Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3982 309707 297716 2026-09-26T04:16:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salaaxudiin Yuusuf bin Ayuub bin Shaadi bin Marwaan Suldaankii Masar iyo Shaam''' (1138-1193) waa hogaamiye islaami ah oo ku caan baxay dagaaladii uu la galay [[Saliibiyiinta]] ee kaga soo ceshaday dhulalkii ay ka qabsadeen [[Shaam]], Sidoo kale Salaaxudiin waxa uu ka taqalusay [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Dawladii Faadumiyiinta]] ee [[Masar]] ka talin jirtay, waxa uuna xukunkiisa ku mideeyay [[Shaam]] iyo [[Masar]], Dhimashada [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuuradiin Zanki]] ka dib Salaaxudiin wuxuu aasaasay [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Dawaladii Ayyuubiyiinta]] ee xukunkeeda ku fidsanaa [[Shaam]], [[Masar]], [[Xijaas]], [[Yemen|Yaman]] iyo qeybo ka mid ah [[Magrib (Gobol)|Magrib]]. {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''Salaaxudiin<br /> صلاح الدين <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" | Suldaanka Ayuubiyiinta |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |1174 ilaa 1193 |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: | --------- |---- |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[Cusmaan bin Salaaxudiin|Al-Caziiz Cusmaan]] |- !Dhashay: |1137 |- !Ku dhashay: |[[Tikriit]] [[Ciraaq]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |Ayuubiyiinta |- !aabihiis |[[Najmudiin Ayuub]] |- !hooyadii | ------- |- !Dhintay: |1193 |- !Ku dhintay: |[[Dimishiq]] |} [[File:صلاح الدين الأيوبي.png|thumb]] Wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada [[Tikriit]] ee wadanka [[Ciraaq]] 1138 miilaadigii, Qoyskiisa ayaa ahaa asal ahaan [[kurdi]], [[Dimishiq|Dimashiq]] ayeena u soo wareegeen mar dambe, waxa ayna ahaayeen aabihiis iyo adeeriis taliyaal sare oo ka tirsanaa ciidankii Suldaanka [[Dimishiq]] [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuuradiin Zanki.]] Salaaxudiin dhalinyaranimadiisii ayuu asna ku uu ku biiray ciidamada boqorkaas, kadib boqorku waxa uu ku daraya ciidamo wadanka [[Masar]] aadayay kaalmo ahaan, markii ay guuleysteen Kadib wuxuu noqday [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin]] adeerka Salaaxudiin oo ahaa taliyihii watay ciidankaas wasiirka dhabta ah ee [[Masar]], adeerkii mudo yar kadib wuu dhintay Salaaxudiin ayaana buuxiyay booskiis oo qabatay awoodii xukunka [[Masar]], isaga oona sii xoojiyay awoodiisa ilaa uu ka Afgambiyay dawladii [[Masar]] 1169. Markii uu dhintayna Nuuradiin Salaxudiin wuu sii blaaarshay dawladiisa wuxuuna ku soo daray dhulka [[Shaam]], intaas ka dib Salaaxudiin waxa uu xooga saaray Siliibiyiinta oo dagaalo badan uga adkaaday Dagaalkii Xudiin ee dhacay 1187dii ayuuna ka soo hooyay guushiisii ugu weyneed waxaana mirihiisa kamid ahaa inuu dib u soo furtay [[Qudus]] bishii [[Oktoobar]] ee isla sanadkaas. Qaarada Yurub ayaa waxaa gilgilay guulaha Salaaxudiin Boqorkii ingiriiska Richard lion heart iyo Boqrkii faransiiska Filibka labaad iyo Bqorkii Jarmalka Fredrik Barboosa ayaa soo abaabuleen weerarkii seddexaad ee Siliibiyiinta (1189-1192) balse Salaaxudiin wuu ka hor istaagay Inay soo ceshadaa [[Qudus]]. Ugu dambeyn Salaaxudiin waxa uu ku dhintay [[Dimishiq]] 1193dii isaga oo da' yar (qiyaastii 55 sano jir ah) mana uusan ka tagin hanti badan oo laga dhaxlo. == Dhalashadiisa iyo asalkiisa == Salaaxudiin waxa uu ku dhasahy magaalada [[Tikriit|Takriit]] ([[Ciraaq]] maanta)sanadkii [[532H]]/1138, Magaciisa gaarka wuxuu ahaa "''Yuusuf bin Ayuub''"; Salaaxudiin waa naaneys sharafeed oo macnaheed yahay "''Toosnaanta diinta''" Waxaana muran badan la geliyaa asalka qoyska Salaaxudiin, balse waxaa loo badan yahay inay ahaayeen [[Kurdi]]. Waxaa la sheegaa [[Najmudiin ayuub|Najmu-Diin Ayuub]] aabaha Salaaxudiin iyo walaalkiis [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] iney degi jireen magaalada [[Duweyn]] ayagoo markii dambe u soo wareegeen [[Ciraaq]], Najmu Diin ayaana la shaqeeyay taliyhii [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] ee [[Ciraaq]] [[Mujaad-Diin Bahruuz]] kaas oo u magacaabay maamulka [[Tikriit]]. wuxuu [[Najmudiin ayuub|Najmu-Diin]] wajahay eedeymo kala duwan sida inuu caawiyay talyihii [[Mowsil]] Camaadu-Diin Zanki markii lagu jabiyay dagaalkii uu la galay [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta]] [[525H]] iyo walaalkiis Asadu-Diin oo taliye sare oo isku dhacayn ku dilay [[Tikriit|Takriit]], waxaana sidaas looga qaaday xilkii uu ka haayay [[Tikriit]] [[532H]] Sida la sheego isla habeenkii uu dhashay Salaxudiin ayaa Najmu-Diin laga qaaday xilkii uu ka haayay [[Tikriit]]<ref>[[مرتضى الزبيدي|المرتضى الزبيدي]]، تحقيق صلاح الدين المنجد ([[1995]]م). ترويح القلوب في ذكر الملوك بني أيوب (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار الكتاب الجديد صفحة 68</ref>, waxeyna go'aansadayn asaga iyo walaalkiis [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin]] inay u qaxaan dhankaa iyo [[Mowsil]] oo markaa maamulaayay [[Camaadu-Diin Zanki]] <ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1427 هـ]] - [[2006]]م). الدولة الفاطمية (الطبعة الأولى). [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]. مؤسسة اقرأ صفحة 139</ref>. Camaadu-Diin ayaa si fiican u soo dhaweeyay waxa uuna siiyay deegaano, sidaas ayeena ku bilaabeen iney u la shaqeyaan si daacad ah, wuxuuna ugu abaal guday Camaadu-Diin inuu u magacaabay Najmu-Diin magaalada [[Baclabek]] ka dib qabsashadiisa [[532H]] <ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1429 هـ]] - [[2008]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار المعرفة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع صفحة 226</ref>, halka [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin]] uu ka yeelay talyaha guud ee ciidankiisa. [[File:Nur ad-Din Zangi2.jpg|thumb|sawir gacmeyd saliibiyiinta ka sameeyeen Nuurudiin suldaanka Xalab iyo Dimishiq]] Markii la dilay [[Camaadu-Diin Zanki|Camaadu-Diin]] 541H waxey la sii shaqeeyeen wiilkiisa [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuuradiin Zanki]], Najmu-Diin ayaana ahaa inuu ka gacan siiyay qabsashada [[Dimishiq]] [[549H]] Salaaxudiin wuxuu ku barbaaray magaalada [[Dimishiq]] oo Caruurnimadiisa ku qaatay, Waxa uuna bartay culuumta kala duwan oo meel fiican ka gaaray, si gaar ah culuumta diiniga iyo Fiqiga islaamka, Xisaabaadka iyo Luuqada [[Carabi|Carabiya]] iyo gabayadeyda. Nuuradiin wuxuu ahaay inuu saaid u jeclaaday salaaxudiin uuna soo dhaweyn jiray, waxa uuna ku yeeshay saameyn xoogan shaqsiyada Salaaxudiin == Ka qeyb galkiisa weerarkii Masar == === Weerarkii koowaad Sanadkii 1164 === [[File:Saladin_in_Egypt_Conquest_(fa).jpg|thumb|sawir soo koobaya siday u dhacay weeraradii Masar]] [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Dawladii Faadumiyiinta]] ee [[Masar]] ka jirtay waxey mareysay waayaheydii u dambeeyay, waxaana sii wiiqay awoodeed wasiirada [[Masar]] oo dagaalo iyo fitan badan u dhaxeysay, heer ay [[Masar]] noqotay meel Saliibiyiinta damac ka galo <ref name="قصة الإسلام">[http://islamstory.com/arسقوط_دولة_الفاطميين سقوط دولة الفاطميين د. عبد الحليم عويس] {{Wayback|url=http://islamstory.com/ar%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86|date=20200406164428}}<nowiki> قصة الإسلام، 10 أغسطس 2008. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=</nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20200406164428/http://islamstory.com/%7Cdate=6 أبريل 2020</ref>, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] asna riyadiisa waxay ahayd [[Masar]] iyo [[Shaam]] in hal dawlad oo ku kulmiyo si loo wajaho Saliibiyiinta<ref name=":3">ابن الأثير: الكامل في التاريخ 8/494، 495، وابن واصل: مفرج الكروب 1/27.</ref>, labo wasiir oo la kala dhaho [[Dirgaam]] iyo [[Shaawar]] ayaa ku loolan sanaa [[Masar]] waxaana adkaaday [[Dirgaam]], 23ka bishii [[Shawaal|Soonfur]] [[558H]] ayuu [[Shaawar]] soo gaaray magaalada [[Dimishiq]] isagoo taageero ka dalbanaya Nuurudiin wuxuuna u balan qaaday seddex meelo meel dhaqaalaha Masar<ref name=":42">كتاب: أهل السنة الأشاعرة، فصل: الأشاعرة والماتردية هم غالب الأمة، تأليف: حمد السنان وفوزي العنجري، دار الضياء، الطبعة الأولى 2006، الكويت.</ref>, Nuurudiin wuxuu ka cabsi qabay in Masar ku dhacdo gacanta Saliibiyiinta maadaama ay gacan saar la lahaayeen Dirgaam waxaa uuna ku saaciday Shaawar ciidamo uu hor kacaayay talyihiisa [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] sanadkii 559H\1164, Salaaxudiin oo 26 jir ahaay ayaana qeyb ka ahaa ciidankan, [[Dirgaam]] wuxuu ka hiil doontay Saliibiyiinta <ref name=":5">الدولة الزنكية ونجاح المشروع الإسلامي لمقاومة التغلغل الباطني والصليبي، د.[[علي الصلابي]]، صفحة 163</ref>, balse intuu gurmadkooda soo gaarin baa ciidankii soo duulay soo galeen Masar, Dirgaam ayaana kula dagaalamay [[Qaahiro]] agteed, waase laga adkaaday dagaalka baana lagu dilay<ref>[http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/362/599.htm كتاب النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة] {{Wayback|url=http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/362/599.htm |date=20180720182043 }} الموسوعة الشاملة. وصل لهذا المسار في 17 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720182043/http://islamport.com:80/w/tkh/Web/362/599.htm|date=20 يوليو 2018}}</ref><ref>صلاح الدين خليل بن أيبك الصفدي ([[1400 هـ]] - [[1980]]م). الوافي بالوفيات الجزء السادس عشر (الطبعة الأولى). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار إحياء التراث العربي صفحة 55</ref> [[Shaawar]] markii la guuleystay oo wasiirnimada u soo laabatay wuxuu khiyaanay oo balantii uga baxay [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin]] iyo ciidankiisa waxa uuna ka dalbay deg deg inay uga baxaan [[Masar]], [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] wuu diiday inuu ciidankiis kala baxo [[Masar]], maagaalada Balbiis ayuuna saldhig ka yeeshay, [[Shaawar]] ciidamadii saliibiyiinta ayuu markaan la soo heshiiyay oo soo watay waxaa ayna go'doomiyeen [[Balbiis]] ilaa mudo seddex bilood<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Gibb, Sir Hamilton|عنوان=The Life of Saladin|ناشر=Oxford University Press|سنة=2006|isbn=978-0-86356-928-9|صفحة=8</nowiki></ref>, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] soo uga fududeeyo ciidankiisa go'doominta saaran waxaa uu weeraray Saliibiyiintii Shaam [[Dagaalkii xaarim|Dagaalkii Xaarim]] ee dhacay 1164dii buu ku jabiyay isaga oona ka qabsaday dhufeysyo muhiim ah sidoo kale madaxdoodii ugu sareysay buuna gacanta ku dhigay<ref name="الكامل"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=الكامل في التاريخ الجزء الحادي عشر صفحة 302|مؤلف=</nowiki>[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير]]|1000journal=|صفحات=|سنة=2003</ref>, ugu dambeyn [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] wax ay kala hadleen inuu laabto jidkana u furaan asna wuu yeelay<ref name="will"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب | عنوان = william of tyre،XIX،page893| مؤلف = Peter W. Edbury and John Gordon| 1000journal = | | صفحات =| سنة = 1991 |</nowiki></ref>. === Weerarkii labaad sanadkii 1167dii === [[File:BNF, Mss fr 68, folio 340 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Salaaxudiin waxa uu difaacay [[Askandariya]] kadib markey Ku go'doomiyeen saliibiyiinta iyo Shaawar ]] Asadu-Diin wuxuu aad ugu ciil qabay inuu ku laabto [[Masar]] waxaa uuna helay fursadaas mar kale sanadii [[562H]] markaas oo [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] ka war helay in [[Shaawar]] iyo Saliibiyiinta ay hishiisyo wada galeen, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin shiirakuuh]] ayaa ciidankiisa Kala soo baxay [[Dimishiq]] waxaana isku beegmay soo gaaridiisa [[Masar]] isaga iyo Saliibiyiinta, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] iyo ciidankiisa oo aad u yaraayeen ayaa ku jabiyeen Saliibiyiinta iyo [[Shaawar]] oo isku dhinac ah [[Dagaalkii baabeen|Dagaalkii Baabeen]] ee dhacay 1167, Salaaxudiin dagaalkaan aad ayuu uaga dhex muuqday guutada dhaxda ayuuna hogaaminaayay waxaana u suurto gashay inuu qabto mid ka mid ah madaxdii Saliibiyiinta. Guushan ka dib magaalada [[Askandariya]] ayee qabsadeyn ciidankii reer [[Shaam]] oo dadkeyd aad u soo dhaweeyeen maadaama ay necbaayeen Shaawar<ref name="صليبيون ج">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=تاريخ الحروب الصليبية ج2 صفحة 432|مؤلف=ستيفين رونسيمان|صفحات=570|سنة=1997}}</ref>. Dhanka kale [[Shaawar]] iyo Camuuri boqorkii [[Qudus]] ee Saliibiyiinta waxa ay dib u soo uruuriyeen ciidankooda [[Askandariya]] ayeena ku go'doomiyeen [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin]] iyo ciidankiisa ilaa ay macluul kaga dhawaadeyn dadkeyda, Asadu-Diin waxa kuu ka baxay magaalada isaga oona ku dhaafay Salaaxudiin, waxa uuna bilaabay deeganadii kale ee [[Masar]] inuu weeraro ku qaado in mudo ah markuu xaalku sidaas ahaay waxaa lagu hishiiyay inay isaga baxaan [[Masar]] ciidamadii reer Shaam iyo kuwa Saliibiyiinta labaduba, sidoo kale waxa uu balan qaaday Shaawar in aan laga aarsan doonin reer Askandariya, sidaas ayeena mar kale uga soo baxeyn [[Masar]] ciidankii Asadu-Diin 29ka [[Shawaal|Soonfur]] 562H oo ku beegan 18 Agoosto 1167 <ref>ستيفين رونسيمان (1997). ''تاريخ الحروب الصليبية ج2 صفحة 433''. ص. 570</ref>. === Weerarkii seddexaad dabayaaqadii 1168 === Waxaa dhacday Saliibiyiinta inay ku soo duulaan [[Masar]] ayagoo awoodood dhan isugu geynaaya ka dib markii uu [[Shaawar]] bixin diiday qarashaad uu kula hishiiyay, sanadii 1168 ayee Camuuri iyo ciidankiisa qabsadeen [[Balbiis]] waxaa ayna gowraceen dadkeyda si arxan daro leh<ref name=":02">[https://yabeyrouth.net/content/view/832/41 رجال خالدون، صلاح الدين الأيوبي] يا بيروت. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=مايو 2019|bot=JarBot}}<nowiki> {{Webarchive|url=</nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20200407233404/https://yabeyrouth.net/content/view/832/41/ |date=7 أبريل 2020</ref>, [[Shaawar]] aad buu uga argagaxay wuxuuna iska waayay tabar ama xeylad uu isaga difaaco markaas ayuu gubay caasimadiisa [[Fusdaad]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7Cتاريخ=January–February {{Wayback|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7Cتاريخ=January–February |date=20141129022644 }} 1995|ناشر=''[[:en:Saudi Aramco World|Saudi Aramco World]]''|صفحات=20–27|مؤلف=Dr. Zayn Bilkadi|عنوان=The Oil Weapons|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022644/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=29 نوفمبر 2014|وصلة مكسورة=no</ref>, khaliifka [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] [[Al-Caadid li dini laah]] ee mara saarka ahaay ayaa qeylo dhaan u dirsaday [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] oo ka dalbaday inuu soo gaaro, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] iyo ciidankiisa waxey mar kale u soo dhaqaaqeen [[Masar]], saliibiyiinta waxey isku dayeen inay Suweys agteeda u galaan laakin markey arkeyn Asadu-Diin oo ka gudbay waxey isaga baxeen Masar Asadu-Diin iyo ciidankiisa ayaana galeen Qaahira 8 [[Janaayo]] 1169 [[Shaawar]] wuxuu isku dayay inuu is jeclaysiiyo Asadu-Diin oo siiyo balan qaadyo hor leh dhanka kalena waxa uu ka watay shirqool uu u maleegay balse Asadu-Diin ayaa ogaaday dabinadiisa iyo inuu marna ayaga la ciyaarayo marna Saliibiyiinta wuxuuna amray in la dilo <ref name=":1">[https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626 أسد الدين شيركوه فاتح مصر الثاني] {{Wayback|url=https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=20160423203818}} مجلة العربي. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203818/https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=23 أبريل 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160423203818/http://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=23 أبريل 2016}}</ref> waxaa ayna xusayaan taariikhyahanada qaar in salaaxudiin iyo taliye kale oo Jurdiik la yiraahdo fuliyeen dilkiisa <ref>ص492 - كتاب الموسوعة التاريخية الدرر السنية - اغتيال شاور بن مجير السعدي وزير العاضد العبيدي الفاطمي - المكتبة الشاملة". ''shamela.ws''. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2022-12-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2022-12-</ref>. Khaliifka [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] ayaad ayuu taageeray dilka [[Shaawar]] waxaa uuna wasiir ka yeeshay badalkiisa [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirakuu]] balse laba bil ka dib wuu dhintay [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]], Salaaxudiin oo ahaa walaalkiis wiil uu dhalay ayaa badalay oo noqday wasiirka cusub ee [[Masar]]<ref name=":2">[[مرتضى الزبيدي|المرتضى الزبيدي]]، تحقيق صلاح الدين المنجد ([[1995]]م). ترويح القلوب في ذكر الملوك بني أيوب (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار الكتاب الجديد صفحة 68</ref>, waxey xusayaan taariikhyahanada oo ugu horeeyo [[Camaadu-Diin Asfahaani]] in magacaabista Salaaxudiin ay ku timid dalabka taliyaasha ciidankii [[Liivoont|Shaam]] kuwaas oo ku cadaadiyay Khaliifka Faadumiiyiinta inuu ka yeelo wasiir. == Xukunka Masar == === Mucaaradkii uu wajahay bilawga xukunkiisa === Imaanshaha Salaaxudiin ee xukunka [[Masar]] ma uusan ku marin si nabad eh, bilooyinkin yar kadib waxaa ay qorsheeyeen taliyaal sare oo ciidankii [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiiyiinta]] ahaa iyo qaar taageerayaashood kamid ah inay ka takhalusaan Salaaxudiin ayagoo kaashanaya Camuuri boqorkii Saliibiyiinta, waxaana hor kacaayay taliyaashan Mu'taman khilaafa oo ahaay madaxa ilaalada qasriga waxaana taabacsanaa ciidamo badan oo madow suudaan ah, Salaaxudiin wuu ogaaday qorshahooda inta ayna fulin waxaa uuna dilay Mu'taman khilaafa bisha [[Dul al-Qacdah|Siditaal]] sanadkii [[564H]], sidoo kale dhamaan shaqaalihii qasriga ayuu ku beddelay kuwo cusub oo madax uga dhigay Qaraaquush<ref>[http://alrased.net/main/articles.aspx?selected_article_no=6969 صلاح الدين ومؤامرات الفاطميين (2) مؤامرة مؤتمن الخلافة] الراصد، 22 فبراير 2015. وصل لهذا المسار في 18 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218154308/http://alrased.net/main/articles.aspx?selected_article_no=6969|date=18 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref>. Maalintii xigay ciidankii madowga oo ka careysan dilka taliyahood misna kor u dhaafaya 50 kun ayaa soo weerar tagay waxaana la dagaalamay ciidankii salaaxudiin ilaa ay ka takhaluseen <ref>نهاية الأرب في فنون الأدب الموسوعة الشاملة. وصل لهذا المسار في 18 أبريل 2016 نسخة محفوظة 15 ديسمبر 2019 على موقع واي باك مشين.</ref>, intii hartayna waxaa laga saaray magaalada <ref>محمد فريد أبو حديد (1346 هـ - 1927م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وعصره (الطبعة الأولى). القاهرة - مصر. مطبعة دار الكتب المصرية صفحة 68</ref>. Sidaasi kuma joogsan mucaaradka Salaaxudiin ee shiicada ahaay, waxaa isku yimid qaar badan oo haraadigooda ah markii uu Salaaxudiin si toos u riday dawladooda 1171, mu'aamaro lagu ridaayo xukunka Salaaxudiin bey dajiyeen ayagoo kaashanaya Saliibiyiinta misna ka faaideysanaya [[Tooraan-shaah]] iyo ciidamada badankood oo [[Yemen|Yaman]] ku maqanaa, waxeyna sidoo kale xiriir la sameeyeen Wilyam II boqorka Normaandiyiinta [[Sasiiliya|Siqliya]] siduu u weeraro [[Askandariya]], balse waxey ka fashilantay markii ay la wadaageen sirtooda Zeynu-ddiin bin Najaa oo daacad u ahaay Salaaxudiin, sanadii 1174 buuna soo qabqabtay Salaaxudiin dhamaan intii ku lug lahayd mu'aamaradan waxa uuna kuu fuliyay dil kadib markey culumada u fatwootay, saaxada Beynal-qasreyn baana lagu toogtay intii u dhaxeysay 6 [[Abriil]] ilaa 23 [[Maajo|May]]<ref>Halm 2014a، Bogaga 296–297.</ref>. waxaana ka mid ahaay dadkii dilka lagu filiyay Cumaara al-Yamani oo ahaay gabayaa lafdhabar u ahaay isu daba ridka mu'aamaradan in badana Faadumiiyiinta ku amaanay gabayadiisa<ref>عمر فروخ، '''''تاريخ الأدب العربي: من مطلع القرن الخامس الهجري إلى الفتح العثماني'''''. الجزء الثالث. دار العلم للملايين - بيروت. الطبعة الرابعة - 1981، ص. 345-348</ref>. Boqrka [[Sasiiliya|Siqliya]] Wilyam II iyo ciidamadiisa waxey soo gaareen [[Askandariya]] 1174 weyna isku dayeen inay qabsadaan laakin ciidanka Salaaxudiin ayaa ku qasbay inay dib u gurtaan ayagoo ka cararay qaniimo badan<ref>عرب دعكور (1431 هـ - 2010م). تاريخ الفاطميين والزنكيين والأيوبيين والمماليك وحضاراتهم (الطبعة الأولى). بيروت - لبنان. دار النهضة العربية صفحة 150</ref>. === Weerarka Saliibiyiinta ee Dimyaad === [[File:Al-Azhar Mosque (8590203917).jpg|thumb|Jaamica Ashar [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] waxey u dhiseen inuu noqdo goob laga faafiyo madhabka Shiicada ee ismaaciiliga Salaaxudiin waxa uu ka yeelay madaraso suniga leeyihiin markii uu xilka qabtay]] [[File:Capturing Damiate.jpg|thumb|Maraakiibta saliibiyiinta waxaa ay go'doomiyeen [[Dimyaad]]]] Camuuri Boqorkii [[Qudus]] ee Saliibiyiinta wuxuu is tusay inay [[Masar]] qatar weyn uga soo socoto waxaana rajo galisay dhimashada [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asad-udiin]] dadaalo dheer buuna u galay sidii uu ku abaabuli lahaa weerar saliibi hor leh, Bobka [[Roma]] iyo boqoradii [[Yurub]] ayuu ergay u diray hase ahaatee cid ajiibto muusan helin<ref>Peter W. Edbury and John Gordon (1991). william of tyre، XIX،page960.</ref> kaliya [[Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin|Biriizandiyiinta]] baa ajiibeen ololihiisa oo ku saacideyn usduul dooma ah iyo ciidamo, isbahaysigan weerarkood dhanka badda ayuu ku yimid magaalada [[Dimyaad]] beyna go'doomiyeen 25 [[Oktoobar]] 1169 ilaa 19 [[Diseembar]] Salaaxudiin markuu ka war helay duulaankan waxaa uu u qoray [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] "''Hadaan ka dib dhaco Dimyaad Saliibiyiinta ayaa qabsanaayo hadaa aadana masaarida ayaa kacdoon suubinaya oo daacada ka baxaayo markaasna wax noo haraayo ma jirto''"<ref>ابن الأثير (2008). الكامل في التاريخ، الجزء العاشر، أحداث 565 هـ. القاهرة: دار التوفيقية للطباعة. ص. ص 23.</ref> [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] waxaa uu soo diray gurmad ciidan oo aad u badan waxaana qeyb ka ahaa [[Najmu-Diin Ayuub]] aabaha Salaaxudiin iyo walaalihiisa, sidoo kale waxaa uu cadaadis ka saaray Saliibiyiinta dhanka [[shaam]] oo dhufeysyadooda ku weeray<ref>الحافظ عماد الدين أبي الفداء إسماعيل ابن كثير ج16 (1968). ''البداية والنهاية''. ص. 440.</ref>. Waxaa dhacday ilaaladii maagaalada Dimyaad inay muujiyaan iska caabin daran salislada xoogan beyna ku xireen [[wabiga Niil]] oo u diiday doomihii cadawga inay ka gudbaan, sidoo kale roobab xoogan baa bilaawday Saliibiyiinta wey joogi waayeen weyna iska laabteen<ref>ستيفين رونسيمان (1997). تاريخ الحروب الصليبية ج2 صفحة 443. ص. 570.</ref>. Salaaxudiin wuxuu sii baacsaday Saliibiyiinta sii baxsaneysay [[Gaza]] ayuu ku weeraray wuxuuna burbrshay deegaanadood, sidoo kale qalcada Iilaat buuna qabsaday. [[File:Drawing of the Fatimid caliph Al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh (retouched).jpg|thumb|sawir laga sameeyay khaliifkii u dambeeyay ee faadumiiyiinta Al-Caadid lidiinilaah]] === Dhicitaanka dawladii Faadumiiyiinta === Guushaan danbe waxey idibada ugu sugtay Zankiyiinta gudaha [[Masar]], waxaana iska cadaatay in [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiiyiinta]] waayahoodu qariib yahay, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] waxa uu ka dalabaday Salaaxudiin inuu joojiyo ducada looga duceeyo masaajida [[Khulafada Faadumiiyiinta]] taasi oo u ahayd aqoonsi sharciyadooda, Salaaxudiin wuu ka cago jiiday in mudo ah dalabka [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] cabsi uu ka qabo saameynta shiicada ee gudaha [[Masar]] awgeed<ref>ابن الأثير، عزُّ الدين أبي الحسن عليّ بن أبي الكرم مُحمَّد الشِّيباني؛ تحقيق: عبدُ القادر أحمد طليمات (1995). ''التاريخ الباهر في الدولة الأتابكيَّة'' (ط. الثانية). القاهرة - مصر: دار الكُتب الحديثة. ص. 156.</ref>, wuxuuna si tartiib ah u bilaabay inuu yareeyo saameyntooda isagoo garsoorka ku badalay garsooreyaal sunni ah, Aadaanka ayuu hadana ka saaray waxyaabihii shiicada soo kordhisay<ref>الدولة الزنكية للصلابي، نقلا من: القاضي الفاضل ص137</ref>, wuxuu fara galiyay shaqadii khaliifka gaarka u lahaa shaqaalihiisa qasriga buu ka yareeyay, ugu dambeyn bilawga sanadii [[567H]] oo ku beegan [[Sebteembar]] sanadii 1171 buu ka gooyay khudbdii Faadumiiyiinta masaajida Masar isagoo ku beddelaya Cabaasiyiinta [[Baqdaad]]<ref>ابن الأثير، عزُّ الدين أبي الحسن عليّ بن أبي الكرم مُحمَّد الشِّيباني؛ تحقيق: أبو الفداء عبدُ الله القاضي (1407هـ - 1987م). ''الكامل في التاريخ، الجزء التاسع'' (ط. الأولى). بيروت - لُبنان: دار الكُتب العلميَّة. ص. 365.</ref>. [[Al-Caadid]] waqtigaas wxuu ahaay sakaraad mowdka ayaana u yimid maalmo yar kadib xilka qaadistiisa, Salaaxudiin ayaana la wareegay qasriyadiisa iyo hantidii uu ka tagay dhamaan wuxuuna u qeybiyay talyaashiisa qaarna madaaris cusub buu kaga dhisay [[Masar]]. === Balaarinta dawlada === Salaaxudiin wuxuu ka shaqeeyay ilaalinta xuduudiisa iyo inuu kusoo daro dawladiisa meelihii ay Faadumiiyiinta horey uga talin jireen, sidaas darteed sanadii [[568H]] oo ku beegnayd 1173 waxa uu udiray Magribta soke (Liibiya maanta) ciidamo uu hogaaminayay Shafu-ddiin Qaraaquush, magaalada [[Triboli|Tiriibuli]], [[Barqa]] iyo deegaano kale oo [[Libiya|Liibiya]] maanta ka mid ah bey qabsadeen ilaa Qaabus oo [[Tuulo|Tuunus]] ka tirsan<ref name=":0">[https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2022/8/1/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1 Al-jasiira.net]</ref>. Muwaxidiinta waxey u arkeen dhaqdhaqaaqan mid qatar ku ah jiritaankooda khaasatan markuu Qaraaquush la sameeyay isbahaysi qabiilada carbeeb ee degaanadaas kuwaas oo muujiyay siday daacad ugu yihiin [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khulafada Cabaasiyiinta]] khudbadaha masjidkana uga duceeyeen <ref>عدنان زهران (2008م). نهضة الأمة بين عوامل الانحدار وسبل الارتقاء نظرة تاريخية تحليلية ومقارنة معاصة (الطبعة الأولى). بيروت - لبنان. دار زهران للنشر والتوزيع صفحة 142</ref><ref>مجلة المؤرخ العربي (1409 هـ - 1988م). رشيد عبد الله الجميلي، العلاقات السياسية بين الأيوبيين والموحدين في المغرب الأقصى (العدد 35 السنة الرابعة عشرة). بغداد - العراق. صفحة 170</ref>. Xuduuda koonfureed ee [[Masar]] waxaa kaga aadaneyd Nuuba oo ahayd boqortooyo [[Kirishtaan|kirishtan]] eh magaalada [[Aswaan]] beyna halis ku ahaayeen inay weeraraan, Salaaxudiin waxaa uu udiray walaakiis ka weyn [[Tooraan-shaah]] bisha [[Jumada al-thani|Jumaada aakhir]] ee sanadii [[568H]] wuxuu galay deegaanadood Qasri ibriim buuna ka furtay qaniimo iyo maxaabiis badana wuu kala soo noqday<ref>ابن الأثير (2008). ''الكامل في التاريخ، الجزء العاشر، أحداث 568 هـ''. القاهرة: دار التوفيقية للطباعة. ص. ص 46-51.</ref><ref name=":0" />. [[Yemen|Yaman]] waxaa ka jirtay xaalad deganaasho la'aan eh hadey tahay madhab ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaanba, Cabdi-Nabi Al-Madi nin la oran jiray oo mahdinimo sheegtay baa ka soo baxay wuxuuna la yimid waxyaalo khilaafsan islaamka oo dadka ugu yeeray <ref>سير أعلام النبلاء الذهبي الطبقة الثلاثون عَبْد النبي ابن المهدي علي بْن مهدي موسوعة الحديث. وصل لهذا المسار في 18 أبريل 2016 نسخة محفوظة 13 أبريل 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين</ref>, wuxuuna jaray sidoo kale khudbadii Cabaasiyiinta, dadkii reer [[Yemen|Yaman]] baa ka codsaday Salaaxudiin inuu ka dulqaado ninkan sheeganaya mahdinimada, Salaaxudiin wuxuu u diray 569H walaalkiis [[Tooraan-shaah]] iyo ciidamo dhowr ah waxeyna la dagaalamayn Cabdi-Nabi wey jabiyeen ciidankiisa asna waa dileen, magaalada [[Zubeyda]] buu furtay hadana [[Cadan]], Tooraan-shaah wuxuu u diiday ciidankiisa inay boobaan magaalada isagoo ku dhahay "''Uma imaan inaa kharibno deegaanada ee waxaan u imaanay inaa camirno''"<ref name=":0" /> waxaa u suurto gashay deeganadii kale ee [[Yemen|Yaman]] inay u soo gacan gasho, markaasna Xijaas waxaa laga iclaamiyay inay ku biirtay dawlada Masar<ref>المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السادس. تأليف: شفيق جحا، منير البعلبكي، بهيج عثمان، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت. الأيوبيون، صفحة: 92-94</ref>. Tooraan-shaah ayaana joogay Yaman ilaa [[571H]]. === Salaaxudiin iyo Nuurudiin === Inkastoo Salaaxudiin sheeganaayay inuu u adeegayo [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] hadana wuxuu marar badan ka gaabiyay adeecida awaamirtiisa, Nuurudiin wuxuu ka cabsaday awooda Salaaxudiin ee sii kordheysa isagoona u arkay madax banaani inuu damacsan yahay, khilaafkooda wuxuu sii kordhay markii labadoodu ku heshiiyeen sanadii 567H\1172 in Salaaxudiin uu ka weeraro Qalcada Karki [[Masar]] halaka Nuurudiin iyo ciidankiisa ka soo weeraraan [[Shaam]], markaas buu Salaaxudiin dhaxda ka laabtay isagoo ka cabsi qaba in [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] xilka ka qaado hadii uu la kulmo<ref>الدولة الزنكية ونجاح المشروع الإسلامي لمقاومة التغلغل الباطني والصليبي. د [[علي الصلابي]]. صفحة594</ref>, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] aad buu uga xanaaqay falkaas heer uu go'aansaday inuu [[Masar]] la aado ciidamadiisa, Salaaxudiin wuxuu isku keenay taliyaashiisa u dhawaay oo kala tashaday sidii laga yeeli lahaa Nuurudiin, qaar baa waxey soo jeediyeen inuu la dagaalamo, hase ahaatee aabihiis iyo abtigiis oo goobta joogay weydiideen ra'yigaas waxeyna u soo jeediyeen Salaaxudiin inuu hadiydo u diro [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] uuna marmarsiyo sameysto <ref name="الكاميل في التاريخ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=الكامل في التاريخ الجزء الحادي عشر صفحة 279|مؤلف=ابن الأثير|صفحات=504|سنة=2003}}</ref>. [[File:Saladin's imaginary portrait.jpg|thumb|sawir mla awaal eh oo laga sameeyay salaaxudiin]] Waxaase muuqatay in marmarsiyooyinkaas uusan ku qancin [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] oo fursad kale raadinaayay. Gu'ii sanadii 1174 wuxuu aruuriyay ciidamo aad u badan oo ka kala keenay [[Mowsil]], Diyaar Bakar iyo deegaanada kale uu maamulo wuxuuna qorshuhu ahaa inuu aado [[Masar]], laakin waxaa si kadis ah ugu soo booday xanuun 15 beri kadibna wuu dhintay 15 [[Maajo|May]] 1174 <ref>تيسير بن موسى. ''نظرة عربية على غزوات الإفرنج من بداية الحروب الصليبية حتى وفاة نور الدين ص 151''. ص.&nbsp;173.</ref>. Waxaana taariikhda halkaan ka bilaabatay Dawladii Ayuubiyiinta <ref>علي محمد الصلابي (1429 هـ - 2008م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس (الطبعة الثانية). بيروت - لبنان. دار المعرفة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع صفحة 229</ref>. == Qabsashada Shaam iyo dhisida dawlada == [[File:Citadel_of_Damascus_1881.jpg|thumb|Qalcada Dimishiq waxaa qabsaday salaaxudiin markii uu afar maalin joogay magaalada]] [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] wuxuu ka tagay wiil yar oo 11 jir ah lana oran jiray [[Saalax ismaaciil]], waxaana mar qura halaabay nadaamkii dawlada, taliyaashii ugu sareeyay baana ku murmay cidii masuul ka noqon la hayd wiilkan yar, Saliibiyiinta ayagana dhaqdhaqaaq bey bilaabeen waxeyse ku xaliyeen taliyaashii inay hishiis kula galaan lacago ay bixinayaan, ugu dambeyn Sacdu-dawla Gumushtakiin ayaa la wareegay masuuliyada wiilka yar wuxuuna la aaday [[Xalab]] halka [[Dimishiq]] oo ku haray Shamsu-diin ibni Muqadam oo isku dhacsanaayeen Gumushtakiin. Salaaxudiin wuxuu dhaliilay siday wax u maamulayaan taliyaasha joogta [[Shaam]] wuxuuna bilaabay inuu raadiyo wadadii uu [[Shaam]] kula wareegi lahaay, jaaniskaas oo helay markii taliyihii [[Dimishiq]] Shamsu-diin ibni Muqadam ugu yeeray inuu ku sallimo magaalada isagoo ka cabsi qaba Gumushtakiin<ref>ابن كثير (2008). ''البداية والنهاية، الجزء الثامن، أحداث 570 هـ''. القاهرة: دار التوفيقية للطباعة. ص. ص 411-415</ref> wuxuu kala soo dhaqaaqay ciidanka [[Masar]] isagoo ku dhaafaya walaakiis [[Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar|Al-Caadil]] bisha [[Rabic al-awwal|Mowliid]] sanadii [[570H]] buu soo gaaray [[Dimishiq]] wuuna la wareegay. Kadib deegaanadii kale ee [[Shaam]] buu bilaabay qabsashadeyda sida [[Xamaa]] oo dadkeyda sahal ugu wareejiyeen. [[Xalab]] ayuu u jaheystay Salaaxudiin wuxuuna shaaciyay inuu rabo la wareegida masuuliyada wiilka yar ee [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] Gumushtakiin wuu diiday inuu magaalada dhiibo wuxuuna soo baxshay wiilka yaraa oo dadka ugu khudbdeeyay inay la dagaalamaan Salaaxudiin maadama uu yahay khiyaanoole taasi oo sii kicisay xamaasadii dadka. Gumushtakiin wuxuu la hishiiyay [[Xashaashiyiinta]] si ay u shirqoolaan Salaaxudiin, waxey soo direen naftoodi haligayaal oo ku dhex milmay ciidankii Ayuubiyiinta balse isku daygooda wuu fashilmay waana la wada dilay, Mucaaradka Salaaxudiin oo ugu horeeyo Gumushtakiin waxay ku qaadayn dacaayad ka dhan ah isaga, iyagoo ku andacoonaya inuu hilmaamay xaaladdiisii ​​[addoonkii Nuur Ad-Diin]” oo uusan u mahad naqeynin sayidkiisii ​​odayga ahaa isagoo go’doomiyay wiilkiisa, sidaasna ku noqday fallaago. Salaaxudiin soo uga hortago dacaayaddan wuxuu soo afjaraya go’doominta, isaga oo ku andacoonaya in uu Islaamka ka difaacayo Saliibiyiinta; ciidankiisu waxay ku noqdeen Xama si ay uga difaacaan Saliibiyiinta oo weerar ku ahaay. Saliibiyiintu way ka baxeen ka hor, wuxuuna Salaaxudiin ku dhawaaqay "guul furaysa albaabada quluubta ragga". Wax yar ka dib, Salaaxudiin wuxuu galay Ximsa wuxuuna qabsaday dhufeyskiisa bishii Maarso 1175, ka dib iska caabin adag oo ka yimid difaacayaasheeda. === Loolanka Ayuubiyiinta iyo Zankiyiinta === ==== Dagaalkii Quruun_Xamaa ==== Seyfudiin Gaazi amiirka [[Mowsil]] wuxuu aad uga baqay guulaha Salaaxudiin, marna wuxuu is tusay inuu u xaq badan yahay dhaxalka [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] sidaas darteed buu iclaamiyay dagaal ka dhan ah Salaaxudiin, ciidamo badan buu u soo diray [[Xalab]] oo hor kacaayay walaakiis Cizu diin Mascuud, waxeyna heleen ciidankii Salaaxudiin oo ka rartay, ka dib ciidamadii [[Xalab]] iyo ayaga wey isku biireen Xamaa beyna soo aadeen, Salaaxudiin ayaa uga hortagay Quruun Xamaa meel loogu yeero oo aad ugu dhaw [[Xamaa]], Salaaxudiin ciidankiisu aad bey u yaraayeen mana jeclayn inuu dagaal la galo ciidamo kumanaan ah ilaa oo gurmad ugu yimaado, halka isbahaysigii Xalab iyo Mowsil ay fursad dahabi u arkeen markiina wey bilaabeen dagaalka, waana maalin 19 [[Ramadaan]] [[570H]], miilaadina13ka [[Abriil]] 1175 ciidankii yaraa ee Salaaxudiin iska caabin ba'an bey muujiyeen iyo Samir aad u weyn, mar dambe buu imaaday gurmadkii ay sugaayeen uu horcaayo Taqiyyu-ddiin Cumar waxeyna ka heleen xamaasad iyo dhiiranaan, ciidankii isbahaysiga ayaana jabay oo khasaaro lixaad leh gaartay Salaaxudiin wuxuu ku laabtay Xalab iyo go'doominteeda waxeyse kula hishiiyeen inay dhiibaan deegaano yar yar oo hoostago Xalab sida Macarra-Nucmaan iyo kuwo kale ==== Dagaalkii Tal-Suldaan iyo wixii xigay ==== [[File:Saladin coin obverse.jpg|thumb|Qaar ka mid ah lacagihii uu soo saaray salaaxudiin]] Ka gadaal guulahan is daba xiga uu ka gaaray Zankiyiinta Salaaxudiin wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka yahay Boqor deegaanada uu qabsaday, masaajida ayaana looga khudbdeeyay, wuxuuna bilaabay inuu soo saaro lacago u gooni ah oo magaciisa wata, sidoo kale khaliifka cabaasiga ayaa siiyay aqoonsi isagoo ugu yeerayo magaca "'''''Suldaanka Shaam iyo Masar'''''" <ref>أبو مسلم يوسف ([[2006]]م). الأمن وتاريخ مصر: الشرطة في نصر على مر العصور (الطبعة الأولى). [[الإسكندرية]] - [[مصر]]. مركز الإسكندرية للكتاب صفحة 100</ref> Intaas kuma ekaan loolanka Zankiyiinta iyo Salaaxudiin dawladiisa cusub, sanadkii 1176dii waxey isugu ciidan aruursadeen labada dhinac dagaal hor leh, [[Seyfudiin Gaazi]] oo markaan hogaaminayo ciidankiisa wuxuu la yimid awoodiis oo dhan, halka Salaaxudiin oo ciidamo badan ka keensaday Masar, meel la yiraahdo Tal-Suldaan oo aad ugu dhaw [[Xalab]] beena isaga hor yimaadeen dagaal aad u qaraar ka dib Zankiyiinta waxey awoodeen inay riixaan garabka bidix ee Ayuubiyiinta balse Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa waxey suubiyeen rogaal celin xoogan safkii Zankiyiinta bey wiiqeen waxeyna seef la dhacayn ilaalada Seyfudiin ciidankii Zankiyiinta markaas bey argagaxayn waxeyna ka carareen goobta dagaalka khasaaro xoogan baana soo gaartay saraakiishii ugu sareesay badankoodna wey ku la'deen Seyfudiin Gaazi laftirkiisa wuxuu ku fakaday dirqis. Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa waxey qaniimo ahaan u qaateen agabkii, hantidii iyo hubkii ay ka carareen Zankiyiinta, kadibna [[Xalab]] dhankeeda bey u jaheystayn, wuxuu Salaaxudiin dhex ku sii furtay dhufeyada Manbij iyo Bizaaca, Galbeed buu bu baxay hadana Aczaaz buu go’doomiyay 15<small>ka</small> [[Maajo|Meey]], markaas baa waxaa soo weeraray rag Xashaashiyiinta ka socday oo Gumushtakiin soo adeegsaday, Suldaanka ayaana uga badbaaday koofidii uu watay garaafo yar un baa gaartay ilaaladiisa baana toogtay dhamaan ragii weerarka soo qaaday. [[File:Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg|thumb|Calanka [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Dawladii Ayyuubiyiinta]] ee uu aasaasay Salaaxudiin kaas oo u isticmaalayeen dagaaladooda]] Aczaaz waxaa la qabsaday 21kii [[Juun]] ka dibna Salaaxudiin waxa uu u degdegay [[Xalab]] suu u ciqaabo Gumushtakiin iyo kooxdiisa, [[Xalab]] markaleeto waxey iska caabisay ciidankii Ayuubiyiinta weyna ku adkaatay qabsashadeed, Salaaxudiin ayaana u weecday hishiis inuu la galo kaas oo aan ahayn xabad joojin kaliya ee wuxuu ku guuleystay [[Xalab]] iyo Ayuubiyiinta inay noqdaan isbahaysi ka dhan ah saliibiyiinta taa beddelkeed wuxuu Salaaxudiin u ogolaaday Gumushtakiin iyo Salaax ismaaciil inay sii haystaan Xalab, ayana waxey Salaaxudiin u aqoonsadeen inuu ka yahay Suldaanka Shaam iyo Masar, sidoo kale amiirada Keyfa iyo Maardiin oo xulufo ahaayeen Xalab ayaa u qireen Salaaxudiin inay hoos tagi doonaan. Markii heshiiskii la soo gebagebeeyey, waxaa Salaaxudiin u timid Saalax ismaaciil walaashii ka yarayd oo ka codsanaysa in loo soo celiyo qalcadda Aczaaz; wuuna ka aqbalay Salaaxudiin oo waxa uu dib ugu celiyay irdaha [[Xalab]] iyada oo hadiyado badan wadata. === Weerarida Xashaashiyiinta === [[File:Masyaf_-_Gesamtansicht.jpg|thumb|Qalcada Misyaaf waxaa go'doomiyay Salaaxudiin bidhii [[Agoosto]] 1176dil laakin wuu qabsan waayay]] Salaaxudiin markuu la hishiiyay Zankiyiinta kadib Wuxuu kala diray ciidankiisa, intii u soo hartay wuxuu la aaday Buuraleyda Nuseeriyiinta halkaas oo qalcado iyo dhufeysyo ku lahaayeen kooxda Xashaashiyiinta ee mayalka adag, Go'doon ayuu geliyay dhamaan qalacadahooda bishii [[Agoosto]] 1176<small>dii</small> balse mudo yar ka dib waxaa uu Salaaxudiin kala baxay ciidankiisa isagoo waxna ka qabsan, [[Ibni Kasiir|ibni kasiir]] iyo [[ibni Asiir]] waxey soo guurinayaan in Salaaxudiin oo kaga dilay xashaashiyiinta dhufeyska Misyaaf dhowr ciidamo ah qaar kalana uu ka qabtay kadib baa abtigiis Shihaabu-diin cafis u weydiiyay sidaas buuna ugu laabtay [[Dimishiq]] <ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ص. 83-86</ref> <ref>ابن كثير (1988)، ج. 12، ص. 362-364</ref>. Halka xoga kalana ay sheegayaan in Salaaxudiin oo uga baqay naftiisa marar badanna ay Xashaashiyiinta gaareen aqalkiisa, heer uu gaaray habeenkii dambas inuu ku daadiyo agagaarka aqalkiisa soo u ogaado in loo soo dhawaaday iyo in kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee Salaaxudiin wuu la hishiiyay Rashid-diin Sinaan hogaamyihii Xashaashiyiinta isagoona ku daray xufadiis, wuxuuna Salaaxudiin sidaas ku xaqiijiyay guul kale waana in Saliibiyiinta khasaareen saaxib u muhiim ah. === Qabsashada Xalab iyo dhamaadka loolanka === [[Seyfudiin Gaazi]] amiirka [[Mowsil]] waxa uu dhintay 3da [[Safar (bil)|Safar]] [[576H]] oo ku beegan 28ka [[Juun]] 1180-kii waxaana xilka ka dhaxlay walaalkiisa Cizu diin Mascuud, hadana sanadkii xigay 4 [[Diseembar]] waxaa dhintay [[Saalax ismaaciil]] wuxuuna ahaa Cizu diin Mascuud inuu u dardaarmay magaalada [[Xalab]]<ref>ابن العبري، أبو الفرج مار گريگوريوس يُوحنَّا بن هٰرون بن توما الملطي. تاريخ مُختصر الدُول. ص. 166. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 7 أيَّار (مايو) 2018م</ref>, Cizu diin ayaa markuu yimid magaalada wuxuu dareemay inuu isku hayn karin Xalab iyo [[Mowsil]] sidaas darteed wuxuu [[Xalab]] ku wareejiyay walaakiis Camaadu-Diin Zanki isagoo uga beddelanaya Sanjaar, khaabuur, Riqqa, Nasiibiin iyo Saruuj. Salaaxudiin wuxuu ka soo dhaqaaqay Masar Xalab ayuu yimid oo go'doomiyay [[Sebteembar]] 1182dii , markaas oo hishiiskii kala dhexeeyay Zankiyiinta waqtigiisa si rasmi ah u soo dhamaaday, mudo seddex maalin ah ka dib wuu isaga tagay [[Xalab]], Mudafir diin Kookbari ayaa u soo jeediyay qabsashada deegaanada Jasiira Salaaxudiin wuu ka yeelay<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 112-121.</ref>, waxaa uuna ku qaaday weerar culus deegaanadii halkaas ayaa mid mid ugu soo dhacday gacantiisa Ruhaa, Saruuj, Nasiibiin, Riqqa iyo khaabuur waxaas oo dhan gacantiisa ayee soo galeen. Mar labaad buu hadana ku laabtay Xalab go'doominteeda 21ka May 1183dii maalmo dagaalka markuu socday wuxuu soo jeediyay Camaadu-Diin Zanki oo shacbiyad weyn ku lahayn Xalab gudaheeda inuu dhiibo magaalada beddelkeedna loo soo celiyo Sanjaar, Riqqa iyo Nasiibiin Salaaxudiin wuu ka yeelay dalbkiisa, [[Xalab]] waxey u gacan gashay [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] beshii [[Safar (bil)|Safar]] 18keedii [[579H]] oo ku beegan 12<small>ka</small> [[Juun]] 1183<small>dii</small> <ref>تاريخ الفاطميين والزنكيين والأيوبيين والمماليك وحضاراتهم صفحة 159</ref>. Qabsashada Xalab Salaaxudiin waxey u lahayd muhiimad weyn oo sideed sano sugaayay sababtoo ah wuxuu aaminsanaay inay tahay albaabka u furi doono meelo badan<ref>Lyons (1982), p. 199</ref>, markaan waxaa u soo hartay [[Mowsil]] oo ahaay inuu dagaal ku qaaday [[Nofeembar]] 1182dii laakin markey u suurto geli weysay qabsashadeeda wuu ka laabtay wuxuuna isku mashquuliyay Sanjaar, Salaaxudiin waxa uu diiday wadaado waday dhexdhexaadin iyo ergay ka socotay khaliifka Cabaasiga oo nabad ku baaqayay, Sanadii 1185tii waxaa uu ciidankiisa kala dul dhacay [[Mowsil]] suu u go'doomiyo waxaana qeyb ka ahaa ciidankan taliyaashii ugu sareeyay Ayuubiyiinta, Cizu diin waa uu diiday inuu isdhiibo, mudo dheer oo go'doominta socotay ka dib waxaa leysla garwaaqsaday hishiis nabadeed, Cizu diin wuxuu ogolaaday madaxtinimada Salaaxudiin, wuxuuna balan qaaday inay ciidankiisa la safan doonaan Salaaxudiin marwalibo jihaad lala galaayo Saliibiyiinta. == Dagaaladii uu lagalay siliibiyiinta == Salaaxudiin iyo Saliibiyiinta waxey isla gaareen hishiis nabadeed horaantii 1176dii balse mudo dheer muu sii socon oo Saliibiyiinta ayaa jabiyeen waxeyna weerareen [[Dimishiq]] agagaarkeed [[Nofeembar|Nufeember]] 1177dii, Salaaxudiin wuxuu ku sugnaay markaas [[Qaahiro|Qaahira]] oo horumarinta difaacyadeeda ku howlanaa markiiba wuxuu iclaamiyay dhamaadka heshiiskii nabadeed duulaan ayuuna ku qaaday Falastiin, Saliibiyiinta see ugu jeediyaan dhinac kale waxay u direen qaybo badan oo ciidankooda ah qalcaddii Xaarim ee [[Xalab]] agteeda ah, Salaaxudiin se wuu ku sii socday weeraradiisa dhulka [[Falastiin]] oo difaacyadeedii yaraadeen wuxuu weeraray [[Lod]] iyo [[Ramla|Ramala]] ilaa [[Qudus]] oo ka gaaray, hadana [[Casqalaan]] buu u jeestay oo ugu yeeray "Aroosada Falastiin " lama ayna kulmin ciidankiisa wax iska caabin la sheego waxeyna ahaayeen kuwa ku kala firdhaday tuulooyinka oo bililiqo ka bilaaween, Isla markaas waxaa [[Casqalaan]] soo gaaray Boladiinkii Afaraad Boqorkii [[Qudus]] iyo ciidankiisa Taliyihii [[Karki]] Arnaad ayaana wehlinaay weerar gaadmo bey ku sameeyeen ciidamadii Ayuubiyiinta oo markaas [[Ramla|Ramala]] agteeda joogay, waxaana guuldaro aad ubalaaran la kulmay ciidamadii Ayuubiyiinta oo laga laayay madax badan, Taqiyyu-ddiin Cumar labo wiil uu dhalay midna waa la qabtay midna waa la dilay. Salaaxudiin wuxuu doortay haraadiga ciidankiisa inuu u la baxo [[Masar]] <ref>الحروب الصليبية العلاقة بين الشرق والغرب</ref> Guul daradan Salaaxudiin may niyad jabin oo dib ayuu u soo abaabulay ciidankiisa, Gu'ii sanadii 1178dii ciidanka Ayuubiyiinta waxey Ximsa agteeda iska hor imaad yar ku dhex maray ayaga iyo Saliibiyiinta, bishii [[Agoosto]] ee isla sanadkaas koox Saliibiyiinta ah ayaa soo weerartay Xamaa iyo tuulooyinkii ka ag dhawaa waxeyna laayeen rayidkii meesha deganaa ciidamadii Ayuubiyiinta Xamaa baa ku baxeyn weyna jabiyeen Saliibiyiintii maxaabiis badan ayeena ka soo qabteen Salaaxudiin wuxuu faray in la wada laayo maadaama mufsidiin ay yihiin. Sanadkaas intii ka harsanayd Salaaxudiin wuxuu ku qaatay [[Shaam]] isagoona wax dagaalo ah gelin, laakin xaalku sidaas kuma sii socon oo waxey jawaasiistiisa u soo gudbiyeen in Saliibiyiinta weerar aad u weyn qorsheynayaan oo Dimishiq ku aadan, waxaa uu faray Salaaxudiin Farukhshaah oo ah wiil uu adeer u yahay inuu xoojiyo aaga Dimishiq asaga iyo kun ciidamo ah oo heegan ugu juro weerar kasta. Bisha Siditaal 574H oo ku beegan [[Abriil]] 1179kii ayee ciidankii Saliibiyiinta u soo dhaqaaqeyn dhanka [[Dimishiq]] Farukhshaah iyo kooxdiisa ayaa ka hor istaagay magaalada, Saliibiyiinta ayaana ku qasbanaaday inay dib u gurtaan. Jiidaalkii 1179kii waxaa ay Saliibiyiinta ka dhiseen Xuduudka Muslimiinta dhufeys ay ugu yeereen taariikhyahanada Muslimiinta "Beytul-axzaan" Salaaxudiin dhufeyskan khatar weyn buu u arkay wuxuuna ka dalbay Saliibiyiinta inay dumiyaan xitaa qarash dhan 100kun [[Diinaar]] buu u gaaray weyse ka diideyn<ref>Asbridge, "The Crusaders.'" Murray, "Jacob’s," 649</ref>. Ciidankii Saliibiyiinta oo hogaaminayay Boladiinka Afaraad waxey u ruqaansadeyn waqooyi si ay ula socdaan dhaqaaqayada Salaaxudiin waxey yimaadeen Maraj cuyuun ayagoo si fiican u sii sahmin, Salaaxudiin ayaa ahaa meelo sare inuu kaga jeeday, ay sii galayeen togga waxaa bilaawday dagaalka ciidankii Saliibiyiinta waa ay iska caabiyeen Muslimiintii waxeyna u maleeyeen inuu dhamaaday dagaalka nasiino ayee galeen maadaama ay daalanaayeen, Fardooleyda macbadka ciidankooda waxey u baxeen dalcada kore, markaas baa si kadis ah waxaa ku soo weeraray Salaaxudiin iyo ciidanka Muslimiinta xoogooda waxeyna gaarsiiyeen jab aad u xoogan taliyaal badan oo Saliibiyiinta ah ayaana goobta lagu dilay qaar kalana oo ka mid yihiin hogaamiyaha fardooleyda macbadka iyo hogaamiyaha isbtibsaariyiinta waa la qabtay, Boladiinkii Afaraad oo xanuunsanaa fuulida faraskana dhibaayay wuxuu ku badbaaday si layaab leh. Salaaxudiin isagoo ka faaideysanaya guushiisan wuxuu weeraray dhufeyskii Beytul-axzaan go'doon ayuu geliyay waxaana u suurto gashay inuu burburiyo intuuna gurmadka soo gaarin waxaa uuna laayay ilaaladii dhufeyska waana 30 ka [[Luuliyo|julaayo]] 1179<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 97-101.</ref> Gu'gii 1180-kii Salaaxudiin wuxuu ku sugnaa aagga Safad isagoo qorsheynayay inuu bilaabo olole xooggan oo ka dhan ah Boqortooyada Qudus baa Boladin u soo diray wargeeyayaal isagoo dalbanaya hishiis nabadeed Salaaxudiin na wuu ka aqbalay sababtoo ah abaaro ayaa jiray sanadkaas dalagyaduna aad bey u yaaraayeen. Rimond talyihii Daraabulis ayaa dhaleeceeyay xabbad joojinta laakiin waxaa lagu qasbay inuu aqbalo ka dib weerar Ayuubiyiinta ku qaadeen dhulkiisa bishii [[Maajo]] iyo markii ay soo baxeen muuqaalka ciidamada badda ee Salaaxudiin oo ka baxay dekedda Darduus === Xad gudubyadii Arnaad ee ka dhanka ah xujayda iyo ganacsatada Muslimiinta === Arnaad taliyaha Saliibiyiinta ee Karki wuxuu ahaay kan ugu neceb Muslimiinta wuxuuna sameystay maraakiib daagaal oo ku weeraray xeebaha [[Baddacas]] sanadii 1183dii<ref>Newsbold، D. (1945). "[[THE CRUSADERS IN THE RED SEA AND THE SUDAN]]". University of Khartoum. ج. 26: 213–227 – عبر JSTOR.</ref>, ciidankiisa ayaana gaareen dakadda Ciidaab waxey guubeen doomo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Muslimiin ah iyo kuwo xujeey ah hantidoodna wey qaateen, ayagoon u aabo yeeleen hishiiksii ay la galeen Ayuubiyiinta, [[Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar|Al-Caadil]] walaalka Salaaxudiin ee joogay [[Masar]] wuxuu ka dabo diray maraakiibta Muslimiinta oo hogaaminayo [[Xusaamu-diin Lu'lu']] waxaana u suuro gashay inay gaarsiiyaan jab xoogan saliibiyiintii maraakiib badana wuu ka burburiyaan<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 112-121.</ref> Salaaxudiin falkaan uu ku kacay Arnaad aad buu uga dhiidhiyay wuxuuna u qoray inuu soo celiyo hantii iyo maxaabiistii oo kaxaystay hadii kale uu la kulmi doono cawaaqib aad u xun, Arnaad wuu iska diiday warkaas wuxuu sii waday weerardiisii ku adaana safarka xujeyda Muslimiinta, wuxuu xitaa ku sii goodiyay inuu weerari doono [[Makka]] iyo [[Madiina Al-munawara|Madiina]] suu qabriga [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nabi Muxammad SCW]] u soo bixiyo, Salaaxudiin wuxuu kaga falceliyay inuu dagaal ugu baaqay dhamaan Muslimiinta wuxuuna ciidankiisa kala talaabay [[wabiga Urdun]] 9-ka Jumaada aakhir 579H oo ku beegan 29-ka [[Sebteembar]] 1183-dii ujeedkuna wuxuu ahaa Qabsashada oo heleen in laga guuray dab ayeena qabad siiyeen<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ص. 122-128.</ref>, kadibna waxey u jaheysteen galbeyd dhankeeda si ay uga hortagaan ciidamada Arnaad ee ku sugnaay wadada Nabulis, waxaana dhacday Gey de Luzinyan iyo ciidankii ugu badnaay ee Saliibiyiinta ebid aruuriyaan inay ka soo Gudbeen Safuuriya oo soo gaareyn Cafuul, ciidamadii salaaxudiin bey isku dagaaleyn halkaas weyse is mari waayeen, dagaalka Aqxuwaan oo asna dhex maray natiijo ma keenin, Salaaxudiin wuxuu weeraray Qalcada Arnaad ee Karki labo jeer sanadihii kala ahaa 1183dii iyo 1184tii dhufeyadeeda oo adag iyo gurmadka ay ka helaayeen [[Qudus]] awgood wey ku adkaatay Salaaxudiin inuu qabsado, ugu dambeyn Boladiinkii Afaraad wuxuu ka dalbay Salaaxudiin hishiis mudo gaaban oo bilooyin bas ah maadama uu xanuun la ildaranaa oona rabay xalinta khilaafaadka gudaha dawladiisa, dhanka kale Salaaxudiin waxaa uu hishiiska uga faaideystay xalinta khilaafkii kala dhexeeyay [[Mowsil]] 1185tii === Dagaalkii Xudiin === [[File:Hattin Estoire d'Eracles.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii Xudiin waxaa uu ahaay mid ka mid ah dagaalada kala lagu kala baxay taariikhda]] Jaradu aad bey ugu sii darsatay Boladiinkii Afaraad waxa uuna dhintay sanadkii 1185tii, Boladiinka shanaad oo canug yar ahaa walaashiisna ay dhashay baa xilka qabtay isna wuxuu dhintay 1186dii, Hooyadiis Sabeela iyo ninkeedii Gey de Luzinyan baana loo caleemo saaray xilka<ref>جحا (1972)، ج. 6، ص. 92-94.</ref>, khilaafkii Saliibiyiinta u dhexeeyay markaan wuu sii kordhay Taliyihii Daraabulis Remond wuu ka soo horjeestay Gey wuxuuna la hishiiyay Salaaxudiin isagoo uga degaya magaalada [[Dabariya]]<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 142-145</ref>, Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa ayaana qabsaday magaaladaas, Gey de Luzinyan wuxuu bilaabay inuu ciidamo soo aruuriyo oo dagaal u diyaar garoobo, Rimond ayaana kula soo biiray ciidankiisa isagoo qarinaya falkiisan [[File:Guido_di_Lusignano.jpg|thumb|Gey de luuzinyan wuxuu ahaay boqorka saliibiyiinta (1186-1192) waxaana lagu qabtay dagaalkii Xudiin]] 4-tii [[Luuliyo]] 1187 Ciidamadii Gey de Luzinyan, Boqorka cusub ee Qudus iyo Raymond III waxey gaareen Quruun_Xadiin meesha lagu magacaabo, Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa ayaana uga sii horeeyay meesha, dagaalkii taariikhda galay ee Xadiin baa bilaawday ciidamadii Saliibiyiinta oon daran baa haayay waxeyna dagaalka ku galeen bilawgii si xamaasadeesan see u helaan biyo waxey ku sigteen [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] inay jabaan markaas bey dib isu soo xoojiyeen, dhamaadkii Dagaalka ciidamada Saliibiyiinta ayaa si weyn loo baabi’iyay waxaana ku habsatay masiibo aad u weyn oo Boqorkii Gey de Luzinyan iyo walaalkiisa iyo [[Arnaad]] iyo taliyaal kale oo aad u badan waxey maxaabiis u noqdeen Salaaxudiin, halka Rimond oo isaga baxay dagaalka isagoona dagaalamin haba yaraatee, sidaas ayuuna ku noqday dagaalkii Xudiin mid kamid ah dagaaladda lagu kala baxo taariikhda. [[File:BNF,_Mss_fr_68,_folio_399.jpg|thumb|Salaaxudiin waxa uu gacantiisa ku dilay Arnaad kaas oo marar badan ku xad gudbay muslimiinta]] Salaaxudiin waxa uu gacantiisa ku dilay [[Arnaad]] ​​isaga oo ka aargoosanaya weeraradii uu ku qaaday safarrada Muslimiinta iyo ka bixidiisa hishiisyada ayna u sii dheer tahay aflagaadeeynta Nabi Muxammad<ref name=":4">ابن كثير (1988)، ج. 12، ص. 391-402</ref>, wuxuuna xusay horey inuu ugu dhaartay gacantiisa inuu ku dili doono haduu qabto, waxaa uuna ku yiri Gey de Luzinyan isagoo dajinaya baqdintiisa "''Ma aha caadada boqorrada, in la dilo boqorrada; laakiin ninkaasi wuxuu ku xadgudbay dhammaan xuduudaha, sidaas darteedna sidaas ayaan ula dhaqmay''." Si weyn buuna ula dhaqmay Gey de Luzinyan iyo maxaabiistii kale Qalcada Dimishiq baana loo kaxeeyay === Furashooyinka xigay Xudiin === Salaaxudiin guushiisan isagoo guranaya miraheyda wuxuu weeraray magaalo xeebeedyada [[Shaam]], [[Cakaa]] buu ka bilaabay oo qabsaday maalin [[Khamiis]] ah bilawgii [[Jumada al-awwal|Jumaada awal]] 583dii Hijrada, waxaa uuna qabsaday hantidii iyo badeecooyinkii yaalay oo aad u badnaay maadaama ay u ahayd Saliibiyiinta dekadooda ugu muhiimsan, maxaabiis gaaraya afar kun oo muslimna wuu ka soo fakiyay<ref name=":4" />, ciidamadii Ayuubiyiinta waxey sii furteen [[Nabulis]], [[Xeyfaa]], [[Naasira]], [[Safuuriya]] iyo [[Qeysaariya|Qeysariya]] oo dhamaantood maanta dhaca dhulka [[Falastiin]], waxaa ku xigay qalcada Tabniin oo qabsaday 12 Jumaada awal ee isla sanadkaas, [[Seydaa]] baa ku sii xigtay hadana<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 146- </ref>, [[Beyruut]] bey u dhaqaaqeyn ciidankii Ayuubiyiinta waxa ayna ka go'doomiyeen badda iyo dhulka 12 [[Agoosto]] 1187dii wuuna socday dagaalka ilaa dhamaadka [[Sebteembar]] markaas oo la qabsaday magaalada, Salaaxudiin wuxuu u dhaqaaqay [[Casqalaan]] dhankeeda ciidankiisa ayaana go'doomiyay magaalada dagaal adag ka daib ayadana waa ay ku qasbanaatay inay is dhiibto, ciidankii Ayuubiyiinta waxaa ay sii furteen deegaanadii ka ag dhawaa sida [[Gaza]] iyo [[Beyt-jibriin]] oo kale waxaana sidaas kaga soo xeebaha Shaam kaliya magaalooyinka Suur, Daraabulis iyo qeybo kamid ah [[Andaakiya]]<ref>جحا (1972)، ج. 6، ص. 80.</ref>. === Furshada Qudus === [[File:Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG|thumb|Ciidanka muslimiinta waxaa ay furteen [[Qudus]] habeenka Micraajka]] Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa waxey soo gaareen Qudus 20ka [[Sebteembar]] 1187dii waxaa ayna bilaabeen go'doominteeda, ciidankii Saliibiyiinta ee magaalada ku haray aad bee u tiro yaraayeen mana dhaafsanayn 1400 askari halka inta kale ahaayeen dad shacab ah oon dagaal waxbo ka aqoon, Baliyaan oo ahaay taliyaha Saliibiyiinta ee magaalada haystay wuxuu ka baqaayay hadii Muslimiinta xoog ku qabsadaan magaalada inay dilaan dhamaan dadkeeda kirishtan ah sidii horey Saliibiyiinta ugu sameeyeen muslimiinta qarni ka hor markii magaalada la wareegeen sidaas darteed waxaa uu ka dalbay Salaaxudiin inuu siiyo amaan dadka magaalada ayna gacan gelin doonaan magaalada Salaaxudiin wuu ka diiday dalbkiisa wuxuuna ku adkeystay xoog inuu ku qabsan doono, markaas buu Baliyaan ku goodiyay inuu dili doono ilaa 4000 maxaabiis oo gacantooda ku jirto uuna burburinaayo goobaha Muslimiinta qadariyaan sida [[Masjid al-Aqsa|Beytul-Maqdis]] iyo [[Quba Sakhra|Qubba Sakhra]]<ref name=":4" />, Salaaxudiin ayaa ugu dambeyn u ogolaaday Saliibiyiinta dalabkooda waxaa uuna ka qaaday qof waliboo rag ah 10 [[Diinaar]], dumarkana 5 [[Diinaar]], caruurtana labo [[Diinaar]]. Waxaa ayna galeen Muslimiinta habeenka Micraajka 27 ka [[Rajab]] 583H Kuna beegan 2-da [[Oktoobar]] 1187dii, Salaaxudiin wuxuu dib u hagaajin ku sameeyay [[Masjid al-Aqsa|Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] oo ka suuliyay raadadkii Kirishtanka ay Saliibiyiinta uga tageen, waxaa uuna keenay minbar qadiimi ah oo Nuurudiin ugu talo galay in la dhigo masaajidka markii la furto. Salaaxudiin wuxuu u fasaxay [[Yuhuuda|Yahuuda]] inay dib ugu soo laabataan. [[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Baliyaan waxa uu ku wareejiyay Salaaxudiin magaalada Qudus]] Dhamaan dunida Muslimka waxaa ka bilaawday dabaal degyo lagu soo dhaweenayo futashada Qudus sidoo kale Boqorada Muslimiinta ayaa ugu hambalyeeyeen Salaaxudiin guushiisan ayagoo u diraayo hadiyado faro badan. [[File:Français 5594, fol. 205 haut, Bataille de Tyr (1187).jpeg|thumb|ciidanka Ayyuubiyiinta waxaaa ay go'doomiyeen Suur ayagoon ka guul kayn]] Ciidankii [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] waxey sii wadeen furashooyinkooda waxaa ayna qabsadeyn [[Safad]] kadib todobo bilood oo go'doon ku haayeen, [[Laadiqiya]] ayee qabsadeyn iyo [[Karki]], waxaa ayna go'doomiyeen [[Suur]] oo ahayd meesha ay isugu tagaayeen dhamaan ciidankii Saliibiyiinta ee ka soo jabay meelaha kale waxaana haystay taliye loogu yeero Konrad de Monferat oo markaas ka soo gaaray bada, si kastaba ha ahaatee ciidankii Ayuubiyiinta markaan mudo bilooyin oo go'doominta wadeen waa ay isaga tageen maadaama uu magaalada gurmad kaga imaanayay dhanka bada ayna ku daaleen oo nasiino u baahdeen. Sanadii 1188 Salaaxudiin waxa uu sii daayay Gey de Luzinyan ka dib markii uu ku shardiyay inuu isaga tago Shaam oo dagaalkiisa ka qeyb qaadan laakin Gey wuxuu toos u aaday Suur Konrad ayaa u diiday galitaankeeda isagoo ku eedeeyay jabka gaaray Saliibiyiinta, Gey wuxuu bilaabay inuu aryuriyo ciidan aad u balaaran wuxuuna la aaday Cakaa oo bilaabay go'doominteeda 28 [[Agoosto]] 1189<small>-kii</small> bad iyo dhul ayee ka go'doomiyeen magaalada, Gey wuxuu rabay inuu soo ceshado sumcadiisa, Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa ayaa soo gaaray magaalada waxeyna isku dayeen inay ka qaadaan go'doonka magaalda saaraan maraakiibta Muslimiinta ayana wey soo gaareen goobta dagaalkuna wuxuu noqday mid mar waliba sii dabo dheeraanayo. [[File:Siège_d'Acre_par_Philippe_Auguste.jpg|thumb|Go'doominta saliibiyiinta ee Cakaa waxaa ay socotay labo sano 1189-1191]] === Weerarkii seddexaad ee Siliibiyiinta === Khasaarooyinka is xiga ee ku dhacay Saliibiyiinta Shaam oo ugu weyn tahay furashada Qudus waxey saameyn aad u weyn ku yeelatay Qaarada [[Yurub]] oo dhan, Bobka Rooma Griigori siddeedaad wuxuu ugu baaqay boqorada Yurub abaabulka weerar cusub oo lagu soo ceshanaayo dhulka barakeysan<ref>J. N. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, New York: Oxford UP, 1986, 183</ref>. Waxaana ugu hor ajiibay baaqiisa imbiraadorka Jarmalka [[Fredrik Barboosa]] kaas oo ciidankiisa la soo qaaday dhulka isagoo sii maraya [[Hungariya|Hangari]] iyo [[Romania|Roomaaniya]] ilaa uu ka gaaray Qusdandiiniya wuu ka sii scoday laakin intuuna dhaafin [[Anatooliya|Anadool]] ayuu ku quusay wabi isagoo ka talaabayo ciidankiisana badankood wey iska laabteen, Sidaas ayuuna fashil xoogan ugu soo dhamaaday ololahaan ka dhanka ahaa Salaaxudiin, waxaase soo baxay labo Boqor oo kale kuwaas oo kala ahaay Boqorkii ingiriiska Rijard koowaad Qalbi libaax iyo Boqrkii Faransiiska Filib Agusdus kuwaas oo ku maal geliyeen weerarkooda waxey ugu yeereen "''Canshuurta Salaaxudiin''". [[File:Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_Acre.jpg|thumb|ciidankii saliibiyiinta waxey balankii uga baxeyn muslimiinta kadib markey la wareegeen Cakaa]] Boqoradii ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska waxey ku soo biireen Go'doominta Cakaa 1191-<small>dii</small> waxaa ayna u diideen inuu gaaro wax raashiin ah, dhufeysyadii magaalada waxey ku dhawaadeen inay dumaan, ilaalada magaalada oo xaaladii ku adkaatay ayaa isku dhiibeyn Saliibiyiinta 12-ka [[Luuliyo|Julaayo]] 1191-dii, Saliibiyiinta Inkastoo ay amaansiiyeen hadana waa ay uga baxeyn markii magaalada ay qabsadeyn waxaa ayna ku hor dileen ciidanka Salaaxudiin ayagoo seddex ku ah Kuna jiraan caruur iyo dumar<ref>ابن كثير (1988)، ج. 12، ص. 416-423</ref>. Ciidamadii Saliibiyiinta hadana waxaa ay u dhaqaaqeyn [[Casqalaan]] Salaaxudiin iyo ciidankiisa waa ay daba socodeen iska hor imaadyo yar ayaana dhex maraayay, Rijard wuxuu la kulmay [[Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar|Al-Caadil]] ka dalbay inay soo celiyaan Muslimiinta magaalooyinka xeebaha ay qabsadeyn iyo [[Qudus]] Al-Caadid isagoo careysan buu isaga tagay<ref>ابن واصل، 2/367</ref>, waxaa ayna ku dagaalameen ciidankii Saliibiyiinta iyo kuwa Ayuubiyiinta Arsoof 7-<small>da</small> [[Sebteembar]] 1191-<small>dii</small> waxaana ku adkaaday Saliibiyiinta halka Salaaxudiin uu ciidankiisa ula baxay dhanka [[Ramla]] si nadaamsan <ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 206-217.</ref> <ref>الشيال، 2/70</ref>. Saliibiyiintu waxaa ay qabsadeyn [[Yaafa]] oo ka yeesheen saldhig markaas buu Salaaxudiin burbriyay dhufeyada [[Casqalaan]] seena ugu xoogeysan Saliibiyiinta. Bishii [[Luuliyo|julaayo]] sanadii 1192 wuxuu Salaaxudiin ku qaaday Yaafa weerar culus oo kadis ah wuxuuna ku sigtay inuu qabsado Rijard iyo iyo ciidankii ingiriiska baa ka soo gaarsiiyeen maahinee. Rijard wuxuu qorsheeyay inuu weeraro Qudus laakinse markii ay u jirsadeyn meel aad u dhaw buu kala laabtay ciidankiisa isagoo ka baqayay biyo la'aan iyo in Salaaxudiin go'doonkiisa mid kale dul dhigo, ugu dambeyn bishii Sebteembar 1192-dii waxaa ay labada dhinac isla gaareen hishiiski Ramala kaasi oo ugu muhiimsaned qodobadiisa *<small>'''In la joojiyo dagaalka mudo seddex sano iyo siddeed bilood ah'''</small> *<small>'''Qudus inay ku sii jirto gacanta muslimiinta'''</small> *<small>'''Kirishtanka booqashada u socda in loo ogolaado Qudus ayadoon la carqaladeyneen'''</small> *<small>'''Iyo in Saliibiyiinta sii haystaan magaalooyin Suur iyo Yaafa inta u dhaxeyso'''</small> Hishiiska kadib wuxuu Salaaxudiin tagay Qudus oo si fiican u xoojiyay dhufeysyadeeda wuxuuna ku qaatay bishii Ramadaan 588H kadib Dimishiq ayuu aaday oo ku qaatay maalmihiisii u dambeeyay ilaa uu ka dhinto<ref>ابن الأثير (2003)، ج. 10، ص. 218-228</ref> == Dhimashadiisa == 20-<small>ka</small> [[Febraayo]] 1193-<small>dii</small> Suldaanka waxaa soo food saartay xumad ama qandho aad u daran taasoo ku keentay hurdo la'aan, cudurka maalinba maalinta ka dambeyso wuu ka sii daraayay inkastoo dhaqaatiirtiisa waday dedaalo aad u weyn laakin waxbo iskama beddelin caafimaadkiisa, waxaa uuna dhintay maalin [[Arbaco]] ah 4-<small>ta</small> [[Maarso]] 1193-<small>dii</small>, waxaana aad uga naxay geeridiisa dhamaan Muslimiinta gaar ahaan reer [[Dimishiq]] in badan waxaa ay bilaabeen inay ooyaan oo la murugoodaan, xitaa Saliibiyiinta wey la murugoodeen runtiisa iyo balan oofintiisa awgeed<ref>الذهبي (1985)، ج. 20، ص. 551</ref>. [[File:Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg|thumb|Dariixa Salaaxudiin waxa uu ku yaalaa [[Dimishiq]] meel u dhaw [[Masjidka Umawiyiinta|Masaajidka Umawiyiinta]] ]] Waxaa lagu aasay Salaaxudiin Madarasada Al-Caziiziya ee u dhaw Masaajidka Umawiyiinta [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin Zanki]] dhinaciisa, mana ka tagin hanti badan iyo guryo sida boqorada camal oo wuxuu ka tagay xitaa kuma filnayn diyaarinta janaasadiisa. Wilyam-<small>kii</small> labaad Boqorkii Jarmalka markii uu soo booqday [[Dimishiq]] 1898-<small>dii</small> wuxuu tagay dariixa oo ugu deeqay sarcophagus marmar ah oo cusub oo mausoleum ah iyo Bouquet ubaxyo ah oo ku qoran tahay "<small>''Boqor aan cabsi iyo eed lahayn, wuxuu cadawgiisa baray raganimada dhab ah''</small>"<ref>Grousset (1970), p. 195</ref>. == Xaasaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa == Sida uu sheegay Camaadu-Diin Asfahaani Salaaxudiin wuxuu dhalay 15 wiil. Si kastaba ha ahaatee meelo kale ayaa sheegaya inuu lahaa 17 wiil iyo hal gabadh<ref>^{كتاب الروضتين في اخبار الدولتين: ١ (Carabi). 1871. bogga 676-677. Laga kaydiyay asalka 27 Juun 2023. La soo celiyay 30 Juun 2023 .}</ref> Wax badana lagama oga magacyada xaasaskiisa iyo naagihiisii ​​addoomaha ahaa. Mid ka mid ah xaasaskiisii oo Shamsa la oran jiray waxaa lagu aasay Qabuuraha al- Shaafici ee [[Qaahira]], iyada iyo wiilkeedii ​​Al-Caziiz Cusmaan<ref>Yeomans, Richard (2006). Farshaxanka iyo dhismaha ee Qaahira (Ingiriis). Garnet Pub. Xaddidan. p. 115. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85964-154-5</nowiki> . Laga kaydiyay asalka 27 Juun 2023. La soo celiyay 30 Juun 2023 .</ref>, Sanadkii 1176 waxa uu guursaday xaaskii uu ka dhintay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin Zanki]] Cismatu-diin khaatuun, wax caruur ahna ma ay dhalin. Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhyahanka [[Ibni Kasiir]] ( <abbr>c.</abbr> 1300-1373), magacyada ilmaha Salaaxudin iyo sidee isugu xigaan waa sida soo socota: * Al-Afdal Nuurudiin Cali (b. 1169 – d. 1225) — waa kan ugu weyn ilmaha Salaaxudiin waxaana uu noqday Amiirkii [[Dimishiq]] (1193–1196) * Al-Caziiz Camaadu-Diin Cusmaan (b. 1171 – d. 1198) — wuxuu noqday Suldaankii Ayuubiyiinta Masar (1193–1198) * Al-Daahir Gıyaasu-diin Gaazi (b. 1172 – d. Oktoobar 1216) — wuxuu ahaay Amiirkii [[Xalab]] (1193–1216) * Al-Daafir Mudafir diin Khadir (b. Abriil 1173, Masar ) * Al-Caziiz Fatxudiin Isxaaq (b. 1174, [[Dimishiq]] ). * Najmudin Mascuud (b. 1175, Dimishiq) * Al-Agar Sharafudiin Yacquub (b. 1176, Masar) * Al-Zaahir Mujiirudiin Daauud (b. 1177, Masar) * Mudafir Qudbudiin Muusa (b. 1177, Masar) * Al-Ashraf Mucizzudiin Muxammad (b. 1179, Dimishiq) * Al-Muxsin Dahiirudiin Axmad (b. 1181, Masar) * Al-Mucaddam Fakhrudiin Tooraan shaah (b. 1181, Masar – d. 1260) * Al-Gaalib Nasiirudiin Malik shaah (b. 1182, Dimishiq) * Al-Jawaal Ruknudiin Ayuub (b. 1182, Dimishiq) * Al-Mansuur Abuu Bakar (b. 1193, Xarraan ) * Nasiirudiin Marwaan (b. 1193, Dimishiq) * Cimaadudiin Shaadi (b. 1193, Dimishiq) * Mu'nisa Khaatuun gabar waaye waxaana guursday ina adeerkeed Al-Kaamil Muxamad ibnil Caadi == Shaqsiyadiisa == Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa Salaaxudiin inuu ahaay hogaamiye kulansaday sifaadka la wada jecel yahay sida geesinimo, deeqsi, cadaalad, iyo naxariista, ma jeclayn is muujinta iyo faanka oo wuxuu la fariisan jiray masaakiinta oo la cuni jiray waxey cunayaan isagoon ka kibrayn<ref>الفتح القسي في الفتح القدسي :عماد الدين الأصفهاني </ref> , wuxuuna u lahaay iimaan xoogan caqiidada islaamka ee [[Ashcariya|Ashcariyada]] oo ka dhaxlay Alle ka cabsi iyo dhowrsanaan, wuxuu ahaay mid cibaado badan oo badiya salaadaha habeen iyo soonka iyo aqrinta Qur'aanka. Waxa uuna Muslimiinta agtooda ka noqday halyeey lagu daydo magaciisana wuxuu la xiriisaday midnimada islaamka iyo xoreynta [[Qudus]] Kirishtanka agtooda Salaaxudiin wuxuu ka helay xushmad iyo qadarin wuxuuna tusaale uga noqday Boqorada wanaagsan ee cadaalada badan, waxaana lagu sheegay magaciisa sheekooyin iyo gabayaal badan oo la sameeyay qarniyadii dhexe. Majaajilada ''rabbaaniga ah'' (1308-1320), Dante wuxuu ku xusayaa inuu yahay mid ka mid ah kuwa aan Masiixiyiinta ahayn ee wanaagsan ee limbo<ref>Inferno, Canto IV , sadarka 129</ref>. === Wax qabadka kale ee Salaaxudiin === [[File:قلعة_صلاح_الدين_الأيوبي.مصر.jpg|thumb|Qalcada Salaaxudiin ee Masar]] Salaaxudiin ma ahayn dagaalyahan oo kaliya ee wuxuu sidoo kale hormariyay aqoonta waxa uuna ka dhisay [[Masar]] iyo [[Liivoont|Shaam]] madaaris aad u badan oo lagu faafiyo diinta islaamka waxaana laga xusi karaa Madarasada Al-Naasiriya ee [[Qaahiro|Qaahira]] iyo Madarasada Al-Salaaxiya ee [[Dimishiq]], dhanka caafimaada Salaaxudiin aad buu u taageeray waxa uuna ka dhisay [[Qaahiro|Qaahira]] iyo [[Qudus]] goobo caafimaad oo loo aqoon jiray waayahaas "Biimaaristaan" oo ku diyaarsanaayeen daawooyin iyo dhaqaatiir heegan u ah bukaanka. Sanadii 576H Salaaxudiin waxa uu bilaabay inuu adkeeydo difaacayada [[Qaahiro|Qaahira]] isagoo u yeelayo xeendaab Sidoo kale wuxuu dhisay Qalcada Qaahira ee markii dambe loo bixiyay qalcaddii Salaaxudiin waxeyna Madaxtooyo u ahayd [[Masar]] mudo dheer ilaa waayihii ismaaciil Baashaa == Dhaxalkiisa == [[File:عقاب صلاح الدين.jpg|thumb|Gorgorkii uu salaaxudiin u isticmaali jiray astaan ahaan]] [[File:تمثال صلاح الدين الأيوبي.jpg|thumb|Taalada Salaaxudiin ee [[Dimishiq]]]] In kasta oo [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Dawladii Ayuubiyiinta]] ee uu aasaasay ay ka cimri dheeraan doonin 57 sano oo keliya, haddana dhaxalka Salaaxudin wuxuu si isku mid ah u soo jiitay muslimiinta iyo reer galbeedkaba, waxaana laga qoray buugaag aad u badan sooyaalkiisa. Shacbiyada Salaaxudiin waxey ku sii weyn tahay dhaqamada [[Carabta]], [[Turki|Turkida]] iyo [[Kurdi|Kurdida]] <ref>''Hoyga Dhaqanka Islaamka ee Moors Xusuus-qorka III, 1970-1976'' Guriga Dhaqanka Islaamka, 1978, p. 7</ref> Markii ay kor u kacday wadaninimada Carabta qarnigii 20aad, gaar ahaan marka la eego iska horimaadka [[Carabta]] iyo [[Israaiil|Israa'iil]] , geesinimada Salaaxudiin iyo hoggaankiisu waxay heleen macno cusub. Dib u qabsashada Salaaxudiin ee [[Falastiin]] ee Saliibiyiintii [[Yurub]] waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay waxyiga [[Carabta]] casriga ah ee ka soo horjeeda [[Sahyuuniyadda]] . Waxaa intaa dheer, sharafta iyo isbarbardhigga midnimada dunida Carabta ee Salaaxudiin ayaa loo arkay inay tahay astaanta ugu habboon ee midnimada cusub ee ay raadinayaan waddaniyiinta Carabta, sida [[Jamaal Cabdinaasir]]. Sababtaas awgeed, [[Gorgorkii Saladin|Gorgorkii Salaaxudiin]] wuxuu noqday astaanta [[Masar]] ee kacaanka, ka dibna waxaa qaatay dhowr waddan oo [[Carabta|Carab]] ah ( Jamhuuriyadda Carabta, [[Ciraaq]], [[Libiya|Liibiya]], [[Dawlada Falastiin|Dawladda Falastiin]] iyo [[Yemen|Yaman]] ). Dawaladaha Carabeed ee casriga ahi waxey siyaabo kala duwan u maamuuseen Salaaxudiin, Dalka [[Ciraaq]] wuxuu ugu magac daray gobolka ay dhacdo [[Tikriit|Takriit]] oo ahayd magaaladii uu ku dhashay, iyo Jaamcada Salaaxudiin ee Erbil oo ah magaalada ugu weyn Kurdistaan, waxaa sidoo kale waxaa xambaarsan magaca Salaaxudiin madarsooyin, wadooyin iyo taaloyin oo dhaco wadamo badan. ==Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/1980-Yearbook-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses/Israel-and-Jordan/#p4 Israel and Jordan] * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1995170?q=Saladin&p=doc Maimonides​—The Man Who Redefined Judaism] * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] rwf9b5jcln1kdryxwpcmj99jo2lu7kj 0 4142 309685 270785 2026-09-26T01:19:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khilaafadii Cabaasiyiinta''' (Af-[[Carabi]] الدولة العباسية) Waa magaca looyaqaano Khilaafada islaamka iyo qoyskii labaad oo kala danbeeyay,waana silsilada xukun ee labaad ee ugu dheer Xukuumadaihii soo maray islaamka.waxaa ka dheeraa [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]] cabaasiyiintu waxa ay jabiyeen oo ka adkaadeen [[Khilaafadii Umawiyiinta]],waxa ay dabarjareen oo cidhibtireen dhamaan Qoys[[Khilaafadii Umawiyiinta|Umawiyiinta]], baaqigii kahadhay khilaafadii umiyiintu waxa uu u yaacay dhanka dhulkii la odhan jiray [[Andalus]] halkaas oo ay dawlad ka samysteen. {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = الخلافة العباسية | conventional_long_name = Khilaafda Cabaasiyiinta | common_name = خلافت عباسیہ | continent = Afroasia | region = مشرق وسطیٰ | status = | government_type = Khilaafo | life_span = 25 ta [[Janaayo]] 750-10 ka [[febraayo]] 1258 | year_start = 25 [[Janawari]] 750 | year_end = 10 [[Febraayo]] 1258 | p1 = Dowladii Umawiyiinta | flag_p1 = Umayyad Flag.svg | flag_p4 = | s1 = Boqortooyada tataarka | flag_s1 = | s2 = Dawladii faadumiyiinta | flag_s2 = Rectangular green flag.svg | s3 = Dawladii Mamaaliikta | flag_s3 = Mameluke Flag.svg | s4 = Safaariyiimta | flag_s4 = | image_map = Abbasid Caliphate most extant.png | image_map_caption = Abbasid Caliphate (light and dark green) at its greatest extent, c. 850. Territories in dark green were lost early on. | capital = [[Baqdaad]] | common_languages = [[Af-Carabi]], [[Af-Arman]],[[Af-Faarisi]] [[Af-Kurdi]], [[Af-Barbar]]; [[Af-Giriig]]; [[Af-Hebrow]]; [[Af-joorjiya]]; [[Af-Turki]].:: <ref>http://www.tarihimiz.net/v3/Haberler/Tarih/Abbasiler-devrinde-turklerin-etkinligi-ve-hizmetleri.html {{tr icon}} Abbasiler devrinde türklerin etkinliği ve hizmetleri</ref><ref>http://www.genbilim.com/content/view/4930/190/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.genbilim.com/content/view/4930/190/ |date=20130813212557 }} {{tr icon}} Abbasiler</ref><ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://lalishduhok.org/lalish/26/E/L%2026%20E%20_%202.pdf |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130103/http://lalishduhok.org/lalish/26/E/L%2026%20E%20_%202.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | religion = [[Sunni islaam]] | currency = [[Diinaar Cabaasi]] | leader1 = [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax]] | year_leader1 = 750–754 | leader2 = [[Haaruun Alrashiid]] | year_leader2 = 786–809 | leader3 = [[ Mustansir bilaah]] | year_leader3 = 1261–1262 | leader4 = [[Mustacsim bilaah]] | year_leader4 = 1242–1258 | title_leader = [[Amiir al-mu'miniin]]¹ | stat_area1 = 10,000,000 | stat_pop1 = 50,000,000 | footnotes = ¹ [[Amiir mu’miniin]]، [[Khaliif]] | today = {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />{{flag|Aljeeriya}}<br />{{flag|Andorra}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />{{flag|China}}<br />{{flag|Cyprus}}<br />{{flag|Masar}}<br />{{flag|France}}<br />{{flag|Georgia}}<br />{{flag|Gibraltar}} ([[Uk]])<br />{{flag|Greece}}<br />{{flag|Iran}}<br />{{flag|Ciraaq}}<br />{{flag|Israaiil}}<br />{{flag|Italy}}<br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />{{flag|Lubnaan}}<br />{{flag|Liibiya}}<br />{{flag|Malta}}<br />{{flag|Morocco}}<br />{{flag| Cumaan}}<br />{{flag|Bakistaan}}<br />{{Falastiin}}<br />{{flag|Portugal}}<br />{{flag|Qatar}}<br />{{flag|Russia}}<br />{{flag| Saudi Arabia}}<br />{{flag|Spain}}<br />{{flag|Suuriya}}<br />{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}}<br />{{flag|Turkey}}<br />{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />{{flag| United Arab Emirates }}<br />{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> {{flag|Yaman}} }} dawlada Cabaasiyiintu waxa ay ka aasaasay dad kasoojeeda kii ugu yaraa adeeradii [[Nabi Muxamed S.C.W.]] oo ahaa [[cabaas bin Cabdul mudalib]] ale raali haka noqdee, markii ay dawladan aasaasayeen waxa ay taakulo kaheleen.shacabkii looyaqaanay [[Furus|furuska]].kuwaas oo ay cadaawada ka dhexeeaysay [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Umawiyiinta]], sidoo kale cabaasiyiintu waxa ay adeegsadeen shiicada si ay uga taqalusaan [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Dawladii Umawiyiinta.]] Cabaasiyiinta kadib markii ay kacaankoodaas ku guulaysteen waxay dhiseen caasimaddoodii [[Baqdaad]] . Ayadoo noqotay magaalo kulansatay cilim iyo aqoonyahano, waxa ay xarun u hayd dawlad cabaasiyiinta ilaa ee [[tataarka]] ee ka dumiyaan khilaafda. Mudo 500 sano ee jireen cabaasiyiinta waxaa talada qabtay 37 khaliif oo ugu dambeeyay [[mustacsim bilaah]] oo dileen [[tataarka]] kadib waxey u guureen [[masar]] waxaana khilaafda sii jirtay [[1517]] markaas oo [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] la wreegeen khilaafda. ==Asaaskii dawlada== === Dacwada Cabaasiyiinta === waxay bilaabatay Dacawada Cabaasiyiinta sanadkii [[100H]], waxaana dhidibada u aasay oo mudo maamulaayay [[muxamad bin cali|Muxamad bin Cali]] aabaha [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas]] iyo [[Abuu jacfar almansuur|Abuu Jacfar]], si qarsoodi ah ayaa dadka loogu yeeraayay inay garab istaagaan cabaasiyiinta, [[muxamad bin cali|Muxamad bin Cali]] wuxuu dhintay [[125H]] waxaana hogaaminta kaga dambeeyay wiilkiis [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]], markuu dhintay [[hishaam bin cabdilmalik|Hishaam bin Cabdi Malik]] 743 waxaa sii xumaatay xaalada [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Dawlada Umawiyiinta]], waxaa dawlada asiibay khilaaf gudaha ah, burbur iyo dhaqaalihii oo aad u xumaaday taas oo awood siisay xisbiyadii iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqyadii mucaaridka ahaa ee kasoo horjeeday jirtaankeeda, kuwaas oo ku baahsanaa dhulka dawlada gaar ahaan dhulalka [[Ciraaq]] iyo [[Iiraan]], Cabaasiyiinta oo ka faaideesanaya ayaa labalaabeen dacwada, [[129H]] ayuu amray [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]] in la muujiyo dacwada, [[abuu Muslim khuraasaani|Abuu Muslim Khuraasaani]] ayuuna u diray mandiqada [[Khuraasaan]], waxa uuna faray la dagaalanka umawiyiinta, [[Abuu Muslim khuraasaani|Abuu Muslim Khuraasaani]] waxa uu gaaray guulo badan meelo badan ayuu qabsaday, laakin waxaa dhacday khaliifka Umawiyiinta [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] inuu gacanta ku dhigo [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]] xabsigana dhigo, intaa la xerin [[Ibraahiim al imaam|ibraahiim Al-imaam]] wuxuu u dardaarmay [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] inuu hor boodo dacwada una raro qoyskiisa [[Ciraaq]]. ===Curashada Dawlada Cabaasiyiinta === [[Ibraahiim al imaam|Ibraahiim Al-imaam]] xabsiga ayuu ku dhintay [[132H]], [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] wuxuu u guuray asaga iyo qooskiisa [[Kuufa]], [[Ciraaq]]. Kacdoonka Cabaasiyiinta wuxuu soo hooyay guulo badan [[Khuraasaan]] iyo [[Ciraaq]] ayaa ka baxday gacanta umawiyiinta, sanadkii [[132H]] ku beegan 750 miiladi ayaa [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] magaalada [[kuufa]] loogu doortay khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ee koowaad, waxa uu soo jeediyay [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas]] khudbad oo ku sheegay inay xaq u leeyihiin [[Khilaafada Islaamka|khilaafada]]. === Burburka Umawiyiinta === [[Abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas]] waxa uu u xil saaray adeerkii [[cabdulaahi bin cali|Cabdulaahi bin Cali]] la dagaalanka [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] khaliifka ugu dambeeyay umawiyiinta oo ciidan badan aruursaday, waxey ku kulmeen [[dagaalkii zaab|Dagaalkii Zaab]], dagaalka oo aad u kululaa ayaa waxaa lagu jabiyay [[Dowladii Umawiyiinta|Umawiyiinta]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/abdallah-ibn-ali%7Cعنوان=معلومات عن عبد الله بن علي بن عبد الله على موقع brockhaus.de|ناشر=brockhaus.de|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021041602/https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/abdallah-ibn-ali%7C<nowiki>}}</nowiki></ref>, [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] ayaa ka cararay meesha wuxuu tagay [[Dimishiq]] ka dib [[Masar]] ayuu sii aaday, [[cabdulaahi bin cali|Cabdulaahi bin Cali]] wuxuu awooday inuu galo [[Dimishiq]] waxa uuna ka geestay xasuuq ba'an oo ku bartimaameestay Qoyska Umawiyiinta iyo taageerayaashood. Cabaasiyiinta ayaa sii bursaday Marwaan [[saalax bin cali|Saalax bin Cali]] guuto uu watay ayaana loo diray inay daba galaan, waxey ku guuleesteen inay dilaan [[marwaan ximaar|Marwaan Ximaar]] == Taariikhda Dawlada == === xiliga cabaasiyiinta koowaad 750-861 === [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] wuxuu ku dhintay [[Anbaar]] 754, waxaana xilka kaga dambeeyay walaalkiis [[abuu jacfar almansuur|Abuu Jacfar Al-Mansuur]] kaas oo awooday inuu xididaha dawlada cusub adkeeyo waxa uu wajahday balaawgiisa kacdoono badan oo ka mid ahaa kacdoonka adeerkii [[Cabdulaahi bin Cali]] iyo kii [[Maxamad Nafsu zakiya]] kuwaas oo dhamaan ka wada takhalusay sidoo kale [[abuu Muslim khuraasaani|Abuu Muslim Khuraasaani]] ayuu dilay, waxa uuna sidaas ku noqday hogaamiya deysan, waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu ahaa aasaasaha rasmiga ee Cabaasiyiinta, magaalada [[Baqdaad]] ayuu dhisay intii u dhaxeesay 766 waxa uuna ka dhigay caasimadiisa cusub<ref name="مولد تلقائيا2">كتاب دليل خارطة بغداد المفصل - تأليف الدكتور مصطفى جواد والدكتور أحمد سوسة - مطبعة المجمع العلمي العراقي - بغداد - 1958 م. كتاب العباسيون الاوائل - تأليف الدكتور فاروق عمر فوزي - لندن -1977</ref>, sanadkii 775 ayuu [[Abuu jacfar almansuur|abuu jacfar]] dhintay xili uu gudanaayay [[xajka]], wiilkiis muxamad al-mahdi ayaa khilaafda qabtay waxa uuna sii waday hagaajinta dawlada iyo daneenta beeraha iyo dadka fuqarada 785 ayuu dhintay, Kadib markii uu dhintay [[Maxamad al-mahdi|Maxamad Al-mahdi]] sanadkii 785 waxa talada qabtay wiilkiisii [[Muusa al-Haadi|Musa al-Hadi]] laakiin xukunkiisu ma siidheeraan isna waxa uu geeriyooday sanadkii xigay ee 786, jagadana waxa ka dhaxlay walaalkii [[Haaruun Alrashiid]] haaruun waxa uu bilaabay in uu gudaha dawlada horumar kusameeyo, waxa uu dhisay Masaajido waawayn iyo qasriyo aad u bilicsan, waxaa lagu tilmaamaa waqtigiisa xiligii dahabiga ee dawlada<ref>كتاب "Islamic History- A New Interpretation" (مطبعة جامعة كمبريدج 1980م) للدكتور محمد عبد الحى شعبان، جامعة إكستر البريطانية أستاذ التاريخ الإسلامي ورئيس قسم اللغة العربية ومدير مركز دراسات الخليج العربي، ص 23</ref>, xiligigiisii ayay ahayd markii uguhoraysay ee dawladu ay isticmaasho Shamaca amaba ifka loogu talo galay in lagu qurxiyo wadooyinka waawayn iyo goobaha dawlada ee gaarka ah.waxaa hore u maray waxbarashada iyo Tiknoolejiga iyo cilmiga [[Xiddigis]]ka waxa la ikhtiraacay waxyaabo badan oo ay kamidtahay saacada biyaha, waxaa kale oo ay dawladu horumarisay [[beeraha]] iyo sidii loo sii horumarinlahaa waxa ay dawladu samaysay Buundooyin iyo biyo xidheeno waawayn iyo goobo loogu talagalay in beeraha lagawaraabiyo. [[Haaruun Alrashiid|Haaruun]] markii hore wuxuu ku tiirsanaa qoyska baraamika kuwaas oo arimaha dawlada u dhiibay, balse mar dambe ayuu ku jeestay oo laayay <ref>[http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF خلافة هارون الرشيد] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF |date=20200319163112 }}، قصة الإسلام، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319163112/http://islamstory.com/|date=19 مارس 2020}}</ref>, wuxuu ahaa haaruun inuu xiligii aabihiis weeraray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] asigoo ku qasbay inay jizyo bixiyaan, balse markii uu yimid [[nuqfuur]] wuxuu diiday jizyada haaruun ayaa ku duulay 806 waxa uuna gaarsiiyay khasaaro xun asigoona duldhigay nuqfuur shuruud adag<ref>هارون الرشيد, الخليفة المظلوم, ص 120- 121 , محمد الزين والشيخ محمد القطان, مكتبة السندس 1989</ref>, [[shaaralmaan]] imbiraadoorka rooman muqadaska ayaa la sameeyay [[Haaruun Alrashiid|haaruun]] xiriir saaxibtinimo, waxayna is dhaafsadeen safiiro iyo hadiyado <ref name="books.google.com2">[http://books.google.com/books?id=5qNgiv-ZOEAC&pg=PA179 ''Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism'' by Gene W. Heck] p.179-181 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227022505/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qNgiv-ZOEAC&pg=PA179|date=27 فبراير 2017}}</ref>. [[Haaruun Alrashiid|Haaruun al-rashiid]] waxa oo dhintay 193H\809. dhimashadiisa ka dib waxaa dhashay dagaal u dhaxeeya labadiis wiil [[Al-amiin|amiin]] iyo [[ma'muun]] oo qaatay afar sano ilaa markii dambe laga dilo [[Al-amiin|amiin]] 813 oona [[ma'muun]] xilka qabto <ref>[https://www.bawazir.com/Abbasid-caliphate/al-mamoun-bin-haroun-al-rasheed.htm عبد الله المأمون] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bawazir.com/Abbasid-caliphate/al-mamoun-bin-haroun-al-rasheed.htm |date=20200623062312 }}، موق أسرة آل باوزير، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623062312/http://www.bawazir.com/Abbasid-caliphate/al-mamoun-bin-haroun-al-rasheed.htm|date=23 يونيو 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, waxa aad u hormaray waqtigii [[ma'muun]] culuumta waxaa laga soo tarjamay afafka [[Af-Faarisi|faarisiga]] [[Af-Giriiga|gariiga]] [[At suryaan|suryaaniga]] <ref>[http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 الفكر السرياني وأثره على الفكر العربي] {{Wayback|url=http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 |date=20160305171114 }}، موقع كنيسة القديسة تريزا في حلب، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315002645/http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633|date=15 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref> [[ma'muun]] wuxuu ahaa inuu dhaxal suge ka dhigtay [[caliyu ridaa|Cali Ridaa]] oo ka mid ahaa calawiyiinta waxa uuna ku badalay astaantii cabaasiyiinta mida calawiyiinta, taas oo sababtay in dad badan ee ka caroodaan <ref>El–Hibri, “The Empire in Iraq”, ''Cambridge History of Islam'', <bdi>285–287, 407–408, 420</bdi>.