end end -- Count occurrences of delimiter in a string function p.count(frame) local str = frame.args[2] or "" local delimiter = frame.args[3] or "," local nostrip = frame.args["nostrip"] delimiter = escapePattern(delimiter) -- If nostrip is not set to "true", strip leading/trailing delimiters if nostrip ~= "true" then -- Remove leading and trailing delimiters (along with any surrounding whitespace) str = str:gsub("^%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*", ""):gsub("%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*$", "") -- Normalize internal consecutive delimiters to a single delimiter (replace ",," with ",") str = str:gsub("%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*", delimiter) end local count = select(2, str:gsub(delimiter, "")) return count + 1 end -- Get the Nth item in a delimited string, supporting negative indices function p.get(frame) local str = frame.args[2] or "" local delimiter = frame.args[3] or "," local index = frame.args[4] delimiter = escapePattern(delimiter) str = str:gsub("^%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*(.-)%s*" .. delimiter .. "$", "%1") local items = {} for item in string.gmatch(str, "([^" .. delimiter .. "]+)") do table.insert(items, trim(item)) end if index == "last" then index = #items elseif index and tonumber(index) then index = tonumber(index) if index < 0 then index = #items + index + 1 end else return "void:invalid" end return items[index] or "void:outrange" end -- Find the position of the Nth occurrence of a matching item in a delimited string function p.pos(frame) local str = frame.args[2] or "" local delimiter = frame.args[3] or "," local item = frame.args[4] or "" local occurrence = tonumber(frame.args[5]) delimiter = escapePattern(delimiter) str = str:gsub("^%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*(.-)%s*" .. delimiter .. "$", "%1") local positions = {} local index = 1 for subitem in string.gmatch(str, "([^" .. delimiter .. "]+)") do subitem = trim(subitem) if subitem == item then table.insert(positions, index) end index = index + 1 end if not occurrence then return #positions > 0 and table.concat(positions, ",") or "void:nomatch" else return positions[occurrence] or -1 end end -- Perform mathematical operations on numeric array items function p.math(frame) local str = frame.args[2] or "" local delimiter = frame.args[3] or "," local operation = frame.args[4] delimiter = escapePattern(delimiter) str = str:gsub("^%s*" .. delimiter .. "%s*(.-)%s*" .. delimiter .. "$", "%1") local items = {} for item in string.gmatch(str, "([^" .. delimiter .. "]+)") do local number = tonumber(trim(item)) if number then table.insert(items, number) else return "void:isalpha" end end if #items == 0 then return "void:nonumeric" elseif operation == "sum" then local total = 0 for _, num in ipairs(items) do total = total + num end return total elseif operation == "min" or operation == "max" then local extreme = items[1] local comparison = operation == "min" and function(a, b) return a < b end or function(a, b) return a > b end for _, num in ipairs(items) do if comparison(num, extreme) then extreme = num end end return extreme else return "void:unsupported" end end -- Sorts array with options for reverse ("r") and alpha-first ("a"). function p.sort(frame) local str = frame.args[2] or "" local delimiter = frame.args[3] or "," local params = frame.args[4] or "" local delim_pat = escapePattern(delimiter) -- Determine sort options (check if params a or r expressed) local reverse = params:find("r") and true or false local alpha_priority = params:find("a") and true or false local items = {} local orig_index = 1 -- Split string using delimiter. for item in string.gmatch(str, "([^" .. delim_pat .. "]+)") do item = item:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") -- trim whitespace local num = tonumber(item) local isnum = (num ~= nil) local isalpha = (not isnum and item:match("^[A-Za-z]+$")) and true or false local group if alpha_priority then if isalpha then group = 1 elseif isnum then group = 2 else group = 3 end else if isnum then group = 1 elseif isalpha then group = 2 else group = 3 end end table.insert(items, { raw = item, num = num, isnum = isnum, isalpha = isalpha, group = group, orig = orig_index -- remember original order for special items }) orig_index = orig_index + 1 end table.sort(items, function(a, b) -- compare groups if a.group ~= b.group then return a.group < b.group end -- if both items in same group, decide -- comparison based on alpha_priority flag if alpha_priority then -- if letters come first, group 1 = letters if a.group == 1 then -- Both are alphabetic. return a.raw:lower() < b.raw:lower() elseif a.group == 2 then -- Both are numeric. return a.num < b.num else -- Group 3: special items. return a.orig < b.orig end else -- if numbers first, group 1 = numbers if a.group == 1 then -- Both are numeric. return a.num < b.num elseif a.group == 2 then -- Both are alphabetic. return a.raw:lower() < b.raw:lower() else -- Group 3: special items. return a.orig < b.orig end end end) -- Reverse order if requested if reverse then for i = 1, math.floor(#items / 2) do items[i], items[#items - i + 1] = items[#items - i + 1], items[i] end end -- Build output string local output = {} for _, v in ipairs(items) do table.insert(output, v.raw) end return table.concat(output, delimiter) end return p owmojr3cdtkh4qw1obt5puzumya65rs 10 52698 308698 2026-09-19T21:42:14Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: Marka aad wax ka beddelayso Wikipedia, waxaa jira goob lagu calaamadeeyay "[[:en:Help:Edit summary|Wax ka beddel soo koobid]]" oo ka hooseysa sanduuqa wax ka beddelka ugu weyn. Waxay u egtahay sidan. {{Edit summary field/{{{1|OOUI}}}}}<!-- Template:Edit summary field --><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage; interwikis go to Wikidata, thank you! --> </noinclude> 308698 wikitext text/x-wiki Marka aad wax ka beddelayso Wikipedia, waxaa jira goob lagu calaamadeeyay "[[:en:Help:Edit summary|Wax ka beddel soo koobid]]" oo ka hooseysa sanduuqa wax ka beddelka ugu weyn. Waxay u egtahay sidan. {{Edit summary field/{{{1|OOUI}}}}}<!-- Template:Edit summary field --><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage; interwikis go to Wikidata, thank you! --> </noinclude> 00xaj25n9n4ur2mix9i4u5bbkvn1vg1 10 52699 308699 2026-09-19T21:42:40Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <templatestyles src="Template:Edit summary field/OOUI/styles.css" /> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldEditOptions"> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldHeader">{{int:summary}}</div> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldInputbox"></div> </div><!-- Template:Edit summary field/OOUI --><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Edit summary field/doc}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 308699 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Edit summary field/OOUI/styles.css" /> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldEditOptions"> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldHeader">{{int:summary}}</div> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldInputbox"></div> </div><!-- Template:Edit summary field/OOUI --><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Edit summary field/doc}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> dud14oy0ivcdu8zcuyt5nlmmlwpo50h 10 52700 308700 2026-09-19T21:43:07Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .templateEditSummaryFieldEditOptions { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 50em; /* .editOptions */ background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: var(--color-base, #202122); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1); border-radius: 2px; padding: 1em; /* .mw-editform */ font-size: 0.875rem; } .templateEditSummaryFieldHeader { padding-bottom: 4px; } .templateEditSummaryFieldInputbox { height: 1.3em; display: block; border:... 308700 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .templateEditSummaryFieldEditOptions { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 50em; /* .editOptions */ background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: var(--color-base, #202122); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1); border-radius: 2px; padding: 1em; /* .mw-editform */ font-size: 0.875rem; } .templateEditSummaryFieldHeader { padding-bottom: 4px; } .templateEditSummaryFieldInputbox { height: 1.3em; display: block; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1); border-radius: 2px; padding: 6px 8px; box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px transparent; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#fff); } .templateEditSummaryFieldInputbox:hover { border: 1px solid var(--border-color-input--hover,#72777d); } 4ktk19upo7wprltbvri3x1x3w3tect3 10 52701 308701 2026-09-19T21:43:57Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditor { /* .oo-ui-window-frame */ margin: 0 auto; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1); box-sizing: border-box; width: 500px; /* .oo-ui-panelLayout-padded */ padding: 12px 16px 16px; /* .ve-ui-overlay-global */ font-size: 0.875rem; } .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorSummaryLabel { /* .ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-summaryLabel */ padding: 0.25em 0; } .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorInputbox { /* .oo-ui-... 308701 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditor { /* .oo-ui-window-frame */ margin: 0 auto; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1); box-sizing: border-box; width: 500px; /* .oo-ui-panelLayout-padded */ padding: 12px 16px 16px; /* .ve-ui-overlay-global */ font-size: 0.875rem; } .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorSummaryLabel { /* .ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-summaryLabel */ padding: 0.25em 0; } .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorInputbox { /* .oo-ui-inputWidget-input */ box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px transparent; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#fff); color: var(--color-placeholder,#72777d); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1); border-radius: 2px; padding: 5px 8px; box-sizing: border-box; /* .ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-summary textarea */ height: 4em; } .templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorInputbox:hover { border: 1px solid var(--border-color-input--hover,#72777d); } buzllltxfmuepg1w9x852edcn8t838w 10 52702 308702 2026-09-19T21:44:45Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <templatestyles src="Template:Edit summary field/VisualEditor/styles.css" /> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditor"> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorSummaryLabel">{{int:summary}}</div> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorInputbox">{{int:visualeditor-editsummary}}</div> </div><!-- Template:Edit summary field/VisualEditor --><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:The edit-summary field/doc}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage... 308702 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Edit summary field/VisualEditor/styles.css" /> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditor"> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorSummaryLabel">{{int:summary}}</div> <div class="templateEditSummaryFieldVisualEditorInputbox">{{int:visualeditor-editsummary}}</div> </div><!-- Template:Edit summary field/VisualEditor --><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:The edit-summary field/doc}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0rmll84eloe7cbehioq1n1qn2ylzswn 10 52703 308708 2026-09-19T21:49:18Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{NRHP url/core |List=NHLS |ID={{{id|{{{1}}}}}} |Title={{delink|{{{title|{{{2|}}}}}}}} |Photos={{#ifeq:{{{photos|{{{3|}}}}}}|y|Photos|Text}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 308708 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{NRHP url/core |List=NHLS |ID={{{id|{{{1}}}}}} |Title={{delink|{{{title|{{{2|}}}}}}}} |Photos={{#ifeq:{{{photos|{{{3|}}}}}}|y|Photos|Text}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> lykt513ra1i5lv2imtqxh1hve9708gb 10 52704 308709 2026-09-19T21:49:50Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#if:{{{Title|}}}|[https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/{{{List}}}/{{{ID}}}_{{lc:{{{Photos|text}}}}} {{{Title}}}]|https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/{{{List}}}/{{{ID}}}_{{lc:{{{Photos|text}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 