</ref>, balse markuu dhintay [[caliyu ridaa|Cali Ridaa]] 203H waxa oo. ku soo laabtay astaanta cabaasiyiinta. [[Ma'muun]] wuxuu waayihiisa dambe ku qasbay culumada inee dhahaan [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] waa makhluuq taasi oo ah fikir [[Muctazilo|muctazilada]] qabaan waxa uuna imtixaanay dad badan<ref>[http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 خلق القرآن وقدمه] {{Wayback|url=http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633 |date=20160305171114 }}، إسلام أون لاين، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315002645/http://terezia.org/section.php?id=633|date=15 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, wuxuu dhintay [[ma'muun]] 218H\833 [[muctasim bilaah]] ayaana xilka qabtay, kaas oo xilka haayay 8 sano waxa oona waqti dheer ku bixiyay soo afjarida kacdoonkii [[Baabaka al-khurami|baabaka al khurami]] ee majuusiga ahaa <ref>[https://www.arab-ency.com/?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192 ثورة بابك الخرمي]، الموسوعة العربية، 24 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623045514/https://www.arab-ency.com/?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192|date=23 يونيو 2020}}</ref>, [[Muctasim bilaah|muctasim]] waxa oo aad u badsaday ciidan turki ah <ref name="ReferenceA">في التاريخ العباسي والأندلسي، الدكتور [[أحمد مختار العبادي]] ص117</ref> [[baqdaad]] markay anfici weesay waxa oo dhisay magaalada [[samaara]] caasimad ayuuna ka yeeshay. imbiraadoorka biriizanda toofiil ayaa weeraro ku qaaday dhulka muslimiinta, [[Muctasim bilaah|muctasim]] oo ka jawaabaya ayaa sanadii 838 ku duulay [[camuuriya]] oo ahayd magaalada ugu muhiimsan [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] waxa oona dudunshay gabi ahaanteedba <ref name="البداية والنهاية لابن كثير">[[البداية والنهاية لابن كثير]]</ref>, [[Muctasim bilaah|muctasim]] waxa oo dhintay 842, wiilkiis alwaasiq ayaa xilka uga dambeeyay wuxuuna dhintay asna 847, [[mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil Cala laah]] ayaa xilka qabtay kaasi oo ahaa kii ugu dambeeyay khulafada cabaasiyiinta ee xooga lahaa, waxaa ugu caansan oo sameeyay waa inuu [[Muctazilo|Muctazilada]] qadka ka saaray [[Ahlu sunno waljamaaca|Alsunadana]] soo dhaweeyay, turkida ayaa dileen asaga iyo wasiirkiis [[fatax bin khaan|Fatax bin Khaan]] 247H\ 861 === Xiligii labaad ee Cabaasiyiinta 861-945 === dhimashada [[Mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil]] kadib waxey gashay daciifnimo waxaana awooda oo dhan u gacan gashay talyaasha turkida, waxey ka yeesheen khulafada ciyaar ciyaar, [[Mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil]] kadib waxey dileen afartii khaliif ee ku xigay kuwaas oo kala ahaa [[muntasir bilaah|Mustansir bilaah]], [[Mustaciin bilaah]], [[Muctaz bilaah]] iyo [[Muhtadi bilaah]], kadib waxaa la xilka qabtay [[almuctamad cala laah|Al-Muctamad cala laah]], sidoo kale waxaa sii batay kacdoonada ey wajajaheeso dawlada, waxaa ugu caansanaa [[Kacdoonkii zanj]], kaa oo bilaawday sanadkii 255H\869 waxeyna ka geestaan fasaad magaalooyin badan<ref>[http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125521&page=1 ثورة الزنج في البصرة] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125521&page=1 |date=20200328160336 }}، شبكة حنين، 28 شباط 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328160336/http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125521&page=1|date=28 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, dawlada ayaa ku bixisay dadaal badan iyo qarashaad badan ilaa ay ka soo afjareen 270H\883, markuu yimid [[muctadad bilaah]] xilka 892, waxaa soo noolaatay heybada dawlada, wuxuuna sameeyay dhaqdhqaaq badan oo suura galiay inuu soo ceshado gobolada qaar ee weesay dawlada, wiilkiis [[Muktafi bilaah]] oo xilka uga dambeeyay ayaa meesha kasii waday dadaalada dib u soo celinta awooda dawlada, wuxuu dagaalo la galay [[Qaraamidada]] oo ahaayeen urur ddidanaa dawlada, markuu dhintay [[Muktafi biaah|Muktafi]] 908dii waxaa xilka qabtay [[Muqtadir bilaah]] oo ahaa canug yar 13jir ah, waxaa durbadii halaabay nadaamkii foodada ayaa soo laabatay, qaraamidada ayaa sii awoodeesteen sanadkii 317H xaramka ayee dadka xajinaayo ku laayaan [[Xajar aswad|Xajar aswadka]] ayeyna la baxeen oo qaateen waxaa la waayay cid xajisa, sidoo kale dawladaha goosanaayo ayaa aad u batay, [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] ayaa lawareegeen [[Magrib (Gobol)|Magrib]] 296H, dawladaha goostay waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Dawladii safaariyiinta|Safaariyiinta]], [[Dawladii saamaaniyiinta|saamaaniyiinta]], [[Dawladii Buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]], [[Dawladii xamadaaniyiinta|xamadaaniyiinta]] iyo [[Dawladii ikhsheediyiinta|ikhsheediyiinta]], faragalinta ee talyaasha ku haayaan dawlada ayaa korortay, muqtadir wuxuu wajahay sedex afgambi, kii ugu dambeeyay ayuu ku dhintay 320H, === Xlligii sedexaad ee Cabaasiyiinta (buweehiyiinta) 945-1055 === [[Dawladii Buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]] oo ahaayeen dawlad [[Shiica|shiico]] ah oo [[iiraan]] ka jirtay ayaa awoodeen inay qabsadaan [[Baqdaad]] 945 waxeyna ka dhigeen [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiga]] sawir camal, awoodii maamulka oo dhan ayagaa qabsadeen, qaab dulinimo ayee kula dhaqmeen khulafada heer waxey gaareen ay khulafada midkee doonaan xilka ka qaadaan mid kalana keenaan <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://islamstory.com/ar/artical/3408424/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86 |access-date=2022-09-12 |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912150216/https://islamstory.com/ar/artical/3408424/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, Talyihii ugu horeeyay ee buweehiyiinta [[mucizu dawla|Mucizu Dawla]] wuxuu xilka ka siibay khaliifka Cabaasiga [[Mustakfi bilaah]] indhaha ayuuna ka riday ka dib xabsi buu galiyay ilaa uu ka dhintay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=التاريخ الأموي والعباسي|ناشر=مطبعة مركز جامعة القاهرة للتعليم المفتوح|مؤلف1=د. هاشم عبد الراضي|مؤلف2=أ.د. طه عبد المقصود أبو عُبَيّة|لغة=العربية|مكان=مصر|صفحة=211</ref>. Fitnada ayaa meel kasta ka bilaabatay, dawlada dhan waxey gashay daganaan la'aan, mar ay buweehiyiinta iyo xamadaaniyiinta is dagaalaan iyo mar ay daylam iyo turkida gudaha [[baqdaad]] isku dagaalaan, waqtigii [[cadudu dawla|Cadudu Dawla]] (367H-373H) xoogaa jawiga wuu dagay, laankin markuu dhintay fitnadii wey soo noqotay ilmihiis ayaa xilka isku qabsadeen, boqorkii [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] [[Dogrol bek]] ayaa damac ka galay ciraaq, waxa uu la soo dhaqaaqay ciidan turki ah oo fara badan, dagaal culus ka dib [[baqdaad]] ayuu galay, waxa uuna soo dhameeyay xukunkii Buweehiyiinta<ref name=":2">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://resalapost.com/2021/03/21/%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b2%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%83-%d9%88%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3/|عنوان=د{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. علي محمّد الصلابيّ - اجتماع السلاجقة على زعامة طغرل بك وتوسع دولتهم|موقع=رسالة بوست|لغة=ar|تاريخ الوصول=2021-05-23|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322095229/https://resalapost.com/2021/03/21/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3/%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2021-03-22</ref> === Xilligii afaraad ee cabaasiyiinta (salaajiqada) 1055-1157 === Sanadkii 1055 ayuu [[Dogrol bek]] soo galay [[Baqdaad]] waxaana loo caleemo saaray Suldaan<ref>[http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9 الدولة السلجوقية] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9 |date=20200308171537 }}، قصة الإسلام، 1 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308171537/http://islamstory.com/|date=8 مارس 2020}}</ref>, [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|Khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta]] ee waqtigaas wuxuu ahaa [[al-qaaim bi amri laah|Al-Qaaim bi amri laah]], [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] waxba kama duwaneen [[Dawladii Buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]] oo wax awood ah uma ogoleen khulafada balse xushmad fiican bay u haayeen maadaama ay ahaayeen kuwa suni ah, xukunkii [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] aad buu u balaartay waxey ka qabsadeen [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] [[Shaam]]<ref name="]بلاد الشام">كتاب "تاريخ السلاجقة في بلاد الشام" ص28 وص29.</ref> sidoo kale [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Dawlada Ruum]] ayee ku jabiyeen [[dagaalkii mulaadkarad|Dagaalkii Mulaadkarad]] 1071, dhulka [[Anatooliya|Anadool]] ayee gudaha u galeen ilaa [[Izniik|Niiqiya]], waqtigii [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] ayee gaareen [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] heerkii ugu sareeyay ee awooda, waziirkiisa [[Nadaamul Mulki]] ayaa lagu xasuustaa sida uu aqoonta u taageeri jiray iyo dugsiyadii badnaa uu dhisay ee loogu magacdaray, [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] markuu dhintay 1092 waxaa bilaawday dagaalo lgu hoobtay oo dhex mara wiilashiis [[burkiyaaruuq|Barkiyaaruuq]] iyo [[Maxamuud bin malik shaah|Maxamuud]] <ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.hadigh.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89%20%D8%A8%D9%80%20%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85%20%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%C2%BB%20(%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9)/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%20%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%20%D9%88%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF./i863&d1155166&c&p1|عنوان=فصل: وفاة السلطان ملك شاه وملك ابنه محمود.{{!}}نداء الإيمان|موقع=www.hadigh.al-eman.com|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-15|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115142321/http://www.hadigh.al-eman.com/الكتب/تاريخ%20ابن%20خلدون%20المسمى%20بـ%20«العبر%20وديوان%20المبتدأ%20والخبر%20في%20أيام%20العرب%20والعجم%20والبربر%20ومن%20عاصرهم%20من%20ذوي%20السلطان%20الأكبر»%20(نسخة%20منقحة)/وفاة%20السلطان%20ملك%20شاه%20وملك%20ابنه%20محمود./i863&d1155166&c&p1|تاريخ أرشيف=15 نوفمبر 2020</ref>. Waxyaabaha casrigaan uu la gaar yahay waa bilaabashada [[weerarada saliibiyiinta|Weerarada Saliibiyiinta]], sanadkii 1097 ayuu soo gaaray [[Shaam]] [[weerarkii koowaad ee saliibiyiinta]] waxeyna qabseed magaalooyin badan oo ka mid tahay [[Qudus]] ka dib xasuuq arxan daro oo ka geesteen<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير1=Fulk (or Fulcher) of Chartres, "Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium [The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem]"|الأول1=republished|editor1-last=Krey|editor1-first=August C.|editor2-last=Duncan|editor2-first=Frederick|عنوان=Parallel Source Problems in Medieval History|تاريخ=1912|ناشر=Harper & Brothers|مكان=New York|صفحات=109–115|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html#fulcher1%7Cتاريخ الوصول=14 June 2019|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175951/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=14 أغسطس 2014}}</ref><ref><nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</</nowiki>[[وليم الصوري|الصوري، وليم]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: د. حسن حبشي|عنوان=الحُرُوب الصليبيَّة|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة=127 - 128|سنة=[[1992]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة للكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.net/files/books-library.net-01181305Hr4A5.pdf&hl=ar%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228164042/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.net/files/books-library.net-01181305Hr4A5.pdf&hl=ar%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=28 ديسمبر 2021</ref>, saliibiyiinta waxey ka dhiseen shaam afar imaaradood. Khilaafaadka u dhaxeeya qoyska [[Salaajiqada waaween|salaajiqada]] ayaa sii kordhay dagaalo aa tiro lahayna wey dhexmareen dhowr jeer ayaa la go'doomiyay [[baqdaad]], [[Mustarshid bilaah]] khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ayaa isku dayay inuu soo ceshado awooda khulafada, wuxuu bilaabay olole ka dhan ah salaajiqada balse sanadkii 1135 ayaa lagu jabiyay dagaal uu la galay suldaan [[Mascuud bin maxamad bin malik shaah|Mascuud]], gacanta ayaana lagu dhigay waana la dilay<ref>[http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=118017&page=1 المسترشد بالله] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=118017&page=1 |date=20200328160330 }}، موقع حنين، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328160330/http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=118017&page=1|date=28 مارس 2020}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref> wiilkiis [[Al-raashid bilaah|Al-raashid]] oo xilka uga dambeeyay ayaa sii amba qaaday ololihii ka dhanka ahaa salaajiqada asna waa laga adkaaday<ref>[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=4769&idfrom=0&idto=0&flag=1&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 أمير المؤمنين الراشد بالله]، إسلام ويب، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041658/https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=4769&idfrom=0&idto=0&flag=1&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0|date=23 يونيو 2020}} </ref>. === Xiliga shanaad ee cabaasiyiinta 1157-1258 === [[Muqtafi bi amri laah]] ayaa rumeeyay dadaaladii khulafada ka horeeyay, heybadii khilaafda ayuu xoogaa soo celiay, wuxuu ka dhigay khilaafada mid xur u ah maamulka [[Baqdaad]] iyo deegaanada ku hareersan, halka gobolada kale ay u raacsanaayeen Cabaasiyiinta magac ahaan, sanadkii 1171 [[Masar]] ayaa looga khudbeeyay cabaasiyiinta kadib markii ay dhacday [[dawladii faadumiyiinta|Dawladii Faadumiyiinta]]. [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] oo horkacaayay [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin Ayuubi]] ayaa dagaalo la galeen saliibiyiinta waxeyna ka xoreryeen [[Qudus]] iyo deegaano badan 1187, sidoo kale waxey hor istaageen [[weerarkii sedexaad ee saliibiyiinta|Weerarkii Sedexaad ee Saliibiyiinta]] <ref>[http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/118 الأيوبيون]، اكتشف سوريا، 3 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525093119/http://www.discover-syria.com/|date=25 مايو 2020}}</ref> [[Tataarka]] wuxuu ahaa inuu dhisay sanadkii 1206 dawlad awood badan oo qabsatay badanaa dhulka [[Yuruaasiya|yuro-aasiya]] oo ku jirto [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Ruushka]], waxa uu burburiyay [[Dawladii khawaarzimiyiinta]] ee islaamiga ahayd 1220dii, intaas ka dib [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|Khulafada Cabaasiyiinta]] cabsi xoogan ayaa soo food saartay, sanadkii 1242 waxaa [[Khilaafada Islaamka|khilaafada]] qabtay khaliif daciif ahaa oo [[Mustacsim bilaah]] la dhaho, wuxuu waziir ka dhigtay [[ibnu calqami]] oo xirirr dhaw la lahaa [[Tataarka]], wasiirkan ayaa ku kacay khayaano wuxuu u fududeeyay [[Tataarka]] inay qabsadaan [[baqdaad]], hogaamiyihii [[Tataarka]] [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] ayaa ciidan badan soo hor dhoobay [[Baqdaad]] 5ta [[Febraayo|febraay]] 1258, waxeyna ka hareereeyeen magaalada dhinac walba, khaliifka ayaa isku dayay wadahadalo balse [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] wuu ka diiday, waxeyna galeen magaalada 10ka [[Febraayo|Febraay]] ayagoo ka geestay xasuuq aa horay loo arag, tiro kor u dhaafeeso labo milyan oo qof ayee dileen oo ku jiro khaliifkii [[Baqdaad]] [[Mustacsim bilaah]]<ref>[https://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=mongol.htm&target=mongol.htm جيوش المغول حتى معركة عين جالوت (بالإنجليزية)]، موقع صفحة استراتيجية، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032735/https://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=mongol.htm&target=mongol.htm|date=22 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aljahraa.com/home/2010-05-18-11-30-10/286-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A.html سقوط بغداد نهاية الحضارة] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aljahraa.com/home/2010-05-18-11-30-10/286-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A.html |date=20120118124832 }}، الجهراء الثقافية، 6 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118124832/http://www.aljahraa.com/home/2010-05-18-11-30-10/286-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A.html|date=18 يناير 2012}}</ref>. ==Cabaasiyiinta Masar== [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] waxey dhamaatay dawladooda 1250 waxaana badalay [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] oo ahaayeen asal ahaan adoomo, xukuumada mamaaliikta ayaa awooday iney ku jabiso [[Tataarka]] [[Macrakadii Ceyn Jaaluut|Dagaalkii Ceynu Jaaluut]] 3 [[Sebteembar|Sebetembar]] 1260 dhulka [[Shaam]] ayeena ka xoreryeen, sidaas ayee uga badbaadiyeen [[Islaam|islaamka]] halistii [[tataarka]]. waxaa soo gaaray [[masar]] axmad oo walaal la ahaa khaliifka cabaasiyiinta [[Mustansir bilaah|mustansir]], suldaan [[Daahir beebaris|daahir Beebaris]] ayaa soo dhaweeyay waxaa loo doortay khaliif 1261dii, [[Axmad al-mustansir|mustansir]] ayaa asna loogu yeeray, suldaanka ayaa siiyay ciidamo badan soo u soo ceshado [[baqdaad]], balse isla sanadkaas dagaal oo la galay [[tataarka]] ayaa lagu waayay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار=</nowiki>https://archive.org/download/olomnasb_ymail_20160508/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81.pdf%7Cعنوان=بحر الأنساب المسمى بالمشجر الكشاف|تاريخ=|موقع=المدينة المنورة|ناشر=مكتبة الملك عبدالعزيز بالمدينة المنورة (مخطوط) - إضافة النسابة اللغوي محمد بن مرتضى الزبيدي الحسيني|مكان=المنلكة العربية السعودية|تاريخ الوصول=|الأخير=الحسيني النجفي|الأول=إبن عميد|</ref><ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7Cعنوان=موقع {{Wayback|url=http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7Cعنوان=موقع |date=20190413084955 }} آل البيت يخاطب آل البيت حول العالم » جذوة الاقتباس في نسب بني العباس|موقع=alalbayt.com|تاريخ الوصول=2018-11-28|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413084955/http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7C</ref>. Waxaa sidoo kale yimid axmad bin xasan oo ka mid ahaa qoyska cabaasiyiinta khaliif ayaa loo doortay [[Axmad al-mustansir|mustansir]] kadib waxa loogu yeeray [[Al-Xaakim bi amri laah.|xaakim bi amri laah]]. Cabaasiyiinta [[masar]] aad bay u yareed inay soo fara gishadaan arimaha siyaasada kaliya doorkood wuxuu ku ekaa inay xoojiyaan sharcnimada salaadiinta mamaaliikta kuwaas oo heysteen awooda maamulka, suldaanka wuxuu u baahnaa inuu ka helo aqoonsi xaga khaliifka Khilaafada cabaasiyiinta ee [[masar]] waxey jirtay ilaa 1517 markaas oo suldaanka [[cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] uu dumiyay xukunka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ee ka jiray [[shaam]] iyo [[masar]], khaliifka ugu dambeeyay cabaasiyiinta [[mutawakil cala laah sedexaad]] ayaa uga dagay khilaafada suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]]. Guud ahaan [[cabaasiyiinta masar]] waxey jireen 256 sano waxaana khilaafada qabtay 17 khaliif. ==Khulafada Cabaasiyiinta== [[File:Abbasids.png|thumb|]] {| width=75% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=1% | # ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=5% | khaliifka ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=5% | mudada xilka |- | 1||align="center"| [[abuu cabaas alsafaax|Abuu Cabaas Al-Safaax]] || align="center" |750-754 |- | 2||align="center"| [[abuu jacfar almansuur|Abuu Jacfar Al-Mansuur]] || align="center" |754-775 |- | 3||align="center"| [[Maxamad al-mahdi|Maxamad al-Mahdi]]|| align="center" |775-786 |- | 4||align="center"| [[Muusa al-haadi|Muusa Al-Haadi]]|| align="center" |786-787 |- | 5||align="center"| [[Haaruun Alrashiid|Haaruun Al-Rashiid]]|| align="center" |787-809 |- | 6||align="center"| [[Al-amiin|Maxamad Al-Amiin]]|| align="center" |809-814 |- | 7||align="center"| [[Ma'muun]]|| align="center" |814-833 |- | 8||align="center"| [[Muctasim bilaah]] || align="center"|833 842 |- | 9||align="center"| [[alwaasiq bilaah|Al-Waasiq bilaah]]|| align="center"|842-847 |- | 10||align="center"| [[mutawakil cala laah|Mutawakil Cala laah]]|| align="center"|847-862 |- | 11||align="center"| [[Muntasir bilaah]] || align="center"| 862-862 |- | 12||align="center"| [[Mustaciin bilaah]] || align="center"| 862-866 |- | 13||align="center"|[[Muctaz bilaah]] || align="center"| 866-869 |- | 14||align="center"| [[Muhtadi bilaah]]|| align="center" | 869-870 |- | 15||align="center"| [[Muctamad cala laah]]|| align="center" | 870-892 |- | 16||align="center"| [[Muctadad cala laah]]|| align="center" |892-908 |- | 17||align="center"| [[Muktafi bilaah]]|| align="center" | 902-908 |- | 18||align="center"| [[al muqtadir bilaah|Al-Muqtadir bilaah]] || align="center"| 908-932 |- | 19||align="center"| [[alqaahir bilaah]] || align="center"|932-934 |- | 20||align="center"| [[al raadi bilaah]] || align="center"|934-940 |- | 21||align="center"| [[al mutaqi lilaah]]|| align="center"| 940-944 |- | 22||align="center"| [[al mustakfi bilaah]] || align="center"|944-946 |- | 23||align="center"| [[al mudiic lilaah]]|| align="center"|946-974 |- | 24||align="center"| [[al daaic lilaah]] || align="center"|974-991 |- | 25||align="center"| [[al qaadir bilaah]]|| align="center"|991-1031 |- | 26||align="center"| [[al qaaim bi amri laah]]|| align="center"|1031-1075 |- | 27||align="center"| [[al muqtadi bi amri laah]] || align="center"|1075 -1094 |- | 28||align="center"| [[al mustadhir bilaah]] || align="center"|1094-1118 |- | 29||align="center"| [[al mutarshid bilaah]]|| align="center"|1118-1135 |- | 30||align="center"| [[al raashid bilaah]]|| align="center"|1135-1136 |- | 31||align="center"| [[al muqtafi li amri laah]] || align="center"|1136-1160 |- | 32||align="center"| [[almustanjid bilaah]]|| align="center"|1160-1170 |- | 33||align="center"| [[almustadii bilaah]]|| align="center"|1170-1180 |- | 34||align="center"| [[al naasir lidiini laah]] || align="center"|1180-1225 |- | 35||align="center"|[[al daahir bilaah]]|| align="center"|1225-1226 |- | 36||align="center"| [[mustansir bilaah]]|| align="center"|1226-1242 |- | 37||align="center"|[[mustacsim bilaah]] || align="center"|1242-1258 |} ==Xigasho== [[Category:Taariikhda Ciraaq]] [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] mun45ryj03ajp3xuqigkbbz6oaq2zwk 0 4832 309686 295392 2026-09-26T01:25:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309686 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Asalkooda''' == '''Erayga "''mamaaliikta''" luuqada [[Carabi|Carabiga]] waa jamac, mufradkiisu waa "''mamluuk''" waana adoon la gado lana soo iibsado<ref name=":02"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[أحمد مختار العبادي|العبادي، أحمد مُختار]]|عنوان=قيام دولة المماليك الأولى في مصر والشَّام|صفحة=11|سنة=1969|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|</ref> adoomanku waxay laf dhabar u ahaayeen dawlado badan oo [[Islaam|islaami]] ah, [[Mustacsim bilaah]] oo kamid ahaa [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|Khulafada Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa aad u badasaday xiligiisa, [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] oo hoos tagi jireen [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaguna wey ku tiirsanaayeen adoomaha, [[Saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] oo salaadiintood ka tirsanaa wuxuu aad u soo iibsaday adoomo badan oo tarbiyo qaas ah siiyay, kadibna waxa uu dajiyay qalcada Rowda oo bada agteed ah <ref name=":12">(Al-Maqrizi, p. 441/vol.1 ) - (Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 647H - Death of as-Sailih Ayyub) - (Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 639H )</ref> badankood waxay ahaayeen [[Turki]], sidaas ayaana loogu aqoonsaday Mamaaliikta bada, waxaa jiro qeyb kale oo Mamaaliikta ah oo loo yaqaan Mamaaliikta burjiyiinta ama Sharkis, ayaga waxay ku jireen qalco laga soo bilaabo xiligii Suldaan Qalaawuun asalkooduna waa sharkis ama [[Qooqaas|Qowqaas]]''' '''Dawladii Mamaaliikta''' ([[Carabi|Af-Carabi]]: '''دَولَةُ المَمَالِيك''' ) waa dawlad ka jirtay [[Masar]], [[Shaam]] iyo dhulka [[Xijaas]], waxayna bilaabatay kadib dhicitaankii [[dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Dawlada Ayuubiyiinta]] sanadii [[648H]] oo ku beegan 1250 miilaadi, ayadoona dhacday kadib [[Dagaalkii Riidaaniya]] 923H ku beegan 1517 miilaadi {{Short description|1250–1517 state in Egypt, Hejaz and the Levant}} {{Infobox country | common_name = Saldanada mamaaliikta | conventional_long_name = Saldanada mamaaliikta | native_name = {{native name|ar|سلطنة المماليك}}<br/>Saldanada mamaaliikta<br/>{{native name|ar|دولة الأتراك‎}}<br/>Dawlada turkida<br/>{{native name|ar|دولة الجراكسة}}<br/>Dawlada sharkis | year_start = 1250 | date_start = 2 May | year_end = 1517 | date_end = 22 January | event_start = Murder of [[al-Muazzam Turanshah|Turanshah]] | event_end = [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|Second Ottoman–Mamluk War]] | p1 = Abbasid Caliphate | p2 = Ayyubid dynasty | p3 = Kingdom of Jerusalem | p4 = Principality of Antioch | p5 = County of Tripoli | p6 = Makuria | border_p6 = no | p7 = Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia | p8 = Tahirids (Yemen) | s1 = Ottoman Empire | image_flag = Mameluke Flag.svg | image_flag2 = Flag of the Mamluk Sultanate (Alexandria).svg | flag_border = no | flag_type = Flags according to the ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' of c. 1375 | image_coat = | symbol_type = | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.5em;">[[File:Coat of arms of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.svg|70px|Attributed arms of the Mamluk Sultan]]</div>(by Mecia de Viladestes map, 1413) | other_symbol_type = Astaanta ciidanka dawlada Mamaaliikta | image_map = Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1317 AD.jpg | image_map_caption = Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan [[an-Nasir Muhammad]] | capital = [[Qaahiro]] | common_languages = {{plainlist| *[[Arabic language|Arabic]] *[[Mamluk-Kipchak language]]<ref name=HNK>Rabbat 2001, p. 69.</ref> *[[Circassian language|Circassian]]<ref>Fischel 1967, p. 72.</ref> *[[Oghuz Turkic]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turan|first1=Fikret|last2=Boeschoten|first2=Hendrik|last3=Stein|first3=Heidi|date=2007|title=The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration?|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-mamluks-and-their-acceptance-of-oghuz-turkish-as-literary-language-political-maneuver-or-cultural-aspiration(969424ff-545b-4a06-be1b-bea73f8aa50c).html|journal=Turcologica|language=English|publisher=Harrassowitz}}</ref> *[[Coptic language|Coptic Egyptian]] *[[Aramaic]]}} | title_leader = [[Caliph]] | leader1 = [[Al-Mustansir II|Al-Mustansir]] (first) | year_leader1 = 1261 | leader2 = [[Al-Hakim I]] | year_leader2 = 1262–1302| | leader3 = [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in]] | year_leader3 = 1406–1414 | leader4 = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] (last) | year_leader4 = 1508–1516 | deputy1 = [[Shajaru duri]] (first) | year_deputy1 = 1250 | deputy2 }} == Asalkooda == Erayga "''Maamaaliik''" luuqada [[Carabi|Carabiga]] waa jamac, mufradkiisu waa "''mamluuk''" waana adoon la gado lana soo iibsado<ref name=":0"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[أحمد مختار العبادي|العبادي، أحمد مُختار]]|عنوان=قيام دولة المماليك الأولى في مصر والشَّام|صفحة=11|سنة=1969|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|</ref> adoomanku waxay laf dhabar u ahaayeen dawlado badan oo [[Islaam|islaami]] ah, [[Mustacsim bilaah]] oo kamid ahaa [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|Khulafada Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa aad u badasaday xiligiisa, [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] oo hoos tagi jireen [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaguna wey ku tiirsanaayeen adoomaha, [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] oo salaadiintood ka tirsanaa wuxuu aad u soo iibsaday adoomo badan oo tarbiyo qaas ah siiyay, kadibna waxa uu dajiyay qalcada Rowda oo bada agteed ah <ref name=":1">(Al-Maqrizi, p. 441/vol.1 ) - (Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 647H - Death of as-Sailih Ayyub) - (Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 639H )</ref> badankood waxay ahaayeen [[Turki]], sidaas ayaana loogu aqoonsaday Mamaaliikta bada, waxaa jiro qeyb kale oo Mamaaliikta ah oo loo yaqaan Mamaaliikta burjiyiinta ama Sharkis, ayaga waxay ku jireen qalco laga soo bilaabo xiligii Suldaan Qalaawuun asalkooduna waa sharkis ama [[Qooqaas|Qowqaas]] == Taariikhda == === Bilawga xukunka Mamaaliikta === Sanadkii 1249 Markuu dhintay suldaankii [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayyuubiyiinta]] [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] xili adag uuna socday weerarkii todobaad ee saliibiyiinta ayaa naagtiisa [[shajaru duri|Shajaru durr]] iyo talyihii mamaaliikta [[faarisudiin aqdaay|Faarisudiin Aqdaay]] iska kaashadayn maamulka dawlada, waxayna u qoreen [[Tooraan shaah bin saalax ayuub|Tooraan Shaah]] oo ahaa wiilka [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] inuu dhaqso ku yimaado, waxaana dhacday in lagu jabiyay saliibiyiinta dagaalkii oo xitaa Luwiiskii Sagaalaad boqorka [[Faransiiska]] gacanta lagu soo dhigo <ref name=":2"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2= قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان= [[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء السادس|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 362 - 364|سنة= [[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر= دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref> [[Tooraan shaah bin saalax ayuub|Tooraan Shaah]] markuu xilka qabtay wuxuu kula dhaqmay Mamaaliikta adadeeg qaar badan ayuu xilka ka qaaday kuwa kalana xabsi ayuu dhigay<ref name=":3"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ المماليك في مصر وبلاد الشَّام|طبعة=الرابعة|صفحة=32 - 33|سنة=[[1436 هـ|1436هـ]] - [[2015]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953183206|</ref>, ugu dambeyn Mamaaliikta iyo [[shajaru duri|Shajaru durr]] oo ka gadoodsan xukunkiisa ayaa ku guuleesteen inay dilaan 1250 <ref name=":4"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[محيي الدين بن عبد الظاهر|ابن عبد الظاهر، مُحيي الدين أبو الفضل عبد الله بن رشيد الدين السعدي المصري]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق ونشر: عبدُ العزيز الخويطر|عنوان=الروض الزاهر في سيرة الملك الظاهر|صفحة=48 - 50|</ref><ref group="ْ">Wedgwood, Ethel (trans.) The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville: A New English Version Ethel Wedgwood, E.P. Dutton and Co., New York 1906, Chapter XV p. 172</ref> kadib dilka [[Tooraan shaah bin saalax ayuub|Tooraan Shaah]] awoodi oo dhan waxay gacanta u gashay Mamaaliikta waxay ka tashadeen cidii ay xilka u dhiibi lahaayeen ugu dambeen waxay xusheen oo doorteen [[shajaru duri|Shajaru durr]] oo ahayd xaaska [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]]<ref name=":5"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن إياس|ابن إياس، أبو البركات زينُ العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد بن إياس الحنفي النَّاصري القاهري]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: خليل إبراهيم|عنوان=[[بدائع الزهور في وقائع الدهور|بدائعُ الزُّهور في وقائعُ الدُّهور]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=268|سنة=[[1992]]|ناشر=دارُ الفكر اللُبناني|</ref>, waxay ku maamushay dawlada si adag, waxay madax furasho ku daasay [[luwiis sagaalaad|Luwiis kii Sagaalaad]] iyo talyaashiis sare ee gacanta dawlada ku jireen balse waxay sababtay culumada islaamka oo ka horjeesteen inay naag madax noqoto <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[جلال الدين السيوطي|السُيُوطي، أبو الفضل جلالُ الدين عبدُ الرحمٰن بن أبي بكر]]|عنوان=حُسن المُحاضرة في تاريخ مصر والقاهرة|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=36|سنة=[[1387 هـ|1387هـ]] - [[1967]]م|ناشر=دار إحياء الكُتُب العربيَّة|الرقم المعياري=9781118014516|تاريخ الوصول=[[8 يونيو|8 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|</ref> iyo khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta [[Mustacsim bilaah]] oo asna aqbali waayay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=10158%7Cعنوان=السلطانة الحكيمة|موقع=إسلام أونلاين|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 يونيو|9 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607191545/https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=10158/%7C</ref> inay guursato [[cizudiin aybuk|Cizudiin Aybuk]] xilkana uga dagto<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[شهاب الدين النويري|النُويري، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهَّاب]]|عنوان=نهاية الإرب في فنون الأدب|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=363 - 364|سنة=[[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2004]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|المجلد=الجُزء التَّاسع والعُشرون|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار|</ref>. === La loolamida ayuubiyiinta === Waxaa jiray faracyo kale oo [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] ah kana talinaayay qaybo kamid ah [[Shaam]] waxaana ugu magacdheeraa faraca [[Xalab]] oo hogaamiyo ka ahaa [[naasir yuusf|Naasir Yuusf]] kaas oo ka hor yimid xukunka Mamaaliikta wuxuuna qabsaday [[Dimishiq]], dhulka [[Shaam]] oo dhan ayaa ka baxay gacanta mamaaliikta <ref name="العيني"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بدر الدين العيني|العيني الحنفي، أبو مُحمَّد بدرُ الدين محمود بن أحمد بن موسى بن أحمد]]|عنوان=عقد الجُمان في تاريخ أهل الزمان|المجلد=عصر سلاطين المماليك، الجُزء الأوَّل|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=32 - 33|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=[[دار الكتب والوثائق القومية (مصر)|دار الكُتُب والوثائق القوميَّة]]|الرقم المعياري=9771806785|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|</ref> wuu isku dayay [[naasir yuusuf|Naasir Yuusuf]] qabsashada [[Masar]] isagoona la galay Mamaaliikta dagaal culus oo ugu dambeeyn looga adkaaday [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بدر الدين العيني|العيني الحنفي، أبو مُحمَّد بدرُ الدين محمود بن أحمد بن موسى بن أحمد]]|عنوان=عقد الجُمان في تاريخ أهل الزمان|المجلد=عصر سلاطين المماليك، الجُزء الأوَّل|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=40|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=[[دار الكتب والوثائق القومية (مصر)|دار الكُتُب والوثائق القوميَّة]]|الرقم المعياري=9771806785|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|</ref> dhacdadaan ka dib colaadooda ayaa cirka gashay, Khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta ayaa soo kala dhex galay oo hishiis dhax dhigay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ المماليك في مصر وبلاد الشَّام|طبعة=الرابعة|صفحة=56 - 57|سنة=[[1436 هـ|1436هـ]] - [[2015]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953183206|</ref>. === Ka hortagida Tataarka === [[Tataarka]] wuxuu ahaa inuu dawlado badan oo islaami ah iyo kuwo [[Yurub|yurubiyaan]] ah soo baaba'shay. Sanadii 656H oo ku beegan 1258 wuxuu qabsaday [[Baqdaad]] waxa uuna ka geestay xasuuq aan horay loo arkin taariiqda<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن كثير الدمشقي|ابن كثير، أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عُمر القُرشي البصري الدمشقي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق عبدُ الله بن عبد المُحسن التُركي|عنوان=[[البداية والنهاية]]|المجلد=الجزء الثالث عشر|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=203|سنة=[[1418 هـ]] - [[1997]]م|ناشر=دار هجر للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع والإعلان|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]}}</ref>, waxay dileen dad kor u dhaafaya 1milyan oo ku juro Khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta [[Mustacsim bilaah|Muctasim bilaah]]. waxaa saas ku soo idlaaday [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta]] ee jirtay mudo shan qarni, waxaana cabsi xoogan soo food saartay Mamaaliikta iyo [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayuubiyiinta]]. Wuxuu ahaa [[cizudiin aybuk|Cizudiin Aybuk]] in la dilay 1257 waxaana ka dambeeyay dilkiisa xaaskiisa [[shajaru duri|Shajaru durr]] oo uu ka dhexeeyay qilaaf <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[شهاب الدين النويري|النُويري، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهَّاب]]|عنوان=نهاية الإرب في فنون الأدب|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=456|سنة=[[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2004]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|المجلد=الجُزء التَّاسع والعُشرون|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|</ref>, ayaduna waa la dilay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=493 - 494|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref> waxaana xilka loo doortay wiilkiis Nuurudiin Cali oo yaraa markaas <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بيبرس الدوادار|الدوادار، ركن الدين بيبرس المنصوري الناصري الخطائي]]|عنوان=التُحفة المملوكيَّة في الدولة التُركيَّة|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=39|سنة=[[1407 هـ|1407هـ]] - [[1987]]م|ناشر=الدار المصريَّة اللُبنانيَّة|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:398085&q=%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202113808/http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:398085&q=%7C</ref> balse wax garadkii Masar ayaa soo jeediyay in marxladaan adag loo baahanyahay hogaamiye awood leh, waxaana la doortay [[seefudiin quduz|Seefudiin Qudus]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[شهاب الدين النويري|النُويري، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهَّاب]]|عنوان= نهاية الإرب في فنون الأدب|طبعة= الأولى|صفحة= 468|سنة= [[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2004]]م|ناشر= دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|المجلد= الجُزء التَّاسع والعُشرون|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|</ref>. [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] hogaamihii [[Tataarka]] ciidankiis ayuu [[Shaam]] la soo aaday, waxaana garab istaagay qaar ka mid ah dawladihii kirshtaanka, [[naasir yuusuf|Naasir Yuusuf]] ayaa awoodi waayay inuu difaaco, waxay qabsadeen [[Xalab]], gumaad daran ayeena ka geesteen<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2=قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان=[[النجوم الزاهرة|النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء السابع|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=76|سنة=[[1413 هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref>, magaalooyinka [[Shaam]] ayaa mid mid gacantooda u soo galeen [[Dimishiq]], [[ximsa|Xumus]] ilaa Gaza [[Falastiin]] ay ka soo gaareen === Dagaalkii ceynu jaaluut === [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] wuxuu u soo qaray Mamaaliikta inay is dhiibaan, warqadiisana goodis iyo cabsi galin ayee xambaarsaneed <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[أبو العباس القلقشندي|القلقشندي، أبو العبَّاس أحمد]]|عنوان=[[صبح الأعشى|صُبح الأعشى في صناعة الإنشا]]، الجُزء الثامن|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=63|سنة=[[1340 هـ|1340هـ]] - [[1922]]م|ناشر=[[دار الكتب والوثائق القومية (مصر)|دار الكُتب المصريَّة]]|</ref> laakin [[seefudiin quduz|Seefudiin Quduz]] oo aan baqin ayaa markiiba dilay fariin sidayaashii [[Tataarka]], waxa uuna iclaamiyay dagaal, isagoona sii dhiiraday markuu ogaaday [[Huulaaku Khan|Howlaakuu]] inuu laabtay arimo kusoo kordhay awgeed, oo taliye sare [[Katabgaa nooyaan|Katabgaa]] la dhaho ciidanka ku dhaafay, [[dagaalkii ceynu jaaluut|Dagaalkii Ceynu jaaluut]] ayaa dhex maray labada ciidan 1260, waxaana jab culus la gaarsiiyay tataarka magaalooyinka [[Shaam]] ayaana dib looga soo ceshaday, waxaana dib usoo laabtay midnimada [[Shaam]] iyo [[Masar]] oo waayihii [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|Ayyuubiyiinta]] jirtay<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=الصيَّاد، فُؤاد عبدُ المُعطي|عنوان=الشرق الإسلامي في عهد الإيلخانيين: أُسرة هولاكو خان|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=315 - 316|سنة=</nowiki>[[1987]]|ناشر=مركز الوثائق والدراسات الإنسانيَّة، [[جامعة الكويت|جامعة الكُويت]]|</ref>. [[Seefudiin quduz|Seefudiin Quduz]] waxa uu ku dhintay gacanta Mamaaliikta bil kadib [[dagaalkii ceynu jaaluut|Dagaalkii Ceynu jaaluut]] waxaana suldaan loo doortay [[daahir beebaris|Daahir Beebaris]]<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بيبرس الدوادار|الدوادار، ركن الدين بيبرس المنصوري الناصري الخطائي]]|عنوان=التُحفة المملوكيَّة في الدولة التُركيَّة|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=45|سنة=[[1407 هـ|1407هـ]] - [[1987]]م|ناشر=الدار المصريَّة اللُبنانيَّة|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:398085&q=%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202113808/http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:398085&q=%7C</ref> === Soo celinta khilaafda cabaasiyiinta === Waxaa soo gaaray [[Masar]] Axmad bin Daahir oo walaal la ahaa khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta [[Mustansir bilaah|Mustansir]], Suldaan [[Daahir beebaris|Daahir Beebaris]] ayaa soo dhaweeyay waxaa loo doortay Khaliif 1261, Mustansir ayaa asna loogu yeeray, suldaanka ayaa siiyay ciidamo badan soo u soo ceshado [[Baqdaad]], balse isla sanadkaas dagaal oo la galay [[Tataarka]] ayaa lagu waayay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار=https://archive.org/download/olomnasb_ymail_20160508/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81.pdf|عنوان=بحر الأنساب المسمى بالمشجر الكشاف|تاريخ=|موقع=المدينة المنورة|ناشر=مكتبة الملك عبدالعزيز بالمدينة المنورة (مخطوط) - إضافة النسابة اللغوي محمد بن مرتضى الزبيدي الحسيني|مكان=المنلكة العربية السعودية|تاريخ الوصول=|الأخير=الحسيني النجفي|الأول=إبن عميد|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110|عنوان=موقع {{Wayback|url=http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110{{!}}عنوان=موقع |date=20190413084955 }} آل البيت يخاطب آل البيت حول العالم » جذوة الاقتباس في نسب بني العباس|موقع=alalbayt.com|تاريخ الوصول=2018-11-28|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413084955/http://alalbayt.com/?p=1110%7C</ref>. Waxaa sidoo kale yimid Axmad bin Xasan oo ka mid ahaa qoyska Cabaasiyiinta Khaliif ayaa loo doortay Mustansir kadib waxa loogu yeeray Xaakim bi amri laah. [[Daahir beebaris|Suldaan Daahir Beebaris]] wuxuu sii waday la dagaalanka Tataarka waxa uuna isbahaysi la sameeyay hogaamiyaha [[Qabiilka dahabiga]] [[baraka khaan|Baraka Khaan]], wuxuu ku duulay [[salaajiqada ruum|Salaajiqada Ruum]] oo hoos tageesay [[Tataarka]] 1276 waxa uuna gaarsiiyay [[Tataarka]] jab weyn [[dagaalkii Albastaan]] wax badan ayuuna ka dilay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بيبرس الدوادار|الدوادار، ركن الدين بيبرس المنصوري الناصري الخطائي]]|عنوان=زُبدة الفكرة في تاريخ الهجرة|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=118|سنة=[[1998]]|ناشر=منشورات المعهد الألماني للأبحاث|</ref> ===La dagaalanka kirishimiska iyo Qasashada andaakiya=== la dagaalanka kirishtaanka saaciayagan [[Tataarka]] ayagana ma hilmaamin [[Armiiniyada yar]] oo ka mid ahayd dawladaha taageeray ayuu ku duulay 1266 khasaaro ba'an ayuuna gaarsiiyay<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2=قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان=[[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء السابع|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=140|سنة=[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref>, 1263 Waxaa uu weeraro aa kala sooc laheen ku qaaday imaaradaha kirishtaanka ee [[Shaam]], waxa uu ku guuleestay xureen magaalooyin badan sida [[Yaafa|Yaafaa]], [[Qeysaariya]], [[Ramla|Ramala]] iyo [[Safada]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=550|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref> [[imaarada andaakiya|imaarada Andaakiya]] oo ka mid ahayd imaaradaha kirishtaanka afarta ahaa ee la dhisay ka dib weeraradii saliibiga ahaa ayuu furtay 1268 Waxeyna ka heleen mamaaliikta qaniimo aad u weyn .<ref>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي]]: [[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك]]. ج:1. ص:567</ref> guulaha is daba xiga uu gaaray [[Daahir beebaris|Daahir Beebaris]] waxey ku kaliftay kirishmiska inay hishiis ogolaadaan ayagoo kala bar dheefta dhulka ee heestaan soo dhiibaya <ref>[[صبح الأعشى|صبح الأعشى في صناعة الإنشا]]. 34/14-50. [[أبو العباس القلقشندي|القلقشندي]]</ref> === Xukunka Qoyska Qalaawuun === [[Daahir beebaris|Daahir Beebaris]] wuxuu dhintay 678H ku beegan 1277 <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بيبرس الدوادار|الدوادار، ركن الدين بيبرس المنصوري الناصري الخطائي]]|عنوان=التُحفة المملوكيَّة في الدولة التُركيَّة|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=86|سنة=[[1407 هـ|1407هـ]] - [[1987]]م|ناشر=الدار المصريَّة اللُبنانيَّة|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:398085&q=%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202113808/http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:398085&q=%7C</ref> wuxuu xilka u dardaarmay wiilkiis [[saciid baraka|Saciid Baraka]], balse labo sano markuu xilka haayay Mamaaliikta ayaa ku boodeen <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن إياس|ابن إياس، أبو البركات زينُ العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد بن إياس الحنفي النَّاصري القاهري]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: خليل إبراهيم|عنوان=[[بدائع الزهور في وقائع الدهور|بدائعُ الزُّهور في وقائعُ الدُّهور]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=114|سنة=[[1992]]|ناشر=دارُ الفكر اللُبناني|</ref> waxeyna doorteen suldaan [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] kaas oo si kumeel gaar ah bilooyin xilka ku haayay wiil kaloo yar uu dhalay [[daahir beebaris|Daahir Beebaris]] kadibna wuu siibay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2=قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان=[[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء السابع|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=287 - 289|سنة=[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref>. Wuxuu wajahay Suldaan [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] bilawgiisa laba kacdoon, tan koowaad waa [[sunqur al ashqar|Sunqur Al-Ashqar]] amiirka [[Shaam]] oo ka hor yimid xukunkiisa misne damcay inuu [[Shaam]] dawlad madax banaan ka dhigo, <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2=قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان=[[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء السابع|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=294|سنة=[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref> Qalaawuun oo daawdo ka ahayn dhaqdhqaaqan ayaa la dagaalamay oo ku qasbay Sunqur Al-Ashqar inuu is dhiibo <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[شهاب الدين النويري|النُويري، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهَّاب]]|عنوان=نهاية الإرب في فنون الأدب|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=21 - 22|سنة=[[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2004]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|المجلد=الجُزء الحادي والثلاثون|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|</ref> Kacdoonka labaad wuxuu ka yimid Mamaaliiktii daacada u ahaa qoyska [[daahir beebaris|Daahir Beebaris]] kuwaas oo gacansaar la yeeshay [[Tataarka]] iyo kirishmiska waxayna dajiyeen qorshe lagu dilaayo [[Qalaawuun]] balse Suldaan [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] ayaa ogaaday arintaas waxa uuna ku dhigay gacanta talaabo adagna wuu ka qaaday <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=ابن العسَّال، الشيخ الصفيّ مُفضَّل بن أبي الفضائل القبطي المصري|عنوان=النهج السديد والدُّر الفريد فيما بعد تاريخ ابن العميد|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=323 - 324|سنة=</nowiki>[[1930]]|ناشر=بلوشيه|</ref> Qalaawuun waxa uu arkay inuu aasaaso adoomo asi daacad u ah oo ku tiirsanaado 1282 dii ayuu asaasay mamaaliikta sharkis ee ka soo jeedaan dhulka [[Qooqaas|qawqaas]]. === La dagaalanka Tataarka === wuxuu ahaa [[abaaqaa khaan|Abaaqaa Khaan]] inuu soo diray ciidan kuwaas oo qabsaday qalcadaha shaam qaarkood [[Xalab]] ayeena galeen dad badana way kulaayeen, isla waqtigaas kirishmiska ayaa ka sameeyay dhaqdhaqaaq [[Shaam]], suldaan [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] wuxuu la galay hishiis 10 sano ah kirishmiska si uu ugu firaaqo noqdo tataarka <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور|عاشور، سعيد عبد الفتَّاح]]|عنوان=مصر والشَّام في عصر الأيوبيين والمماليك|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=214|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|</ref> [[abaaqaa khaan|Abaaqaa Khaan]] wuxuu ahaa inuu ciidan badan la soo aaday sanadkii 1281 [[Shaam]], [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] ayaa ka hortagay waxa uuna ku dhigay jab aad u xun [[dagaalkii ximsa labaad|Dagaalkii Xumus labaad]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[رشيد الدين فضل الله الهمذاني|الهمذاني، رشيدُ الدين فضل الله]]|عنوان=[[جامع التواريخ|جامع التواريخ، تاريخ المغول في إيران]]|المجلد=المُجلَّد الثاني، الجُزء الثاني|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=83|سنة=[[1960]]م|ناشر=دار إحياء الكُتب العربيَّة|</ref>. === Ka sifeenta Kirishmiska Shaam === [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] wuxuu go'aansaday inuu dabargooyo kirishmiska, dagaalada ayuu ku soo rogaal celiyay, wuxuun ka qabsaday magaalada [[Laadiqiya]] iyo dhufeeska marqab oo aad muhiim u ahaa, waxa uu fursad ku helay [[imaarada daraabulis|imaarada Daraabulis]] oo is qabqabsi ka bilaawday ka dib dhimashada amiirkood <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2= قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان= [[النجوم الزاهرة|النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء السابع|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 320 - 321|سنة= [[1413 هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر= دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref> ciidan aad u badan oo boqol kun gaaraya ayuu ka xeestay soo u qabsado daraabulis ciidankii kirishmiska oo tabar iska waayay ayaa is dhiibay oo magaalada isaga baxay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=746 - 747|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref>, waxaa gacanta muslimiinta kusii dhacay magaalooyin badan oo ka mid tahay [[Beyruut]], kaliya waxaa u haray kirishmiska magaalooyin yar oo ka mid tahay [[Cakaa]] oo aad ugu xooganaayeen <ref group="ْ">[[:en:René Grousset|Grousset, René]]. ''Histoire des Croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=EA9eNQAACAAJ&dq=Histoire+des+croisades+et+du+royaume+franc+de+J%C3%A9rusalem&lr=&client=firefox-a], vol III. Paris: Plon. (1934-1936) p.145 {{OCLC|37267632}} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160802021724/https://books.google.com/books?id=EA9eNQAACAAJ&dq=Histoire+des+croisades+et+du+royaume+franc+de+J%C3%A9rusalem&lr=&client=firefox-a|date=02 أغسطس 2016}}</ref> waxaa soo gaaray kirishmiska gurmad xaga [[Yurub]] kaga yimid waxayna bilaabeen dhaqdhqaaq [[Seefudiin qalaawuun|Qalaawuun]] ayaa go'aansaday inuu qabsado cakaa <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=754|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref> markuu diyaar garoobay si kadis ah ayuu ku dhintay 1290 waxaana xilka qabtay wiilkiisa [[ashraf qalaawuun|Ashraf Qalaawuun]], waxa uu meesha ka sii waday qabyada aabihiis, kirishmiska [[Cakaa]] ayaa isku dayeen inee wadahadal ugu leexiyaan damaciisa balse uma dheg raaricin <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=762|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref> 1291 ciidan dhan 160kun ayuu ku hareereeyay [[Cakaa]] iyo agabyo wax lagu hareereeyo sida warafyo waaween <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[أبو الفداء|الأيُّوبي، أبو الفداء عمادُ الدين إسماعيل بن عليَّ بن محمود بن مُحمَّد]]|عنوان=المُختصر في أخبار البشر|المجلد=الجُزء السابع|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=31|ناشر=المطبعة الحُسينيَّة المصريَّة|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 يونيو|9 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12715#page-101%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504031612/http://shamela.ws:80/browse.php/book-12715%7C</ref> ciidanka kirishmiska waxay muujiyeen difaac daran balse hala uma tarin oo ciidankii mamaaliikta ayaa galeen magaalada kirishmiskana waxaey ku carareen bada <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2=قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان=[[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء الثامن|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=6 - 7|سنة=[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref> [[furashada caka|Furashada Cakaa]] kadib waxey baneeyeen kirishmiska meelihii kale ee ka joogeen [[Shaam]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور|عاشور، سعيد عبد الفتَّاح]]|عنوان=الحركة الصليبيَّة: صفحة مُشرِّفة في تاريخ الجهاد الإسلامي في العُصُور الوُسطى|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=1183 - 1184|سنة=[[1991]]|ناشر=[[مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية]]|</ref>, waxeyna u rarteen [[Yurub]]<nowiki/>waxaa saas kusoo idlaaday dagaaladii kirishmiska ee soo bilaawday 1095. [[ashraf qalaawuun|Ashraf Qalaawuun]] 1293 ayaa waxaa dilay qaar mamaaliikta ka mid ah ooxukunkiisa ka soo horjeedeen <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[شهاب الدين النويري|النُويري، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهَّاب]]|عنوان=نهاية الإرب في فنون الأدب|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=259 - 262|سنة=[[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2004]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|المجلد=الجُزء الحادي والثلاثون|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يونيو|6 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|</ref>, kadib xaalada dawlada waxey gashay qas iyo jahawareer ugu dambeyn waxaa lees la gartay naasir qalaawuun oo markaa yaraa in xilka loo doorto <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=ابن العسَّال، الشيخ الصفيّ مُفضَّل بن أبي الفضائل القبطي المصري|عنوان=النهج السديد والدُّر الفريد فيما بعد تاريخ ابن العميد|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=575|سنة=</nowiki>[[1930]]|ناشر=بلوشيه|</ref>. === xiliga dahabiga ee Mamaaliikta === [[Naasir Qalaawuun]] maadaama uu yaraa waxaa maamulka dawlada gacanta ku dhigay talyaasha mamaaliikta kuwaas oo ka dhigeen sida qof qalcada ku xayiran <ref name=":0" /> [[zeynudiin katabgaa|Zeynudiin Katabgaa]] oo kamid ahaa talyaasha sare ayaa canuga yar xilka ka siibay waxa uuna isku magacaabay suldaan 1294tii, xukunkiisa oo ku beegmay xili sicir barar ba'an oo jiray iyo talaabooyin uu qaaday oo dad badan qancin waxee keentay in dadku qumiyeestaan shacbiyad fiicanna uu yeelan<ref name=":1" />, talye kale oo [[xusaamudiin laajiin|Xusaamudiin Laajiin]] la dhaho ayaa ka faaideestay oo afgambi ku sameeyay balse asna wadada kii hore ayuu maray mamaaliikta ayaana dileen 1298 <ref name=":2" />, waxaa dhacday in dib loo soo celiyo [[Naasir maxamad qalaawuun|Naasir Qalaawuun]] soo dhaween fiican ayuuna la kulmay <ref name=":3" />. Waxey dawladu weeraro kala kulantay hogaamiyaha [[Ilkhaaniyiinta|Tataarka]] [[Qaazaan|Maxamuud qaazaan]] kaas oo jabiyay mamaaliikta kuna falay dhulka shaam boob iyo fasaad, suldaanka oo wata ciidan badan ayaa gaaray [[shaam]] waxa uuna ka buriyay [[Ilkhaaniyiinta|Tataarka]] <ref name=":4" />, [[Qaazaan]] ayaa ciidankiis soo hogaamiyay mar labaad ayuu soo duulay suldaanka ayaa ka hortagay waxayna ku dagaalameen [[dagaalkii shaqxab|Dagaalkii Shaqxab]] 1302dii, jab culus ayaana ku dhacday Tataarka shacbiyada suldaanka ayaa sii korortay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=938|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref>, sidaas ee tahay hadana suldaanka 14 jir buu ahaa waxaana ku tasarufaayay dawlada labo talyo oo kala ah Salaar iyo Beeris Jaashankiir, wuxuu isku dayay inuu ka taqaluso lbaduba laakin way ogaadeen, wuxuu dareemay inuu wax ka qaadi karin qof xaj aadaya buu iska dhigay markaasuu [[qalcada karki|Qalcada Karki]] gabaad ka dhigtay xilkana wuu ka degay, Beeris jaashankiir ayaana la doortay badalkiisa <ref name=":5" />, qadar ilaahay wuxuu kusoo beegmay xili abaaro jiraan waxeyna dadku u arkeen qumay [[Naasir maxamad qalaawuun|Naasir Qalaawuun]] ayeena ka dalbeen inuu imaado, [[Naasir maxamad qalaawuun|Naasir]] oo awoodeestay ayaa mar sedexaad xilka qabtay 1309, <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور|عاشور، سعيد عبد الفتَّاح]]|عنوان= مصر والشَّام في عصر الأيوبيين والمماليك|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 228 - 230|ناشر= [[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|</ref>, si buuxda ayuuna gacanta ugu dhigay awooda, markaan dambe 31sano ayuu talada haayay. Xilliga naasir qalaawuun waxa uu matalaa xiligee ugu fiicneed dawlada hormar ahaan deganaasho iyo awood intaba, xuduudka dawlada wuxuu ahaa galbeed barqa ilaa [[Shaam]], [[Xijaas]] koonfurta [[Ciraaq]] bari, koonfur laga bilaabo [[Suudaan|Nuuba]] ilaa [[Anatooliya|Anaadool]] waqooyi, waxa uuna ixtiraam ka heestay dawladaha caalamka, labo weerar ayuu ku qaaday [[Suudaan|Nuuba]] sanadihii 1315, 1316. Waxa uuna xilka saaray Cabdulaahi bin Barshanboo oo ahaa muslimkii ugu horeeyay ee ka taliya [[Suudaan]] kadib si tartiib tartiib ayuu ugu fiday islaamka <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[تقي الدين المقريزي|المقريزي، أبو العبَّاس تقيُّ الدين أحمد بن عليّ بن عبد القادر الحُسيني العُبيدي]]|عنوان=[[السلوك لمعرفة دول الملوك|السُلوك لِمعرفة دُول المُلوك]]، الجُزء الثاني|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=161 - 162|سنة=[[1997]]|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|</ref><ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=مسعد، مُصطفى مُحمَّد|عنوان=الإسلام والنوبة في العُصُور الوُسطى: بحث في تاريخ السودان وحضارته حتى أوائل القرن السادس عشر الميلادي|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=96 وما بعدها|سنة=</nowiki>[[1960]]|ناشر=[[مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية]]|</ref> === Hoos u dhaca Mamaaliikta badda iyo dhicitaanka xukukooda === Kadib dhimashada Naasir Qalaawuun dawlada waxay gashay deganaasho la'aan ah wax aad u batay suldaan la siibaayo iyo mid kale oo la suraayo, 20kii sano ee xigay dhimashada naasir 8 kamid ah ilmihiisa ayaa suldaan loo doortay, arintaan ayaa saameyn ku yeelatay dawlada dhaqaalaheeda ayaa hoos u dhacay waxaa usii dheeraa daacuunkii madoobaa oo dilaacay 1349 asigoo galafsaday dad badan Awooda xukunka waxay gacanta u gashay talyaasha sare ee mamaaliikta kuwaas oo ka dhigtay alaab alaabeey salaadiinta, talyaasha badankood waxey ahaayeen mamaaliikta sharkiska, waxaana ugu muuqday [[seefudiin barquuq|Seefudiin Barquuq]] kaa oo awooday inuu siibo Xaaji bin Ashraf kadibna qabto xilka 1382, waxaana sidaas ku bilaawday xukunka mamaaliikta sharkiska <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور|عاشور، سعيد عبد الفتَّاح]]|عنوان=مصر والشَّام في عصر الأيوبيين والمماليك|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=246 - 247|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref name="قصة الإسلام">[https://islamstory.com/detailes.php?module=artical&id=20563 دولة المماليك البرجية - د. محمد الرفاعي - قصة دولة المماليك - قصة الإسلام | بوابة التاريخ الإسلامي .. إشراف الدكتور راغب السرجاني.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607191554/https://islamstory.com//|date=2020-06-07}}</ref> ===Xukunka Mamaaliikta Sharkiska=== Bilawga xukunkiisa [[seefudiin barquuq|Seefudiin Barquuq]] wuxuu fashiliyay mu'aamaro lagu doonaayay in xilka looga qaadayo, hase ahaatee kacdoon ka yimid [[Shaam]] ayaa awooday inuu xilka ka rido 1388 <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2= قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان= [[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]، الجُزء الحادي عشر|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 275 - 289|سنة= [[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر= دار الكُتب العلميَّة|</ref> waxeyna suldaan kusoo celiyeen xaaji bin ashraf, labo sano kadib [[Seefudiin barquuq|Barquuq]] ayaa awoodeestay oo xukunka soo ceshaday hadana <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن حجر العسقلاني|ابن حجر العسقلاني، شهابُ الدين أبو الفضل أحمد بن عليّ بن مُحمَّد]]|عنوان=الدُرر الكامنة في أعيان المائة الثامنة|المجلد=الجُزء الرابع|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=365|سنة=[[1349 هـ|1349هـ]]|ناشر=دائرة المعارف العُثمانيَّة|مكان=[[حيدر آباد]] - [[الهند]]</ref>wuxuuna dabar jaray mucaaradkiisa. waxaa soo food saaray dawlada halista [[Timuurlank]] oo awooday dawlado badan inuu soo baabi'iyay, hadalo kulul ayuu u soo qoray dawlada suldaanka ayaana si lamid ah ugu jawaabay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن عربشاه (توضيح)|ابن عربشاه، شهابُ الدين أبو مُحمَّد أحمد بن مُحمَّد بن عبدُ الله بن إبراهيم]]|عنوان=عجائب المقدور في أخبار تيمور|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=70|سنة=[[1285 هـ|1285هـ]]|ناشر=مطبعة وادي النيل|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|مصر]]|مسار=https://ar.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%3A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf&page=70%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214215330/https://ar.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ملف:كتاب_عجائب_المقدور_في_أخبار_تيمور.pdf&page=70%7C</ref>, wuxuu u darbaday dagaal balse geerida ayaa u timid 801H/1399 waxaana xilka qabtay wiilkiis [[naasir faraj|Naasir Faraj]] kaa oo awoodi waayay inuu joojiyo [[Timuurlank]] oo weeraro ba'an ku gumaaday dadka degan [[shaam]], 1405tii mamaaliikta ayaa xilka ka tuureen [[naasir faraj|Naasir Faraj]] waxeyna ku badaleen walaalkiis almansuur balse bilooyin kadib wuu soo laabtay [[naasir faraj|Naasir Faraj]], mar kale maamaaliikta oo ka xun dulmiga iyo qalbi kaknaanta [[naasir faraj|Naasir Faraj]] waxay sameeyeen afgambi 1411 ayagoo dileen [[Naasir faraj]] khaliifka cabaasiga [[Mustaciin bilaah labaad|Mustaciin bilaah]] ayaana xilka loo dhiibay si ku meel gaar ah <ref><nowiki>{{Ouvrage|lire en ligne=</nowiki>https://books.google.fr/books?id=xlWsMcwZ9vEC&pg=PA157|titre=The Islamic world in ascendancy|nom1=Martin Sicker|éditeur=Greenwood Publishing Group|année=2000|passage=157|isbn=978-0-275-96892-2|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|وصلة=https://books.google.fr/books?id=xlWsMcwZ9vEC&pg=PA157&hl=fr|تاريخ الوصول=19 ديسمبر 2020|تاريخ الأرشيف=16 مارس 2016|مسار الأرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316095015/https://books.google.fr/books?id=xlWsMcwZ9vEC&pg=PA157&hl=fr|</ref><ref><nowiki>{{Ouvrage|auteur=</nowiki>[[René Grousset]]|titre=L’empire des steppes, Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan|éditeur=Payot|lieu=Paris|année=1938, quatrième édition, 1965|présentation en ligne=https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1522/24883187%7Cpages=(.pdf) 669|lire en ligne=http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/grousset_rene/empire_des_steppes/grousset_steppes.pdf%7Cpassage=561%7C{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D.|مؤلف=</nowiki>[[وليم موير]]|سنة=1896|ناشر=Smith, Elder|مكان=|isbn=|صفحات=245|</ref>. 5 bilood ka dib [[almu'ayid sheekh|Almu'ayid Sheekh]] ayaa loo doortay suldaan <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[بدر الدين العيني|العيني الحنفي، أبو مُحمَّد بدرُ الدين محمود بن أحمد بن موسى بن أحمد]]|عنوان=السيف المُهنَّد في سيرة الملك المُؤيَّد "شيخ المحمودي"|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=259|سنة=[[1966]]|ناشر=[[دار الكتاب العربي]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:172726%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202115858/http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:172726%7C</ref>, kadib salaadin aa magac lahayn baa ka dambeeyay ilaa uu xilka qabto ashraf barsibaay 1422 <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور|عاشور، سعيد عبد الفتَّاح]]|عنوان=العصر المماليكي في مصر والشَّام|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=163|سنة=[[1976]]|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (القاهرة)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|</ref> kaas weeraro ku furtay jaziirada [[Qubrus]], waxa uuna xilka haayay ilaa 1438, wiilkiisa ayaana xilka kaga dambeeyay laakin wuu heesan waayay waxaana la wareegay [[daahir jaqmaq|Daahir Jaqmaq]] waxa uuna ahaa qof fiican oo munkarka suuliya<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[مجير الدين الحنبلي|المقدسي، أبو اليمن مُجيرُ الدين عبدُ الرحمٰن بن مُحمَّد بن عبدُ الرحمٰن العليمي الحنبلي]]|عنوان=الأُنس الجليل بتاريخ القُدس والخليل|صفحة=443|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|تاريخ الوصول=[[2 يوليو|2 تمُّوز (يوليو)]] [[2017]]م|مسار=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/9/9a/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%841.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319063732/http://upload.wikimedia.org:80/wikisource/ar/9/9a/الإنس_الجليل_بتاريخ_القدس_والخليل1.pdf%7C</ref> wuxuu isku dayay furashada [[jasiirada rodos|Jasiirada Rodos]] oo heesteen [[fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa|Fardooleyda Qadiis Yoxanaa]] sedex weerar buu ku qaaday markii dambe hishiis buu la galay, [[Tiimuuriyiinta]] ayee xiriir fiican la yeelatay dawlada xiligiisa waxa uuna dhintay 1453, boqoradii ka dambeeyay waxaa laga xusi karaa [[ashraf qaaytibaay|Ashraf Qaaytibaay]] oo haayay xilka 1468 ilaa 1496 waxa uuna ahaa geesi la jecel yahay dhismooyin qurxoon ka tagay, xiligiisa wax u dhigma ma jiro marka laga yimaado xiligii [[Naasir maxamad qalaawuun|Naasir Qalaawuun]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=راغب السرجاني|عنوان=الموسوعة الميسرة في التاريخ الإسلامي، الجزء الأول|طبعة=السابعة والعشرون|صفحة=463-464|سنة=</nowiki>[[يناير (شهر)|يناير]] [[2014]]|ناشر=مؤسسة اقرأ|</ref> ===Waayihii dambe ee dawlada=== Markuu dhintay [[ashraf qaaytibaay|Ashraf Qaaytibaay]] duruufo adag ayee wajahday dawlada sidii suldaan loo siibayay oo mid kale loo suraayay markii dambe [[qaansuu alguuri|Qaansuu Al-Guuri]] ayee ku xasilay 1501. [[Burtuqaal|Burtaqiiska]] ayaa heley jid oo marsiiyo ganacsiga aana [[Masar]] ahayn, waxa taasi keentay ishii dhaqaale ee ku tiirsaneed dawlada inee go'do, [[Burtuqaal|Burtaqiiska]] oo aad ugu awoodeestay dhanka bada ayaa sidoo kale wuxuu bilaabay inuu dhibo muslimiinta ku safraaya bada, mamaaliikta oo u aragtay in midaas xad gudub weyn ku tahay ayaa u dirtay usduulkeeda [[Hindiya]] soo ula dagaalamo [[Burtuqaal|Burtaqiiska]] <ref name="Chase 103">[https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA103 ''Firearms: a global history to 1700''] by Kenneth Warren Chase p.103''ff'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323164739/https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA103 |date=23 مارس 2017}}</ref> balse wax guul ah sooma hooyin oo [[dagaalkii diyuu|Dagaalkii Diyuu]] ee la galeen [[Burtuqaal|Burtaqiiska]] ayuu ku burburay usduulka <ref name="Walton 69">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C&pg=PA69 ''Islam at war: a history''] by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton p.69 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627064645/http://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C&pg=PA69 |date=27 يونيو 2014}}</ref> Xiriirka mamaaliikta ee la lahaayeen [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Cusmaaniyiinta]] wuu sii xumaanayay tan iyo [[Furasha Qusdandiiniya]] ka dib wuxuuna ka sii daray markuu [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] xilka fuulay [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] ayaa aad uga xumaaday [[qaansuu alguuri|Qaansuu Al-Guuri]] inuu kula garab istaagi waayo la dagaalanka [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|Safawiyiinta]] waxa oona ku eedeeyay inuu dhabarka ka toogtay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن أبي السرور البكري|البكري المصري ،شمس الدين مُحمَّد بن أبي السُرُور]]|عنوان= الكواكب السائرة في أخبار مصر والقاهرة|صفحة= 18|سنة= [[1055هـ]]|مسار= https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b110010884/f25.item%7Cمسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704223117/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b110010884/f25.item%7C</ref>, hadana [[qaansuu alguuri|Qaansuu Al-Guuri]] oo ku sifeesnaa qof daalim ah xoolaha umada xaq dara ku cuna waxay keentay in dadka ay ka raadsadaan cadaalad [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Cusmaaniyiinta]], meelo badan oo dawlada raacsanaa ayaa kubiiray [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Cusmaaniyiinta]] dad badan oo wax garad ahaana [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] ayee ka dalbadeen inuu soo gaaro oona mideeyo caalamka islaamiga, waxaa lama huraan noqotay dagaal in laga baaqsado, mamaaliikta iyo cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ku dagaalameen 1516 dii [[dagaalkii maraj daabiq|Dagaalkii Maraj Daabiq]] kaas oo ku guuleesteen cusmaaniyiinta, waxaana lagu waayay nolol iyo geeri [[qaansuu alguuri|Qaansuu Al-Guuri]], dagaalka kadib dhulka [[shaam]] ayaa u gacan gashay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Cusmaaniyiinta]]. Mamaaliikta inta hartay waxay [[Masar]] ku doorteen [[duumaan baay|Duumaan Baay]], [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] ayaa u soo bandhigay [[duumaan baay|Duumaan Baay]] inuu hoos imaado asaga xilkiisna uu iska heesto <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=ابن طولون، شمس الدين مُحمَّد بن علي بن أحمد|عنوان=مُفاكهة الخلَّان في حوادث الزمان|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=341|سنة=</nowiki>[[1418هـ]] - [[1998]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=2745100068|مسار=https://ia800705.us.archive.org/3/items/Mofakaht-Khelan/Mofakaht_Khelan.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia800705.us.archive.org/3/items/Mofakaht-Khelan/Mofakaht_Khelan.pdf%7C</ref>, balse [[duumaan baay|Duumaan Baay]] ma aqbalin, [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] ayaa u soo baxay la dagaalankiisa waxeyna ku dagaalameen 1517 [[dagaalkii riidaaniya|Dagaalkii Riidaaniya]] kaa oo ku jabeen Mamaaliikta [[duumaan baay|Duumaan Baay]] ayaa cararay oo dhuuntay, mar dambe ayaa la soo qabtay albaabka zuweyla agtiis ayaana lagu dilay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=راغب السرجاني|عنوان=الموسوعة الميسرة في التاريخ الإسلامي، الجزء الثاني|طبعة=السابعة والعشرون|صفحة=153|سنة=[[يناير (شهر)|يناير]] [[2014]]|ناشر=مؤسسة اقرأ|الرقم المعياري=977-6119-63-8}}</ref>, dilka [[duumaan baay|Duumaan Baay]] ayuu kusoo dhamaaday jiritaanka dawladii mamaaliikta Khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta [[Mutawakil sedexaad]] ayaa khilaafda uga dagay Suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] <ref name="عمر5"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=عُمر، عُمر عبد العزيز|عنوان=تاريخ المشرق العربي (1516 - 1922)|صفحة=84 - 85|سنة=</nowiki>[[1408هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7Cمسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7C</ref> waxaa saas ku dhamaaday khilaafda Cabaasiyiinta ee muuqaal ahaan uga jirtay [[Masar]] ka dib markee dhacday dawladood. == Maamulkooda == === Suldaanimada === xilka suldaanimada wuxuu ahaa xilka ugu sareeya ee dawlalada, badanaa ma ahayn dhaxaltooyo, ee wuxuu ku xirnaa awooda qofka iyo taageeradiisa xoogan, markuu dhinto suldaanka talyaha ugu awooda badan ayaa la wareegi jiray xilka, waxa uuna in badan xilka kusii hayn jiray canug yar oo suldaankii hore ka tagay hadii uu maslaxad u arko, markoo fursad helana meeshuu ka saari jiray. === Khaliifka islaamka === mansabka khilaafada waxaa haayay Cabaasiyiinta oo markii dawladood burburtay u guuray [[Masar]], waxayna ahaayeen magac uyaal oo wax awood ku ma lahayn balse sharciyada suldaanka ayee xoojinaayeen, suldaanka wuxuu u baahnaa inuu ka helo aqoonsi xaga Khaliifka === Naaibka suldaanka === Naaibka suldaanka waa jago ka jirtay daawlada, waana jagada ku xigta suldaanka, waxayna ka jirtay magaalooyin badan oo [[Shaam]] dhaca qofka haayo sidii suldaanka oo kala ayuu ugu tasarufi jiray gobolkiis, markuu suldaanka joogana wuxuu u ahaa la taliye. === Garsoorka === Waxaa ka jiray dawlada afar garsoore oo kala matala [[afarta madhab]] [[Shaaficiya|Shaaficiyo]], [[Xanafiya|Xanafiyo]], [[Xanaabila|Xanaabilo]] iyo [[Maalikiya|Maalikiyo]], kuwaas oo iska kaashan jiray fulinta xukunka islaamka, waxaana loogu yeeri jiray mid kasta [[qaadi qudaat|Qaadi-qudaat]].. ==Nolol cilmiyeed iyo maskaxeed== Boqorada Mamaaliikta waxay aad u daneen jireen madaarista, badankood waxay dhiseen madarasooyin loogu magac daray , waxaa ka soo baxay aqoonyaano aad u badan, in badan oo ka mid ah culumada taariiqda islaamka aad saameyn ugu leh waxay noolaayeen xiligii mamaaliikta, waxaa ka xuseenaa: shiiq [[Imaam Nawawi|Nawaawi]] oo qoray kitaabka "[[Riyaalu Saalixiin|Riyaadusaalixiin]]", "[[Afartan Xadiis|Arbaciinka]]" iyo kutubo kale oo faaido badan [[Ibn Mandhuur|Ibnu Manduur]] oo qoray qaamuuska "[[Lisaanu carab|Lisaanul Carab]]" [[Ibn Nafiis|ibnu Nafiis]] oo ka qaray cilmiga caafimaadka kitaabka "alshaamil fi dib" [[Dameeri]] oo qoray kitaabka "[[xayaatul xawaanaat]]" [[Ibnu hishaam|Ibnu Hishaam]] oo kutubo badan ka qoray naxwada sida "[[Qadri|Qadriga]]" iyo "[[Mugni labiib]]" Waxaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa culumadii noolaa xiliga mamaaliikta [[alciz bin cabdisalaan|Al-Ciz bin Cabdisalaan]] oo loo yaqaan suldaanka culamada, [[Imaam Mujtahid Sheykhul-Islaam|ibnu Teemiya]], [[ibnuqayim aljoozi|ibnu Qayim Al-jooziya]], [[imaam dahabi|imaam Dahabi]], [[Ibnu kasiir|ibnu kathir]] qoraaga "[[albidaaya Wa nihaaya|Al-Bidaaya Wa Nihaaya]]" iyo tafsiirka caanka ah, [[Ibn Khalduun|ibnu khalduun]] aasaasaha cilmiga bulshada, [[ibnu qudaama almaqdasi|Ibnu Qudaama Al-Maqdasi]] qoraaga kitaabka "Muqniga" ee madhabka Xanbaliga, [[ibnu xajar casqalaani|ibnu xajar Casqalaani]], [[ibnu daqiiq ciid|ibnu Daqiiq Ciid]], [[alqalqashandi|Al-qalqashandi]] qoraaga moosuucada "Subxul Acshi", Jalaaludiin Suyuudi qoraa iyo culumo kale oo saameyn xoogan ku yeeshay taariikhda islaamka == Boqorada mamaaliikta == Magacyada boqorada Dawladda Mamaaliikta, Mudadii ay heysteen talada iyo khaliifka cabaasiga ee ku waqtiga ahaa. {|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="width:5%; background:#0050a0; color:white; font-weight:bold;"| Tirsiga ! style="width:5%; background:#0050a0; color:white; font-weight:bold;"| magaca ! style="width:5%; background:#0050a0; color:white; font-weight:bold;"|Mudada xilka ! style="width:5%; background:#0050a0; color:white; font-weight:bold;"|KHaliifka Cabaasiga xiligiisa |- | colspan="4" |'''Mamaaliikta turkida ama bada''' |- |__ |Cismatuddiin shajaru durri |1250-1250 |[[Mustacsim bilaah]] khaliifka Cabaasiga ee [[Baqdaad]] |- | style="background-color:#847968" | 1 |Almuciz [[Cizudiin Aybuk]] |1250-1257 |[[Mustacsim bilaah]] khaliifka Cabaasiga ee [[baqdaad]] |- | style="background-color:#847968" | 2 | نور الدين علي بن أيبك |Al-mansuur Nuuruddiin Cali bin Aybek |1257-1259 |khaliifka cabaasiga ee [[Baqdaad]] [[Mustacsim bilaah]] ilaa 1258 |- | 3 |Al-Mudafir [[Seefudiin quduz|Seyfuddiin Quduz]] |1259-1260 |... |- | style="background-color:#ebc844" |4 | ظاهر بيبرس |Ruknu diin [[Daahir beebaris|Al-Daahir Beebaris]] |1260-1277 |Mustansir bilaah oo ugu horeeyay khulafada [[Masar]] 1261 Xaakim bi amri laah laga bilaabo 1262 |- | style="background-color:#ebc844" |5 |[[Al-Saciid Naasirudiin Baraka]] |1277-1279 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- | style="background-color:#ebc844" |6 |[[Al-Caadil Badrudiin Salaamash]] |1279-1279 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |7 |Al-Mansuur [[Seefudiin Qalaawuun]] |1279-1290 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |8 |[[Ashraf alaawuun|Ashraf Qalaawuun]] |1290-1293 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |9 |[[Naasir Qalaawuun|Al-Naasir Maxamad Qalaawuun]] |1293-1294 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- |10 |Al-Caadil Zeynudiin Katabgaa |1294-1296 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- |11 |[[xusaamudiin laajiin|Xusaamudiin Laajiin]] |1296-1299 |Xaakim bi amri laah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |Mar labaad |[[Naasir Qalaawuun|Al-Naasir Maxamad Qalaawuun]] |1298-1308 |Xaakim bi amri laah ilaa 1302 Mustakfi bilaah laga bilaabo 1302 |- |12 |[[Rukunudiin Beebaris Jaashankiir]] |1308-1309 |Mustakfi bilaah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |Mar sedexaad |[[Naasir Qalaawuun|Al-Naasir Maxamad Qalaawuun]] |1309-1340 |Mustakfi bilaah ilaa 1340 Al-Waasiq bilaah labaad 1340- |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |13 |Al-Mansuur Seyfudiin Abuubakar bin Naasir |1340-1341 |Al-Waasiq bilaah ilaa 1341 Xaakim bi amri laah labaad 1341- |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |14 |[[Ashraf Calaaudiin Kajak bin Naasir]] |1341-1342 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |15 |Shihaabudiin Axmad bin Naasir |1342-1342 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |16 |Al-Saalix Camaadudiin Ismaaciil bin Naasir |1342-1345 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |17 |Seyfudiin shacbaan bin naasir |1345-1346 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |18 |Al-Mudafir Zeenudiin Xaaji bin Naasir |1346-1347 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |19 |Al-Naasir Badrudiin Xasan bin Naasir |1347-1351 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |20 |[[Salaaxudiin Saalix bin Naasir]] |1351-1354 |Xaakim bi amri laah labaad ilaa 1352 Muctadad bilaah 1352- |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |mar labaad |Alnaasir badrudiin xasan bin naasir |1354-1361 |Muctadad bilaah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |21 |Al-Mansuur Salaaxuddiin Muxammed bin Xaaji bin naasir |1361-1363 |Muctadad bilaah ilaa 1362 Mutawakil cala laah 1362- |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |22 | السلطان شعبان |Ashraf Zeynuddiin Shacbaan bin Xuseen bin Muxammed bin Qalaawuun |1363-1376 |Mutawakil cala laah |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |23 |Al-Mansuur Calaa'udiin Cali bin ashraf Shacbaan |1376-1381 |mutawakil cala laah ilaa 1377 Mustacsim bilaah labaad ilaa 1377 Mutawakil Cala laah markale 1377- |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |24 |Saalax salaaxuuddiin Xaaji bin ahraf shacbaan |1381-1382 |Mutawakil cala laah |- | colspan="4" |'''mamaaliikta sharkis ama burjiyiinta''' |- | style="background-color:#5ca793"|25 |[[Seefudiin Barquuq]] |1382-1388 |Mutawakil cala laah ilaa 1383 Al-Waasiq bilaah sedexaad 1383 ilaa 1386 Mustacsim bilaah labaad 1386- |- | style="background-color:#a2b86c" |mar labaad |Saalax salaaxuuddiin Xaaji bin ahraf shacbaan |1388-1390 |Mustacsim bilaah labaad ilaa 1389 Mutawakil Cala laah 1389- |- | style="background-color:#5ca793"|mar labaad |Seyfudiin Barquuq |1390-1399 |Mutawakil cala laah |- | style="background-color:#5ca793"|26 |[[Naasir faraj|Al-Naasir Faraj]] |1399-1405 |Mutawakil Cala laah |- | style="background-color:#5ca793"|27 |Al-Mmansuur Cizudiin Cabdicaziiz bin Barquuq |1405-1405 |Mutawakil Cala laah |- | style="background-color:#5ca793"|mar labaad |[[Naasir Faraj|Al-Naasir Faraj]] |1405-1412 |Mutawakil Cala laah ilaa 1406 Mustaciin bilaah 1406- |- |_ |Al-Mustaciin Cabaas |1412-1412 |Mustaciin bilaah |- | style="background-color:#1395ba"|28 |Al-Mu'ayid Sheekh |1412-1421 |Mustaciin bilaah ilaa 1414 Muctadad bilaah sedexaad 1414- |- | style="background-color:#1395ba"|29 |Al-Mudafir Shihaabudiin Axmad bin Almu'ayid Sheekh |1421-1421 |Muctadad bilaah sedexaad |- | style="background-color:#0f5b78"|30 |Al-Daahir Seyfudiin Durdur |1421-1421 |Muctadad bilaah sedexaad |- | style="background-color:#0f5b78"|31 |Naasirudiin Maxamad bin Seyfudiin Durdur |1421-1422 |Muctadad bilaah sedexaad |- | style="background-color:#c02e1d"|32 |[[Ashraf barsibaay|Ashraf Seyfudiin Barsibaay]] |1422-1438 |Muctadad bilaah sedexaad |- | style="background-color:#c02e1d"|33 |Al-Malik Caziiz Yuusuf bin Ashraf Barsibaay |1438-1438 |Muctadad bilaah sedexaad |- | style="background-color:#ef8b2c"|34 |[[Daahir jaqmaq|Al-Daahir Seyfudiin Jaqmaq]] |1438-1453 |Muctadad bilaah sedexaad Ilaa 1441 mustakfi bilaah sedexaad 1441-1451 aqaaim bi amri laah 1451- |- | style="background-color:#ef8b2c"|35 |Al-Mansuur Cusmaan bin Al-Daahir Jaqmaq |1453-1453 |Al-Qaaim bi amri laah |- | style="background-color:#0d3c55"|36 |[[Ashraf Iinaal]] |1453-1461 |Al-Qaaim bi amri laah ililaa 1455 almustanjid bilaah 1455- |- | style="background-color:#0d3c55"|37 |Al-Mu'ayid Shihaabudiin Axmad bin Ashraf Iinaal |1461-1461 |Al-Mustanjid bilaah |- |38 |Al-Daahir Seyfudiin Khashuqdam |1461-1467 |Al-Mustanjid bilaah |- |39 |Seyfudiin Balbaay |1467-1468 |Al-Mustanjid bilaah |- |40 |Al-Daahir Tamarbugaa |1468-1468 |Al-Mustanjid bilaah |- | style="background-color:#c1c7c9"|41 |Al-Ashraf Seyfudiin Qaaytibaay |1468-1496 |Al-Mustanjid bilaah ilaa 1479 Mutawakil Cala laah labaad 1479- |- | style="background-color:#c1c7c9"|42 |Al-Naasir Maxamad bin Ashraf Qaaytibaay |1496-1497 |Mutawakil Cala laah labaad |- |43 |Al-Daahir Qaansuu |1497-1497 |Mutawakil Cala laah labaad ilaa 1497 Mustamsik bilaah 1497- |- | style="background-color:#c1c7c9"|markii labaad |Alnaasir Maxamad bin [[ashraf qaaytibaay|Al-Ashraf Qaaytibaay]] |1497-1498 |Mustamsik bilaah |- |44 |Al-Daahir Qaansuu |1498-1500 |Mustamsik bilaah |- |45 |Ashraf Janbulaad |1500-1501 |Mustamsik bilaah |- |46 |Al-Caadil Seyfudiin Duumaan Baay |1501-1501 |Mustamsik bilaah |- |47 |Al-Ashraf [[qaansuu alguuri|Qaansuu Al-Guuri]] |1501-1516 |Mustamsik bilaah ilaa 1508 Mutawakil Cala laah sedexaad ilaa 1516 |- |48 |Al-Ashraf [[duumaan baay|Duumaan Baay]] |1516-1517 |Mustamsik bilaah ilaa 1517 Mutawakil cala laah sedexaad 1517-1517 |} == Xigasho == [[Category:Taariikh]] <references /> 8qawhxxbajvrgyl6wut3nfo3dno8vac 0 5464 309680 283248 2026-09-26T00:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Baraasil |common_name = Brazil |native_name = {{native_name|pt|República Federativa de Brasil}} |image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg |alt_flag = |image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg |alt_coat = |symbol_type = Coat of arms |other_symbol = {{vunblist |''[[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]]'' |{{small|National Seal of Brazil}} |[[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|100px|link=National Seal of Brazil]]}} |other_symbol_type = [[Seal (emblem)|National seal]] |national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|pt|Ordem e Progresso|italics=on|nolink=on}} |{{small|({{lang-en|"Order and Progress"}})}}}} |national_anthem = {{vunblist|"[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]"|{{small|({{lang-so|"Astaanta Qaranka Barasiilka"}})}} |<br /><center>[[File:Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg|noicon|center]]</center>}} ---- {{vunblist |'''Heesta calanka:'''|"[[Brazilian Flag Anthem|Hino à Bandeira Nacional]]"<ref name="HinoBandeira">{{cite web|url=http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |title=Hino à Bandeira Nacional |author=Exército Brasileiro |language=Portuguese |accessdate=29 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archivedate=22 February 2014 |df= }}</ref>|{{small|({{lang-so|"Astaanta Calanka Barasiilka"}})}}|<br /><center>[[File:Brazilian Flag Anthem (Brazilian Army).ogg]]</center>}} |image_map = BRA orthographic.svg |alt_map = |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[South America]] |region_color= grey }} |capital = [[Brasília]] |coordinates = {{Coord|15|47|S|47|52|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[São Paulo]]<br>{{small|{{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|display=inline}}}} |languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}} |languages = [[Luuqada:Af-Boortaqiis|Af-Boortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Demographics |publisher=Brazilian Government |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics |accessdate=8 October 2011 |archivedate=17 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117051415/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |47.73% [[Dadka Cad|Caddaan]] |{{nowrap|43.13% Dhafan}} |7.61% [[Dadka Madoow]] |1.09% [[Dadka Aasiya]] |0.43% [[Dadka asaliga ah]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2010 |ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="raca2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf |title=Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 – Cor ou raça |format=PDF |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |demonym = Brazilian |government_type = [[Jamhuuriyada]] madaxweynenimo [[federaaliisim|federaalka]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = Luula da Siilfah |leader_title2 = Madaxweyne ku xigeenka |leader_name2 = Jeraalduu Alkmiin |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Madaxweynaha Rugta Wakiilada]]}} |leader_name3 = [[Arthur Lira]] |leader_title4 = [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|Madaxweynaha Guurtida Federaalka]] |leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Rodrigo Pacheco]]}} |leader_title5 = [[Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)#President|Madaxweynaha maxkamada sare]] |leader_name5 = [[Luís Roberto Barroso]] |legislature = [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] |upper_house = [[Federal Senate]] |lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence of Brazil|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] |established_event1 = [[Brazilian Independence|Declared]] |established_date1 = 7 September 1822 |established_event2 = [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 29 August 1825 |established_event3 = [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Republic]] |established_date3 = 15 November 1889 |established_event4 = [[Treaty of Petrópolis]] |established_date4 = 11 November 1903 |established_event5 = [[Constitution of Brazil|Current constitution]] |established_date5 = 5 October 1988 |area_km2 = 8515767 |area_label = Total |area_rank = 5th |area_sq_mi = 3287597 |percent_water = 0.65 |population_estimate = 209,129,000<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html "Brazil"]. IBGE population estimates.