308709 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{Title|}}}|[https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/{{{List}}}/{{{ID}}}_{{lc:{{{Photos|text}}}}} {{{Title}}}]|https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/{{{List}}}/{{{ID}}}_{{lc:{{{Photos|text}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 30s5ffbpw6rcddvv8bzaro5664tu8mj 10 52705 308715 2026-09-19T22:00:19Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#invoke: BaseConvert | convert | n={{{1}}} | base=10 | from=16 | default={{{default|0}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 308715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke: BaseConvert | convert | n={{{1}}} | base=10 | from=16 | default={{{default|0}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> rkxh58qr2xmpmnap3qbh79h5bpmvwk2 10 52706 308716 2026-09-19T22:02:03Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = Soudal Quick-Step | team name = Soudal–Quick-Step | team name-2003 = Quick-Step–Davitamon | team name-2004 = Quick-Step–Davitamon | team name-2005 = Quick-Step–Innergetic | team name-2006 = Quick-Step–Innergetic | team name-2007 = Quick-Step–Innergetic | team name-2008 = Quick-Step | team name-2009 = Quick-Step | team name-2010 = Quick-Step | team name-2011 = Quick-Step | team name-2012 = Omega... 308716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = Soudal Quick-Step | team name = Soudal–Quick-Step | team name-2003 = Quick-Step–Davitamon | team name-2004 = Quick-Step–Davitamon | team name-2005 = Quick-Step–Innergetic | team name-2006 = Quick-Step–Innergetic | team name-2007 = Quick-Step–Innergetic | team name-2008 = Quick-Step | team name-2009 = Quick-Step | team name-2010 = Quick-Step | team name-2011 = Quick-Step | team name-2012 = Omega Pharma–Quick-Step | team name-2013 = Omega Pharma–Quick-Step | team name-2014 = Omega Pharma–Quick-Step | team name-2015 = Etixx–Quick-Step | team name-2016 = Etixx–Quick-Step | team name-2017 = Quick-Step Floors | team name-2018 = Quick-Step Floors | team name-2019 = Deceuninck–Quick-Step | team name-2020 = Deceuninck–Quick-Step | team name-2020a = Elegant–Quick-Step | team name-2021 = Deceuninck–Quick-Step | team name-2021a = Elegant–Quick-Step | team name-2022 = Quick-Step Alpha Vinyl Team | team name-2023 = Soudal–Quick-Step | team name-2024 = Soudal–Quick-Step | team name-2024a = T-Rex–Quick-Step | team name-2025 = Soudal–Quick-Step | team name-2026 = Soudal–Quick-Step | team name-2027 = Soudal Safety Jogger | year = {{{year|}}} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Cycling team data|SOQ]] </noinclude> kuw33pxp3pc4by9uqupq02gypc59vaj 10 52707 308718 2026-09-19T22:04:07Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#if: {{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{id|}}} | [http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs{{#if: 1 | {{{1|{{{id}}}}}} }}.htm {{#if: {{{2|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] {{#if: {{{id2|}}} | ([https://isu-skating.com/figure-skating/skaters/{{{id2}}}/ alternate link]) }}{{Wikidata check|property=P2694|value={{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|category=ISU figure skater ID|namespaces=0|nocatsame=1}} | {{#i... 308718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{id|}}} | [http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs{{#if: 1 | {{{1|{{{id}}}}}} }}.htm {{#if: {{{2|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] {{#if: {{{id2|}}} | ([https://isu-skating.com/figure-skating/skaters/{{{id2}}}/ alternate link]) }}{{Wikidata check|property=P2694|value={{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|category=ISU figure skater ID|namespaces=0|nocatsame=1}} | {{#if: {{{id2|}}} | [https://isu-skating.com/figure-skating/skaters/{{{id2}}}/ {{#if: {{{name|}}} | {{{name}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] | {{#if: {{#property:P2694}} | [http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs{{First word|{{#property:P2694}}|sep=,}}.htm {{#if: {{{name|}}} | {{{name}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]]{{Edit at Wikidata|pid=P2694|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}}} | <span class="error">&#123;&#123;[[Template:ISU figure skater|ISU figure skater]]&#125;&#125; template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.</span>{{Main other|[[Category:ISU figure skater template missing ID]]}} }} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 9zgatak025jdt8vqktshj1e1v38sdhd 10 52708 308720 2026-09-19T22:04:33Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#if: {{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{id|}}} | [https://skatingscores.com/{{#if: {{{1|{{{id<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{1|{{{id}}}}}} }}/ {{#if: {{{2|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at Skating Scores | <span class="error">&#123;&#123;[[Template:SkatingScores|SkatingScores]]&#125;&#125; template missing ID.</span> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwiki... 308720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{id|}}} | [https://skatingscores.com/{{#if: {{{1|{{{id<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{1|{{{id}}}}}} }}/ {{#if: {{{2|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at Skating Scores | <span class="error">&#123;&#123;[[Template:SkatingScores|SkatingScores]]&#125;&#125; template missing ID.</span> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwikis to Wikidata --> </noinclude> s987h5i2esl6gg8g28d9woou5uiahdu 10 52709 308721 2026-09-19T22:04:53Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#if: {{{new_id<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | [https://isu-skating.com/speed-skating/skaters/{{{new_id}}}/ {{#if: {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | {{{name}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] {{#if: {{{old_id|}}} | ([https://web.archive.org/web/202409/http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID=103037&SportID=103&Personid={{{old_id}}}&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html#short archived former page]) }} | {{#if: {{{1|}}}... 