</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2018 |population_estimate_rank = 6th |population_density_km2 = 25 |population_density_sq_mi = 63 |population_density_rank = 199th |GDP_PPP = $3.389 tiriliyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=4&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=273%2C223%2C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C186%2C158%2C112%2C542%2C111&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|website=www.imf.org|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=17 April 2018}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 |GDP_PPP_rank = 8th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,199<ref name="World Economic Outlook"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 81th |GDP_nominal = $2.139 tiriliyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 |GDP_nominal_rank = 9th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $10,224<ref name="World Economic Outlook"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 65th }} [[File:Petrobras_horizontal_logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Centro_do_Rio_visto_do_museu_chácara_do_céu.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Moqueca.jpg|Thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Aerea2_maracana.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] Dalka '''Baraasil''' oo loogu dhawaaqo '''República Federativa do Brasil''' waa dal ka soo jeeda bortaqiis, waa dalka shanaad ee ugu balaadhan aduunka, koofurta Amerika iyo dhammaan qaarada laatiin Amerikaba. Dalka Baraasil waxaa dhinaca bari ka marta badda [[Badweynta Atlaantik]], oo leh xeeb dhererkeedu tahay 7,491km. Wuxuuna xuduud kala leeyahay dhinaca waqooyi dalka [[Fanansuwela]], [[Guyana]], [[Surinam]] iyo French Guiana. Dhinaca waqooyi galbeedna waxaa dalka Baraasil xuduud uu kala leeyahay daka [[Kolombiya]]. Galbeedna waxaa kaga beegan [[Booliifiya]] iyo [[Peru]]. Sidoo kale dhinaca koofur barina waxuu xuduud kala wadaagaa dalalka [[Arjantiina]], iyo [[Paraguay]], halka waqooyi uu ka xiga dalka Urugway. Waxaa la odhan karaa dalka brazil dhammaan xuduud ayuu la leeyahay wadamada waqooyiga marka laga tago [[Ikwadoor]] iyo [[Jili]]. Dhaqaalaha wadanka Baraasil waa wadanka todobaad waxaana door libaax leh ka ciyaaray in dhaqaalaha uu kobco (Brazil’s national development bank (BNDES)), xagga wax iibsiga waa wadanka todobaad Marka laga hadlayo wax soo soorka KAFEEGA waa wadanka ugu weyn ee soo saara Kafeega 150kii sano ee u danbeeyay. Waxey kaloo kordhiyeen joogitaanka suuqyada maaliyadeed iyo badeecooyin waxeyna nasiib u heleen in ay Brazil ay noqoto suuqa afaraad ee ugu weyn baabuurta caalamka. iyo Liinta. Dalka Baraasil ayaa wax dhoofinta caalamka kaga jira darajada 23aad. Dalka Brazil waa wadanka 2aad dhinaca garoonka diyaaradaha waxaa ka horeeya mareykanka kaliya . Wuxuu leeyahay Garoono waaweyn oo aad u mashquul badan ku dhawaad 20 milyan oo rakaab ah ayaa sanad walba isticmaala garoonada Brazil. Dhinaca diinta dadka heysta diinta CATHOLICS dalka Baraasil waa 123 million celecelis ahaana waa 64% .waa dadka ugu badan ee heysta diinta catholics hoos ka eeg heerka dadka heysta diimaha dalka Brazil. Ciidanka Baraasil waa ciidanka ugu balaadhan [[Latin Ameerika|Laatiin Amerika]] waxeyna ka kooban yihiin: Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy iyo Brazilian Air Force waxeyna guud ahaan yihiin 317,199 oo ah kuwa shaqeeya . Ku darso oo waxey kaloo leeyihiin ciidan loogu yeedho Military police iyo ciidan kale oo loo yaqaan green water Magaca Brazil wuxuu asal ahaan ka yimid ama ka soo jedaa nuuc ka mid ah geedaha ka bixi jiray Xeebaha wadankaasi waxaana loo yaqaan brazilwood. Dadka boortaqiiska waxey odhan jireen ''pau-brasil.'' Dalka Baraasil waxa uu ka kooban yahay 26 gobal iyagoo isugu yimaada Federaal, dhammaan gobalada waxey isugu jiraan gobolo isbaheystay si juquraafi ah. Nidaamka caafimaadka dadweynaha Baraasil ayaa loo yaqaan Nidaamka caafimaadka qaranka, waxaa maamula oo bixiya dhammaan dowlada waana wax ay u siman yihiin dadweynaha muwaadiniinta ah si lacag la’aan ah. Walow ay jiraan meelo kale oo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Dhinaca musuqa ee xeebaha brazil waxaa lagu sheegaa 41 bilyan oo dollar sanadkii waana 69.9% waxeyna wadamada musuqa caalamka kaga jirtaa kaalinta 69aad. Sida laga soo xigtay dowlada Baraasil waxaa jira dhibaatooyin caafimaada oo ay ugu daran yihiin: * Dhimashada caruurta dalka Baraasil waxey gaadhaa 2.51% ilaa 3.77% meelaha ugu badana waa gobalada ku yaala waqooyi bari. * Dhimashada hooyada uurka leh waa 73.1% marka 100 kun oo caruur ahba dhashaan * Dhimashada xanuunada leys qaadsiiyo ayaa ah 151.7 dhimasho 100.000 waxaana sababa xanuuno ku dhaca wadnaha,cudurada wareega dhiigga,oo ay wehliso kuwa keena kansarka, iyo kuwa kale oo ku dhinta sababo ka baxsan kuwa aan soo sheegay sida ( shilalka gaadiidka,rabshadaha,iyo is miidaaminta ) * Sanadkii 2002 Brazil waxey xisaabisay in 40% xaalado cudarka duumada Amerika in ay ku haybsatay,ku dhawaad 99% in ay yihiin gobalka LEGAL AMAZON. '''''DHINACA SAXAAFADA''''' Dalka Brazil wargeyskii ugu horeeyay waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1808dii waxaana laga aasaasay magaalo madaxda wadanka ee RIO DE JANERIO magacii ugu horeeyay uu yeesho wargeyskaa ayaa ahaa THE GAZETA isagoo nuqulkii u horeeyay uu soo baxay bishii september 1808 dii .Dhinaca idaacadda waxaa markii u horeysay dalka Brazil laga hirgeliyay 7dii bishii sebtember sanadkii 1922kii. Waxaana ku xigay sanadkii 1923kii oo la furay idaacadii 2aad oo la odhan jiray radio Society of Riode Janeiro. Dhinaca Talefeshinka waxaa ugu horeeyay si rasmi ah 18kii september sanadkii 1950 waxaana la odhan jiray TV TUPI. Dalka brazil waa dal ka mid ah kuwa aadka loo booqdo marka laga hadlayo dalxiisyaal sadax sano ka hor dadka booqday waxey gaadhayeen 5 milyan oo booqdayaal waxeyna dadkaasi badankood ka yimaadaan Koofurta ameica lacagta sanadkaa ay ka heleen waxey dhameyd 6 bilion oo doolar . Luqadda rasmiga ah ee looga hadlo Brazil waa waa bortaqiis.waana wadanka kaliya ee ku hadla qaarada America , xitaa dhaqanka waa dhaqanka boortaqiiska sababtoo ah xidhiidh xoog leh iyo gumeysigii boortaqiiska ayaa sameyn ku yeeshay. Xagga wax beerashada dalka Barazil dhul ahaan wuxuu beertaa 65,338,000 hektar lacagta ka soo baxda ayaa lagu qiyaasaa sanad kasta 148 billion oo doolar '''CIYAARAHA''' Dalka Brazil ciyaarta ugu caansan waa ciyaarta kubbadda cagta, wuxuu koob adduun ku guleystay shan jeer .markii ugu horeysay ee ay koob aduun ku guuleystaan teemkii ka socday Barzil waxey aheyd 1958, waxaa ku xigay 1962, waxaa ku xigay 1970, waxaa ku xigay 1994, waxaana ugu danbeeyay 2002 . sidoo kale mar ayey marti geliyeen koob aduun waana sanadkii 1950kii , waxeyna mar kale martigelin doonaan isla sanadkan 2014. dalkaasi brazil ciyaartoy caalamka caan ka noqotay ayaa ka soo baxday sida ninka Loo boqray ee dhaamanka madow Boqorka Kubadda cagta '''PELE''', sidoo kale waxaa ka soo baxay'''Garrincha,Ronaldo,Roberto carlos,Romario, Ronaldinho,Kaka iyo Neymar.''' ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]].:• * [[IMF]].:•* * [[Mercosur]].:•* * [[Bankiga Aduunka]].:•* * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]].:•* *` * [[Qaramada Midoobay]].:•* *` ==Waddnamha Le Deggan Brasiil== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 250,000,000++: * {{Flag|Portugal}} 200,000+• <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/l/Latin_America.ht |access-date=2022-09-01 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901041048/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/l/Latin_America.htm |url-status=dead}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/l/Latin_America.htm |date=20220901041048 }}</ref>. * {{Flag|France}}: 2000+ <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref>]. <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/s/Soviet_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/s/Soviet_Union.htm |date=20220920163107 }}</ref>• Brazil waa wadan aad u dhaqda lo’da una iibgeeya suuqyada caalamiga ah sanadkii 2005 waxaa la diiwaan geliyay 28 milyan oo neef oo lo ah in la qalay, halka guud ahaana lagu sheegay sanadkasi in 87 milyan oo neef ay haatan diyaar yihiin. Taasi oo ku tuseysa in Brazil ay lo badani joogto , sidoo kale waxaa ku yaala keymo waaweyn. kala badh dalka Brazil waxaa daboola keymo loo yaqaan Amazon ,qaybaha korinta xoolaha iyo beerista Sisinta, qasabka sonkorta, bariiska, tubaakada iyo dhuxusha dhammaan wey beertaan reer Brazil. Dhinaca caruurta la adoonsado dalka Brazil waa meelha caalamka uu weli uu aad uga jiro , waana wadanka sedexaad ee caruurta la adoonsado waxaa ka horeeya oo kaliya '''Hindiya''', iyo ''Bangladesh''. Brazil 91% baabuurta taal waa cusab. [[File:Microsoft logo.svg|thump|right|135px|MS Wnds.|Dn’tRmvpl|{{Flag|France}}]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201312/visit-to-brazil/ A Visit to Brazil] * [[brazil]]'' * [[mexico]]'' * [[Paraguay]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Ameerikada Koonfureed}} 6uavz0c6rbj2pumc4jjublzifb64mse 0 6831 309699 301790 2026-09-26T03:49:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saaxibu bishaara Al-malik Mujaahid Al-suldaan gaazi abulfatxi muxamad labaad bin muraad labaad bin muxamad koowaad''' ([[Af-Turkigii Cusmaaniyiinta|Turkida cusmaaniyada]]: <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">صاحب بِشارۀ الملكُ المُجاهد غازى سُلطان مُحمَّد خان ثانى بن مُراد بن مُحمَّد عُثمانى</font></span>؛) oo loo yaqaan '''muxamad alfaatix, ([[Af-Turki|af-Turkiga]]: ''Fatih Sultan Mehmed'' ),''' wuxuu kan tobaad ee [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''muxanad alfaatix'''<br /> محمد الفاتح <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" | [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta|suldaanka 7aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(1)[[1444]] ilaa , [[1446]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(2)[[1451]] ilaa , [[1481]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[muraad labaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[ Bayazid labaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1429]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[Edirne|Adirna]] [[adirna |romali]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[Muraad labaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[khadiija huma khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |[[1481]] |- !Ku dhintay: |takfuur jaabri, [[Anatooliya|anadool]] |} waxa uu ahaa mid kamida kuwii ugu cadcadaa hogaamiyayayaashii soomaray dawladaa, waxa uu dawladii [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] xukumayay mudo kudhaw ilaa sodon sano, sanadkii 1453dii ayuu qabsaday magaalada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], taas oo gilgishay caalamka islaamiga iyo kan [[yurub]], magaca alfaatix ayaana loo bixiyay, wuxuu saas kusoo afjaray [[imbiraadooriyada biriizanda]] oo jirtay 1400 sano, Sanadihii xigay wuxuu sii waday muxamad alfaatix furashooyinkiisa, wuxuu qabsaday dhulka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] dhulka Moora ee koonfurta [[Giriiga|gariiga]], gobolka aflaaq iyo [[Albania|albaaniya]], wuxuu jabshay [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]], midnimada [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] ayuu soo celiyay asoo ka taqalusay [[imaarada qaramaan]] iyo [[Imaarada darabazon|darabazon]], wuxuu isku dayay furashada [[talyaaniga]] lkn geerida ayaa u timid Sandkii 1481. [[File:Sarayi Album 10a.jpg|thumb|Mxamed Al-faatex]] ==Noloshiisa hore== Wuxuu ku dhashay 1429kii magaalada [[Edirne|adirna]] oo ahayd caasimada [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cusmaaniyiinta]] xiligaas <ref name="محمد فريد1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=160 - 161|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|</ref>, markuu soo koray aabihiis [[muraad labaad]] ayaa u keenay macalin bara [[Qur'aan|qur'aanka]], kadib culuumta kala duwan ayuu ka aqristay culmo badan, waxaa shiiqyaalkiis ugu caasanaa [[Aaq shamsudiin]] iyo [[axmad alkowraani]], labadaan shiiq waxay ku barbaariyeen yaraantiisa inuu yahay kan lagu sheegay [[Xadiis|xadiiska nabiga]] scw ee furan doono [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]]<ref name="المنياوي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=المنياوي، رمزي|عنوان=[[محمد الفاتح (كتاب)|مُحمَّد الفاتح: النسر الكبير فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة ومُحقِّق البشارة النبويَّة]]|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=40 - 43|سنة=[[2011]]|ناشر=[[دار الكتاب العربي]]|</ref>, ==Qabashadiisa koowaad ee xilka== Isbahaysi xoogan oo babaa soo agaasimay ayaa soo weeraray dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxaa dhex maray ayaga iyo [[muraad labaad]] dagaalo adag, ugu dambeyn suldaanku wuxuu la 1444kii [[hishiiskii sakdiin]] kaa oo dhulal badan uga dagay isbahaysiga, intay socdeen dagaalada waxaa dhintay wiilkiisa calaaudiin cali <ref group> ب| مؤلف-الأخير1=Babinger|مؤلف-الأول1=Franz|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Franz Babinger|سنة=2003 | عنوان=Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı | ناشر=Oğlak Yayınevi | مكان=İstanbul | الرقم المعياري=975-329-417-4|</ref> kaas oo murugo badan kusii abuurtay [[muraad labaad]] wuxuu ka noogay xilka asigoo jecleestay inuu u go'o khalwo iyo cibaado, xilkana uga tago wiilkiis muxamad alfaatix oo jiray 14 sano <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II|عنوان=Murad II {{!}} Ottoman sultan|صحيفة=Encyclopedia Britannica|لغة=en|تاريخ الوصول=2017-01-20| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181019214111/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II |</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 95|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنامسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>. Muxamad alfaatix markii uu xilka ku farristay [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo [[Boland|booland]] ayaa yasay oo buriyay hishiiska oo la galay aabihiis wuxuuna weeraray dhulka dawlada asagoo burburiyay meelo badan, golaha hogaamiyaasha dawlada ayaa isla garteen in loo baahanyahay [[muraad labaad]], wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ayaa u diray inuu imaado balse wuu ka diiday, markale ayuu u qoray muxamad alfaatix <blockquote> "Hadaa tahay suldaanka waa inaa ilaalisaa dhulka iyo adoomaha, hadaadan ahayna waa inaa yeeshaa hadalka suldaanka oo fulisaa amarkiis" </blockquote> markaas ayuu imaaday [[Muraad labaad]], aad ayaana loo soo dhaweeyay, ciidan gaaray 60kun ayuu qaatay <ref group="ِ">Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 143</ref><ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. P. 32</ref> wuxuu la kulmay isbahaysiga sanadkii 1444, dagaal qaraar aynaana dhex maray, ugu dambeyn waxaa la jabiyay isbahaysiga jab xun <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فهمي، عبدُ السلام عبد العزيز|عنوان=السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح: فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة وقاهر الرُّوم|إصدار=الخامسة|صفحة=22|سنة=</nowiki>[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1993]]م|ناشر=دار القلم|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607214955/https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|</ref> waxaana lagu dilay dagaalka [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] iyo kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]], wuxuu faray suldaanka in labadood madax lagu bandhigo [[bursa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]], dagaalkan waxaa loo yaqaan [[dagaalkii faaraana]], waxaana ka dhashay mandiqada [[balqaan]] inay cusmaaniyiinta ku kali naqdaan iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo awoodeed wiiqmato, [[caalamka islaamiga]] ayaa dabaaldagyo laga sameeyay boqorka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa amray in khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ka dib minbarada lagu xuso [[muraad labaad]]. [[Muraad labaad]] markii uu ka soo laabtay dagaalka wuxuu dib ugu noqday qalwadiis. === Ka dagistiis xilka === Labo sano kadib qabashadiis xilka 1446dii [[Inkishaariyiinta|Ciidanka inkishaariyiinta]] ayaa ku sameeyay kacdoon suldaanka yar waxayna ka dalbeen [[muraad labaad]] inuu xilka kusoo noqdo, wuu ka yeelay. Muxamad alfaatix Xilka markuu ka dagay kadib wuxuu badanaa joogay [[magniisiya]], wuxuu kala qeyb galay aabihiis [[dagaalkii kosofo labaad]] oo guul ka gaaray iyo weerardii uu ku qaaday [[askandar bek]] == Qabashadiis labaad ee xilka == markuu dhintay [[muraad labaad]] sanadii 1451 waa la qariyay ilaa muxamad alfaatix oo ka yimid, wuxuuna ugu horeyn amray in meedka aabihiis loo qaado [[bursa]], halkaas oo ku duuganyihiin aabayaashii, waxaa soo gaaray safiiro ka kala socdo dawlado badan sida [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|briizanda]], [[Jamhuuriyada janawa|janawa]], [[Imaarada daraabazon|daraabazon]], iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] dhamaan wuxuu la saxiixday hishiisyo, ===Imaarada qaramaan=== Amiirka qaramaan [[Ibrahim bek]] oo ka faaideesanaya xiliga kala guurka taageerana ka helaya [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|birrizanda]] ayaa caasiyay oo weeraray dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] wuxuu isku dayay inuu soo celiyo imaaradaha [[Imaarada Karmiyaan|karmiyaan]], [[banuu aydiin]], [[munashtaa]] iyo [[saaruuqaan]] <ref name="منجم2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 456 - 457|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> Suldaan muxamad ayaa u baxay oo ka buriyay dhulkiisa, [[Ibrahim bek]] ayaa bilaabay baryo iyo inuu cafis dalbo, suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa iska cafiyay oo u celiyay imaaradihiis bishardi inuu raacsanaado dawlado oona lacago sanadla ah guto.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 102|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> == Furashada Qusdandiiniya == {{See also|furashada qusdandiiniya}} ===Axaadiista ku saabsan furashadayda=== Wuxuu ku yiri [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|rasuulka NNKH]] xadiis ay culumo badan saxiix yeeleen; <blockquote> '''لتفتحن القسطنطينية فلنعم الامير أميرها ولنعم الجيش ذلك الجيش'''<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري|البُخاري، أبو عبد الله مُحمَّد بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم الجعفي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: هاشم الندوي وآخرون|عنوان=كتابُ التاريخ الكبير|المجلد=القسم الثاني من الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة=81|ناشر=[[دائرة المعارف العثمانية|دائرة المعارف العُثمانيَّة]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[حيدر آباد]] - [[الراج البريطاني|الهند]]|مسار=https://ia600201.us.archive.org/31/items/waq15291/02_15292.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024504/https://ia600201.us.archive.org/31/items/waq15291/02_15292.pdf|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن عبد البر|ابن عبد البر، أبو عُمر يُوسُف بن عبد الله النمري القُرطُبي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: علي مُحمَّد البجَّاوي|عنوان=الاستيعاب في معرفة الأصحاب|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=170|سنة=[[1412هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الجيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://shamela.ws/book/12288/171|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024032/https://al-maktaba.org/book/12288/171|تاريخ أرشيف=[[24 ديسمبر|</ref> "'''Waxaad furan doontaan Qusdandiiniya waxaa fiicnaaday amiir amiirkeeda waxaa fiicnaaday ciidan ciidankaan",''' </blockquote> ===U diyaar garowga furashada=== [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] oo ahayd caasimada dawlada gabalkeeda sii dhacaayay ayaa waxaa dhinac kasta xigay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxayna ahayd magaalo leh dhufeesyo aad u adag oo taariikda muslimiinta in badan ay isku day furashadeyda balse ku guuleesan waayeen, sidoo kale magaalada waxay qiimo aad u weyn ku lahayd [[Masiixiyad|kirishtaanka]] gaar ahaan [[orthodokiska]], suldaan muxamad oo aad ugu baraarugsanaa ahmiyada magaalada ayaa xooga saaray furashadeyda, waxa uu ka ag dhisay qalcada [[romali xisaar]] soo u kontoroolo doomaha soo maraya [[boosfoor|marinka boosfoor]] <ref name="منجم4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 458 - 464|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref><ref name="نبيل5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 322 - 327|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|</ref> inkastoo uu imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] kasoo horjeestay dhismaha qalcada hadana suldaanka ayaa ka fareestay dhagaha <ref name="كلتي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= كلتي، برناردين|مؤلف2= ترجمة: شُكري محمود نديم|عنوان= فتح القُسطنطينيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 74 - 75|سنة= [[1962]]|ناشر= مكتبة النهضة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]] - [[الجمهورية العراقية (1958–68)|العراق]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n89| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231057/https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n89 | </ref> Sanadkii 1452dii suldaanka wuxuu joogay [[Edirne|adirna]] asigoo aruuriyay ciidamo badan oo gaaray 80kun iyo manjaniiqyo badan sidoo kale madaafic waaweyn uu sameeyay injineer hangariyan ah <ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار= </nowiki>https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false |عنوان=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century – Hans-Henning Kortüm |سنة=2007 |تاريخ الوصول=2015-06-26|الرقم المعياري=9783050041315 |مؤلف-الأخير1=Kortum |مؤلف-الأول1=Hans-Henning |مؤلف-الأخير2=Kortüm |مؤلف-الأول2=Hans-Henning |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426061833/https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-04-26| </ref><ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار= </nowiki>https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false |عنوان=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... – Gábor Ágoston |تاريخ=2005 |تاريخ الوصول=2015-06-26|الرقم المعياري=9780521843133 |مؤلف-الأخير1=Ágoston |مؤلف-الأول1=Gábor |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426061834/https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد| الأخير = Runciman| الأول = Steven| وصلة مؤلف =:en:Steven Runciman| سنة = 1990| عنوان = The Fall of Constantinople: 1453|ناشر = Cambridge University Press| مكان = London| صفحات = 77–78| الرقم المعياري = 978-0-521-39832-9}}</ref><ref name="منجم4" /><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 79|سنة= [[2013]]|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مسار= https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book}}</ref> imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobonaad]] laftirkiisa ma fariisan wuxuu ka raadsaday gurmad dhanka dawladaha [[yurub]] balse wax saas kama helin, [[babaa nikola shanaad]] ayaa ku xujeeyay in la mideeyo kaniisadaha, taasi oo uu ogolaaday imbiraadoorka balse waxay dhalisay inay ka xanaaqaan shacabka [[biriizanda]] heer ay talyaasha dawlada qaarkood ay door bidaan ku hoos noolaashaha muslimiinta <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= كلتي، برناردين|مؤلف2= ترجمة: شُكري محمود نديم|عنوان= فتح القُسطنطينيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 78|سنة= </nowiki>[[1962]]|ناشر= مكتبة النهضة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]] - [[الجمهورية العراقية (1958–68)|العراق]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n93| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231245/https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n93 | </ref> ===Bilowga hareereenta=== Suldaan muxamad oo rabay sabab uu ku weeraro magaalada ayaa marmarsiyo ka dhigtay xad gudub ee shacabka ruum u geesteen qof Muslim ahaa, wuxuu markiiba ka xaystay ciidankiisa, markuu gaaray afafka hore ee [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] wuxuu u khudbeeyay ciidankiis wuxuuna ku dul aqriyay axaadiista kusoo aroortay furashada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] ciidanka ayaa ku dhuftay takbiir, waxayna ka hareereeyeen magaalada dhulka <ref group="ْ">Türklerin Altın Kitabı, Refik Özdek, Tercüman Yayınları - II. ve III. Cilt. sayfa 410</ref>,dhanka badana usduul ka kooban 126 doomo ayaa ka go'doomiyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium (Campaign)|المجلد=78|الأول=David|الأخير=Nicolle|وصلة مؤلف=ديفيد نيكول|ناشر=Osprey Publishing|مكان=Oxford|</ref>Dhufeesyada magaalada ayaa waxaa ku hoobtay madaafic xoogan, waxaa gurmad ahaan u yimid doomo ka socda [[janaw|janawa]] kuwaas oo hogaaminayay [[yoxanaa justinyaani]] wuxuu xoog kusoo dhaafay ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayagoo galay magaalada <ref name="حسون">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حسُّون، عليّ|عنوان= العُثمانيُّون والبلقان|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 90|سنة= [[1406هـ]] - [[1986]]م|ناشر= المكتب الإسلامي|تاريخ الوصول= [[18 يناير|18 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.othmanyoun.w.al.blqan/page/n89| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231041/https://archive.org/details/al.othmanyoun.w.al.blqan/page/n89 | تاريخ أرشيف = 19 مارس 2020 }</ref>, silsilada xoogan oo la dhigay afka hore ee magaalada awgeed ayee doomaha cusmaaniyiinta soo gaari waayeen magaalada waxaa dheeraatay go'doominta, khaliil baashaa oo la sheego inuu hoos ula jiray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] usoo jeediyay suldaanka inuu aqbalo hishiis uuna iska daayo furashada asigoona ku sababeeyay inaa sahal lagu furan karin hadiise dhacdo in la furto in dawladaha ree yurub dhamaan weerar aa kala har lahayn kusoo qaadi doonaan dawlada, talyaal badan ayaa ku raacay fikirkiis, waxaa galay suldaanka labalqbeen shiiqiisa [[aaq shamsudiin]] ayaa xoojiyay qalbigiisa uguna bishaareeyay in furashadu dhawdahay, suldaan muxamad oo ku fakaraya sida doomaha looga gudbin lahaa silsilada baa waxaa ku soo dhacay fikrad waali ahayd waa in la marsiiyo doomaha dhulka kadib laga soo galiyo geeska dahabiga silsilada gadaasheed, waxaa leeysku dhadhajiyay alwaaxyo badan ayadoo lagu shubay saliib sidaas ayaa loo marsiiyay 70 doomo Hal habeyn Subaxdii markii lasoo toosay waxaa kadis ku noqotay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] doomaha cusmaaniyiinta oo joogo marinka way niyad jabeen, waxayna ogaadeen in magaalada gacantooda kasii socoto, muxamad alfaatix ayaa u diray [[Qusdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]] inuu iska dhiibo magaalada uuna siin doono jasiiradaha qaar, balse imbiraadoorka ayaa ku jawaabay inuusan dhiibeen ilaa uu ka dhinto,<ref name="أوزتونا4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 136 - 142|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 مايو 2019}</ref> [[khaliil baashaa]] ayaa markii ugu dambeesay isku dayay suldaanka inuu joojiyo asagoo ku cabsi galiyay in ciidan badan oo ree yurub soo socdaan laakin suldaanka muusan dhageesan wuxuuna ogaysiiyay ciidankiis in weerarka kama dambeeska ee qaadi doonaan 29 may, weerarka ayee qaadeen ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka booday darbiga ayagoo laayay ciidankii [[biriizanda]], sedex bari ayee seef wadeen kadib amaan ayaa la siiyay dadka, waxaana loo fasaxay inay si xur ah u gutaan diintooda waxaana la waayay imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]], waxaa maalinkaas loobixiyay suldaan muxamad magaca "alfaatix" oo laga wado furte, wuxuu u badalay magaca magaalada asagoo u bixiyay "islaambuul" yacni magaalada islaamka kadib taxriif ayaa galay waxayna noqotay [[Istanbuul|Istanbul]], caasimada dawladiis ayuuna usoo wareejiyay Waxaa laga sameeyay magaalada [[qaahira]] dabaaldagyo lagu soo dhaweeyay furashada Qusdandiiniya <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن إياس|ابن أيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق مُحمَّد مُصطفى|عنوان= بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة= 316|سنة= [[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر= [[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|تاريخ الوصول= [[19 يناير|19 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/02_17750.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010123/https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/02_17750.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 9 يونيو 2019 }</ref><ref name="ابن تغري">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف الأتابكي اليشبقاوي الظاهري]]|عنوان= النُجُوم الزاهرة في مُلُوك مصر والقاهرة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 70 - 71|سنة= [[1383هـ]] - [[1963]]م|ناشر= [[وزارة الثقافة (مصر)|وزارة الثقافة المصريَّة]]|تاريخ الوصول= [[22 فبراير|22 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الجمهورية العربية المتحدة]]|مسار= https://ia600200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/16_159844.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200222183109/https://ia600200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/16_159844.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 22 فبراير 2020 }</ref> ==Furashooyinka xigay Qusdandiiniya== ===Furashada seerbiya=== Waxay keentay ku dhicida Qusdandiiniya gacanta muslimiinta inay cabsi xoogan soo wajahdo dawladaha yar yar dariska lahaa cusmaaniyiinta waxay usoo dagdageen inay hishiisyo la galaan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[bunduqiya]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= ديل، شارلز|مؤلف2= تعريب: أحمد عزَّت عبد الكريم وتوفيق إسكندر|عنوان= البُندُقيَّة جُمهُوريَّة أرستقراطيَّة|صفحة= 137|سنة= [[1948]]|ناشر= دار المعارف|</ref> qeysarka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] [[jureyj baraakofij]] oo horay xiligii muraad labaad dhulal uga qabsaday dawlada ayaa wuxuu dalbaday hishiis iyo inuu celiyo dhulalka lana nabadgaliyo balse suldaan ayaa dhahay waa inaa soo wareejisaa dhamaan qalcadaha, wuu diiday wuxuuna u cararay hangari suldaanka ayaa ka qabsaday dhufeesyo badan wuuna kasoo laabtay 1454tii ayuu markale suldaanka weeraray [[Seerbiya|serbiya]], qeysarka serbiya oo kaalmo kasoo waayay [[Hungary|hangari]] ayaa la saxiixday hishiis suldaanka <ref name="الرشيدي4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان=مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=161 - 164|سنة=[[2013]]|ناشر=دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] </ref> waxaa markiiba sameesmay isbahaysi kirishmis oo xoogan, laakin muxamad alfaatix maba sugin ee weerar buu ku qaaday asoo wata ciidan gaaraya 100kun, wuxuu hareereeyay [[Belgaraad|balgaraad]], waxaase laga horkeenay iska caabin daran, suldaanka ayaa ka soo laabtay, balse waxaa dhaabac oo u dhinto gaaray [[yoxanaa honyaad]] . waxaa soo gaaray suldaanka dhimashada qeysarka serbiya [[jureyj baraakofij]] iyo in [[seerbiya]] ka bilaawatay qas, wuxuu diray suldaanka ciidan [[seerbiya]] see u qabsadaan,<ref name="منجم6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=471 - 477|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر</ref><ref name="طقوش3">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=116 - 117|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|</ref> ciidankaan ayaa qabsaday badanaa [[seerbiya]] ===Furashada dhulka moora=== [[Toomaas baayuuluj]] iyo [[dimitriyoos baayuuluj]] oo la wada dhasheen imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]] ayaa ka talin jireen dhulka [[moora]] waxaana soo ka dhex galay qilaaf, waxaana ka bilaawday dhulkaas qas iyo foodo <ref name=":0">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(Premysloides_Dynasty)|عنوان=Demetrios {{Wayback|url=https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(Premysloides_Dynasty){{!}}عنوان=Demetrios |date=20211213192729 }} Palaiologos (Premysloides Dynasty)|تاريخ الوصول=2021-12-13|موقع=Alternative History|لغة=en|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213192729/https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_%28Premysloides_Dynasty%29%7C</ref> suldaan muxamad asagoo ka faaideesanaya ayaa weeraray oona qabsaday dhulkaas 1460kii, [[Dimitriyoos baayuuluj|dimitriyoos]] ayuu qabtay halka [[Toomaas baayuuluj|Toomaas]] uu u cararay [[talyaaniga]] ===Furashada daraabazoon=== imbiraadoorkii [[Imbiraadooriyada darabazon|darabazon]] yooxana afaraad komniin oo aad uga walwalsanaa guulaha cusmaaniyiinta ayaa bilaabay inuu sameeyo isbahaysi ay ku mideesanyihiin cadawga [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] suldaanka [[aaq qooyonloo]] [[oozoon xasan]] necbaa dawlada ayuu la saaxibay waxa uu ku daray gabadhiis <ref name="طقوش4">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=120 - 122|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.</ref><ref group="ِ">[[:en:Franz Babinger|Franz Babinger]], ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time'', translated by Ralph Manheim (Princeton: University Press, 1978), p. 185</ref>, sidoo kale amiirada [[Joorjiya (wadan)|joorjiya]], [[Armania|armiiniya]] iyo [[qaramaan]] ayuu soo daray ree galbeedka ayuu wada hadal la bilaabay ayagana balse dhimashada ayaa u timid imbiraadoorka walaalkiis daauud oo xilka kaga dambeeyay ayaa meesha kasii waday dawlada [[janawa]] oo heestay amaasira ayaa ku biirtay Suldaan muxamad ayaa weerar gaadmo ah ku qaaday [[amaasira]] asigoona la wareegay wuxuu sidoo kale qabsaday [[Imaarada Qasdamuuni|qasdamuuni]] iyo [[seynuub]] Wuxuu weeraray dhulka [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo gaarsiiyay jab weyn, [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa u leexday hishiis, wuxuuna soo diray wafdi ey ku jirto hooyadii [[saara khaatuun]], suldaan muxamad ayaa aqbalay dalabkiisa wuxuuna shardiyay inuu ka joogo taageerida [[Imbiraadooriyada Darabazon|darabazon]] Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa hareereeyay [[Imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon|daraabazoon]] imbiraadoor daauud oo ka sugaayay taageero [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa markuu ogaaday inuu la hishiiyay suldaanka tala ku cadaatay, wuxuu ka dlabay [[saara khaatuun]] inay kala hadasho suldaanka balse codsigeeda lama dhageesan, ugu dambeyn wuu is dhiibay sidaas ayeena ku dhaamtay [[imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon]]. ===Daraakoola=== Waxaa looga soo sheegtay suldaanka in [[daraakoola]] amiirka afaalaaq uu tacadiyo badan u geestay muslimiinta, wuxuuna ahaa [[daraakoola]] in xilka xoog kula wareegay 1456dii asagoo taageero ka helaaya hangari <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | المؤلفون = Academia Romana | عنوان = A History of Romanians | المجلد = IV| مكان = Bucuresti | ناشر = Editura Enciclopedica | سنة = 2012 | إصدار = الثانية|صفحة=375|</ref>. Suldaanka ayaa u diray daraakoola inuu hortiisa imaado balse [[daraakoola]] wuxuu ku marmarsiyooday in hadii uu kasoo tago dhulkiisa u gacangali doono [[hangari]], suldaanka oo rumeestay ayaa u diray [[xamza bek]] iyo [[yuunus baashaa]] inay sii ilaaliyaan amniga [[Romania|aflaaq]] intuu ka soo laabanayo daraakoola wuxuuna uga digay qayaanadiis asagoo faray hadii wax ka dareemaan inay dilaan ama soo xiraan <ref group="ِ" name="مولد تلقائيا3">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608112020/http://www.exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html |حالة المسار=dead |تاريخ أرشيف=2009-06-08 |عنوان=Vlad the Impaler second rule [3&#93; |ناشر=Exploringromania.com |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Treptow |الأول=Kurt W. |سنة=2000 |عنوان=Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula |ناشر=The Center of Romanian Studies |الرقم المعياري=978-973-98392-2-8 |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف-الأخير1=Florescu |مؤلف-الأول1=Radu R. |وصلة-مؤلف1=:en:Radu Florescu |مؤلف-الأخير2=McNally |مؤلف-الأول2=Raymond T. |سنة=1989 |عنوان=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times |ناشر=Back Bay Books |الرقم المعياري=978-0-316-28656-5 |</ref>, nasiib daro ayagoo maahsan ayuu [[daraakoola]] habeen madow weeraray asoo dilay [[xamza bek]] iyo [[yuunus baashaa]], intaas kuma sii harin ee wuxuu weeraray magaalooyinka [[Bulgariya|bulgeeriya]], suldaan muxamad oo uga xumaaday ayaa u diray fariin sidayaal, [[daraakoola]] ayaa ku amray fariin sidayaashii inay cimaamadahood dhigaan ixtiraam dartiis markii ay ka diideen wuxuu ka musmaareeyay madaxa, suldaanka oo aad uga xanaaqay ficiladiisa ayaa qaatay ciidan gaaraya 150kun 1462dii oo weeraray aflaaq <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Rezachevici |الأول=Constantin |editor-last=Treptow |editor-first=Kurt W. |عنوان=Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș |ناشر=East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press |سنة=1991 |صفحة=259|الفصل=Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography |</ref>, [[daraakoola]] markuu ogaaday wuxuu raacay siyaasada dhulka la gubay wuxuuna ku gambaday buuraha, <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Rezachevici |الأول=Constantin |editor-last=Treptow |editor-first=Kurt W. |عنوان=Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș |ناشر=East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press |سنة=1991 |صفحة=259|الفصل=Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography |</ref> ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa badiyeen dilka iyo qabsashada, [[daraakoola]] ayaa habeen madow soo weerar tagay asigoo damacsanaa dilka suldaanka<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= Radu R Florescu |مؤلف2= Raymond T. McNally|عنوان= Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times|صفحة= 147|سنة= [[2009]]|ناشر= Little, Brown|الرقم المعياري= 9780316092265|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books/about/Dracula_Prince_of_Many_Faces.html?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&redir_esc=y| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319230804/https://books.google.com.lb/books/about/Dracula_Prince_of_Many_Faces.html?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&redir_esc=y | </ref>, hase ahaatee wuu fashilmay waana la bursaday wuxuu u cararay [[Hungary|hangari]], suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa tagay [[Buqarest|bookhaarast]] oo iclaamiyay inuu raaul walaalka [[daraakoola]] uu xilka aflaaq u dhiibay. ===furashada jasiirada mideeli=== Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa diyaariyay usduul weyn soo u weeraro jasiirada [[mideeli]] oo maamuleesay janawa, sadrulacdam maxamuud baashaa <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | الأخير = Miller | الأول = William | وصلة مؤلف =:en:William Miller (historian) | الفصل = The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355–1462) | عنوان = Essays on the Latin Orient |ناشر = Cambridge University Press | مكان = Cambridge | سنة = 1921 | مسار = https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft | ref=harv |oclc = 457893641|صفحة=345| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160831235710/https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft | </ref> ayuu u xilsaaray furashadeed waxay ku garaaceen madaafic jasiirada, taliyaha heestay jaziirada ayaa is dhiibay, waxayna soo gashay gacanta dawlada ===furashada boosniya=== Boqorka [[boosniya]] [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] ayaa ku ahaa dawlada cadaw daran, suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa ka dalbaday inuu u hogaasamo dawlada uuna bixiyo jizyo balse [[Osdofaan doomaasofij|osdofaan]] oo isku halaynayay xiriirka kala dhaxeeya [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo baabaa ayaa diiday <ref name="طقوش5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 118 - 119|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> wuxuu raadsaday gurmad balse wax soo gaaray ma jirin, suldaanka ayaa soo weeraray wuxuuna iska soo hormariyay sadrulacdamka [[maxamuud baashaa]] wuxuu qabsaday dhoor dhufeesyo mardambe dhufees uu ku gambaday boqorka [[boosniya]] ayuu hareereeyay afar bari kadib waxaa ka go'ay cuntadii [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa u bandhigay inuu aamin yahay haduu is dhiibo [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] ayaa is dhiibay asaga iyo iyo walaalkiis, [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa u keenay suldaanka <ref name="منجم8">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 486 - 494|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Babinger|الأول=Franz|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Franz Babinger|عنوان=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|ناشر=Princeton University Press|مكان=USA|سنة=1992|الرقم المعياري=0-691-01078-1|صفحة=221}}</ref> Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa ka soo horjeestay amaanka la siiyay culumada ayuu ka ifto dalbay qaar ayaa iftooday inay hala ka jirin amaankaas, suldaanka ayaana amray in la dilo [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] iyo walaalkiis, waxaa uu siiyay dadka deegaanka amaan naftooda iyo diintooda <ref group="ِ">[http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehemt II<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318110046/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html |date=18 مارس 2016}}</ref><ref group="ِ">[http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html Light Millennium: A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165849/http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html |date=03 مارس 2016}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب| الأخير =مُعطي| الأول =علي| تاريخ =[[25 فبراير|25 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229015639/http://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/| تاريخ أرشيف=[[29 فبراير|29 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| مسار =http://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/| عنوان =موقف الدولة العثمانية من الأقلّيات الدينية| موقع =جريدة اللِّواء| تاريخ الوصول =[[25 فبراير|25 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| ناشر= نقلًا عن كتاب «السلطان محمد الفاتح» لمؤلفه: ياووز بهادُر أوغلي، ترجمة مُصطفى حمزة ومُحمَّد حمزة، نشر دار مكتبة المعارف - ناشرون، [[بيروت]]، [[2016]]، صفحة 165 وما بعدها.}}</ref> Waxaa harsaneed furashada gobolka [[Harsenk|harsak]], suldaanka ayaa u daayay maxamuud baashaa wuuna laabtay [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa weeraray gobolkaas wuxuu qabsaday dhoor dhufeesyo, amiirka gobolka harsak osdofaan fookej ayaa u diray wiilkiis suldaanka wuxuuna dalbaday amaan, Suldaanka ayaa ka yeelay, gobolka qeyb ayuu dawlada ku daray qeybna wuu u dhaafay,wiilkiis wuxuu joogay Istanbul mar dambe ayuu islaamay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | مؤلف = [[:en:Safvet-beg Bašagić|Safvet-beg Bašagić]] | عنوان = Kratka uputa u prošlost Bosne i Hercegovine, od g. 1463–1850 | سنة = 1900 | لغة = Serbo-Croatian | مسار = https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog | صفحة = [https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog/page/n30 20]| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180322084240/https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog | </ref> ===la dagaalanka bunduqiya=== jamhuuriyada [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo aad ugu dadaaleesay ilaalashada dhaqaalaheed ayaa ku laheed xarumo badan [[moora]] iyo bada iija wxayna aad ugu baqeesay dhul balaarsiga [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] sidaas darteed ayee in badan taageetay cadawga dowalada sida [[askandar bek]] [[biriizanda]] laakin markii [[Istanbuul|qusdandiiniya]] la qabsaday waxay gashay cudur daar, sanadii 1463 waxaa soo gaaray suludaanka in [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo hangari ku hishiiyeen inay soo celiyaan dhufeesyo [[moora]] ku yiil uu hada ka hor uu dumiyay [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]], kadibna ay tartiib tartiib uaga qabsadaan dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa diray [[maxamuud baashaa]] balse wuxuu gaaray ayagoo dhiseen <ref name="منجم8"/><ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد |عنوان=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century |الأخير=Setton |الأول=Kenneth M. |سنة=1978 |ناشر=DIANE Publishing|صفحة=248|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |الرقم المعياري=0-87169-127-2| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190511204648/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |</ref> wuxuu la galay dagaalo badan wuxuu dumiyay dhufeesyadii asagoo qabsaday meelo kale oo badan sida [[aargoos]] iyo [[isbarda]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= ڤاتان، نيقولا|مؤلف2= إشراف روبير مانتران|مؤلف3= ترجمة [[بشير السباعي]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|الفصل=الفصل الثالث: صُعُود العُثمانيين|صفحة= 137|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات والنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[5 يناير|5 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf| {{Wayback|url=https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf{{!}} |date=20200201232554 }} مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200201232554/https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 فبراير 2020 | وصلة مكسورة</ref>, bunduqiya oo dareentay in looga adkaaday ayaa raadsatay saaxiibo imaarada [[Imaarada qramaan|qaramaan]] ayee la hadashay, balse imaarada oo ogeed dharbaaxidii hore ee kasoo gaartay muxamad alfaatix ayaa garab istaagi weesay, sidoo kale [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa ayagana iska diiday inay uga hiiliyaan dawlad gaalo ah dawlad muslim, waxay aaday [[aaq qooyonloo]] [[oozoon xasan]] oo u ciil qabay suldaanka ayaa garab siiyay<ref name="التفاعل">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= وصفي، مُحمَّد رضا|عنوان= التفاعل بين الإسلام والمسيحيَّة في إيران: العهد الصفوي (1501 - 1722م)|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 163 - 164|سنة= [[2015]]|ناشر= مركز الحضارة لِتنمية الفكر الإسلامي|الرقم المعياري= 9786144270592|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 مارس|3 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=0thSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&source=bl&ots=lbgDuB4AFs&sig=ACfU3U0Ct5ZaxAPuinGTbEMa9cZd_6KsGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4fXJn_7nAhUI8hQKHSkCArEQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303133327/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=0thSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&source=bl&ots=lbgDuB4AFs&sig=ACfU3U0Ct5ZaxAPuinGTbEMa9cZd_6KsGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4fXJn_7nAhUI8hQKHSkCArEQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ%23v%3Donepage&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false#v=snippet&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false|تاريخ أرشيف=[[3 مارس|</ref> waxaa kusoo biirtay [[Hungary|hangari]] sedexdood waxay ku hishiiyeen qaabkii ay ku qeesan lahaayeen dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ===ladagaalanka hangari=== baaba [[biyuus labaad]] ayaa weerar uu hogaaminaayo soo qaaday balse dhex buu ku dhintay baabaa ga bedelay wuu iska daayay weerarka <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ويل ديورانت|ديورانت، وِل]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: مُحمَّد بدران|عنوان= قصَّة الحضارة: النهضة|صفحة= 56 - 61|المجلد= الجُزء الثالث من المُجلَّد الخامس|ناشر= المنظمة العربية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم ودار الجيل للطبع والنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 مارس|3 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] و[[تونس العاصمة|تُونُس]]|مسار= https://ia801908.us.archive.org/16/items/WAQ29508_201304/05-3-20.pdf|{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611202952/https://ia801702.us.archive.org/19/items/WAQ29508_201304/05-3-20.%7C</ref>, boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] [[miitaas labaad]] ayaa qabsaday qalcada yayja suldaanka ayaa ciidankiisa qaatay soo uga ceshado mudo ayuu hareereeyay laakin ma furan, wuxuu maqlay in boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] uu weeraray maagalo kale wuu soo dhaqsaday wuxuu jabiyay ciidankii hangari boqorkooda [[miitaas labaad]] ayaa dirqis ku baxsaday, waxaa saas ku kali noqotay [[bunduqiya]] ===askader bek=== [[askandar bek]] amiirka [[Albania|albaaniya]] ayaa jabiya hihiis uu la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] waxa uuna weeraray dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa soo aaday 1468 waxa uu hareereeyay caasimadiis [[aaqja xisaar]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Franco|الأول=Demetrio|سنة=1539|عنوان=Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr|مكان=Venice|ناشر=Altobello Salkato|الرقم المعياري=99943-1-042-9|صفحة=343}}</ref> laakin wuu qabsan waayay<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Freely|الأول=John|سنة=2009|عنوان=The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire|مكان=New York|ناشر=The Overlook Press|الرقم المعياري=1-59020-248-1|</ref>, magaalooyin qaar ayuu qabsaday ciidamo ayuu dhigay wuuna laabtay, Isla sanadkaas waxaa dhintay [[askandar bek]] kadib 20 sano uu weerar kula jiray [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] wuxuuna kamid ahaa cadawyadeed daran <ref name="محمد فريد5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 172 - 178|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> ===qaramaan=== waxaa dhintay amiirka qaramaan [[ibraahim bek]] ilmihiis biir axmad iyo isxaaq ayaana xilka isku qabsaday <ref name="محمد فريد5"/><ref group="ْ">Iorga, Nicolae (2005). ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi'', Vol 2 : 1451–1538 (translated by Nilüfer Epçeli). Yeditepe. {{ردمك</ref>, biir axmad dawlada garab weydiistay, suldaanka oo fursad u arkaayay ayaa weerary isxaaq oo buriyay waxa uuna xilka saaray biir axmad <ref name="محمد فريد5"/><ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi'' Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 256-257</ref> balse biir axmad asna wuu ku caasiyay dawlada suldaanka ayaa ku soo laabtay oo laayay dhamaan wixii taageeray, biir axmad ayaa u cararay laarinda waa looga daba tagay wuxuu ku gambaday [[oozoon xasan]] ===furashada jaziirada waabiya=== intuu ku mashquulsanaa suldaanka [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]] [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ayaa weerartay dhulka dawlada oo laaysay dad badan, suldaanka oo ka aargoosanaayo ayaa 1470kii weraray jaziirada [[waabiya]] ee hoostimaado [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]]<ref name="منجم9">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 495 - 505|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> , wuuna qabsaday, dadkii deganaa waxa uuu siiyayamaan, taasi oo dhaabac weyn gaarsiisay [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]]. ===qaramaan=== biir axmad iyo walaalkiis qaasim ayaa soo laba kacleeyeen ayagoo heleen taageero badan, suldaanka ayaa u diray sadrulacdam muxamad baashaa alruumi inuu soo dabar gooyo, muxamad baashaa oo ku caan ahaa qalbi adeega ayaa sameeyay dulmi badan dadkii ayoo dhibay guryaha ayuu ka gubay xoolahana wuu boobay, halmar ayee ku kaceen meel ayee ugu gambadeen markaasee laayeen ciidankiis, wax yar ayuu lasoo cararay, suldaan markuu ogaaday wuxuu geestay markiiba wuu dilay, waxa uu u diray [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]] isxaaq baashaa, guulo ayoona soo hooyay, biir axmad iyo qaasim ayaa u carareen [[Oozoon xasan|oozoonx asan]], waxay dawladu qabsatay magaalooyinka [[calaaiya]] iyo suleeqiya, ===ladgaalanka aaq qooyonloo=== [[yurub]] oo rajadeda ka dhigatay oozoon xasan ayaa ka shaqaysay isku dhaca oozoon xasan iyo muxamad alfaatix, [[oozoon xasan]] oo isna isla qaab weynaa kadib markuu kasoo adkaaday dawladii [[tiimuuriyiinta]] iyo dawladii [[qura qooyonloo]] ayaa yareesanaayay muxamad alfaatix, wuxuu soo diray ina adeerkiis [[yuusufja miiruzaa]] iyo waziirkiis cumar bek bin baktaash waxay weerareen dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] magaalooyin badan bee weerareen oo gubeen xoolaha boobeen <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |عنوان=The Cambridge History of Islam |المجلد=Volume 2 |محرر1-الأول=Ann Katherine Swynford |محرر1-الأخير=Lambton |محرر2-الأول=Bernard |محرر2-الأخير=Lewis |محرر3-الأول=P.M. |محرر3-الأخير=Holt |ناشر=Cambridge University Press |سنة=1985 |صفحة=299}}</ref>, waxaa sidoo kale la socday biir axmad iyo qaasim, markuu maqlay suldaanka daauud baashaa iyo shahrazaada musdafa ayuu amray iney ka hortagaan <ref name="القرماني2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف|عنوان= أخبار الدُول وآثار الأُول في التاريخ|صفحة= 310|سنة= [[1282هـ]]|ناشر= مطبعة الميرزا عبَّاس التبريزي|تاريخ الوصول= [[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]]|مسار= https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224011431/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|</ref> dagaal culus ayaa dhex maray waxaa lagu jabiyay [[aaq qoonlow]] yuusuja ayaana gacanta lagu dhigay sanadii 1473dii ayuu suldaan muxamad u amba baxay ladagaalanka [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo wata 100kun oo ciidan, [[oozoon xasan]] isna ciidankiis ayuu ula soo dhaqaaqay [[arzanjaan]], suldaanka ayaa iska sii hormariyay ciidan uu watay muraad alkhaaski belse [[oozoon xasan]] baa kamiin u dhigay oo laayay, suldaan muxamad ayaa soo dedegay labada ciidan waxay ku kulmeen meel la dhaho otloq bile, dagaal adag oo saacado qaatay kadib waxaa la jabiyay [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo ka cararay goobta kadib markii la dilay wiilkiis taliyaashiis badanaa la qabtay, waxaa la sheegaa inuu ku dhahay biir axmad "ina qaramaanoo firkaada alle ha qaribo ceeb iyo duli baa ii keentay, maxaa ii geestay ina cusmaan" [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa hishiis la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] kadib jabkii ka soo gaaray, waxaana loo guuriyay gabadha suldaan maxamad [[jowhar khaan khaatuun]] wiilka oozoon xasan <ref name="أوزتونا7"/><ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=Necdet|الأخير=Sakaoğlu|عنوان=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|ناشر=Oğlak Yayıncılık|سنة=2008|الرقم المعياري=978-9-753-29623-6|صفحة=179}}</ref>, waxaa cidlo noqday amiirada [[Imaarada qaramaan|qaramaan]] biir axmad iyo qaasim, ciidan yar ayee soo qaateen waxayna weerareen [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]], suldaanka ayaa u diray waziir [[kadak axmad baashaa]] qalcadaha ee qabsadeen buu ka buriyay, qaasim wuu is dhiibay, biir amad soo u cararaayay shaam ayuu tagay halkaas uu cumrigiisa ku dhameestay<ref name="منجم10">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 507 - 517|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> ===furashada qiram=== [[Jaziirada qiram|Qiram]] waa jaziirad dhacda waqooyiga bada madow, waxaa ka talin jirtay [[qabiilka dahabiga]] oo ka mid ahayd dawladaha tataarka, dawladaas waxay u qeybsantay dawlado badan, waxaa kamid ahaa khaan qiram <ref name="القرم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 128 - 130|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> uu xaaji kiraay aasaasay 1449kii<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Vernadsky|الأول=George|سنة=1953|عنوان=The Mongols and Russia|ناشر=Yale University Press|صفحة=329}}</ref> dawlada [[janawa]] ayaa heysatay magaalooyinka [[aazuuq]] iyo [[kafa]] oo ka tirsan qiram, suldaan muxamad asigoo asbaab badan ku riixeeso wuxuu go'aansaday furashada qiram, [[kadak axmad baashaa]] ayuuna u xilsaaray arintaa, si ku haboon ayuuna u fuliyay wuxuu ka taqalusay joogista [[janawa]] ee jaziirada qiram, amiirka qiram mankaley kiraay ayaa aqbalay inuu hoos imaado dawlada, hishiis ayuuna la galay ===weerarida bagadaan=== Amiirka [[Moldofa|bagadaan]] [[osdofaan bin bugdaan]] ayaa ahaa inuu diiday daacada [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], asigoo ka faaideesanaya dagaalada suldaanka ee is daba xiriira ayuu weeraray [[Romania|Aflaaq]] amiirkeeda Raul ayuu xilka ka qaaday nin kale ayuuna saaray <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف-الأخير1=Florescu |مؤلف-الأول1=Radu R. |وصلة-مؤلف1=:en:Radu Florescu |مؤلف-الأخير2=McNally |مؤلف-الأول2=Raymond T. |سنة=1989 |عنوان=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times |ناشر=Back Bay Books |الرقم المعياري=978-0-316-28656-5 </ref> Suldaanka ayaa u xilsaaray la dagaalankiisa [[suleymaan baashaa alqaadim]], ciidan badan ayuu la baxay 1475tii <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Mikaberidze |الأول=Alexander |وصلة مؤلف=:en:Alexander Mikaberidze |editor-last=Mikaberidze |editor-first=Alexander |عنوان=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. |ناشر=ABC-CLIO |سنة=2011 |صفحة=914 |الفصل=Vaslui-Podul, Battle of (</ref> [[Osdofaan bin bugdaan|osdofaan]] ayaa weerar gaadmo ah ku qaaday oo wax badan ka dilay ciidanka, suldaan muxamad oo ka xumaaday ayaa u soo baxay dagaalka, waxaa dhex maray asaga iyo osdofaan dagaal culus oo lagu jabshay [[Osdofaan bin bugdaan|osdofaan]], wax badan ayaana looga laayay heer loo bixiyay waadiga cad, lafaha badan ee tuban meesa darteed<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=مُحمَّد |الأول=أحمد صالح عليّ |عنوان=الأفلاق والبُغدان في العصر العُثماني |المجلد=السنة السادسة والعُشرون|العدد = العدد مئة وثلاثة|سنة= ذو الحجَّة [[1439هـ]] \ أيلول - سپتمبر [[2018]]م|صحيفة =آفاق الثقافة والتُراث| ناشر =مركز جمعة الماجد للثقافة والتُراث|صفحة= صفحة 55 - 56|تاريخ الوصول=[[8 مارس|8 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مسار=http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728.pdf |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308220126/http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728.pdf |تاريخ أرشيف=[[8 مارس|8 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308220126/http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728</ref>. ===la hishiinta Qusdandiiniya=== Suldaan muxamad oo rabay inuu culeesyada ku badiyo [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ayaa weeraro badan ku qaaday qalcadahood <ref name="منجم11">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 517 - 525|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> [[ishquudra]] ayuu go'doomiyay, [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo tabartii ka dhamaatay markay weesay dhamaan saaxiibadeed ayaa la saxiixatay hishiis dawlada, kaa oo uga dagtay dhulal badan, jizyo sanadla ah wey ogolaatay. ===Go'doominta rodos iyo furashooyinka koonfur talyaaniga=== Sandkii 1480kii muaxamd alfaatix oo in badan ku haminaayay qabsashada [[talyaaniga]] oo xililyaas dawlado badan is heesta ee ka jireen <ref name="الرشيدي6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 309 - 321|سنة= [[2013]]|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مسار= https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book}}</ref> ayaa u diray usduul oo waday [[kadak axmad baashaa]], wuxuu qabsaday jaziiradaha u dhaxeeya [[talyaaniga]] iyo [[Giriiga|gariiga]] <ref name="طقوش7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 130 - 134|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>, dhulka [[talyaaniga]] ayuu ku dagay qalcada otranto ayuu qabsaday, waxaa walwal xoogan soo food saaray dawladaha [[talyaaniga]] baabaa [[sikeskt afaraad]] ayaa ku baaqay inay hishiiyaan Isla waqtigaas suldaanka wuxuu u diray [[masiix baashaa]] qabsashada jasiirada [[roodos]] oo fardooleyda istibsaari ay heesteen,wuu weeraray mar uu ku dhawaaday furashadeed ayuu ku dhawaaqay si iskiis in ganiimada uu leeyahay kaliya suldaan, taasi oo keentay inay ciidanka niyad jabaan, guul daro ayuuna kusoo dhamaaday, suldaan maxamad ayaa canaantay [[masiix baashaa]] markuu soo laabtay. ==DHimashada suldaanka== 25 April 1481dii suldaanku ciidankiis ayuu isugu keenay wuxuu u diyaar garoobay weerar loo badinaayo inuu [[talyaaniga]] ku wajahnaa, balse jiro kadisa ayaa ku timid, wuxuuna dhintay 3 may ee sanadkaas, laba aragti ayaa ku jirto sababta uu ku dhintay, aragti qabta inuu xanuun iskiis uu u dhintay, iyo aragti qabta in la sumeeyay uuna sumeeyay dhaqtar yacquub baasha la yiraahdo asal ahaan yahuud ahaa una shaqeenaayo [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ==Wax qabadkiisa== Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa sameeyay 30kii sano uu xilka haayay wax qabad badan, wuxuu balaariyay dhulka dawlada, waxa uu dhisay dhismooyin badan, sida mdarasooyin, masaajid, suuqyo iyo isbitaalo waxaa ugu caansan dhismooyinkiis [[masjidka alfaatix]] iyo suuqa baazaar ee weyn ee ku yaalo [[Istanbuul]]<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير= |الأول= |مؤلف = |وصلة مؤلف= |المؤلفون= | تاريخ=2012 |مسار=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;tr;Mon01;28;ar |عنوان=البازار الكبير |تنسيق= |عمل= |صفحات= |ناشر=متحف بلا حدود | لغة= |تاريخ الوصول=تشرين 2012| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160319010458/http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tr;mon01;28;ar | </ref> ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== Suldaan Maxamad alfaatix wuxuu guursaday noloshiisa dhowr naagood waxayna u dhaleen wiilal badan iyo Hal gabar *'''Amiina kulbahaar khaatuun''' *'''kulshaah khaatuun''' aslkeed waa albaaniyaan *'''Mukarama khaatuun'''asalkeed waa Abkhazi *'''Jiijik khaatuun''' qaahira baa lagu dhalay taliye mamaaliikta ah ayaa dhalay *'''Xanna khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay imbiraadoorka daraabazoon daauud komneen, suldaanka ayaa guursaday kadib qabsashada daraabazoon. *'''khadiija khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay zagaanuush baashaa *'''ilmahiis''' *'''[[Bayazid labaad]]''' amiina kulbahaar khaatuun ayaa dhashay, curudka alfaatix buu ahaa, xilka ayuuna kaga dambeeyay aabihiis. *'''musdafa''' 1474tii buu dhintay *'''[[jam suldaan]]''' walaalkii [[bayazid labaad]] ayuu xilka kula dooday markuu ka adkaan waayay [[yurub]] buu aaday talyaaniga buu ku dhintay. *'''Jawhar khaan khaatuun''' waxaa guursaday ogorli maxamed bin oozoon xasan waxay u dhashay axmad koodah ==Xigasho== <references /> <references group="ْ" /> <references /> [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Category:Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Category:Boqorada islaamka]] q8d620juf842bxou4cpp25gg4crlj9b 0 7460 309701 306108 2026-09-26T03:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noemi''' (dhashay ''Veronica Scopelliti'', [[Janaayo]] 25, [[1982]] oo [[Roma]]) waa fanaanad oo [[Talyaaniga|Talyaani]] ah. = heesaheeda waxaa ka mid ah = * '''Briciole''' (2009) * '''L'amore si odia''' (iyo [[Fiorella Mannoia]]) (2009) * '''Per tutta la vita''' (2010) * '''Vertigini''' (2010) * '''Vuoto a perdere''' (2011) * '''Odio tutti i cantanti''' (2011) * '''Poi inventi il modo''' (2011) * '''Sono solo parole''' (2012 SanRemo) * '''In un giorno qualunque''' (2012) * '''La promessa''' (2012 feat. [[Stadio]]) * '''Se non e' amore''' (2012) == Eksternal link == * [http://www.noemiofficial.it/ Noemiofficial.it] * [http://www.youtube.com/noemiofficial Noemiofficial Youtube] * [http://www.arcadinoemi.it/ Arcadinoemi.it] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arcadinoemi.it/ |date=20100724051735 }} * [http://www.youtube.com/arcadinoemi1 Arca di Noemi Youtube] * [https://archive.is/20121212172432/www.facebook.com/arcadinoemi%23!/noemiofficial?ref=ts Facebook noemiofficial] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531045906/https://www.facebook.com/arcadinoemi Facebook arcadinoemi] {{commons|Noemi (singer)}} [[Category:Muusig]] [[Category:Talyaaniga]] sojkptrcyu5ptxwatx8rn9h06at4aqi 0 8958 309711 297519 2026-09-26T04:32:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suleymaan khaan koowaad bin saliim khaan koowaad''' ([[Af-Turki]] ''Sultan Süleyman I'':) oo ku magac dheer '''suleymaan qaanuuni,''' waxa uu ahaa suldaanka 10aad ee [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Dawladda Cosmaniya]], wuxuu ahaa kan ugu waqtiga dheeraa boqorada dawlada wuxuu xilka haayay 46 sano, sidoo kale khaliifka islaamka ayuu ahaa, waxaa looga yaqaan ree galbeedka agtood ('''The Great Suleyman)=''' suleymaankii weynaa, {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''suleymaan qaanuuni'''<br /> سليمان القانوني <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 10aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ skhaliifka islaamka]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[1520]] ilaa , [[1566]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[saliim koowaad]]. |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[saliim labaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1494]] |- !Ku dhashay: | [[daraabazon ]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |saliim koowaad |- !hooyadiis | caaisha xafsa suldaan |- ! colspan="2" |xaaska |} mudada dheer ee uu xilka haayay dawladu waxay gaartay dhul balaarsigeedi ugu fogaa, ayadoo kulmisay sedex qaaradood [[afrika]],[[aasiya]] iyo [[yurub]], wuxuu dagaalo ku qabsaday [[Hungary|hangari]], [[Belgaraad|balgrad]] iyo jaziirada [[rodos]], wuxuu hareereeyay [[Fiyena|fiyeena]] labo jeer oo dhufeesyadeed uu dhaafi waayay, dagaalo uu la galay safawiyiinta wuxuu ku qabsaday badanaa [[Bariga Dhexe|bariga dhex]], waxaa dawlada ku soo darsamay badanaa [[Waqooyiga Afrika|waqooyiga afrika]] sida [[aljeeriya]] iyo [[Libiya|liibiya]] iyo wadamo badan oo ka dhaca [[Bariga Afrika|bariga afrika]] sida [[soomaaliya]], [[jabuuti]] iyo [[Eratareya|iratariya]]. si guud xiligiisa waxaa lagu tiriyaa xiligii dahabiga ee dawlada, waxay aad uga hormartay dawlada dhanka maamulka, [[Suugaan|suugaanta]], fanka iyo dhimasha [[File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|thumbnail|Suldaan Süleymaan]] =Aftirsigiisa= Waa '''suleymaan koowaad ina [[saliim koowaad]] ina [[bayazid labaad]] ina [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ina [[muraad labaad]] ina [[muxamad koowaad]] ina [[bayazid koowaad]] ina [[muraad koowaad]] [[orkhan]] ina [[cusmaan gaazi]]''' =Horaantiisa= Wuxuu ku dhashey Sulayman Al-qanuuni magaladad [[daraabazoon]] 6dii [[nofeembar]] 1494 <ref>Clot, 25.</ref> xiligaa oo uu aabihii [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ka talinayey magaladaa, hooyadiina waa caaisha xafsa khaatuun, wuxuuna aabihiisa u barbaariyey si wanaagsan isaga oo culuum kala duwan baray kan Diiniga iyo maadigaba, hogaaminta iyo maamulka. Wuxuu soo qabtay xilalka magaalooyinka [[maniisiya]], [[Fiyudoosiya|kafa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]] oo mudo gaaban haayay <ref>Clot, 28.</ref><ref name="point">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.noqta.info/page-30955-ar.html|عنوان=السلطان {{Wayback|url=http://www.noqta.info/page-30955-ar.html{{!}}عنوان=السلطان |date=20171114202132 }} العثناني أسطورة تعيد مجدها عبر الزمان|ناشر=موقع نقطة|تاريخ الوصول=14 November 2017|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202132/http://www.noqta.info/page-30955-ar.html%7C</ref> markuu dhintay aabihiis [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] 1520kii waxaa loo caleemo saaray inuu noqdo boqorka cusub ee [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] Xilka, wuxuu qabtay asagoo jira 26 sano mana ahayn qof ku deg-dega wuxuu qabanayo ee wuxuu ahaa qof u fekera oo go’aan markuu qaatana aan ka noqonin. =kacdoomadii uu wajahay= Sanadahii ugu horeeyey ee xiligii sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni wuxuu wajahay afar kacdoon oo ka mashquuliyey dhaqdhaqaaqii jihaadka. kuwaas oo gudoomiyaashii qayb ka mid ah ay moodeen in heleen fursad ay kaga go’ikaraan dowlada Wiilka dhallinyaradi ah hogaaminayo: Kacdoonkii 1aad: Waxaa sameeyey Jambarli algazaali oo ahaa guddoomiyihii [[Shaam]] wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu kasoo horjeestay dowladda, wuxuuna isku dayey inuu qabsado [[Xalab]] laakiin wuu ku fashilmay, Wuxuuna amray Sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni in la damiyo fitnada uu wadey Jambarli, waxaana madaxiisa loo soo diray [[Istanbuul]] ayadoo daliil looga dhigayo inuu dhamaaday kacdoonkii. Kacdoonkii 2aad: waxaa sameeyey khaainkii waynaa Axmad Bashaa gudoomiyaha [[Masar]] kaasoo waligii jeclaa in loo dhiibo xilka "SADRUL ACDAM" (oo ahaa xilka ugu sareeyey ee uu qof ka qabta xiligii dowlada cusmaaniyiinta wuxuuna hada xilkaas u dhigmaa Raysal Wasaare xiligeena).Laakiin kuma guulaysan inuu hadafkiisa gaaro, wuxuuna codsay in loo doorto gudoomiyaha [[Masar]], markuu [[Masar]] tagay wuxuu isku deyey inuu dadka dhiniciisa u soo jeediyo wuxuuna naftiisa u doortay boqor gooni ka ah boqortooyadii cusmaaniyiinta, laakin dadkii cilmiga lahaa iyo ciidamidii dowlada cusmaaniyiinta ma aysan aqbalin wayna dileen <ref>[http://www.cairodar.com/228140/أحمد-باشا-الخائن-تولى-أمر-مصر-فأعلنها أحمد باشا الخائن تولى أمر مصر فتمرد فيها] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cairodar.com/228140/أحمد-باشا-الخائن-تولى-أمر-مصر-فأعلنها |date=20190630174904 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630174904/http://www.cairodar.com/228140/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%7C</ref>. Kacdoonkii 3aad: waxaa sameeyey Baabuduun oo ahaa shiici (Raafidi ah), wuxuu soo aruuriyey dad gaaraya 3000 ilaa 4000 oo kacdoon wadayaal ah gobolka Yusgaadh, wuxuuna dulsaaray gobolkaa canshuur ilaa uu gaaray heer uu jabiyey ciidamadii cusmaaniyiinta. Inkastoo markii dambe uu ku dhamaaday in madaxii Baabuduun loo diro [[Istanbuul|istabuul]].<ref>[http://dorar.net/history/search?skeys=عيالُ+اللهِ+فأحبُّهم+إليه+أنفعُهم+لعيالِه&st=a&page=150 تمرد شيعي رافضي على الدولة العثمانية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205064828/https://dorar.net/history/search?skeys=عيالُ+اللهِ+فأحبُّهم+إليه+أنفعُهم+لعيالِه&st=a&page=150|</ref><ref>[https://www.rqiim.com/islam11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A العثمانيون المجني عليهم سليمان القانوني] {{Wayback|url=https://www.rqiim.com/islam11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A |date=20200111054006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054006/https://www.rqiim.com/islam11/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85-1-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%7C</ref> Kacdoonkii 4aad: waxaa hogaaminayey Qalandar shilbi oo ahaa asagana shiici Tageerayaashiisa waxay gaareen 30,000 waxayna dileen muslimiint suniga ahaa ee gobolka [[Konya|qonya]] iyo [[Marcash]], [[Bahraan baashaa]] ayaa loo direy si uu u horistaago kacdoonka socday balse waa la diley, Sadral Acdamkii [[Ibraahim baashaa]] ayaa ku guulaystay inuu dhinaciisa u soo jeediyo ama u soo jiito qaar ka mid ah taageerayashii qalandar jallabi wuuna ka taqalusay qalandar shilbi. =dagaaladiisa= ===furashada balgaraad=== suldaan suleymaan markuu damiyay kacdoomadii wuxuu bilaabay inuu jihaadka dhanka yurub u weecdo, magaalada balgaraad oo ahayd magaalo boqoradii ka horeesay furan waayeen buu weeraray culees badan muuna kala kulmin wuxuu qabsaday 1521. ===furashada jaziirada rodos=== ciidanka fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa ee heestay jaziirada [[Jaziirada Rodos|rodos]] ayaa waxay ahaayeen inay dhibaato badan ku haayeen doomaha muslimiinta ganacsatada ah iyo kuwa xajinaayo, sidaas darteed ayuu suldaanka go'aansaday inuu ka qabsado jaziirada <ref>[https://www.almrsal.com/post/514054 حقائق عن فتح المسلمين جزيرة رودس] {{Wayback|url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/514054 |date=20171206110628 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171206110628/https://www.almrsal.com/post/514054|date=06 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref> , talyihii jaziirada heestay ayaa markuu ogaaday in lagu soo wajahanyahay wuxuu usoo bandhigay suldaanka inuu bixiyo jizyo, asagoo kusii fakaraayay inuu gurmad uga imaado yurub balse suldaanka oo ku fahmay ayaa ka diiday <ref name="islamstoryrods">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://islamstory.com/ar/artical/1374/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3|عنوان=فتح جزيرة رودس قاعدة مهمة للبحرية الإسلامية|ناشر=موقع قصة الإسلام|تاريخ الوصول=16 November 2017|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703163333/http://www.islamstory.com/ar/artical/1374/فتح-جزيرة-رودس|تاريخ أرشيف=3 يوليو 2019}}</ref>, ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa aad u juqeeyay jaziirada waxayna gaarsiiyeen khasaarooyin badan mudo kadib waxay dalbadeen ciidankii jaziirada heestay in ka baxaan jaziirada suldaanka ayaa ka yeelay waxayna ku baxeen doomaha cusmaaniyiinta <ref>سليمان القانوني سلطان البرين والبحرين، فريدون أمجان، دار النيل، الأولى، 2014، ص 62.</ref>, furashada kadib waxaa jaziirada laga dhisay masjid loogu magac daray suldaan suleymaan <ref name="Religious Monuments"><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Religious Monuments|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/touristikosodigos/churches/%7Cموقع=http://www.rhodes.gr%7Cناشر=Municipality of Rhodes| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923140938/http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/touristikosodigos/churches | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 سبتمبر 2016 |</ref> ===furashada hangari=== Boqorkii [[Hungary|hangari]] luwiis labaad wuxuu go’aansaday inuu buriyo cahdiyadii boqoradii asaga ka horeeyey ay siiyeen dowlada cusmaaniyiinta wuxuuna gaaray heer uu dilay ninkii uu soo dirsaday Sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni si uu u qaado canshuurtii sanad laha ahayd, Suldaan suleymaan oo doonay inuu edbiyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo dawlada cadaw daran ku ahayd ciidan aad u badan buu soo qaatay intuu dhex soo socday qalcado badan buu furtay <ref>[https://www.alittihad.ae/mobile/404 معركة موهاكس التي أسقطت المجر] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171116133745/http://www.alittihad.ae/mobile/details.php?id=73972&y=2013|date=16 نوفمبر 2017}}</ref>, baabaa kelimenti tobaad wuxuu ku baaqay in la saacido [[Hungary|hangari]] <ref>[http://www.jazan-news.com/tfr/3209 هل سمعت عن معركة موهاكس] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jazan-news.com/tfr/3209 |date=20200522011703 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522011703/http://www.jazan-news.com/tfr/3209|date=22 مايو 2020}}</ref>, ciidanka hangari oo saacidayaan ciidamo ka kala yimid wadamada [[yurub]] iyo kuwa cusmaaniyiinta ayaa waxaa dhex maray [[dagaalkii muuhaakis]] 1526 dagaalkaas oo socday labo saacadood ayaa waxaa ku halaagsamay ciidankii hangari <ref>[http://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1074571 معركة موهاكس] {{Wayback|url=http://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1074571 |date=20171116134057 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171116134057/http://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1074571|date=16 نوفمبر 2017}}</ref> boqorkoodi luwiis labaad iyo ciidan badan ayaa ku dhinteen biyaha, waxaa la qabtay taliyayaal badan iyo ciidamo kumanaan ah, dagaalkan oo aad u asaameeyay hangari ayaa noqday waayihii dambe mid ay Halhees ka dhigtaan "ka daran jabkeeni muuhaakis" Dagaalka kadib dhulka hangari badanaa oo ku jirto caasimada [[Budapest|buudaabasti]] waxey gacanta u galeen cusmaaniyiinta, suldaanka wuxuu u dhiibay yaanuush zabulyaa oo isku dhawaayeen boqorada [[Hungary|hangari]]. amiirka [[Awstriya|hostori]] ferdinaan ayaa wuxuu isku arkay inuu leeyahay hangari maadaama boqorkeeda uu ka tagin wax dhaxal wuxuu weeraray yaanuush zabulyaa meelo qaar ayuu qabsaday, suldaanka ayaa si dhaqso ah la yimid ciidan 100kun ah wuxuu kasoo ceshaday meelihii uu qabsaday, Ferdinaan wuxuu ku gambaday [[Fiyena|fiyeenaa]] suldaanka ayaa hareereeyay [[Fiyena|fiyeenaa]] 1529kii laakin wuu qabsan waayay, mar kale ayuu hareereeyay 1532 hadana kuma guuleysan. ===Isku dhaca safawiyiinta=== Sababka isku dhaca waa dahmasib shaah oo daadaansi badan ku sameeyay dawlada asigoo dilay gudoomiyaha [[baqdaad]] oo u janjeeray cusmaaniyiinta, iskuna dayay inuu isbahaysi la sameeyo habisborg , cusmaaniyiinta oo horkacaayay sadrulacdam Ibraahiim baashaa ayaa weerareen safawiyiinta, suldaan suleymaan ayaa laftirkiisa ku biiray dagaalka, dahmasib shaah ayaa dib u gurtay asagoo gubay dhulka iyo beeraha, cusmaaniyiinta ayaa gaaray guul weyn waxay qabsadeen [[baqdaad]] iyo [[ciraaq]] oo dhan waxay gaareen tibriiz ka dib wey soo laabteen. Markale ayuu suleymaan soo rogaal celiyay weerarkiisa safawiyiinta 1548 sidii oo kale dahmasib wuu is ka ilaaliyay la kulankiisa, weerarkan dawlada waxay ku qabsatay [[Armania|armiiniya]] iyo dhufeesyo dhaca [[Joorjiya (wadan)|joorjiya]]. weerar sedexaad ayuu ku qaaday [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] 1553-1555 kaas oo ku soo ceshaday dhulal ey [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ka qabsatay. Ugu dambeen wuxuu la galay safawiyiinta [[hishiiskii amaasiya]]. ===la dagaalanka burtaqiiska=== waxay ahaayeen [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] inay heleen marin ay u qaadan [[hindiya]] waxay dhibaato badan ku haayeen dawlado badan oo Muslim ah, qaar ka mid ah dawladaha muslimiinta hindiya ayaa ka dalbaday dawlada inay ka taageerto la dagaalanka [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] <ref>[http://www.naba.ps/arabic/?Action=Details&ID=544 السلطان سليمان القانوني] {{Wayback|url=http://www.naba.ps/arabic/?Action=Details&ID=544 |date=20171117174450 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171117174450/http://www.naba.ps/arabic/?Action=Details&ID=544|date=17 نوفمبر 2017}}</ref> suldaanka ayaa amray gudoomiyaha [[masar]] suleymaan baashaa inuu u la baxo doomaha dawlada hindiya, wuxuu dhex ku sii qabsaday [[cadan]], [[cumaan]], [[Qatar|qadar]] iyo axsaa, [[Baddacas|bada cas]] waxay noqotay mid gacanta dawlada soo gasha, xarunta [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] diyuu ayuu hareereeyay 1532 balse ma suura galin furashada. Saldanada atshee ee ka jirtay [[Indunisiya|indunuusiya]] ayaa ka dalbatay dawlada inay ka saacido ladagaalanka cadawga [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]]<ref>''Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black p.17 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114033806/https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17|date=14 يناير 2017}}</ref>, suldaanka oo jawaabay ayaa u diray 1565 ciidamo badan oo gurmad ah <ref name="Cambridge">[https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39 ''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia'' by Nicholas Tarling p.39] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128032711/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39|</ref><ref>''Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black p.16 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128065126/https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA16|</ref>. Dagaalkii u dhaxeeyay [[Imaam Axmed Guray|axmad gureey]] iyo [[boqortooyada itoobiya]] 1529-1549 waxay dawladu ku taageertay [[Saldanadii Cadal|saldanadii awdal]] hub, halka [[boqortooyada itoobiya]] eey ka heleesay [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] taageero hub iyo ciidanba =Kheyrudiin barboosa iyo jihaadka bada= [[Kheyrudiin barboosa]] oo ahaa walaalka caruuj ayaa qabtay gudoomiyaha aljeeriya, wuxuuna sii waday la dagaalanka [[Isbania|isbeen]] iyo inuu ka xureeyo meelaha ee ka joogaan [[Waqooyiga Afrika|waqooyiga afrika]], sidoo kale wuxuu weeraro ku qaaday xeebaha [[Isbania|isbeen]] tiro badan oo reer [[andalus]] ahna wuu soo badbaaday<ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|بربروس|ترجمة: دراج|2010|p=152: 159}}</ref>. Suldaan suleymaan ayaa ka wacay kheyrudiin [[Istanbuul]] oo u dhiibay 1534 xilka kabtanka usuduulka dawlada <ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|التر|ترجمة: عامر|1989|p=101: 104}}</ref> 1534tii waxaa u suura gashay inuu ka qabsado [[dawlada xafsiyiinta]] [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]], suldaanka [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]] ayaa cararay oo ka dalbay [[shaaralkaan]] boqorka [[Isbania|isbeen]] ahna imbiraadoorka roomanka inuu u soo celiyo xilkiis, shaaralkaan oo ciidamo badan wata ayaa soo gaaray [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]] dagaal culus ka dib, kheyrudiin ayaa isaga baxay [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]]. intii u dhaxeesay 1537-1540 waxaa kacay dagaal [[Dawlada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo cusmaaniyiinta u dhaxeeyo usduulka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa weeraray jaziirado badan oo hoos oo [[Dawlada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] hoos imaanayeen iyo xeebaha [[talyaaniga]], baabaa bolis sedexaad ayaa ku baaqay in la sameeyo isbahaysi ka dhan ah cusmaaniyiinta, waxaa sameesmay isbahaysi dawlada badan kulmiyay dagaalka ayeena qeyb ka noqdeen balse [[Kheyrudiin barboosa|kheyrudiin]] ayaa ku jabiyay dagaalkii barooza<ref name="alalukabroza">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/88355/|عنوان=معركة بروزة مجد البحرية العثمانية|ناشر=شبكة الألوكة|تاريخ الوصول=17 November 2017|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815040521/http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/88355/|</ref> andaryaa doryaa oo isbahaysiga hogaamiya ka ahaa ayaana cararay, [[Dawlada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo khasaaro badan soo gaaray ayaa ugu dambeyn la saxiixatay hishiis dawlada. [[shaaralkaan]] oo rabay inuu ka aarsado cusmaaniyiinta ayaa weeraray [[aljeeriya]] 1541 balse fashil xun baa ku dhacay, iska caabin adagana wuu wajahay. Ciidan wuu watay kheyrudiin ayaa gaaray [[faransiiska]] 1543 si ay uga taageeraan la dagaalanka shaaralkaan waxeyna soo hooyeen guulo badan. kheyrudiin kadib dagaalada bada wey sii socdeen, sanadkii 1551 ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ku guuleesteen inay ka xureeyaan [[Triboli|tiriibuli]] iyo [[Libiya|liibiya]] oo dhan [[isbeen]] iyo fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa <ref>''Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale'' by María Antonia Garcés p. 25 [https://books.google.com/books?id=h97ivaPeOx8C&pg=PA25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128213205/http://books.google.com/books?id=h97ivaPeOx8C&pg=PA25|</ref><ref>''A history of Islamic societies'' Ira Marvin Lapidus p. 255 [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA255] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411221803/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA255|</ref><ref name="Braudel">''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II'' by Fernand Braudel pp. 920– [https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213224319/https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA920|</ref> Sanadkii 1565 ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta waxay hareereeyay jazirada [[Malta|maalta]] oo gabaad cusub ka dhigteen fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa, hase ahaatee wey qabsan waayeen dib ayeena uga gurteen <ref>[http://www.malta.com/en/about-malta/history The History of Malta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.malta.com/en/about-malta/history |date=20090205022353 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090205022353/http://malta.com:80/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|date=05 فبراير 2009}} {{وصلة مكسورة|</ref> =isu dhawaashaha faransiiska iyo cusmaaniyiinta= boqorkii [[Faransiiska|Fransiiska]] faransoo koowaad oo tartan kula jiray [[shaaralkaan]] boqorkii Roomanka, ayuu arkay fursad inay tahay uu Yurubta kale kaga adkaan karo gaar ahaana [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dowlada Cusmaaniyada]] oo joojin karta Awoodii Boqorka Romanka ee shaaral Shanaad waxaana ka dhaxeeyey labadooda tartan dhanka kursiga boqortoyadii Roomaanka. 1535 ayuu Boqorkii [[Faransiiska]] diray Xogyihiisii Jan De Laforeh si uu heshiis ula saxiixdo Sulayman Al-qanuuni, waxaana heshiiskaas loo baxshay “ hishiiska gaarka ah ee Cusmaaniyada iyo [[Faransiiska]]”, ahamiyada gaarka ah ee ay lahayd aowgeed heshiiskaas, waxaan soo bandhigaynaa qodobadii ugu muhiimsanaa: 1- [[Faransiiska]] waxay ka faa’iidaysatay u dhowaanshiyaha Cusmaaniyada Ciidan ahaan, Dhaqaale ahaan, Siyaasad ahaan, waxayna ka yeelatay mucaahadadaas inay ku furato albaabo hor le oo ganacsiga Bariga taasoo markii xoog ay ku haysatay Burtiqiiska kadibkii markii ay heshay marin badeedka Koonfur Africa, waxayna doonyaha France ku marijireen si xuriyad ah. 2- [[Faransiiska]] waxay xaq u heshay inay ka ganacsan karto Gudaha dowlada Cusmaaniyada. 3- Canshuuraha Kastamyada ayay france hal mar siinaysaa Dowladda Cusmaaniyada. 4- Canshurta ay bixinayaan ganacsatada [[Faransiiska]] waxay la mid tahay kuwa ay Turkida bixiyaan ee ka ganacsada France. 5- Qunsilayad ayay [[Faransiiska]] ka furan kartaa Dowlada Cusmaaniyada, Qunsulkuna wuxuu helayaa Xasaanad isaga, ehelkiisa iyo Shaqaalihiisaba. 6- Qunsulka [[Faransiiska]] wuxuu eegi karaa falal dambiiyeedka Madaniga iyo Military ga ah kuwaasaa ay geystaan faransiiska ku nool Dowladda Cusmaaniyada isaga oo kaashaanaya Maxkamadaha Dowladda Cusmaaniyada si xukunka loogu fuliyo Dambiilayaasha. 7- Fal dambiyeedka Faransiisku ay geystaan oo kula kacaan Cusmaaniyiinta lama Xukumayo, Maxkamadana uma yeerayso ilaa uu yimaado Turjumaanka Qunsulka. 8- Xuriyada Diinta iyo Cibaada ayaa la qiray. 9- Waxaa la joojiyey adoonsiga Raciyada Boqorka. Sidoo kale Dowladii Cusmaaniyada ayaa heshay awood dheeraad ah, waxayna weerar ku qaaday Doonyihii dagaalka ee xeebta Boqortooyada Nasbooli ee hoostimaaday boqor shaaralkaan 1543. Waxay kaloo weerartay “Niis” ee hoos timaaday Safoy oo isna Xulufo la ahaa shaaralkaan. = maamulkiisa = Ma ahayn xilligii Sulaymaan Al-qaanuuni mid Dowladii Cusmaaniyada ay ugu dhul fidis badanayd, ee wuxuu ahaa xilligii dowladii ugu waynayd ee Nidaam, Awood iyo Cadaalad isku Darsatay, ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta heebad waxee yeesheen heer [[Holland|holan]] oo dagaalo kula jirtay [[Isbania|isbeen]] Mar ey ka dalbatay gurmad dawlada in loo diro kaliya labiska inkishaariyiinta oo kaliya, isla markii ee aragtay isbeen dharka waxy ka baxday dagaalka sodon sano uma dhawaan [[Holland|holan]], xaga waxbarashada hormar fiican bee ka gaartay suldaanka wuxuu dhisay madaaris badan masaajid badan suuqyo wadooyin buundooyin xamaamyo injineer la yiraado sanaan ayaa aad soo caan baxay. xuquuqda xayawaan qawaaniintiisa way taabanayeen oo wuxuu soosaaray in ay mamnuuc tahay xayawaanada alaab ee qaadi karin in lasaaro<ref>[https://www.turkpress.co/node/15706 الرفق بالحيوان في الدولة العثمانية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111054022/https://www.turkpress.co/node/15706|</ref> = Dhimashadiis = Wuxuu geeriyaday Boqor Sulayman Al-qaanuuni isaga oo hareereeyey magaaladii Siiktowar ee Badda ku tiilay 5 September 1566/ 20 Safar 974H, waxay ku duugeen mindhicirihiisa meeshuu ku dhintay si jirkiisa kale loogu aaso [[Istanbuul]] <ref>Yapp, [http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html Suleiman I] {{Wayback|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html |date=20081003071213 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071213/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html%7C</ref><ref>Imber, 60.</ref><ref>[https://m.elwatannews.com/news/details/1396480 اكتشاف قبر يحوي أحشاء سليمان القانوتي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512180653/https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/1396480|</ref> = Qoyskiisa = '''Xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa''' *'''maah dooraan suldaan''' waxay ahayd xaaska koowaad ee suleymaan qaanuuni isku dhac ka dhashay ayada iyo khuram suldaan darteed ayuu suldaanka u fogeeyay maniisiya wiilkeed musdafa agtiis, waxay u dhashay suldaanka: **'''shahrazaada maxamuud''' yaraanta buu ku dhintay **'''[[shahrazaada musdafa]]''' wuxuu ahaa dhaxal suge 1553 ayaa laga faafiyay warar taas oo keentay aabihiis inuu amro dilkiis. **'''raadiya suldaan''' *[[Khuram suldaan|'''khuram suldaan''']] aabaheed wuxuu ahaa baadari ruush ah adoon ahaan ayaa loo soo qabsaday, mar dambe waxaa guursaday suldaanka waxayna hanatay qalbigiisa, waxaa lagu xantaa inay door weyn ku laheed dilka musdafa si wiilkeeda saliim u noqdo dhaxal suge, waxay u dhashay suldaanka: **'''shahrazaada muxamad''' wuxuu ahaa curudka [[khuram suldaan]] wuxuu dhintay 1543 ayuu dhintay **'''shahrazaada cabdulaahi''' yaraanta ayuu ku dhintay **[[Saliim labaad|'''shahrazaada saliim''']] kadib dhimashada walaalihiis musdafa, bayazid iyo jahaankiir wuxuu noqday dhaxal sugaha kaliya dhimashada aabihiis kadib ayuu xilka qabtay 1566 **'''shahrazaada jahaankiir''' 1553 ayuu u dhintay tiiraanyo oo ka qabay dilka walaalkii musdafa **'''shahrazaada bayazid''' wuxuu ku caasiyay aabihiis 1561 ayaa la dilay **'''suldaana Mahramaah''' waxaa guursaday [[rustum baashaa]] *'''joolfam khaatuun''' waxee dhashay: **'''shahrazaada muraad''' yaraanta ayuu ku dhintay *''' foolaana khaatuun''' waxee dhashay: **'''faaduma nuur''' =xigasho= [[Category:Taariikh]] c4s0mplgu5i0hpa8kdytpgu0lahiczw 10 9969 309674 298993 2026-09-25T14:47:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 309674 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Official website|main}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|showblankpositional=1|unknown={{main other|1=[[Category:Pages using Official website with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Official website]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|1|2|URL|url|name}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> kt3e2mvx6fpqh8sworf90p599xfs7ku 0 12420 309716 309496 2026-09-26T05:14:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg|thumb|right|Nitrocellulose adhesive waxaa laga soo saaray tuubo]] '''Xabag''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''koolo''', '''sement''', ama '''pastow''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pike|first=Roscoe|title=adhesive|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5823/adhesive|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> waa shay kasta oo aan bir ahayn oo la dusha saaro mid ama labada dusha ee laba shay oo kala gooni ah taas oo isku xidha isla markaana ka celisa inay kala tagaan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kinloch|first=A.J.|title=Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/adhesionadhesive0000kinl|year=1987|publisher=Chapman and Hall|location=London|isbn=0-412-27440-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/adhesionadhesive0000kinl/page/1 1]|edition=Reprinted.}}</ref> Isticmaalka xabagaha wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin gaar ah marka la barbardhigo farsamooyinka kale ee isku xidhka sida tolidda, xajiyeyaasha farsamada, iyo alxanka. Kuwan waxaa ka mid ah awoodda lagu xidho agabka kala duwan, qaybinta culeyska oo waxtar badan leh oo ka dhexaysa wadajirka, kharash-ku-oolnimada habka mashiinka fudud, iyo dabacsanaan weyn oo naqshadaynta ah. Khasaarooyinka isticmaalka xabagta waxaa ka mid ah xasiloonida oo hoos u dhacda heerkulka sarreeya, daciifnimo qaraabo ah oo ku jirta xidhitaanka walxaha waaweyn ee leh aagga dusha sare ee yar, iyo dhib weyn oo ah kala soocidda walxaha inta lagu jiro tijaabinta.{{sfn|Kinloch|1987|page=2}} Xabagaha waxaa badanaa lagu habeeyaa habka dhejiska iyadoo ay ku xigto ''falcelin'' ama ''aan falcelin lahayn'', erey tilmaamaya in xabagta ay fal-gelayso kiimiko ahaan si ay u adkaato. Sidoo kale, waxaa lagu habeyn karaa iyadoo la raacayo marxaladdooda jireed ee bilowga ah ama in kaydkooda ceyriin uu ka yimid asal dabiici ah ama macmal ah. Xabagaha waxaa laga heli karaa si dabiici ah ama waxaa lagu soo saari karaa si macmal ah. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee bini'aadamka ee walxaha xabagta oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 200,000 sano ka hor,<ref name="Mazza">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006 |title=A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed |date=January 2006|author=Mazza, P |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=33 |page=1310 |last2=Martini |first2=F |last3=Sala |first3=B |last4=Magi |first4=M |last5=Colombini |first5=M |last6=Giachi |first6=G |last7=Landucci |first7=F |last8=Lemorini |first8=C |last9=Modugno |first9=F |last10=Ribechini |first10=E| issue=9|bibcode=2006JArSc..33.1310M }}</ref> markii Neanderthals ay soo saareen daamur ka soo baxay foornada qallalan ee qolofka björken si loogu isticmaalo in lagu xiro qalabka dhagaxa ah gacan-qabashada alwaax.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kozowyk|first1=P. R. B.|last2=Soressi|first2=M.|last3=Pomstra|first3=D.|last4=Langejans|first4=G. H. J.|date=2017-08-31|title=Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=7|issue=1|page=8033|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7|doi-access=free|pmid=28860591|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.8033K|pmc=5579016}}</ref> Tixraacyadii ugu horreeyay ee xabagta ee suugaanta ayaa ka muuqday qiyaastii 2000 BC. Giriigga iyo Roomaanku waxay qayb libaax leh ka qaateen horumarinta xabagaha. Yurub dhexdeeda, koolada si weyn looma isticmaali jirin ilaa xilligii AD 1500–1700.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stamm |first1=A.J. |title=Principles of Wood Science and Technology |last2=Kuenzi |first2=E.W. |last3=Kollmann |first3=Franz F.P. |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-642-87931-9 |page=1}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo waqtigaas ilaa 1900-meeyadii kororka isticmaalka xabagta iyo helitaankeedu wuxuu ahaa mid tartiib tartiib ah. Kaliya tan iyo qarnigii 20-aad ayuu horumarinta xabagaha macmalka ah si degdeg ah u dedejiyay, hal-abuurnimaduna waxay ka socotaa goobta ilaa maanta. == Taariikhda == [[File:Animal glue liquid.jpg|thumbnail|left|Koolada xoolaha ee dareeraha ah]] Caddayntii ugu horreysay ee isticmaalka xabagta bini'aadamka waxaa laga helay bartamaha Talyaaniga markii saddex qalab oo dhagax ah laga helay calaamado daamur qolof björken ah. Qalabkan waxaa loo asteeyay inay ahaayeen ilaa 200,000 oo sano ka hor intii aan la gaarin Paleolithic-ga Dhexe. Waa tusaalihii ugu horreeyay ee qalabka dhagaxa ee daamurku xidhay.<ref name="Mazza" /> Daraasad ku saabsan qadiimiga tijaabada ah oo la daabacay 2019 ayaa muujisay sida daamurka qolofka björken loo soo saari karo hab sahlan oo la heli karo. Waxay ku lug leedahay in si toos ah loo gubo qolofka björken ee hoos yimaada dusha sare ee dhagaxa ee jawi furan oo la ururiyo daamurka ka dhasha dhagaxa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1= P.|last2=Blessing|first2= M.|last3= Rageot|first3= M.|last4= Iovita|first4= R.|last5= Pfleging|first5= J.|last6= Nickel|first6= K. G.|last7= Righetti|first7= L. |last8=Tennie|first8= C.|title=Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.1911137116|pmid=31427508|volume=116|pmc=6731756|year=2019|issue=36|pages=17707–17711|bibcode=2019PNAS..11617707S |doi-access=free}}</ref> In kasta oo ay dhagayaan, xabagaha dhirta ku salaysan ee qaybta keliya ah waxay noqon karaan kuwo jaban oo u nugul xaaladaha deegaanka. Isticmaalkii ugu horreeyay ee xabagaha isku-dhafan waxaa laga helay Sibudu, Koonfur Afrika. Halkaan, qaybo dhagax ah oo 70,000 sano jir ah oo horay loogu geliyay gacan-qabashada faaska ayaa la helay iyagoo ay ku daboolan tahay xabag ka kooban xabagta dhirta iyo ocher cas (cilmiga birta dabiiciga ah) maadaama ku darida ocher xabagta dhirta ay soo saarto badeeco xoog leh oo ka ilaalinaysa xabagta inay burburto xaaladaha qoyan.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |pmid=19433786 |date=Jun 2009|author1=Wadley, L |author2=Hodgskiss, T |author3=Grant, M |title=Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa |volume=106 |issue=24 |pages=9590–4 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900957106 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |pmc=2700998|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9590W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Awoodda ay u leeyihiin inay soo saaraan xabag xoog leh ayaa u oggolaatay dadkii Stone Age ee dhexe inay ku xiraan qaybaha dhagaxa ulaha oo leh kala duwanaansho badan, taas oo horseeday horumarinta qalab cusub.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wadley|first=Lyn|title=Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age|journal=Current Anthropology|date=1 June 2010|volume=51|issue=s1|pages=S111–S119|doi=10.1086/649836|s2cid=56253913}}</ref> Daraasad lagu sameeyay agabka ka yimid Le Moustier ayaa tilmaamaysa in dadkii Paleolithic-ga Dhexe, oo laga yaabo inay ahaayeen Neanderthals, ay isticmaaleen koolo ka samaysan isku-dar ah ocher iyo bitumen si ay u sameeyaan gacmo-qabasho si loo gooyo oo loo xoqo qalabka dhagaxa.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Patrick|last1= Schmidt|first2= Radu|last2= Iovita|first3= Armelle|last3= Charrié-Duhaut|first4= Gunther|last4= Möller|first5= Abay|last5= Namen|first6= Ewa|last6= Dutkiewicz|date=21 February 2024|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378369816|title=Ochre-based compound adhesives at the Mousterian type-site document complex cognition and high investment|journal=Science Advances|volume=10|issue=8|article-number=eadl0822 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adl0822|pmid=38381827 |pmc=10881035|bibcode=2024SciA...10L.822S }}</ref> Tusaalooyin dhowaan la helay oo ah isticmaalka xabagta ee bini'aadamka taariikhda ka horreeya waxaa laga helay goobaha lagu aaso qabaa'ilkii hore. Qadiimiyayaasha baranayay goobaha ayaa ogaaday in qiyaastii 6,000 sano ka hor dadkii qabiilka ahaa ay meydkooda ku aaseen cunto laga helay dhalooyin dhoobo ah oo jabay oo lagu hagaajiyay resins-ka geedaha.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Baaritaan kale oo ay sameeyeen aqoonyahannada qadiimiga ayaa lagu ogaaday isticmaalka sementiga bituminous si loogu xiro indhaha fool-maroodiga taallooyinka macbisyada Babyloniyaanka ah ee soo jeeda qiyaastii 4000 BC.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=1}} [[File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg|thumb|upright|Dib-u-dhiska faaska Ötzi, kaas oo isticmaalay garaw sida xabag ah]] Sannadkii 2000, warqad ayaa daaha ka qaaday helitaanka nin 5,200 sano jir ah oo loogu magac daray Tyrolean Iceman ama Ötzi, kaas oo lagu ilaaliyay baraf hoose oo ku dhow xadka Austria iyo Talyaaniga. Qaar ka mid ah alaabtiisii ayaa la helay isaga oo ay ku jiraan laba fallaarood oo wata madaxda fallaadhaha flint iyo hal geesiga naxaasta ah, mid walbana wuxuu caddayn u ahaa xabagta dabiiciga ah ee loo isticmaalo in lagu xiro qaybaha dhagaxa ama birta ulaha alwaaxa. Xabagta waxaa loo falanqeeyay inay tahay pitch, taas oo u baahan kululaynta daamurka inta ay soo saarayso. Soo-celinta daamurkan waxay u baahan tahay beddelka qolofka björken iyada oo la adeegsanayo kulayl, oo ah hab loo yaqaanno pyrolysis.<ref>Sauter F, Jordis U, Graf A, Werther W, Varmuza K. (2000). [http://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file.php?fileid=19868 Studies in organic archaeology I: identification of the prehistoric adhesive used by the "Tyrolean Iceman" to fix his weapons] ARKIVOC, 1:[5] 735–747</ref> Tixraacyadii ugu horreeyay ee xabagta ee suugaanta ayaa ka muuqday qiyaastii 2000 BC. Diiwaanno taariikheed oo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka xabagta waxaa laga helay xilliga u dhexeeya 1500–1000 BC. Agabka xilligan waxaa ka mid ah sawirro muujinaya hawlgallada alwaax-dheejinta iyo sanduuq ka samaysan alwaax iyo koolo oo ku yaal qabriga Boqor Tutankhamun.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Agabyada kale ee Masar ee qadiimiga ah waxay adeegsadaan xabagta xoolaha si loogu xiro ama loogu lamiyeeyo. Lamination-ka noocaas ah ee alwaaxa ee qaansooyinka iyo alaabta guriga ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay dheereeyeen noloshooda waxaana lagu fuliyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo casein (borotiinka caanaha) ku salaysan koolada. Masriyiinta qadiimiga ah waxay sidoo kale horumariyeen pastow ku salaysan istaariish si loogu xiro papyrus dharka iyo agab gypsum oo kale ah oo ka samaysan calcined gypsum.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=2}} [[File:Molten beeswax.JPG|thumb|Maliinta shimbiraha|left]] Laga soo bilaabo AD 1 ilaa 500 Giriigga iyo Roomaanku waxay qayb libaax leh ka qaateen horumarinta xabagaha. Veneer-ka alwaaxa iyo marquetry ayaa la horumariyay, soo-saaridda xabagta xoolaha iyo kaluunka waa la sifeeyay, waxaana la isticmaalay agabyo kale. Pastowga ku salaysan ukunta waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu xiro caleemaha dahabka ah, waxayna ku dareen maaddooyin dabiici ah oo kala duwan sida dhiigga, lafta, maqaarka, caanaha, farmaajada, khudaarta, iyo badarka.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Giriiggu waxay bilaabeen isticmaalka slaked lime sida nuurad halka Roomaanku ay sii horumariyeen horumarinta nuuradda iyagoo ku daraya nuuradda dambaska foolkaanaha iyo ciidda. Agabkan, oo loo yaqaanno pozzolanic cement, waxaa loo isticmaalay dhismaha Roman Colosseum iyo Pantheon.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=2}} Roomaanku waxay sidoo kale ahaayeen dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogyahay inay isticmaaleen daamurka iyo malabka shimbiraha sida caulk iyo shaabeeye u dhexeeya looxyada alwaaxa ee doonyahooda iyo maraakiibtooda.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Aasiya Dhexe, kor u kaca Mongols qiyaastii AD 1000 waxaa qayb ahaan loo aanayn karaa kala duwanaanshaha wanaagsan iyo awoodda qaansooyinka Genghis Khan. Qaansooyinkan waxaa laga sameeyay xudunta bambooka, oo wata geeso caloosha ah (u jeeda xagga qaanso-sidaha) iyo muruqyo dhabarka ah, oo isku xidhan oo wata xabagta xoolaha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashton |first1=J. E.|last2=Halpin|first2=John C. |last3=Petit|first3=P.H.|title=Primer on Composite Materials: Analysis |date=1969 |publisher=Technomic Publishing|oclc=27238 |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=0-87762-754-1}}</ref> [[File:Casein glue preparation.jpg|framed|right|Diyaarinta xabagta Casein]] Yurub dhexdeeda, kooladu waxay gashay dayacaad ilaa xilligii AD 1500–1700.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stamm |first1=A.J. |title=Principles of Wood Science and Technology |last2=Kuenzi |first2=E.W. |last3=Kollmann |first3=Franz F.P. |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-642-87931-9 |page=1}}</ref> Waqtigan xaadirka ah, kuwa sameeya golaha wasiirada iyo alaabta guriga ee caanka ka ah adduunka sida Thomas Chippendale iyo Duncan Phyfe waxay bilaabeen inay isticmaalaan xabagta si ay alaabtooda isugu hayaan.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Sannadkii 1690, warshaddii ugu horreysay ee koolada ganacsiga ayaa la aasaasay Netherlands. Warshaddani waxay soo saartay koolo laga helay maqaarka xoolaha.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=3}} Sannadkii 1750, shatigii ugu horreeyay ee koolada Ingiriiska ayaa la bixiyay ee loogu talagalay xabagta kalluunka. Tobanaankii xigay ee qarnigii xigay waxay arkeen soo-saaridda xabagta casein ee Jarmalka iyo Switzerland.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Sannadkii 1876, shatigii ugu horreeyay ee Mareykanka (lambar 183,024) ayaa la siiyay walaalaha Ross ee soo-saaridda xabagta casein.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Ross|first=John|title=Improvement in Processes of Preparing Glue|url=http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00183024&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect2%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D0183024.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F183024%2526RS%3DPN%2F183024&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office|access-date=14 April 2013|author2=Charles Ross|date=10 October 1876|archive-date=14 Bisha Koobaad 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114040739/http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00183024&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect2%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D0183024.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F183024%2526RS%3DPN%2F183024&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|url-status=dead}}</ref> Boostada ugu horreysay ee Mareykanka waxay isticmaashay xabagta ku salaysan istaariishka markii la soo saaray 1847. Shatigii ugu horreeyay ee Mareykanka (lambar 61,991) ee dextrin (oo ah badeecada istaariishka) xabagta ayaa la bixiyay 1867.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=137}} Caagadda dabiiciga ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo isticmaalay agab xabagta ah 1830,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bonding- An Ancient Art|url=http://www.adhesives.org/adhesives-sealants/fastening-bonding/history-of-bonding/bonding-an-ancient-art|work=Adhesives.org|publisher=Adhesives and Sealants Council|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=13 Bisha Shanaad 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513235141/http://www.adhesives.org/adhesives-sealants/fastening-bonding/history-of-bonding/bonding-an-ancient-art|url-status=dead}}</ref> taas oo calaamadisay barta billowga ah ee xabagta casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wypych|first=George|title=Handbook of Adhesion Promoters|publisher=Elsevier|year=2018|isbn=978-1-927885-30-7|page=2}}</ref> Sannadkii 1862, shatiga Ingiriiska (lambar 3288) ayaa la siiyay dahaarka birta leh naxaas iyadoo la adeegsanayo electrodeposition si loo helo xidhid adag oo loogu talagalay caagadda.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=3}} Horumarinta baabuurka iyo baahida loo qabo kuraasta shoogga caagadda waxay u baahdeen xidhitaanno adag oo waara oo caag iyo bir ah. Tani waxay kicisay horumarinta caagadda wareegsan ee lagu daweeyay aashitada adag. Sannadkii 1927, habkan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro xabagta caagadda ah ee thermoplastic ee ku salaysan dareeraha birta ilaa xidhitaanka caagadda.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=4}} Xabagta dhagaxa ah ee ku salaysan caagadda dabiiciga ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu isticmaalay dhabarka waxaa sameeyay Henry Day (US Patent 3,965) 1845.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=4}} Markii dambe noocyada xabagtaan waxaa lagu isticmaalay qalliinka maro gadaal ah iyo cajaladaha korontada. Sannadkii 1925, warshadaha cajaladaha cadaadiska xasaasiga ah ayaa dhashay.{{sfn|Kinloch|1987|page=2}} Maanta, xusuus-qoryaha dhejiska ah, cajaladda Scotch, iyo cajaladaha kale ayaa tusaale u ah xabagta cadaadiska xasaasiga ah (PSA).<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZcbSr8MW98C&pg=PA499|title=Adhesion Science and Engineering: Surfaces, Chemistry and Applications|chapter=Chapter 13: Effect of rheology on PSA performance|author1=David J. Yarusso |editor1=A.V. Pocius |editor2=David A. Dillard|date=2002|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-052598-3|language=en}}</ref> Tallaabo muhiim ah oo ku jirta horumarinta caagagga macmalka ah waxay ahayd soo-bandhigidda caag thermoset ah oo loo yaqaanno Bakelite phenolic 1910.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=138}} L laba sano gudahood, resin phenolic waxaa lagu dabaqay plywood sida varnish dahaarka ah. Horraantii 1930-meeyadii, phenolics waxay muhiimad ka heleen sida resins xabagta.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003}} 1920-meeyadii, 1930-meeyadii, iyo 1940-meeyadii waxay arkeen horumarro waaweyn oo ku saabsan horumarinta iyo soo-saaridda caagagga cusub iyo resins sababtoo ah Dagaalkii Koowaad iyo Labaad ee Adduunka. Horumarintani waxay si weyn u wanaajisay horumarinta xabagta iyadoo u oggolaanaysa isticmaalka agabyada cusub ee la soo saaray oo soo bandhigay sifooyin kala duwan. Iyada oo la beddelayo baahiyaha iyo tignoolajiyada weligood is beddesha, horumarinta xabagta cusub ee macmalka ah waxay sii socotaa ilaa maanta.{{sfn|Ebnesajjad|2010|p=138}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah kharashkooda hooseeya, xabagta dabiiciga ah ayaa weli ah kuwa inta badan la isticmaalo.{{sfn|Mittal|Pizzi|2003|p=10}} == Noocyada == {{See also|List of glues}} Xabagaha waxaa badanaa lagu habeeyaa habka dhejiska. Kuwan waxaa markaa loo habeeyaa xabagta falcelinta iyo aan falcelinta lahayn, taas oo tilmaamaysa in xabagta ay fal-gelayso kiimiko ahaan si ay u adkaato. Sidoo kale waxaa loo habayn karaa iyadoo la eegayo in kaydka cayriin uu ka yimid asal dabiici ah ama macmal ah, ama marxaladdooda jireed ee billowga ah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://roofonline.com/mil-hdbk-691b-department-of-defense-military-standardization-handbook-adhesive-bonding|title=MIL-HDBK-691B – Department of Defense – Military Standardization Handbook – Adhesive Bonding|page=47|website=Roof Online|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801052433/https://roofonline.com/mil-hdbk-691b-department-of-defense-military-standardization-handbook-adhesive-bonding|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Falcelinta === ==== Aan falcelin lahayn ==== ===== Qallajinta ===== Waxaa jira laba nooc oo xabag ah oo ku adkaada qalajinta: xabagta ku salaysan dareeraha iyo xabagta kala-baxa polymer, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno xabagta emulsion. Xabagta ku salaysan dareeraha waa isku-dar ah maaddooyinka (badanaa polymers) oo lagu milay dareeraha. Koolada cad ee Polyvinyl acetate, xabagta xiriirka iyo xabagta caagadda ah ayaa xubin ka ah qoyska xabagta qallajinta. Marka dareeraha uumiga baxo, xabagta ayaa adkaata. Iyadoo ku xiran halabuurka kiimikada ee xabagta, waxay ku dhegi doonaan agabyo kala duwan si ka yar ama ka badan. Xabagta kala-baxa polymer waa kala-bax caano-cad oo inta badan ku saleysan polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha alwaaxa iyo baakadaha. Wax waxaa sidoo kale loogu isticmaalaa dharka iyo agabka dharka ku salaysan, iyo alaabta injineernimada ah sida koonisyada cod-baahiyaha. ===== Cadaadiska xasaasiga ah ===== {{Main|Pressure-sensitive adhesive}} Xabagta cadaadiska xasaasiga ah (PSA) waxay samaysaa xidhitaan iyadoo la adeegsanayo cadaadis fudud si loo xiro xabagta iyo dhejiska. Waxaa loo qaabeeyey inay yeeshaan dheelitirka u dhexeeya socodka iyo is caabbinta socodka. Xidhitaanku wuxuu sameeyaa sababtoo ah xabagtu waa mid jilicsan oo ku filan inay qulqulaato (sida, qoyan) dhejiska. Xidhitaanku wuxuu leeyahay xoog sababtoo ah xabagtu waa mid adag oo ku filan inay u adkaysato socodka marka cadaadiska la saaro xidhitaanka. Marka xabagta iyo dhejiska ay ku dhow yihiin dhow, fal-dhexgalka molecular, sida xoogagga van der Waals, ayaa ku lug leh xidhitaanka, taas oo gacan weyn ka geisanaysa xooggeeda ugu dambeeya. PSAs waxaa loogu talagalay codsiyada joogtada ah ama la saari karo. Tusaalooyinka codsiyada joogtada ah waxaa ka mid ah sumadaha badbaadada ee qalabka korontada, cajaladda foornada ee shaqada dhuumaha HVAC, golaha qurxinta gudaha baabuurka, iyo filimada qoyan ee dhawaqa/gariirka. Qaar ka mid ah PSAs joogtada ah ee waxqabadka sarreeya waxay muujinayaan qiyamka dhejiska sare waxayna taageeri karaan kiiloogaraam oo miisaan ah mitir laba jibaaran ee aagga xiriirka, xitaa heerkulka sarreeya. PSAs joogtada ah waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan weligood la saari karin (tusaale ahaan si loo soo ceshado alaabta khaldan) oo ay dhistaan xabag xidhitaan joogto ah saacado ama maalmo kadib. Xabagta la saari karo waxaa loo qaabeeyey inay sameeyaan xidhitaan ku-meel-gaar ah, oo sida ugu habboon looga saari karo bilo ama sano iyada oo aan laga tegin haraaga dhejiska. Xabagta la saari karo waxaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyada sida filimada ilaalinta dusha sare, cajaladaha maaskarada, calaamadaha buug-yaraha iyo warqadaha xusuusin, calaamadaha koodhka bar-bar, calaamadaha calaamadaynta qiimaha, agabka xayeysiinta, iyo xiriirka maqaarka (daryeelka boogaha, elektaroodyada EKG, cajaladda ciyaaraha, dawooyinka xanuunka iyo daroogooyinka trans-dermal, iwm.). Qaar ka mid ah xabagta la saari karo waxaa loo qaabeeyey inay ku dhegaan oo kala tagaan si isdaba joog ah.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barcode|first1=Barry|title=Rubber Acrylic Adhesive Labels|url=http://www.midcomdata.com/rubber-acrylic-adhesive-labels/|website=Midcomdata|date=23 July 2014}}</ref> Waxay leeyihiin xabag hoose, guud ahaanna ma taageeri karaan miisaan badan. Cadaadiska xasaasiga ah ee xabagta waxaa lagu isticmaalaa xusuusinaha Post-it. Xabagta cadaadiska xasaasiga ah waxaa lagu soo saaraa qaade dareere ah ama qaab adag oo 100%. Maqaallada waxaa laga sameeyaa PSA dareere ah iyadoo la marinayo xabagta oo la qalajinayo dareeraha ama qaade biyaha. Waxaa laga yaabaa in si dheeraad ah loo kululeeyo si loo bilaabo falcelinta isku xidhka oo la kordhiyo miisaanka molecular. 100% PSA adag waxay noqon karaan polymers viscosity hoose oo la dahaaray oo markaas lagula falgelay shucaaca si loo kordhiyo miisaanka molecular oo loo sameeyo xabagta, ama waxay noqon karaan agab viscosity sarreeya oo la kululeeyo si loo yareeyo viscosity ku filan si loo oggolaado dahaarka, ka dibna qaboojiyo foomkooda ugu dambeeya. Maaddada ceyriin ee ugu weyn ee PSA waa polymers acrylate ku salaysan. ===== Xiriirka ===== {{See also|Contact adhesives}} Xabagta xiriirka waxay samaysaa xidhitaan adkaysi u leh xiiridda oo wata waqti adkaansho degdeg ah. Badanaa waxaa lagu dabaqaa lakabyo dhuuban oo loogu isticmaalo laminate-yada, sida ku xiridda Formica dusha sare, iyo kabaha, sida ku xiridda lugaha hoose ee sare. Caagadda dabiiciga ah iyo polychloroprene (Neoprene) waa xabagta xiriirka ee caadiga ah. Labadan elastomers waxay maraan crystalization xiisad. Xabagta xiriirka waa in lagu dabaqaa labada dusha sare oo la siiyaa xoogaa waqti ah si ay u qallalaan ka hor inta aan labada dusha la isku riixin. Qaar ka mid ah xabagta xiriirka waxay qaadataa ilaa 24 saacadood inay si buuxda u qallajiso ka hor inta aan dusha la isku haynin. Marka dusha la isku riixo, xidhitaanka wuxuu sameeyaa si aad u degdeg ah.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://composite.about.com/library/glossary/c/bldef-c1257.htm| title = Definition of ''contact adhesive'' on About.com| access-date = 25 September 2006| archive-date = 24 Bisha Tobnaad 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061024171339/http://composite.about.com/library/glossary/c/bldef-c1257.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> Isku xiridda looma baahna sababtoo ah samaynta xidhitaanka degdegga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magazine |first=Wood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltsv0oq_C6EC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Wood Magazine - Making Great Boxes |date=2006 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4027-0763-6 |language=en}}</ref> ===== Kulul ===== [[File:Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg|right|thumbnail|Qoriga koolada, oo ah tusaale ka mid ah xabagta kulul]] {{Main|Hot-melt adhesive}} Xabagta kulul, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno xabagta dhalaasha kulul, waa thermoplastics lagu dabaqo qaab dhalaalay (inta u dhaxaysa 65–180 °C) kuwaas oo adkaada marka la qaboojiyo si ay u sameeyaan xidhitaan adag oo u dhexeeya agabyo kala duwan. Xabagta dhalaasha kulul ee ku salaysan Ethylene-vinyl acetate ayaa si gaar ah caan ugu ah farsamada gacanta sababtoo ah sahlanaanta isticmaalkooda iyo agabka caadiga ah ee kala duwan ee ay ku biiri karaan. Qoriga koolada (oo midigta ka muuqda) waa hal hab oo lagu dabaqo xabagta kulul. Qoriga koolada wuxuu dhaliyaa xabagta adag, ka dibna u oggolaanaysa dareeraha inuu dhex maro foornadiisa ilaa agabka, halkaas oo uu ku adkaado. Xabagta thermoplastic waxaa laga yaabaa inay soo saartay qiyaastii 1940 Procter & Gamble oo xal u ah dhibaatada ah in xabagta biyaha ku salaysan, ee caadi ahaan loogu isticmaalo baakadaha waqtigaas, ay ku guuldarraysteen cimilada qoyan, taas oo keentay inay baakadaha furmaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xabagta biyaha ku salaysan ayaa weli ah kuwo aad u xiiso badan maadaama aysan inta badan ka koobnayn dareeraha uumiga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhakare |first1=Madhuri A. |last2=Lokhande |first2=Kshama D. |last3=Bondarde |first3=Mahesh P. |last4=Dhumal |first4=Pratik S. |last5=Some |first5=Surajit |date=2023-02-15 |title=Dual functions of bioinspired, water-based, reusable composite as a highly efficient flame retardant and strong adhesive |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894722059010 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=454 |article-number=140421 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2022.140421 |issn=1385-8947}}</ref> === Falcelinta === ==== Anaerobic ==== Xabagta anaerobic waxay adkaataa marka ay la xiriirto birta, iyada oo aan lahayn ogsajiin.<ref>{{cite web |title=About anaerobic adhesives |publisher=ThreeBond Holdings Co. |url=https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/adhesion2.html |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> Si fiican ayay uga shaqeeyaan meel bannaan oo isku xiran, sida marka loo isticmaalo dareeraha xiritaanka dunta. ==== Qaybo badan leh ==== Xabagta qaybo badan leh waxay adkaadaan iyadoo la isku darayo laba qaybood ama ka badan oo fal-gelaya kiimiko ahaan. Falcelintani waxay keentaa in polymers-ku isku xirmaan acrylates, urethanes, iyo epoxies. Waxaa jira dhowr kombinasyon oo ganacsi oo ah xabagta qaybo badan leh oo laga isticmaalo warshadaha. Qaar ka mid ah isku-darkaan waa: * Polyester resin & polyurethane resin * Polyols & polyurethane resin * Acrylic polymers & polyurethane resins Qaybaha shakhsi ahaaneed ee xabagta qaybo badan leh ma aha kuwo xabag ah dabiici ahaan. Qaybaha shakhsi ahaaneed waxay midba midka kale la falgalaan ka dib marka la isku daro waxayna muujiyaan xabag buuxda oo keliya marka la daweeyo. Resins-ka qaybo badan leh waxay noqon karaan kuwo dareere ku salaysan ama dareere la'aan ah. Dareerayaasha ku jira xabagta ayaa ah dhexdhexaad u ah polyester ama polyurethane resin. Dareeraha waa la qalajiyaa inta lagu jiro habka daweynta. ==== Xabagta la sii qaboojiyay ee horay loo sii daray ==== Xabagta la sii qaboojiyay ee horay loo sii daray (PMFs) waa xabag la isku daray, hawada laga saaray, la baakadeeyay, lana qaboojiyay.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiRdDgAAQBAJ|title=Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds|publisher=Apple Academic Press|author=Ralph D. Hermansen|page=31|date=16 March 2017|access-date=27 October 2017|isbn=978-1-77188-315-3}}</ref> Sida ay lagama maarmaanka u tahay in PMFs ay baraf ahaadaan intaan la isticmaalin ka hor, marka la qaboojiyo −80 °C waxaa lagu soo raraan baraf engegan waxaana looga baahan yahay in lagu keydiyo ama ka hooseeyo −40 °C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/93547-repackaging-options-for-two-component-adhesives-sealants-and-coatings|title=Repackaging Options for Two-Component Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings|publisher=Adhesives and Sealants Industry|date=5 January 2015|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Xabagaha PMF waxay meesha ka saaraan qaladaadka isku-darka ee uu sameeyo isticmaalaha ugu dambeeya waxayna yareeyaan soo-gaaridda wakiillada adkeeya ee ka koobnaan kara waxyaabaha cuncunka ama sunta leh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Adhesives Technology for Electronic Applications: Materials, Processing, Reliability|publisher=Elsevier|author1=James J. Licari|author2=Dale W. Swanson|date=2011|page=121|access-date=27 October 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5kEWU5aHoC&q=Premixed+and+frozen+adhesives+history&pg=PA28|isbn=978-1-4377-7890-8}}</ref> PMFs waxaa ganacsi ahaan la soo bandhigay 1960-meeyadii waxaana badanaa lagu isticmaalaa hawada sare iyo difaaca.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.appli-tec.com/adhesives/history-of-frozen-adhesives/|title=History of Pre-Mixed and Frozen (PMF) Adhesives|publisher=Appli-tec|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> ==== Qayb-hal ==== Xabagaha qayb-hal ah waxay adkaadaan iyada oo loo marayo fal-gal kiimikaad oo ay la leeyihiin il tamar oo dibadda ah, sida shucaaca, kulaylka, iyo qoyaanka. [[File:Steeldive SD8205-2.jpg|thumb|Saacad wadata muraayad weyneynaysa taariikhda. Muraayadda waxaa lagu dhejiyay xabag hufan oo UV rays ku adkaata dusha sare ee muraayadda saacadda.]] Xabagaha ultraviolet (UV) ee ku adkaada iftiinka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno agabka iftiinka ku adkaada (LCM), ayaa caan ka noqday qaybta wax-soo-saarka sababtoo ah waqtigooda adkaanshaha degdegga ah iyo xoogga xidhmo adag. Xabagaha iftiinka ku adkaada waxay ku adkaan karaan ilaa hal ilbiriqsi gudahood waxaana qaabab badan ay ku xidhi karaan substrates kala duwan (agab) oo ay u adkeysan karaan heerkulka daran. Tilmaamahan ayaa ka dhigaya xabagaha UV curing kuwo lagama maarmaan u ah soo-saaridda alaabta ee suuqyo badan oo warshadeed sida elektaroonigga, isgaarsiinta, caafimaadka, hawada sare, dhalada, iyo indhaha. Si ka duwan xabagaha dhaqameed, xabagaha UV ee iftiinka ku adkaada ma aha oo kaliya in ay isku xidhaan agabka laakiin sidoo-kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu shaabadeeyo oo lagu daweeyo alaabta. Inta badan waxay ku saleysan yihiin akrilik. Xabagaha kulaylka ku adkaada waxay ka kooban yihiin isku-dar hore loo sii sameeyay oo ah laba qaybood ama ka badan. Markა kulaylka la adeegsado qaybaha ayaa fal-gelaya oo isku xidhma. Noocyada xabagtan waxaa ka mid ah thermosetting polymer thermoset epoxies, urethanes, iyo polyimides. Xabagaha qoyaanka ku adkaada waxay adkaadaan marka ay la falgalaan qoyaanka ka jira dusha sare ee substrate-ka ama hawada. Noocyada xabagtan waxaa ka mid ah cyanoacrylates iyo urethanes. {{See also|List of polyurethane applications#Adhesives}} === Asal ahaan === ==== Dabiici ah ==== Xabagaha dabiiciga ah waxaa laga sameeyaa ilaha dabiiciga ah sida borotiinka khudaarta (dextrin), resins-ka dabiiciga ah, ama xayawaanka (tusaale borotiinka caanaha casein<ref name="cornell">[https://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=160 CCMR – Ask A Scientist!]</ref> iyo xabagta xoolaha ee maqaarka ku salaysan). Kuwan waxaa badanaa loogu yeeraa bioadhesives. Tusaale ahaan waa koolo fudud oo lagu sameeyo iyadoo la karkarinayo bur biyo ku jira. Xabagaha ku salaysan istaariishka waxaa lagu isticmaalaa soo-saaridda looxyada laalaaban iyo bacaha warqadda, duubista tuubooyinka warqadda, iyo xabagaha darbiyada. Xabagta casein waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalka in lagu dhejiyo sumadaha dhalada dhalada ah. Xabagaha xoolaha waxaa dhaqan ahaan loo isticmaali jiray buugaagta la xidho, ku biirista alwaaxa, iyo meelo kale oo badanimada laakiin hadda waxaa inta badan beddelay xabagta macmalka ah marka laga reebo codsiyada gaarka ah sida soo-saaridda iyo dayactirka qalabka muusigga ee xadhkaha leh. Albumen-ka laga soosaaray qaybta borotiinka ee dhiigga ayaa waxaa lagu isticmaali jiray warshadaha plywood. Masonite, oo ah alwaax adag, ayaa asal ahaan lagu xidhay iyadoo la adeegsanayo lignin alwaax dabiici ah, in kasta oo inta badan looxyada casriga ah ee Particle board-ka sida MDF ay isticmaalaan resins-ka kulaylka ku adkaada ee macmalka ah. ==== Macmal ah ==== Xabagaha macmalka ah waxaa laga sameeyaa xeryahooda dabiiciga ah.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Mantanis | first1=George I. | last2=Athanassiadou | first2=Eleftheria Th. | last3=Barbu | first3=Marius C. | last4=Wijnendaele | first4=Kris | author1-link=George Mantanis |title=Adhesive systems used in the European particleboard, MDF and OSB industries | journal=Wood Material Science & Engineering | volume=13 | issue=2 | date=2018-03-15 | issn=1748-0272 | doi=10.1080/17480272.2017.1396622 | pages=104–116 }}</ref> Intooda badani waxay ku saleysan yihiin elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, iyo thermosets. Tusaalooyinka xabagaha kulaylka ku adkaada waa: epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate iyo acrylic polymers. Xabagta macmalka ah ee ugu horreysay ee ganacsi ahaan loo soo saaro waxay ahayd Karlsons Klister 1920-meeyadii.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/innovation/article3208149.ece| title = Ny Teknik: Sverige fastnade tack vare åsnan| access-date = 15 August 2011}}</ref> == Codsiga == Qalabka lagu mariyo xabagaha kala duwan waxaa loo qaabeeyey si waafaqsan xabagta la isticmaalayo iyo cabbirka aagga ay tahay in xabagta lagu mariyo. Xabagta waxaa lagu mariyaa mid ka mid ah ama labada shay ee la isku xidhayo. Cadadku waa la simaa waxaana la saaraa cadaadis si loogu caawiyo dhejinta isla markaana laga saaro xabagta xumbooyinka hawada. Hababka caadiga ah ee lagu mariyo xabagta waxaa ka mid ah burushyada, rollers, iyadoo la isticmaalayo filimada ama xabadaha, qoryaha buufinta iyo qoryaha codsiga (tusaale, qoriga caulk). Dhammaan kuwan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si gacmeed ah ama si otomaatig ah qayb uga ah mashiinka. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 576jo0danqzwcwcpgpoqdl717szzt8o 0 17740 309688 309536 2026-09-26T02:15:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garaad''' ([[Af-Harari|Harari]]: ገራድ ''Gärād'', {{Langx|so|Garaad}}, {{Langx|ar|الجراد}}, [[Af-Oromo|Oromo]]: ''Garaada'') waa magac ama cinwaan loo adeegsado in loogu yeero boqor, suldaan, ama maamule goboleed. Waxaa inta badan isticmaali jiray muslimiinta ku nool [[Geeska Afrika]] ee ku xirnaa dowladaha Islaamka, gaar ahaan [[Saldanaddii Adal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abubaker |first1=Abdulmalik |title=Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience |publisher=University of Alabama |page=24 |url=https://everythingharar.com/files/Abdulmalik_Abubaker.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Mohammed |title=Oromo of Ethiopia |publisher=University of London |page=177 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213003344/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-13 |access-date=2026-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Asalka Erayga== Asalka dhabta ah ee erayga ''Garaad'' waa mid aan la hubin.<ref>{{citation|title=Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth ..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N0DwAAQBAJ&q=garad+origin+in+ethiopia&pg=PA87|date=n.d.|isbn=978-0-8156-5431-5|last1 = Ben-Dror|first1 = Avishai| publisher=Syracuse University Press }}</ref> Sida uu qabo [[Enrico Cerulli]], Garaad wuxuu ka soo jeedaa xilligii [[Adal (gobol taariikhi ah)|Adal]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Hersi |first1=Ali |title=The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula |date=1977 |publisher=University of California |page=13 |url=https://iucat.iu.edu/iue/576862}}</ref> Garaad wuxuu tilmaamayaa oday ama madax ka tirsan ''"Gaar"'' (qabiil/reer).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woldeselassie |first1=Zerihun |title=Ethnicity, belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia |journal=Ethnicities |year=2017 |volume=17 |issue=3 |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc |page=438 |doi=10.1177/1468796815588619 |jstor=26413960 |hdl=10037/18693 |s2cid=143003936 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26413960|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Turton |first1=Edmund |title=The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya |publisher=University of London |page=27 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29105/1/10731200.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405174231/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29105/1/10731200.pdf |archive-date=2025-04-05 |access-date=2026-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Garaad wuxuu macnihiisu yahay ''"madax ama duug"'' luqadaha [[Af-Harari|Harari]] iyo [[Af-Silt'e|Silt'e]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad |url=https://en.sewasew.com/phrases/4612?withDetails=1}}</ref> Taariikhyahanka Abdurahman Garad wuxuu sheegay in Garaad uu ka soo jeedo erayga Harariga ah ee ah ''agârada'' oo macnihiisu yahay "in si fiican loo fiirsado" sidaas darteedna uu si dhow u xiriiro cinwaanka gaarka u ah Harar ee [[Malak (cinwaan)|Malak]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garad |first1=Abdurahman |title=Harar Wirtschaftsgeschichte eines Emirats im Horn von Afrika (1825-75) |date=1990 |publisher=P. Lang |page=24 |isbn=978-3-631-42492-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gwAAAAMAAJ&q=Harar:+Wirtschaftsgeschichte+des+Emirats+im+Horn+von+Afrika+(1825-75)}}</ref> Sida uu qabo [[Wolf Leslau|Leslau]], Garaad waa erey ka soo amaahday luqadaha Kushitiga ee ku dhex jira af-Harariga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqaan-yahanka [[Giorgio Banti]] waa uu diiddan yahay sheegashadan, isagoo sheegaya in caddaymaha Leslau aanay ku filnayn in lagu taageero. Banti wuxuu ku daray inaysan jirin caddayn xooggan oo lagu taageerayo inuu asal ka soo jeedo luqadaha [[Afafka Semitiga-Itoobiyaanka|Ethio-Semitic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banti |first1=Giorgio |title=African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology |chapter=Strata on loanwords from Arabic and other Semitic languages in Northern Somali |date=2013 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=203–204 |doi=10.1515/9783110292343.185 |isbn=978-3-11-029232-9 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110292343.185/html?lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leslau |first=Wolf |date=1959 |title=An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_1959_num_3_1_1310 |journal=Annales d'Éthiopie |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=290 |doi=10.3406/ethio.1959.1310}}</ref> Af-Soomaaliga dhexdiisa, erayga ''Garaad'' waxaa inta badan loogu turjumaa "madax", "oday", ama "nin xigmad leh", iyo sidoo kale "xigmad".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Höhne |first=Markus Virgil |title=Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-907431-13-5 |location=London |pages=47 |oclc=976483444}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Waller |first1=David |title=Rwanda : which way now? |date=1993 |publisher=Oxfam |isbn=0-85598-217-9 |location=Oxford |pages=68 |oclc=29513928}}</ref> Asal kale oo erayga ah oo ku jira af-Soomaaliga waa ''Gar Aad'', kaas oo ah isku-darka erayada "gar" (caddaalad) iyo "aad" (u socda), sidaas darteed macnaha dhabta ah ee Garaad ee Af-Soomaaliga waa "midka raadiya caddaaladda".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirk |first1=J. W. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPVWJxtLG6IC |title=A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects |date=2010-10-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01326-0 |language=en}}</ref> == Taariikhda == [[File:Ala Oromo Garad.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Garaad ka tirsan Oromada Ala sanadkii 1885]] Dowladaha iyo maamulada Islaamka ee kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanaddii Hadiya]], [[Saldanaddii Darfur]], [[Gobolka Ganz]], [[Harla]] iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha saldanadaha [[Soomaalida|Soomaaliyeed]] ayaa hoggaamiyeyaashooda loogu yeeri jiray Garaadyo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boustead |first1=J.E.H |title=The Youth & Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar "A Fur View" |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |year=1939 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=149–153 |publisher=University of Khartoum |jstor=41716321 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41716321}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Markakis |first1=John |title=Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers |year=2011 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |page=141 |isbn=978-1-84701-033-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&q=somali+elders+with+titles+such+as+sultan%2C+Ugas%2C+Garad%2C+Damin+and+Malaq&pg=PA141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Huntingford |first1=G.W.B |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla |date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-05271-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgkDwAAQBAJ&q=hadiya+garad&pg=PT46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Levi |first1=Vida |title=Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792 |page=2 |url=https://f.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/4313/files/2020/07/Labadie_Manuscrit_Vatican_Arabe_1792-1.pdf |publisher=European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme}}</ref> Sida uu qabo taariikhyahanka Alessandro Gori, qoraallada Masiixiga iyo kuwa Islaamkaba waxay cinwaanka ''Garaad'' ku xiriiriyaan hoggaamiyihii caanka ahaa ee qarnigii lixaad ee Adal [[Axmed bin Ibraahim Al-Gaasi]] (Axmed Gurey).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gori |first1=Alessandro |title=Fame (and debts) beyond the sea two mentions of imām Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm in an Indian Arabic source |publisher=University of Copenhagen |page=484 |url=https://curis.ku.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/156864506/GORI_in_GS_Marrassini.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chekroun |first1=Amélie |title=Derniers échos du jihad éthiopien (XVIe siècle) : l'apport de la biographie du fils de l'imām Aḥmad par al-Jazīrī |publisher=Centre Français des Études Ethiopiennes |page=24 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05395526/}}</ref> Sannadkii 1550, warqad ka timid boqorkii [[Boqortooyada Itoobiya|Xabashida]] oo loo diray boqorkii [[Portugal]] ayaa faahfaahin ka bixinaysa guushii uu hoggaamiyihii Adal ee ''Garaad Axmed'' ka gaaray taliyihii Bortuqiiska [[Cristóvão da Gama]]:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 |page=116 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/The_Portuguese_expedition_to_Abyssinia_in_1541-1543_as_narrated_by_Castanhoso_%28IA_portugueseexpedi00whitrich%29.pdf}}</ref> {{Blockquote |text=Taliyihii, D. Christovao, wuxuu ka degay badda, wuxuuna dalkayga la galay afar boqol oo Faransiis ah, iyo bambaanooyin badan, qoryaha gacanta iyo hub kale. Muslimiin badan ayaa ku soo ururay inay la dagaallamaan. Raggeenu waxay ahaayeen kuwo kooban, sidaas darteedna maalintu may ahayn tii aan guuleysanay. Ma aanan iman waqtigii aan kula biiri lahaa Taliyaha, waayo waxaan ka fogaa waddan kale oo la yiraahdaa [[Shawa|Seoa]]. Intii uu D. Christovao joogay [[Gobolka Tigray|Tigre]], wuxuu ii soo diray ergay si uu iiga codsado inaan si degdeg ah u imaado, maadaama ay ahayd in labaduba aan kulanno. Ergaygii waa i soo gaaray, waxaa la dhihi jiray Ayres Dias, oo ah adeege ka tirsan Taliyaha, kaas oo ay dadka dalkan u yaqaaniin Marcos. Markaan maqlay fariintii waxaan bilaabay inaan si degdeg ah u socdaalo, si aan u midoobno. Intii aan jidka ku jiray waxaan maqlay in Garaad Axmed uu dilay D. Christovao iyo Faransiisiyaal badan, isla markaana uu qabsaday dhammaan bambaanooyinkii, agabkii dagaalka iyo hubkii ay wateen; iyo in Faransiisiyaalkii ka baxsaday ay ku kala firdheen dalka oo dhan. Warkaas markaan maqlay aad baan u murugooday oo waxaan la ooyay murugo iyo xamaasad.}} Qoysaska iyo qabaa'ilada Soomaaliyeed dhexdooda, isticmaalka cinwaanka hidaha iyo dhaqanka ee ''"Garaad"'' wuxuu aad ugu baahsan yahay qabiillada [[Dhulbahante]] iyo [[Karanle]], waxaana sidoo kale isticmaali jiray [[Habar Awal]] ilaa horraantii 1940-meeyadii.<ref>{{cite book|last=Felix|first=Rosen|url=https://archive.org/details/einedeutscheges00rose|title=Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien|publisher=VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig|year=1907|isbn=978-0-274-11341-5|page=115|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Buur |first1=L |last2=Kyed |first2=K |title=State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities? |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMeHDAAAQBAJ&q=dhulbahante+i+m+lewis&pg=PA176 |access-date=21 September 2019|isbn=978-0-230-60971-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber |publisher=Istituto Per L'Oriente |page=199 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view}}</ref> Sida ay qabto hidaha iyo dhaqanka, Garaadkii aas-aasay qabiilka Girhi ee Soomaaliyeed ''"Aboker"'' wuxuu noolaa shan qarni ka hor magaalada [[Harar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussein |first1=Jeylan |title=Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia |journal=African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review |year=2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=107 |doi=10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89 |jstor=10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89 |s2cid=154694376 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dhaqanka qabiilka Soomaaliyeed ee [[Geledi]] wuxuu sheegayaa in [[Aw (aabbe)|Aw]] Kalafow, oo ah farcankii [[Abadir]], uu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee isticmaala cinwaanka ''Garaad''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohammed |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |date=25 February 2003 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=87 |isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&dq=first+to+use+the+title+gereed&pg=PA87}}</ref> Enrico Cerulli iyo kuwo kale waxay sheegeen in cinwaannada [[Af-Harari|Harari]] sida ''Garaad'' ay qaateen oo ay adeegsadeen madaxda Soomaaliyeed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA |publisher=Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino |page=314 |url=http://everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/Harar,%20Centro%20Musulmano%20In%20Ethiopia%20-%20Cerulli.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819170854/http://everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/Harar,%20Centro%20Musulmano%20In%20Ethiopia%20-%20Cerulli.pdf |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2026-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Banti |first1=Giorgio |title=Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |page=192 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5529034}}</ref> Horraantii qarnigii 17-aad ee [[Emirate of Harar|Imaaraddii Harar]], Garaad wuxuu ahaa cinwaanka la siiyo dadka canshuur ururiyayaasha ah ee u adeegaya dowladda. Waxaa loo sii gudbin jiray oo inta badan loo dhaxalsiin jiray wiilka curadka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Yusuf |title=An Inquiry into Some Aspects of the Economy of Harar and the Records of the Household Economy of Harari Amirs (1825-1875) |publisher=Addis Ababa University |page=24}}</ref> Sida uu qabo Richard Caulk, Garaad wuxuu ahaa cinwaan hore oo Harari ah kaas oo loo soo bandhigay [[Oromada]] ku nool [[Hararghe]] oo iyaguna bilaabay inay isticmaalaan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abubaker |first1=Abdulmalik |title=Trade for Peace not for Conflict: Harari Experience |publisher=School of Law, University of Warwick |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2013_1/abubaker}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=WONDIMU |first1=ALEMAYEHU |title=A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE |publisher=Jimma University |page=18 |url=https://repository.ju.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/803/Edd.%20Ful.%20%20His.%20RES.%207%20Alemayehu%2020099.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421223316/https://repository.ju.edu.et/bitstream/handle/123456789/803/Edd.%20Ful.%20%20His.%20RES.%207%20Alemayehu%2020099.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Garaadyadu waxay kaloo ahaayeen taliyayaal ciidan oo lagu magacaabi jiray [[Malassay]] oo ka tirsanaa Imaaradda Harar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kropp |first1=Manfred |title=Mäläsay: Selbstbezeichnung Eines Harariner Offizierskorps und Ihr Gebrauch in Äthiopischen und Arabischen Chroniken |journal=Paideuma |year=1990 |volume=36 |publisher=Frobenius Institute |page=111 |jstor=40732663 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732663}}</ref> Taariikh qoraal ah oo qarnigii 18-aad ah oo ku saabsan Harar ayaa sheegaysa in gobolka Harar uu soo maray qalalaase weyn dhammaadkii 1700-meeyadii kaas oo sababay burburinta dhowr tuulo oo ay maamuli jireen Garaadyadu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Ewald |title=Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar |year=1974 |issue=1 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=12 |pages=213–224 |jstor=44324707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324707}}</ref> Int u dhaxaysay 1831 iyo 1833, boqorkii Shawa [[Sahle Selassie]] wuxuu u magacaabay al-Hajj Garaad oo ka tirsan dadka [[Argobba]], inuu noqdo guddoomiyaha [[Aliyu Amba]] ee gobolka taariikhiga ah ee [[Ifat (gobol taariikhi ah)|Ifat]] ee [[Boqortooyada Itoobiya|Xabashida]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Omer |first1=Ahmed |title=Aleyyu Amba: L'Ifat et ses réseaux politiques, religieux et commerciaux au XIXe siècle |publisher=Editions De Boccard |page=194 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Aleyyu_Amba/izIlzgEACAAJ?hl=en}}</ref> == Qabaa'ilada Garaad ee Soomaaliyeed == Waxaa jira qabaa'il Soomaaliyeed oo magaca Garaad raaciyo ama ay ka tirsanyihiin, gaar ahaan laamaha qabaa'ilka [[Mareexaan]], [[Dhulbahante]], iyo [[Karanle]] oo ay ka mid yihiin:<ref>GIKONYO, FLORENCE, MÉMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L’OBTENTION DU, and DIPLÔME DE MAÎTRISE ES LETTRES. "UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA." (2011).</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=John Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ|title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484|date=1951|publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary|pages=141–143|language=en}}</ref> *[[Faarax Garaad]] *[[Maxamuud Garaad]] == Goobaha == *[[Madaarka Jigjiga Gerad Wilwal]], garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal [[Jigjiga]], Itoobiya *Garado, magaalo ku taal [[Gobolka Wollo]] ee [[Gobolka Amxaarada]] taas oo magaceedu ka soo jeedo Garaad.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussein |first1=Ahmed |title=HARAR-WALLO RELATIONS REVISITED: HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS |publisher=Kyoto University |page=112 |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/108279/1/ASM_S_41_111.pdf}}</ref> *Garad Erer, buur ka muuqata [[godka Porc-Epic]] ee u dhow [[Dire Dawa]], Itoobiya *[[Garacad|Garaad]] (Garacad), magaalo dekedeed ku taal [[Puntland]], [[Soomaaliya]] *Garad Abdal Kader Nur, tuulo u dhow [[Harar]], Itoobiya<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braukämper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia Collected Essays |publisher=Lit |page=115 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Islamic_History_and_Culture_in_Southern/HGnyk8Pg9NgC?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref> == Garaadyada caanka ah == *[[Maxfud]] ee Saldanadda Adal *[[Garaad Hirabu Goita Tedros]] *[[Asmadin]] ee [[Gobolka Wej|Wej]] *[[Abun Adashe]] ee Saldanadda Adal *[[Gerad Dhidhin|Dhidhin]], taliyihii ugu horreeyay ee qabiilka Soomaaliyeed ee [[Warsangali]] *[[Abu Bakr Qecchin]] ee Saldanadda Adal *[[Sidi Maxamed]], ayeeyaha dadka [[Halaba people|Halaba]] *[[Matan ibn Uthman Al Somali]] ee Saldanadda Adal *[[Jama Garad Ali|Jama Cali]], madaxa qabiilka Soomaaliyeed ee [[Dhulbahante]] *[[Hassan Enjamo]] ee dadka [[Kebena people|Kebena]] *[[Aze (taliye)|Aze]] ee [[Saldanaddii Hadiya|Hadiya]] *[[Garad Abdiqani Garad Jama|Abdiqani Jama]], garaadkii guud ee qabiilka [[Dhulbahante]] iyo mid ka mid ah saxiixayaasha [[Baaqa Madaxbannaanida Somaliland|bayaanada madaxbannaanida Somaliland]] *Garaad Xirsi Faarax Xirsi ([[Wiil Waal]]), Garaadkii 17-aad ee [[Absame]] == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Ugaas]] * [[Malak (cinwaan)|Malak]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geeska Afrika]] [[Category:Taariikhda Darfur]] [[Category:Bulshada Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Saldanaddii Adal]] [[Category:Cinwaannada boqortooyada]] [[Category:Cinwaannada sharafta leh]] [[Category:Cinwaannada hoggaanka qaran ama qowmiyadeed]] [[Category:Dadweynaha la doortay]] [[Category:Madaxda dowladaha]] 21bqsuqlqxkznbmdx0kyu3b6s3n0awp 0 19594 309710 296904 2026-09-26T04:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siyaasadda Somaliland}} The '' 'siyaasadda of Somaliland' '' qaadan meel nidaamka dhexjir ah maamulka, taas oo ka hoosaysa [[Somaliland]] gobolka ee [[Dastuurka Somaliland | dastuurka]], isku daraa hay'adaha dhaqanka iyo galbeedka. Dastuurka sooco dowladda galay Waaxda Fulinta, laan sharci-dejinta, iyo Waax Garsoor, kuwaasoo mid walba uu si madax banaan hawlaha kale ee ka .<ref name="Administration">{{cite web|url=http://somalilandgov.com/the-administration/ |title=Somaliland Government |publisher=The Somaliland Government |accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> Somaliland waa wadan madax banaaan midnimada Somaliland waa muqadas == History == Wixii laba iyo toban sannadood ee ugu horeysay, Somaliland ma xisbiyada siyaasadda lahaa laakiin halkii raacay qaabab ku salaysan qabiil sooyaalka ah ee urur siyaasadeedka. Xisbiyada siyaasadeed ayaa lagu soo bandhigay inta lagu guda jiro doorashada madaxweynaha oo taas waxaa loo rajeynayay in doorashooyinka baarlamaanka dhawaan ka caawin doono in ay horseeda in nidaam wakiil oo aan jidaynayey wakiil u noqon hehiisiinta ku salaysan qabiil. Doorashada Degmada ka dibna lagu qabtay go'an oo dhinacyada ah ayaa loo ogol yahay inay u tartamaan doorashooyinka baarlamaanka iyo madaxtooyada, halkaas oo xisbiga ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si ay u muujiyaan ugu yaraan labaatan boqolkiiba codadkii caan ka afar ka mid ah lixda gobol. Tani waxaa loogu talagalay si loo hubiyo in dhinacyada aan abaabuli lahaa agagaarka khadadka qowmiyadaha. Saddex dhinac ayaa loo doortay in ay soo gudbiyaan musharaxiinta madaxtinimada: Democratic Party United Peoples '([[UDUB]]), [[Kulmiye]], iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Daryeelka ([[UCID]]). On April 14, 2003, 488,543 {{Tigidka loo baahan yahay | taariikhda = January 2009}} codbixiyayaasha ka qaybgalay doorashada madaxweynaha, kaas oo ku orday badan ama ka yar si habsami. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ahayd cod siddeetan guul caato ah lagu muransan yahay, waayo, UDUB badan Kulmiye, qasan eedeymo [[Walxaha codbixinta]] ka dhanka UDUB korkanaga ah. Inkastoo calls for Kulmiye inuu abuuro dawlad soo horjeeda, hoggaanka xisbiga ee ma ah saas ku samayn, halkii aad dooranayso in ay raacaan xukunka Maxkamadda Sare in dhawaaqay guul UDUB ee. Inkastoo ay socdaan mudaharaadada yar, guurka madaxweynaha ee [[Dahir Riyale Kahin]] si nabad ah ku daray. Nidaam dhaqameedka maamul koobnaa odayaasha qabiilada oo tag by horyaal sida kushiray, Guurtida ama akils. sida caadiga ah waxay amar ku bixiyay in bixinta ee diya, taas oo ah nidaamka lacag bixinta cabashadooda wax a, ama kula macaamilooday in heshiisiin matters.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=luP3-pqEg_oC&pg=PA56&dq=somalia+clan+elders&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K-JIT6OLB4HS8gOkkPibDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=somalia%20clan%20elders&f=false Report Musiibooyinka Adduunka] baxey 25 February 2012 </ ref> == System of dowladda == Somaliland waxay leedahay nidaam hybrid of maamul isku hay'adaha dhaqanka iyo galbeedka. In taxane ah oo shirarka beelaha, ku dhamaaday ee [[Borama]] Shirkii 1993, a '', heybta '' (qabiil ama bulshada) nidaamka dowladda ayaa la dhisay, kuwaas oo ka koobnaa Executive ah, iyadoo Madaxweynaha, Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka , iyo dawladda sharci-dejinta; Sharci Dejinta a aqal; iyo garsoor madaxbanaan. The elderates dhaqameed Soomaali ( '' Guurtida '') waxaa lagu daro qaab-dhismeedka dawladnimo iyo sameeyay guriga sare, ayaa mas'uul ka ah maaraynta isku dhacyada gudaha. Dowladda noqday in nuxurka a "awood-qaybsi isbahaysiga beelaha ugu waaweyn ee Somaliland ayaa," la kuraasta sare iyo guryo Hoose saami loo qoondeeyey beelaha sida ay a formula pre-go'an. In 2002, ka dib markii dhowr kordhin of this dowladda ku meel gaarka ah, Somaliland ugu dambeyntii sameeyey guurka si hannaanka xisbiyada badan, doorashada golaha degmada la isku haysto oo ay lix xisbi {{Tigidka loo baahan yahay | taariikhda = January 2009}}. == Xaaladda hadda == Inkastoo dhac 1994 iyo 1996, Somaliland ayaa liibaaniyey, caawisay by ay ganacsiga ee xoolaha la Saudi Arabia. Waxaa wajahaya qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka la taaban karo in ay badbaadada sii. Sida dawladaha kale ee Soomaalida, waxaa ka maqan saldhig canshuuraha joogto ah oo uu helo inta badan ay taageero ka jilayaasha gaarka loo leeyahay. Musuqmaasuqa ayaa weli dhibaato ah, haweenka waa shiidaa unrepresented ee dowladda, oo ay jiraan walaac sii kordhaya oo ku saabsan qaabka cod-bixinta ku salaysan khadadka qowmiyadaha iyo sidoo kale inta badan in UDUB uu helay in ka badan labada golayaasha gobollada iyo Madaxtooyada iyo sidoo kale baarlamaanka. Horumarka dhaqaale ayaa si xoogan loola taageeray ah [[qurba]], la'aanta aqoonsi caalami ah ka hortagtaa gargaarka caalamiga ah in ay sida dal. == Xiriirka International == In 2005 Somaliland ku biiray [[Unrepresented Nations iyo Ururka Dadyowga]] (UNPO), urur caalami ah ka go'an in ay kor u qaadida xaq u leedahay in [[aayo-ka]]. Qaramada Midoobay ayaa weli ayaa sheegay in ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah xuduudaha Somaliland waxay yeelan doonaan in ay ka gudbaan ka hor waxaa la aqoonsan yahay. === Wales === On March 1, 2006, ku [[Welsh Assembly]] casuumay [[Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi]], afhayeenka baarlamaanka Somaliland in furitaanka dhismaha Golaha cusub. Mr. Abdillahi sheegay in Somaliland uu casuumaad arkaa "calaamad aqoonsi by Golaha Qaranka ee Wales in [Somaliland waxay leedahay] sharci." Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee tirada Wales 8.000-10.000, kuwaas oo intooda badan ka yimaadaan Somaliland. Bishii December 2006 wakiillo ka socda Baarlamaanka Somaliland mar kale ka qeyb galay Golaha Welsh qaata sarre ah taagan ka xubnihiisa. Laba bilood ka hor Golaha ansixiyey abuuritaanka miisaaniyada gargaarka ah Africa. Intaasu waa intii laga guuro ansixiyey Xafiiska Arrimaha Dibadda ee UK iyo Waaxda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah iyo waxaa loo arkay isku day ah oo ay UK ku waaniyeen oo ku Abaal masuuliyiinta in ay gumeysi hore halka laga fogaado arrinta aqoonsiga rasmiga ah <ref> {{tixraacaan news. | title = Somaliland: Wales weerar Out On Its Own In Its Aqoonsiga Somaliland | taariikhda = 6 March 2005 | publisher = Unrepresented Nations iyo Ururka Dadyowga | url = http: //www.unpo.org/content/view/3905/236/}} </ ref> == Laanta Fulinta == [[File:Soomaaliya (Somaliland), Hargeisa, Golaha Wakiilada 1.JPG | suulka | xaq | 260px | The Golaha Wakiilada ee Hargeysa]] [[File:Soomaaliya (Somaliland), Hargeisa, Golaha Wakiilada 2.JPG | suulka | xaq | 260px | hoolka shirka, Golaha Wakiillada]] == WAADA XEER-DEJINTA == Baarlamaanka ( '' Baarlamaanka '') waxay leedahay laba [[bicameralism | qolalka]]. Golaha Wakiiladu ( '' Golaha Wakiilada '') waxa uu leeyahay 82 xubnood oo la dooranayo muddo shan sanno ah. Golaha Guurtida ( '' Golaha Guurtida '') waxa uu leeyahay 82 xubnood, oo ka dhigan hogaamiye dhaqameedyada. == Xisbiyada siyaasadeed iyo doorashooyinka == {{Doortay | List of xisbiyada siyaasadda ee Somaliland | Doorashooyinka ee Somaliland}} [[Somaliland]] doortay on heer qaran [[madaxa dawladda]] a (ee [[Madaxweynaha]]) oo ah [[baarlamaanka]]. Madaxweynaha ayaa waxaa loo doortay by dadka muddo shan sanno ah. === 2005 doorashadii baarlamaanka === {{Doorashada baarlamaanka Somaliland,} 2005} {{Article Main | doorashada baarlamaanka Somaliland,} 2005} === 2003 doorashada Madaxweynaha === {{Doorashada madaxtinimada Somaliland, 2003}} {{Article Main | doorashada Madaxweynaha Somaliland, 2003}} == Dahir Riyale Kahin ee Golaha == * Madaxweynaha: [[Dahir Riyale Kahin]] * Ku-xigeenka Madaxweynaha, [[Ahmed Yusuf Yasin]] * Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda: [[Abdillahi Mohamed Dualeh]] * Wasiir Ku-xigeenka Arrimaha Dibadda, [[Kayse Axmed]] iyo [[Said Mohamed Nuur]] ayaa hore u dhintay * Wasiirka qorshaynta: [[Ali Ibrahim Mohamed]] Wasiir ku-xigeenka: Ahmed Abdi Hashi * Wasiirka dib u dejinta iyo dhaqancelinta: [[Abshir Ahmed Hussein]] uu lagu badalay * Wasiirka difaaca: [[Adan Mire Maxamed]] uu lagu badalay * Wasiirka khayraadka biyaha iyo macdanta: Osman Sheikh iyo [[Qaasim Sheekh Yusuf]] ayaa ku dhintay * Wasiirka ciyaaraha: [[Mohamoud Said Mohamed]] * Wasiirka caddaaladda, [[Adan Axmed Cilmi]] * Wasiirka beeraha, [[Abdi Haybe]] * Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha: [[Abdillahi Ismail Ali]] * Wasiirka maaliyadda, [[Xuseen Cali Ducaale]] * Wasiirka Warfaafinta: [[Ahmed Haji Dahir Elmi]] * Wasiirka waxbarashada: [[Xasan Xaaji Maxamuud]] * Wasiirka ganacsiga iyo warshadaha: [[Aabiib Xasan Fil-Fil]] * Wasiirka Diinta: [[Sh. Mohamed Sh Maxamuud]] * Wasiirka Kalluumaysiga: ali Qorseef * Wasiirka xoolaha: Omar Sh.Mohamoud Farah iyo Dr. Idiris Cabdi ayaa nasiib darro ku dhintay * Wasiirka duwan iyo Wasiirka New horumarinta reer miyiga ayaa loo magacaabay iyo [[Fuad Adan Addb]] noqday mucaaradka * Wasiirka dalxiiska iyo dhaqanka, [[Abdulkadir Waberi]] iyo [[Osman Bile Cali]] ayaa ku dhintay * Wasiirka caafimaadka iyo shaqada, [[Adan Axmed Cilmi]] iyo [[Abdillahi Hussein Iman]] iman mucaaradka ee KULMIYE * Wasiirka Duulista: Ali Mohamed * Wasiirka Madaxtooyada: [[Hassan Wadaad]] oo ka soo taliyaha madaxweynaha [[Nuux Mohamed Osman]] * Wasiirka hawlaha guud, [[Said Sulub]] * Wasiirka gobolka ee dib u dhiska, dib u dejinta iyo dhaqancelinta: [[Khalil Abdulkadir Farah Hersi]] * Wasiirka dowlaha arrimaha gudaha, [[Aw Adan Cali Siciid]] * Wasiirka xiriirka la aqal ee baarlamaanka, wuxuuna ku dhintay [[Cabdi Xasan Buuni]] * Wasiirka boostada iyo isgaarsiinta: dilaalnimo * Wasiirka arrimaha qoyska iyo horumarinta bulshada, [[Faadumo Hassan Sudi]] * Wasiirka gobolka waayo, shuqulladiisa oo dadweynaha: [[Adan Ahmed Mohamoud]] == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Jadwalka Doorashada]] * [[Nidaamka Doorashada]] * [[Xiriirka Dibadda ee Somaliland]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} == Links Dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260130025435/https://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html Doorashooyinka Afrika Database] * [Http://www.somalilandforum.com/somaliland/constitution/revised_constitution.htm Dastuurka Somaliland (turjumaad English aan rasmi ahayn)] j40vwc8d9ifj3b75l6rqy84h9zswt25 0 19713 309689 276946 2026-09-26T02:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name = Korean alphabet<br />(''Chosŏn'gŭl'' {{small|or}} ''Hangul'') |altname = |type = Alphabet |languages = [[luqadda Kuuriyaan|Kuuriyaan]], [[Af-Soomaali]] (sidoo kale) |time = 1443 to the present |creator = Maxkamaddu waxay of King Sejong the Great |iso15924 = Hang |sample = Chosungul or Hangul logo (New Type) at (Black Design).svg |imagesize = 155px }} '''Alifbeetada Kuuriya''' sidoo kale [[Koonfur Kuuriya|Koonfurta Kuuriya]] looga yaqaan '''Hangul''', [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[shiinaha]] neh looga yaqaan '''Chosŏn'gŭl''' / '''Chosŏn Muntcha''' , waa alifbeeto loo isticmaalo in lagu qoro [[Af Kuuriyaan|afka Kuuriyaanka]] ah tan iyo [[Boqor Sejong|Boqorkii Sejong]] qarnigii 15aad.<ref>[[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4166 Tale of Hong Gildong, World Digital Library]]</ref> Waa habka rasmiga ah ee kuunfurta iyo woqooyiga kuuriya wax loogu qoro. sidoo kale waxay nidaam wada-rasmi ah oo qoraal ka tahay degmooyin ku yaalo dhiinaha oo madaxa Banaan [[Yanbian]] iyo [[Changbai]] ee [[Jilin|Gobolka Jilin]]. Waxaa sidoo kale mararka qaar loo isticmaalaa in lagu qoro luqadda [[Cia-Cia]] ee looga hadlo meel u dhaw magaalada [[Baubau]] ee dalka [[Indonesia]] . Heerka Dhaqanka Kuuriyada, Hangul wuxuu ka kooban yahay 24 xuruuf oo aasaasi oo leh 14 xaraf iyo 10 xaraf shaqal. Asal ahaan, Hangul wuxuu ka koobnaa 28 xaraf oo leh 17 xuruuf shibbaneyaal ah iyo 11 xaraf shaqal ah. Ficil ahaan, waxaa jira 19 xaraf oo isku dhafan oo leh shan shibbaneyaal kacsan (ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅉ ㅆ) iyo 11 shaqal dhib badan (ㅢ ㅚ ㅐ ㅟ ㅔ ㅒ ㅖ ㅘ ㅝ ㅝ ㅞ ㅞ). Xarfaha Kuuriyada waxay ku qoran yihiin baloogyada syllabic-ka oo leh xarfaha alifbeetada oo loo habeeyey laba cabbir. Somali Hangul oo sidoo kale loo isticmaali jiray af-soomaaliga (아뿌에-소오마아리까) wakhtiyada qoraalka la cabudhinayo. == Xusuusin == {{Reflist | group = FG}} == Xigashooyinka == {{Reflist | 30em}} == Links Dibadda == {{Wiktionary | Bogga Dambe: List of casriga ah blocks syllabic Hangul by stroke}} {{Commons category | Hangul}} * [Http://www.omniglot.com/writing/korean.htm alifbeetada Korean iyo ku dhawaaq] by Omniglot * [Http://www.langintro.com/kintro/toc.htm Online tutorial Hangul] at Langintro.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827124705/http://www.sayjack.com/learn/korean/hangul miiska Hangul la Audio Muqaal] * [Http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/var/korean_hangul_unicode.html macluumaad Technical on Hangul iyo koodh caalamiga] * [Http://www.kmaru.com/kboard/kboard.maru Hangul Sound keyboard] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kmaru.com/kboard/kboard.maru |date=20210621224735 }} at Kmaru.com * [Http://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Learn_hangeul Baro Hangul] {{Wayback|url=http://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Learn_hangeul |date=20171018022208 }} at-Leaks Project Korean k2nf6end9kqik89x5c8s745cd8gizkf 0 19886 309704 307854 2026-09-26T04:04:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Somali diaspora |image = [[Image:Flag of Somalia.svg|border|150px]] |population = {{circa}}: 20-25 (1–1.5) malyan |popplace = [[Jasiiradda Carabta]], [[Yurub]], [[Woqooyiga Ameerika]], [[Koonfur Afrika]], [[Ooshiyaaniya]] |region1 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} |pop1 = 251,000 |ref1 = <ref>[http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?[http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2006/nov/ontario_municipal_election_somali_canadian_prospective.aspx{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Ontario Municipal Election: Somali Canadian Prospective; *N.B. 44,995 individuals reported Somali ethnicity in 2011 National Household Survey - c.f.] {{Wayback|url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi |date=20110225023321 }} {{Wayback|url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi |date=20110225023321 }}<</ref><ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 Stacan.GCC.ca]</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |pop2 = 212,000 |ref2 = <ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AE Ethnologue United Arab Emirates]</ref> |region3 = |pop3 = |ref3 = <Ref>article=1034&context=bildhaan Shire Saad „A. Transactions with Homeland: Remittance”Bildhaan: *N.B. Somali migrant population, Middle East including Yemen</Ref>. |region4 = {{flagcountry|United States}} |pop4 =201,000 |ref4 = |region5 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}} |pop5 = 200,000 |ref5 = <Ref>[https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/ Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland]</Ref>.: |region6 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |pop6 = 116,000 |ref6 = <ref>[https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality Population of the United Kingdom by Country of Birth and Nationality - Office for National Statistics]</ref>.: |region7 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}} |pop7 =87,025 |ref7 = |region8 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} |pop8 = 63,853 |ref8 = <ref>[http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/sq/30271 Statistics Sweden - Foreign-born and born in Sweden]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} |pop9 = 42,217 |ref89 = <ref>[http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2017-03-02?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=297399 Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2016]</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}} |pop10 = 41,000 |ref10 = <ref>[http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSSA/JSSA-01-0-000-10-Web/JSSA-01-0-000-10-PDF/JSSA-01-1-2-091-10-012-Jinnah-Z/JSSA-01-1-2-091-10-012-Jinnah-Z-Tt.pdf Jinnah Zaheera, Making Home in a Hostile Land: Understanding Somali Identity, Integration, Livelihood and Risks in Johannesburg, J Sociology Soc Anth, 1 (1-2): 91-99 (2010) KRE Publishers]</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |pop11 = 39,465 |ref11 = <ref>[http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=37325eng&D1=a&D2=a&D3=0&D4=0&D5=187&D6=a&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G2,G1,G3,G5,G4&VW=T CBS StatLine - Population; sex, age, origin and generation, 1 January]</ref>.: |region12 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |pop12 = 23,350 |ref12 = |region13 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}} |pop13 = 21,050 |ref13 = <Ref>[http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280 StatBank Denmark, tatbank.dk]</ref>.: |region14 = {{flagcountry|Finland}} |pop14 = 19,059 |ref14 = <ref>[http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/030_vaerak_tau_102.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=f19dfabb-3ad3-414c-b136-086d1f253aeb IOM - Finland]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop15 = 16,169 |ref15 = <ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&207103%20-%20Cultural%20Diversity.xls&2071.0&Data%20Cubes&21F50C2D0457EF67CA2581620019845C&0&2016&20.07.2017&Latest Table 5. Ancestry by State and Territory of Usual Residence, Count of persons - 2016(a)(b) Australian Bureau of Statistics]</ref> |region16 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} |pop16 = 8,228 |ref16 = <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2016/ |access-date=2017-08-07 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123000332/http://demo.istat.it/str2016/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |region17 = {{flagcountry|Syria}} |pop17 =1700 |ref17 =.:. |region18 ={{flagcountry|Qatar}} |pop18 =8,100 |ref18 =.:. |region19 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} |pop19 = 6,000 |ref19 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html Statistik Austria]</ref>}}.: |region20 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |pop20 = 2,627 |ref20 = {{lower|<ref>[http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm Jan Hertogen, Inwoners van vreemde afkomst in België]</ref>}} |region21 = {{flagcountry|Ireland}} |pop21 = 1,695 |ref21 = |region22 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} |pop22 = 1,617 |ref22 = <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Ethnic group profiles |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24790&parent_id=24761&tabname=#24790 |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317153257/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24790&parent_id=24761&tabname=#24790 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <Ref>[http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?Maintable=EY025&Planguage=0 Population Usually Resident and Present in the State who Speak a Language other than English or Irish at Home 2011 to 2016 by Birthplace, Language Spoken, Age Group and CensusYear - StatBank - data and statistics, www.cso.ie, 2017-07-12]</ref>}} |langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] (<small>afka hooyo</small>), [[Af-Carabi]] (<small>luqada labaad ee Soomaaliya iyo Jabuuti</small>); afaf kala duwan ee [[Yurub|Yurubeed]] (<small>luqadaha shaqada</small>) |rels = [[Islam]] }} '''Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed''' waxaa loola jeedaa [[Soomaalida]] joogta daafaha aduunka una leh dhaqan oo aan la dagin koox isirkooda ahayn. [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya|dagaalkii sokeeye]] ee [[Soomaaliya]] wuxuu aad u kordhiyay tirada qurbajoogta, sidoo kale waxay sababtay in ay u baxaan [[Soomaaliweyn]] dhankaas iyo [[Bariga dhexe]], [[Yurub]] iyo [[Woqooyiga Ameerika]]. Laakiin Soomaali badan ayaa qurbojoog ahaa xitaa ka hor dagaalka Sokeeye, iyaga oo shaqo iyo waxbarashaba u aaday dalalka Carabta, si gaar ah Sacuudiga, Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska Deegaanka Cardiff<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jan/23/britishidentity.features11 Deegaanka Cardiff]</ref> ee Ingiriiska waxaa uu muddo dheer hoy u ahaa Soomaali qurbojoog ah oo halkaa yimid wax badan ka hor xornimada Soomaaliya ee 1960dii. ==Kala firdhad caalami ah== Soomaalidu waxay ku kala firirsantahay dibadda si aan la hubin, taasoo u sabab ah iskumilanka u dhexeeya tirada qawmiyadda Soomaaliyeed iyo tirada muwaadiniinta Soomaaliya. Inta ugu badan ee Soomaalida haajirtay ee qurbajoogta u haajiray si [[qaxooti]]nimo ah iyo [[magangalyo-doon]], ilaa waqtigaas in badan oo ka mid ah waxa ay heleen [[degganaasho rasmi ah]] ama [[dhalashada]]. Guud ahaan, dadka asalkoodu yahay qawmiyadda soomaalida ioo adduunka soo-galootiga ka ah tiro ahaan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 1,010,000 qof, ku dhawaad 300,000 deggan [[Bariga Afrika|Bariga]] iyo [[Koonfur Afrika]], 250,000 Woqooyiga Ameerika, 250,000 Yurub, 200,000 Bariga Dhexe, iyo 10,000 in [[Ooshiyaaniya]].