308721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{{new_id<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | [https://isu-skating.com/speed-skating/skaters/{{{new_id}}}/ {{#if: {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | {{{name}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] {{#if: {{{old_id|}}} | ([https://web.archive.org/web/202409/http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID=103037&SportID=103&Personid={{{old_id}}}&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html#short archived former page]) }} | {{#if: {{{1|}}} {{{id|}}} {{{old_id|}}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/202409/http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID=103037&SportID=103&Personid={{Trim|{{{1|{{{id|{{{old_id}}}}}}}}}}}&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html#short {{#if: {{{2|{{{name|}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] (archived) {{#if: {{{old_id|}}} || {{preview warning|1=To find the {{para|new_id}}, see the [https://isu-skating.com/speed-skating/skaters/ ISU speed skaters page] or try this [https://www.google.com/search?udm=14&q={{urlencode:{{Remove accents|1={{#if: {{{2|{{{name|}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}}}}}+site%3Aisu-skating.com%2Fspeed-skating%2Fskaters%2F Google search].}} }} | <span class="error">&#123;&#123;[[Template:ISU speed skater|ISU speed skater]]&#125;&#125; template missing ID.</span>{{preview warning|1=To find the {{para|new_id}}, see the [https://isu-skating.com/speed-skating/skaters/ ISU speed skaters page] or try this [https://www.google.com/search?udm=14&q={{urlencode:{{Remove accents|1={{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}+site%3Aisu-skating.com%2Fspeed-skating%2Fskaters%2F Google search].}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> ej3un7dznnav2wu5nn3v3pwx80k9znf 10 52710 308723 2026-09-19T22:05:13Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#if: {{{new_id<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | [https://isu-skating.com/short-track/skaters/{{{new_id}}}/ {{#if: {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | {{{name}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] {{#if: {{{old_id|}}} | ([https://web.archive.org/web/202409/http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID=302037&SportID=302&Personid={{{old_id}}}&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html#short archived former page]) }} | {{#if: {{{1|}}} {{... 308723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{{new_id<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | [https://isu-skating.com/short-track/skaters/{{{new_id}}}/ {{#if: {{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | {{{name}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] {{#if: {{{old_id|}}} | ([https://web.archive.org/web/202409/http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID=302037&SportID=302&Personid={{{old_id}}}&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html#short archived former page]) }} | {{#if: {{{1|}}} {{{id|}}} {{{old_id|}}} | [https://web.archive.org/web/202409/http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID=302037&SportID=302&Personid={{Trim|{{{1|{{{id|{{{old_id}}}}}}}}}}}&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html#short {{#if: {{{2|{{{name|}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}] at the [[International Skating Union]] (archived) {{#if: {{{old_id|}}} || {{preview warning|1=To find the {{para|new_id}}, see the [https://isu-skating.com/short-track/skaters/ ISU short track skaters page] or try this [https://www.google.com/search?udm=14&q={{urlencode:{{Remove accents|1={{#if: {{{2|{{{name|}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{name}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }}}}}}+site%3Aisu-skating.com%2Fshort-track%2Fskaters%2F Google search].}} }} | <span class="error">&#123;&#123;[[Template:ISU short track skater|ISU short track skater]]&#125;&#125; template missing ID.</span>{{preview warning|1=To find the {{para|new_id}}, see the [https://isu-skating.com/short-track/skaters/ ISU short track skaters page] or try this [https://www.google.com/search?udm=14&q={{urlencode:{{Remove accents|1={{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}+site%3Aisu-skating.com%2Fshort-track%2Fskaters%2F Google search].}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 5j09ovexd860753o35thkcb2p11z56r 10 52711 308726 2026-09-19T22:06:17Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = UAE Team Emirates XRG | team name = UAE Team Emirates XRG | team name-1990 = Diana–Colnago–Animex | team name-1991 = Colnago–Lampre | team name-1992 = Lampre–Colnago | team name-1993 = Lampre–Polti | team name-1994 = Lampre–Panaria | team name-1995 = Lampre–Panaria | team name-1996 = Panaria–Vinavil | team name-1999 = Lampre–Daikin | team name-2000 = Lampre–Daikin | team name-2001 = Lamp... 308726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = UAE Team Emirates XRG | team name = UAE Team Emirates XRG | team name-1990 = Diana–Colnago–Animex | team name-1991 = Colnago–Lampre | team name-1992 = Lampre–Colnago | team name-1993 = Lampre–Polti | team name-1994 = Lampre–Panaria | team name-1995 = Lampre–Panaria | team name-1996 = Panaria–Vinavil | team name-1999 = Lampre–Daikin | team name-2000 = Lampre–Daikin | team name-2001 = Lampre–Daikin | team name-2002 = Lampre–Daikin | team name-2003 = Lampre | team name-2004 = Lampre | team name-2005 = Lampre–Caffita | team name-2006 = Lampre–Fondital | team name-2007 = Lampre–Fondital | team name-2008 = Lampre | team name-2009 = Lampre–NGC | team name-2010 = Lampre–Farnese Vini | team name-2010a = Lampre–Farnese Vini | team name-2010b = Lampre–Farnese | team name-2011 = Lampre–ISD | team name-2012 = Lampre–ISD | team name-2013 = Lampre–Merida | team name-2014 = Lampre–Merida | team name-2015 = Lampre–Merida | team name-2016 = Lampre–Merida | team name-2017 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2017a = UAE Abu Dhabi | team name-2017b = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2018 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2019 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2020 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2021 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2022 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2023 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2024 = UAE Team Emirates | team name-2025 = UAE Team Emirates XRG | team name-2026 = UAE Team Emirates XRG | year = {{{year|}}} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Cycling team data|UEX]] </noinclude> enld90myajw7pkbsjngzmj0q1tlxt36 10 52712 308728 2026-09-19T22:06:56Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = Movistar Team (men's team) | team name = Movistar Team | team name-1980 = Reynolds | team name-1981 = Reynolds | team name-1982 = Reynolds | team name-1983 = Reynolds | team name-1984 = Reynolds | team name-1985 = Reynolds | team name-1986 = Reynolds | team name-1987 = Reynolds | team name-1988 = Reynolds | team name-1989 = Reynolds | team name-1990 = Banesto | team name-1991 = Banesto | team name-1992 = Ba... 308728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|Template:Cycling showdata</noinclude>}}} | team link = Movistar Team (men's team) | team name = Movistar Team | team name-1980 = Reynolds | team name-1981 = Reynolds | team name-1982 = Reynolds | team name-1983 = Reynolds | team name-1984 = Reynolds | team name-1985 = Reynolds | team name-1986 = Reynolds | team name-1987 = Reynolds | team name-1988 = Reynolds | team name-1989 = Reynolds | team name-1990 = Banesto | team name-1991 = Banesto | team name-1992 = Banesto | team name-1993 = Banesto | team name-1994 = Banesto | team name-1995 = Banesto | team name-1996 = Banesto | team name-1997 = Banesto | team name-1998 = Banesto | team name-1999 = Banesto | team name-2000 = Banesto | team name-2001 = iBanesto.com | team name-2002 = iBanesto.com | team name-2003 = iBanesto.com | team name-2004 = Illes Balears–Banesto | team name-2005a = Illes Balears–Banesto | team name-2005b = Illes Balears–Caisse d'Epargne | team name-2006 = Caisse d'Epargne–Illes Balears | team name-2007 = Caisse d'Epargne | team name-2008 = Caisse d'Epargne | team name-2009 = Caisse d'Epargne | team name-2010 = Caisse d'Epargne | team name-2011 = Movistar Team | team name-2012 = Movistar Team | team name-2013 = Movistar Team | team name-2014 = Movistar Team | team name-2015 = Movistar Team | team name-2016 = Movistar Team | team name-2017 = Movistar Team | team name-2018 = Movistar Team | team name-2019 = Movistar Team | team name-2020 = Movistar Team | team name-2021 = Movistar Team | team name-2022 = Movistar Team | team name-2023 = Movistar Team | team name-2024 = Movistar Team | team name-2025 = Movistar Team | team name-2026 = Movistar Team | year = {{{year|}}} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Cycling team data|MOV men]] </noinclude> d176r019bbn0fpqxqh6bg689fwkvicz 10 52713 308739 2026-09-19T22:11:14Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <!-- ;Diagnostics * nationality = [{{{nationality}}}] * parentnationality = [{{{parentnationality}}}] * year = [{{{year}}}] * sportsword = [{{{sportsword}}}] ---- --><includeonly><!-- -->{{Portal<!-- -->|{{#ifexist: Portal:{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}} }}<!-- -->|Feminism<!-- -->|Sports<!-- -->|{{FindYDCportal|{{{year}}} }}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{Category explanation|'''women's sports|women's {{{s... 308739 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ;Diagnostics * nationality = [{{{nationality}}}] * parentnationality = [{{{parentnationality}}}] * year = [{{{year}}}] * sportsword = [{{{sportsword}}}] ---- --><includeonly><!-- -->{{Portal<!-- -->|{{#ifexist: Portal:{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}} }}<!-- -->|Feminism<!-- -->|Sports<!-- -->|{{FindYDCportal|{{{year}}} }}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{Category explanation|'''[[women's sports|women's {{{sportsword}}}]]''' in {{CountryPrefixThe|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}|onlythe=yes}} '''[[{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}]]''' in the '''year [[{{{year}}}]]'''}} {{Category series navigation|skip-gaps=yes}} [[Category:{{{nationality}}} women's {{{sportsword}}} by year|{{{year}}}]] [[Category:{{DECADE|{{{year}}}}} in {{{nationality}}} women's {{{sportsword}}}{{!}}{{{year}}}]] [[Category:{{{year}}} in {{{nationality}}} {{{sportsword}}}{{!}}+Women]] {{#ifexist: Category:{{{year}}} in {{{nationality}}} {{{sportsword}}}<!-- -->|<!-- -->|[[Category:Template YYYY in nationality women's sport category header with ENGVAR mismatch]]<!-- -->}} [[Category:{{{year}}} in women's sport by country|{{{nationality}}}]] {{#if: {{{parentnationality}}}<!-- -->|[[Category:{{{year}}} in {{{parentnationality}}} women's {{{sportsword}}}{{!}} {{{nationality}}}]]<!-- ## and track use of the {{{parentnationality}}} parameter ### -->[[Category:Template YYYY in nationality women's sport category header with parentnationality]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#if: {{Country2continental|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}}}<!-- -->|[[Category:{{{year}}} in {{Country2continental|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}}} women's sport|{{{nationality}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#if: {{Country2continental|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}|2nd=yes}}<!-- -->|[[Category:{{{year}}} in {{Country2continental|{{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|{{{nationality}}}}}|2nd=yes}} women's sport|{{{nationality}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- --></includeonly><!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation|content={{High-use}}This is a sub-template of [[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]]}}<!-- --></noinclude> 9tkhp0hr7gtwfue6v4wj4szkdv5fq3l 10 52714 308741 2026-09-19T22:11:55Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't... 308741 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Invalid page name.<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]] is for use only on category pages whose title is of the form {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, where "nationality" is a nationality (e.g. "Chinese" or "Spanish") and "YYYY" is a 4-digit year (e.g. "1976")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYYY in nationality women's sport category header/core<!-- -->|parentnationality={{{parentnationality|}}}<!-- -->|nationality={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.-) women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) in %a.