<ref>[http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=bildhaan Shire Saad A. 92 Transactions with Homeland: Remittance]</ref> Isbarbardhigga, tirada qaxootiga ka yimid Soomaaliya una diiwaan gashan [[UNHCR]] waa ku dhawaad 975,951 qof. Dadkaas inta ugu badan waxaa laga diiwaan galiyay [[Egypt]] (413,170), [[Yemen]] (253,876), and [[Ethiopia]] (250,988).<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Tirada soomaalida ee u diiwaan gashay si qaxootinimo ah |url=http://data.unhcr.org/horn-of-africa/regional.php |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2017-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628165215/http://data.unhcr.org/horn-of-africa/regional.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sida ay la tahay [[USAID]], inta badan meelahaas barakacayaasha waa meelaha u dhaw dhulka ay degaan [[Jareer Soomaali]] iyo kuwa laga tirada badanyahay. Sidaas daraadeed, qaybtaan waa laga saaraa qurbajoogta Soomaalida. ==Yurub== ===Ingiriiska=== Waa halka ay ku nool yihiin tirada ugu badan qurbojoogta Soomaaliyeed ee Yurub ===Finland=== Waxa ay Soomaalidu bilowday imaanshaha dalkan wixii ka dambeeyay 1991 laakiin Soomaali badan waxa ay u arkaan inay tahay meel lagu meel gaaro iyada oo qorshahoogu yahay inay uga gudbaan dalalka kale ee Yurub. ===Holland=== Holland waa ku nool Soomaali aad u badan oo qaxootinimo ku tagay halkaas wixii ka dambeeyay 1991. Gabadha aad u dhaliisha Islaamka, [[Ayaan Xirsi]] ayaa ka mid ah Soomaalida qaxooti ahaanta ku tagay Holland.::. ==Woqooyiga Ameerika== [[File:Salaamahut.jpg|thumb|right|Salaama Hut restaurant at a Somali strip mall in [[Toronto]].]] ===United States=== Qurbojoogta Soomaalida ee Mareykankan ka ugu badan waxa ay ku nool yihiin Minnesota, iyada oo Ilham Cumar ay hadda u tartamayso kursiga xildhibaannimo ee deegaankaas.:. ===Kanada=== Kanada waa ku nool Soomaali aad u badan. Axmed Xuseen oo Soomaali ah ayaa hadda ah wasiirka Socdaalka, jinsiyadaha iyo arrimaha qaxotiga ee Kanada, Canada. ==Bariga Dhexe== Soomaalidu waxa ay Barriga Dhexe ku noolaayeen kahor “Dagaalkii Sokeeye”. Waxa ay dalalka carabta u aadi jireen shaqo iyo aqoon-doon. ==Afrika (Qaaradda): == Soomaali badan ayaa ku nool dalalka kale ee africa badankood sida: {{Flag|Egypt}} (251,170); {{Flag|Ethiopia}}; (251,560) {{Flag|Sudan}}; (205,431) {{Flag|Kenya}}; (300,000) and {{Flag|South Africa}}: (2001,671).: ==Shirarka Af-soomaaliga== [https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings/search/SO/Italy/41.87194,12.56738/@54.075022,5.396141,4z (Yurub): Kulamada qaar ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay: Soomaali] {{Wayback|url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings/search/SO/Italy/41.87194,12.56738/@54.075022,5.396141,4z |date=20220327102107 }}<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Ameerika): Kulamada qaar ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay: Soomaali |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=4292FDC8-40AC-4241-A297-28544EC130AA |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=4292FDC8-40AC-4241-A297-28544EC130AA |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|2}} ==Raadraac== *Bjork, Stephanie R and Kusow, Abdi M, ''From Mogadishu to Dixon: The Somali Diaspora in a Global Context'', (Africa World Free Press, 1997) ==Linkiyo banaanka ka ah== *[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/RWWC/themes/1078/1267 Reassessing what we collect website - Somali London] History of Somali London with objects and images {{Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed}} [[Category:Qawmiyadda Soomaaliyeed|*]] [[Category:Bulshada Soomaaliyeed|Qurbajoog]] [[Category:Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed| ]] olt24ogd0cfhvcia20h1ylnfhl5fcif 0 21056 309687 296893 2026-09-26T01:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siyaasadda Somaliland}} Wadanka [[Somaliland]] waxaa ka dhacda doorasho [[Madaxweyne]] iyo [[Baarlamaan]] shantii sano mar. Doorashadani oo ah heer qaran waxaa [[codbixin]] (vote) sameeya bulshoweynta ku dhaqan deeganadaasi. Madaxweynaha ayaa waxaa loo doortaa inuu xilka hayo muddo shan sanno ah. Sidoo kale [[Baarlamaanka Somaliland|Golaha Baarlmaanka]] ayaa loo codeeyaa; kuwaasi oo u kala baxa [[Golaha_Guurtida_Somaliland|Golaha Guurtida]] oo ka kooban 82 xubnood; iyo [[Golaha_Wakiilada_Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] oo ka kooban 82 xubnood. Guud ahaan, Somaliland waxaa ka jira [[Liiska_Xisbiyada_Siyaasadda_Soomaaliya#Xisbiyada_Maamulgoboleedka|tiro xisbiyo]] ah kuwaasi oo u tartama jagada madaxweynaha iyo kuraasida golayaasha. == Doorashada guud ee Somaliland, 2017 == {{Main | doorashada guud ee Somaliland, 2015}} Doorashooyinka guud ee la qaban doonaa in Somaliland ee June 2015 si loo doorto ee [[Jagada Madaxwaynaha Somaliland| Madaxweynaha]] iyo [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland| Golaha Wakiilada]]. Bishii April 2013 [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland| Golaha Guurtida]] u codeeyay in ay kordhiyaan muddada baarlamaanka laba sano oo kale, si ay u simo doorashada madaxweynaha. == Doorashooyinka Soo Maray Somaliland == L === Doorashada Madaxweynaha Somaliland 2010 === Doorashada ayaa dib u dhigay dhowr jeer ay sabab u tahay xasilooni, iyo ayaa ugu danbeyn lagu qabtay on 26 June 2010. === Doorashadii baarlamaanka 2005 === Doorashaddii golaha wakiilada ee dhacdey . 29-kii Bishii Sagaalaad '''2005''' tirada guud ee codaysay waxa ay ahaayeen 349,291 oo qof. 2005kii waxaa ku xigay doorashada golaha wakiilada ee hada oo la soo doortay 31 may 2021. Waxaa sababay Dib u dhacayada doorashada wakiilada 2.Golaha wakiiladda ee la doortey oo aan diyaar u ahayn in la bedelo. 3. Kala xadaynta Xudduudaha degmooyinka oo aan wali la ansixin === Doorashada Madaxweynaha 2003=== == Sidoo kale eeg == * Jadwalka Doorashada * Nidaamka Doorashada == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} == Links Dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260130025435/https://africanelections.tripod.com/somaliland.html Doorashooyinka Afrika Database] * [Http://www.somalilandlaw.com/electoral_laws.html#ELBook Somaliland sharciga doorashada] [[Category: Doorashooyinka Somaliland]] rj38f60mdfrbllnugp90z04o113vy6d 0 21365 309693 297045 2026-09-26T02:49:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Dadka Ingiriiska<Br>English people |population = 121-134'* : Millions (est.2023’) |image = [[File:English mosaic.jpg|197px]] |image_caption = qaar ka mid ah dadka caanka ah |popplace ={{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} 46.5 Millions ku nool<br>{{Flagicon|Great Britain}}<ref>The [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-National-identity-in-England-and-Wales In 2011 [[England]] and [[Wales]] census] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-National-identity-in-England-and-Wales |date=20160124090812 }} reports that in [[England]] and [[Wales]] 32.4 million people associated themselves with an [[English]] identity alone and 37.6 million identified themselves with an [[English]] identity either on its own or combined with other identities, being 57.7% and 67.1% respectively of the population of [[England]] and [[Wales]].</ref> |region1={{Flagicon|United States}} |pop1 = 46.7 Millions{{smallsup|us}} |ref1 =<ref>[http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table 2010 ACS Ancestry estimates]</ref> |region3 = {{Flagicon|Canada}} |pop3 = 8.9 Millions{{smallsup|au}} |ref3 = <ref>(Ancestry) The [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 2011 Australian Census] reports 7,238,500 people of [[English]] ''ancestry''</ref> |region4 = {{Flagicon|Australia}} |pop4 = 8.9 Millions{{smallsup|ca}} |ref4 = <ref>(Ethnic origin) The [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5,000,000 2006 Canadian Census] {{Wayback|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5,000,000 |date=20130723224016 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=20130723224016}} gives 1,367,125 respondents stating their ''ethnic origin'' as English as a single response, and 5,202,890 including multiple responses, giving a combined total of 6,570,015.</ref> |region5 = {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} |pop5 = 2.3 Millions{{smallsup|nz}} |ref5 = <ref>(Ethnic origin) The [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master 2006 New Zealand census] {{wayback|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master |date=20080219000000 |df=y }} reports 44,202 people (based on pre-assigned ethnic categories) stating they belong to the English ethnic group. The 1996 census [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-census-statistics/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm used a different question] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-census-statistics/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm |date=20080219231823 }} to both the 1991 and the 2001 censuses, which had ''"a tendency for respondents to answer the 1996 question on the basis of ancestry (or descent) rather than 'ethnicity' (or cultural affiliation)"'' and reported 281,895 people with English origins; See also the figures for '[[New Zealand European]]'. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119030548/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master |date=19 November 2008 }}</ref> |languages = [[Af-Ingiriisi|English]] |religions = [[Masiixi]] & [[Yuhuuda]] |footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} [[USA|English American]], {{smallsup|b}} [[Australia|English Australian]], {{smallsup|c}} [[Kanada|English Canadian]] }} '''Dadka Ingiriiska''' ({{lang-en|English}}; [[Af-Carabi]]: إنجليز) waa [[dad|bulsho]] iyo [[qabiil|qoomiyad]] ka soo jeeda wadanka [[Ingiriis]]ka, kuwaasi oo ku hadla luuqada [[Af-Ingiriisi]]. ==Bilowggii== Dadka Ingiriisigu waxay tixraacaan dadka haysta dhalashada Ingiriiska ama asal ahaan Ingiriiska. England waa mid ka mid ah quruumaha ka tirsan jasiiradda Great Britain. Waxay jasiiradda la wadaagtaa [[Scotland]] (Scots) iyo Wales (Welsh-ka). [[England]] sidoo kale waa qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay weheliso [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] iyo Northern [[Ireland]]. Sababtaas awgeed, dadka Ingiriisku waa dad [[Ingiriis]]ah. Asal ahaan, dadka [[Ingiriis]]ku waxay ka soo farcameen Anglo-Saxon iyo Celts. Dadka Ingiriisida casriga ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin awoowayaal dalal kala duwan ka yimid. Badanaa, awoowayaashood waxay ka yimaadeen wadamada kale ee [[Yurub]] iyo adduunka intiisa kale. ==Dhalashada== Dad badan ayaa ka taga [[Ingiriis]]ka si ay ugu noolaadaan dalalkii uu Ingiriisku gumaysan jiray. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Ameerika]], [[Australia]] iyo [[Kanada]]. Wadamada ay ku nool yihiin dadka ugu badan ee Ingiriisi ah, marka laga reebo Boqortooyada [[Ingiriiska]].:• Waa [[Ameerika]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], iyo [[New Zealand]] iyo Sub '''[[Hindiya]]''' Conitinent.:• Dhaqdhaqaaqa jihada kale ayaa xitaa ka sii muhiimsan. Qiyaastii 40 ilaa 44 milyan oo qof oo ku nool waddamo kale ayaa gebi ahaan ama qayb ahaan ka soo jeeda [[Ingiriiska]]. Xogta tirakoobku waxay caddaynaysaa hadalladan.[8].!! ==Muuqaalo== <gallery perrow=" " widths="208" heights="208" caption="Sawiro"> File:Flags of the Union Jack.svg|Calanka [[Ingiriiska]], [[UK|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]], [[Skotland]], iyo [[Waalis]] iyo [[Waqooyiga Ayrland]].:• File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|[[Boqortooyada Midowday]] File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|Calanka [[Kanada]].:• File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|Calanka [[Ustareliya]].:• File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|Calanka [[Niyuusiilaand ]].:• File:Hengest and Horsa Verstegan.jpg File:Sutton Hoo Burial Chamber Replica.jpg|Farshaxanka iyo hidaha iyo dhaqanka dadka Ingiriiska [[UK|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]][[Boqortooyada Midowday]] File:EBarton2.jpg File:Haroldoath.jpg|Mid ka mid ah boqoradii soo xukumi jiray boqorooyada ingiriiska File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|Madaxweynihii koowaad ee [[Maraykanka]] Mudane [[George Washington]] wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa dadka Ingiriiska. File:Britain peoples circa 600.svg|Maabka iyio sida u degan yihiin wadanka Ingiriiska File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|Calanka British EMPIR3 ee (1707).:• File:Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg|Calanka [[Gobolada Midoobay]].:• [[File:Coca-Cola logo.svg|thumb|right|351px|Shirikadda Cabitanka & ”Sharaabka”.<DN.R.pls>!!’]] [[File:Scotiabank logo.svg|thumb|right|351px|Bankiga “Reer”Skootishka.<DN.R.pls>!!’]] [[File:Tesla logo.png|thumb|right|351px|Shirakada Gawsridda “Aduunka”.<DN.R.pls>!!’]] [[File:Rogers Communications (2015).svg|thumb|right|351px|El-Rocker Fellar Families”.:<DN.R.pls.!!|]] [[File:Toronto-Dominion Bank logo.svg|thumb|right|351px|Toronto-Dominion Bank.<DN.R.pls>!!]] [[File:Google 2015 logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|Shirikadda@Internet & Techka:2@Trlln MCP.”:Don’tRPls.>]] [[File:Meta Platforms Inc. logo.svg|thumb|right|350px|Shirikadda@Internet & Techka:2@Trlln MCP.”USA”.:]] [[File:Walmart logo (2025; Alt).svg|thumb|right|350px|Shirkadda Baqaraha e $4@Trlln MCP.”:Dn’tRPls.>]] <ref>https://www.premierleague.com</ref>. <ref>https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/languages/100-most-spoken-languages-by-number-of-native-speakers/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/lango/oromo.html#:~:text=Language%20of%20the%20Oromo%20people,after%20Arabic%2C%20Hausa%20and%20Swahili.</Ref>. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_flags</Ref>.:• <Ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=English |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |accessdate= 28 July 2015}}</Ref> <Ref>https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AU</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/australia-population</Ref>.:• </gallery> <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/</Ref>.:• ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{gumud}} {{commons|English people}} [[Category:Ingiriis]] [[Great Britain]] [[United Kingdom]] [[Category:UK]] ckb6z9o4oh0rrowx66cmv4c2iysgo5r 0 30722 309712 245632 2026-09-26T04:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Family name hatnote|Bae||lang=Korean}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}{{Infobox person|name=Bae Suzy|image=Suzy Bae at fansigning on July 7, 2018 (6).jpg|image_upright=1.15|caption=Suzy ee 2018|birth_name=Bae Su-ji|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=yes|1994|10|10}}|birth_place=[[Degmada Buk, Gwangju]], Koonfur Kuuriya|education=[[Dugsiga Farshaxanka Seoul]]|agent=[[Management SOOP]]|occupation={{hlist|Fanaan|atariisho|moodel}}|awards=[[Liiska abaalmarinta iyo magacaabista uu helay Suzy|Liiska]]|module={{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|}} | instrument = Cod | years_active = 2010–hada | label = {{hlist|[[JYP Entertainment|JYP]]|[[Management SOOP]]}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Miss A]]|JYP Nation}} }}|module2={{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|headercolor=transparent | hangul = {{linktext|배|수|지}} | hanja = {{linktext|裵|秀|智}} | rr = Bae Su-ji | mr = Pae Suchi }}|notable works=[[Suzy filmografi|Firi]]}} '''Bae Su-ji''' ({{Korean|배수지}}), oo loo yaqaan '''Bae Suzy''' ama '''Suzy''', waa atariisho iyo fanaan [[Koonfur Kuuriya]]. Waxay xubin ka ahayd kooxda gabdhaha [[Miss A]] ee sameeyey [[JYP Entertainment]] <ref>http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2012040316747 {{Wayback|url=http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2012040316747 |date=20150402160623 }}.</ref>. Suzy markii dambe waxay sameysay muuqaalkeedii ugu horreeyay iyadoo jilaa ah oo leh taxane telefishan ah ''[[Dream High]]'' (2011), waxayna usocotay inay kasoo muuqato taxane ah sida ''[[Gu Family Book]]'' (2013), ''[[Uncontrollably Fond]]'' (2016), ''[[While You Were Sleeping]]'' (2017) iyo ''[[Vagabond]]''  (2019).  Waxay sameysay filimkeedii ugu horreeyay ee ''[[Architecture 101]]'' (2012). == Nolosha == Bae waxay ku dhalatay [[degmada Buk, Gwangju]], Koonfur Kuuriya Oktoobar 10, 1994,<ref name="Russell2014">{{cite book|author=Russell, Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etDZAwAAQBAJ|title=K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution|date=April 29, 2014|work=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1411-1|page=96|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527064350/https://books.google.com/books?id=etDZAwAAQBAJ|archive-date=May 27, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay leedahay walaashii ka weyn iyo walaal ka yar. Waxay dhigatay Dugsiga Farshaxanka ee Seoul waxayna ka qalinjabisay 2013.<ref name="family">{{cite web|url=http://shindonga.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2012/11/21/201211210500021/201211210500021_1.html|script-title=ko:뭇 남성 사로잡은 첫사랑 아이콘 미쓰에이 수지|date=December 2012|work=The Donga Ilbo|language=ko|access-date=March 23, 2015|archive-date=December 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202045503/http://shindonga.donga.com/docs/magazine/shin/2012/11/21/201211210500021/201211210500021_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Muusikada == {{Main|Suzy discography}} === [[Extended play|Extended plays]] === * ''[[Yes? No?]]'' (2017) * ''[[Faces of Love]]'' (2018) == Filimada == {{Main|Suzy filmography}} == abaalmarinta iyo magacaabista == {{Main|Liiska abaalmarinta iyo magacaabista uu helay Suzy}} == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} [[Category:Koonfur Kuuriya dadka]] [[Category:Fannaaniinta K-pop]] [[Category:Atariishayasha filimada Koonfur Kuuriya]] [[Category:Atariishayasha telefishanka Koonfur Kuuriya]] [[Category:Dad nool]] qaepttty8rnb97gm5wq8lgh3w2jdatx 0 33715 309670 217967 2026-09-25T14:35:29Z Isma4l 41797 Waxaa la mideeyay [[:American University]] laguna daray [[:Jaamacadda Maraykanka]]: Codsi [[Special:PermanentLink/309669|ka yimid]] 309670 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jaamacadda Maraykanka]] 2gjxnnz9c18wki1rvlizayks5xebs3l 0 35174 309713 235478 2026-09-26T04:35:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''https://web.archive.org/web/20211215090239/https://www.tcbw.tw/ {{Flag|Taiwan}} Kubedka Taiwan , [[AFC]] , Waddanka taichung 4vczur7n0xrbkxajz3aivl8rf41uzqd 0 36315 309698 273377 2026-09-26T03:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''almalik alcaadil abul fatxi suldaan muraad bin orkhan bin cusmaan gaazi (turkida cusmaaniyada:''' <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">الملك العادل أبو الفتح غازي سلطان مُراد خان أول بن أورخان بن عثمان)</span> <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:18px ">waxaa loogu yeeri jiray "muraad khudaawankaar" oo laga wado amarki alla kii ku xukminaayay</span> Wuxuu ahaa kan sedexaad ee boqorada cusmaaniyiinta, waana kan ugu horeeye ee boqor lagu magacaabo ---- {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''mraad koowaad'''<br />مراد الأول <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 3aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1389]] ilaa , [[1360]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[orkhan]]. |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[bayazid koowaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1326]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[amaasiya]] ,[[Anatooliya|anaadool]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[orkhan]] bin [[cusmaan gaazi]] |- !hooyadii |[[holafiira]] khaatuun |- !ilmaha |[[bayazid koowaad]],saafjii shilbi, yacquub shilbi, nafiisa Malik khatun |- !Dhintay: |1389 |- !Ku dhintay: |[[kosofo]] |} Hooyadii waxaa la oran jiray [[holofiira]] oo asal ahaan [[biriizanda]] ka soo jeeday, aabiihina waa [[orkhan]] bin [[Cusmaan gaazi|cusmaan]], waxaa dhaxal suge ahaa walaalkii ka weyn [[suleymaan baasha]], balse dhimashadiis kadiska aheyd kadib sanadkii 1358 <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=94 -96|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]</ref> ayuu naqday qofka badalaayo booska aabihiis    ==qabashadiis xilka== Markuu dhintay aabihiis [[orkhan]] 1360 wuxuu naqday muraad hogaamiyaha cusub ee dawlada isla markii waxaa dhashay mashaakil badan laba walaalihiis oo kala ahaa [[khaliil baasha]] iyo ibraahim ayaa kasoo horjeesteen oo fasaad bilaabeen balse gacanta ayuu ku dhigay wuuna dilay<ref>Halil İnalcık: ''Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları'', İsam, İstanbul, 2010, ISBN 978-605-5586-06-5 pp. 66-69</ref> xiligiisa waxaa aad u awoodeestay dawladii cusmaaniyiinta, dawladiihii turkida ayaa daciifay, badankood waxaa qabsaday cusmaaniyiinta, qaarna waxay naqdeen kuwo hoos imaada, [[imaaradii qarmaan]] ayaa isku dayday hor istaagida cusmaaniyiinta lkn [[Muraad koowaad|muraad]] ayaa weerar uu ku qaaday ku qabsaday caasimadood [[ankara]], <ref>Şükrullah, Behcetü'l-Tevârîh, say. 37-76</ref> ==furashooyinkiis== Bilawgii xukunkiisa wuxuu qabsaday magaalada [[Edirne|adirna]], balse ciidamo kirshtaan is aruursadeen oo horkacaayay amiirka saafuuri [[amadiyos 6aad]] ayaa magaalada iyo meelo kale oo ka mid tahay jaziirada [[galiilobi]] ka qabsadeen،<ref group="">[[:en:Kenneth Setton|Setton, Kenneth M.]] (1976). ''The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571'', vol. I, "The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 114. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 307</ref> <ref group="">Cox, Eugene L. (1967). ''The Green Count of Savoy: Amadeus VI and Transalpine Savoy in the Fourteenth Century''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p 232.</ref> 1366dii ayuu markale dib u qabsaday suldaan muraad [[Edirne|adirna]], ahmiyada ee leedahay awgeedna caasimada ayuu usoo wareejiyay <ref name="عهد مراد الأول">[http://www.islamstory.com/عهد-مراد-الأول قصة إسلام: السلطان الغازي مراد الأول (761- 791هـ)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84 |date=20160306195751 }}. تاريخ التحرير: الأحد، [[28 مارس|28 آذار/مارس]] [[2010]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195751/http://islamstory.com/عهد-مراد-الأول|date=6 مارس 2016}}</ref> wuu sii waday furashadiisa koonfur bari ee [[yurub]], wuxuu qabsaday mandiqada [[taraqiya]], wuxuu ka dhigay caasimada biriizandiyiinta [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] mid ay dhinac kasta kaga xigaan dhulka cusmaaniyiinta Waxa oo u jaheestay furashada [[Makidoniyada Wuqooyi|makadooniya]] arintaan ayaa sababtay in boqoradu iclaamiyaan dagaal saliibi ah oo cusub waxaa hor kacaayay [[osdofan aruk]] wuxuu kaalmeestay boqoro kale ciidan gaaraya70,000 ،<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Boskovic|الأول=Vladislav|عنوان=King Vukasin and the disastrous Battle of Marica|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTdPlvMRYeUC&pg=PA11|سنة=2009|ناشر=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-640-49264-0|صفحة=11|مسار أرشي</ref> ayuu aruurshay waxaa qeyb kala ahaa boqorka hangari [[luwis koowaad]] iyo boqoro kale, suldaan muraad wuxuu ku mashquul sanaa [[Anatooliya|anadool]], isbahaysiguna caasimada dawlada meel u dhaw ayuu soo gaaray, mid kamid ah odayaasha dawlada oo la oran jiray [[xaaji iil bek]] ayaa soo jeediyay in weerar gaadmo colka habeen lagu qaado, taldiis ayaa la qaatay, habeen gaadmo lagu weeraray colka jab weyn ayaana loo geestay way kala gaareen, <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ڤاتان|الأول=نيقولا|سنة=[[1993]]|عنوان=صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر=دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان=تعريب بشير السباعي.</ref> [[luwis koowaad]] ayaa si layaab leh ku badbaaday<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف-الأخير1=حرب|مؤلف-الأول1=مُحمَّد|عنوان=البوسنة والهرسك.. من الفتح إلى الكارثة|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=17|سنة=[[1994]]|ناشر=المركز المصري للدراسات العُثمانيَّة وبُحوث </ref> kadib suldaan muraad wuxuu fursad u helay qabsashada [[Makidoniyada Wuqooyi|makadooniya]] wuxuu qabsaday magaalooyin badan sida [[daraama]], [[qowla]], [[seeruuz]], waxaa halis soo wajahday magaalooyinka badan<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أحمد، إسماعيل|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة في التاريخ الإسلامي الحديث|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=37|سنة=[[1416 هـ|1416هـ]] - [[1996]]م|</ref> Guulahaan waxaa aad ugu farxay caalamka islaamka, khaliifka cabaaysyiinta [[Mutawakil cala allah|mutawakil calalah]] ayaa ku caleemo saaray suldaan muraad magacyo sharafeedyo sida "سلطان الغزاة والمجاهدين" "غياث المسلمين" "أبو الفتح" "ليث الاسلام"<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=94 -96|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]</ref> intuu ku maqnaa la dagaalanka seerbiyiinta waxaa afgambi inuu sameeyo iskudayay wiilkiis [[saafji bek]], asigoo kaashanaya wiilka imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]] [[andronikos afaraad]] oo isna afgambi ku sameeyay aabiihiis, markuu soo gaaray warkaas aad buu u xanaaqay, [[saafji bek]] ayaa u cararay [[dimotika]], balse gacanta ayaa lagu dhigay, suldaan muraad ayaa ku ciqaabay indhaha inuu ka bujiyay wax yar kadib [[bursa]] ayuu kudilay ceeji. imbiradorka [[biriizanda]] [[yoxanaa 5aad]] wax walbo ayuu sameeyay soo u joojiyo dhul balaarsiga cusmaaniyiinta, waxa oo u tagay baabaa woo isku duleeyay jilbaha ayoo ka qabsaday xitaa waxa oo sheegay inuu noqday [[Kaatoolik|kaatolik]] oo ka tagay madhabka artodkas<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أسد رستم|رُستُم، أسد]]|عنوان=الرُوم في سياستهم وحضارتهم ودينهم وثقافتهم|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=245|سنة=[[1988]]|</ref> balse waxba kama dheefin ugu dambeyn wuxuu ogolaaday inuu noqdo mid raacasan cusmaaniyiinta iyo inuu jizyo sanadla ah bixiyo suldaan muraad ayaa ka saaciday soo afjarida kacdoonka wiilkiis, xiriirkoodu wuu xumaaday mar kale, Wiilka ayaa xabsiga kasoo fakaday kaalmo yoona weediistay suldaan muraad soo u rido aabihiis wuu taageeray<ref name="Treadgold780">Treadgold (1997), p. 780</ref> xilka ayuu qabtay, aabiihiis iyo walaalihiis ayuu xabsiga dhigay wuxuu dawlada u celiyay jasiirada [[galiilobi]], mar kale aabaha ayaa xabsiga ka soo fakaday suldaan muraad ayuu gurmad ka dalabay asigoo balan qaaday [[aalaa shahar]] inuu dawlada uga dago, xilkiis ayuu ku celiyay<ref name="Treadgold781">Treadgold (1997), p. 781</ref> wuxuuna amray in uu u qeybiyo boqortooyada sedexdiis wiil [[emanawel]], [[tiyudoor]] iyo [[andronikos]] [[Emanawel]] oo ahaa Wiilka imbiradorka [[biriizanda]] [[yoxanaa 5aad]] ayaa wuxuu heestay [[salaniik]] waxa oo buriyay hishiiska oo kula jiray dawlada, suldaan muraad ayaa weerary oo ka qabsaday [[salaniik]] iyo gobolka [[tasaliya]] 1387 1379dii waxaa midoobay qeysarka serbiya [[laazaar]] iyo boqorka bulgeriya [[yooxana shiishman]] see ula dagaalamaan cusmaaniyiinta,<ref name="فتوح بلغاريا1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=132|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit</ref> oo sii maqlayay suldaan muraad wuxuu weerar ku qaaday [[Bulgaariya|bulgeerya]] dhulkeeda ayuu soo dardaray, magaalooyinka iyo dhufeesyada ayaa mid mid gacantiisa ugu dhaceen <ref>Захариев, Ст. Цит. съч., с. 66</ref><ref group="">Иречек, К. История на българите, С., 1929, с. 248</ref> <ref>Делчев, В. Миналото на Чепеларе. 1. С., 1928, с.15</ref> [[Soofiyaa|sofiyaa]] ayuu qabsaday sanadkii 1383, <ref group="ِ">Seadeddin, Chronica dell' origine e progresse della casa ottomana. Vienna, 1649, p. 122 sq</ref> boqorada [[seerbiya]] iyo [[Bulgariya|bulgeeriya]] ayaa qirteen caajisnimadood, wayna aqbaleen inay u hogaasamaan cusmaaniyiinta jizya sanadla ahna ay bixiyaan, waxa uuna guursaday suldaan muraad walaasha boqorka [[Bulgariya|bulgeeriya]]. 1386 ayee mar kale isku dayeen boqoroda [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Bulgaariya|bulgeeriya]] inay midoibaan balse suldaan muraad ayaa ka gaaray oo ciidan badan oo hugaaminaayo sadrulacdam [[khalil baasha]] diray ciidankaan ayaa jabiyay bulgeeriyiinta waxay qabsadeen caasimada [[tornoofo]] iyo magaalada [[shomla]], <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=94 -96|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]</ref> [[shiishman]] ayaa ciidamo badan aruuriya dagaal ayuu kaga hor imaaday cusmaaniyiinta Waana la jabshay gacanta ayaa lagu dhigay suldaan muraad ayaa karaameeyay oo qaar ka mid ah dhulkiisa Madax uga dhigay<ref name="نهاية المعركة">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=135|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427{{Dead l {{Wayback|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit%7C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9%3D |date=20190509154112 }}ink|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|</ref> ==dagaalkii kosofo iyo shahiiditaankiisa== Boqoradii kirishmiska ayaa kulmeen waxay qeeli dhaan u direen baabaa [[orbaan shanaad]] waxay ka dalbeen inuu ka taageero la dagaalanka muslimiinta iyo in ay ka saaraan [[yurub]], wuu ka yeelay, waxa oona ku baaqay dagaal saliibi ah ee lagu difaacayo [[yurub]], sanadkii 1389 ayee fooda is dareen ciidankii kirishmiska ahaa oo ka kooban seerbiyiin, [[Albanian|albaaniyaan]], boosniyan iyo ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta, dagaal adag kadib cusmaaniyiinta ayee guusha raacday, amiir [[laazaar]] oo ahaa hogaamiyihii isbaheysiga ayaa gacanta lagu dhigay kadibna la dilay, hase ahaatee muraad koowaad dagaalka markuu soo dhamaaday asagoo baarbaaray goobta dagaalka ayaa nin seerbiyaana dhahay waxaa rabaa inaa islaamo markii oo hor istaagay suldaanka toorey sumeysan ayuu galiyay sidaas ayuuna ku shahiiday suldaan muraad koowaad,<ref name="istishhad">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.turkpress.co/node/11585|عنوان=السلطان {{Wayback|url=https://www.turkpress.co/node/11585{{!}}عنوان=السلطان |date=20170107101611 }} مراد ثالث سلاطين الدولة العثمانية|ناشر=موقع ترك بريس التركي|تاريخ الوصول=5/10/2018|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101611/http://www.turkpress.co/node/11585%7C</ref> waxaa loogu magac daray dagaalkan [[dagaalkii Kosofo]] <ref name="عهد مراد الأول3" /> ==Tilmaamihiisa== wuxuu ahaa geesi dagaalyahan diintiisa ku dhagan faralkiisa ilaaliya, wuxuu jeclaa la fariisiga culumada, isla weyni ma aqoon wuxuu xiran jiray dharka suufiyada<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=قانتمير، دمتري|مؤلف2=ترجمة: أوزدمير چوپان|مؤلف3=تعريب: مُصطفى حمزة|عنوان=تاريخ صُعُود الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة وانهيارها|صفحة=43|سنة=[[1979]]|إصدار=الأولى|ناشر=منشورات وزارة الثقافة التُركيَّة|</ref> wuxuu ahaa mid yaqaana luqadiisa turkida iyo carabiga<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=أُنور|الأول=سُهيل|عنوان=مكتبة الفاتح الخاصَّة|صحيفة=مجلَّة عالم التاريخ|المجلد=أيَّار 1953|</ref> wuxuu jeclaa in badan ugaarsiga waxa uu lahaa eeyo leh silsilado dahab ah. Taariqyahanka [[xaaji khaliifa]] wuxuu ka dhahay "wuxuu ka mid ahaa boqorada kan ugu weyn xaga sharafka iyo diinta, wuu duulaan badnaa cumrigiisa oo dhan wuxuu ku bixiyay jihaadka, mid ku guuleesta dagaaladiisna wuu ahaa, wuu kheyr badnaa jamaacada ayuu salaada ku daaimi jiray<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[حاجي خليفة|القُسطنطيني، الحاج مُصطفى بن عبد الله]]|مؤلف2=حقَّقه وقدَّم له وترجم حواشيه الدكتور سيِّد مُحمَّد السيِّد|عنوان=فذلكة أقوال الأخيار في علم التاريخ والأخبار|صفحة=155|سنة=[[2003]]|ناشر=[[جامعة جنوب الوادي]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[8 نوفمبر|8 تشرين الثاني (نوڤمبر)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[سوهاج (توضيح)|سوهاج]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://www.academia.edu/32932365/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE| {{Wayback|url=https://www.academia.edu/32932365/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%7C |date=20220515040901 }}</ref> ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmahiis== '''xaasaskiisa''' *'''kuljiijik khatun''' mid kamid ah dagaalada ayaa lagu soo qafaashay *'''baasha Malik khatun''' waxaa dhalay amiir muraad bek qazal *'''Tamaara khatun''' waxaa dhalay qeysarka [[Bulgaariya|bulgeeriya]] [[Yooxana iskaandar|yooxana iskandar]] *'''Disbiina khatun''' waxaa dhalay mid kamid ah talyaasha [[biriizanda]] *'''Fuudaana khatun''' waxaa dhalay mid kamid ah madaxda [[imaarada jandarli]] '''Ilmahiisa''' *'''[[saafji bek]]''' aabihiis ayuu ku caasiyay asagoo kaashanaya [[andronikos afaraad]] waa la qabtay waana la dilay *'''[[bayazid koowaad]]''' waxaa dhashay [[kuljiijik khatun]] aabihiis ayuu xilka kaga dambeeyay *'''gunduz bek''' *'''yacquub shilbi''' bayazid ayaa dilay mardabe soona xilka ugu qabsan *'''Ibrahim bek''' *'''nafiisa Malik khatun ''' waxaa guursaday amiirka qaramaan caaludiin, wiil ayee u dhashay oo xilka kaga dambeeyay aabihiis ==xigasho== <references /> 1kaeox12zztveh6r52p693a31dkt39w 0 36316 309681 246533 2026-09-26T00:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biriqda islaamka almalik saciid alsuldaan gaazi bayazid khan koowaad bin muraad khan''' (turkida cusmaaniyada: <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">صاعقه اسلام الملك السعيد غازى سلطان جلالُ الدين ييلدرم بايزيد خان أول بن مُراد بن اورخان عُثمانى</font></span>؛ ) waa kan afaaraad ee boqorada cusmaaniyiinta aabiihiis waa [[muraad koowaad]] hooyadiina waa [[kuljiijik khatun ]] oo asal ahaan [[biriizanda]] kasoo jeeda ---- {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''bayazid koowaad'''<br />بايزيد الأول <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 4aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- | |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1389]] ilaa , [[1403]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[muraad koowaad]]. |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[muxamad koowaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1361]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[adirna]] ,[[romali]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[muraad koowaad]] bin [[orkhan]] |- !hooyadii |[[kuljiijik|kuljiijik khatun]] |- !Dhintay: |1403 |- !Ku dhintay: |[[aq shahar]], [[anaadool]] |} waxaa lagu naaneesi jiray yildrim oo laga wado biriq sababtuna waa in uu aad ula dhaqsadho badnaa ciidamada ciidamada<ref name="يلدرم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أرمغان، مُصطفى|مؤلف2=ترجمة: مُصطفى حمزة|عنوان=التَّاريخ السرّي للإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: جوانب غير معروفة من حياة سلاطين بني عُثمان|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=27|سنة=[[1435 هـ|1435هـ]] - [[2014]]م|ناشر=[[الدار العربية للعلوم ناشرون|الدار العربيَّة للعُلوم ناشرون]]|الرقم المعياري=9786140111226|</ref>, Bayazid wuxuu qabtay xilka aabihiis markoo ku dhintay [[dagaalkii kosofo]] sanadkii 1389 intuu talada haayay wuxuu xaqiijiyay midnimada [[Anatooliya|anadool]] asigoo tirtiray wixii haray imaaradihii turkida ahaa 1393 wuxuu dhameestiray qabsashada boqortooyadii [[Bulgaariya|bulgeeriya]] <ref name="المصور">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=جحا، شفيق|مؤلف2=[[منير البعلبكي|البعلبكي، مُنير]]|مؤلف3=[[بهيج عثمان|عُثمان، بهيج]]|عنوان=المُصوَّر في التاريخ|إصدار=التاسعة عشرة|سنة=1999م|ناشر=[[دار العلم للملايين]]|</ref>, sidoo kale wuxuu dagaalo adag la galay reer [[yurub]], [[dagaalkii nikobolos]] waxa uu jab khasaaro ba'an wata ugu geestay ciidan uu watay boqorkii [[Hungary|hangari]] [[sikesmond]], wuxuu hareereeyay oo go'doomiyay [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] labo jeer wuu sigay qabsashadeed huduusan [[timuurlanka]] ahayn, sanadkii 1402 ayuu [[timuurlank]] kula dagaalay [[dagaalkii ankara]] wuuna ku jabay shabaq bir ah ayaa lagu xeray, sanad ka dib ciil ayuu u dhintay waxayna gashay dawlada kagadaal dhimashadiis qas iyo fowdo ==Taariiqdiisa== Wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada [[Edirne|adirna]] 1361 hooyadii waxaa la oran jiray [[kuljiijik khatun]] oo asal ahaan ahayd ree ruum ama [[biriizanda]]<ref>Necdet Sakaoğlu, Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları, 4. baskı, sayfa: 49</ref>, waxaa lagu soo qabsaday mid ka mid ah dagaalada [[muraad koowaad]] ayaa guursaday wiilkiisa curudka bayazid beyna u dhashay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Leslie P. Peirce|عنوان=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire|الفصل=Wives and Concubines: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC|سنة=1993|ناشر=Oxford{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} University Press|صفحات=36|isbn=978-0-195-08677-5|</ref>, markuu weynaaday aabihiis ayaa u cayinay qof tarbiyeeyay oo culuumta islaamka iyo tan maadiga bara sidoo kale tababarka ciidamada. Sanadkii 1381dii kadib hishiis ay wada gaareen [[muraad koowaad]] iyo [[suleymaan shilbi]] oo ahaa amiirka [[imaarada karmiyaan]] bay isla gar waaqsadeen in hishiiska ay ku adkeeyaan inay wadaagaan xidid oo [[dawlatshaah]] oo ahayd gabadha amiir [[suleymaan shilbi]] loo guuriyo bayazid arooskood ayaa dhacay <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Necdet Sakaoğlu|عنوان=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|مسار=https://books.google.com/?id=6WUMAQAAMAAJ&q=havatin+hatun&dq=havatin+hatun|ناشر=Oğlak Yayıncılık|سنة=2008|صفحات=60|isbn=978-9-753-29623-6|</ref> magaalada [[kotahiya]] ayaana mahar looga dhigay<ref name="محمد فريد1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=133|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427{{Dead l {{Wayback|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit%7C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9%3D |date=20190509154112 }}ink|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|</ref>, sanadkii 1386 aabihiis ayaa masuul uga dhigay [[imaarada alxumeyd]] sidoo kale mar wuxuu masuul ka noqday [[amaasiya]] <ref name="أوزتونا 1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=103|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|</ref> Bayazid wuxuu ka qaybqaatay dagaalada aabihii ee [[yurub]] iyo [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] wuxuu badanaa hogaamin jiray garabka midig <ref name="أوزتونا 12">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=103|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|</ref> asigoo muujiyay maamul fiicnaan iyo inuu u qalmo hogaaminta si dhaqso ah ayuu ciidanka meelo uga keeni jiray ilaa markii dambe loo bixiyay "Biriq" ==Qabashadiis xilka== [[Dagaalkii kosofo]] markuu soo dhamaaday oo ciidankii isbahaysiga la jabshay sludaan [[Muraad koowaad|muraad]] asagoo baarbaaray goobta dagaalka ayaa nin seerbiyaana dhahay waxaa rabaa inaa islaamo markii oo hor istaagay suldaanka toorey sumeysan ayuu galiyay sidaas ayuuna ku shahiiday suldaan muraad koowaad,<ref name="istishhad">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.turkpress.co/node/11585|عنوان=السلطان {{Wayback|url=https://www.turkpress.co/node/11585{{!}}عنوان=السلطان |date=20170107101611 }} مراد ثالث سلاطين الدولة العثمانية|ناشر=موقع ترك بريس التركي|تاريخ الوصول=5/10/2018|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101611/http://www.turkpress.co/node/11585%7C</ref> kadib waxay u dareereen waziiradii iyo ciidankii in ay u doortaan bayazid suldaanka cusub wax culees ah uma keenin dawlada dhimashada suldaanka ee kadiska ahayd, bayazid wuxuu isla markii amaray in loo qaado meedka aabihii [[bursa]] si loogu ag duugo awoowyaashii<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد القرمانلي|القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: بسَّام عبد الوهَّاب الجابي|عنوان=تاريخ سلاطين آل عثمان|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=16|سنة=[[1405 هـ|1405هـ]] - [[1985]]م|ناشر=دار البصائر|</ref>. '''• Dilka walaalkiis [[yacquub bek]]''' Waxaa jiray Hal walaal oo bayazid la dhashay oo [[yacquub bek]] la oran jiray, bayazid asagoo ka baqaya in walaalkii xilka kula tartamo oo dawlada kala go'do ayuu amray in la dilo, wuxuu sidaas ku bilaabay caado xun oo dilka walaalaha oo ku socdeen salaadinta cusmaaniyiinta ee ka dambeeyay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[توماس أرنولد|آرنولد، طوماس ووكر]]|مؤلف2=[[رينيه باسيه|باسيه، رينيه]]|عنوان=دائرة المعارف الإسلامية|المجلد=الجُزء الثالث|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=328|سنة=[[1418 هـ|1418هـ]] - [[1998]]م|ناشر=مركز الشارقة للإبداع الفكري|مكان=[[الشارقة]] - [[الإمارات العربية المتحدة]]|مسار=https://ia600301.us.archive.org/30/items/WAQ89412/89412.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010927/https://ia600301.us.archive.org/30/items/WAQ89412/89412.pdf|</ref> taariqyahanka [[caashiq baasha zaada]] oo tilmaamay dhacdadaan ayaa dhahay [[yacquub bek]] wuxuu bursanaayay ciidan kii gaalada ee jabay bayazid ayaa u diray si deg deg ah inuu ku soo laabto markuu soo laabtay oo galay teendhada boqortooyada habeen bay ahayd ciidamo ayaa ku boodeen oo ceeji ku dileen<ref>[[عاشق باشا زاده|Âşıkpaşazâde]] (haz. Ali Bey), ''[[:tr:Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman|Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman]]'dan [[:tr:Âşıkpaşazâde Tarihi|Âşıkpaşazâde Tarihi]],'' [[إسطنبول|İstanbul]], 1332.</ref> [[Osdofaan bin laazaar|'''osdofaan bin laazaar''']] Hoolihiisii ugu horeeyay wuxuu ahaa inaa u magacaabay [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] amiir [[osdofaan bin laazaar]] asigoo ka dhigay serbiya mid raacsan cusmaaniyiinta jizyo sanadla ahna bixiso sidoo kale ciidamo la dhinac dagaalamo cusmaaniyiinta <ref name="ReferenceA">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أحمد، إسماعيل|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة في التاريخ الإسلامي الحديث|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=41|سنة=[[1416 هـ|1416هـ]] - [[1996]]م|ناشر=مكتبة العبيكان|مكان=</ref> wuxuuna guursaday [[holofiira disbiina]] walaasha amiir osdofaan<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=D. E. Pitcher|عنوان=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125|تاريخ الوصول=2013-06-02|سنة=1972|ناشر=Brill Archive|صفحة=47 - 48|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322080052/https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ|</ref> ==Anadool== Bayazid markuu arkay dhinaca yurub inuu degan yahay wuxuu u jeestan [[Anatooliya|anadool]], wuxuu la imaaday siyaasad cusub oo ahayd inuu wiiqo awooda imaaradaha iyo inuu ku daro dhulka cusmaaniyiinta, siyaasada aabihiis [[muraad koowaad]] ayaa ahayd inuu uga tago dhulalka gacanta amiirada, sisaasadaan ayaa fashilantay sababtoo ah amiirada mar walboo fursad helay wey madax adeegi jireen<ref name="توحيد الأناضول">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=56|سنة=[[1429 هـ|1429هـ]] - [[2008]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref>, Xaqiiqdii bayazid markii hore wuxuu rabay inay is afgarad gaaraan imaaradaha balse [[calaaudiin bin cali]] amiirka [[qaramaan]] ayaa sameeyay isbahaysi ka dhan ah bayazid, wuxuuna ku dacaayadeeyay inuu yahay dilaa walaalkii, isbahaysiga ayaa ka koobnaa [[qaadii burhaanudiin]], [[banuu aydiin]], [[banuu tika]], [[banuu manshtaa]], [[karamyan]], [[saaruuqaan]] iyo [[alxumeyd]] dhamaan waxay isku meel kaga soo jeesteen damaca bayazid, wuxuu soo ceshaday amiirka [[karamyan]] dhulalkii horay oo uga dagay markay bayazid gabdhooda ku dareen, qaramaanyiintu waxay qabsadeen [[kotaahiya]], [[qaadii burhaanudiin]] wuxuu qabsaday qarshahar waxa oo usii gudbay [[askee shahar]], dawlada ayaa qalqiil gashay Bayazid woxoo ku qasbanaaday inuu ka jawaabo tacadiyadaas, ciidamo ayoo ka soo aruuriyay dawladaha raacsan sida [[biriizanda]] [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] waxoo sidoo kale ka helay amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] [[suleymaan aljandarli]] <ref group="">Stanford Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 30</ref> Bayazid ayaa weerar adag ku qaaday imaaradaha wuxuu qabsaday 1390kii imaaradaha [[banuu aydiin]], [[banuu tika]], [[banuu manshtaa]], [[karamyan]], [[saaruuqaan]] iyo [[alxumeyd]]<ref name="docs.google.com">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=139|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427{{Dead l {{Wayback|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit%7C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9%3D |date=20190509154112 }}ink|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|</ref><ref name="القرماني">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد القرمانلي|القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: بسَّام عبد الوهَّاب الجابي|عنوان=تاريخ سلاطين آل عثمان|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=17|سنة=[[1405 هـ|1405هـ]] - [[1985]]</ref> kadib wuxuu aaday [[ankara]] wuxuu ku qaatay xilliga xagaaga 1391, xilliga gu'a ayuu weerar ku qaaday [[imaarada qaramaan]] wuxuu qabsaday caasimadood [[Konya|Qonya]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=57|سنة=[[1429 هـ|1429هـ]] - [[2008]]م|</ref> Ayadoo guulaha is daba joog yihiin ayaa halmar jawiga is badalay kadib markii amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] [[suleymaan aljandari]] oo ku biiray kacdoonka asoo isbahaysi la sameeyay amiirka [[siiwaas]] [[qaadii burhaanudiin]], waxaa ku biiray amiirada [[manashtaa]] iyo [[saaruuqaan]] sidoo kale amiirka [[qaramaan]] [[calaaudiin]] ee caasimadiis la qabsaday, Bayazid ayaa kula hishiiyay [[calaaudiin]] In dhulkiisa qaar oo heesto loo dhaafo uuna naqdo mid u daacad ah cusmaaniyiinta, wuuna ogolaaday [[calaaudiin]]<ref name="أوزتونا 2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=104|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|</ref>, wuxuu weeraray imaarada [[qasdamuuni]] asagoo dilay maiirkeed [[suleymaan aljandarli]] <ref group="ِ">Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire'', vol. 1 pp. 30f</ref> wuxuu u jeestay [[qaadii burhaanudiin]] balse isku dhac weyn ma dhicin oo qaadiga ciidankiis dib bee u baxeen cusmaaniyiinta waxay galeen [[siiwaas]], sidaas ayee cusmaaniyiinta ku naqdeen awooda kaliya ee mandiqada ka jirta. ==dagaalada [[yurub]]== ===Hareereenta koowaad ee Qusdandiiniya=== mideynta [[Anatooliya|anadool]] kadib wuxuu aaday [[yurub]] markale, wuxuu raacay siyaasada aabihiis ee ku saleysneed fargalinta murumada ka dhex taagan qoyska [[baayuuluj]] ee ka taliya [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], wuxuu taageeray [[yooxana 7aad]] oo afgambi ku sameeyay awowgii imbiraadoor [[yooxana 5aad]] <ref name="فاتان2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ڤاتان|الأول=نيقولا|سنة=[[1993]]|عنوان=صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر=دار الفكر للدراسات|</ref>, inkastoo uu lahaa [[yooxanaa 7aad]] awood xoog badan hadana dadaalad uu muujiyay Wiilka imbiraadoorka[[emanawel]] waxay suura galisay inuu xilka tuuro ka tuuro,<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=58|سنة=[[1429 هـ|1429هـ]] - [[2008]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|</ref> imbiraadoor [[yooxana 5aad]] iyo wiilkiis [[emanawel]] waxay la galeen bayazid hishiis dhigaayay inay kordhiyaan lacagaha ay bixiyaan iyo inay siiyaan taageero ciidan haduu ka dalbado, isla waqtigaas [[yooxana 7aad]] oo magan galyo doon ayaa u yimid bayazid, dhulka silimbiriya ayuu siiyay wuxuuna ka dhigtay wado oo culees ku saaro imbiraadoor [[yooxana 5aad]], imbiraadoorka ayaa ku qasbanaaday inuu diro ciidan boqol gaaraya oo hogaaminaayo wiilkiis [[emanawel]] ciidankaan ayaa cusmaaniyiinta kala qeyb qaatay furashada [[Aalaashahar|filaadeefiya]] waana sanadka 1391. Imbiraadoorka oo u arkay ku mashquulida csmaaniyiinta [[Alaashahar|filaadeefiya]] ayaa dib u habeen ku sameeyay dhufeesyada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] iyo wareegeeda bayazid oo aad uga xanaaqay ayaa amray inuu dumiyo Waxoo dhisay waxoona ku goodiyay haduu diido inuu indhaha ka ridaayo wiilkiis [[emanawel]], imbiraadoorka ayaa yeelay oo dumiyay waxa oo cusbooneysiiyay, duliga ayuu xamili waayay ciil ayuu la dhintay, wiilkiis [[emanawel]] markuu ogaaday dhimashada aabihii wuu soo fakaday wuxuuna qabtay xilka, Bayazid markuu ogaaday fakashadiisa wuxuu u qoray "hadaa qabto inaa ku noolaatid nolol fiican qaado markeyga iska xer irdaha magaalada waxaa ugu noolaanee gudaha magaalada saa rabto wixii dibada ka ah magaalada dhamaan anaa iska leh" sidoo kale wuxuu dalbaday waxyaabo badan sida in laga dhiso magaalada masjid, in laga sameeyo xaafad ee muslimiintu dagaan, iyo in la kordhiyo qarashka lagu hishiiyay xiliga, imbiraadoor emanawel ayaa iska diiday dalabaadkaas, Bayazid oo in mudo goobayay fursad oo ku furto [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] ayaa u arkay inay u timid fursadaas wuxuuna kaxeestay ciidan badan oo go'doomiyeen magaalada, shacabka [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] ayaa aad ugu dhibaatooday weerarkaas, kadib todoba bilood uu socday go'doonka imbiraadoorka ayaa ugu dambeyn aqbalay shuruud ka darneed tii hore,<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Stanford J. Shaw|عنوان=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ الوصول=1 يونيو 2013|تاريخ=29 October 1976|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29163-7|صفحة=31|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013042/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|</ref> ===furashooyinka blaqaan=== Xaqiiqdii waxaa ku kalifay bayazid joojinta go'doominta [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] dhaqdhqaaq kasoo cusboonaaday [[balqaan]], [[mirshaa alcajuus]] amiirka [[Romania|aflaaq]] ayaa weeraray dhulka cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu boobay magaalooyin badan<ref name="فتح بلغاريا">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=60|سنة=[[1429 هـ|1429هـ]] - [[2008]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|</ref>, cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka talaabeen wabiga duuna waxayna jabiyeen ciidanka aflaaq [[mirshaa alcajuus]] bey soo qabteen, [[bursa]] baa la geeyay, waa lasiidaayay kadib markuu bixiyay madax furasho uuna balan qaaday inuu la jiro cusmaaniyiinta<ref name="مقاتل" />. [[Tiyuudoor]] oo walaal la ahaa imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] heestayna jasiirad u ekaha moora ayaa waxay isku dhaceen dawlada [[bunduqiya]] ayagoo isku qabsaday magaalada [[Aargoos|argoos]], waxaa laga adkaaday [[tiyuudoor]] wuxuuna ka gurmad dalbay bayazid, 1392 ayuu diray bayazid ciidan uu hogaaminaayo [[Afaranoos bek]], ciidankan wuxuu qabsaday magaalada [[najarbont]], sidoo kale waxay dhameestireen qabsashada gobolka [[tasaaliya]]<ref name="أوزتونا 3">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=105|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|</ref> [[Bulgariya|Bulgeriya]] bqorkeeda [[yoxanaa shiimaan]] oo caan ku ahaa balan kabaxa iyo [[mirshaa alcajuus]] ayaa buriyeen hishiisyadii ee la galeen cusmaaniyiinta, [[Bulgariya|Bulgeriya]] waxay aragtay [[biriizanda]] inay tahay gabal sii dhacaya waxayna damacday inay dhaxasho, bulgeeriyiinta waxay ku duuleen [[nikobolos]] oo dhacdo wabidiga duuna way qabsadeen ilaaladii cusmaaniyiinta ee joogayna way laayeen, <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Gibbons|الأول=Herbert Adam|عنوان=The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|تاريخ=21 August 2013|ناشر=Routledge|الرقم المعياري=978-1-135-02982-1|صفحة=194 - 195|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118015224/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|</ref> Bayazid ayaa si dhaqso ah uga jawaab celiyay asagoo go'aansaday inuu dabargooyo [[Bulgariya|Bulgeriya]], caasimada [[tornoofo]] ayuu weeraray, [[Yooxana Shiimaan|shiimaan]] baa ka cararay oo qalcada [[nikobolos]] ku gambaday, baadariga magaalada ayaa isku xilsaaray difaacideeda sedex bilood kadib magaalada waxay u gacan gashay cusmaaniyiinta 1393, kadib [[mirshaa alcajuus]] ayuu u jeestay, wuxuu kasoo ceshaday meelihii uu qabsaday wuu bursaday, 1395tii dagaalkii ruufiin ayuu ugu geestay qasaaro foolxun, [[mirshaa alcajuus]] ayaa mar kale saxiixay inuu bixiyo jizyo iyo inuu raacsanaado cusmaaniyiinta <ref group="ِ">John V.A. Fine, ''The Late Medieval Balkans'', (The University of Michigan Press, 1994), 424.</ref> [[Shiishmaan]] ayuu ku weeraray [[nikobolos]] gacanta ayuu ku dhigay wuuna dilay <ref name="رستم" /><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف-الأخير1=Андреев|مؤلف-الأول1=Йордан|مؤلف-الأخير2=Лазаров|مؤلف-الأول2=Иван|مؤلف-الأخير3=Павлов|مؤلف-الأول3=Пламен|عنوان=Кой кой е в средновековна България|عنوان مترجم=Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria|</ref> ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa qabsaday dhamaan [[Bulgariya|bulgeriya]] waxaana laga dhigay gobol dawlada ka tirsan ===dagaalkii nikobolos=== qabashada cusmaaniyiinta ee [[Bulgaariya|bulgeeriya]] waxay ku dhalisay cabsi xoogan [[sikesmond]] oo ahaa boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]], wuxuu ka baqay in dalkiisa oo ku dhaco wixii ku dhacay [[Bulgariya|bulgeriya]], waxa uuna dalbaday gurmad<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Stanford J. Shaw|عنوان=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ الوصول=1 يونيو 2013|تاريخ=29 October 1976|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29163-7|صفحة=31|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013042/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|</ref> baabaa [[buunifaas sagaalaad]] iyo bqorada ree [[yurub]] baa ka war helay fiditaanka islaamiga ee sanadkasta dhul cusub laqaayo, waxay aad uga baqeen in cusmaaniyiintu qabsadaan [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]]<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Gibbons|الأول=Herbert Adam|عنوان=The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|تاريخ=21 August 2013|ناشر=Routledge|الرقم المعياري=978-1-135-02982-1|صفحة=201|</ref> waxay arkeen inay halis gali karo ganacsigooda waxay sii xasuusteen hareereenta [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], waxay soo qaadeen weerar saliibi ah <ref name="أوزتونا 4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=106 - 108|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|</ref>, ciidanka saliibiga ayaa aad u qalabeesnaa heer ay ku fakaraan cusmaaniyiinta markey ka adkaadaan inay u gudbaan [[falastiin]] soona celiyaan imaaradihii saliibiga, wuxuuna ka koobnaa [[Faransiiska|faransiis]], [[buduqiya]], [[janawa]], [[Romania|aflaaq]], [[fursaan istibsaariya]], [[Kuruweshiya|korweeshiya]] guuto dawladaha [[jarmalka]] ka socotay iyo dawlado kale oo [[yurub]] kamid ah,<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حسُّون، عليّ|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 24 - 25 |سنة= [[1415 هـ|1415هـ]] - [[1994]]م|ناشر= المكتب الإسلامي للطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف= Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph Marie Antoine|عنوان=textsLa France en Orient au XIVe siècle|مسار=https://archive.org/details/lafranceenorien00boucgoog|تاريخ الوصول=1 سبتمبر 2017|تاريخ=1886|ناشر=Paris, E. Thorin|صفحة=233 -234| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20161012091421/https://archive.org/details/lafranceenorien00boucgoog | </ref> sidoo kale wuxuu taageero kala kulmay [[biriizanda]] [[sikesmond]] baa hogaaminaayay, intay dhax soo socdeen waxay qabsadeen magaaloyin qaar ayagoo laayay ciidamo ilaalo ka ahaa iyo dadkii daeegaanka,<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Gibbons|الأول=Herbert Adam|عنوان=The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|تاريخ=21 August 2013|ناشر=Routledge|الرقم المعياري=978-1-135-02982-1|صفحة=215| </ref> dhanka cusmaaniyiinta waxaa la jiray [[Seerbiya|serbiya]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= داهموس، جوزيف|مؤلف2= ترجمة د. مُحمَّد فتحي الشاعر|عنوان= سبع معارك فاصلة في العُصُور الوُسطى، معركة أنقرة|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 185|سنة= [[1992]]|ناشر= [[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مسار = https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5EeiIlz3F3cZ0F3bVZEelY5X2M/edit?pli=1|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 سبتمبر|3 أيلول (سپتمبر)]] [[2017]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]| </ref> , labada ciidan waxay ku kulmeen [[nikobolos]], bayazid wuxuu dajiyay qorshe uu cadawga dabin ugu dhigaayo sidii ayaa dhacday cadawgii dabinka buu ku dhacay<ref name="قصة الحضارة">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ويل ديورانت|ديورانت، ويل]]|عنوان=قصَّة الحضارة|المجلد=الجُزء الثالث والعُشرون|صفحة=32 - 34|سنة=[[1412 هـ|1412هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الجيل للطبع والنشر والتوزيع|مسار=https://ia801908.us.archive.org/16/items/WAQ29508_201304/06-2-23.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[3 سبتمبر|3 أيلول (سپتمبر)]] [[2017]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|</ref>, jab xun baa gaaray, dabada ayee jeediyeen 10kun ayaa laga qabtay sidoo kale qaniimo badan ayaa laga helay<ref name="ReferenceB">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أحمد، إسماعيل|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة في التاريخ الإسلامي الحديث|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=42|سنة=[[1416 هـ|1416هـ]] - [[1996]]م|ناشر=مكتبة العبيكان|</ref>, waxaa kamid ahaa inta la qabtay amiirka borgada [[qumus faaluu]], madax furasho ayuu bixiyay waana lasiidaay, wuxuu ku dhaartay inuu mar dambe dagaal la galin cusmaaniyiinta, balse baa yiri {fasax baa u qabtaa dhaarta inaa ka baxdo Aniga waxaa jeclahay inaa dhamaan gaalada kana guuleesto} <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 144|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= {{Wayback|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit%7C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9%3D |date=20190509154112 }} [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|</ref> bayazid oo aad uga xanaaqay cidamadiisa ilaalada ee lalaayay ayaa amray qoorta in laga wada jaro dhamaan tobanka kun Guushaan waxaa looga dabaal dagay caalamka islaamiga khiifka cabaasiyiinta ee jooga [[qaahira]] ayaa ku caleemo saaray magacyo sharafeed sida «سُلطانُ إقليم الرُّوم»، «جلالُ الدين»، «صاعقةُ الإسلام <ref group="ْ">İnal, Halil İbrahim (2007), ''Osmanlı Tarihi'', Nokta Kitap: İstanbul. say. 90</ref> waxa oo hadiyad ahaa ugu diray boqorka [[mamaaliikta]] boqol adoon oo yurubiyaan ah .<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ المماليك في مصر وبلاد الشَّام|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 401|سنة= [[1418 هـ|1418هـ]] - [[1997]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia601606.us.archive.org/10/items/adel-0055/History01690.pdf| </ref> ===Hareereenta labaad ee Qusdandiiniya=== bayazid ayaa waayay kalsoonidii uu ku qabay [[biriizanda]] kadib markey isbahaysiga wuxuu weeraray [[tiyuudoor]] wuxuu ka qabsaday [[aargoos]] iyo magaalooyin kale tiyuudoor ayaa intii u hartay ka gaday [[fursaan istibsaariya]], Bayazid wuxuu turki badan usoo raray meelaha cusub ee la furtay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ڤاتان|الأول=نيقولا|سنة=[[1993]]|عنوان=صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر=دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان=تعريب بشير السباعي. [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|إصدار=الأولى|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة=24|</ref> Bayazid ayaa soo celiyay hareereenta [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] soo u ciqaabo imbiraadoorka oo oofin waayay balamihii uu qaaday, wuxuu ka dhisay qalco meel u dhaw marinka boosfoor<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة العليَّة|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=47|سنة=[[1988]]م|</ref>, imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] ayaa gurmad ka doontay [[yurub]], wuxuu tagay [[baariis]], wax saas kama helin, wuu iska joogay [[baariis]], wuxuu wadnaha farta ku haayaba wuxuu neefsaday markuu [[timuurlank]] uu yimid<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=64|سنة=[[1429 هـ|1429هـ]] - [[2008]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|</ref>. ==Dib u tirtirida imaaradaha anadool== [[calaaudiin]] amiirka [[qaramaan]] oo ka faaideesanaya mashquulka bayazid ayaa buriyay hishiisyada, wuxuu diyaarsaday ciidan badan magaalada [[ankara]] ayuu weeraray talyihii magaalada [[timuur daash]] ayuu qabsaday <ref name="زوال القرمان">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=سعد الدين أفندي، خواجه مُحمَّد|عنوان=تاج التواريخ، الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة=131 - 132|سنة=[[1862]] - [[1863]]|ناشر=طبعخانۀ عامره|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|</ref> bayazid markuu maqlay si dhaqso ayuu u yimid [[Anatooliya|anadool]] asoo haadaya, labada ciidan waxay ku kulmeen meel la yiraahdo [[aaq jaay]] qaramaanyiinta ayaa jabeen, [[calaaudiin]] iyo ilmihiisa gacanta ayaa lagu dhigay, waxaa la geeyay [[Konya|qoonya]], Bayazid baa amray in la dilo [[calaaudiin]], kadib markay cadaatay niyad xumadiisa, qaramaana waxay noqatay gobol gobolada kamid ah. isla waqtigaas [[qasdamuuni]] oo ahayd imaaradii ugu dambeesay ee jirta ayaa waxaa gabaad ka dhigtay amiiro badan oo waayay dawladahooda, Bayazid ayaa ka dalbay amiirka qasdamuuni inuu soo dhiibo amiiradaas wuu diiday, weerar ayuu ku qaaday amiirka ayaa ka cararay dawladiis asigoo magan weediistay [[timuurlank]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=140|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427{{Dead l {{Wayback|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit%7C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9%3D |date=20190509154112 }}ink|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|</ref> ===qaadii burhaanu diin=== [[Qaadii burhaaudiin|Qaadii burhaanudiin]] oo heestay [[siiwaas]] ayaa waxay isku xumaayeen cusmaaniyiinta, Bayazid ayaa u diray ciidan oo horkacaayay wiilkiis ardogrol, balse waa la soo jabshay, waxaa dhacday [[qaadii burhaaundiin]] in uu dilo fariin sidayaal ka socdeen [[timuurlank]], taas oo carada [[timuurlank]] ku soo jeedisay wxuu ka dalbaday bayazid inay u midoobaan halista [[timuurlank]], bayaziidna wuu ogolaaday <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[شهاب الدين ابن عربشاه|ابن عربشاه، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الله بن إبراهيم الدمشقي]]|مسار=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/a/af/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf|عنوان=عجائب{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} المقدور في نوائب تيمور|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=68 - 69|سنة=[[1285 هـ|1285هـ]]|ناشر=مطبعة وادي النيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 سبتمبر|9 أيلول (سپتمبر) 2017م]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]|</ref>. [[Timuurlank]] oo careesan ayaa faray amiirka dawlada [[aaq qooyoloo]] [[cusmaan bek]] inuu weeraro [[siiwaas]] asna wuu weeraray 1398 wuuna dilay [[qaadii burhaanudiin]] <ref group="ْ">Kadı Burhanneddin devleti ve son bulması hakkında bilgi ve ayrıntı ıçin bakın: Rypka,J., "Burhān al-Dīn, kādī ahmad", ed. P. Bearman, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Leiden:Brill.</ref>, balse magaalada wuu xukumi waayay oo dadkii rayidka ayaa iska buriyeen bayazid ayee ka dalbadeen inuu ka taliyo baladkood, Bayazid wiilkiis suleymaan iyo ciidan badan buu geeyay 1399 <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[شهاب الدين ابن عربشاه|ابن عربشاه، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الله بن إبراهيم الدمشقي]]|مسار=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/a/af/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf|عنوان=عجائب{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} المقدور في نوائب تيمور|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=82 - 87|سنة=[[1285 هـ|1285هـ]]|ناشر=مطبعة وادي النيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 سبتمبر|9 أيلول (سپتمبر) 2017م]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]|</ref> Bayazid wuxuu ka faaideestay xaalada [[mamaaliikta]] ee qasneed wuu qabsaday [[maldiya]], [[arzanjaan]], [[albastan]], [[Kayseri|qeysariya]] iyo imaarada [[dilqaadir]], arintaan ayaa dhalisay xiriirkoodu inuu xumaado una midoobi waayaan qatarta [[timuurlank]] sidaas ayee ku dhabooday midnimada [[Anatooliya|anadool]], waayihii suldaankii salaajiqada ee weynaa [[calaaudiin]] ayaa dib usoo laabtay. <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=106|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|</ref> ==isku dhaca timuurlank== [[Timuurlank]] ayaa ahaa hogaamiya caan ah wuxuu sheegtay inuu soo celinayo boqortooyadii tataarka wuxuu qabsaday meelo badan sida [[niisaabuur]] [[hindiya]] [[iiraan]] [[Afgaanistan|afgaanistaan]] [[shaam]] [[Armania|armiiniya]] aad buu u fasaad badnaa meeshuu tago wuu qaribi jiray, wuxuu ku sheegtay bayazid inuu dumay suldaanka [[baqdaad]] [[axmad bin awees]] iyo [[yuusuf nooyaan]] amiirka [[qura qooyonloo]] asigoo dalbaday in loo gacan galiyo <ref group="ِ">René Grousset. "The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia", translated by N. Wallford. Rutgers University Press, 1970, {{ردمك|0-8135-1304-9}}, p. 458</ref> sidoo kale wuxuu aad uga soo horjeestay ku darista [[siiwaas]], qalcada kamaaq, [[maldiya]] dawlada cusmaaniyiinta asagoo sheegtay inuu leeyahay maadaama uu dhaxlay [[tataarka]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= فريدون بك، أحمد|عنوان= مُجموعۀ منشأت السلاطين|إصدار= الأولى|المجلد = الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة= 132|سنة= [[1287 هـ|1287هـ]]|ناشر= تقويمخانۀ عامره|مكان= [[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|</ref> bayazid iyo [[timuurlank]] labaduba waxay isdhaafsadeen caay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=يزدى، شرف الدين على بن مُحمَّد امین بن علی الکریتی الطبسی|مؤلف2=محقق: سيد سعيد مير مُحمَّد صادق|مؤلف3=مُصحح: عبد الحُسين نوائى|عنوان=ظفرنامه|المجلد=جلد 2|صفحة=87، 184 - 186|سنة=[[تقويم هجري شمسي|1335 خورشيدى]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[10 سبتمبر|10 أيلول (سپتمبر)]] [[2017]]م|مسار=http://library.tebyan.net/ar/Viewer/Pdf/180076/1#185|لغة=[[لغة فارسية|الفارسيَّة]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910222034/http://library.tebyan.net/ar/Viewer/Pdf/180076/1|تاريخ أرشيف=10 سبتمبر 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فريدون بك، أحمد|عنوان=مُجموعۀ منشأت السلاطين|إصدار=الأولى|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة=119|سنة=[[1287 هـ|1287هـ]]|ناشر=تقويمخانۀ عامره|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|لغة=[[لغة تركية عثمانية|التُركيَّة العُثمانيَّة]]}}</ref> [[timuurlank]] oo helay dhoor marmarsiyo ayaa weerary [[siiwaas]] 18 bari kadib wuu qabsaday dadka ayuu laayay <ref name="أوزتونا - سيواس" /> ،<ref name="هزيمة">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=146|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|تاريخ أرشيف=9 مايو 2019}}</ref> wuxuu dilay [[ardogrol]] Wiilka bayazid, suleymaan ayaa isaga cararay magaalada, ===dagaalkii Ankara iyo dhamaadka bayazid=== Bayazid wuxuu joojiyay hareereenta [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] asagoo la hishiiyay imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= سعد الدين أفندي، خواجه مُحمَّد|عنوان= تاج التواريخ، الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة= 149|سنة= [[1862]] - [[1863]]|ناشر= طبعخانۀ عامره|مكان= [[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد القرمانلي|القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: بسَّام عبد الوهَّاب الجابي|عنوان= تاريخ سلاطين آل عثمان|إصدار= الأولى?الصفحة= 18|سنة= [[1405 هـ|1405هـ]] - [[1985]]م|</ref>, [[timuurlank]] ayaa kala geeyay ciidankii bayazid, kuwo tataar ah ayuu hoos kala xariiray, qorshaha bayazid wuxuu ahaa inuu kula kulmo ciidanka tataarka meel ka baxsan dhulka dawlada cusmaaniyiinta, balse [[timuurlank]] oo taa cagsigeed damacsanaa baa ku guuleestay inuu is qariyo waxaa la arkay un ciidankiis oo gudaha dhulka cusmaaniyiinta jooga, Bayazid ayaa layaa la yimid ciidankiisa oo gaaraya 100kun dagaalka wuxuu ka dhacay banaanka [[ankara]] isla markii waxaa u goostay dhanka timuurlank ciidamada imaaradihii turkida iyo kuwii tataarka ee hoos uu kala hadlay, waxaa iska cadaatay inay jabayaan cusmaaniyiinta, wiilkiis [[suleymaan]] iyo sadrulacdam [[cali zaada]] baa ka dalbaday bayazid inuu dib ula baxo ciidamada, markoo ka diiday labadoodu way carareen ayaga iyo ciidan gaaraya 30kun, Bayazid wuxuu sii waday dagaalka, jab xun ayaa ku dhacay habeenkii buu carar damcay, balse gacanta ayaa lagu dhigay asaga iyo wiilkiis [[muusa shilbi]], wiilkiis kale musdafa ayaa lawaayay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف بن تغري بردي بن عبد الله الظاهري الحنفي]]|مؤلف2= قدَّم لهُ وعلَّق عليه: مُحمَّد حُسين شمسُ الدين|عنوان= [[النجوم الزاهرة|النُجوم الزاهرة في مُلوك مصر والقاهرة]]|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني عشر|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 268|سنة= [[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر= دار الكُتب العلميَّة|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> , musiibadaan waxay dhacday sandkii 1402 ===ka gadaal dagaalkii ankara=== Waxaa aad ugu farxay jabkaas caalamka kirishmiska ayagoo sameeyay dabaaldagyo<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[توماس أرنولد|آرنولد، طوماس ووكر]]|مؤلف2=[[رينيه باسيه|باسيه، رينيه]]|عنوان= دائرة المعارف الإسلامية|المجلد=الجُزء السادس|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 162|سنة= [[1418 هـ|1418هـ]] - [[1998]]م|ناشر= مركز الشارقة للإبداع الفكري|مكان= [[الشارقة]] - [[الإمارات العربية المتحدة]]|مسار=https://ia600301.us.archive.org/30/items/WAQ89412/89412.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010927/https://ia600301.us.archive.org/30/items/WAQ89412/89412.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 17 ديسمبر 2019 }}</ref> [[Timuurlank]] wuxuu dib usoo celiyay imaaradihii turkida ahaa ee bayazid baabi'yay sida imaaradaha [[qasdamuuni]], [[karmiyaan]], [[munashtaa]], [[saaruuqaan]] iyo [[qaramaan]], sidoo kale serbiya iyo aflaaq ayaa ku dhawaaqeen inay ka goosteen cusmaaniyiinta, dawlada inteeda hartay waxaa kala qaatay wiilasha bayazid muxamad iyo ciisa halka suleymaan uu ku gambaday magaalada adirna adirna<ref name="ReferenceC">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري، المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 112|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> Imbiraadoor biriizanda [[emanawel labaad]] oo u cararay [[baariis]] asigoo gurmad la'sanaa baa aad ugu farxay jabkaan, wuxuu kusoo noqday Qusdandiiniya. ==laheeste bayazid== Bayazid waxaa lagu xiray shabaq bir ah asagoo loola dhaqmay dulinimo <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 147|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit | تاريخ أرشيف = 9 مايو 2019 }}</ref> heer naagihiisa loo adeegsado inay waraabiyaan qamro timuurlank iyo asxaabtiis, Bayazid ayaa xamili waayay arintaas aduunyada ayaa la madoobaatay halsano kadib 1403dii ciil ayuu u dhintay<ref name="عربشاه - هزيمة">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[شهاب الدين ابن عربشاه|ابن عربشاه، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الله بن إبراهيم الدمشقي]]|مسار= https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/a/af/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf|عنوان= عجائب المقدور في نوائب تيمور|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 135 - 136|سنة= [[1285 هـ|1285هـ]]|ناشر= مطبعة وادي النيل|تاريخ الوصول= [[9 سبتمبر|9 أيلول (سپتمبر) 2017م]]|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004900/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/a/af/كتاب_عجائب_المقدور_في_أخبار_تيمور.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 9 سبتمبر 2017 }}</ref> asigoo jiro 43 sano, xilkana haayay 13 sano Dhimashadiisa kadib dawladu waxay gashay 10 sano rabsho iyo dagaalo kadhex socdeen wiilasha bayazid ilaa ugu dambeyn adkaaday [[muxamad koowaad]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 147 - 149|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit | تاريخ أرشيف = 9 مايو 2019 }}</ref>. ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== Wuxuu guursaday bayazid dhowr naagood oo badanaa ujeedo siyaasadeed u guursaday '''Xaasaskiis''' * '''[[foolaana khaatuun]]''' * '''[[dawlt shaah khaatuun]]''' *'''[[dawlt khaatuun]]''' *'''[[holofira disbiina khaatuun]]''' *'''[[xafsa khaatuun]]''' *'''[[maryam khaatuun]]''' '''ilmahiis''' *'''[[ardogrol shilbi]]''' waxaa dilay [[timuurlank]] markuu qabsaday [[siiwaas]] *'''[[suleymaan shilbi]]''' wuxuu ku tartamaayay xilka *'''[[ciisa shilbi]]''' wuxuu ku tartamaayay xilka *'''[[muusa shilbi]]''' wuxuu ku tartamaayay xilka *'''[[muxamad shilbi]]''' wuxuu ku guuleesay inuu xilka qabto *'''[[musdafa shilbi]]''' waa la waayay [[dagaalkii Ankara]] muduo kadib ayuu soo baxay asoo dalbanayo xilka *'''[[faaduma suldaan khaatuun]]''' *'''[[arqondi khaatuun]]''' *'''[[suldaan faaduma khaatuun]]''' *'''[[oornoos khaatuun]]''' *'''[[baashaa Malik khaatuun]] ==xigasho== <references /> <references group="ْ" /> 7aevjfeaupkf9otfrhcu6xo5aj3vigo 0 36365 309700 268234 2026-09-26T03:49:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''almalik alcaadil alsuldaan gaazi mumahidu dawla gayaasu diin muxamad shilbi koowaad bin bayazid koowaad bin muraad koowaad ('''turkida cusmaaniyada: '''(''' <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">مُمهِّد الدولة والدين غازى سُلطان چلبى مُحمَّد خان أول بن بايزيد بن مُراد عُثمانى</font></span>؛) oo loo yaqaan "'''muxamad shilbi",''' eraygaas "shilbi" waxaa la dhihi jiray dhamaan ilmaha [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]], macano ahaan wuxuu tusin gaaraad badnaan {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''muxamad koowaad'''<br />محمد الأول <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 5aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1413]] ilaa , [[1421]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[bayazid koowaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[muraad labaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1379]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[adirna romali]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[bayazid koowaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[dawlat khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |1421 |- !Ku dhintay: |[[adirna]], [[romalil]] |} Muaxamd koowaad wuxuu xilka qabtay kadib loolan dheer ee dhaxmaray asaga iyo walaalihiis kaas oo qaatay 11sano<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أحمد، إسماعيل|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة في التاريخ الإسلامي الحديث|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=43 - 44|سنة=[[1416 هـ|1416هـ]] - [[1996]]م|ناشر=مكتبة العبيكان|مكان=[[الرياض]] - [[السعودية|السُعُوديَّة]]|مسار=https://ia802707.us.archive.org/16/items/FP32498/32498.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605203215/https://ia802707.us.archive.org/16/items/FP32498/32498.pdf|</ref>, waxaana loo yaqaan xiligii rabshada kaas oo bilaabday kadib [[Dgaalkii ankara|jabkii ankara]] iyo dhimashadii [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]]. wuxuu xilka qabtay 1413dii 7sano ayuuna haayaay oo ku dhameestay dagaalo, mar uu la diriro imaaradihii turkida ahaa ee dib usoo noolaaday iyo mar uu la diriro dawladaha yurubiyaanka iyo mar kale uu kacdoonka shiiq [[badru diin]] wuu wajaho, wuxuu ka soo hooyay guulo badan asigoo soo celiaya inta badan dhulkii ay waaday dawlada <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]]|عنوان=فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|صفحة=67|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|الرقم المعياري=9772656698|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013534/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar|</ref>, heybadii dawladana wuu soo nooleeyay. Sidoo kale muxamad koowaad wuxuu taageero siin jiray culuumta iyo fanka, wuxuuna lahaa maktabad weyn oo ku keediyay kutubo badan <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أرمغان، مُصطفى|مؤلف2=ترجمة: مُصطفى حمزة|عنوان=التَّاريخ السرّي للإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: جوانب غير معروفة من حياة سلاطين بني عُثمان|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=33 - 34|سنة=[[1435 هـ|1435هـ]] - [[2014]]م|ناشر=[[الدار العربية للعلوم ناشرون|الدار العربيَّة للعُلوم ناشرون]]|</ref>, ==Noloshiisa hore== Waxaa muran badan ka jiraa goorata uu dhashay waxaase loo badan yahay 1379kii <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]] |عنوان= فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|صفحة= 70|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|الرقم المعياري= 9772656698|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013534/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar |</ref> , xog kale waxay leedahay 1381dii <ref>{{استشهاد ويب| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827171958/http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Atrikia51/DwlahOsman/sec06.doc_cvt.htm%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف= [[27 أغسطس|27 آب (أغسطس)]] [[2017]]م|مسار= http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Atrikia51/DwlahOsman/sec06.doc_cvt.htm|عنوان{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} = بايزيد الأوَّل (يلدرم الصاعقة)|موقع = موسوعة مُقاتل من الصحراء|</ref> , waxaa jira kuwa kale oo sheegaya 1382, 1386, 1389, 1390 iyo 1391,<ref group="ْ">Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999), ''Bu Mülkün Sultanları'', İstanbul: Oğlak Yayınları. say. 63-68 ISBN 978-975-329-300-6 say.63</ref> hooyadii dawlat khaatuun ayaa la dhihi jiray, wuxuu wax ka bartay culumo oo aabihiis u xilsaaray tarbiyeentiis, waxaana kamid ahaa [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiili]] sidoo kale madarasooyinla [[bursa]] ayuu wax ka bartay. [[Muxamad koowaad]] wuxuu u raacay aabihiis ladagaalanka imaaradaha turkida 1391dii wuxuu hoogaamiyay ciidankii loo diray [[qaadii burhaanu diin]] ee ka qabsadeen [[amaasiya]]<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[أحمد القرمانلي|القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: بسَّام عبد الوهَّاب الجابي|عنوان= تاريخ سلاطين آل عثمان|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 17|سنة= [[1405 هـ|1405هـ]] - [[1985]]م|</ref> markuu arkay aabihiis guulahiis iyo waxqabadkiisa fiican wuxuu u magacaabay xilka waaliga [[romali]], xilkaas uu haayay 1391dii ilaa 1402dii, mudsidaas wuxuu kororsaday qibrado badan asigoona toosiyay arimaha gobolkaas<ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان = Meḥemmed I | الأخير = İnalcık | الأول = Halil | وصلة مؤلف = خليل إينالجك| موسوعة = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid | ناشر = BRILL | مكان = Leiden and New York | سنة = 1991 |</nowiki></ref> ==ku loolamida xilka== Muxamad koowaad Wuxuu ka qeybqaatay [[dagaalkii ankara]] ciidan ilaalinta gadaal ayuuna hogaaminayay, goobta dagaalka ayuu ka baxay, mar dambe ayuu ogaaday in aabihiis [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]] iyo walaalkiis [[muusa shilbi]], wuxuu dajiyay qorshe soo fakiynayo ayadoo dhulka hoostiis la qodayo balse wuu fashilmay ilaaladana waa la sii adkeeyay<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Kastritsis|الأول=Dimitris|عنوان=The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13|ناشر=BRILL|سنة=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15836-8|مسار=https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=mehmed+celebi+in+sivas&source=bl&ots=qRW5MZBH0S&sig=ys0VeHq_s3ip9vc1tSaj_4ZXTUM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEv4z5-4_bAhWKQBQKHejhBiwQ6AEIVTAI#v=onepage&q=mehmed%20celebi%20in%20sivas&f=false|صفحة=68|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013526/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=mehmed+celebi+in+sivas&source=bl&ots=qRW5MZBH0S&sig=ys0VeHq_s3ip9vc1tSaj_4ZXTUM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEv4z5-4_bAhWKQBQKHejhBiwQ6AEIVTAI|</ref> markuu dhintay bayazid 1403dii [[timuurlank]] ayaa sii daayay muusa sii uu aabihiis u aaso magaalada [[Bursa|buursa]] ayaa loogu sameeyay aas u qalma maamuuskiis<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=آق أونال، دُندار|مؤلف2=تعريب مُصطفى حمزة|عنوان=بروتوكول الدولة العُثمانيَّة ومراسمها: المراسم الإمبراطوريَّة|صفحة=159|سنة=2004|ناشر=منشورات كُتب تاريخ الفكر|</ref>, isla markiiba waxaa soo baxday loolanka xilka ee u dhaxeeya ilamahiis maadaama uu horay u cayimin qofka badalaayo, Wiilka weyn ardogrol wuxuu ku dhintay dagaalada tataarka, kan ku xigay musdafa waxaa lagu waayay [[dagaalkii ankara]], waxaa isku haray afar wiil suleymaan, ciisa, muxamad iyo muusa <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|عنوان=Meḥemmed I|الأخير=İnalcık|الأول=Halil|وصلة مؤلف=خليل إينالجك|موسوعة=The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid|ناشر=BRILL|مكان=Leiden and New York|سنة=1991|</ref> , suleymaan dagaalka markuu soo dhamaaday wxuu ka talaabay marinka [[dardaniil]] wuxuuna gaaray [[Edirne|adirna]] halkaas oo ku sheegtay inuu yahay suldaanka cusub ee dawlada <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[شهاب الدين ابن عربشاه|ابن عربشاه، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الله بن إبراهيم الدمشقي]]|مسار=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/a/af/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf|عنوان=عجائب{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} المقدور في نوائب تيمور|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=136|سنة=[[1285 هـ|1285هـ]]|ناشر=مطبعة وادي النيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 سبتمبر|9 أيلول (سپتمبر) 2017م]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]|</ref> wuxuuna hishiis la galay [[biriizanda]] iyo dawlado badan oo yurubiyaan ah, asgoo uga dagay dhulal badan ee ka mid tahay [[salaaniik]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ڤاتان|الأول=نيقولا|سنة=[[1993]]|عنوان=صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر=دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان=تعريب بشير السباعي. [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|</ref> wuxuuna ku qasbanaaday inuu raacsanaado [[timuurlank]] dhanka kale muusa iyo muxamad waxay ku gambadeen qalcad, ciisa oo ciidan aruursaday ayaa yimid [[bursa]] oo sheegtay inuu yahay suldaan <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[شهاب الدين ابن عربشاه|ابن عربشاه، شهابُ الدين أحمد بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الله بن إبراهيم الدمشقي]]|مسار=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/a/af/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf|عنوان=عجائب{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} المقدور في نوائب تيمور|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=138|سنة=[[1285 هـ|1285هـ]]|ناشر=مطبعة وادي النيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 سبتمبر|9 أيلول (سپتمبر) 2017م]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]|</ref>, muxamad oo aad uga careesan hoos imaanshaha suleymaan tataarka ayaa helay taageero wuxuuna weeraray ciisa asagoo kala wareegay [[bursa]], ciisa wuxuu garab weydiistay [[cizudiin asfandiyaar bek]] amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] labadood wey ku aadi waayeen muxamad, ciisa wuxuu usii cararay [[İzmir|izmiir]] wuxuuna sameeyay amiirkeed isbahaysi ka dhana muxamad oo ka kooban imaarado badan, laakin muxamad ayaa ka adkaaday wuxuuna gacanta ku dhigay oo dilay ciisa, sidoo kale imaarada [[saaruuqaan]] ayuu qabsaday intii kale waxay ka badin waayeen inay aqoonsadaan madaxtinimadiisa <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ڤاتان|الأول=نيقولا|سنة=[[1993]]|عنوان=صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر=دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان=تعريب بشير السباعي. [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|إصدار=الأولى|المجلد=الجزء الأوَّل|</ref><ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi Cilt II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 72</ref> Suleymaan markii hore muusan fara gishan dagaalada u dhaxeeya walaahiis muxamad iyo ciisa, kaliya ciisa ayuu dhiira galinayay, hase yeeshee guulaha muxamad buu ka naxay [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] buu soo aaday wuxuuna qabsaday [[bursa]] iyo [[ankara]] wuxuu sii qabsaday [[İzmir|izimiir]], amiirkeedana [[juneyd bek]] wuu ka xeestay<ref name="أوزتونا1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=114 - 115|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://archive.org/stream/abualialkurdy_gmail_03_201701/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-01#page/n113/mode/2up|تاريخ الوصول=[[19 مايو|19 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]</ref> muxamad wuxuu arkay inuu ku aadin kaligiis suleymaan ayadoo sidaas ah ayaa waxaa u soo hiiliyay amiirka [[qaramaan]] [[naasirudiin]] wuxuu weeraray suleymaan, waxaa sidoo kale lasoo jiray walaalkiis muusa, [[cizudiin asfandiyar bek]], iyo amiirka [[Romania|aflaaq]] [[Mirshaa alcajuus|mirshaa]] wuxuuna ku weeraray suleymaan [[romali]], markuu arkay suleymaan in lasoo hareereeyay wuxuu aaday oo maciin biday imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] si uu kalsooni fiican ugu qabo wuxuu rahan ahaan ugu agtagay wiilkiis iyo walaashiis <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة=27|سنة=1988|</ref>, balse wax saas kama dheefin, 1411kii dagaal dhex maray asaga iyo muusa ayaa lagu qabtay waxaana lagu dilay duleedka [[Edirne|adirna]]<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Finkel|الأول=Caroline|عنوان=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923|وصلة=https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink_u5p4|ناشر=John Murray|مكان=London|سنة=2006|isbn=978-0-7195-6112-2</ref> muusa oo naqday xaakimka [[romali]] ayaa asna damac galay wuxuu rabaaday inuu la goosto [[romali]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=أحمد، علي خليل|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة في سنوات المحنة (المُقدمات، الوقائع، النتائج)|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=174|سنة=[[1432 هـ|1432هـ]] - [[2011]]م|ناشر=دار الحامد للنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول=[[21 مايو|21 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[عمان (مدينة)|عمَّان]] [[الأردن|الأُردُن]]|مسار=https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=OySsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182&dq=%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%AA&source=bl&ots=Lp16_N_neL&sig=O8-c6hptVEqjX4HtUNGRCnruFoA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD_O7c4ZfbAhXJXhQKHcZ8D0IQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%AA&f=false|</ref> wuxuu hareereeyay [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] soo ula gooni naqdo imbiraadoorka ayaa ka gurmad dalbay muxamad, muxamad ayaa yimid oo ku qasbay muusa inuu joojiyo hareereenta kadib wuu bursaday meel u dhaw [[Soofiyaa|sofiyaa]] buu ku dilay, sidaas ayuu ku soo dhamaaday xiligii rabshada ee cusmaaniyiinta ==Lakali noqoshadiisa xilka== Sandkii 1413dii culumada, talyaasha dawlada iyo waziiradaayaa kula mubaayacoodeyn inuu naqdo suldaanka cusmaaniyiinta <ref name="جلبي مقاتل">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519202853/http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Atrikia51/DwlahOsman/sec08.doc_cvt.htm%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=[[19 مايو|19 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م|مسار=http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Atrikia51/DwlahOsman/sec08.doc_cvt.htm|عنوان= {{Wayback|url=http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Atrikia51/DwlahOsman/sec08.doc_cvt.htm%7C%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%3D |date=20220523062950 }} مُحمَّد الأوَّل (جلبي السُلطان مُحمَّد) 816 - 824هـ \ 1413 - 1421م|موقع =موسوعة مُقاتل من الصحراء|</ref>, wuxuu qaabilay safiiro ka kala socda dawladaha yurub oo ugu hambalyeenaya qabashadiis xilka. Wuxuu isku xilsaaray soocelinta dhulalkii dawlada ee kala firdhaday iyo inuu gaarsiiyo dawlada awoodeeda heerkee joogtay xiliga aabihiis bayazid <ref name="أوزتونا2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 116|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://archive.org/stream/abualialkurdy_gmail_03_201701/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-01#page/n115/mode/2up|تاريخ الوصول=[[19 مايو|19 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010527/https://archive.org/stream/abualialkurdy_gmail_03_201701/موسوعة%20الامبراطورية%20العثمانية-السياسي%20والعسكري%20والحضاري-يلماز%20اوزتونا-01 |</ref>, wuxuu aqoonsi buuxa ka helay dawlada [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] iyo khilaafda [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|cabaasiyiinta]]<ref name="فاضل">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[فاضل بيات|بيات، فاضل]]|عنوان=البلاد العربيَّة في الوثائق العُثمانيَّة: النصف الأوَّل من القرن 10هـ - 16م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=3 - 7|سنة=[[2010]]|ناشر=[[مركز الأبحاث للتاريخ والفنون والثقافة الإسلامية (إرسيكا)]]|الرقم المعياري=9789290632085|</ref><ref name="البيان">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=تدمري|الأول=عُمر عبدُ السلام|وصلة مؤلف=عمر عبد السلام تدمري|عنوان=العلاقة بين العُثمانيين والمماليك|المجلد=العدد 413|سنة=[[20 مايو|20 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م|شهر=[[20 مايو|20 أيَّار (مايو)]]|صحيفة=جريدة البيان|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520213012/http://www.albayanlebanon.com/news.php?IssueAr=415&id=20590&idC=|مسار=http://www.albayanlebanon.com/news.php?IssueAr=415&id=20590&idC=|تاريخ أرشيف=[[20 مايو|</ref> ===doonistiisa nabada=== Suldaan muxamad oo dareesanaa xaalada ee ku jirto dawlada ayaa maray siyaasad nabadgalyo waxa uuna ku dhahay matalayaasha ka kala socday bunduqiya, janawa, raakuuza, serbiya, aflaaq iyo albaaniya "ku dhaha madaxdiina Aniga nabad baa rabaa, qofkaan rabin nabada ilaaha ilaaliya nabada ayaa ah kan ladoodaya" <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[:en:George Shaw-Lefevre, 1st Baron Eversley|Eversley, G. Shaw-Lefevre]]|عنوان= textsThe Turkish empire, its growth and decay|صفحة= 61|سنة= [[1917]]|ناشر= T. F. Unwin ltd.|مسار= https://archive.org/details/turkishempire00ever| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217011114/https://archive.org/details/turkishempire00ever |</ref> Waxaa la sheegaa imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]] markuu saaciday inuu la galay hishiis dhigaaya inuu u celiyo imbiraadoorka dhamaan dhulkii muusa ka qabsaday waxay soo dirsadeen wafdi dalbanaya hishiiska fulintiisa, suldaan muxamad oo aad ugu dadaalayay lasaaxiibida [[biriizanda]] ayaa u celiayay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= هاممۀ. ر|مؤلف2= مترجمى: مُحمَّد عطا|عنوان= دولت عليَّة عُثمانيَّۀ تاريخى: عُثمانليرك مبادئ ظهورندن، قاينارجۀ عهدنامۀ سنۀ قدر|صفحة= 118|سنة= [[1329 هـ|1329]]|ناشر= كستۀ بدروسيان مطبعۀ سى|مكان= [[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عُثمانيَّۀ]]|</ref> siyaasadan markiiba way faaido keentay, Wiilka suleymaan oo ag joogay imbiraadoorka baa dalbaday xilka balse taageero markuu waayayna wuxuu aaday aflaaq balse dhaxda ayaa ciidan cusmaaniyiin u galeen oo soo qabteen <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[:tr:Neşrî|Mehmed Neşrî]]|مؤلف2= Faik reşit unat |مؤلف3= D . Mehmed A. Koymen|عنوان= [[:tr:Kitâb-ı Cihannümâ|Kitâb-ı Cihannümâ, Neşrî Tarihi]]|صفحة= 524|سنة= [[1949]]|</ref> ==Dagaalada anadool== Badanaa imaaradaha turkida wey aqoonsadeen madaxtinimadiisa qaar ayaa jiray oo gooni goosad ama raacsanaaday [[timuurlank]] imaaradahan waxaa kamid ahaa [[qaramaan]] [[munashtaa]] [[karmiyaan]], imaarada [[qaramaan]] inkastoo ay taageertay muxamad shilbi markii hore hadana ma jecleen soo laabashada awooda cusmaaniyiinta, ayadoo ka faaideysaneesa ku mashquulida muxamad ladagaalanka muusa ayee weerartay 1411kii dhulka [[karmiyaan]] ayadoo qabsatay caasimadood [[kotaahiya]], amiirka [[karmiyaan]] [[yacquub bek]] ayaa u soo cararay [[bursa]] <ref group="ْ">Hoca Saadettin Efendi, ''Tâcü't-Tevârih'' c, 1, sayfa, 277-278</ref> asigoo dalbaday in loo soo celiyo dhulkiisa, wuxuuna sheegay inuu hoos imaan doono cusmaaniyiinta taas oo ka careesiisay [[naasirudiin muxamad]] amiirka qaramaan, weerar buu soo qaaday wxuuna hareereeyay magaalada [[Bursa|buursa]] 31 bari <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=آق كوندز، أحمد|مؤلف2=أوزتورك، سعيد|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة المجهولة، 303 سُؤال وجواب تُوضح حقائق غائبة عن الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة=102|سنة=[[2008]]|ناشر=وقف البُحُوث العُثمانيَّة|الرقم المعياري=9789757268390|تاريخ الوصول=[[27 مايو|27 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[إسطنبول]] - [[تركيا|تُركيَّا]]|مسار=https://archive.org/stream/30333/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%D8%8C%20303%20%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%AD%20%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%20%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%B9%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20-%20%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A2%D9%82%20%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%20%D9%88%20%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83#page/n101/mode/2up|</ref> ilaa uu ka quustay, wuxuu ku ciil baxay qabriga bayazid asigoo faagay misna gubay<ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[عاشق باشا زاده|Âşıkpaşazâde]]|مؤلف2=Hazırlayanlar: Kemal Yavuz|عنوان=Osmanoğullarının Tarihi|صفحة=85 - 86|سنة=[[2003]]|ناشر=Koç Kültür Sanat Tanıtım|الرقم المعياري=975296043X|مكان=[[إسطنبول|istanbul]]|مسار=https://www.scribd.com/doc/127973925/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k-Pa%C5%9Fazade-Osmano%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-Tarihi-pdf|</ref>, wuxuu arkay ciidan yar oo sida meedka [[Muusa shilbi|muusa]] see u duugaan wuxuu maleeyay gurmad wuuna cararay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=شرف، عبدُ الرحمٰن|عنوان=زُبدة القصص|صفحة=200 - 201|سنة=[[1316 هـ|1316]]|ناشر=مطبعۀ عامرۀ|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|</ref>. 1414tii suldaan muxamad ayaa yimid [[Anatooliya|anadool]] soo u ciqaabo imaaradaha falaagoobay wuxuu ku bilaabay imaarada [[banuu aydiin]] ee la safneed qaramaanyiinta, suldaanka wuxuu ciidan ku hareereeyay [[İzmir|izmiir]], amiirkooda [[juneyd bek]] ayaa isaga baxay magaalada <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[:tr:Enver Behnan Şapolyo|Enver Behnan Şapolyo]]|عنوان=Osmanlı sultanları tarihi|صفحة=75|سنة=[[1961]]|ناشر=R. Zaimler Yayınevi|</ref> toban bari kadib xaaska juneyd iyo ilmihiisa ayaa dhiibay magaalada<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Stanford J. Shaw|عنوان=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ الوصول=1 يونيو 2013|تاريخ=29 October 1976|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29163-7|صفحة=42|</ref> suldaan muxamad ayaa cafis u fidiyay [[juneyd bek]] wuxuuna u dhiibay [[nikobolos]],<ref name="محمد فريد2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=150|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[13 مايو|13 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|</ref> halka [[İzmir|izmiir]] oo u dhiibay askandar [[yoxanaa Shiishmaan]] <ref group="ِ">{{EI2|volume=2|title=D̲j̲unayd|first=I.|last=Mélikoff|authorlink=|pages=599–600|</ref>, wuxuuna amray inuu dumiyo qalcadaha magaalada iyo dhufeesyadeed Oo soo afjaraayay [[banuu adiin]] wuxuu u jeestay dhanka [[qaramaan]], waxaa ka heybeestay imaaradihii turkida amiirada [[karmiyaan]] iyo kan [[qasdamuuni]] ayaa siiyay taageero <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=لُطفى پاشا|عنوان=تواريخ آل عُثمان، 961 سنۀ سنۀ قدر اولان وقوعاتدن باحثدر|صفحة=70|سنة=[[1341 هـ|1341]]|ناشر=مطبعۀ عامرۀ|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|</ref>, sanadkii 1414kii iyo 1415kii ayuu labo dharbaaxi ku dhuftay dhulal badan buu ka qabsaday <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد القرمانلي|القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: بسَّام عبد الوهَّاب الجابي|عنوان=تاريخ سلاطين آل عثمان|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=21 - 22|سنة=[[1405 هـ|1405هـ]] - [[1985]]م|</ref> balse daadad badan awgeed caasimada [[Konya|qonya]] waa qabsan waayay. Amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] oo isku dayaya inuu siro cusmaaniyiinta ayaa qabsaday [[saamsoon]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=الأدرنوى، مُحمَّد بن مُحمَّد|عنوان=نُخبة التواريخ والأخبار|صفحة=19|سنة=[[1276 هـ|1276]]|ناشر=تقويمخانۀ مطبعۀ سى|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|</ref>, suldaanka ayaa dib uga soo ceshaday magaalada meelo kalana ka qabsaday <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[:tr:Neşrî|Mehmed Neşrî]]|مؤلف2=Faik reşit unat|مؤلف3=D . Mehmed A. Koymen|عنوان=[[:tr:Kitâb-ı Cihannümâ|Kitâb-ı Cihannümâ, Neşrî Tarihi]]|صفحة=450|</ref> [[Qaramaan]] ayuu mar kale u jeestay 1415kii sadrulacdamka [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiili]] ayaa ciidan badan qaatay <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=Ibrahim Hakki Konyali|عنوان=Abideleri ve kitabeleri ile Karaman tarihi|صفحة=56|سنة=[[1967]]|</ref> wuxuuna u dhigay amiirka qaramaan [[naasirudiin muxamad]] dabin, kaas oo ku dhacay asaga iyo wiilkiisa<ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=Ibrahim Hakki Konyali|عنوان=Abideleri ve kitabeleri ile Karaman tarihi|صفحة=676|سنة=</ref>, waxaa la horgeeyay suldaanka wuxuuna ku dhaartay inuu mar dambe u naqaneyn falaagonimo wuxuuna saxiixay inuu celiyo magaalooyin badan ee [[Tataar|tataarka]] siiyeen balse la sii deynaayay Meeshiis buu ka waday, ==dagaalada yurub== ===albaaniya=== Suldaan muxamad [[romali]] buu imaaday dhulka [[albaaniya]] imaarada ka jiray buu weeraray magaalada [[aaqja xisaar]] buu qabsaday<ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= Zuhuri Danışman|عنوان= Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi|صفحة= 209|سنة= [[1964]]|</ref> Imaarada fuluuniya oo xaalado adag wajaheesay ayaa naagtii ka talineesay waxay damacday inay ka gado [[bunduqiya]] balse intayna ku hishiin suldaanka ayaa soo weeraray oo qabsaday <ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|صفحة=65|الأخير=umetnosti|الأول=Srpska akademija nauka i|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti|عنوان=Glas|مسار=</nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq0rAQAAIAAJ|سنة=1983| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010527/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq0rAQAAIAAJ |</ref> ===Bunduqiya=== [[Bunduqiya]] oo ahayd dawlad ganacsi kana talineesay jasiiradaha [[kiiklaan]] iyo suldaanka ayaa isku dhaceen, dagaalo dhanka [[bada]] ayaana dhax maray, ugu dambeyn hishiis ayee kala saxiixdeen <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |عنوان=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century |الأخير=Setton |الأول=Kenneth M. | وصلة مؤلف =:en:Kenneth Setton |سنة=1978 | ناشر=The American Philosophical Society | مكان = Philadelphia |مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |isbn=0-87169-127-2 | صفحة=8| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190511204648/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC </ref>. ===Aflaaq=== Imaarada aflaaq xiligii [[bayazid]] waxay raacsaneed dawlada, fitnada markee dhacday amiirkeeda [[mirshaa alcajuus]] wuxuu taakuleeyay muusa <ref group="ِ">[[:en:Constantin C. Giurescu|Constantin C. Giurescu]], ''Istoria Românilor'', vol. I, Bucharest, 1938, pp. 369</ref> , suldaan muxamad oo xarashkaas u haaya ayaa markuu fursad u helay kasoo talaabay wabiga duuna jab weyn buuna u gaarsiiyay ciidanka aflaaq, wuxuuna ku qasbay inay naqdaan kuwa raacsan dawlada jizyo sanadla ahna bixiyaan <ref group="ِ">[[:en:Constantin C. Giurescu|Constantin C. Giurescu]], ''Istoria Românilor'', vol. I, Bucharest, 1938, pp. 370</ref> si ayna mar dambe u caasin wuxuu ka dhisan dhufeesyo badan <ref name="جهود">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= أحمد، علي خليل|عنوان= جهود السلطان مُحمَّد الأوَّل في إعادة بناء الدولة العُثمانيَّة (1413م - 1421م)|صفحة= 4|ناشر= كُليَّة التربية، [[جامعة كركوك]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[2 يونيو|2 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[كركوك]] - [[العراق]]|مسار= https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=43584| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115042541/http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext |</ref> wuxuuna rahan ahaan u qaatay laba waiil oo [[Mirshaa alcajuus|mirshaa]] awoowa u ahaa. ===Hangari=== [[sikesmond]] oo horay u hogaamiyay [[dagaalkii nikobolos]] ayaa loo doortay imbiraadoorka roomanka wuxuu sii waday la coleetankiisa cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ciidamo usoo diray dawlada, [[isxaaq bek]] ka hortagay oo jabiyay wuxuuna ka qabsaday [[Sarajevo|saraayfoo]] wuu sii socday wuxuu tagay magaalada [[tiriisti]], halkaas oo ciidan kale ku dagaalameen wuuna ka guleestay, wuxuu hareereeyay [[Bratislava|baratislaafa]],waxaa mar kale isku dhaceen ciidamo kale oo [[sikesmond]] soo diray halkaas yuuna isxaaq bek u dhintay balse ciidamo ayaa sii waday [[dabruuja]] ayee dheemstireen <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[:tr:Necati Tacan|Necati Tacan]]|عنوان=Akincilar ve mehemed 11, bayezit 11 zamanlarinda Akinlar|صفحة=13|سنة=[[1936]]|</ref> ==kacdoonkii shiiq badrudiin== Shiiq [[badru diin]] oo la sheego inay qaraabo ahaayeen salaajiqada ruum <ref name="أطلس الفرق">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[سامي المغلوث|المغلوث، سامي]]|عنوان= أطلس الفرق والمذاهب في التاريخ الإسلامي|طبعة= الأولى|صفحة= 452|سنة= [[1438 هـ|1438هـ]] - [[2017]]م|ناشر= مكتبة العبيكان|الرقم المعياري= 9786035090834|تاريخ الوصول=[[5 يونيو|5 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[الرياض]] - [[السعودية|السُعُوديَّة]]|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=TEAwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT308&lpg=PT308&dq=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A9&source=bl&ots=7WSeN8eHd1&sig=O4uk5WvOnZprN-X5xlfnt0rUC6w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD55bxk7vbAhXBOxQKHZDjCsIQ6AEIOTAH#v=onepage&q=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%20%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A9&f=false|</ref> ayaa soo wareegay magaalooyin badan oo caalamka islaamiga kamid ah, culuum badana Wuu aqristay, waxaa ku beermay caqiido fasahaadsan dhulka cusmaaniyiinta ayuu u arkay meesha uu ku faafin karo fikirkiisa maadaama uu ka jiray isku qas yaab leh umado badan luuqado badan diimaha islaamka kirishmiska iyo yahuuda ayadoo jiraan kuwo badan oo mar dhaw soo islaamay dhaqamoodna iska heesta <ref name="الاجتهاد">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=زخاريادو|الأول=إليزابيث أ.|مؤلف2=ترجمة جهاد التُرك|عنوان=الحوار الديني بين البيزنطيين والأتراك خلال التوسُّع العُثماني|المجلد=العدد الثامن والعُشرون|العدد=صيف العام [[1416 هـ|1416هـ]] - [[1995]]م|سنة=السنة السابعة|صفحة=صفحة 158 - 160|صحيفة=مجلَّة الاجتهاد|ناشر=دار الاجتهاد|</ref>, waxa oo ugu yeeray inay siman yihiin diimaha, inay jirin jano iyo naar iyo waxyaabo kale arimaha dhaqaalaha ayuu saaid uga hadlay wax u eg [[shuuciyad]], waxaa raacay koox badan, waxay sameeyeen kacdoon magaalooyinka bee weerareen dadkii bee dileen xoolaha wey boobeen<ref name="يلماز مصطفى">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=118|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://archive.org/stream/abualialkurdy_gmail_03_201701/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-01#page/n103/mode/2up|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 يونيو|9 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م</ref>, dawlada ayaa halis gashay suldaanka wuxuu amray taliyaha [[İzmir|izmiir]] askandar [[yoxanaa Shiishmaan]] inuu la dagaalamo balse waa la jabshay waana la dilay, mar kale ciidan badan ayuu diray wuxuuna u dhiibay [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiili]] iyo [[Muraad labaad|muraad]] waxay jabiyeen kacdoon wada yaahi wax badana way ka laayeen, [[badru diin]] wuxuu u cararay [[dabruuja]] mar kale ayuu soo noqday, suldaanka ayaa u baxay ladagaalankiisa wuuna jabiyay, waa la soo qabtay [[badru diin]], culumada ayaa iftootay dilkiisa waana la dilay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=حرب، مُحمَّد|عنوان=العُثمانيُّون في التاريخ والحضارة|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=111 - 12|سنة=[[1414 هـ|1414هـ]] - [[1994]]م|ناشر=المركز المصري للدراسات العُثمانيَّة وبُحُوث العالم التُركي|تاريخ الوصول=[[9 يونيو|9 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/OttomansHarb|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010540/https://archive.org/details/OttomansHarb|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]]|عنوان=فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|صفحة=71|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|الرقم المعياري=9772656698|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013534/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar|</ref> ==soo bixida musdafa== 16 sano oo la waasan yahay kadib waxaa soo baxay musdafa wiilka [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]] wuxuuna dalbaday xilka maadaama uu ka ween yahay muxamad, suldaan muxamad ayaa inkiray inuu yahay walaalkii, beenaale ayuuna ku tilmaamay, lama oga mudadaan meeshuu ku maqnaa balse waxaa la aamisanyahay inuu gacanta ugu jiray tataarka, [[shaah ruux]] markuu arkay awooda cusmaaniyiinta oo soo noqotay inuu soo daayay, si kastaba ha ahaato musdafa wuxuu yimid [[qaramaan]] kadib [[qasdamuuni]] amiirkeed ayaana soo dirdiray<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=مُراد، مُحمَّد|عنوان=تاريخ ابو الفاروق|صفحة=455|سنة=[[1330 هـ|1330]]|المجلد=برنجى جلد|ناشر=مطبعۀ آمدى|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عُثمانيَّۀ]]|</ref>, kadib [[Romania|aflaaq]] wuxuuna taageero ka helay [[Mirshaa alcajuus|mirshaa]] sidoo kale amiir [[juneyd bek]] ee [[nikobolos]] loo dhiibay ayaa isna taageeray, waxaa kusii darsamay imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]] dawlada [[bunduqiya]] iyo talyaal badan oo dawlada ka tirsan <ref group="ْ">[[:tr:İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı|İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı]], ''Devletinin Sary Teskialti'', [[أنقرة|Ankara]], [[1945]], sayfa . 134</ref>, kadib wuxuu bilaabay weeraro, gobolka [[tasaaliya]] ayuu weeraray, suldaanka ayaa u soo baxay la dagaalankiisa wuu jabiyay, musdafa ayaa u cararay [[salaaniik]], talyaheeda ayaa ilaaliyay, suldaan muxamad imbiraadoorka ayuu ka dalbaday in loo dhiibo musdafa balse imbiraadoorka wuu iska diiday maadaama uu rabay inuu ka dhigto waraaq oo isaga difaaca cusmaaniyiinta <ref name="صالح1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=گولن، صالح|مؤلف2=ترجمة: مُنى جمالُ الدين|عنوان=سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=41 - 43|سنة=[[1435 هـ|1435هـ]] - [[2014]]م|ناشر=دار النيل للطباعة والنشر|الرقم المعياري=9789753154628|تاريخ الوصول=[[10 يونيو|10 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia800608.us.archive.org/31/items/libraryinspiration_mailna_20170728_1602/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.pdf|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010550/https://ia800608.us.archive.org/31/items/libraryinspiration_mailna_20170728_1602/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.pdf%7C</ref> laakiin wuxuu balan qaaday inuusan sii dayneen intuu noolyahay suldaanka wuxuu suldaanka meel u saaray mushaar sandla ah<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=آق كوندز، أحمد|مؤلف2=أوزتورك، سعيد|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة المجهولة، 303 سُؤال وجواب تُوضح حقائق غائبة عن الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة=104|سنة=[[2008]]|ناشر=وقف البُحُوث العُثمانيَّة|الرقم المعياري=9789757268390|تاريخ الوصول=[[10 يونيو|10 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان=[[إسطنبول]] - [[تركيا|تُركيَّا]]|مسار=https://archive.org/stream/30333/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%D8%8C%20303%20%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%AD%20%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%20%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%B9%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20-%20%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A2%D9%82%20%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%20%D9%88%20%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83#page/n103/mode/2up|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة=31|سنة=1988|ناشر=دار الفكر الحديث|</ref>, suldaanka ayaa mar kale cafiyay [[juneyd bek]] laakin markaan wuxuu u dhiibay imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]]<ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=Himmet Akin|عنوان=Aydınoğulları Tarihi Hakkında Bir Araştırma|صفحة=81|سنة=[[1946]]|</ref> ==Dhimashadiisa== Suldaan muxamad koowaad waxa uu dhintay 1421dii asigoo jira 43 sano, xilkana haayay 7 sano, sababta oo u dhintay waa leesku qilaafay balse waxaa loo badan yahay farskiis asoo saaran inuu ka dhacay saasna ku dhintay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= أرمغان، مُصطفى|مؤلف2= ترجمة: مُصطفى حمزة|عنوان= التَّاريخ السرّي للإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: جوانب غير معروفة من حياة سلاطين بني عُثمان|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 32|سنة= [[1435 هـ|1435هـ]] - [[2014]]م|ناشر= [[الدار العربية للعلوم ناشرون|الدار العربيَّة للعُلوم ناشرون]]|الرقم المعياري= 9786140111226|</ref> wiilkiis [[muraad labaad]] ayuuna xilka u dardaarmay waxaana lagu aasay [[bursa]] ==Xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== Wuxuu guursaday noloshiisa sedex xaas waana *'''shahrazaada khaatuun''' *'''amiina khaatuun''' *'''qamarnaam''' '''Ilmihiisa''' *'''[[muraad labaad]]''' waxaa dhashay amiina khaatuun xilka ayuu kaga dambeeyay aabihiis *'''[[musdafa shilbi yare]]''' *'''maxamuud shilbi''' *'''yuusuf shilbi''' *'''axmad shilbi''' *'''qaasim shilbi''' *'''suljuuq khaatuun''' waxaa guursaday [[taaju diin Ibrahim bek]] amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] *'''suldaan khaatuun''' *'''khadiija khaatuun''' *'''xafsa khaatuun''' *'''ilcaalida khaatuun''' *'''inji khaatuun''' *'''faaduma khaatuun''' *'''caaisha khaatuun''' ==Xigasho== <references group="ْ" /> <references /> q9h44oilnewioqpeuv0dvh3d7cgw6zg 0 36385 309682 241743 2026-09-26T00:44:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''almalik alwali alsuldaan gaazi diyaaudiin cownul guzaat wal mujaahidiin abu nasari bayazid labaad bin muxamad alfaatix''' (turkida cusmaaniyada: <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">الملكُ الوَلىّ غازى سُلطان بايزيد خان ثانى بن مُحمَّد بن مُراد عُثمانى</span>؛) oo loo yaqaan '''bayazid labaad''' ama '''bayazid suufi''' waa kan sideedaad ee boqorada cusmaaniyiinta, waa curudka aabihiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]], hooyadiis waa amiina kulbahaar khaatuun oo asal ahaan [[Albania|albaaniya]] ka soo jeeda {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''bayazid labaad'''<br /> بايزيد الثاني <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 8aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[1481]] ilaa , [[1512]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[saliim koowaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1447]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[dimotiiqa]] [[romali]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] |- !hooyadii |[[amiina kulbahaar khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |[[1512]] |- !Ku dhintay: |sakood loodara, [[romali]] |} Wuxuu dhashay 1447dii, waxa uu qabtay xilka 148dii, Bayazid wuxuu ahaa nin nabada jecel dagaalna galin inuu is daafacaayo maahee, wuxuu la dagaalamay [[jamhuuriyada bunduqiya]] weerarada oo usduulkood ku qaaday bilaada moora awgeed, [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayuu la dagaalamay kadib markii suldaankood [[qaaytibaay]] go'aansaday qabsashada imaarada [[Imaarada Dilqaadir|dilqaadir]] iyo magaalada albastan ee hoos imaayeen [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], wuxuu jeclaa lafariisiga culumada, culuumta iyo suugaanta ayuu waqtigiisa ugu badan ku qaadan jiray. Xiligiisa ayee dhacday [[garnaada]] oo ahay meeshii ugu dambeesay ee muslimiinta ka joogeen [[andalus]], wuxuu diray doomo si muslimiinta iyo yahuuda u dajiyo magaalooyinka dawlada ka taliso, ،<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Egger|الأول=Vernon O.|عنوان=A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|وصلة=https://archive.org/details/historyofmuslimw0000egge|تاريخ الوصول=2009-04-13|سنة=2008|ناشر={{وإو|برنتيس هول|Prentice Hall}}|الرقم المعياري=0132269694|</ref> Isla xilgiis ayee ka soo baxday dhulka [[iiraan]] dawlad [[Shiica|shiico]] ahayd oo halis ku ahayd [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] waa dawladii [[safawiyiinta]] oo hugaaminaayay ismaaciil al-safawi Xiliyadiisa dambe waxaa khilaaf ka dhexdhacay ilmihiisa, wiilkiis [[Saliim labaad|saliim koowaad]] ayaa afgambi ku sameeyay aabiihiis, <ref name=":0" /> wuxuu dhintay bayazid labaad 26 may 1512, ==Noloshiisa hore== Wuxuu ku dhashay dimutiiqa oo ka tirsan maanta [[Giriiga|gariiga]] sanadii 1447dii, <ref group="">[http://www.enfal.de/pad4.htm Sultan II. Bayezid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801222334/http://www.enfal.de/pad4.htm |</ref> hooyadii waa amiina kulbahaar khaatuun oo asal ahaan albaaniyaan ah <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب | مسار=https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir | url-access=registration | صفحة=[https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/52 52] |عنوان = The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire| ناشر=Oxford University Press |isbn = 9780195086775|مؤلف-الأخير1 = Peirce|مؤلف-الأول1 = Leslie P.|سنة = 1993| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805104302/https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir |</ref>, furashada Qusdandiiniya wuxuu jiray 7sano, aabihiis ayaa u dhiibay [[amaasiya]] soo ugu tababarto maamulka iyo arimaha xilka, culuma badan ayuu wax ka bartay, culuumta shareecada, marka laga yimaado wuxuu sidoo kale bartay xisaabaadka, falsafada, luuqadaha [[Carabi|carabiga]], [[Af-Faarisi|faarisiga]], iyo jagtaay, culuumtiisa badan waxay gaartay heer lagu tilmaamay inuu yahay kan boqorada cusmaaniyiinta ugu cilmiga badan marka laga reebo aabihiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|alfaatix]]. Bayazid labaad intuu aabihiis xilka haayay wuxuu kala qeyb qaatay [[dagaalkii otloq bile]] ee ka dhanka ahaa [[oozoon xasan]], wuxuuna hogaaminaayay garabka midig ee ciidanka, == Qabashadiis xilka == wuxuu ahaa [[Maxamed Al-faatex|maxamadalfaatix]] inuu dhaxal sugihiisa ka yeelay bayazid labaad, hase ahaatee markuu dhintay 1481dii sadrulacdam muxamad baashaa alqarmani ayaa qariyay dhimashadiisa [[jam suldaan]] oo ahaa walaalka bayazid ayuuna u diray inuu dhaqso ku yimaado , Bayazid ayaa gacanta ku dhigay waraaqdii intayna u tagin [[jam suldaan]], ciidanka [[inkishaariyiinta]] oo la jiray Bayazid ayaa ogaadeen waraqada uu u qoray sadrulacdamka [[jam suldaan]] iyo inuu xilka la rabay markiiba waxay kiciyeen fitno waxay dileen sadrulacdamka ayagoo ka bilaabay magaalada boob iyo fasaad <ref name="منجم1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=531 - 534|المجلد=المُجلَّد الثاني|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref>, Bayazid ayaa yimid mar dambe ciidanka ayuu balan qaadyo u sameeyay wuu dajiyay meedka aabihiis ayuu u sameeyay aas, waxaana lagu duugay [[masjid lafaatix]] dhiniciisa<ref name="طقوش1">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=135 - 136|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|</ref>, == Loolanka labada walaal bayazid iyo jam == [[jam suldaan]] oo taageero ka helaayay qabiilada qaar ayaa wuxuu helay tiro badan oo ciidan ah, wuxuu soo aaday [[bursa]], dadkii magaalada ayaa u furay magaalada, wuxuu bilaabay jam inuu sheegto boqornimo uu magacaabo waziiro, jam inkastoo uu heystay koox badan laakin talyayaasha dawlada ma uusan heysan, wuxuu u diray bayazid abahood eedadiis [[suljuuq khaatuun]] iyo wafdi asigoo dalbaday in la qeybiyo dawlada <ref name="منجم2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=535 - 542|المجلد=المُجلَّد الثاني|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> laakin bayazid labaad wuu diiday in la qeybiyo dawlada wuxuu u bandhigay walaalkiis hishiis iyo inuu waxaan xukun ahayn dalabado taasi oo aqbalin [[jam suldaan]] <ref name="حليم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=حليم، إبراهيم بك|عنوان=التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=69 - 70|سنة=[[1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر=مطبعة ديوان عموم الأوقاف|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://archive.vn/k5Smf|تاريخ أرشيف=[[7 أغسطس|7 آب (أغسطس)]] [[2020]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n77/mode/2up}}</ref> , waxay u xal doonteen dagaal, Bayazid ayaa hoos kala hadlay [[laala yacquub]] oo ahaa taliye ugu awooda badnaa ciidanka jam, dagaalka markuu bilaawday talyihii wuu cararay ciidan badan baa raacay jam ayaa soo gaaray jab wuxuu u cararay [[Konya|qonya]], wuu kasii tagay [[masar]] ayuu tagay, halkaas oo masaarida si fiican ugu soo dhaweeyeen <ref name="ابن أياس">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن إياس|ابن إيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|صفحة=183 - 185|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد=الجُزء الثالث|مسار=https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/03_17751.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113223916/https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/03_17751.pdf|</ref> wuu soo xajiyay<ref name="ابن أياس2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن إياس|ابن إيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|صفحة=190 - 192|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] </ref> mudo ayuu joogay [[masar]], mar dambe ayuu damcay inuu dawlada ku laabto suldaanka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa celiyay oo uga digay inuu laabto ===soo laabashada jam=== Sanadkii 1482dii jam suldaan ayaa soo laabtay wuxuu la midoobay qaasim bek oo dalbanaayay imaarada aabayaashiis ee [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]], waxay weerareen [[Konya|qonya]], Bayazid ayaa soo aaday dhankooda, markiiba way kala ordeen buur ayeyna ku gambadaeen, Bayazid, Bayazid ayaa xooga saaray sidii loo soo qaban lahaa, jam oo jecleestay ku laabashada [[masar]] ayaa u dirsaday fardooleyda rodos inay usoo diraan doon oo ku gudbo bada laakin markii ay wadeen jaziirada rodos ayee geeyeen balantii bayna ugu baxeen, halkaas ayee ku heesteen see uga leexiyaan suldaan bayazid inuu weeraro jaziiradood suldaanka ayaa kula hishiiyay inay cidna u dhiibin [[qaasim bek]] asaga cafis buu dalbaday waa la cafiyay meel yar baana loo dhiibay ilaa uu ka dhintay <ref group="">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi'' Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 257-259</ref><ref group="">Faruk Sümer, "Karamanoğulları", ''TDV Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi'', Ankara 2001, c. XXIV, s. 454-460.</ref><ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Uzunçarşılı İsmail Hakkı|المجلد=Karaman oğulları|عنوان=Anadolu beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu devletleri|مسار=https://books.google.ru/books/about/Anadolu_beylikleri_ve_Akkoyunlu_Karakoyu.html?id=Kk8tAAAAMAAJ|ناشر=Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi|سنة=1969|صفحات=34—35| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005642/https://books.google.ru/books/about/Anadolu_beylikleri_ve_Akkoyunlu_Karakoyu.html?id=Kk8tAAAAMAAJ |</ref> ==Dagaalada yurub == ===bugdaan=== amiirka bugdaan [[osdofaan bin bugdaan]] ayaa fara gishaday imaarada [[Romania|aflaaq]] ee hoos timaada cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu xilka ka qaaday amiirkeeda asigoo ku badalay mid kale, laakin midka cusub ayaa markiiba dawlada u hogaasamay, suldaanka oo ka jawaabaya ayaa u jeestay qabsashada magaalooyinka [[aaq karmaan]] iyo kiiliya ee dhaca [[Badda Madow|bada madow]], waxaa u yimid amiirka qiram iyo ciidankiis wuxuu qabsaday labada magaalo 1484tii, saas ayee dhamaan dadka [[Badda Madow|bada madow]] gacanta dawlada usoo galeen <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Pop|الأول=Ioan-Aurel|محرر1-الأخير=Pop|محرر1-الأول=Ioan-Aurel|محرر2-الأخير=Bolovan|محرر2-الأول=Ioan|عنوان=History of Romania: Compendium|ناشر=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies)|سنة=2005|صفحة=268|الفصل=The Romanians in the 14th–16th centuries from the 'Christian Republic' to the 'Restoration of Dacia'|</ref> osdofaan ayaa u cararay [[Boland|boolaan]] oo hiil weydiistay <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Papacostea|الأول=Șerban|سنة=1996|عنوان=Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldavia, 1457–1504|ناشر=Editura Enciclopedică|isbn=973-45-0138-0|</ref> ciidan badan ayuu la yimid laakin dhawr dagaal ayaa lagu jabiyay dhimasha ayuu driqis uga badbaaday .<ref group="">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=Gorovei|الأول=Ștefan S.|عنوان=Cronici de familie: Movileștii|صحيفة=Magazin Istoric|المجلد=VII|العدد=6|صفحات=64-65|سنة=1973|</ref> ugu dambeyn wuxuu dalbaday hishiis kaa oo laga yeelay <ref group="">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=Pilat|الأول=Liviu|عنوان=The 1487 Crusade: a Turning Point in the Moldavian–Polish Relations|صحيفة=Medieval and Early Modern Studies for Central and Eastern Europe|المجلد=II|العدد=|صفحات=132, 135|سنة=2010|</ref> ===booland=== Boqorka boolaan Albert labaad oo ka walwalsanaa soo durqitaanka cusmaaniyiinta weerar buu soo qaaday<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Frost |الأول=Robert |وصلة مؤلف=:en:Robert I. Frost |سنة=2015 |عنوان=The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569 |ناشر=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-820869-3 |</ref><ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Eagles |الأول=Jonathan |سنة=2014 |عنوان=Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History |ناشر=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-353-8 |</ref>, wuxuuna ka dalbay amiirka bugdaan osdofaan inuu uga baxo hishiiska dawlada, balse osdofaan oo sii ogaa ciribta burinta hishiiska ayaa isku muujiyay inuu ka baxay wuxuuna ka dalbaday inuu ciidan u soo diro, markay u imaadeen wuu qiyaanay wuuna laayay <ref name="منجم6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 570 - 574|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> suldaan bayazid ayaa aad u soo dhaweeyay talaabada osdofaan, boqorka boolaan ayaa cararay Sedex bilood ka dib <ref name="أوزتونا6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 198 - 201|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م</ref> suldaanka ayaa ciidamo u diray boolaan ayagoo gudaha u galay magaalooyin badana boobeen, osdofaan bin bugdaan ayaa asna dhinac kale ka weeraray <ref group="">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة |الأخير=Gorovei |الأول=Ștefan S. |عنوان=Cronici de familie: Movileștii |صحيفة=Magazin Istoric |المجلد=VII |العدد=6 |صفحات=64–72 |سنة=1973 |</ref>, ===bunduqiya=== Bunduqiya oo ka baqday [[Boland|boolaan]] in lagu daro dawlada ayaa ka baxday hishiiskii ay la gashay dawlada waxayna claamisay dagaal, suldaanka ayaa diyaariyay usduul bada <ref name="سرهنك">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، إسماعيل باشا بن عبد الله]]|عنوان=حقائق الأخبار عن دُول البحار|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=19|سنة=[[1312هـ]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة العامة لشئون المطابع الأميرية (مصر)|المطبعة الأميريَّة ببولاق]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|مصر]]|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|مسار=http://dlib.nyu.edu/files/books/columbia_aco001045/columbia_aco001045_hi.pdf|مسار {{Wayback|url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/files/books/columbia_aco001045/columbia_aco001045_hi.pdf{{!}}مسار |date=20200905004722 }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905004722/http://dlib.nyu.edu/files/books/columbia_aco001045/columbia_aco001045_hi.pdf%7C</ref><ref name="منجم7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=575 - 589|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> weeraro badan ayaa dhex maray waxaa laga qabsaday [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] dhulal badan sida libant iyo muduuna ugu dambeyn hishiis ayee la galeen dawlada <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ليلى الصباغ|الصبَّاغ، ليلى]]|عنوان=الجاليات الأوروبيَّة في بلاد الشَّام في العهد العُثماني|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=90|سنة=[[1409هـ]] - [[1989]]م|ناشر=[[مؤسسة الرسالة|مُؤسِّسة الرسالة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803103.us.archive.org/2/items/ktp2019-bskn8301/ktp2019-bskn8301.pdf|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910180225/https://ia803103.us.archive.org/2/items/ktp2019-bskn8301/ktp2019-bskn8301.pdf%7C</ref> ==iskudhaca mamaaliikta== Waxaa ka dhexdhashay labada dawladood mamaaliikta iyo cusmaaniyiinta khilaaf ku saabsan xuduuda, kaasi oo keenay dagaalo inay dhex maraan mar dambe ayee ayee arintooda u bandhigeen suldaanka [[xafsiyiinta]] abuu yaxye zakariya kaasi oo xaliyay, waxayna kusii adkeeyeen hishiiska inuu guursaday dhaxal sugaha mamaaliikta gabadha [[jam suldaan]]<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay|عنوان=Padişahların kadınları ve kızları|صفحات=50 n. 18, 48 n. 14|ناشر=Ankara, Ötüken|سنة=2011|isbn=9789754378405|مسار=http://turuz.com/storage/Turkologi/2017/2278-Padishahlarin_Qadinlari_Ve_Qizlari-M.Chaghatay_Uluchay-1992-313s.pdf| مسار أرشيف =https://web.archive.org/web/20200927143952/http://turuz.com/storage/Turkologi/2017/2278-Padishahlarin_Qadinlari_Ve_Qizlari-M.Chaghatay_Uluchay-1992-313s.pdf| </ref><ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=Louis|الأخير=Thuasne|عنوان=Djem, Sultan, fils de Mohammed II, frère de Bayezid II, (1459–1495) d'après les documents originaux en grande partie inédits: Etude sur la question d'orient à la fin du XVe siècle|ناشر=Leroux|سنة=1892|صفحات=388–9|isbn=9781160973557|</ref> ==U gurmadida andalus== Andalus oo muslimiintu ka talinaayeen ku dhawaad 8 qarni ayaa gaalada ugu awood sheegteen, garnaada oo ahayd meeshii ugu dambeesay ee muslimiinta ka joogeen andalus ayee gaaladu qabsadeen 1492dii <ref name="أوزتونا5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 193 - 197|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 مايو 2019}}</ref> dadkii muslimiinta ahaa oo soo wajahday xaalad adag ayaa ka hiil doontay cusmaaniyiinta <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حتاملة، مُحمَّد عبده|عنوان= التنصير القسري لِمُسلمي الأندلُس في عهد الملكين الكاثوليكيين (1474 - 1516م)|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 93|سنة= [[1400هـ]] - [[1980]]م|مكان=[[عمان (مدينة)|عمَّان]] - [[الأردن|الأُردُن]]|مسار= https://ia800306.us.archive.org/5/items/tanyu/tanyu.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200910203045/https://ia800306.us.archive.org/5/items/tanyu/tanyu.pdf |</ref> bayazid ayaa u diray usduulka dawlada uu hogaaminaayay [[kamaal riis]]<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= Pitcher, Donald Edgar|عنوان= An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|إصدار= المُصوَّرة|صفحة= 99|سنة= [[1973]]|ناشر= Brill Archive|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200829221448/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |</ref>, wuxuu weeraray dakado badan uu cadawga lahaa asagoo soo daabulay muslimiin badan iyo yahuud oo dhibanaa. == Waayihiis dambe iyo is qabqabsiga wiilashiis == wiilashiis u tartamaayay xilka waxay kala ahaayeen axmad, qurquud, [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] aabahood ayaa ku kala geeyay magaalooyinka soo uga dhax dhicin qilaaf, axmad wuxuu taageero ka heestay talyaasha sare ee dawlada agtooda, qurquud wuxuu u badnaa dhanka cilmiga, saas darteed taageero fiican muusan ku heesan ciidan, halka [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] uu ahaa qof dagaalka jec, taasi oo ka yeeshay in ciidanka jeeclaadaan <ref name="أوزتونا8">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=207 - 211|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf%7C</ref>, [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] wuxuu aad u necbaa sidoo kale dawlada shiicada ee [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] oo xiligaas soo baxday, wuxuu ku qaaday safawiyiinylta weerar, asagoo ka qabsaday dhoor magaalo, walaalka [[ismaaciil shaah]] ayuu soo qafaashay, ismaaciil shaah ayaa ka dalbaday bayazid inuu ilaaliya nabada uuna soo celiyo wuxuu qabsaday wiilkiis, Bayazid ayaa ka yeelay oo amray [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] inuu dagaal dambe qaadin, wuxuuna u magacaabay axmad dhaxal suge, ===Caasinta qurquud=== axmad wuxuu dalbaday in [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] iyo qurquud loo raro meel caasimada ka fog, aabihiis ayaa fuliyay oo meelo kale u raray, qurquud ayaa madax adeegay, wuxuu fuulay bada asigoo aaday [[masar]] suldaanka masar [[qaansuu alguuri]] ayaa soo dhaweeyay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن إياس|ابن إيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|صفحة=152 - 155|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد=الجُزء الرابع|مسار=https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/04_17752.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918223338/https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/04_17752.pdf|</ref>, wuxuuna sii aaday [[xajka]], suldaanka masar ayaa kala hadlay bayazid arinta wiilkiisa, Bayazid wuucafiyay, qurquud ayaa dib ugu soo laabtay dawlada, ===caasinta saliim=== Saliim oo u arkaayay inay la taliyaasha aabihiis ee hortaagan yihiin rabitaankiis ayaa aaday qiram, waxaa dhacay kacdoon uu hormuud ka ahaa [[shaah quli]], saliim oo taageero ka helaayay amiirka qiram ayaa ciidamo badan, suldaanka ayaa ka hor yimid wax dagaal ah ma dhicin laakin saliim wuu qanacay kadib markii la siiyay deegaano u dhaw caasimada, waxaana lasoo afjaray [[Shaahquli|shaah quli]], [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ayaa maqlay mar kale in la taliyaasha aabihiis ee ku qanciyeen in xilka la saaro axmad, taasi oo ka xanaaqay ciidan gaaraya 30kun ayuu soo watay aabihiis ayaa ka hor yimid dagaal ayaa dhax maray saliim ayaa la jabshay wuxuu u cararay qiram <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|Öztuna, Yılmaz]]|عنوان=Yavuz Sultan Selim|صفحة=39|سنة=[[2006]]|ناشر=Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı|مكان=[[إسطنبول|İstanbul]]|isbn=9750098110}}</ref>, ===caasinta axmad=== Suldaan bayazid markuu soo laabtay ayuu hadana la tashaday waziirada waxay u sheegeen inuu dhaqso xilka uu ugu wareejiyo axmad, isna wuu yeelay, ciidanka inkishaariyiinta oo ogaadeen ayaa bilaabay foodo ayagoo ku dhawaaqaya magaca saliim, waxay ka dalbeen suldaanka inuu xilka ka qaado la talyaashiis, wuu ka yeelay. Axmad oo u muuqatay inuu xilka heleen ayaa aaday [[Anatooliya|anadool]] wuxuu sameeyay kacdoon wuxuu qabsaday Qaramaan wuxuuna sheegtay inuu yahay boqor ===ka dagista bayazid xilka=== Bayazid ayaa ku xanaaqay axmad, talyaasha sare ee dawlada iyo culumada ayaa la kulmay bayazid waxayna u sheegeen cidaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ahayn inuu xilka u suuban, wuu yeelay bayazid wuxuu u diray saliim inuu cafiyay sanadkii 1512dii saliim ayaa yimid caasimada Istanbul aabihiis ayaana xilka uga dagay ==Dhimashadiisa== Bayazid labaad markuu xilka wareejiyay wuxuu go'aansaday inuu cibaado u go'o arimaha aduunyadana uu ka haro, wiilkiis ayaa ka dalbay inuu la joogo laakiin wuu diiday<ref name="القرماني2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف|عنوان= أخبار الدُول وآثار الأُول في التاريخ|صفحة= 313 - 314|سنة= [[1282هـ]]|ناشر= مطبعة الميرزا عبَّاس التبريزي|تاريخ الوصول= [[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]]|مسار= https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224011431/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|</ref>, wuxuu aaday dimutiiqa, [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ayaa sagootiyay, Bayazid wuu xanuunsanaa xiligaas markuu sii maraayo meel la dhaho sokodloora xanuunka ayaa ku darsaday halkaas ayuuna ku dhintay 26 may 15 1512, waxaa loo soo celiyay [[Istanbuul]] asagoo lagu aasay masjidka loogu magac daray ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== '''Xaasaskiisa''' *'''shiiriin khaatuun''' wuxuu guursaday intuu xilka qaban ka hor *'''xunsishaah khaatuun''' wuxuu guursaday intuu xilka qaban ka hor *'''bulbul khaatuun''' *'''kulrukh khaatuun''' *'''caaisha kulbahaar khaatuun''' *'''nukaar khaatuun''' *'''faraqshaad muxtarama khaatuun''' '''Ilmahiis''' *'''cabdulaahi''' waa curudka aabihiis caadi ayuu ku dhintay 1483 *'''shaahanshaah''' wuxuu ka talinaayay qaramaan 1511 ayuu dhintay *'''axmad''' wuxuu u sharxnaa khilaafda saliim ayaa dilay 1513 *'''[[Saliim koowaad|saliim]]''' aabihiis ayaa xilka uga dagay wuxuu noqday khaliifka islaamka *'''calam shaah''' *'''qurquud''' *'''maxamuud''' *'''Maxamad''' *'''khadiija ceynshaah''' *'''caaisha khaatuun''' == Xigasho == <references /> <references group="en" /> kohrwh8uqnf8y18hyj03y0tspdtsnky 0 36388 309708 244164 2026-09-26T04:18:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khaadimul xarmeyn almalik alnaasir alsuldaan gaazi dahiirudiin Wa dunya saliim khaan bin bayazid labaad bin muxamad alfaatix ('''turkida cusmaaniyada: <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">الملكُ الناصر غازى ياووز سُلطان سليم خان اوَّل بن بايزيد بن مُحمَّد عُثمانى</span>؛) oo lagu naaneeso "'''saliim gooyaye"'''<ref name="محمد فريد1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=188|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|</ref> waa kan sagaalaad ee [[boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]], waana kan ugu horeeyay ee loogu yeero [[Khilaafada Islaamka|khaliifka islaamka]] wuxuu u dhashay 1470kii hooyadii waa [[caa'isha kulabahaar khaatuun]] <ref name="Resimli" group="">Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, ''Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi,'' Nesil Yayınları, 15. Baskı, sayfa 157, 2009, ISBN 978-975-269-299-2.</ref> {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''Saliim Kowaad'''<br /> سليم الأول <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 9aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" | [[Khaliif|khaliifka islaamka]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |1512 ilaa , 1520 |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[bayazid labaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] |- !Dhashay: |1470 |- !Ku dhashay: |[[amaasiya]] [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[bayazid labaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[caa'isha kulbahaar khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |[[1520]] |- !Ku dhintay: |joorli, [[romali]] |} Waayihii dambe ee aabihiis [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]] waxaa dhashay loolalan xilka ku saleysan oo ilmihiis u dhaxeeyo, saliim oo taageero ka helaaya [[inkishaariyiinta]] ayaana ku guuleestay aabihiis ayaa xilka uga dagay. Saliim wuxuu u jeestay dhanka bari [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ayuu ku jabiyay [[dagaalkii jaaldiiraan]], [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayuu dumshay dawladooda asagoo qabsaday [[masar]] iyo [[shaam]] xitaa dhulka xarameynka. Taariikhyahahnka [[axmad bin yuusuf alqarmaani]] wuxuu ka yiri "wuxuu ahaa qof caalim ah, fiican, gaarad ah, dabeecad fiican, leh ra'yi iyo maamul iyo digtoonaasho, wuxuu yaqiin luuqadaha [[Carabi|carabiga]] [[Af-Faarisi|faarisiga]] iyo [[Af-Turki|turkiga]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف|عنوان=أخبار الدُول وآثار الأُول في التاريخ|صفحة=316|سنة=[[1282هـ]]|ناشر=مطبعة الميرزا عبَّاس التبريزي|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بغداد]]|مسار=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|مسار {{Wayback|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf%7C%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1 |date=20191224011431 }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224011431/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=[[24 ديسمبر|</ref> ==Taariikhdiis hore== Saliim wuxuu ku dhashay [[amaasiya]] 1470kii <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=633|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> hooyadii waa [[caa'isha kulabahaar khaatuun]] oo la sheego inay tahay gabadha calaau dawlah amiirka dilqaadir <ref group="">{{استشهاد |الأخير= |الأول= Franz|سنة= 1992|عنوان= Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|ناشر= Princeton University Press|صفحة= 57|</ref><ref group="">{{استشهاد |الأخير= Agoston|الأول= Gabor|سنة= 2011|الفصل= The Ottomans: From Frontier Principality to Empire |عنوان= The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present|editor1-last= Olsen|editor1-first= John Andreas|editor2-last= Gray|editor2-first= Colin S. |ناشر= Oxford University Press|صفحة= 116|</ref> baarayaasha qaar ayaa u badinaya inay asal ahaan tahay albaaniyad <ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.enfal.de/otarih44.htm|عنوان=Consorts Of Ottoman Sultans (in Turkish)|ناشر=Ottoman Web Page|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004140846/http://www.enfal.de:80/otarih44.htm|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Anthony Dolphin Alderson|عنوان=The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty|مسار=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Wj64AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Structure+of+the+Ottoman+Dynasty&dq=The+Structure+of+the+Ottoman+Dynasty&hl=tr&sa=X&redir_esc=y|سنة=1956|ناشر=Clarendon Press|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927204133/https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Wj64AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Structure+of+the+Ottoman+Dynasty&dq=The+Structure+of+the+Ottoman+Dynasty&hl=tr&sa=X&redir_esc=y|</ref>, === Xukunkiisa daraabazoon === 1481dii aabihiis ayaa u dhiibay xilka [[Trabzon|daraabazoon]] xilkaas uu haayay ku dhawaad 30 sano, Saliim oo aad u necbaa [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ayaa ku qaaday weeraro badan, wuxuu ka qabsaday meelo badan <ref name="Çadırdan Saraya Saraydan Sürgüne Osmanlı" group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Tektaş|الأول=Nazım|عنوان=Çadırdan Saraya, Saraydan Sürgüne Osmanlı|سنة=2007|ناشر=Yeni Şafak Gazetesi|isbn=9789758845118|صفحة=164|الفصل=Yavuz Sultan Selim}}</ref> wuu ku qabtay, dagaalada qaar walaalka [[Shaah ismaaciil|ismaaciil shaah]], shaaha wuxuu cabasho ka dhan ah saliim ugu soo gudbiyay [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]], [[Bayazid labaad|Bayazid]] oo rabin dagaalo ayaa ku amray saliim dagaalada inuu joojiyo uuna celiyo wuxuu qabsaday <ref name="منجم1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=589 - 599|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> saliim oo ku qanacsaneyn ayaa fuliyay dalabka aabihiis, balse wuxuu helay quluubta ciidanka oo u arkeen inuu yahay kan guulo u keeni kara dawlada ===ku loolamida xilka=== Suldaan [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]] ayaa wiilkiis axmad ka dhigay dhaxal suge, axmad ayaa ka dalbaday aabihiis in [[qurquud]] iyo [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan]] laga ag fogeeyo caasimada, [[Bayazid labaad|Bayazid]] wuu tix galiyay, [[qurquud]] ayaa ka soo horjeestay oo ka cararay dawlada, mardambe ayaa suldaanka [[masar]] [[qaansuu alguuri]] soo celiyay, saliim oo ka carooday la talyaasha aabihiis oo marar badan hor istaageen dalbaadkiis ayaa sameeyay kacdoon balse aabihiis ayaa ka hortagay oo siiyay balan qaadyo, balse mar kale ayuu xanaaqay kadib markii ay ku qanciyeen aabihiis la talyaashiis inuu wiilkiis axmad uu xilka uga dago, aabihiis ayee isku dhaceen waa la jabiyay saliim [[Jasiirada Qiram|qiram]] ayuuna aaday. ===Qabadkiisii xilka=== [[Bayazid labaad|Bayazid]] oo ku guda jiro qorshaha xil ku wareejinta axmad ayaa waxaa kacdoon caasimada ka sameeyay ciidanka [[inkishaariyiinta]] ayagoo ku dhawaaqaya saliim,waxayna dalbadeen in suldaanku xilka ka qaado la talyaashiis, suldaan [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]] ayaa fuliyay dalabaadkood, axmad oo dareemay in xilka dhaafay ayaa falaagoobay, Wax garadka dawlada ayaa ku qanciyeen suldaanka inuu cidaa saliim ahay xilka ku habooneen, suldaan [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]] wuu cafiyay saliim xilka ayuuna ku wareejiyay 1512, maba daahin [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]] isla sanadkaas wuu dhintay. ==Saliim iyo walaalihiis== Axmad wuxuu ahaa inuu falaagonimadiis ku taagnaa wuxuu weeraray [[bursa]] wuu rabay qabsashadeed<ref name="منجم4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 634 - 638|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref>, suldaan saliim oo haminaayay ladagaalanka [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ayaa wuxuu ogaa inay qabsatahay soo afjarida walaalkiis iyo cid kasta oo carshiga sheegan karta<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 147|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>, ciidan 70kun gaaraya ayuu lasoo baxay <ref name="أوزتونا3">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 213 - 215|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf |</ref> Wuxuu soo aaday [[ankara]] wuxuu iska soo hormariyay door cali bek oo ahaa taliye sare oo ciidankiis ka tirsan, axmad ayaa u cararay [[amaasiya]] door cali bek ayaa uga sii daba tagay axmad wuu ka sii cararay, wuxuu kaalmo ka dalbay [[ismaaciil shaah]] saliim ayaa markuu qaban waayay iska dhaafay oo [[bursa]] ku nagaaday, ayaa oo taageero ka helay ismaaciil shaah ayaa qabsaday, wuxuuna hoos kala hadlay talyaal sare oo la socdeen door cali bek, saliim ayaa ogaaday wuxuu dilay cid kasta oo ka shakisanaa ilmaha walaalihiis wuu wada dilay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= م.ت.هوتسما|مؤلف2= ت.و.أرنولد |مؤلف3= ر.باسيت|مؤلف4= ر.هارتمان|عنوان= موجز دائرة المعارف الإسلاميَّة|طبعة= الأولى|صفحة= 5771|سنة= [[1418هـ]] - [[1998]]م|المجلد=الجُزء الثامن عشر|ناشر= مركز الشارقة للإبداع الفكري|مكان= [[الشارقة]] - [[الإمارات العربية المتحدة|الإمارات العربيَّة المُتحدة]]|مسار=https://ia600301.us.archive.org/30/items/WAQ89412/89412.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210628055814/https://ia600301.us.archive.org/30/items/WAQ89412/89412.pdf |</ref>, sidoo kale waxaa u cadaatay in sadrulacdam [[khooja musdafa baashaa]] uu xiriir la leeyahay axmad,asna si xun ayuu u dilay. Walaalkiis [[qurquud]] ayuu damcay inuu tijaabiyo in xilka damac uga jiro wuxuu amray talyaashiis inay u qoraan fariimo ay ugu boorinayaan [[qurquud]] xilka dabinkii buu ku dhacay, suldaanka ciidamo ku hareereeyay laakin albaab gadaal buu ka baxay wuuna fakaday, mar dambe ayaa la ogaaday meeshuu ku dhuumanaayay, suldaanka ayaa loo geeyay wuxuu amray in la dilo, [[Qurquud]] markuu ka taqalusay axmad ayuu dabin isla sidii oo kale u dhigay meel ayee ku balamieen markuu yimid, suldaan saliim ayaa ka hor yimid, axmad shaleeto ayuu galay waa la qabtay dil ayaana lagu fuliyay ==la dagaalanka safawiyiinta== [[Shaah ismaaciil|Ismaaciil shaah]] wuxuu ahaa inuu qabsaday [[iiraan]] asagoo aasaasay [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] kana taqalusay dawladii aaq qooyonloo, wuxuu ka dhigay dawladiisa mid [[Shiica|shiico]] ah, wuxuu gaarsiiyay ahlu sunada dhib badan masaajidood buu qabsaday culumadood buu laayay wuxuu gubay kutubadood <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=Shaw, Stanford J.|مؤلف2=Shaw, Ezel Kural|عنوان=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|طبعة=المُصوَّرة|صفحة=95|سنة=[[1976]]|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|مكان=Cambridge|مسار=https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey:+Volume+1&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfg5Ku98fwAhVKJBoKHeVSCK0Q6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=snippet&q=hanifa&f=false|isbn=0521291631|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515021123/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey:+Volume+1&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfg5Ku98fwAhVKJBoKHeVSCK0Q6AEwAHoECAYQAg|</ref> inta uu dilay Hal milyan wee gaareen<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[قطب الدين النهروالي|النُّهرُوالي، قُطب الدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد]]|عنوان=كتاب الإعلام بأعلام بلد الله الحرام|صفحة=284|سنة=[[1416هـ]] - [[1996]]م|ناشر=المكتبة التجاريَّة|مكان=[[مكة|مكَّة]] - [[السعودية|السُعُوديَّة]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/a3lambaytallah/page/n283/mode/2up}}</ref> intaas waxaa dheer taageero badan uu ku lahaa dhulka cusmaaniyiinta kuwaas oo marar badan qas ka sameeyeen dawlada<ref name="عمر">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=عُمر، عُمر عبد العزيز|عنوان=تاريخ المشرق العربي (1516 - 1922)|صفحة=68 - 69|سنة=[[1408هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7C</ref> , suniyiinta waxay u cabasha sheegteen dawlada, saliim oo arkay inay waajibka saaran difaacida sunada kadib markuu helay fatwada shiiqul islaam oo baneeneesa dhiiga [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] <ref name="منجم5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=639 - 644|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر| </ref> ayaa amar ku bixiyay in la dilo cid kasta oo calaaqo la leh safawiyiinta waxaa la dilay 40kun <ref group="">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الفصل=ČĀLDERĀN|الأخير1=McCaffrey|الأول1=Michael J.|مسار=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle|موسوعة=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6|صفحات=656–658|سنة=1990|عنوان=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2021-07-22|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712134805/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle|</ref>, kadib wuxuu baxay la dagaalanka [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]], ismaaciil shaah oo rabin dagaal ayaa markuu ogaaday in saliim uu poi baxay wuxuu qaribay beeraha iyo wadooyinka ee dhaca jidka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] <ref group="">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الفصل=ČĀLDERĀN|الأخير1=McCaffrey|الأول1=Michael J.|مسار=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|موسوعة=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6|صفحات=656–658|مكان=|ناشر=|سنة=1990|isbn=|عنوان=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2021-07-22|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712134805/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle|</ref> laakin cusmaaniyiinta taasi ma celin, wuxuu ahaa saliim inuu kusii dhex socdo [[iiraan]] ismaaciilna inuu kasii dheeraanayo, ciidankii saliim ayaa dhibsaday waxay u sheegeen saliim inuu laabto, balse saliim wuu ku adkeestay inuu cadawgiis ka adkaado, [[Shaah ismaaciil|ismaaciil shaah]] markuu arkay in saliim noqoneyn wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu dagaal la galo, waxaa dhex maray 24 [[agoosto]] 1514tii [[Dagaalkii jaaldiiraan|dagaalkii jaaldiraan]] oo si xun loogu jabiyay [[Shaah ismaaciil|ismaaciil shaah]], badanaa talyaashiis waxay naqdeen qaar la dilay iyo kuwo la qabtay inta la qabtay, waxaa ku jirtay xaaska ismaaciil shaah <ref name="منجم6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=645 - 651|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref>, ismaaciil oo dhaawac ah ayaa ka cararay meesha Saliim wuxuu tagay [[tibriiz]] caasimada [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] wuxuu qabsaday khasnadaha ismaaciil shaah, wuxuu rabay inuu horay usii socdo laakin ciidanka inkishaariyiinta ayaa dharseen oo dalbadeen in la laabto wuu ka yeelay, wuxuu kusoo daray dhulka dawlada kurdistaan iyo diyaar bakar <ref group="">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الأخير=Özcan|الأول=Abdülkadir|اسم الموسوعة=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|عنوان=İDRÎS-i BİTLİSÎ|مسار=https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/21/C21007177.pdf|تاريخ=2007|المجلد=21|صفحات=485 {{Wayback|url=https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/21/C21007177.pdf{{!}}تاريخ=2007{{!}}المجلد=21{{!}}صفحات=485 |date=20210626234910 }} - 486|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626234910/https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/21/C21007177.pdf%7C</ref>. Imaarada dilqaadir oo ahayd tii ugu dambeesay imaaradaha ka dhashay ayuu qabsaday wuxuuna dilay amiirkeed calaau dawlah <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير1=Yücel|الأول1=Yaşar|الأخير2=Sevim|الأول2=Ali|عنوان=Türkiye Tarihi Vol II|ناشر=AKDTKTTK Yayınları|مكان=istanbul|سنة=[[1990]]|صفحة=242|</ref> ==La dagaalanka mamaaliikta== [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|Mamaaliikta]] waxay ahaayeen dawlada ka jirtay [[masar]], [[shaam]] iyo [[Xijaas|xijaaz]], waxayna asal ahaan ahaayeen adoomo, waxay soo baxeen kadib burburkii [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|ayuubiyiinta]], ayaga iyo [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] markii hore xiriirkoodu and buu u fiicnaa balse [[furashada Qusdandiiniya]] iyo guulaha waaween ee cusmaaniyiinta gaareen kadib waxay u arkeen [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] inay qalqal galineeso maqaamkeeda hogaaminita caalamka islaamiga <ref name="حرب المماليك">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 162 - 164|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>, waxay isku bedeshay saaxiitinimadoo colaad, saliim oo asna rabay mideynta caalamka islaamiga ayaa ku eedeeyay [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] inay dhabarka ka toogeen markii uu ku maqnaa la dagaalanka [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن أبي السرور البكري|البكري المصري ،شمس الدين مُحمَّد بن أبي السُرُور]]|عنوان= الكواكب السائرة في أخبار مصر والقاهرة|صفحة= 18|سنة= [[1055هـ]]|مسار= https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b110010884/f25.item|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704223117/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b110010884/f25.item|</ref>, [[qaansuu alguuri]] boqorka mamaaliikta oo ku sifeesnaa qof daalim ah xoolaha umada xaq dara ku cuna waxay keentay in dadka ay ka raadsadaan cadaalad [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], culumada xalab ayaa saliim ka dalbay inuu soo gaaro, [[kheyr bek]] oo ahaa taliyaha xalab ayaa hoos kala xiriiray saliim waxaa magaalooyin badan u goosteen dhanka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], suldaan saliim ayaa ciidankiis la soo aaday mamaaliikta, [[qaansuu alguuri]] asna wuu soo baxay waxaana la socday khaliifka [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|cabaasiyiinta]], qaadiyaasha [[afarta madhab]] iyo culumada [[Suufi|suufiyada]] <ref name="مرج">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن إياس|ابن إياس، زين العابدين أبو البركات مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الخامس|صفحة=60 - 64|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf|</ref> , waxay labaad ciidan ku kulmeen maraj daabiq 1516 <ref name="مرج2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن إياس|ابن إياس، زين العابدين أبو البركات مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الخامس|صفحة=68 - 71|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf|</ref><ref name="عبد العزيز2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=عُمر، عُمر عبد العزيز|عنوان=تاريخ المشرق العربي (1516 - 1922)|صفحة=76 - 77|سنة=[[1408هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7C</ref> dagaalka markuu kululaaday [[kheyr bek]] dib u baxay, ciidanka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa kala daatay qaansuu alguuri ayaa isku dayay inuu isku keeno balse wax kama tarin, cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ku guuleesteen dagaalka khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ayaa lagu qabtay dagaalka, [[qaansuu alguuri]] ayaa la waayay meeshuu ku dambeeyay waa leesku qilaafay,xogaha qaar ayaa leh waxaa ku dhacay cudurka faalij uu horay u qabay biyo ayuu cabay markiiba wuu dhintay, qaarna waxay leeyihiin inuu ka naxay madfac ku ag dhacay uuna jiiftay geed hoostiis durbadii uu ka dhintay isla saacadaas, qaar waxay leeyihiin wuu is dilay Dagaalka kadib waxaa usoo gacan galay saliim dhamaan magaalooyinka [[shaam]] sida [[xalab]] [[dimishiq]] [[Qudus|beetul maqdis]] [[ximsa]] [[andaakiya]] === Qabashada masar === mamaaliikta markii ay ku jabeen [[dagaalkii maraj daabiq]] oona la waayay boqorkooda waxay ku doortaan masar [[duumaan baay]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=حسن، أسامة|عنوان=طومان باي: آخر سلاطين المماليك|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=14|سنة=[[1420هـ]] - [[2000]]م|ناشر=دار الأمل|مكان=[[الجيزة (مدينة)|الجيزة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia803101.us.archive.org/31/items/ktp2019-bskn14742/ktp2019-bskn14742.pdf|isbn=9775823595|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803101.us.archive.org/31/items/ktp2019-bskn14742/ktp2019-bskn14742.pdf%7C</ref> , saliim ayaa u qoray [[duumaan baay]] inuu hoos imaado dawlada xilkiisna uu iska heesto <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=ابن طولون، شمس الدين مُحمَّد بن علي بن أحمد|عنوان=مُفاكهة الخلَّان في حوادث الزمان|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=341|سنة=[[1418هـ]] - [[1998]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=2745100068|مسار=https://ia800705.us.archive.org/3/items/Mofakaht-Khelan/Mofakaht_Khelan.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia800705.us.archive.org/3/items/Mofakaht-Khelan/Mofakaht_Khelan.pdf|</ref>, [[duumaan baay]] oo careesnaa ayaa dilay fariin sidihii ka socday saliim <ref name="منجم10">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=670 - 675|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]]|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة: عوامل النهضة وأسباب السُقُوط|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=187|سنة=[[1421هـ]] - [[2001]]م|ناشر=دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|مكان=[[بورسعيد]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/waq60668/page/n185/mode/2up?view=theater|isbn=9772653141|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407224012/https://archive.org/details/waq60668/page/n185/mode/2up?view=theater|</ref>, saliim ayaa go'aansaday inuu qabsado masar wuxuu la soo dhaqaaqay ciidankiis [[masar]] ayee dhinac kasoo galeen, [[duumaan baay]] ayaa ka hor imaaday meel la yiraahdo riidaaniya ayee ku dagaalameen ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa guuleesteen madaaficdooda awgeed, waxaa dagaalka lagu dilay sanaan baashaa oo ahaa sadrulacdam, Waxaa lagu dagaalamay [[Qaahiro|qaahira]] dhexdeeda hadana, mar kale [[duumaan baay]] ayaa looga adkaaday wuu ka cararay magaalada. Ugu dambeen dagaalo badan kadib waa lasoo qabtay [[duumaan baay]], saliim oo aad ugu bogay kartidiisa ayaa ku sigtay inuu cafiyo balse la talyaashiis ayaa ugu digay, wuxuu amaray in la dilo. === U guurida khilaafda cusmaaniyiinta === Khaliifka cabaasiyiinta mutawakil sedexaad ayaa khilaafda uga dagay suldaan saliim <ref name="عمر5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=عُمر، عُمر عبد العزيز|عنوان=تاريخ المشرق العربي (1516 - 1922)|صفحة=84 - 85|سنة=[[1408هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7C</ref>, wuxuuna u raacay saliim [[Istanbuul]], sidaas ayee ku naqdeen boqorada cusmaaniyiinta khulafada islaamka. === Qabsashada xijaaz iyo yaman === shariifka [[Makka|maka]] shariif barakaat oo horay hoos imaan jiray mamaaliikta ayaa ogolaaday inuu hoos imaado cusmaaniyiinta <ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=9244|عنوان=سليم الأول.. من السلطنة إلى الخلافة (في ذكرى توليه السلطنة : 8 من صفر 918هـ)|تاريخ=|تاريخ الوصول=|ناشر=|الأخير=|الأول=|موقع=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508203003/https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=9244/|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.turkpress.co/node/57322|عنوان=العثمانيون {{Wayback|url=https://www.turkpress.co/node/57322{{!}}عنوان=العثمانيون |date=20191007033834 }} وزعامة العالم الإسلامي زمن السلطان سليم الأول|تاريخ=2019-01-30|موقع=ترك برس|لغة=ar|تاريخ الوصول=2019-10-07|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007033834/https://www.turkpress.co/node/57322%7C</ref> [[Yemen|Yaman]] oo xaalkeeda xumaa ayaa waxay ahaayeen [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] inay ku duuleen <ref name="اليمن">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=عُمر، عُمر عبد العزيز|عنوان=تاريخ المشرق العربي (1516 - 1922)|صفحة=96 - 98|سنة=[[1408هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf|مسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7C</ref> qaeybo ayeena ka qabsadeen, markay duntay dawladooda waxay noqdeen kuwa raacsan cusmaaniyiinta. == Jihaadka walaalaha barbaroosa == waxay ahaayeen walaalaha [[Caruuj barboosa|caruuj]], [[Kheyrudiin barboosa|kheyrudiin]] iyo isxaaq oo loo yaqaan walaalaha barabaroosa inay kula jihaadayaan doomaha ree yurub [[Bada Dhexe|bada dhexe]], wax badan way ka qabsan jireen, kumanaan dad ree [[andalus]] ayee ka badbaadiyeen gacanta maxkamadaha baarintaanka, caruuj oo aaminsaa in dawlad xoogan laga aasaaso [[Waqooyiga Afrika|waqooyiga afrika]] si looga hortago gardarooyinka [[Isbania|isbaanishka]] ayaa wuxuu gurmad ka dalbay suldaan saliim, suldaanka ayaa soo dhaweeyay oo taageero fiican siiyay, waxay gaareen guulo badan [[aljeeriya]] bee xoreeyeen balse isbaaniska oo soo rogaal celiyay ayaa dilay caruuj 1518<ref> name="الجزائر">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان=موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=254|سنة=[[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر=الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|</ref>, [[Kheyrudiin barboosa|kheyrudiin]] wuxuu arkay in [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] oo toos ugu biiro, waxaana aasaasantay [[walaayaada aljeeriya]]. == Dhimashada saliim == Saliim wuxuu ahaa inuu u diyaar garoobayo weerar uu ku qaado [[Hungariya|hangari]] sida loo badinaayo, wuu soo baxay markuu gaaray meel la yiraahdo joorli ayaa xanuun daran ku qabtay, wuxuuna dhintay 9 [[soonfor]] 926 hijri ku beegan 22 [[Sebteembar|September]] 1520 miilaadi, waxay da'diisu ahayd 51 sano 8 sano ayuu xilka haayay. == Xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa == Saliim wuxuu guursaday laba dumar waxaana loo dhalay Hal wiil iyo 5 gabdhood '''Xaasaskiisa''' *'''caaisha xafsa khaatuun''' *'''Caaisha khaatuun''' '''Imahiis''' *''' [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|Suleyman qaanuuni]]''' wxaa dhashay caaisha xafsa suldaan aabihiis ayuu xilka kaga dambeeyay wuxuu naqday [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta|boqorada dawlada]] kan ugu weynaa *''' faadima suldaan''' *''' khadiija suldaan''' *''' Xafsa suldaan''' *''' Shaah suldaan''' *''' Biikhaan suldaan''' == Xigasho == <references /> [[Category:Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] 6kefbqwkvg07cym7o3zpkgvllc84d1l 0 36419 309703 293539 2026-09-26T04:02:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''al-ashraf abu nasri qaansuu alguuri alsharkasi ('''''afka carabiga: '''الأشرف أبو النصر قانصوه الغوري''' '''الجركسي)''''' oo ka mid ah boqorada mamaaliikta ee bujiyiinta<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/67/320.html ''The Encyclopedia of World History: The Postclassical Period, 500–1500''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812024248/http://www.bartleby.com/67/320.html|date=12 أغسطس 2008}}</ref>, wuxuu ka mid ahaa adoomada [[ashraf qaaytibaay]], wuu xureeyay waxa uuna kamid dhigay ilaaladiis gaarka ah, kadib dhoor jago ayuu qabtay <ref>[https://www.arab-ency.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A قانصوه الغوري | الموسوعة العربية<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Wayback|url=https://www.arab-ency.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A |date=20200530134039 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530134039/https://www.arab-ency.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A/|date=2020-05-30}}</ref> xiligii ashraf janbulaad waxaa loo magacaabay waziir, waxaa loo doortay suldaanka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] 906 H ku beegan 1501 xilkaas uu haayay ilaa lagu waayay [[dagaalkii maraj daabiq]] 1516. Wuxuu aad u daneenjiray dhismaha, asigoo ka tagay dhismooyin badan sida wakaalada alguuri, kooxda alguuri {{Infobox monarch|name=Al-Ashraf Qaansuu al-Guuri|title='''Suldaanka mamaaliikta ee masar iyo shaam'''|image=Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri (81651916).jpg|caption=Sawirka Al-Ashraf Qaansuu alguuuri, by [[Paolo Giovio]] (1483–1552).|succession=[[suldaanka mamaaliikta]]|reign=20 April 1501 – 24 August 1516|coronation=|full name=|predecessor=[[Alcaadil duumaan baay]]|successor=[[Duumaan baay]]|dynasty=[[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]]|father=|birth_date=Sanadkii 1441|birth_place=|death_date=24 August 1516 (da'diisu 75–76)|death_place=[[Dabiq, Syria|Dabiq]], u dhaw [[xalab]], [[Siiriya]]|place of burial=|religion=[[Sunni Islam]]|spouse={{Plainlist| *Khawand Baysiwar<ref name="Ḥamzah 2009">{{cite book | last=Ḥamzah | first=K. | title=Late Mamluk Patronage: Qansuh Al-Ghuri's Waqf and His Foundation in Cairo | publisher=Universal Publishers | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-59942-922-9 | page=118}}</ref> *Khawand Fatima<ref name=Winter>{{cite book |last= Winter |first=M. |last2= Levanoni |first2=A. |title= The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society |year= 2004 |page= 279 |publisher= Brill |series= The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies and cultures, 400-1500 |isbn= 978-90-04-13286-3}}</ref>}}}} == Qabashadiis xilka == Wuxuu xilka qabtay xilli duruufo adag ee wajaheesay dawlada, waxaa xoogeestay talyaasha mamaaliikta ayagoo bilaabay inay salaadinta kee doonaan doortaan hadana mudo yar kadib siibaan 1496 ilaa 1501 shan suldaan ayaa la siibay, [[alcaadil duumaan baay]] markee siibeen waxay magacaabeen qaansuu alguuri <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=بدائع الزهور في وقائع الدهور|تاريخ=|ناشر=|مؤلف1=محمد بن اياس الحنفي|مؤلف2=|editor1=|لغة=العربية|مكان=|الأول=|via=|عمل=|</ref> ayagoo is dhahaayay waa qof da' ah lixdan jira inaa siibtaan wey fududahay, waxay kufariisiyeen carshiga asigoo oonaya dalbanaayana inee dilin hadee nacaan xukunkiisa uu diyaar u yahay inuu iskiis uga dago, balse qaansuu alguuri markuu xilka ku fariistay wuxuu la yimid waji cusub waxa uuna ku guuleestay qaar badan oo ka mid ah talyaashi inuu masaafuriyo iyo in awooda dawlada si buuxda uu gacanta ugu dhigo, wuxuu soo rogay canshuur badan markii [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] ee heleen jid cusub oo uga maarmeen inuu ganacsigooda maro [[masar]] == La dagaalanka burtaqiiska == wuxuu ahaa burtaqiiska inuu helay jidka ra'su rajaa saalix 1488 taasi oo keentay inuu ka wareego marinka ganacsiga yurub dhanka [[masar]] oona soo gaarto qasaaro culus intaas kuma sii harin [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] ee wuxuu burtaqiiska qabsaday dakado dhaca [[cumaan]] [[Bariga Afrika|bariga afrika]], [[iiraan]], [[yaman]] iyo [[hindiya]] waxayna sameesteen qalcado adag, muslimiinta meelahaas daga ayee u geesteen dhibaatooyin badan, dawladaha islaamka ee [[hindiya]] ayaa garab ka dalbay mamaaliikta, usduulka mamaaliikta oo hogaamiye ka ahaa [[xuseen kurdi]] ayaa u dhaqaaqay [[hindiya]] 1507 <ref name="Chase 103">[https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA103 ''Firearms: a global history to 1700''] by Kenneth Warren Chase p.103''ff'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323164739/https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA103 |date=23 مارس 2017}}</ref>, mamaaliikta iyo dawlada kajaraad ee hindiya oo iskaashanaya ayaa ku jabiyeen [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] [[dagaalkii shawl]] 1508 <ref name="Chase 103" /> <ref>"The Mamluk fleet was warmly greeted at Diu by its governor, Malik Ayyaz, a Russian Mamluk who had found favor with the king of Gujarat. Gujarat, which traded mainly through the Red Sea and Egypt, continued to resist the Portuguese" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC&pg=PA20 ''A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War''] by Andrew James McGregor p.20 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216213147/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC&pg=PA20 |date=16 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref> balse [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]] oo careesan ayaa soo rogaal celiyay waxa uu kaga adkaaday mamaaliikta [[dagaalkii diyuu]] 1509, usduulka mamaaliikta ayaana ku burburay dagaalka<ref name="Walton 69">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C&pg=PA69 ''Islam at war: a history''] by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton p.69 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627064645/http://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C&pg=PA69 |date=27 يونيو 2014}}</ref>. Dagaalada ee mamaaliikta laga galeen burtaqiiska Kaliya mamaaliikta waxay ku guuleesteen [[Baddacas|bada cas]] inay ka hor istaagaan [[Burtuqaal|burtaqiiska]], burtaqiiska waxa uu noqday awooda heesata ka ganacsiga [[Badweynta Hindiya|badweynta hindiya]] == Dagaalkii maraj daabiq iyo yoolka qaansuu alguuri == Mamaaliikta iyo [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] markii hore xiriirkoodu aad buu u fiicnaa balse [[furashada Qusdandiiniya]] iyo guulaha waaween ee [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] gaareen kadib waxay u arkeen [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] inay qalqal galineeso maqaamkeeda hogaaminita caalamka islaamiga <ref name="حرب المماليك"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 162 - 164|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf%7C مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>, intii uu [[bayazid labaad]] suldaan ka ahaay cusmaaniyiinta xiriir fiican ayee yeesheen xitaa markuu caasiyay [[ququud]] oo yimid [[masar]] qaansuu alguuri ayaa ka shaqeeyay inuu la hishiiyo aabihiis <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن إياس|ابن إيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|صفحة=152 - 155|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد=الجُزء الرابع|مسار=https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/04_17752.