- women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- ## The variable "sportsword" is to capture whether this category uses "sport" or "sports" ## -->|sportsword={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s (sports?)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|This page is not in the [[Wikipedia:Namespace|category namespace]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]] is for use only on category pages whose title is of the form {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, where "nationality" is a nationality (e.g. "Chinese" or "Spanish") and "YYYY" is a 4-digit year (e.g. "1976"}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> r8o31dw11zd3iq8uvqwesnlhi4qapn2 308742 308741 2026-09-19T22:12:59Z Isma4l 41797 308742 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogolku waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1976")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYYY in nationality women's sport category header/core<!-- -->|parentnationality={{{parentnationality|}}}<!-- -->|nationality={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.-) women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) in %a.- women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- ## The variable "sportsword" is to capture whether this category uses "sport" or "sports" ## -->|sportsword={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s (sports?)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Bogolkani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1976")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> rt5sls311f54t2tnrqibaw1zfygm1xz 308743 308742 2026-09-19T22:13:46Z Isma4l 41797 308743 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1976")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYYY in nationality women's sport category header/core<!-- -->|parentnationality={{{parentnationality|}}}<!-- -->|nationality={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.-) women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) in %a.- women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- ## The variable "sportsword" is to capture whether this category uses "sport" or "sports" ## -->|sportsword={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s (sports?)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1976")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> qig3cr7jlouuwjcctz433pa2ihd0634 10 52715 308744 2026-09-19T22:15:21Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- sport$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match... 308744 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- sport$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYYY in continent sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Oceanian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1935")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYYY in continent sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|continentadjective={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.-) sport$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) in %a.- sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in continent sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Oceanian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1935")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> 8q06v9jz7zqmekzjr4nrijxhx7yiywg 10 52716 308745 2026-09-19T22:16:02Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- sport$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't matc... 308745 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- sport$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYY0s in continent sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Asian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1970s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYY0s in continent sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|continentadjective={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in (%a.-) sport$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|decade={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d0)s in %a.- sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYY0s in continent sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Asian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1970s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> lxn162hd3mpe67e15cyux03mmn5x3ms 10 52717 308746 2026-09-19T22:16:45Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in nationality sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.+ sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!--... 308746 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in nationality sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.+ sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1955")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- ## Temporary tracking of unnamed-parameter -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | [[Category:Template YYYY in nationality sport category header with unnamed parameter]]}}<!-- ## End temporary -->{{YYYY in nationality sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|diagnose={{yesno-no|{{{diagnose}}}}}<!-- -->|nationality={{#invoke:String|replace<!-- -->|{{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.+) sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|^[tT]he ||1|false}}<!-- -->|lookupcountry={{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|<!-- -->{{#invoke:String|replace<!-- -->|{{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.+) sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|^[tT]he ||1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|parentnationality={{{parentnationality|}}}<!-- -->|countryparam={{{country|}}}<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) .+$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|continentparam1={{{continent1|}}}<!-- -->|continentparam2={{{continent2|}}}<!-- -->|sportsword={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.+ (sports?)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- ## The variable "sportsword" is to capture whether this category uses "sport" or "sports" ## -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in nationality sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in nationality sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1955")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> 44l3dcqicg62wtirht1kgomgzo5jf3a 10 52718 308747 2026-09-19T22:17:23Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in nationality sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match... 308747 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in nationality sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYY0s in nationality sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in nationality sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Japanese" ama "Egyptian") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1970s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- ## Temporary tracking of unnamed-parameter -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | [[Category:Template YYY0s in nationality sport category header with unnamed parameter]]}}<!-- ## End temporary -->{{YYY0s in nationality sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|diagnose={{yesno-no|{{{diagnose|}}}}}<!-- -->|nationality={{#invoke:String|replace<!-- -->|{{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in (%a.+) sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|^[tT]he ||1|false}}<!-- -->|lookupcountry={{GetCountryNameFromAdjective|<!-- -->{{#invoke:String|replace<!-- -->|{{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in (%a.+) sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|^[tT]he ||1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|parentnationality={{{parentnationality|}}}<!-- -->|countryparam={{{country|}}}<!-- -->|decade={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d0)s .+$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|continentparam1={{{continent1|}}}<!-- -->|continentparam2={{{continent2|}}}<!-- -->|sportsword={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.+ (sports?)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- ## The variable "sportsword" is to capture whether this category uses "sport" or "sports" ## -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYY0s in nationality sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in nationality sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Japanese" ama "Egyptian") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1970s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> jv2qpb4qawdb4yizkvjs62rqtdnx6y8 10 52719 308748 2026-09-19T22:18:05Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in nationality women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn'... 308748 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in nationality women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYY0s in nationality women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1960s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYY0s in nationality women's sport category header/core<!-- -->|parentnationality={{{parentnationality|}}}<!-- -->|nationality={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in (%a.-) women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|decade={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d0)s in %a.- women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- ## The variable "sportsword" is to capture whether this category uses "sport" or "sports" ## -->|sportsword={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- women.*s (sports?)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYY0s in nationality women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in nationality women's sport(s)"}}, halkaas oo "nationality" ay tahay dhalasho (tusaale "Chinese" ama "Spanish") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1960s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> kjevbr6vcfbag6owhlk3m55yi02lmsj 10 52720 308749 2026-09-19T22:18:41Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<... 308749 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %a.- women.*s sports?$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYYY in continent women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Asian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1906")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYYY in continent women's sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|continentadjective={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%a.-) women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) in %a.- women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in continent women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Asian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1906")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> rcjsgcn1ukj5mrn6r04yergh1l3tk1q 10 52721 308750 2026-09-19T22:19:26Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- women.*s sport$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!... 308750 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport(s)" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in %a.- women.*s sport$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYY0s in continent women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Asian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1890s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{YYY0s in continent women's sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|continentadjective={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d0s in (%a.-) women.*s sport$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|decade={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d0)s in %a.- women.*s sports?$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYY0s in continent women's sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYY0s in AdjectiveOfContinentName women's sport"}}, halkaas oo "AdjectiveOfContinentName" ay tahay nooca sifo ee magaca qaarad (tusaale "Asian" ama "South&nbsp;American") iyo "YYY0s" waa tobaneeyo 4-god ah (tusaale "1890s")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> 93zza6dtg123s5i5tmqognlwjly6t20 10 52722 308751 2026-09-19T22:20:11Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in sport" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{PAGENAME}} }}|pattern=^%d%d%d%d in men's %w.-$|start=1|match=1|plain=false|nomatch=%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NO... 308751 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- # The first step is to check whether this is a category page -->{{Category other<!-- -->|<!-- ############### It is a category ############################### # So check that it matches the required format: "YYYY in sport" -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{PAGENAME}} }}|pattern=^%d%d%d%d in men's %w.-$|start=1|match=1|plain=false|nomatch=%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{PAGENAME}} }}|pattern=^%d%d%d%d in women's %w.-$|start=1|match=1|plain=false|nomatch=%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in youth %w.-$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in %w.-$|1|1|false|%%NOMATCH%%}}<!-- -->|%%NOMATCH%%<!-- -->|<!-- # Doesn't match -->{{Error|Magaca bogga waa mid aan sax ahayn.<br />[[Template:YYYY in sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in sport"}}, halkaas oo "sport" ay tahay ciyaar (tusaale "baseball" ama "football") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1955")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{#if: {{{parentsport|}}}{{{parentsport2|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}} <!-- -->|[[Category:Pages using Template YYYY in sport category header with parameters]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{YYYY in sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|diagnose={{yesno-no|{{{diagnose}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport={{{parentsport|{{{1|}}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport2={{{parentsport2|{{{2|}}}}}}<!-- -->|noun=<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) .+$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|sport={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in (%w.-)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{parentsport|}}}{{{parentsport2|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}<!-- -->|[[Category:Pages using Template YYYY in sport category header with parameters]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{YYYY in sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|diagnose={{yesno-no|{{{diagnose}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport={{{parentsport|{{{1|}}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport2={{{parentsport2|{{{2|}}}}}}<!-- -->|noun=youth<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) .+$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|sport={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^%d%d%d%d in youth (%w.-)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{parentsport|}}}{{{parentsport2|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}<!-- -->|[[Category:Pages using Template YYYY in sport category header with parameters]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{YYYY in sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|diagnose={{yesno-no|{{{diagnose}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport={{{parentsport|{{{1|}}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport2={{{parentsport2|{{{2|}}}}}}<!-- -->|noun=women's<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) .+$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|sport={{#invoke:String|replace|{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{PAGENAME}} }}|^%d%d%d%d in women's (%w.-)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{parentsport|}}}{{{parentsport2|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}<!-- -->|[[Category:Pages using Template YYYY in sport category header with parameters]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{YYYY in sport category header/outer core<!-- -->|diagnose={{yesno-no|{{{diagnose}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport={{{parentsport|{{{1|}}}}}}<!-- -->|parentsport2={{{parentsport2|{{{2|}}}}}}<!-- -->|noun=men's<!-- -->|year={{#invoke:String|replace|{{PAGENAME}}|^(%d%d%d%d) .+$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->|sport={{#invoke:String|replace|{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{PAGENAME}} }}|^%d%d%d%d in men's (%w.-)$|%1|1|false}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->|<!-- ############### Not a category ############################### -->{{Error|Boggani kuma jiro [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meesha bannaan ee qaybta]].<br />[[Template:YYYY in sport category header]] waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu isticmaalo kaliya bogolada qaybaha kuwaas oo cinwaankoodu yahay qaabka {{nowrap|"YYYY in sport"}}, halkaas oo "sport" ay tahay ciyaar (tusaale "baseball" ama "football") iyo "YYYY" waa sanad 4-god ah (tusaale "1955")}}<!-- -->[[Category:Errors reported by other category header templates]]<!-- -->}}</includeonly><!-- # Note {{Automatic category TOC}} needs to be available whether or not this template page has been transcluded -->{{Automatic category TOC}}<!-- --><noinclude><!-- -->{{Documentation}}<!-- --></noinclude> 5l232ihxioslzvtwei0nygpzuqozb8q 3 52723 308773 2026-09-20T08:43:18Z Lilbaaj1music 46956 /* My live my work */ qayb cusub 308773 wikitext text/x-wiki == My live my work == Hordhac Lilbaaji1music waa fanaaniin Soomaaliyeed iyo soo-saare muusig oo ka shaqeeya noocyada Amapiano, Afro iyo Rap. Waxa uu bilaabay hawshiisa muusigga sannadihii u dambeeyay, isagoo soo saaray heeso iyo mashaariic muusig oo kala duwan. Nolosha hore Lilbaaji1music, oo magaciisa dhabta ah yahay Qadar Cali Cabdi, wuxuu ku dhashay Kismaayo, Soomaaliya. Xiisihiisa muusigga ayaa bilaabmay isagoo da'yar, waxaana uu markii dambe u gudbay samaynta iyo soo saarista muusigga. Xirfadda muusigga Lilbaaji1music wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa fannaanimo iyo soo-saarista muusigga. Shaqadiisa waxaa ka mid ah Amapiano, Afro iyo Rap, isagoo sidoo kale la shaqeeyay fanaaniin kale. Heestiisa “Haa” ayaa ka mid ah shaqooyinkiisa la sii daayay. Heesaha Qaar ka mid ah heesaha iyo mashaariicda lala xiriiriyo Lilbaaji1music waxaa ka mid ah: Haa Qaran ku qaaliyesta Soo Baxa Anawaa kusugayaa Qalad Mareexaan African Somali — Lilbaaji1music & Lil_Olee Cartan — Lilbaaji1music & Manaf Manka [[User:Lilbaaj1music|Lilbaaj1music]] ([[User talk:Lilbaaj1music|wadahadal]]) 08:43, 20 Sebteembar 2026 (UTC) 5nbr532g461d6jrmb8racqorms9yepn