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918223338/https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/04_17752.pdf%7C</ref> , balse markuu qabtay [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] xilka waxay isku bedeshay saaxiibtinimadood colaad, [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] oo damacsanaa mideynta caalamka islaamiga ayaa ku eedeeyay [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] inay dhabarka ka toogeen markii uu ku maqnaa la dagaalanka [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]]<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن أبي السرور البكري|البكري المصري ،شمس الدين مُحمَّد بن أبي السُرُور]]|عنوان= الكواكب السائرة في أخبار مصر والقاهرة|صفحة= 18|سنة= [[1055هـ]]|مسار= https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b110010884/f25.item%7Cمسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210704223117/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b110010884/f25.item%7C</ref>, [[qaansuu alguuri]] oo ku sifeesnaa qof daalim ah xoolaha umada xaq dara ku cuna waxay keentay in dadka ay ka raadsadaan cadaalad [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], culumada [[xalab]] ayaa [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ka dalbay inuu soo gaaro, [[kheyr bek]] oo ahaa taliyaha [[xalab]] ayaa hoos kala xiriiray [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] waxaa magaalooyin badan u goosteen dhanka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ayaa ciidankiis la soo aaday [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]], [[qaansuu alguuri]] asna wuu soo baxay waxaana la socday khaliifka [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|cabaasiyiinta]], qaadiyaasha [[afarta madhab]] iyo culumada [[Suufi|suufiyada]] <ref name="مرج"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن إياس|ابن إياس، زين العابدين أبو البركات مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الخامس|صفحة=60 - 64|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf%7C</ref> , waxay labada ciidan ku kulmeen maraj daabiq 1516 <ref name="مرج2"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ابن إياس|ابن إياس، زين العابدين أبو البركات مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|عنوان=بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الخامس|صفحة=68 - 71|سنة=[[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia600300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/05_17753.pdf%7C</ref><ref name="عبد العزيز2"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=عُمر، عُمر عبد العزيز|عنوان=تاريخ المشرق العربي (1516 - 1922)|صفحة=76 - 77|سنة=</nowiki>[[1408هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر=[[دار النهضة العربية (بيروت)|دار النهضة العربيَّة]]|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7Cمسار {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411120242/https://ia803100.us.archive.org/28/items/ktp2019-bskn11525/ktp2019-bskn11525.pdf%7C</ref>, dagaalka markuu kululaaday [[kheyr bek]] dib u baxay, ciidanka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa kala daatay qaansuu alguuri ayaa isku dayay inuu isku keeno balse wax kama tarin, [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ayaa ku guuleesteen dagaalka khaliifka cabaasiyiinta '''almutawakil calalaah''' ayaa lagu qabtay dagaalka, [[qaansuu alguuri]] ayaa la waayay meeshuu ku dambeeyay waa leesku qilaafay, xogaha qaar ayaa leh waxaa ku dhacay cudurka faalij uu horay u qabay biyo ayuu cabay markiiba wuu dhintay, qaarna waxay leeyihiin inuu ka naxay madfac ku ag dhacay uuna jiiftay geed hoostiis durbadii uu ka dhintay isla saacadaas, qaar waxay leeyihiin wuu is dilay Dagaalka kadib waxay weesay mamaalikta dhamaan magaalooyinka [[shaam]] sida [[xalab]] [[dimishiq]], [[Qudus|beetul maqdis]], [[ximsa]] iyo [[andaakiya]]. Hal sano kadib 1517 waxay galeen cusmaaniyiinta [[masar]] ayagoo dileen suldaankii xilka uga dambeeyay qaansuu [[duumaan baay]], waxaa sidaas ku dhamaatay [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|dawladii mamaaliikta]] == xigasho == <references /> bza7lo6n1rtuiyypxytjwx6ofozupg7 0 36427 309706 244193 2026-09-26T04:16:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawalada salaajiqada ruum''' afka carabiga: ('''دَوْلَةُ سَلَاجِقَةِ الرُّومِ)''' afka faarisiga (دولت سلجوقیان روم) waa dowlad islaami ah oo ka jirtay dhulka [[Anatooliya|anadool]] intii u dhaxeesay 1077 ilaa 1308 waxeyna ka go'day [[salaajiqada waaween]] {{Infobox Former Country |conventional_long_name=Salaajiqada ruum |native_name= |continent=آسیا |region=آناطولی |image_coat=SelcukluKartali2.png |image_flag=Flag of Sultanate of Rum.svg |flag_type=Gorgorka waxaa loo adgeesan jiray astaanta calanka salaajiqada ruum |year_start=1077 |year_end=1307 |p1=Salaajiqada waaween |flag_p1= |p2=Daanmandiyiinta |flag_p2=Anatolia 1097.svg |p3=Mankuujiyiinta |flag_p3= |p4=Banuu saldaaq |flag_p4= |p5=Artaqiyiin |flag_p5= |s1=Imaaradaha turkida ee anaadool |flag_s1=Anadolu Beylikleri.png |s2=Cusmaaniyiinta |flag_s2=Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg |s3=Ilkhaaniyiinta |flag_s3=Ilkhanate in 1256–1353.PNG |s4=Armiiniyada yar |flag_s4=Rubenid Flag.svg |<!-- Please do not put the flag-based succession box here: the successor states are far too numerous and none possess verifiable flags. --> |event_start = Aasaasantay |event_end = Burburtay |image_map=Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate.JPG |image_map_size=285px |image_map_caption=Balaarinta dawlada ku dhawaad 1100-1240 |capital=[[Iznik]], [[konya|quunya]], [[siiwaas]] |common_languages=[[Af faarisi]] (rasmi) [[af turki]], [[af giriig]] |title_leader=سلجوقیان روم |leader1=[[Suleymaan bin qutulmush]] |year_leader1=1077-1084 |leader2=[[Mascuud labaad]] |year_leader2=1303-1307 |stat_year1=Sanadkii 1243 |stat_area1=400000 |common_name=Rum}} == Taariiqada == [[Dagaalkii mulaadkarad]] kadib turkida waxay ku soo shubmeen anaadool waxeyna ka qabsadeen [[imbiraadooriyada biriizanda]] magaalooyin badan [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan bin qutulmush]] oo ka tirsan qooska salaajiqada ayeena u doortay amiir asna wuxuu raacsanaa suldaanka [[salaajiqada waaween]] [[Suldaan Malik shaah|malik shaah]] <ref name=":0"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= </nowiki>[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير، علي بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الكريم بن عبد الواحد الشيباني الجزري]]|عنوان= الكامل في التاريخ|طبعة= الأولى|صفحة= 393 - 395|سنة= [[1407هـ]] - [[1987]]م|المجلد=الجُزء الثامن|ناشر= دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia802707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt08.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210810074339/https://ia802707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt08.pdf |</ref>, [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan bin qutulmush]] wuxuu sii waday dagaalada oo ku waday biriizanda iyo furashooyinkiisa, [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] oo tabar iska weesay ayaa ogolaatay hishiis waxeyna u aqoonsatay meelihii uu furtay oo ka mid tahay [[niiqiya]] iyo gobolka [[biitiiniya]] <ref name=":1"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=63|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|</ref> Kadib [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan bin qutulmush]] wuxuu soo aaday [[shaam]] waxa uuna weeraray [[andaakiya]] oo heestay taliye arman ahaa, durba magaalada gacanta ayee u gashay, balse amiirka [[xalab]] [[sharafu dawla]] oo u arkay in Suleymaan damac uga juro magaaladiis ayaa dagaal ku bilaay, suleymaan oo ka jawaabaya ayaa weerar ba'an ku qaaday [[xalab]] duleedka magaalada ayee ku dirireen waxaana ku dhintay dagaalka [[sharafu dawlada]], [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan]] wuxuu filanaayay in magaalada usoo gacan galeeso laakin taas ma dhicin oo dadkii magaalada ayaa daafac galay suldaanka salaajiqada [[Suldaan Malik shaah|malik shaah]] iyo amiirka [[dimishiq]] [[taajudiin tutush]] ayeena gurmad weediisteen, [[taajudiin tutush]] ayaa soo hormaray, waxayna ku dagaalameen asaga iyo [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan]] meel loo yaqaan ceynu saliim 1086 waxaana lagu dilay dagaalka [[suleymaan bin qutulmush]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن القلانسي|ابن القلانسي، أبو يعلى حمزة بن أسد بن علي بن مُحمَّد التميمي]]|عنوان=تاريخ دمشق|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=194|سنة=[[1403هـ]] - [[1983]]م|ناشر=دار حسَّان للطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225230924/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|</ref> wiilkiisa qilij arsalaan gacanta ayaa lagu dhigay [[asfahaan]] ayaa loo qaaday. dhimashada [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan]] dawlada cusub waxay soo gaarsiisay daciifnimo, dawlada oo ka mid yihiin [[daanishmandiyiinta]] iyo [[mankuujiyiinta]] ayaana ka go'ay dawlada. abul qaasim oo isku dhawaayeen [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan]] ayaa hogaanka dawlada qabtay waxa oona ku guuleestay inuu difaaco weerarada biriizandiyiinta hase ahaatee suldaanka salaajiqada [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] ayaa amiir [[bursuq]] u soo diray inuu maamulo salaajiqada ruum bursuq ayaa ku fashilmay inuu abulqaasim meesha ka saaro [[malik shaah]] ayaa ku badalay amiir buuzaan oo asna ku guuleesan, abulqaasim wuxuu isku dayayay inuu qanciyo [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] laakin Natiijo kama keenin, 1092dii ayaana la dilay, [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] Wiilka [[Suleyman bin qutulmush|suleymaan bin qutulmush]] ayaa dib ugu soo laabtay dawlada waxaana loo doortay suldaan === Weerarka koowaad ee kirishmiska === [[File:Siege de Nicée (1097).jpg|thumb|saliibiyiinta oo go'doominayaan niiqiya caasimadii salaajiqada]] wax yar kama soo wareegin ku fariisahada [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] carshiga waxa uu wajahay weerarkii koowaad ee saliibiga kaas ku baaqay baabaa [[Orabaan labaad|orabaankii labaad]] kadib codsi kaga yimid imbiraadoorkii biriizanda [[aleksiyoos komeniin]], kaas oo dalbaday in laga saacido la dagaalanka muslimiinta, waxaa ka bilaawday [[yurub]] abaabul dagaal lag\u qaado muslimiinta, waxaa loo hormaray koox kirishmis ah oo xamaasadeesan una badnaa rayid aa dagaal wax ka aqoon, waxay socdaan [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] ayee soo gaareen way soo talaabeen salaajiqada ayee daadaansi ku bilaabeen balse waa la wada laayay <ref group=""><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=Norwich, John Julius|عنوان=Byzantium: The Decline and Fall|صفحة=33 - 35|سنة=</nowiki>[[1996]]|ناشر=Knopf|لغة=en|مسار=https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=HUpoAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Peter+the+Hermit|isbn=0679416501|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010223807/https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=HUpoAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Peter+the+Hermit|تاريخ أرشيف=10 أكتوبر 2020</ref> in yar oo imbiraadoorka biriizanda badbaadiyay mooyee <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[ستيفين رونسيمان|رونسيمان، ستيڤن]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة:نور الدين خليل|عنوان=تاريخ الحملات الصليبيَّة|طبعة=الثانية|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل: من كليرمونت إلى أورشليم|صفحة=221 - 224|سنة=[[1998]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/tarikh.al.hmlat.al.slibiah/tarikh.al.hmlat.al.slibiah01/page/n221/mode/2up</ref>, [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] guushaan oo gaaray ka dib wuxuu ka tagay niiqiya asigoona ku mashquulay khilaaf kala dhaxeeyay [[daanishmandiyiinta]] mana ogeen in dagaal xoog badan sugaayo. Sanadkii 1097 ciidanka kirishmiska oo aad u badnaa talyaal sarena hogaaminaayeen ayaa gaaray [[niiqiya]] weyna go'doomiyeen, [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] ayaa durbadii soo laabtay wuxuu isku dayay badbaadinta magaaladiis balse kuma guuleysan, wuxuu aaday buuraha<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[وليم الصوري|الصوري، وليم]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: د. حسن حبشي|عنوان=الحُرُوب الصليبيَّة|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة=201 - 205|سنة=[[1991]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة للكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia903107.us.archive.org/7/items/ktp2019-bskn8450/ktp2019-bskn8450.pdf|مسار{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214851/https://ia903107.us.archive.org/7/items/ktp2019-bskn8450/ktp2019-bskn8450.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, dadka magaalada ayaa muujiyay difaac daran heer ee kirishmiska ku daalaan, markii dambe [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] ayaa ku caawisay doomo xaga bada, markaas ayee is dhiibeen [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] ayeena u dhiibeen magaalada. [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij arsalaan]] caasimadiis markuu waayay wuxuu caasimad cusub ka dhintay [[Konya|quunya]], waxa uuna la galay wada hadal [[daanishmandiyiinta]], si loogu midoobo cadawga soo duulaya. Ciidanka kirishmiska gulufkooda ayee sii wateen mar ee maraayeen meel la dhaho doorliim ayee [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] iyo isbahaysiga muslimiinta dagaal kala kulmeen, inkastoo muslimiinta markii hore guuleesteen hadana gurmad u yimid gaalada awgeed waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay dib u baxaan<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=الشارتري، ڤوشيه|مؤلف2=ترجمة: د. زياد العسلي|عنوان=تاريخ الحملة إلى القُدُس 1095 - 1127|صفحة=47 - 50|سنة=[[1990]]|ناشر=دار الشُرُوق لِلنشر والتوزيع|مكان=[[عمان (الأردن)|عمَّان]] - [[الأردن|الأُردُن]]|مسار=https://ia803108.us.archive.org/33/items/ktp2019-bskn11653/ktp2019-bskn11653.pdf|مسار{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225159/https://ia803108.us.archive.org/33/items/ktp2019-bskn11653/ktp2019-bskn11653.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>. Dagaalada kirishmiska waxey ku yeesheen saameyn weyn dawlada waxayna ku weesay dhul badan 20kii sano ee u dambeeyay qabsadeen <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور|عاشور، سعيد عبد الفتَّاح]]|عنوان=الحركة الصليبيَّة: حركة مُشرِّفة في تاريخ الجهاد الإسلامي في العُصُور الوُسطى|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=138 - 139|سنة=2010|ناشر=[[مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|isbn=9770516570|مسار=https://ia600906.us.archive.org/17/items/lis_tar04/lis_tar0409_1.pdf|مسار{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214843/https://ia600906.us.archive.org/17/items/lis_tar04/lis_tar0409_1.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref> [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij arsalaan]] ayaa arkay xal inuu qaribo tuulooyinka si kirishmiska sahay uga dhigan <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=88|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref>, Weerada kirishmiska waxey u sii gudbeen dhanka [[shaam]], waxayna ka aasaaseen afar imaarado. Dagaalada kirishmiska ayaa kusoo laab laabteen dawlada, [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] wuxuu awooday wixii ka dambeeyay 1101 inuu jabiyo sedex weerar <ref name="هرقلة">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ستيفين رونسيمان|رونسيمان، ستيڤن]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة:نور الدين خليل|عنوان=تاريخ الحملات الصليبيَّة|طبعة=الثانية|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني: مملكة القُدس والشرق الفرنجي|صفحة=54 - 59|سنة=[[1998]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/tarikh.al.hmlat.al.slibiah/tarikh.al.hmlat.al.slibiah02/page/n53/mode/2up</ref><ref name="رنسيمان11012">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ستيفين رونسيمان|رونسيمان، ستيڤن]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة:نور الدين خليل|عنوان=تاريخ الحملات الصليبيَّة|طبعة=الثانية|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني: مملكة القُدس والشرق الفرنجي|صفحة=50 - 54|سنة=[[1998]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/tarikh.al.hmlat.al.slibiah/tarikh.al.hmlat.al.slibiah02/page/n49/mode/2up</ref> taas oo soo celisay hebada dawlada, === ka go'ida salaajiqada waaween === Guulaha uu ka gaaray saliibiyiinta ka dib waxa uu dib ugu laabtay la dagaalanka [[daanishmandiyiinta]] kuwaas oo isku heesteen hanashada [[maltaay]], markuu dhintay amiir guumushtakiin 1105 ayuu awooday inuu ka qabsado magaalada ilmihiisa <ref name="Syrien" group="la">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ميخائيل السرياني|Michel le Syrien]]|عنوان=Chronique de Michel le Syrien|صفحة=192|المجلد=Tome III|سنة=[[1905]]|ناشر=Ernest Leroux|مكان=[[باريس|Paris]]|لغة=fr|مسار=https://archive.org/details/MichelLeSyrien3/page/n199/mode/2up</ref>, waxa uuna ka go'ay salaajiqada waaween kuwaas oo galeen dagaal sokeeye kadib dhimashada suldaan [[malik shaah]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[شمس الدين الذهبي|الذهبي، أبو عبد الله شمس الدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد بن عُثمان بن قايماز]]|عنوان=تاريخ الإسلام ووفيَّات المشاهير والأعيان|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=20 - 22، 26 - 27|سنة=[[1415هـ]] - [[1994]]م|ناشر=دار الكتاب العربي|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|المجلد=الجُزء الرابع والثلاثون|مسار=https://ia600903.us.archive.org/7/items/FP3938/tiz34.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225136/https://ia600903.us.archive.org/7/items/FP3938/tiz34.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, shacbiyada [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] ayaa kor u kacday wuxuu qabsaday [[mayaafaaraqiin]], sanadii 1105 ayuu isku dayay qabsashada imaarada ruhaa balse may suura galin, wuu ka soo laabtay wuxuu dhex kusii qabsaday magaalada [[xaraan]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن القلانسي|ابن القلانسي، أبو يعلى حمزة بن أسد بن علي بن مُحمَّد التميمي]]|عنوان=تاريخ دمشق|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=242|سنة=[[1403هـ]] - [[1983]]م|ناشر=دار حسَّان للطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225230924/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|تاريخ أرشيف=25 ديسمبر 2020</ref>. wuxuu ahaa [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] inuu ku duulay [[mowsil]] sandii 1107<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=Runciman|الأول=Steven|وصلة مؤلف=Steven Runciman|عنوان=A History of the Crusades|المجلد=Vol.2|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|سنة=1951|صفحة=110|chapter=Chapter VI: Equilibrium in the North|chapterurl=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=Kilij+Arslan+I+++Mosul+1107&source=bl&ots=8OPKnTJybQ&sig=OTNpLHAbpP9gShajdwzF5yjmPmQ&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Kilij%20Arslan%20I%20%20%20Mosul%201107&f=false</ref> waxaana u suura gashay inuu qabsado magaalada, balse wuxuu wajahay isbaheysi xoogan oo [[Artaqiyiinta|artaqiyiin]] iyo amiirka [[xalab]] ka koobnaa wuxuu la galay dagaal kaas oo lagu jabshay<ref>The Cambridge history of Islam: The Central Islamic lands from Pre-Islamic, Editors: Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1970), 239.</ref> [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] oo cararaya ayaana ku dhintay wabiga, wiilkiis Malik shaah ayaana la qabtay oona loo diray maxamed bin Malik shaah <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير، علي بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الكريم بن عبد الواحد الشيباني الجزري]]|عنوان=الكامل في التاريخ|طبعة=الرابعة|صفحة=104 - 107|سنة=[[1424هـ]] - [[2003]]م|المجلد=الجُزء التاسع|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia802707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt09.pdf|isbn=2745100467|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216200434/https://ia802707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt09.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=16 ديسمبر 2019</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=يُوسُف|الأول=هُدى ياسين|اسم الدورية=إضاءات موصليَّة|مسار=http://uomosul.edu.iq/public/files/datafolder_2706/_20190926_070848_740.pdf|عنوان=الحوليَّات{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} السُريانيَّة مصدرًا لِسلاجقة الموصل، تاريخ الزمان لِابن العبري أُنموذجًا|العدد=العدد 68|سنة=ربيع الأوَّل [[1434هـ]] \ شُباط 2013|صفحات=صفحة 9|ناشر=مركز دراسات الموصل، [[جامعة الموصل]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107235347/http://uomosul.edu.iq/public/files/datafolder_2706/_20190926_070848_740.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=7 يناير 2021</ref> === kala qeyb samida dawlada iyo isku soocelinteeda === Kadib dhimashada [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|qilij arsalaan]] dawlada way kala qebsantay wiilkiis curudka Malik shaah wuxuu ku jiray xabasi, xaaskiis ayaa qabsatay [[Malaatya|maltaay]] wiil yar oo dogrol la dhaho ee dhashay ayaa suldaan laga dhigay, labada wiil kale [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] iyo carab; mascuud wuxuu ku ag noolaa sodogiis [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] amiirka [[daanishmandiyiinta]], carabna [[Konya|quunya]] ayuu joogay<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=112|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref>, Malik shaah ayaa dib u soo laabtay 1107dii waxaana u suura gashay inuu [[Konya|quunya]] galo oona noqdo suldaan<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن القلانسي|ابن القلانسي، أبو يعلى حمزة بن أسد بن علي بن مُحمَّد التميمي]]|عنوان=تاريخ دمشق|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=254|سنة=[[1403هـ]] - [[1983]]م|ناشر=دار حسَّان للطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225230924/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|تاريخ أرشيف=25 ديسمبر 2020}}</ref>, waxa uuna xabsiga dhigay labadiis walaal carab iyo [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]], dagaalo qaraar ayuuna la galay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] oo ahayd inee ku soo fiday dhulka dawlada, labadiisa walaal ayaa xabsiga ka baxsadeen [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] oo taageero ka helaayo sodogiis [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] ayaana ku guuleestay inuu dilo walaalkiis Malik shaah 1116 <ref group="la">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=John W.|الأخير=Birkenmeier|عنوان=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|ناشر=Brill|سنة=2002|isbn=90-04-11710-5|مسار=https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=p8OOoGWRC2EC&q=Malik+Shah#v=snippet&q=Malik%20Shah&f=false|صفحات=79 - 80|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108113913/https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=p8OOoGWRC2EC&q=Malik+Shah|تاريخ أرشيف=8 يناير 2021</ref> markale ayee dawlada kala qeybsantay [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] wuxuu qabsaday caasimada iyo meelo kaloo yar, walaalkiis carab wuxuu qabsaday [[ankara]] iyo [[qasdamuuni]], walaalkiis kale dogrol oo masuul ka ahaayen hooyadiis iyo ninkeeda blak artaqi wuxuu heestay [[maltaay]]<ref name="Cambridge" group="">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الأخير=Turan|الأول=Osman|محرر1=P.M. Holt|محرر2=Ann K. S. Lambton|محرر3=Bernard Lewis|اسم الموسوعة=The Cambridge History of Islam|عنوان=Anatolia in The Period of The Seljuks and The Beyliks|مسار=https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-%E2%80%93-1a.pdf|تاريخ=[[2005]]|ناشر=[[مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج|Cambridge University Press]]|سلسلة=Handbook of Oriental Studies|المجلد=Volume IA: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to The First World War|صفحات=239 - 240|isbn=9780521219464|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/2017 {{Wayback|url=https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-%E2%80%93-1a.pdf{{!}}تاريخ= |date=20170413030738 }}0413030738/http://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-–-1a.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=2017-04-13</ref>, waxaana walaalaha ka dhex bilaawday colaad daran, [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] markii hore wuxuu diirada saaray la dagaalanka [[Imbraadooriyaada biriizanda|biriizanda]] waxa uuna ku guuleestay inuu ka soo ceshado dhul badan<ref name="تنازع">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=120 - 122|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref>, sanadkii 1114 [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] ayaa fursad ku helay maltaay waa uuna qabsaday asigoo garab ka helaayo [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]], waxa uuna diiday lahaanshaha salaajiqada ee magaalada, carab ayaa aad uga carooday arintaas wuxuuna ku eedeeyay [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] inuu qiyaanay dawlada oona ilaalin karin dhulkeeda, 1116 weerar xoogan ayuu ku qaaday caasimada [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] ayaa ka gurmad dalbay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]], carabna amiirka arman ayuu garab ka dalbay, dagaalo adag ayaa dhex maray kuwaas oo ku soo dhamaaday inuu guuleestay [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]], inkastoo [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] uu kaligiis soo haray hadana wuxuu ku sii hoos noolaa [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] ilaa uu ka dhintay 1135. === Ka hortagida weerarka 2aad === imaarada ruhaa oo ka mid ahayd imaaradaha kirishmiska ayaa waxaa qabsaday [[zankiyiinta]] waxaana ka dhashay weerar saliibi oo cusub weerarkan waxaa hogaaminaayay boqorka faransiiska [[luwiis todobaad]] iyo boqorka jarmalka [[konraad sedexaad]], [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] ayaa ka hortagay waxa uuna u geestay baaba' xun ciidanka jarmalka, boqorkooda wuu dhaawacmay xitaa<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=Ebru|الأخير=Altan|عنوان=Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi(History of the crusades|صفحة=120|مسار=http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/tarih_ao/hstarihi.pdf|لغة=tr|ناشر=İstanbul{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK ve Uzaktan EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ|سنة=2015|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022112800/http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/tarih_ao/hstarihi.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-10-22</ref>, faransiiska ayagana khasaaro xoogan buu gaarsiiyay inkastoo ku guuleesteen inee u gudbaan [[shaam]], [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] waxa oo isbahaysi la sameeyay [[nuurudiin zanki]] haraadiga imaarada ruhaa ayeena ku qaadeen weeraro aa kala joogsi laheen ugu dambeyn way la wareegeen weyna kala qeybsadeen <ref name="تل باشر">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن القلانسي|ابن القلانسي، أبو يعلى حمزة بن أسد بن علي بن مُحمَّد التميمي]]|عنوان=تاريخ دمشق|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=480 - 489|سنة=[[1403هـ]] - [[1983]]م|ناشر=دار حسَّان للطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225230924/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|تاريخ أرشيف=25 ديسمبر 2020</ref> === Qilij arsalaan labaad === [[Ruknudiin mascuud|Mascuud]] wuxuu u baxay la dagaalanka amiirka armiiniya [[tuuruus labaad]] markuu ka soo laabtay wuu dhintay 1156 xilkana waxaa qabtay [[qilij arsalaan labaad]], waxaa bilaawday dagaalo u dhaxeeya dawlada iyo [[daanishmandiyiinta]] blase [[nuurudiin zanki]] oo arkaayay in is khilaafka muslimiinta uu awood siinaayo cadawga ayaa dhaxdhaadin sameeyay <ref name="القلانسي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن القلانسي|ابن القلانسي، أبو يعلى حمزة بن أسد بن علي بن مُحمَّد التميمي]]|عنوان=تاريخ دمشق|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=510 - 511|سنة=[[1403هـ]] - [[1983]]م|ناشر=دار حسَّان للطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225230924/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.online/files/download-pdf-ebooks.org-1535836264-222.pdf&hl=ar|تاريخ أرشيف=25 ديسمبر 2020</ref>, markale ayuu khilaafka soo laabtay hadana culumada iyo wax garadka ayaa hishiis sameeyeen, hishiiska ka dib [[qilij arsalaan labaad]] wuxuu ku duulay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]], waxa uuna ka qabsaday magaalooyinka [[laarinda]] iyo [[saliiqiya]], balse mudadii u dhaxeesay 1159-1161 waxa uu kala kulmay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] jab is daba jooga ugu dambeyn wuxuu aqbalay hishiis dhigaayay shuruudo adag <ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Rogers|الأول=Clifford J.|عنوان=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1|ناشر=Oxford University Press|مكان=Oxford|سنة=2010|isbn=978-0195334036|صفحة=290|مسار=https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=Kilij+Arslan#v=onepage&q=Kilij%20Arslan&f=false|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121011537/https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=Kilij+Arslan|تاريخ أرشيف=21 يناير 2021</ref><ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Heath|الأول=Ian|عنوان=Byzantine Armies 1118–1461 AD (Illustrated by Angus McBride)|ناشر=Osprey Publishing|سنة=1995|isbn=1-85532-347-8|صفحة=4}}</ref><ref group="">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الأخير=Cahen|الأول=Cl|اسم الموسوعة=Encyclopaedia of Islam|عنوان=Ḳi̊li̊d̲j̲ Arslan II|مسار=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4364|تاريخ=[[2012]]|ناشر=BRILL|سلسلة=Handbook of Oriental Studies|طبعة=الثانية|isbn=9789004161214|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005714/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_4364|تاريخ أرشيف=22 يناير 2021</ref>, mudadii uu hishiiska socday Qilij arsalaan wuxuu xooga saaray soo celinta awooda dawlada waxaana u suura gashay 1574 inuu qabsado imaarada siiwaas oo [[daanishmandiyiinta]] ka mid ahayd, imbiraadoorka biriizanda ayaa arkay inuu fursad siiyay [[Qilij arsalaan labaad|qilij arsalaan]] waxa uuna dalbaday dhulka [[daanishmandiyiinta]], markii loo diiday dagaal ayuu soo qaaday Qilij arsalaan ayaa awooday inuu ku jabiyo [[dagaalkii miryokifaaloon]], khasaaro adag ayuuna gaarsiiyay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أسد رستم|رُستم، أسد]]|عنوان=الروم في سياستهم وحضارتهم ودينهم وثقافتهم وصلاتهم بالعرب|صفحة=444|سنة=[[2018]]|ناشر=[[مؤسسة هنداوي للتعليم والثقافة]]|مكان=[[وندسور]] - [[المملكة المتحدة]]|isbn=9781527315785|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://ebooksstream.com/d_pdfs/kutub-pdf.net_ReK77pM.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://archive.vn/HJgpT|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-01-21</ref><ref group="la">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Hendy|الأول=Michael|سنة=1985|عنوان=Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|مكان=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-24715-2|صفحة=128</ref>. Sanadkii 1177 waxa uu qabsaday imaarada maltaay oo ugu dambeesay [[daanishmandiyiinta]], sidaas ayee dawlada ku noqotay awooda muslimka kaliya ee ka jirta [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=197|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref>. 1179 [[Qilij arsalaan labaad|qilij arsalaan]] wuxuu dagaal ku qaaday [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|ayuubiyiinta]], hase yeeshee jab ayuu kala kulmay [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|salaaxudiin]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[المنصور محمد بن عمر|الأيُّوبي، مُحمَّد بن تقي الدين عُمر بن شاهنشاه]]|عنوان=مضمار الحقائق وسر الخلائق|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=18 - 19|سنة=[[1968]]|ناشر=عالم الكُتُب|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الجمهورية العربية المتحدة|مصر]]|مسار=https://archive.org/details/MidhmarAlhahaqeq/page/n39/mode/2up</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن واصل|ابن واصل، أبو عبد الله مُحمَّد بن سالم بن نصر الله المازني التميمي الحموي الشافعي]]|عنوان=مُفرِّج الكُروب في أخبار بني أيُّوب|صفحة=79|المجلد=المُجلَّد الثاني|سنة=[[1377هـ]] - [[1957]]م|ناشر=[[دار الكتب والوثائق القومية|دار الكُتُب والوثائق القوميَّة]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] [[جمهورية مصر|مصر]]|مسار=https://ia801308.us.archive.org/26/items/FP42193/02_42194.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225129/https://ia801308.us.archive.org/26/items/FP42193/02_42194.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, Weerarkii sedexaad ee saliibiga ayaa ku yimid dhulka dawlada, waxaana hogaamiya ka ahaa feridriik barboosa boqorka jarmalka, wuxuu doorbiday [[Qilij arsalaan labaad|Qilij arsalaan]] inuu ka gambado laakin wiilkiis Qudbudiin ayaa la dagaalay waxeyna qabsadeen [[Konya|quunya]] 1190 <ref name="ابن الأثير1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير، علي بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الكريم بن عبد الواحد الشيباني الجزري]]|عنوان=الكامل في التاريخ|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=193 - 194|سنة=[[1407هـ]] - [[1987]]م|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|المجلد=الجُزء العاشر|مسار=https://ia902707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt10.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127060341/https://ia902707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt10.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=27 نوفمبر 2020</ref>, hase yeeshee boqorka jarmalka ayaa isaga baxay magaalada Shan bari ka dib waxa uuna dalbaday in sahay la siiyo jidkana loo furo. Sanadkii 1186 waxaa ku dhacay [[Qilij arsalaan labaad|qilij arsalaan]] cudurka faalij waxa uu ku fakaray inuu ilmihiis oo ahaayeen kow iyo toban u kala qeybiyo dawlada, taasi oo qalad weyn ahayd waxaa mariiba ka dhex bilaawday walaalaha khilaaf iyo dagaalo, [[Qilij arsalaan labaad|qilij arsalaan]] ayaa gadaal dambe ka ogaaday qaladkiisa wuxuu bilaabay inuu dib usoo mideeyo asagoo madax ka dhigaayo wiilkiis [[Kiikhisroof koowaad|gayaasudiin kiikhisroof]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن بيبي|ابن بيبي، ناصر الدين حُسين بن مُحمَّد بن علي الجعفري الرغدي]]|مؤلف2=تعريب محُمَّد سعيد جمال الدين|عنوان=أخبار سلاجقة الروم|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=2 - 4|سنة=[[2007]]|ناشر=المركز القومي للترجمة|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225136/https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, hase ahaatee asoo ku guuleesan buu dhintay 1196, wiilkiis suleymaan ayaa awooday inuu dhamaan ka adkaado laakin 1204 laakin shan bari ka dib wuu iska dhintay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=213 - 214|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf</ref> wiilkiis qilij arsalaan sedexaad ayaa xilka qabtay === Xilliga dahabiga ee dawlada === Sannadkii 1205 [[Kiikhisroof koowaad|Gayaasudiin Kiikhisroof]] ayaa yimid carshiga mar labaad <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=Sara Nur Yildiz|مؤلف2=</nowiki>[[:en:A. C. S. Peacock|A. C. S. Peacock]]|عنوان=The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East|إصدار=المُصوَّرة|صفحة=178–179|سنة=[[2013]]|ناشر=[[أي بي توريس|I.B. Tauris]]|مكان=[[لندن|London]]|لغة=en|isbn=9781848858879|مسار=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285750373_The_Seljuks_of_Anatolia_Court_and_Society_in_the_Medieval_Middle_East_Edited_by_A_C_S_Peacock_and_Sara_Nur_Yildiz%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212013047/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285750373_The_Seljuks_of_Anatolia_Court_and_Society_in_the_Medieval_Middle_East_Edited_by_A_C_S_Peacock_and_Sara_Nur_Yildiz%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=12 ديسمبر 2020}</ref>. Wuxuu abaabulay safar uu ku tagay [[Imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon,|Boqortooyada daraabazoon,]] taas oo jaray waddooyinka ganacsiga ee [[Badda Madow]], oo wadadan u furay dawlada mar kale. wuxuu awooday qabsashada [[Andaaliya]] 1206 <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن بيبي|ابن بيبي، ناصر الدين حُسين بن مُحمَّد بن علي الجعفري الرغدي]]|مؤلف2=تعريب محُمَّد سعيد جمال الدين|عنوان=أخبار سلاجقة الروم|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=39 - 41|سنة=[[2007]]|ناشر=المركز القومي للترجمة|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225136/https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, oo ah deked ganacsi oo muhiim ah. [[Kiikhisroof koowaad|Gayaasudiin Kiikhisroof]] wuxuu xoojiyay maamulkii dhexe, Wuxuu ka dhigay amiirradii loo dhiibay inay maamulaan gobollada, inay noqdaan guddoomiyeyaal ku xiran dowladda dhexe. [[Kiikhisroof koowaad|Gayaasudiin Kiikhisroof]] I wuxuu ku dhintay dagaal boqortooyada niiqiya uu la galay 1211 <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228)|الأول=Filip|الأخير=Van Tricht|ناشر=Brill|سنة=2011|صفحة=375|ISBN=9789004203235|مسار=https://www.academia.edu/8344925/The_Latin_Renovatio_of_Byzantium_The_Empire_of_Constantinople_1204_1228_|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125023148/https://www.academia.edu/8344925/The_Latin_Renovatio_of_Byzantium_The_Empire_of_Constantinople_1204_1228_|تاريخ أرشيف=25 يناير 2021</ref> Waxaana xilka ku murmay Saddexda wiil ee Sultan [[Kiikhisroof koowaad|Kiikhisroof]] ([[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin Keyqubaad]], [[Kiikaawuus koowaad|cizudiin Kiikaawuus]], iyo Keyfaridun), wiilkiisa ugu weyn cizudiin Kiikaawuus ayaa koray carshiga. [[Kiikaawuus koowaad|Cizudiin Kiikaawuus]] ayaa ka adkaaday walaalihiis ee xilka isku heesteen<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Cahen|الأول=Claude|وصلة مؤلف=Claude Cahen|عنوان=Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330|ناشر=Taplinger|سنة=1968|مكان=New York|مسار=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00871|الرقم{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} المعياري=159740456X|صفحات=120–121|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213185111/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/w95050571%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2019-12-13</ref>, ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa, wuxuu siiyay dhammaan dareenkiisa dib u soo nooleenta ganacsiga [[Anatooliya|Anaadool]] Isaga oo heshiis la galay [[Boqortooyada Qubrus]], wuxuu xoreeyay ganacsiga labada dal. Wuxuu [[Siinuub]] ka soo qabsaday [[imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon]] si uu u furo waddada ganacsiga woqooyiga. Ka dib, waxa uu u dhaqaaqay madaxii Armeeniya, kaas oo xannibay wadadii ganacsiga koonfurta, wuuna ka adkaaday Armanka <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن بيبي|ابن بيبي، ناصر الدين حُسين بن مُحمَّد بن علي الجعفري الرغدي]]|مؤلف2=تعريب محُمَّد سعيد جمال الدين|عنوان=أخبار سلاجقة الروم|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=79 - 80|سنة=[[2007]]|ناشر=المركز القومي للترجمة|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225136/https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, waxoo furay waddada ganacsiga ee [[shaam]]. Sidaa darteed [[Anatooliya|Anaadool]] waxay noqotay xarunta safarrada ganacsiga. Markii [[Kiikaawuus koowaad|Kiikaawuus]] dhintay 1220, waxaa carshiga yimid walaalkiis [[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin Keyqubaad]] Mid ka mid ah hogaamiya yaasha ugu caansan ee salaajiqada anaadool, [[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin Keyqbaad]] ayaa qabsaday Kalonoros (maanta Alaniya)<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن بيبي|ابن بيبي، ناصر الدين حُسين بن مُحمَّد بن علي الجعفري الرغدي]]|مؤلف2=تعريب محُمَّد سعيد جمال الدين|عنوان=أخبار سلاجقة الروم|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=125 - 126|سنة=[[2007]]|ناشر=المركز القومي للترجمة|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225136/https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref> oo ah deked muhiim ah oo ku taal xeebta [[bada dhexe]] Waxa uu magaaladan ka dhisay barxad markab, kaas oo markii dambe loo bixiyay magaca Alaniya, waxa uuna dib u dhisay qasrigii magaalada. Waxa uu ku daray dhammaan xeebta iija ilaa [[Antalya|Andaaliya]] ka dib markii ay ganacsatadu weerar ku qaadeen Armenian oo berriga ah iyo budhcad-badeed reer Yurub ah oo badda ku sugnaa. sanadii 1222 burcad badeeb qabiilka qafjaaq iyo ruush ah ayaa soo weeraray xeebaha dawlada, suldaanka asoo ka jawaabaya ciidan xoogan ayuu u diray jasiirad u ekaha qiram waxayna gaareen guulo waaween <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن بيبي|ابن بيبي، ناصر الدين حُسين بن مُحمَّد بن علي الجعفري الرغدي]]|مؤلف2=تعريب محُمَّد سعيد جمال الدين|عنوان=أخبار سلاجقة الروم|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=155 - 169|سنة=[[2007]]|ناشر=المركز القومي للترجمة|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225136/https://ia902507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>, caaludiin wuxuu kusoo daray dawlada dhulka imaarada [[mankuujiyiinta]] iyo [[araqiintnta]] laanta harboot Si looga hortago duulaamada [[tataarka]] wuxuu isku dayay xiriir inuu la sameeyo [[jlaalu-diin khawaarzim shaah]], laakin ma dhicin oo waxaa ka dhex qarxay dagaal 1230, waxaana lagu jabiyay khawaarzimiyiinta <ref>Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi Cilt I'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 118</ref>, [[Dawlada ayuubiyiinta|ayuubiyiinta]] inkastoo ay garab ku siiyeen dawlada la dagaalanka khawaarzimiyiinta hadana xiriirkoodu ma fiicneen oo waxaa laba dhinac dhex maray dagaalo. [[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin]] wuxuu ahaa inuu u diyaar garoobayo [[tataarka]] waxa oo dhisay dhufeesyo badan hase ahaatee geerida ayaa ku timid 1237, waxaana xilka uga dambeeyay wiilkiis [[kiikhisroof labaad]] === Duulaamada tataarka iyo jabka salaajiqada === calaaudiin dhimashadiisa ka dib dawlada waxay gashay marxalad daciifnimo ah [[Kiikhisroof labaad|kiikhisroof]] wuxuu ahaa qof daciif ah hadana daalim ah <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف|عنوان= أخبار الدُول وآثار الأُول في التاريخ|صفحة= 294|سنة= <nowiki>[[1282هـ]]</nowiki>|ناشر= مطبعة الميرزا عبَّاس التبريزي|مكان= <nowiki>[[بغداد]]</nowiki>|مسار= <nowiki>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/أخبار_الدول.pdf|مسار</nowiki> أرشيف= <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20201110005455/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/أخبار_الدول.pdf</nowiki> <nowiki>|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-11-10</nowiki></ref>wasiirada ayaa maamulka dawlada gacanta ku haayeen waxaa billaawday kacdoon uu soo abaabulay wadaad la oran jiray baaba isxaaq, kaas oo ahaay shiici qalifsan <ref group="">[[:tr:Tahir Harimî Balcıoğlu|Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimî]], <nowiki>''Türk Tarihinde Mezhep Cereyanları - The course of [[مذاهب إسلامية عقائدية|madh'hab]] events in [[ترك|Turkish]] [[تاريخ]], ''</nowiki> (Preface and notes by Hilmi Ziya Ülken), 271 pages, Ahmet Sait Press, Kanaat Publications, Istanbul, 1940. {{أيقونة تركية}}</ref>, kacdoon wadayaasha waxay qaribeen magaalooyinka dad badana wey dileen mudo dheer kadib dawladu waxay ku guuleesatay inee soo afjarto kacdoonka tataarka ayaa wuxuu ahaa inuu kusoo dhawaanayo dhulka dawlada, talyahooda baayjuu nooyaan ayaa weeraray araduum 1242 waxayna geesteen xasuuq ba'an<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[شهاب الدين النويري|النُويري، شهاب الدين أحمد بن عبد الوهَّاب بن مُحمَّد]]|عنوان= نهاية الإرب في فنون الأدب|المجلد= الجُزء السابع والعُشرون|طبعة= الأولى|صفحة= 238|سنة= [[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2004]]م|ناشر= دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|تاريخ الوصول= [[17 فبراير|17 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=R42BDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225&lpg=PT225&dq=جرماغون&source=bl&ots=ZC6-ozIfIB&sig=ACfU3U0ymZurX0YPnJU48ELyXg1uOY_SEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzlJOC5MPgAhUIzoUKHZcnBH0Q6AEwBXoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=جرماغون&f=false|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20191129140239/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=R42BDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225&lpg=PT225&dq=جرماغون&source=bl&ots=ZC6-ozIfIB&sig=ACfU3U0ymZurX0YPnJU48ELyXg1uOY_SEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzlJOC5MPgAhUIzoUKHZcnBH0Q6AEwBXoECAwQAQ|تاريخ أرشيف=2019-11-29</ref>, suldaan kiikhisroof markuu maqlay aqbaartaan xun wuxuu la baxay ciidan aad u badan meel la dhaho kuusa daag ayuu kula kulmay tataarka dagaal adag kadib [[tataarka]] ayaa guuleestay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[بدر الدين العيني|العيني، أبو مُحمَّد بدر الدين محمود بن أحمد بن موسى الحنفي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: أ. د. مُحمَّد مُحمَّد أمين|عنوان=عقد الجُمان في تاريخ أهل الزمان|صفحة=26 - 27|سنة=[[1407 هـ|1407هـ]] - [[1987]]م|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب - مركز تحقيق التُراث]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[17 فبراير|17 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-380#page-26|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521174516/http://shamela.ws:80/browse.php/book-380|تاريخ أرشيف=2019-05-21</ref>,[[tataarka]] ayaa bilaabay kadib inuu boobo magaalooyinka dadka uu laayo dumarkana qafaasho <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=مُؤرِّخ مجهول|مؤلف2=تعريب: مُحمَّد سعيد جمال الدين|عنوان=أخبار سلاجقة الروم، مُختصر سَلْجُوقنامه|طبعة=الثانية|صفحة=289 - 292|سنة=[[2007]]|ناشر=المركز القومي للترجمة|تاريخ الوصول=[[17 فبراير|17 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia802507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031094506/https://ia802507.us.archive.org/10/items/akslroakslro/akslro.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=31 أكتوبر </ref>, dagaalkan waxaa ka dashay inee dawladu naqato mid raacsan [[tataarka]] waxeyna ogolaatay inee bixiso canshuur<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمال الدين يُوسُف الأتابكي اليشبقاوي الظاهري]]|عنوان=النُجُوم الزاهرة في مُلُوك مصر والقاهرة|المجلد=الجُزء السادس|صفحة=347|سنة=[[1383 هـ|1383هـ]] - [[1963]]م|ناشر=[[وزارة الثقافة (مصر)|وزارة الثقافة]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[17 فبراير|17 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://ia800200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/06_159838-2.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110134009/https://ia800200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/06_159838-2.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=10 يناير 2020</ref>, === Dhamaadka dawlada === [[Kiikhisroof labaad|kiikhisroof]] wuxuu dhintay 1246<ref name="خواند">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[خواند مير|خواندمير، غيَّاث الدين مُحمَّد بن محمود بن مُحمَّد البلخي الشيرازي الهروي]]|عنوان=تاريخ حبيب السير في أخبار أفراد البشر|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة=540|ناشر=انتشارات خيَّام|لغة=fa|مسار=https://archive.org/details/mohamed_rahman2007_hotmail_20180311_1117/page/n1039/mode/2up</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[منهاج السراج الجوزجاني|الجوزجاني، أبو عُمر منهاجُ الدين عُثمان بن إبراهیم]]|عنوان=طبقات ناصرى|صفحة=331|سنة=[[تقويم هجري شمسي|1363هـ. ش]]|ناشر=دنياى كتاب|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|مكان=[[طهران|تهران]] - [[إيران|ايران]]|لغة=fa|مسار=http://ar.lib.eshia.ir/10516/2/331|مسارالأرشيف=https://archive.vn/1OpEw|تاريخ أرشيف=[[30 يناير|30 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2021]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130021756/http://ar.lib.eshia.ir/10516/2/331</ref>, mdaxdii ka dambeeyay waxay ahaayeen kuwo tataarka uu keensaday wax awood ahna ma laheen inta badan labo ama sedex ayee xilka ku wadaageen kadib cadaadiska u [[tataarka]] u haayo dawlada ayaa isi soo taraatyay, canshuur aad u badan ayee soo rogeen dadka ayaa galay xaalad adag oo usii dheer tahay dulmiga tataarka weerarada biriizanda ee sii kordhaaya dilka siyaasiinta, masiibooyin dabiici ah cuduro faafa ayaa gabi ahaanba ruxay dawlada, suldaankii ugu dambeeyay dawlada [[mascuud labaad]] markuu dhintay 1307 waxay u qeybsantay dawlada toban imaaradood oo loo yaqaanay [[imaaradaha anaadool]], waxayna kala ahaayeen [[imaarada qaramaan]], tika, banuu xumeyd, [[Imaarada karmiyaan|karmiyaan]], munashtaa, banuu barawaana, [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], [[Imaarada saaruuqaan|saaruuqaan]], banuuaydiin iyo [[Imaarada qaraasii|qaraasii]], cusmaaniyiinta ayaa mar dambe awoodeen inay aasaasaan dawlad awood badan oo kulmisa imaaradaha oo dhan<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=335 - 337|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref> == Dhaqanka iyo ilbaxnimada == === Dhaqanka === Inkastoo ey ahaayeen trki waxaa aad ugu faafsanaa dhaqanka faarisiga, qoyska boqortooyada ayaa muddo yar gudaheed kaga tagay magacyadoodii hore ee Turkiga waxayna door bideen in ay wiilashooda u bixiyaan magacyada halyeeyada Iran ee taariikhiga ah ama taliyayaasha sida Kiikaawuus, Keyqubaad, Kiikhisroof <ref name=":1" />. Xagga Turkida, waxa jira muuqaal weli xambaarsan hab-nololeedka Aasiyada Dhexe, dhaqameed iyo caqiido, oo aan awoodin in uu dhexgalo dhaqanka iyo caqiidada Islaamka. Halka kuwa degey tuulooyinka ama magaalooyinka ay ku hoos jireen saameynta dhaqamada Iran iyo Islaamka, kooxaha weli haysta dhaqaalihii nolol-guuraaga ee reer-guuraaga ahaa waxay door bideen meelaha fog, roobabka ama "dhamaadka" degsiimooyinka. === Dhismooyinka === [[File:Konya Alaeddin Mosque from northeast 4170.jpg|thumb|masjidka calaaudiin waxaa lagu aasay badanaa boqorada [[salaajiqada ruum]]]] salaajiqada waxey aad u daneeyeen dhismaha, waxey dhiseen masaajido waaween, qabuuro, madarasooyin qsriyaal isbitaalo, buundooyin, musqul qubeyseed, meelo socotada lagu Marti qaado oo loo yaqaan "khaan" === aqoonta iyo suugaanta === waxey gaartay aqoonta meel fiican waxaa la dhisay madarasooyin waaween o lagu barto culuumta sharciga islaamka gaar ahaan madhabka [[Xanafiya|xanafiga]], sidoo kale waxaa jiray goobo lagu barto quraanka iyo meelo lagu barto [[Xadiis|xadiiska]] oo loo yaqaan daaru xadiis, madarasooyin lagu barto caafimaadka ayaa la dhisay dhamaan madarasooyinka waxaa ku dhagnaa masjid lagu tukado <ref name=":0" />. culumo badan ayaa soo baxay kuwaas oo heer sare ka joogay aqoonta qaarna safar ayee ku imaadeen dawlada waxaana ka mid ahaa [[ibnu carabi]], [[shihaabudiin sahrawurdi]], [[yoonis imra]], [[jalaaludiin ruumi]] iyo [[sadrudiin quunawi]] ==salaadiinta dawlada== <table cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="2" width="70%" align="center" border="1" id="table2"> <tr> <th style="background: #ebc844" ></th> <th style="background: #ebc844" >suldaanka </th> <th style="background: #ebc844" width="8%">nolosha </th> <th style="background: #ebc844" width="8%">talada </th> </tr> <tr> <td width="5%"><font size="-1">1</font> </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Suleyman bin qutulmush]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1086 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1077-1086</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">2</font> </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Abul qaasim</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1092 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1086-1092</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">3</font> </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Qilij arsalaan koowaad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1079-1107 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1092-1107</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">4</font> </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Malik shaah</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1116 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1107-1116</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">5 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Ruknudiin mascuud|Ruknudiin mascuud koowaad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1095-1156 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1116-1156</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">6 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Qilij arsalaan labaad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1155-1092 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1156-1192</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">7 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Gayaasudiin [[kiikhisroof koowaad]]</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1211 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1192-1196</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">8 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Suleymaan labaad </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1204 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1196-1204</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">9 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%"> Qilij arsalaan sedexaad </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1205 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1204-1205</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">10 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Gayaasudiin [[kiikhisroof koowaad]] (mar kale )</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1211 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1205-1211</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">11 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Cizudiin [[kiikaawuus koowaad]]</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1220 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1211-1220</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">12 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Calaaudiin keyqubaad]] koowaad</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1190-1237 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1220-1237</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">13 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Gayaasudiin [[kiikhisroof labaad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1246 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1237-1246</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">14 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">Cizudiin [[kiikaawuus labaad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1279 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1246-1260</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">15 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Qilij arsalaan afaraad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1265 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1248-1265</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">16 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Calaaudiin keyqubaad labaad]] 1249–1257</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1238-1256 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1249-1257</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">17 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Kiikhisroof sedexaad]] 1265–1284</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1259-1284 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1265-1284</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">18 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Mascuud labaad]] 1284–1297</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1307 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1284-1297</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">19 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Calaaudiin sedexaad]] </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1303 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1297-1303</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="3%">20 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="32%">[[Mascuud labaad]] (mar labaad)</td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">....-1307 </td> <td vAlign="top" width="8%">1303-1307</td> </tr> </table> == Xigasho == <references /> <references /> hakqq07the965n2j8ne30q22rm8b34i 0 36428 309679 236604 2026-09-26T00:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afarta madhab''' waa madaahib u howl galeen kala soo bixida xukunada sharciga daliiladood, waxaana raacsasyihiin culumada [[Ahlu sunno waljamaaca|ahlu suna]] waana: madhabka [[xanafiya]] oo loo nisbeeyo imaam [[Abuu Xaniifa|abuu xaniinfa]] (80H-150H) wuxuu ka soo baxay madhabkaan [[baqdaad]] [[ciraaq]]<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.masjidsalahudin.com/?p=506%7Cتاريخ=5 {{Wayback|url=http://www.masjidsalahudin.com/?p=506%7Cتاريخ=5 |date=20190507105308 }} يونيو 2015|عنوان=المذهب الحنفي… المذهب الأكثر انتشاراً في العالم|ناشر=مسجد صلاح الدين|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507105308/http://masjidsalahudin.com/?p=506%7C</ref><ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.islamist-movements.com/6012%7Cتاريخ=17 {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamist-movements.com/6012%7Cتاريخ=17 |date=20190507105334 }} نوفمبر 2014|عنوان=المذهب الحنفي.. المذهب الأكثر انتشاراً|ناشر=بوابة الحركات الإسلامية|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507105334/http://www.islamist-movements.com/6012%7C</ref> Madhabka [[maalikiya]] oo loo nisbeeyo [[Imaam Maalik|imaam maalik bin anas]] (93H-179H) wuxuu ka soo baxay madhabkaan [[Medina|madiina]] [[Xijaas|xijaaz]] <ref>كتاب: أطلس الحج والعمرة تأريخا وفقها، تأليف: سامي بن عبد الله بن أحمد المغلوث، الناشر: مكتبة العبيكان، الطبعة الثانية: 2014م، ص: 89.</ref> <ref>كتاب: مقاصد الشريعة كفلسفة للتشريع الإسلامي: رؤية منظومية، تأليف: د. جاسر عودة، تعريب: عبد اللطيف الخياط، الناشر: المعهد العالمي للفكر الإسلامي، الطبعة الأولى: 2012م، ص: 393.</ref> Madhabka [[shaaficiya]] oo loo nisbeeyo [[Imaamu Shaafici|imaam shaafici]] (150H-204H) wuxuu ka soo baxay madhabkaan [[ciraaq]] kadib [[masar]]<ref>كتاب: (المذاهب الفقهية الأربعة: أئمتها - أطوارها - أصولها - آثارها)، تأليف: وحدة البحث العلمي بإدارة الإفتاء (الكويت)، الناشر: وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية بالكويت، الطبعة الأولى: 2015م، ص: 132.</ref> Madhabka [[xanaabila]] oo loo nisbeeyo imaam [[Axmed Binu Xambal|axmad bin xanbal]] (164H-241H) wuxuu ka soo baxay madhabkaan wuxuu ka soo baxay [[baqdaad]] <ref>التركي، عبد الله بن عبد المحسن (1990). '''أصول مذهب الإمام أحمد: ''دراسة أصولية مقارنة'''''. مؤسسة الرسالة، بيروت. 3 ص 434</ref> <ref>[http://www.alhanabila.com/vb/showthread.php?t=241 أصول مذهب الإمام أحمد بن حنبل] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alhanabila.com/vb/showthread.php?t=241 |date=20160206135613 }}<nowiki>. {{Webarchive|url=</nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160206135613/http://www.alhanabila.com/vb/showthread.php?t=241%7C</ref><ref>التركي، عبد الله بن عبد المحسن (1990). '''أصول مذهب الإمام أحمد: ''دراسة أصولية مقارنة'''''. مؤسسة الرسالة، بيروت. 3 ص 423</ref><ref>ابن حنبل، محمد أبو زهرة، ص237-238</ref> == Xigasho == <references /> er4jei6n06sdvy6yxi7ws2zhbpxb8jl 0 36471 309684 273240 2026-09-26T01:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawlada ayuubiyiinta''' ([[Af-Carabi]]: '''الدولة الأيوبية)''' waxay ahayd dawlad ka jirtay [[Masar]], [[Shaam]], [[Xijaas|Xijaaz]] iyo [[Yaman]], waxaa aasaasay [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin Al-Ayyuubi]] 1171, wuxuu ahaa [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] mid hoos tagi jiray [[nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin Zanki]], waxa uuna noqday waziirka [[Masar]] asigoo ku guuleestay inuu ku dhigo awooda oo idil gacantiisa kadibna meesha ka saaro [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] kuna fidiyo [[Masar]] madahbka [[Sunni|Suniga]] ah <ref>[http://egypthistory.net/1169/سقوط-الخلافة-الفاطمية-وصلاح-الدين-يحك/ بداية النهاية للخلافة الفاطمية في مصر] {{Wayback|url=http://egypthistory.net/1169/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%83/ |date=20180724181303 }} تاريخ مصر. وصل لهذا المسار في 31 مارس 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724181303/http://egypthistory.net:80/1169/سقوط-الخلافة-الفاطمية-وصلاح-الدين-يحك/|date=24 يوليو 2018}}</ref>.{{Infobox country | native_name = {{lang|ar|الأيوبيون}} <br> {{lang|ckb|ئەیووبی}} <br>{{lang|ku|Eyûbî}} | conventional_long_name = Ayuubiyiinta | common_name = Ayyubids | image_flag = Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg | image_flag2 = Saladin's Standard.svg | flag_type = Left: Banner of the Ayyubid Dynasty<br>Right: Reconstruction of [[Eagle of Saladin|Saladin's personal standard]] | status = Sovereign state<br>(1171–1260) | government_type = dawlad ka hoos jirtay [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|khilaafada cabaasiyiinta]]<ref>Jackson 1996, p. 36</ref> | year_start = 1171 | year_end = 1260^a/1341 | p1 = Fatimid Caliphate | flag_p1 = White flag 3 to 2.svg | p2 = Zengid dynasty | p3 = Kingdom of Jerusalem | flag_p3 = Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg | p4 = Zurayids | p5 = Kingdom of Georgia | flag_p5 = Flag of Kingdom of Georgia.svg | p6 = Shah-Armens | p7 = Artuqids | s1 = Mamluk Sultanate | flag_s1 = Mameluke Flag.svg | border_s1 = no | s2 = Rasulid dynasty | s3 = Emirate of Hasankeyf | s4 = Principality of Donboli | s5 = Emirate of Şirvan | s6 = Emirate of Kilis | s7 = Emirate of Bingöl |s8 =Rasulid dynasty | image_map = Ayyubid_Sultanate_1193_AD.jpg | image_map_caption = Ayyubid [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultanate of Egypt]] (in pink) at the death of [[Saladin]] in 1193 | capital = {{plainlist| *[[Qaahiro]] (1171–1174) *[[Dimishiq]] (1174–1218) *[[Qaahiro]] (1218–1250) *[[Xalab]] (1250–1260) *[[Xamaa]] (until 1341)}} | common_languages = {{plainlist| *[[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[af turkish]] *[[af Kurdish |Kurdish]]<ref name="Magill809">{{harvnb|Magill|1998|p=809}}</ref><ref name="France84">{{harvnb|France|1998|p=84}}</ref>}} | religion = {{plainlist| * [[Sunni Islam]] * [[Madhab|School]]: [[Shafi'i]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Rumee |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law |date=25 October 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=311 |isbn=9780191668265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs90DwAAQBAJ&q=ayyubid+shafi%27i&pg=PA311}}</ref> * [[Islamic theology|Creed]]: [[Ash'ari]]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eliade |first1=Mircea |title=Kalam |journal=The Encyclopedia of Religion |year=1987 |volume=8 |page=238 |isbn=9780029097908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyIkAAAAYAAJ&q=ayyubid+ash%27ari}}</ref> | currency = [[Dinar]], [[Dirham]] | leader1 = [[Saladin]] (first) | year_leader1 = 1174–1193 | leader2 = [[Al-Aziz Uthman|Al-Aziz]] | year_leader2 = 1193–1198 | leader3 = [[Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad|Al-Mansur]] | year_leader3 = 1198–1200 | leader4 = [[Al-Adil I]] | year_leader4 = 1200–1218 | leader5 = [[Al-Kamil]] | year_leader5 = 1218–1238 | leader6 = [[Al-Adil II]] | year_leader6 = 1238–1240 | leader7 = [[As-Salih Ayyub]] | year_leader7 = 1240–1249 | leader8 = [[Shajar al-durr]] | year_leader8 = 1250–1250 | leader9 = [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Ashraf]] | year_leader9 = 1250–1254 | title_leader = [[Suldaan]] | stat_year1 = 1190 est. | stat_area1 = 2000000 | ref_area1 = <ref name="TurchinAdamsHall223">{{harvnb|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}</ref> | stat_year2 = 12th century | stat_pop2 = 7,200,000 (estimate)^c | stat_year3 = 1200 est. | stat_area3 = 1700000 | ref_area3 = {{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=495}} | footnotes = ^a laan ka mid ah ayuubiyiinta ayaa xukumeesay xisni keyfaa.<br>^bTirada guud ee dadka ku noolaa dhulka Ayuubiyiinta si sax ah loo ma oga. Tirada dadka waxaa ku jira Masar shaam. dhulalka kale ee Ayuubiyiinta sida Xijaas, Yaman, Nuuba iyo Burqa kuma jiraan tirada }} markoo dhintay [[nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin Zanki]] wuxuu [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] aaday [[Shaam]] wuxuuna ku daray dawladiisa, sidaas ayuu ku noqday suldaanka [[Shaam]] iyo [[Masar]], [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa caan ku ahaa jihaadka uu kula jiray kirishmiska iyo inuu xureeyay magaalooyin badan oo ugu muhiimsantay [[Qudus]] oo xureeyay kadib [[dagaalkii xudiin|Dagaalkii Xudiin]] ee dhacay 1187, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] kadib wiilashiisa ayaa isku qabsadeen xilka balse [[Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar]] oo ahaa adeerkood ayaa xilka kala wareegay sanadkii 1200, waxa uuna sii waday ladagaalanka Saliibiyiinta, asna wiialshiisa ayuu u qeybiyay boqortooyada, waxaana ka dhex dhashay dagaalo sokeeya, Saliibiyiinta ayaa dagaalo isdaba joog ah soo qaadeen [[Al-Kaamil Muxamad|Al-Kaamil]] ayaa siiyay [[Qudus]] 1228, [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] ayaa fuulay xilka 1240 waxa uu ka soo ceshaday saliibiyiinta [[Qudus]] iyo meelo kale, ciidamo adooman ah ayuu aad u badsaday, 1249kii ayuu dhintay [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] waqti weerarkii todobaad ee saliibiyiinta uu socday, naagtiisa [[shajaru duri|Shajaru Durri]] ayaa ka shaqeesay jabinta saliibiyiinta, [[Tooraan shaah bin saalax ayuub|Tooraan Shaah]] oo ah wiilka [[saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] ayaa xilka qabtay, hase yeeshee mamaaliikta ayaa dileen 2 may 1250 waxaa sidaas ku dhamaaday ayuubiyiinta [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]] ayaana bilaabatay <ref>[https://www.roo7e.com/islam/book6-62.html التاريخ الإسـلامي الدولة الأيوبية] {{Wayback|url=https://www.roo7e.com/islam/book6-62.html |date=20161104031725 }} موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة. وصل لهذا المسار في 31 مارس 2016 {{وصلة مكسورة|date=يوليو 2017|bot=JarBot}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104031725/http://www.roo7e.com:80/islam/book6-62.html|date=04 نوفمبر 2016}}</ref><ref>سامي عبدالله المغلوث ([[1434 هـ]] - [[2013]]م). أطلس تاريخ العصر المملوكي (الطبعة الأولى). [[الرياض]] - [[السعودية]]. مكتبة العبيكان صفحة 17</ref> == Asalka ayuubiyiinta == Asalka ayuubiyiinta waxaa ka jira muran badan xitaa Boqorada Ayuubiyiinta laftirkooda ayaa isku heestay, dadka qaar ayaa dhaha waa [[Carabta|Carab]] qaarna [[turki]] ayee ku sheegaan balse waxaa xoog badan inay yihiin [[Kurdi]], [[Najmudiin ayuub|Najmudiin Ayuub]] oo loogu magac daray dawlada iyo walaalkii [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu Diin Shiirkuu]] waxaa la oran jiray aabahood Shaadi bin Marwaan abtirsi intaas sii dhaafsan lama yaqaan == Taariikhda == === Hordhac === [[Najmudiin Ayuub]] iyo walaalkiis [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] ayaa dagnaayeen duween magaalo la dhaho oo ka tirsan armiiniya waxayna u soo guureen [[Ciraaq]]<ref name=":0">[https://yabeyrouth.net/content/view/832/41 رجال خالدون، صلاح الدين الأيوبي] يا بيروت. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ= مايو 2019 |bot=JarBot}}<nowiki> {{Webarchive|url=</nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20200407233404/https://yabeyrouth.net/content/view/832/41/ |date=7 أبريل 2020</ref>, talye ka tiirsanaa [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] oo [[mujaahidu diin bahruuz|Mujaahidu Diin Bahruuz]] la dhaho ayaa u dhiibay Ayuub bin Shaadi maamulka [[Tikriit]], waxaa dhacday [[camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin Zanki]] in lagu jabiyo dagaal uu la galay khaliifka 1132 waxa uuna yimid [[tikriit]] [[ayuub bin shaadi|Ayuub bin Shaadi]] ayaa caawiyay oo siiyay gabaad, [[mujaahidu diin bahruuz|Mujaahidu Diin Bahruuz]] oo ka carooday arintaan iyo arimo kale ayaa xilka ka qaaday [[ayuub bin shaadi|Ayuub bin Shaadi]], waxayna aadeen asaga iyo walaalkiis [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu Diin Shiirkuu]] [[Mowsil|mawsil]] oo ahayd xarunta [[camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin Zanki]] <ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1427 هـ]] - [[2006]]م). الدولة الفاطمية (الطبعة الأولى). [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]. مؤسسة اقرأ صفحة 139</ref>, waxaa la sheegaa in habeenka xilka laga qaaday uu dhashay wiilkiis [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]]<ref name=":1">[https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626 أسد الدين شيركوه فاتح مصر الثاني] {{Wayback|url=https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626 |date=20160423203818 }} مجلة العربي. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203818/https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=23 أبريل 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160423203818/http://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=23 أبريل 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">[[مرتضى الزبيدي|المرتضى الزبيدي]]، تحقيق صلاح الدين المنجد ([[1995]]م). ترويح القلوب في ذكر الملوك بني أيوب (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار الكتاب الجديد صفحة 68</ref>. [[Camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin Zanki]] ayaa soo dhaweeyay waxa oo ka dhigay [[Najmudiin ayuub|Ayuub bin Shaadi]] talyaha [[Baclabak]] kadib markuu qabsaday 1139 <ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1429 هـ]] - [[2008]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار المعرفة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع صفحة 226</ref> halka [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] oo ka dhigay talyaha guud ee ciidamadiisa, markuu dhintay [[camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin Zanki]] 1146 dawladiisa waxaa kala qeybsaday labadiis wiil [[nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin Zanki]] oo [[Xalab]] qaatay iyo [[seefudiin gaazi|Seefudiin Gaazi]] oo [[Mowsil]] qaatay, talyaha [[Dimishiq]] [[muciiudiin anar|Muciiudiin Anar]] ayaa ka faaideestay oo isku dayay qabsashada [[Baclabek|Baclabak]], [[najmudiin ayuub|Najmudiin Ayuub]] ayaa u dhiibay magaalada waxa uuna dalbaday in [[Dimishiq]] dhul laga siiyo, halkaas ayuu jago muuqato ka helay, [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] asaga [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] agtiis ayuu ku haray, sanadkii 1154 [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] ayaa furtay [[dimishiq|Dmishiq]] [[najmudiin ayuub|Najmudiin Ayuub]] ayaana gacan ka siiyay qabsashadeyda waxaana laga dhigay talyaha [[Dimishiq]]. === Aasaaska dawlada === [[Masar]] waxaa ka jirtay [[dawladii faadumiyiinta|Dawladii Faadumiyiinta]] oo markaas aad u liidatay waxaa ka dhex jiray wasiirada [[Masar]] dagaalo iyo fitan badan heer ay [[Masar]] noqotay meel saliibiyiinta damac ka galo <ref name="قصة الإسلام">[http://islamstory.com/arسقوط_دولة_الفاطميين سقوط دولة الفاطميين د. عبد الحليم عويس] {{Wayback|url=http://islamstory.com/ar%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86 |date=20200406164428 }} قصة الإسلام، 10 أغسطس 2008. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406164428/http://islamstory.com/%7Cdate%3D6 أبريل 2020</ref>, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] asna riyadiisa waxay ahayd [[Masar]] iyo [[Shaam]] in hal dawlad oo ku kulmiyo si loo wajaho saliibiyiinta <ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1429 هـ]] - [[2008]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار المعرفة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع صفحة 168</ref>, labo wasiir oo la kala dhaho dirgaam iyo [[Shaawar]] ayaa ku loolan sanaa [[Masar]] waxaana adkaaday dirgaam, [[Shaawar]] ayaa garab ka doontay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] waxa uuna balan qaaday in uu siiyo sedex meelood meel miisaaniyada [[Masar]] <ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1429 هـ]] - [[2008]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار المعرفة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع صفحة 168</ref>, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] ayaa u diray [[Masar]] talyihiisa [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] iyo ciidan badan, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|salaaxudiin]] ayaana qeyb ka ahaa, dirgaam asna saliibiyiinta ayuu ka hiil doontay <ref>الأيوبيون والمماليك التاريخ السياسي والعسكري صفحة 24</ref>, labada ciidan ayaa ku kulmay [[Qaahiro]] agteed dirgaam ayaa laga adkaaday oo la dilay, laakin [[Shaawar]] ayaa qiyaano sameeyay oo balantii ka baxay, waxa uu ka dalabay [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] inuu ciidankiis kala baxo [[Masar]] [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|shiirkuu]] ayaa diiday, [[Shaawar]] oo wehliyaan ciidamada saliibiyiinta ayaa ku go'doomiyeen ciidankii [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] magaalada [[Balbiis]]<ref group="">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Gibb, Sir Hamilton|عنوان=The Life of Saladin|ناشر=Oxford University Press|سنة=2006|isbn=978-0-86356-928-9|صفحة=8</ref>, ugu dambeyn [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayaa aqbalay in uu la baxo ciidankiisa. [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] ayaa aqbali la'aa waxa ka soo gaaray masar in badan ayuu ku celceliyay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] inuu ku laabto [[Masar]] sanadkii 562H ayuu helay fasax, wuxuu u baxay [[Masar]], [[Shaawar]] ayaa ka hiil doontay saliibiyiinta, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayaa ku jabiyay saliibiyiinta [[dagaalkii baabeen|Dagaalkii Baabeen]] 1167 wuxuu qabsaday meelo meelo badan oo [[Askandariya]] ku jirto, [[Saliibiyiinta]] ayaa ku go'doomiyeen ciidankiisa [[Askandariya]] in mudo ah, markale wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu dib u soo laabto, sanadkii [[564H]]\1168 saliibiyiinta ayaa markaan soo weerareen [[Masar]] waxey ka geesteen [[Balbiis]] xasuuq argagax leh<ref name=":0" />, [[Shaawar]] oo iska waayay tabar ayaa gubay [[Fusdaad]] <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm|تاريخ=January–February {{Wayback|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm{{!}}تاريخ=January–February |date=20141129022644 }} 1995|ناشر=''[[:en:Saudi Aramco World|Saudi Aramco World]]''|صفحات=20–27|مؤلف=Dr. Zayn Bilkadi|عنوان=The Oil Weapons|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022644/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=29 نوفمبر 2014|وصلة مكسورة=no</ref>, khaliifka faadumiyiinta [[alcaadid li dini laah|Al-Caadid li diini laah]] ayaa ka dalbay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] inuu soo gaaro, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayaa mar kale u dhaqaaqay [[masar]] saliibiyiinta ayuu buriyay, [[Shaawar]] ayuu ka dareemay qiyaano wuxuu amray in la dilo <ref name=":1" /> khaliifka faadumiyiinta ayaa ka dhigtay [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] wasiir balse laba bil ka dib wuu dhintay [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa badalay oo noqday wasiirka [[Masar]]<ref name=":2" />. [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa bilaabay inuu [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] meesha ka saaro wuuna ku guuleestay sanadii 567H\1171 <ref name="الدولة الأيوبية">المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السادس. تأليف: شفيق جحا، [[منير البعلبكي]]، [[بهيج عثمان]]، [[دار العلم للملايين]]، [[بيروت]]. [[الدولة الأيوبية|الأيوبيون]]، صفحة: 92-94</ref>, madhabka [[Shiica|shiiciga]] ee [[Masar]] ka jiray wuxuu ku badalay madhabka [[Sunni|suniga]] <ref name="الصلابي 137">الدولة الزنكية للصلابي، نقلا من: القاضي الفاضل ص137</ref> madarasooyin lagu barto ayuuna dhisay<ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=41</ref>, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] waxa uu xoojiyay awoodiisa [[Masar]], [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] ayaa ka cabsaday awoodiisa sii kordheeso, waxaa labadood ka dhex dhashay kala shaki, waxay sii korortay sanadkii 1172 markii [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ka caga jiiday inuu kula kulmo [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] qalcadaha kark iyo shoobak oo la rabay in la weeraro <ref>الدولة الزنكية ونجاح المشروع الإسلامي لمقاومة التغلغل الباطني والصليبي. د [[علي الصلابي]]. صفحة594</ref> asigoo ka baqaayo in xilka laga qaado, wuxuu ku andacooday in xaalka [[Masar]] uu fiicneen, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] kuma qancin marmarsiyadiisa wuxuu go'aansaday inuu aado [[Masar]] xilkana ka qaado<ref name="عيون الر4 وضتين في أخبار الدولتين النورية والصلاحية">{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=عيون الروضتين في أخبار الدولتين النورية والصلاحية|مؤلف=شهاب الدين عبد الرحمن بن إبراهيم المقدسي|1000journal=|صفحات=424|سنة=1991</ref>. [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa bilaabay inuu raadsado meel uu u baxsado hadii [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] yimaado [[Masar]], wuxuu weeraray dhulka [[Nuuba]] 1173, meelo ayuu ka qabsaday<ref name="الكامل 568"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ابن الأثير|الأول=|وصلة مؤلف=ابن الأثير|عنوان=</nowiki>[[الكامل في التاريخ]]، الجزء العاشر، أحداث 568 هـ|سنة=2008|ناشر=دار التوفيقية للطباعة|مكان=القاهرة|صفحات=ص 46-51</ref>, sidoo kale waxa uu u diray ciidan dhulka [[Magrib (Gobol)|Magrib]] waxaa horkacaayay taliye [[Qaraaquush]] waxey qabsadeen meelo ay ka mid tahay [[Triboli|Daraabulis]] iyo [[Burqa]], sanadkii 1174 waxaa soo gaaray in uu [[Yaman]] ka soo baxay nin cabdi nabi la dhaho dad badana uu laayay, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa u diray walaalkiis [[Tooraan Shaah]], wuxuu awooday inuu qabsado [[Yaman]] oona dilo cabdi nabi<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=ابن كثير|الأول=|وصلة مؤلف=ابن كثير|عنوان=</nowiki>[[البداية والنهاية]]، الجزء الثامن، أحداث 569 هـ|سنة=2008|ناشر=دار التوفيقية للطباعة|مكان=القاهرة|صفحات=ص 397-399</ref> [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] ciidan badan ayuu aruursaday waxa uu qorsheeyay inuu aado [[Masar]] balse geerida ayaa u timid 15 [[may]] 1174 <ref name="صلاح3">{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=نظرة عربية على غزوات الإفرنج من بداية الحروب الصليبية حتى وفاة نور الدين ص 151|مؤلف=تيسير بن موسى|1000journal=|صفحات=173|سنة=</ref>. dhimashada [[nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin Zanki]] ka dib waxa uu noqday [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] mid madax banaan, waxaana meesha ka bilaabatay dawlada ayuubiyiinta <ref>محمد فريد أبو حديد ([[1346 هـ]] - [[1927]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وعصره (الطبعة الأولى). [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]. مطبعة دار الكتب المصرية صفحة 79</ref><ref>[[علي الصلابي|علي محمد الصلابي]] ([[1429 هـ]] - [[2008]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار المعرفة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع صفحة 229</ref> === Qabsashada Shaam === [[Nuurudiin zanki]] markuu dhintay waxaa xilka ka dhaxlay wiilkiis [[saalax ismaaciil|Saalax Ismaaciil]] oo ahaa canug yar 11jir ah waxaana ka bilaawday [[Shaam]] is qabqabsi <ref name=":3">البير شاندور، ترجمة سعيد أبو الحسن ([[1993]]م). صلاح الدين الأيوبي البطل الأنقى في الإسلام (الطبعة الثانية). [[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]. دار طلاس للدراسات والترجمة والنشر صفحة 132</ref>, [[Saliibiyiinta]] oo fursad u arkay ayaa kusoo dhaqaaqeen [[Dimishiq]], talyihii magaalada ayaa ugu yeeray [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|salaaxudiin]] inuu yimaado [[shaam]], [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa yimid [[Shaam]] waxa uuna qabsaday [[Dimishiq]] dhib la'aan<ref name=":3" />, kadibna [[ximsa]] iyo [[Xamaa]], [[Xalab]] ayaa ku cuslaatay talyaha [[Xalab]] [[Sacdudiin Guumushtakiin]] ayaa ka dalbay [[Xashaashiyiinta]] inee dilaan [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] balse wuu ka badbaaday<ref>محمد حمدان السيد ([[1433 هـ]] - [[2012]]م). الفرق في الإسلام في مئة سؤال و جواب: جذورها وحاضرها (الطبعة الأولى). [[عمان (مدينة)|عمان]] - [[الأردن]]. دار المأمون للنشر والتوزيع صفحة 84</ref>, markale Guumushtakiin wuxuu garab weydiistay [[Saliibiyiinta]], waxee weerareen [[Xamaa]] oo horay u qabsaday [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|salaaxudiin]], taasi oo keentay inuu aado [[Saliibiyiinta]]. Salaaxudiin wuxuu u qoray khaliifka cabaasiyiinta [[Mustadii bi amri laah]] fariin oo ku sharaxaayo sababta duulaankiisa [[Shaam]] oo ku cadeeyay inee tahay rabitaanka muslimiinta<ref>[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12813/page-419 كتاب صلاح الدين الأيوبي وجهوده في القضاء على الدولة الفاطمية وتحرير بيت المقدس صفحة 422] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12813/page-419 |date=20160602065921 }} المكتبة الشاملة. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160602065921/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12813/page-419|date=02 يونيو 2016}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref> [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa siiyay wuxuuna u aqoonsaday boqorka [[Shaam]] iyo [[Masar]] 1175<ref>أبو مسلم يوسف ([[2006]]م). الأمن وتاريخ مصر: الشرطة في نصر على مر العصور (الطبعة الأولى). [[الإسكندرية]] - [[مصر]]. مركز الإسكندرية للكتاب صفحة 100</ref>. Sanadkii 1176 waxaa dhex maray [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] iyo zankiyiinta [[Xalab]] iyo [[Mowsil]] dagaalo ugu dambeyn waxey ku hishiiyeen in leyska kaashado la dagaalanka [[Saliibiyiinta]], isla waqtigaas markale ayee [[Xashaashiyiinta]] isku dayeen dilka [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|salaaxudiin]], wuxuu uga jawaabay inuu weeraray [[572H]] qalcadahooda wax badana buuna ka laayay<ref>[[ابن واصل|جمال الدين محمد بن سالم بن واصل]]، تحقيق جمال الدين الشيال ([[1377 هـ]] - [[1957]]م). مفرج الكروب في أخبار بني أيوب الجزء الثاني (الطبعة الأولى). [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]. دار الكتب والوثائق القومية المطبعة الأميرية صفحة 47</ref>, wuxuu isaga noqday [[Masar]] kadib markuu guusaday xaaska [[Nuurudiin zanki]] lix sano ayuu joogay oo arimaheeda gudaha oo hagaajinaayay, Sanadkii 1181 waxaa dhintay [[saalax ismaaciil|Saalax Ismaaciil]] <ref>تاريخ الفاطميين والزنكيين والأيوبيين والمماليك وحضاراتهم صفحة 159</ref> si dhaqso ah ayuu ku yimid [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] [[Shaam]] waxa uuna qabsaday [[Xalab]], [[Mowsil]] ayuu go'doomiyay 1185 waxa oona ku qasbay amiirkeeda inuu noqdo mid raacsan asaga, wuxuu sidaas ku xaqiijiyay midnimada islaamka laga bilaabo [[Wabiga Niil|Niil]] ilaa [[Furaat]]<ref>تاريخ الفاطميين والزنكيين والأيوبيين والمماليك وحضاراتهم صفحة 159 - 160</ref>. === La dagaalanka Saliibiyiinta === [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] markii uu dhisay dawlad taagan laga bilaabo [[Furaat]] bari ilaa [[Burqa]] galbeed, [[Mowsil]] iyo [[Xalab]] laga bilaabo waqooyi ilaa [[Suudaan|Nuuba]] iyo [[Yemen|Yaman]] koonfur wuxuu xooga saaray la dagaalanka Saliibiyiinta, isku dhacii ugu horeeyay ee Ayuubiyiinta iyo Saliibiyiinta wuxuu ahaa [[573H]], markaas Ayuubiyiinta la jabiyay <ref>[https://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/331/2140.htm كتاب الكامل في التاريخ لابن الأثير الجزء الخامس صفحة 140] {{Wayback|url=https://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/331/2140.htm |date=20160428121306 }} الموسوعة الشاملة. وصل لهذا المسار في 2 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160428121306/http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/331/2140.htm|date=28 أبريل 2016}}</ref>, Sanadkii [[574H]] wuxuu Balduweyn afaraad dhaqaaqay xaga [[Dimishiq]], Cizudiin Farakh Shaah oo ciidan badan wata ayaa awooday inuu jabiyo, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] iyo Balduweyn waxa ay kala saxiixdeen [[576H]] hishiis xabad joojin ah, kaas oo kulmiyay dhamaan magaalooyinka ku jira gacanta Saliibiyiinta marka laga reebo [[Andaakiya]] iyo [[Triboli|Daraabulis]], laakin [[Arnaad]] oo ahaa talyaha dhufeyska Karki ayaa jabiyay hishiiska waxa uuna weeraray doomaha muslimiinta ee [[Xaj|xajka]] u socda iyo kuwa ganacsiga, sidoo kale waxa uu qaaday weerar badda ah oo ujeedkeed ahaa [[Makka]] iyo [[Madiina Al-munawara|Madiina]], waxey gaareen [[dakada Ceynaab]] halkaas oo ku laayeen ganacsato ka timid [[Hindiya]] iyo [[Cadan]], doomahooda ayeena qaateen, walaal [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ee [[Masar]] joogay [[Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar|Al-Caadil]] ayaa dilay maraakiib ciidan uu hogaaminayay [[Xusmaaudiin Lu'lu']] waxey daba galeen doomaha Saliibiyiinta wayna ka adkaadeen <ref>تذكرة الأخبار عن اتفاقات الأسفار صفحة 41</ref>, laakin [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] waxa uu ku dhaartay inuusan u dhaafin [[Arnaad]] falkiisaan waxa uuna ku qaaday Kark labo weerar balse ma ayna xaqiijin hadafkiisa <ref>[[محمود شاكر (مؤرخ)|محمود شاكر]] ([[1421 هـ]] - [[2000]]م). التاريخ الإسلامي الجزء السادس الدولة العباسية الجزء الثاني (الطبعة الثاني). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. المكتبة الإسلامية صفحة 316</ref>. == Liiska Boqorada Ayuubiyiinta == {| class="wikitable" ! !suldaanka !Bilaawga talada !Dhamaadka talada |- |1 |[[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin Al-ayuubi]] |[[569H]]/1174 |[[588H]]/1193 |- |2 |Al-Caziiz Cusmaan |[[588H]]/1193 |[[594H]]/1198 |- |3 |Al-Mansuur Maxamad |[[594H]]/1198 |[[596H]]/1200 |- |4 |[[Al-Caadil Abuu Bakar]] |[[596]]/1200 |[[614H]]/1218 |- |5 |[[Al-Kaamil Muxamad]] |[[614H]]/1218 |[[635H]]/1238 |- |5 |Al-Caadil labaad Abuubakar |[[635H]]/1238 |[[637H]]/1240 |- |5 |Al-[[Saalax ayuub|Saalax Ayuub]] |[[637H]]/1240 |[[646H]]/1249 |- |5 |Al-Mucaddam Tooraan Shaah |[[646H]]/1249 |[[647H]]/1250 |} == Xigasho == <references /> 4sg256dmcgb46iou63wr4wkn36mrzvf 0 36473 309697 305831 2026-09-26T03:47:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | type = Khilaafa | name = Al-Muctasim bilaah<br><small> المعتصم بالله</small> | title = [[List of Caliphs|Khaliif]] <br> [[Amirul-Mu'miniin]] | image = File:Byzantine emissaries to the Caliph.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = Medieval miniature of people standing before a seated ruler within a stylized edifice | caption = Ergadii Biriizanda ka hor al-Mu'tasim (fadhi, midig), wax yar oo ka yimid Skylitzes Madrid (qarnigii 12aad/13aad) | succession = Kahaliifka 8aad ee khulafada cabaasiyiinta | reign = 9 Augoosto 833 – 5 Janawari 842 | predecessor1 = [[Al-Ma'muun]] | successor1 = [[Alwaasiq bilaah]] | issue = {{plainlist| * [[alwaasiq bilaah]] * [[mutawakil cala laah]] * [[mustaciin bilaah]] * Abdallah}} | full name = Abuu Isxaaq 'Maxmad bin Haaruun al-Rashiid al-Muvtasim bilaah | house = [[Cabaasiyiinta]] | house-type = Boqortooyo | father = [[Haaruun Alrashiid]] | mother = [[Maarida binti Shabib]] | birth_date = Oktoobar 796 | birth_place = [[Baqdaad]] | death_date = 5 Janawari 842 (45jir) | death_place = [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] | place of burial = Qasriga Jawsaq , Samaara | religion = [[Muctazila]], [[Islam]] }} == Qabashadiis xilka == == Kacdoonka khurramiyiinta == Khurammiyiinta waxay ahaayeen koox gaalo ah oo alla iyo rasuul xalaal iyo xaaraan toona rumeesneen<ref name=":0">فصل الخطاب في شرح مسائل الجاهلية (مطبوع مع رسالة قطف الثمر لصديق حسن خان) المؤلف: أبو المعالي محمود شكري بن عبد الله بن محمد بن أبي الثناء الألوسي (المتوفى: 1342هـ)</ref>, waxey aaminsanaayeen fikirka ibaaxiyada iyo in la wadaago xoolaha iyo dumarka, marnarka qaar islaamnida ayee ku gamban jireen<ref name=":4">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://haithem-alsaab.blogspot.com/2017/05/blog-post_17.html|عنوان=مدونة{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} هيثم الصعب: الخرمية طلائع الانقسام الإسلامي|موقع=مدونة هيثم الصعب|تاريخ الوصول=2017-05-18|الأخير=الصعب|الأول=هيثم سعد|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218144611/https://haithem-alsaab.blogspot.com/2017/05/blog-post_17.html%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2019-12-18</ref><ref name=":3">موقف أصحاب الأهواء والفرق من السنة النبوية ورواتها جذورهم ووسائلهم وأهدافهم قديما وحديثا المؤلف: أبو ياسر محمد بن مطر بن عثمان آل مطر الزهراني (المتوفى: 1427هـ)</ref>, [[abuu Muslim khuraasaani]] ayee saaid u aaminsanaayeen, dhowr jeer ayee dawlada ku falaagoobeen, waxaa kamid ahaa [[sunbaad]] ee [[abuu jacfar almansuur]] xiligiisa soo baxay, nin la yiraahdo [[baabaka khurrami]] ayaa ka soo baxay dhulka [[Aserbiijaan|azrbiijaan]] xiligii [[ma'muun]] 816 <ref name="مفكرة">[http://islammemo.cc/2003/06/13/1203.html فتنة بابك الخرمي – رائد الإباحية - مفكرة الإسلام] {{Wayback|url=http://islammemo.cc/2003/06/13/1203.html |date=20170727000937 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727000937/http://islammemo.cc/2003/06/13/1203.html%7Cdate%3D27 يوليو 2017</ref>, waxaana raacay dad badan, kacdoonkiisa ayaa socday mudo 20 sano ah<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير=خماش|الأول=نجدة|وصلة مؤلف=|مؤلفين مشاركين=|تاريخ=|مسار=https://www.arab-ency.com/?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192&m=1|عنوان=بابَك{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الخُرَّمي|تنسيق=|عمل=الموسوعة العربية|صفحات=|ناشر=|لغة=|تاريخ الوصول=12 كانون الأول 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193803/http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192&m=1%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=4 مارس 2016</ref>, waxey yeesheen awood balaaran, meelaha buuraleyda ayee gabaad ka dhigteen waxeyna awoodeen inee jabiyaan ciidamo badan oo loo diray, kumanaan dad muslimiin ahna wey laayeen, dadka safareeda ahna wey boobi jireen, cabsi iyo aragagax ayaa soo food saartay dadkii ka ag dhawaa, dardaaranka [[ma'muun]] wuxuu ahaa in xooga la saaro ururkaan. markuu muctasim xilka fuulay waxa uu isugu geeyay awoodiisa oo dhan, ciidankii ugu horeeyay wuxuu u diray [[hamadaan]] waxeyna dudnsheen qalcado iyo dhufeesyo badan oo lahaayeen [[khurammiyiinta]], madax sarena way ka qabteen, ciidan kale oo aad u xoog badnaa ayuu diray waxaana hogaamiya ka ahaa [[afshiin]] oo ahaa talyaha sare ee dawlada, waxey u jeesteen "Albid" oo ahayd caasimada khurammiyiinta, dagaalo adag ayeena la galeen sanadii 835 ilaa 837, ugu dambeen ciidanka muslimiinta ayaa ku guuleestay inay ka adkaadaan <ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير=البعلبكي|الأول=منير|وصلة مؤلف=منير البعلبكي|مؤلفين مشاركين=|تاريخ=1991|مسار=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052549/http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=247527 <!--http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=247527-->|عنوان=بابَك؛ بابَك الخُرَّمي|تنسيق=|عمل=موسوعة المورد|صفحات=|ناشر=موسوعة شبكة المعرفة الريفية|لغة=|تاريخ الوصول=12 كانون الأول 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510110242/https://archive.is/w0BE%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-05-10</ref>, waxeyna furteen caasimadood, wixii ka haray khurramiyiinta waxey aadeen [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=ḴORRAMIS IN BYZANTIUM – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/korramis-in-byzantium|access-date=2020-09-13|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=T. Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284-1081|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumitsarmy0000trea|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780804731638}}</ref> [[baabaka khurrami]] Waa uu cararay wuuna dhuuntay, [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa dul dhigeen madaxiisa lacago badan, mar dambe nin qoosaar ahaa ayaa soo sheegay, waa la soo qabtay waxaana loo kaxeeyay magaalada [[Samaara]], halkaas oo lagu toogtay <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bahramian|first1=Ali|last2=Hirtenstein|first2=Stephen|last3=Gholami|first3=Rahim|date=2013-12-04|title=Bābak Khurram-Dīn|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/babak-khurram-din-COM_00000014?#d253233843e16|journal=Encyclopaedia Islamica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaldellis|first=Anthony|title=Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780674986510}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير=|الأول=|وصلة مؤلف=|مؤلفين مشاركين=|تاريخ=|مسار=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052545/http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=270695 <!--http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=270695-->|عنوان=بابَك الخُرَّميّ|تنسيق=|عمل=المعجم الكبير|صفحات=|ناشر=مجمع اللغة العربية، القاهرة|لغة=|تاريخ الوصول=12 كانون الأول 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510110242/https://archive.is/K169%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-05-10</ref> == Dagaalkii camuuriya == [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Dawlada ruum]] ayaa ahayd inay xiriir la sameesay [[khurramiyiinta]], waxeyna ka faaideysaneysa ku mashquulida [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|Cabaasiyiinta]] ee [[khurramiyiinta]] ayadoo weerartay dhulka islaamka magaalada [[zabdara]] ayee galeen oo gubeen dad badan ayeena qafaasheen<ref name="تاريخ الرسل و الملوك للطبري">[[تاريخ الرسل و الملوك للطبري]]</ref>, Gabar muslimad ah oo ku jirtay dadka la qafaashay ayaa ku qeyl dhaamisay magaca muctasim<ref name="test">[[ياقوت الحموي معجم البلدان]]</ref>. Muctasim markuu maqlay akhbaartaas xun aad buu u xanaaqay, wuxuu sii kululaaday markay soo gaartay fariin ka socota imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|ruum]] oo caga jugleen xambaarsan, muctasim wuxuu ugu jawaabay fariin ahayd; <blockquote>Bislmilaahi raxmaani raxiim intaas ka gadaal waa aqriyay qoraalkaaga waana maqlay hadalkaaga jawaabtuna waa waxa aad arkeyso ee maahan waxaad maqleeyso gaaladuna way ogaan doontaa cida ay u hareeso daarta</blockquote>waxa uuna la baxay ciidan weyn tiro ahaan shan boqol oo kun gaaraya oo qalbkiisa dagaalka u dhan yahay oo talyaasha ugu sareeyo dawlada ku juraan sida [[afshiin]] iyo [[ashnaas]] [[camuuriya]] oo ahayd magaalooyinka ruum tan ugu bilicsan ayuu u jeesestay jumaada awal 223H oo ku beegan 838 AD, waxey gaareen [[camuuriya]] bisha [[ramadaan]] isla sanadkaas<ref name="البداية والنهاية لابن كثير">[[البداية والنهاية لابن كثير]]</ref>. Boqorka ruum ayaa ahaa inuu ka dagaal la galay qeyb ciidanka muslimiinta kamid ah oo afshiin hoggaaminayay balse waa lagu jabiyay<ref name="مولد تلقائيا2">[موقع قصة الإسلام لراغب سرجاني]</ref>, markuu isk waayay tabar oo ku wajaho ciidanka muslimiinta waxa uuna u cararay caasimadiisa [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], wuxuuna u soo diray muctasim cudur daar asigoona balan qaaday inuu soo celin doonoo dhamaan dadka uu haysto laakin muctasim wuu diiday wuxuuna ku adkeestay inuu furto [[camuuriya]] <ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Bury|1912|pp=266–267}}; {{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Rekaya|1977|p=64}}; {{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Vasiliev|1935|p=160}.</ref> Go'doominta magaalada ayaa bilaawday, waxaa lala dhacay manjaniiq, talye kasta waxaa loo xil saaray dhinac ka mid ah magaalada, ka dib 11 bari oo go'doonka socday waxaa dumay suurkii magaalada, muctasim iyo ciidankiisa ayaa gudaha u galeen waxeyna ku dileen dad badan oo sodon kun kor u dhaafaya, in kasii badana wey qafaasheen, ganiimo fara badan oo la koobi karin ayeena ka heleen, magaalada ayaa gabi ahaanba kharaab noqotay. Imbiraadoorka ruum [[Imbiraador Towfiil|towfiil]] markuu maqlay in la burburiyay magaaladii uu ku dhashay [[camuuriya]] aad buu uga murugooday sedex sano ka dibna wuu dhintay murugu darteed<ref name="EHW3">{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Kiapidou|2003}}, [http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_6 Chapter 3] {{Wayback|url=http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_6 |date=20181012134729 }}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=|date=12 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Treadgold|1988|pp=304, 415}}.</ref>. Guud ahaan muslimiinta ayaa ku farxeen guusha laga gaaray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|ruum]], gabyaanka caanka [[abuu tamaam]] ayaa tiriyay gabay caan baxay oo ku bogaadinaayo guushaas<ref>{{ديوان أبو تمام}}.</ref> == Dhimashadiisa == == Xigasho == nrhlejuvb168vlm887to4mej1wqqkaa 0 36503 309702 273242 2026-09-26T03:55:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al-Malik Caadil Abul Qaasim Nuurudiin Maxamaxuud bin Camaadudiin Zanki''' (Afka [[Carabi|Carabiga]]; '''الملكُ العادلُ أبو القاسمِ نور الدين محمود بن (عمادِ الدِّين زَنْكِي''' wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah hogaamiya yaasha muslimka ee ka hortageen la dagaalanka Saliibiyiinta kusoo [[Shaam]], wuxuuna noolaa 1118 ilaa 1174, [[Dawladii zankiyiinta|Dawlada Zankiyiinta]] ayuu ka talaiyay 1156 ilaa 1174 == Horaantiisa == === Bilaawga zankiyiinta === awoowga nuurudiin waxaa la oran jiray [[aaq sunqur|Aaq Sunqur]], wuxuuna ka mid ahaa talyaasha sare ee suldaankii [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] sanadkii 479H\1087 ayuu [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] u dhiibay magaalada [[Xalab]], laakin markuu dhintay [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]] Waxey isku dhaceen [[Tutush]] oo ahaa amiirka [[Dimishiq]], [[aaq sunqur|Aaq Sunqur]] waxa oo ku dhintay dagaal dhacay 1094tii<ref name=":3">ابن الأثير: الكامل في التاريخ 8/494، 495، وابن واصل: مفرج الكروب 1/27.</ref>, wiilkiisa [[camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin Zanki]] xiligaa 10 sano ayuu jiray, wuxuu kusoo ag koray talyihii [[Mowsil]] karbogaa, suldaan Maxamuud ayaa xukunka [[Mowsil]] u dhiibay 1127, wuxuu fidiyay dawladiisa [[Xalab]], [[Ximsa]], [[xamaa]] iyo meelo kale oo badan ayuu ku daray<ref name="عيون الروضتين في أخبار الدولتين النورية والصلاحية">{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=عيون الروضتين في أخبار الدولتين النورية والصلاحية|مؤلف=شهاب الدين عبد الرحمن بن إبراهيم المقدسي|1000journal=|صفحات=386|سنة=1991</ref>. === barbaaritaanka nuurudiin === Nuurudiin wuxuu dhashay 17 bisha [[Shawaal|Soonfur]] [[511H]]<ref name="و">{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=وفيات الأعيان وأنباء أبناء الزمان|مؤلف=أبو عباس شمس الدين أحمد بن محمد بن أبي بكر بن خلكان|1000journal=|صفحات=184|سنة=1968</ref>, waana kan labaad ee ilmaha [[Camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin]], waxaa ka weynaa [[seefudiin gaazi|Seefudiin Gaazi]], ilaha taariikhda ma ayna sheegin koritaankiisa, balse waxey isku raaceen inuu kusoo ag koray aabihiis iyo in aabihiis ka hormari jiray walaalihiis kale, Nuurudiin wuxuu la jiray aabihiisa ilaa uu ka dhintay<ref name="اب">{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=البداية والنهاية|مؤلف=الحافظ عماد الدين أبي الفداء إسماعيل ابن كثير ج16|1000journal=|صفحات=329|سنة=1968</ref>, madhabkiisa wuxuu ahaa [[xanafiya]]<ref name="المك2 تبة الإسلامية6">{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=البداية والنهاية ابن كثير Sheet|مسار=https://www.al-eman.com/islamlib/viewchp.asp?BID=251&CID=205|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=2010-|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321223633/http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%2A%2A/i111%26p1%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=21 مارس 2020</ref>, caqiidada [[Ashcariya]] ayuuna heestay<ref name=":4">كتاب: أهل السنة الأشاعرة، فصل: الأشاعرة والماتردية هم غالب الأمة، تأليف: حمد السنان وفوزي العنجري، دار الضياء، الطبعة الأولى 2006، الكويت.</ref>. == Qabashada xilka == [[camaadudiin zanki|Camaadudiin Zanki]] waxaa la dilay [[541H]]\1146 dawladana waxey u qeysantay labo qeyb, Nuurudiin waxa uu qaatay [[Xalab]] iyo waxa ku hareersan, walaalkiis [[seefudiin gaazi|Seefudiin Gaazi]] waxa uu qaatay [[Mowsil|Mawsil]] iyo [[Ximsa]], labada walaal waxey xad ka dhigteen wabiga khaabuur <ref name=":5">الدولة الزنكية ونجاح المشروع الإسلامي لمقاومة التغلغل الباطني والصليبي، د.[[علي الصلابي]]، صفحة 163</ref>. === Qabsashada Dimishiq === Nuurudiin waxa uu rumeysnaa mideynta safka muslimiinta si loo wajaho damaca Saliibiyiinta, [[Dimishiq]] waxay ahayd dhagaxa hortaagan jidka midnimada, talyaheeda [[Muciinudiin Anar]] wuxuu ahaa inuu xiriir fiican la lahaa Saliibiyiinta, markii uu dhintay Mujiirudiin Abaq ayaa ku sii socday siyaasadiisa la dhaqmida Saliibiyiinta, bal waxa uu muujiyay dulinimo, wuxuu gaaray heer uu ogolaado reer [[Dimishiq]] inay siiyaan Saliibiyiinta jisyo sanadla ah, taas badalkeedna ay ku hoos noolaadaan ilaalinta Saliibiyiinta <ref name="المكتبة الإسلامية6">{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=تاريخ أبي الفداء، الملك المؤيد إسماعيل بن أبي الفداء Sheet|مسار=https://www.al-eman.com/islamlib/viewchp.asp?BID=221&CID=51|تاريخ الوصول=2010-|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927024051/http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1+**/i82&p1|تاريخ أرشيف=27 سبتمبر 2016}}</ref>, Nuurudiin arintaas aad ayuu uga xumaaday, wuxuu xaalka sii darnaaday markii uu awoodi waayay inuu u gurmado [[Casqalaan]] oo gacanta Saliibiyiinta ku dhacday [[548H]] maxaa yeelay [[Dimishiq]] ayaa ka hortaagnayd. Sanadkii [[549H]] waxey ahayd sanad kala baxnaan ah Dagaalada Saliibiyiinta markii uu galay Nuurudiin [[Dimishiq]] ka dib dalab uga yimid dadkeeda, waxa ayna ku midowday raayada muslimiinta ee dhulka [[Shaam]] hal hogaamiyo laga bilaabo [[Ruhaa]] waqooyi ilaa Xowraan koonfur. Talyihii [[Dimishiq]] Mujiirudiin Abaq wuxuu ahaa inuu garab weydiistay Saliibiyiinta asigoona u balan qaaday inuu siiyo hanti badan sidoo kale [[Baclabek]] u dhiibo, laakin Nuurudiin ayaa soo dhaqsaday oo [[Dimishiq]] galay, Mujiirudiin waxaa laga siiyay [[Ximsa]] qeybo dhul ah, markii dambe hadana waxaa loogu badalay Baalis, balse wuu isaga tagay [[Baqdaad]] ayuuna dagay <ref name="ماهية التاريخ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=ماهية الحروب الصليبية الجزء صفحة114|مؤلف=قاسم عبده قاسم|1000journal=|صفحات=202|سنة=1990 سلسلة عالم المعرفة}}</ref>. == La dagaalanka Saliibiyiinta == == Qabsashada Masar == === Isku dayii koowaad === [[Masar]] waxaa ka jirtay [[dawladii faadumiyiinta|Dawladii Faadumiyiinta]] oo markaas aad u liidatay, waxaa ka dhex jiray wasiirada [[Masar]] dagaalo iyo fitan badan heer ay [[Masar]] noqotay meel Saliibiyiinta damac ka galo <ref name="قصة الإسلام">[http://islamstory.com/arسقوط_دولة_الفاطميين سقوط دولة الفاطميين د. عبد الحليم عويس] {{Wayback|url=http://islamstory.com/ar%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86 |date=20200406164428 }}<nowiki> قصة الإسلام، 10 أغسطس 2008. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{Webarchive|url=</nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20200406164428/http://islamstory.com/%7Cdate=6 أبريل 2020</ref>, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] asna riyadiisa waxay ahayd [[Masar]] iyo [[Shaam]] in hal dawlad oo ku kulmiyo si loo wajaho Saliibiyiinta<ref name=":3" />, labo wasiir oo la kala dhaho [[Dirgaam]] iyo [[Shaawar]] ayaa ku loolan sanaa [[Masar]] waxaana adkaaday [[Dirgaam]], [[Shaawar]] wuxuu garab ka doontay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] waxa uuna balan qaaday in uu siiyo sedex meelood meel dhaqaalaha [[Masar]]<ref name=":4" />, [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] ayaa u diray [[Masar]] talyihiisa [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] iyo ciidan badan sanadkii 559H\1164, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaana qeyb ka ahaa ciidanka, [[Dirgaam]] asna Saliibiyiinta ayuu ka hiil doontay<ref name=":5" />, labada ciidan ayaa ku kulmay [[Qaahiro]] agteed [[Dirgaam]] ayaa laga adkaaday oo la dilay, laakin [[Shaawar]] ayaa qiyaano sameeyay oo balantii ka baxay, waxa uu ka dalabay [[asadu-diin shiirkuu|Asadu-Diin Shiirkuu]] inuu ciidankiis kala baxo [[Masar]], [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayaana diiday, [[Shaawar]] oo wehliyaan ciidamada Saliibiyiinta ayaa ku go'doomiyeen ciidankii [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] magaalada [[Balbiis]]<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Gibb, Sir Hamilton|عنوان=The Life of Saladin|ناشر=Oxford University Press|سنة=2006|isbn=978-0-86356-928-9|صفحة=8</nowiki></ref>, Nuurudiin ayaa ku weeraray Saliibiyiinta [[Shaam]] soo uga fududeeyo go'doominta ciidankiisa waxa oo ku jabiyay [[dagaalkii xaarim|Dagaalkii Xaarim]] oo madax badan uga qabtay<ref name="الكامل"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=الكامل في التاريخ الجزء الحادي عشر صفحة 302|مؤلف=</nowiki>[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير]]|1000journal=|صفحات=|سنة=2003</ref>, ugu dambeyn [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayee kala hadleen inuu laabto jidkana u furaan asna wuu yeelay<ref name="will"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب | عنوان = william of tyre،XIX،page893| مؤلف = Peter W. Edbury and John Gordon| 1000journal = | | صفحات =| سنة = 1991 |</nowiki></ref>. === Isku dayii labaad === [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu]] ayaa aqbali la'aa waxa ka soo gaaray [[Masar]] in badan ayuu ku celceliyay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] inuu ku laabto [[masar]], sanadkii 562H ayuu helay fasax, wuxuu u baxay [[Masar]], [[Shaawar]] ayaa ka hiil doontay saliibiyiinta, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayaa ku jabiyay Saliibiyiinta [[dagaalkii baabeen|Dagaalkii Baabeen]] 1167 wuxuu qabsaday meelo meelo badan oo [[Askandariya]] ku jirto, Saliibiyiinta ayaa ku go'doomiyeen ciidankiisa [[Askandariya]] in mudo ah, markale wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu dib u soo laabto<ref name="مولد تلقائيا1"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|||عنوان=تاريخ الحروب الصليبية ج2 صفحة 433|مؤلف=</nowiki>[[ستيفين رونسيمان]]|1000journal=|صفحات=570|سنة=1997</ref>. === Isku dayii sedexaad iyo guusha === sanadkii 564H\1168 saliibiyiinta ayaa markaan soo weerareen [[Masar]] waxey ka geesteen [[Balbiis]] xasuuq argagax leh<ref name=":0">[https://yabeyrouth.net/content/view/832/41 رجال خالدون، صلاح الدين الأيوبي] يا بيروت. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016 {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=مايو 2019|bot=JarBot}}<nowiki> {{Webarchive|url=</nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20200407233404/https://yabeyrouth.net/content/view/832/41/ |date=7 أبريل 2020</ref>, [[Shaawar]] oo iska waayay tabar ayaa gubay [[Fusdaad]] <ref group=""><nowiki>{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7Cتاريخ=January–February {{Wayback|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7Cتاريخ=January–February |date=20141129022644 }} 1995|ناشر=''[[:en:Saudi Aramco World|Saudi Aramco World]]''|صفحات=20–27|مؤلف=Dr. Zayn Bilkadi|عنوان=The Oil Weapons|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022644/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=29 نوفمبر 2014|وصلة مكسورة=no</ref>, khaliifka [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] [[Al-Caadid li dini laah]] ayaa ka dalbay [[Nuurudiin zanki|Nuurudiin]] inuu soo gaaro, [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] ayaa mar kale u dhaqaaqay [[Masar]] saliibiyiinta ayuu buriyay, [[Shaawar]] ayuu ka dareemay qiyaano wuxuu amray in la dilo <ref name=":1">[https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626 أسد الدين شيركوه فاتح مصر الثاني] {{Wayback|url=https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626 |date=20160423203818 }} مجلة العربي. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 أبريل 2016{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203818/https://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=23 أبريل 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160423203818/http://www.islamarabi.com/sejut.php?ID=6626|date=23 أبريل 2016}}</ref> khaliifka [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] ayaa ka dhigtay [[Asadu-diin shiirkuu|Shiirkuu]] wasiir balse laba bil ka dib wuu dhintay, [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] oo ahaa walaalkiis wiil uu dhalay ayaa badalay oo noqday wasiirka [[Masar]]<ref name=":2">[[مرتضى الزبيدي|المرتضى الزبيدي]]، تحقيق صلاح الدين المنجد ([[1995]]م). ترويح القلوب في ذكر الملوك بني أيوب (الطبعة الثانية). [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان]]. دار الكتاب الجديد صفحة 68</ref>. [[Salaaxudiin al-Ayyuubi|Salaaxudiin]] ayaa bilaabay inuu [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] meesha ka saaro wuuna ku guuleestay sanadii 567H\1171 <ref name="الدولة الأيوبية">المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السادس. تأليف: شفيق جحا، [[منير البعلبكي]]، [[بهيج عثمان]]، [[دار العلم للملايين]]، [[بيروت]]. [[الدولة الأيوبية|الأيوبيون]]، صفحة: 92-94</ref>, madhabka [[Shiica|shiiciga]] ee [[Masar]] ka jiray wuxuu ku badalay madhabka [[Sunni|suniga]] <ref name="الصلابي 137">الدولة الزنكية للصلابي، نقلا من: القاضي الفاضل ص137</ref> madarasooyin lagu barto ayuuna dhisay<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Lyons|Jackson|1982|p=41</nowiki></ref>. == Dhimashadiis == == Wax qabadkiisa == == Tilmaamihiisa == ==xigasho== [[Category:Boqorada islaamka]] rkasdaoa41jw343fic9uoqat5i7era0 0 36515 309705 237304 2026-09-26T04:11:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruknudiin mascuud''' ama '''mascuud koowaad''' wuxuu ahaa suldaankii [[salaajiqada ruum]] laga bilaabo 1116 ilaa dhimashadiisa 1156{{Infobox royalty|type=Suldaan|name=Mascuud koowaad|more=|image=Alaedin Camii.JPG|caption=Masjidka Aladdin Kiqbad ee Konya waxa la dhisay xiligii uu xukunka hayay Mascuud|succession=Suldaanka salaajiqada ruum|reign=1116-1156|coronation=|predecessor=[[Malik shaah bin qilij arsalaan]]|successor=[[Qilij arsalaan koowaad]]|full name=Ruknudiin mascuud bin qilij arsalaan bin suleymaan|house=[[Salaajiqada]]|spouse=|father=[[Qilij arsalaan koowaad]]|mother=|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=1156|death_place=|place of burial=|religion=}} == ku loolamida xilka == [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij arsalaan]] markoo ku dhintay dagaalkii mowsil sanadkii 1107 dawlada way kala qebsantay, wiilkiis curudka Malik shaah wuxuu ku jiray xabasi, xaaskiis ayaa qabsatay [[maltaay]] wiil yar oo dogrol la dhaho ee dhashay ayaa suldaan laga dhigay, labada wiil kale [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] iyo carab; mascuud wuxuu ku ag noolaa sodogiis [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] amiirka [[daanishmandiyiinta]], carabna [[Konya|quunya]] ayuu joogay<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=112|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref>, Malik shaah ayaa dib u soo laabtay 1109kii waxaana u suura gashay inuu [[Konya|quunya]] galo oona noqdo suldaan, waxa uuna xabsiga dhigay labadiis walaal carab iyo [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]], dagaalo qaraar ayuuna la galay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] oo ahayd inee ku soo fiday dhulka dawlada, labadiisa walaal ayaa xabsiga ka baxsadeen [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] oo taageero ka helaayo sodogiis [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] ayaana ku guuleestay inuu dilo walaalkiis Malik shaah 1116 <ref group=""><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=John W.|الأخير=Birkenmeier|عنوان=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|ناشر=Brill|سنة=2002|isbn=90-04-11710-5|مسار=</nowiki>https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=p8OOoGWRC2EC&q=Malik+Shah#v=snippet&q=Malik%20Shah&f=false%7Cصفحات=79 - 80|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108113913/https://books.google.com.lb/books?redir_esc=y&id=p8OOoGWRC2EC&q=Malik+Shah%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=8 يناير 2021</ref> == Qalbashada xilka == markale ayee dawlada kala qeybsantay [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] wuxuu qabsaday caasimada iyo meelo kaloo yar, walaalkiis carab wuxuu qabsaday [[ankara]] iyo [[qasdamuuni]], walaalkiis kale dogrol oo masuul ka ahaayen hooyadiis iyo ninkeeda blak artaqi wuxuu heestay [[maltaay]] <ref name="Cambridge"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الأخير=Turan|الأول=Osman|محرر1=P.M. Holt|محرر2=Ann K. S. Lambton|محرر3=Bernard Lewis|اسم الموسوعة=The Cambridge History of Islam|عنوان=Anatolia in The Period of The Seljuks and The Beyliks|مسار=</nowiki>https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-%E2%80%93-1a.pdf%7Cتاريخ=[[2005]]|ناشر=[[مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج|Cambridge University Press]]|سلسلة=Handbook of Oriental Studies|المجلد=Volume IA: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to The First World War|صفحات=239 - 240|isbn=9780521219464|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive {{Wayback|url=https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-%E2%80%93-1a.pdf%7Cتاريخ= |date=20170413030738 }}.org/web/20170413030738/http://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-–-1a.pdf%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=2017-04-13</ref>, waxaana walaalaha ka dhex bilaawday colaad daran, [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] markii hore wuxuu diirada saaray la dagaalanka [[Imbraadooriyaada biriizanda|biriizanda]] waxa uuna ku guuleestay inuu ka soo ceshado dhul badan <ref name="تنازع"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقُّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ سلاجقة الروم في آسيا الصُغرى 470 - 704هـ / 1077 - 1304م|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=120 - 122|سنة=[[1423هـ]] - [[2002]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|isbn=9953180474|مسار=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110714/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/0/items/abualialkurdy_gmail_20170404_0614/تاريخ%20سلاجقة%20الروم%20في%20آسيا%20الصغرى.pdf%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=14 مارس 2022</ref>, sanadkii 1114 [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] ayaa fursad ku helay maltaay waa uuna qabsaday asigoo garab ka helaayo [[Rukundiin mascuud|mascuud]], waxa uuna diiday lahaanshaha salaajiqada ee magaalada, carab ayaa aad uga carooday arintaas wuxuuna ku eedeeyay [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] inuu qiyaanay dawlada oona ilaalin karin dhulkeeda, 1116 weerar xoogan ayuu ku qaaday caasimada [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] ayaa ka gurmad dalbay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]], carabna amiirka arman ayuu garab ka dalbay, dagaalo adag ayaa dhex maray kuwaas oo ku soo dhamaaday inuu guuleestay [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]], inkastoo [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] uu kaligiis soo haray hadana wuxuu ku sii hoos noolaa [[gaazi bin guumushtakiin]] ilaa uu ka dhintay 1135. == Ka hortagida weerarka labaad ee saliibiyiinta == imaarada ruhaa oo ka mid ahayd imaaradaha kirishmiska ayaa waxaa qabsaday [[zankiyiinta]] waxaana ka dhashay weerar saliibi oo cusub weerarkan waxaa hogaaminaayay boqorka faransiiska [[luwiis todobaad]] iyo boqorka jarmalka [[konraad sedexaad]], [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] ayaa ka hortagay waxa uuna u geestay baaba' xun ciidanka jarmalka, boqorkooda wuu dhaawacmay xitaa, faransiiska ayagana khasaaro xoogan buu gaarsiiyay inkastoo ku guuleesteen inee u gudbaan [[shaam]], [[Ruknudiin mascuud|mascuud]] waxa oo isbahaysi la sameeyay [[nuurudiin zanki]] haraadiga imaarada ruhaa ayeena ku qaadeen weeraro aa kala joogsi laheen ugu dambeyn way la wareegeen weyna kala qeybsadeen == Dhimashadiisa == [[Ruknudiin mascuud|Mascuud]] wuxuu u baxay la dagaalanka amiirka armiiniya [[tuuruus labaad]] markuu ka soo laabtay wuu dhintay 1156 xilkana waxaa qabtay [[qilij arsalaan labaad]]. ==Xigasho== cvgf2g9yni9mrkg8dwpcqfxre29v1mh 0 36875 309669 242366 2026-09-25T14:01:34Z Andre Engels 72 merge 309669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|American University}} '''Jaamacadda Maraykanka''' waa jaamacad gaar loo leeyahay, Jaamacadda Metodiis oo ku taal [[Washington, D.C.]] Jaamacadda waxaa dhigta ilaa 9,940 arday. Waxaa la aasaasay 1893. Madaxweynaha hadda ee jaamacadda waa Xoghayihii hore ee Caafimaadka iyo Adeegyada Aadanaha ee [[Maraykanka]] Sylvia Mathews Burwell ilaa Juun 2017. =Ciyaaraha= Kooxaha ciyaaraha fudud ee jaamacada waxa lagu magacaabaa Eagles. Waxay leeyihiin 9 kooxood oo farsiiti ah waxayna ku tartamayaan Patriot League. =Akhris dheeraad ah= *[http://www.american.edu/ American University's Official website] *[http://aueagles.cstv.com/ American Eagles' Official athletics website] {{Wayback|url=http://aueagles.cstv.com/ |date=20080320214306 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320214306/http://aueagles.cstv.com/ |date=2008-03-20 }} 2inc2065imxeogq06kuwo82kvuosbum 309671 309669 2026-09-25T14:43:43Z Isma4l 41797 309671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|American University}} {{Infobox university | name = Jaamacadda Mareykanka | image = American University logo.svg | established = {{start date and age|1893|02|24}} | motto = {{lang|la|[[Pro aris et focis|Pro deo et patria]]}} ([[Latin|Laatiini]]) | motto_eng = "Ilaah iyo Waddanka" | type = [[Private university|Gaar loo leeyahay]] [[University charter#Federal|federaal ahaan loo aqoonsaday]] [[research university|jaamacad cilmi-baaris]] | founders = [[John Fletcher Hurst]] | accreditation = [[Middle States Commission on Higher Education|MSCHE]] | religious_affiliation = [[United Methodist Church|Kaniisadda Methodist-ka Midowday]] | president = [[David Marchick]] (K MG) | provost = [[Vicky M. Wilkins]] | city = [[Washington, D.C.]] | country = Maraykanka | students = 13,019 (Dayrtii 2023)<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.american.edu/trustees/upload/american-university-presidential-search-prospectus_october-2023.pdf|title=American University Presidential Search Prospectus | publisher=American University | date=October 30, 2023 | access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref> | undergrad = 7,571 (Dayrtii 2023) | postgrad = 3,613 (Dayrtii 2023) | other_students = 1,835 (Dayrtii 2023) | campus = Magaalo weyn,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=American&s=all&pg=5&id=131159|title=College Navigator – American University|website=nces.ed.gov}}</ref> {{convert|90|acre|ha}} | mascot = Clawed Z. Eagle (Gorgorka) | sporting_affiliations = {{hlist| [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Patriot League]]|[[Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association|EIWA]]}} | sports_nickname = [[American Eagles|Gorgorrada]] | colors = {{color box|#ED193A}} Casaan<br />{{color box|#004FA2}} Buluug<br />{{color box|white}} Caddaan | endowment = $1.12 bilyan (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx |title=U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) |access-date=February 14, 2026 |format=XLSX}}</ref> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities|CUMU]]|[[Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area|CUWMA]]|[[Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration|CONAHEC]]|[[International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities|IAMSCU]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space grant]]|[[Consortium for Undergraduate International Business Education|CUIBE]]}} | coordinates = {{coord|38.9371|-77.0869|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | website = {{official url}} | logo = | logo_upright = .9 | free_label = Wargeyska | free = ''The Eagle'' }} [[File:AU Flag.jpg|thumb|Calanka Jaamacadda Mareykanka]] '''Jaamacadda Mareykanka''' (ingiriisi: '''American University''', oo loo soo gaabiyo '''AU''' ama '''American''') waa [[Private university|jaamacad gaar loo leeyahay]] oo ku taal magaalada [[Washington, D.C.]], ee dalka Maraykanka. Xarunteeda weyn waxay ku fidsan tahay 90 acres (36 ha) oo ku taal [[Ward Circle]], oo ka tirsan xaafadaha [[Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)|Spring Valley]] iyo [[Tenleytown]] ee [[Northwest (Washington, D.C.)|Northwest D.C.]]. Jaamacadda waxaa lagu aasaasay sharci ka soo baxay [[Act of Congress|Golaha Guurtida Maraykanka]] sanadkii 1893, iyada oo uu soo jeediyay bishop-kii Methodist-ka ahaa ee [[John Fletcher Hurst]], kaas oo doonayay in uu abuuro hay'ad dhiirrigelisa [[public service|adeegga bulshada]], [[Internationalism (politics)|caalamiyeynta]], iyo [[pragmatic idealism|aragti-wanaagga dhabta ah]].<ref name=ActofIncorporation>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/trustees/Charter.cfm|title= American University Act of Incorporation|date=December 5, 1892|work=US Congress|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{USStatute|52|160|27|476|1893|02|24|HR|10304}}</ref> Jaamacadda waxaa aasaasay [[General Conference (Methodism)|Shirka Guud]] ee [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] oo ahayd hay'ad qaran oo Methodist ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AU's United Methodist Affiliation |url=https://www.american.edu/student-affairs/kay/united-methodist-affiliation.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Waxay weli xiriir la leedahay [[United Methodist Church|Kaniisadda Methodist-ka Midowday]], hase yeeshee, xiriirka diimeed ma aha shuruud loo baahan yahay in lagu soo galo jaamacadda, shaqo looga helayo, mana aha shuruud akhris-aqooneed. AU waxay bilowday dhismaheedii 1902, waxayna furantahay iyada oo ah hay'ad waxbarasho oo heer sare ah (qalin-jabisa) 1914, iyada oo aqbashay ardaydii ugu horreysay ee shahaadada koowaad (undergraduate) sanadkii 1925. AU waxay ka kooban tahay siddeed dugsi iyo kulliyadood: [[American University School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]]; [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyadda Fanka iyo Sayniska]]; Dugsiga Ganacsiga ee Kogod; [[American University School of Communication|Dugsiga Isgaarsiinta]]; Dugsiga Daraasaadka Xirfadda iyo Baahsan; [[American University School of Public Affairs|Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha]]; [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada ee Linda A. and H. Kent Baker]]; iyo [[Washington College of Law]] (WCL). Jaamacaddu waxay bixisaa in ka badan 160 barnaamijyo waxbarasho, oo ay ku jiraan 71 shahaadada koowaad ah, 87 shahaadada mastarka ah, iyo 10 shahaadada dhakhtarnimada (PhD), iyo waliba barnaamijyada [[Juris Doctor Degree|JD]], [[Master of Law|LLM]], iyo [[Doctor of Juridical Science|SJD]]. Jaamacaddu waxay ka mid tahay [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions|jaamacadaha heerka R1]] ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq cilmi-baaris oo sarreeya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University |url=https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/institution/american-university/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyada oo ay ardaydu ka badan yihiin 13,000 kana kala socda dhammaan 50-ka gobol ee Maraykanka iyo 141 waddan, ku dhawaad ​​shan meelood meel ardayda ayaa ah kuwo caalami ah. Ardayda ciyaaraha ee jaamacaddu waxay kula tartamaan kooxaha heerka jaamacadeed sida [[American Eagles]] ee [[NCAA Division I]] iyagoo xubin ka ah [[Patriot League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriot League |url=https://patriotleague.org/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Patriot League |language=en}}</ref> AU waxay hoy u tahay Maktabadda Jack I. iyo Dorothy G. Bender, taas oo haysa in ka badan hal milyan oo buug waana qayb ka mid ah [[Washington Research Library Consortium]], oo ay weheliso Maktabadda Sharci ee Pence ee WCL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University {{!}} Washington Research Library Consortium |url=https://www.wrlc.org/au |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.wrlc.org}}</ref> Jaamacadda Mareykanka waa mid ka mid ah saddexda dugsi ee ugu sarreeya ee ardaydoodu toos uga shaqo galaan [[United States Department of State|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toosi |first=Nahal |date=June 14, 2020 |title=Ivy League grads have a leg up in State Department promotions, stats show |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/14/ivy-league-grads-state-department-promotions-316531 |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} == Taariikhda == === Aasaaskii === [[File:American University Glover Gate.jpg|thumb|Albaabka hore ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka]] [[File:American University in 1916.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Mareykanka sanadkii 1916]] Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxaa lagu aasaasay Degmada Columbia (District of Columbia) iyada oo ay sababtay sharci ka soo baxay [[Act of Congress|Golaha Guurtida]] Disembar 5, 1892, taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay dadaalkii uu bixiyay bishop-kii Methodist-ka ahaa ee [[John Fletcher Hurst]], kaas oo ujeedadiisu ahayd in uu abuuro hay'ad tababari karta shaqaalaha dowladda mustaqbalka. Hurst ayaa sidoo kale doortay goobta jaamacadda, taas oo ku tiilay hareeraha miyiga ah ee [[Washington, D.C.]]. Ka dib in ka badan saddex sano iyo bar oo loo huray inta badan helitaanka taageero dhaqaale, jaamacadda waxaa si rasmi ah loo daahfuray May 15, 1914. Waxbarashadu waxay bilaabatay Oktoobar 1914 iyada oo ay diiwaan gashanaayeen 28 arday, kuwaas oo 19 ka mid ahi ay ahaayeen qalin-jabis, inta kalena ay ahaayeen arday gaar ah oo aan u sharaxnayn shahaado. === Qarnigii 20-aad === Qalin-jabintii ugu horreysay ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxay dhacday Juun 2, 1915. [[File:AU McKineyHall ACC.jpeg|thumb|Goobta ay ka dhalatay Ciidanka Kimikada Ee Ciidanka (Army Chemical Corps)]] Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], jaamacaddu waxay u oggolaatay [[U.S. military|ciidanka Maraykanka]] inay adeegsadaan dhulka jaamacadda si ay tijaabooyin uga sameeyaan. Sanadkii 1917, ciidanka Maraykanka waxay u qaybiyeen Jaamacadda Mareykanka laba qaybood: [[Camp Leach]] iyo [[Camp American University]]. Camp Leach wuxuu ahaa hoy ay ka socdaan cilmi-baaris horumarsan, horumarin, iyo tijaabinta farsamooyinka daboolida casriga ah (camouflage). Camp American University waxay ahayd saldhig tijaabo ah oo noqday halkii ay ka dhalatay barnaamijka hubka kiimikada ee Maraykanka iyo goobta tijaabada hubka kiimikada.<ref name="Gordon">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Martin K. |url=https://www.nab.usace.army.mil/Portals/63/docs/SpringValley/AUES_Report_June_1994.pdf |title=Final Report: A Brief History of the American University Experiment Station and U. S. Navy Bomb Disposal School, America University |last2=Sude |first2=Barry R. |last3=Overbeck |first3=Ruth Ann |last4=Hendricks |first4=Charles |date=1994 |publisher=U. S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gross">{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Daniel A.|title=Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory|journal=Distillations|date=Spring 2015|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–23|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/chemical-warfare-from-the-european-battlefield-to-the-american-laboratory|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> Dadaal weyn oo nadiifin ah ayaa bilaabmay 1990-meeyadii si looga saaro hadhaagii hubka kiimikada, gaar ahaan ururinta in ka badan 200 oo qolof oo gaaska mustard ah oo lagu aasay dhulka hoostiisa kampaska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=American University Once Had A Chemical Warfare Center |url=https://architectofthecapital.org/posts/2016/11/18/american-university-chemical-weapons |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Architect of the Capital |language=en-US}}</ref> Agab dheeraad ah ayaa la helay Juun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoration plans persist in cleanup of former World War I chemical weapons manufacturing site - The Eagle |url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2024/12/restoration-plans-persist-in-cleanup-of-former-world-war-i-chemical-weapons-manufacturing-site |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.theeagleonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spring Valley Monthly Update February 2025 |url=https://www.nab.usace.army.mil/Home/Spring-Valley/Monthly-Update/ |access-date=May 18, 2025 |website=US Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District}}</ref> Waxbarashada waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu bixiyay heerka qalin-jabinta keliya, iyadoo waafaqsan aragtida aasaasayaasha jaamacadda. Arrinkani wuu is beddelay 1925 markii la aasaasay Kulliyada Fanka Xorta ah (oo hadhow loo bixiyay [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyada Fanka iyo Sayniska]]), taas oo bixisay shahaadooyinka iyo barnaamijyada jaamacadeed ee heerka koowaad. Wixii hadda ah [[American University School of Public Affairs|Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha]] waxaa la aasaasay 1934,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spa.american.edu/pages.php?ID=12 |title=The School of Public Affairs at American University |publisher=Spa.american.edu |access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> qayb ahaan si loo baro shaqaalaha dowladda ee mustaqbalka dhinaca [[public administration|maamulka dadweynaha]]. Xiriirka AU ee dowladda Maraykanka wuxuu sii socday intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], xilligaas oo kampasku uu martigeliyay Iskuulka Bambaanooyinka Burburiya ee Ciidanka Badda ee Maraykanka iyo xerada ciidanka dumarka ee [[United States Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve)|WAVE]]. Kaalinta AU ee dadaalladaas dagaalka awgeed, markabkii guusha ee [[Victory ship|SS ''American Victory'']] loogu magac daray sharafteeda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & History |url=https://www.americanvictory.org/about/mission-and-history/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=American Victory Ship |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:President Kennedy American University Commencement Address June 10, 1963.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne [[John F. Kennedy]] wuxuu jeedinayaa [[wikisource:A Strategy of Peace|hutbiga qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka]], Juun 10, 1963]] Xilligii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa la arkay koror weyn iyo dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyay AU. 1949, jaamacaddu waxay midoobday [[Washington College of Law]], taas oo la aasaasay 1896. Wax yar ka dib, saddex waaxood ayaa loo habeeyay sidii dugsiyo: Dugsiga Maamulka Ganacsiga 1955 (oo hadhow loo bixiyay Kulliyada Maamulka Ganacsiga ee Robert P. iyo Arlene R. Kogod 1999na loo bixiyay Dugsiga Ganacsiga ee Kogod); Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha 1957; iyo [[School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]] 1958.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Horraantii 1960-meeyadii, [[United States Department_of_Defense|Wasaaradda Difaaca]] iyo [[Central Intelligence Agency|Wakaaladda Sirdoonka Bartamaha]] waxay maamulayeen xarunta cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta ee federaalka loo maalgeliyo ee [[Project Camelot|Xafiiska Cilmi-baarista Howlaha Gaarka ah (SORO)]] oo ahayd xarun fikradeed (think-tank) oo ku taal Jaamacadda Mareykanka. Lugaha siyaasadeed ee AU waxaa sii xoojiyay khudbaddii qalin-jabinta ee Madaxweyne [[John F. Kennedy]] ee Guga 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BWC7I4C9QUmLG9J6I8oy8w.aspx |title=Commencement Address at American University, June 10, 1963 |date=June 10, 1963 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Khudbadaas, Kennedy wuxuu ugu baaqay Midowga Soofiyeeti inay la shaqeeyaan Maraykanka si loo gaaro heshiis lagu mamnuucayo tijaabada nukliyeerka iyo in la yareeyo xiisadaha caalamiga ah ee xooggan iyo cabsida dagaalka nukliyeerka xilligaas oo uu taagnaa [[Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1965 ilaa 1977, Kulliyada Waxbarashada Sii-socota (College of Continuing Education) waxay jirtay iyada oo ah kulliyad bixisa shahaadooyin oo masuul ka ahayd barnaamijyada waxbarashada dadka waaweyn ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba kampaska. Dugsiga Kalkaalinta Caafimaadka ee Lucy Webb Hayes wuxuu bixiyay waxbarashada heerka koowaad ee Kalkaalinta 1965 ilaa 1988. 1972, Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha, Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah, Xarunta Farsamada iyo Maamulka, iyo Xarunta Maamulka Caddaaladda (oo hadhow loo bixiyay Dugsiga Caddaaladda) waxaa lagu daray Kulliyada Arrimaha Dadweynaha iyo Caalamiga ah. Jaamacaddu waxay iibsatay Kampaska Immaculata 1986 si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka booska. Kanu wuxuu noqon doonaa Kampaska Tenley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Neil |last2= |title=Moving AU law school could revitalize Tenleytown |url=https://ggwash.org/view/5269/moving-au-law-school-could-revitalize-tenleytown |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Greater Greater Washington |language=en}}</ref> 1986, dhismaha Xarunta Isboortiga iyo Kulanka ee Adnan Khashoggi ayaa billowday. Waxaa lagu maalgeliyay $5 milyan oo ka yimid islamarkaana loogu magac daray xubnihii gollaha maamulka ee Sacuudiga [[Adnan Khashoggi]], dhismaha waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu cusboonaysiiyo xarumaha ciyaaraha oo la siiyo garoon cusub, iyo sidoo kale meel baabuurta la dhigto iyo xafiisyo adeegyada maamulka ah. Isagoo ku kacay qiyaastii $19 milyan, dhismahani wuxuu ahaa mashruucsprkii ugu weynaa ee dhismaha ilaa xilligaas laakiin wuxuu la kulmay mudaharaad uga yimid macallimiinta iyo ardaydaba oo ka soo horjeeday isticmaalka jaamacadda ee magaca Khashoggi ee dhismaha sababtoo ah qaybtiisii ganacsiga hubka caalamiga ah.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/01/11/american-u-donation-stirs-debate/a8487a86-1788-4a79-ab8f-16e02c03df43/ |title=AMERICAN U. DONATION STIRS DEBATE |last=Isikoff |first=Michael |date=January 11, 1987 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> 1988, Kulliyada Arrimaha Dadweynaha iyo Caalamiga ah waxaa dib loo habeeyay si loo abuuro laba dugsi oo madaxbannaan: Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah iyo Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha, oo ay ku jiraan Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha iyo Dugsiga Caddaaladda. Isla sanadkaas, dhismaha Xarunta Isboortiga ee Adnan Khashoggi waa la dhammeeyay halka ay arrinta muranka ka taagnayd ee [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra]] ay gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay, in kasta oo magaciisu uu ku haray dhismaha ilaa ka dib markii Khashoggi uu ku guuldareysatay waajibaadkiisii deeqda ahayd dhexdii ilaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii. [[File:Tenleytown aerial 2019.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal xagga sare ah oo ka muuqda kampaska Jaamacadda Mareykanka, iyadoo [[Tenleytown]] ay ku taal gadaal, 2019]] [[File:AmericanUniversity.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Mareykanka]]1997, [[American University of Sharjah]], oo ahayd jaamacadda keliya ee iskudhaf ah, ee fanka xorta ah ee ku taal [[United Arab Emirates|Aimaraatka Carabta ee Midoobay]], waxay saxiixday qandaraas laba sano ah oo ay la gashay AU si ay u bixiso maamulka aqooneed. Qandaraaskan tan iyo markaas waa la cusboonaysiiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Agoosto 2009. Koox ka tirsan maamulayaasha sare ee AU ayaa u guuray [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] si ay uga caawiyaan aasaaska jaamacadda iyo in ay maraan nidaamka aqoonsiga ee [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]]. === Qarnigii 21-aad === Dayrtii 2005, [[Katzen Arts Center|Xarunta Fanka ee Katzen]] iyo [[American University Museum]] ayaa furmay, iyagoo lagu maalgeliyay deeq ka timid [[philanthropists|deeq-bixiyeyaasha]] Washington, D.C. Dr. Cyrus iyo Myrtle Katzen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=The Katzen Arts Center: A Legacy |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/news/katzen-arts-center-legacy.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Xaruntu waxay sii waddaa inay soo bandhigto ururinta fanka ee reer Katzen waxayna diiradda saartaa iskaashiga kala duwan ee dhinaca fanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katzen Arts Center |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/katzen/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> [[Benjamin Ladner]] waxaa laga joojiyay xilkiisii madaxweynaha jaamacadda Agoosto 24, 2005, iyadoo la sugayo baaritaan ku saabsan suurtagalnimada in si khaldan loo isticmaalay lacagaha jaamacadda. Macallimiinta jaamacadda ayaa codad kalsooni darro ah u qaaday Madaxweyne Ladner bishii xigtay.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/26/AR2005092601801.html |title=AU Faculty Members Vote No Confidence in Ladner |last1=Kinzie |first1=Susan |last2=Strauss |first2=Valerie |date=September 27, 2005 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Hal bil ka dib codbixinta macallimiinta, gollaha maamulayaashu waxay go'aamiyeen in Ladner uusan dib ugu laaban doonin Jaamacadda Mareykanka ahaan madaxweynaheeda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/education/president-of-american-university-agrees-to-resign.html |title=President of American University Agrees to Resign |last=Janofsky |first=Michael |date=October 25, 2005 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Sida uu qabo [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]],<ref>Bogga B10, November 16, 2007</ref> Ladner wuxuu helay magdhow guud oo gaaraya $4,270,665 sannadkiisii ugu dambeeyay ee adeegga, kaas oo ahaa kii labaad ee ugu sarreeyay madaxweyne kasta oo jaamacad ah dalka gudahiisa. [[Cornelius M. Kerwin]], oo ahaa maamule muddo dheer ka tirsanaa AU, ayaa markaas loo magacaabay madaxweyne K MG. Sebtembar 1, 2007, Kerwin waxaa loo magacaabay xilka si rasmi ah u joogto ah ka dib markii laba codsade ay diideen dalab ka yimid gollaha maamulayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/president/new/biography.html |title=President-Elect Cornelius M. Kerwin biography| author=American University |year=2007 |access-date=July 20, 2007}}</ref> Dhismaha dhismaha cusub ee [[American University School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]] ayaa la dhagax dhigay Nofeembar 14, 2007, waxaana la dhammeeyay 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University School of International Service |url=https://mcdonoughpartners.com/projects/american-university-school-of-international-service/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=William McDonough + Partners |language=en-US}}</ref> Furitaanka dhismaha, waxaa khudbad jeediyay xilligaas Senator-kii Hawaii [[Daniel K. Inouye]]. 2015, Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxay bilowday bixinta barnaamij la aqoonsaday, oo degdeg ah oo internetka ah oo ah Shahaadada Mastarka Maamulka Ganacsiga ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]).<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-university-kogod-school-of-business-to-offer-accelerated-one-year-online-mba-program-300152411.html|title=American University Kogod School of Business to Offer Accelerated One-year Online MBA Program|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://onlinebusiness.american.edu/mba/|title=Online MBA - Earn your MBA from Anywhere|access-date=June 21, 2018|language=en}}</ref> May 2017, Kerwin wuxuu ka fariistay madaxweynaha AU.<ref name="reedretire">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2016/03/28/american-university-president-neil-kerwin-to-step.html |title=American University President Neil Kerwin to step down |last=Reed |first=Tina |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Washington Business Journal |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> Bishii Juun, wax yar ka dib markii ay ka tagtay xilkeedii ahayd [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Wasiirka HHS]], [[Sylvia Mathews Burwell]] ayaa loo doortay inay noqoto madaxweynaha 15-aad isla markaana ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee ka shaqeysa doorkaas.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rebecca Adams |date=2017-01-26 |title=Burwell to Lead American University as President |url=https://rollcall.com/2017/01/26/burwell-to-lead-american-university-as-president/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Roll Call |language=en-US}}</ref> 2017, [[Taylor Dumpson]] waxay noqotay madaxweynaha ururka ardayda ee ugu horreysay oo ah haweeney madow ah ee AU. Maalinteedii ugu horreysay ee xafiiska, moos ayaa laga helay saddex meelood oo ka tirsan kampaska, oo ka lulnaya xargo xarig u eg, oona ay ku calaamadsan yihiin xarfaha "AKA," oo ah xarfaha ururka gabdhaha ee [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]]. Jaamacaddu waxay u aragtay dhacdadaas mid cunsuriyad ah, iyadoo madaxweynaha bixi doona Kerwin uu ku tilmaamay "fal fulaynimo ah, oo laga naxo."<ref>Larimer, Susan (May 2, 2017) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/05/02/a-cowardly-despicable-act-american-u-president-responds-to-banana-incident-on-schools-campus/ "Man who harassed black student online must deliver 'sincere' apology, renounce white supremacy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref><ref name="larimer">Larimer, Sarah (December 21, 2018) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/12/21/man-who-harassed-black-student-online-must-deliver-sincere-apology-renounce-white-supremacy/ "Man who harassed black student online must deliver 'sincere' apology, renounce white supremacy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> 2019, [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada]] (SOE) waxaa laga gooyay [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyada Fanka iyo Sayniska]] (CAS).<ref name="theeagleonline.com">{{Cite web|title=School of Education separates from the College of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2019/06/school-of-education-separates|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Sida uu sheegay deenka SOE ee xilligaas Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, tallaabadan waxaa loo qaaday si "loogu dhiirrigeliyo ardayda badan inay raadsadaan shaqooyinka waxbarashada."<ref name="theeagleonline.com" /> Meelaha daraasadda ee ardaydu ay ka ceyrsan karaan dugsiga dhexdiisa waxaa ka mid ah: waxbarashada macallimiinta, waxbarashada gaarka ah, siyaasadda waxbarashada iyo hoggaanka, iyo waxbarashada caalamiga ah. Dugsigu wuxuu hoy u yahay Machadka Hal-abuurka ee Waxbarashada iyo Xarunta Diyaarinta iyo Guusha Kadib-Sare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School of Education {{!}} American University, Washington, DC|url=https://www.american.edu/soe/|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=American University|language=en}}</ref><ref name="theeagleonline.com" /> Abriil 22, 2020, AU waxay ku dhawaaqday inay [[Fossil fuel divestment|ka baxday (divested)]] hantideeda keydka ah (endowment) shidaalka fosilka, taasoo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah jaamacadaha ugu horreeya ee Mareykanka ee si buuxda uga baxa haysashada shidaalka fosilka ee tooska ah iyo midka aan tooska ahayn labadaba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 22, 2020|title=American University Eliminates All Public Fossil Fuel Investments from Its Endowment|url=https://www.american.edu/media/news/20200422-divestment.cfm|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=American University|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=BREAKING: AU announces full financial divestment from fossil fuel stocks|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2020/04/breaking-au-announces-full-financial-divestment-from-fossil-fuel-stocks|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Ka dib [[referendum|afti]] ay ardaydu u codeeyeen inay taageerayaan ka bixitaanka, gollaha maamulayaasha AU waxay u codeeyeen inay diidaan ka bixitaanka keydka 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Respaut|first=Robin|date=November 21, 2014|title=American University rejects divesting its fossil-fuel assets|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-university-fossilfuel-idUSKCN0J52C120141121|access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> Go'aanka lagu baxay 2020 wuxuu yimid ka dib olole ballaaran oo ay ardaydu ka sameeyeen kooxo sida Fossil Free AU iyo dowladda ardayda ee heerka koowaad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Lu|first=Mark|date=April 22, 2020|title=Fossil Free AU & AUSG: the unlikely pair that secured fossil fuel divestment|url=https://www.americanagora.org/single-post/2020/04/22/ffau-ausg-the-unlikely-pair-that-secured-fossil-fuel-divestment|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=americanagora|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> 2020, Fossil Free AU waxay ku aaddisay afti labaad oo arday ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca, dowladduna ardayduna waxay soo saartay warbixin ku saabsan ka bixitaanka, taas oo loo bandhigay gollaha maamulayaasha adkeysiga maaliyadeed ee ardayda Robert Zitzmann.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2020|title=Fossil Fuel Divestment: Environmentally Sustainable, Financially Responsible|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gCj2nr5qcWy1fQobPyWcCaslZarEQsCt/view|website=American University Student Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SG referendum supporting divestment from fossil fuel industry passes|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2020/04/sg-referendum-supporting-divestment-from-fossil-fuel-industry-passes|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Horraantii Agoosto 2023, Burwell waxay ku dhawaaqday inay ka degayso madaxweynaha 15-aad ee AU laakiin ay ka sii shaqayn doonto Machadka Si سیاست iyo Siyaasadda ee Sine ee AU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Nick |date=August 8, 2023 |title=American University president to step down after the coming school year |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/08/08/american-university-sylvia-burwell-resign/ |access-date=March 19, 2024 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Changemaking Presidency |url=https://www.american.edu/magazine/article/a-changemaking-presidency.cfm |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Luuliyo 1, 2024, [[Jonathan Alger]] wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha 16-aad ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing AU's 16th president |url=https://www.american.edu/trustees/presidentialsearch/ |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Alger wuxuu u magacaabay Matthew Eynon, oo hore u ahaa Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka Arrimaha Jaamacadda ee [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), inuu hoggaamiyo Horumarinta Jaamacadda iyo Qorshaynta Istaraatiijiyadeed ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing our new Vice President of University Advancement |url=https://www.american.edu/president/announcements/march-24-2025.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Nofeembar 2024, waxaa la sheegay in AU ay tixgelineyso dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyo [[American University School of Education|SOE]], taas oo laga yaabo inay dib ugu biiriso [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|CAS]] ama xitaa ay kala dirto [[American University School of Education|SOE]] gebi ahaanba, iyada oo ay sabab u tahay walaacyo dhinaca miisaaniyadda ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAICU - Amid Budget Cuts, American University May Restructure School of Education |url=https://www.naicu.edu/news-events/member-news/2024/11/amid-budget-cuts-american-university-may-restructure-school-of-education/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.naicu.edu}}</ref> Febraayo 2025, borofisarkii mudada dheer maaliyadda H. Kent Baker wuxuu sameeyay deeq aan la shaacin, taas oo ahayd deeqdii shaqsi ee ugu weynayd taariikhda AU, oo lagu sharfayo xaaskiisii ​​geeriyootay, Linda. Gollaha Maamulayaasha waxay aqoonsadeen deeqdiisa beddelka lahayd iyagoo u bixiyay dugsiga [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada ee Linda A. and H. Kent Baker]], taas oo ahayd tallaabo ugu dambeyn xajistay xaaladda madaxbannaan ee dugsiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank {{!}} |first=Adrienne |date=2025-02-11 |title=The Enduring Legacy of an AU Love Story: Lifelong AU Connections Inspire Historic Gift to Name the School of Education (SOE) |url=https://www.american.edu/news/The-Enduring-Legacy-of-an-AU-Love-Story-Lifelong-AU-Connections-Inspire-Historic-Gift-to-Name-the-School-of-Education-SOE.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> May 2026, Alger wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka degay xilkii madaxweynaha 16-aad ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Message to the AU Community from President Alger |url=https://www.american.edu/president/announcements/may-27-2026.cfm |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Laga bilaabo Luuliyo 2026, [[David Marchick]] wuxuu u adeegaa AU ahaan madaxweyne kumeelgaar ah ilaa madaxweynaha xiga uu xilka ka qabanayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-27 |title=A letter from David Marchick to the American University community |url=https://kogod.american.edu/news/a-letter-from-david-marchick-to-the-american-university-community |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=kogod.american.edu |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} iqghxg2vvb5377lcqhz28ikz2doknpv 309677 309671 2026-09-25T14:50:53Z Isma4l 41797 La dhameeyay isku darka 309677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Jaamacadda Mareykanka | image = American University logo.svg | established = {{start date and age|1893|02|24}} | motto = {{lang|la|[[Pro aris et focis|Pro deo et patria]]}} ([[Latin|Laatiini]]) | motto_eng = "Ilaah iyo Waddanka" | type = [[Private university|Gaar loo leeyahay]] [[University charter#Federal|federaal ahaan loo aqoonsaday]] [[research university|jaamacad cilmi-baaris]] | founders = [[John Fletcher Hurst]] | accreditation = [[Middle States Commission on Higher Education|MSCHE]] | religious_affiliation = [[United Methodist Church|Kaniisadda Methodist-ka Midowday]] | president = [[David Marchick]] (K MG) | provost = [[Vicky M. Wilkins]] | city = [[Washington, D.C.]] | country = Maraykanka | students = 13,019 (Dayrtii 2023)<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.american.edu/trustees/upload/american-university-presidential-search-prospectus_october-2023.pdf|title=American University Presidential Search Prospectus | publisher=American University | date=October 30, 2023 | access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref> | undergrad = 7,571 (Dayrtii 2023) | postgrad = 3,613 (Dayrtii 2023) | other_students = 1,835 (Dayrtii 2023) | campus = Magaalo weyn,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=American&s=all&pg=5&id=131159|title=College Navigator – American University|website=nces.ed.gov}}</ref> {{convert|90|acre|ha}} | mascot = Clawed Z. Eagle (Gorgorka) | sporting_affiliations = {{hlist| [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Patriot League]]|[[Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association|EIWA]]}} | sports_nickname = [[American Eagles|Gorgorrada]] | colors = {{color box|#ED193A}} Casaan<br />{{color box|#004FA2}} Buluug<br />{{color box|white}} Caddaan | endowment = $1.12 bilyan (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2025-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-FINAL.xlsx |title=U.S. and Canadian 2025 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2025 Endowment Market Value |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) |access-date=February 14, 2026 |format=XLSX}}</ref> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities|CUMU]]|[[Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area|CUWMA]]|[[Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration|CONAHEC]]|[[International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities|IAMSCU]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space grant]]|[[Consortium for Undergraduate International Business Education|CUIBE]]}} | coordinates = {{coord|38.9371|-77.0869|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | website = {{official url}} | logo = | logo_upright = .9 | free_label = Wargeyska | free = ''The Eagle'' }} [[File:AU Flag.jpg|thumb|Calanka Jaamacadda Mareykanka]] '''Jaamacadda Mareykanka''' (ingiriisi: '''American University''', oo loo soo gaabiyo '''AU''' ama '''American''') waa [[Private university|jaamacad gaar loo leeyahay]] oo ku taal magaalada [[Washington, D.C.]], ee dalka Maraykanka. Xarunteeda weyn waxay ku fidsan tahay 90 acres (36 ha) oo ku taal [[Ward Circle]], oo ka tirsan xaafadaha [[Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)|Spring Valley]] iyo [[Tenleytown]] ee [[Northwest (Washington, D.C.)|Northwest D.C.]]. Jaamacadda waxaa lagu aasaasay sharci ka soo baxay [[Act of Congress|Golaha Guurtida Maraykanka]] sanadkii 1893, iyada oo uu soo jeediyay bishop-kii Methodist-ka ahaa ee [[John Fletcher Hurst]], kaas oo doonayay in uu abuuro hay'ad dhiirrigelisa [[public service|adeegga bulshada]], [[Internationalism (politics)|caalamiyeynta]], iyo [[pragmatic idealism|aragti-wanaagga dhabta ah]].<ref name=ActofIncorporation>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/trustees/Charter.cfm|title= American University Act of Incorporation|date=December 5, 1892|work=US Congress|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{USStatute|52|160|27|476|1893|02|24|HR|10304}}</ref> Jaamacadda waxaa aasaasay [[General Conference (Methodism)|Shirka Guud]] ee [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] oo ahayd hay'ad qaran oo Methodist ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AU's United Methodist Affiliation |url=https://www.american.edu/student-affairs/kay/united-methodist-affiliation.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Waxay weli xiriir la leedahay [[United Methodist Church|Kaniisadda Methodist-ka Midowday]], hase yeeshee, xiriirka diimeed ma aha shuruud loo baahan yahay in lagu soo galo jaamacadda, shaqo looga helayo, mana aha shuruud akhris-aqooneed. AU waxay bilowday dhismaheedii 1902, waxayna furantahay iyada oo ah hay'ad waxbarasho oo heer sare ah (qalin-jabisa) 1914, iyada oo aqbashay ardaydii ugu horreysay ee shahaadada koowaad (undergraduate) sanadkii 1925. AU waxay ka kooban tahay siddeed dugsi iyo kulliyadood: [[American University School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]]; [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyadda Fanka iyo Sayniska]]; Dugsiga Ganacsiga ee Kogod; [[American University School of Communication|Dugsiga Isgaarsiinta]]; Dugsiga Daraasaadka Xirfadda iyo Baahsan; [[American University School of Public Affairs|Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha]]; [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada ee Linda A. and H. Kent Baker]]; iyo [[Washington College of Law]] (WCL). Jaamacaddu waxay bixisaa in ka badan 160 barnaamijyo waxbarasho, oo ay ku jiraan 71 shahaadada koowaad ah, 87 shahaadada mastarka ah, iyo 10 shahaadada dhakhtarnimada (PhD), iyo waliba barnaamijyada [[Juris Doctor Degree|JD]], [[Master of Law|LLM]], iyo [[Doctor of Juridical Science|SJD]]. Jaamacaddu waxay ka mid tahay [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions|jaamacadaha heerka R1]] ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq cilmi-baaris oo sarreeya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University |url=https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/institution/american-university/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyada oo ay ardaydu ka badan yihiin 13,000 kana kala socda dhammaan 50-ka gobol ee Maraykanka iyo 141 waddan, ku dhawaad ​​shan meelood meel ardayda ayaa ah kuwo caalami ah. Ardayda ciyaaraha ee jaamacaddu waxay kula tartamaan kooxaha heerka jaamacadeed sida [[American Eagles]] ee [[NCAA Division I]] iyagoo xubin ka ah [[Patriot League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriot League |url=https://patriotleague.org/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Patriot League |language=en}}</ref> AU waxay hoy u tahay Maktabadda Jack I. iyo Dorothy G. Bender, taas oo haysa in ka badan hal milyan oo buug waana qayb ka mid ah [[Washington Research Library Consortium]], oo ay weheliso Maktabadda Sharci ee Pence ee WCL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University {{!}} Washington Research Library Consortium |url=https://www.wrlc.org/au |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.wrlc.org}}</ref> Jaamacadda Mareykanka waa mid ka mid ah saddexda dugsi ee ugu sarreeya ee ardaydoodu toos uga shaqo galaan [[United States Department of State|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toosi |first=Nahal |date=June 14, 2020 |title=Ivy League grads have a leg up in State Department promotions, stats show |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/14/ivy-league-grads-state-department-promotions-316531 |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} == Taariikhda == === Aasaaskii === [[File:American University Glover Gate.jpg|thumb|Albaabka hore ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka]] [[File:American University in 1916.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Mareykanka sanadkii 1916]] Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxaa lagu aasaasay Degmada Columbia (District of Columbia) iyada oo ay sababtay sharci ka soo baxay [[Act of Congress|Golaha Guurtida]] Disembar 5, 1892, taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay dadaalkii uu bixiyay bishop-kii Methodist-ka ahaa ee [[John Fletcher Hurst]], kaas oo ujeedadiisu ahayd in uu abuuro hay'ad tababari karta shaqaalaha dowladda mustaqbalka. Hurst ayaa sidoo kale doortay goobta jaamacadda, taas oo ku tiilay hareeraha miyiga ah ee [[Washington, D.C.]]. Ka dib in ka badan saddex sano iyo bar oo loo huray inta badan helitaanka taageero dhaqaale, jaamacadda waxaa si rasmi ah loo daahfuray May 15, 1914. Waxbarashadu waxay bilaabatay Oktoobar 1914 iyada oo ay diiwaan gashanaayeen 28 arday, kuwaas oo 19 ka mid ahi ay ahaayeen qalin-jabis, inta kalena ay ahaayeen arday gaar ah oo aan u sharaxnayn shahaado. === Qarnigii 20-aad === Qalin-jabintii ugu horreysay ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxay dhacday Juun 2, 1915. [[File:AU McKineyHall ACC.jpeg|thumb|Goobta ay ka dhalatay Ciidanka Kimikada Ee Ciidanka (Army Chemical Corps)]] Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], jaamacaddu waxay u oggolaatay [[U.S. military|ciidanka Maraykanka]] inay adeegsadaan dhulka jaamacadda si ay tijaabooyin uga sameeyaan. Sanadkii 1917, ciidanka Maraykanka waxay u qaybiyeen Jaamacadda Mareykanka laba qaybood: [[Camp Leach]] iyo [[Camp American University]]. Camp Leach wuxuu ahaa hoy ay ka socdaan cilmi-baaris horumarsan, horumarin, iyo tijaabinta farsamooyinka daboolida casriga ah (camouflage). Camp American University waxay ahayd saldhig tijaabo ah oo noqday halkii ay ka dhalatay barnaamijka hubka kiimikada ee Maraykanka iyo goobta tijaabada hubka kiimikada.<ref name="Gordon">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Martin K. |url=https://www.nab.usace.army.mil/Portals/63/docs/SpringValley/AUES_Report_June_1994.pdf |title=Final Report: A Brief History of the American University Experiment Station and U. S. Navy Bomb Disposal School, America University |last2=Sude |first2=Barry R. |last3=Overbeck |first3=Ruth Ann |last4=Hendricks |first4=Charles |date=1994 |publisher=U. S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gross">{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Daniel A.|title=Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory|journal=Distillations|date=Spring 2015|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–23|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/chemical-warfare-from-the-european-battlefield-to-the-american-laboratory|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref> Dadaal weyn oo nadiifin ah ayaa bilaabmay 1990-meeyadii si looga saaro hadhaagii hubka kiimikada, gaar ahaan ururinta in ka badan 200 oo qolof oo gaaska mustard ah oo lagu aasay dhulka hoostiisa kampaska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=American University Once Had A Chemical Warfare Center |url=https://architectofthecapital.org/posts/2016/11/18/american-university-chemical-weapons |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Architect of the Capital |language=en-US}}</ref> Agab dheeraad ah ayaa la helay Juun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoration plans persist in cleanup of former World War I chemical weapons manufacturing site - The Eagle |url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2024/12/restoration-plans-persist-in-cleanup-of-former-world-war-i-chemical-weapons-manufacturing-site |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.theeagleonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spring Valley Monthly Update February 2025 |url=https://www.nab.usace.army.mil/Home/Spring-Valley/Monthly-Update/ |access-date=May 18, 2025 |website=US Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District}}</ref> Waxbarashada waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu bixiyay heerka qalin-jabinta keliya, iyadoo waafaqsan aragtida aasaasayaasha jaamacadda. Arrinkani wuu is beddelay 1925 markii la aasaasay Kulliyada Fanka Xorta ah (oo hadhow loo bixiyay [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyada Fanka iyo Sayniska]]), taas oo bixisay shahaadooyinka iyo barnaamijyada jaamacadeed ee heerka koowaad. Wixii hadda ah [[American University School of Public Affairs|Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha]] waxaa la aasaasay 1934,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spa.american.edu/pages.php?ID=12 |title=The School of Public Affairs at American University |publisher=Spa.american.edu |access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> qayb ahaan si loo baro shaqaalaha dowladda ee mustaqbalka dhinaca [[public administration|maamulka dadweynaha]]. Xiriirka AU ee dowladda Maraykanka wuxuu sii socday intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], xilligaas oo kampasku uu martigeliyay Iskuulka Bambaanooyinka Burburiya ee Ciidanka Badda ee Maraykanka iyo xerada ciidanka dumarka ee [[United States Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve)|WAVE]]. Kaalinta AU ee dadaalladaas dagaalka awgeed, markabkii guusha ee [[Victory ship|SS ''American Victory'']] loogu magac daray sharafteeda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & History |url=https://www.americanvictory.org/about/mission-and-history/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=American Victory Ship |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:President Kennedy American University Commencement Address June 10, 1963.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne [[John F. Kennedy]] wuxuu jeedinayaa [[wikisource:A Strategy of Peace|hutbiga qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka]], Juun 10, 1963]] Xilligii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa la arkay koror weyn iyo dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyay AU. 1949, jaamacaddu waxay midoobday [[Washington College of Law]], taas oo la aasaasay 1896. Wax yar ka dib, saddex waaxood ayaa loo habeeyay sidii dugsiyo: Dugsiga Maamulka Ganacsiga 1955 (oo hadhow loo bixiyay Kulliyada Maamulka Ganacsiga ee Robert P. iyo Arlene R. Kogod 1999na loo bixiyay Dugsiga Ganacsiga ee Kogod); Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha 1957; iyo [[School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]] 1958.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Horraantii 1960-meeyadii, [[United States Department_of_Defense|Wasaaradda Difaaca]] iyo [[Central Intelligence Agency|Wakaaladda Sirdoonka Bartamaha]] waxay maamulayeen xarunta cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta ee federaalka loo maalgeliyo ee [[Project Camelot|Xafiiska Cilmi-baarista Howlaha Gaarka ah (SORO)]] oo ahayd xarun fikradeed (think-tank) oo ku taal Jaamacadda Mareykanka. Lugaha siyaasadeed ee AU waxaa sii xoojiyay khudbaddii qalin-jabinta ee Madaxweyne [[John F. Kennedy]] ee Guga 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BWC7I4C9QUmLG9J6I8oy8w.aspx |title=Commencement Address at American University, June 10, 1963 |date=June 10, 1963 |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Khudbadaas, Kennedy wuxuu ugu baaqay Midowga Soofiyeeti inay la shaqeeyaan Maraykanka si loo gaaro heshiis lagu mamnuucayo tijaabada nukliyeerka iyo in la yareeyo xiisadaha caalamiga ah ee xooggan iyo cabsida dagaalka nukliyeerka xilligaas oo uu taagnaa [[Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1965 ilaa 1977, Kulliyada Waxbarashada Sii-socota (College of Continuing Education) waxay jirtay iyada oo ah kulliyad bixisa shahaadooyin oo masuul ka ahayd barnaamijyada waxbarashada dadka waaweyn ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba kampaska. Dugsiga Kalkaalinta Caafimaadka ee Lucy Webb Hayes wuxuu bixiyay waxbarashada heerka koowaad ee Kalkaalinta 1965 ilaa 1988. 1972, Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha, Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah, Xarunta Farsamada iyo Maamulka, iyo Xarunta Maamulka Caddaaladda (oo hadhow loo bixiyay Dugsiga Caddaaladda) waxaa lagu daray Kulliyada Arrimaha Dadweynaha iyo Caalamiga ah. Jaamacaddu waxay iibsatay Kampaska Immaculata 1986 si loo xalliyo dhibaatooyinka booska. Kanu wuxuu noqon doonaa Kampaska Tenley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Neil |last2= |title=Moving AU law school could revitalize Tenleytown |url=https://ggwash.org/view/5269/moving-au-law-school-could-revitalize-tenleytown |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Greater Greater Washington |language=en}}</ref> 1986, dhismaha Xarunta Isboortiga iyo Kulanka ee Adnan Khashoggi ayaa billowday. Waxaa lagu maalgeliyay $5 milyan oo ka yimid islamarkaana loogu magac daray xubnihii gollaha maamulka ee Sacuudiga [[Adnan Khashoggi]], dhismaha waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu cusboonaysiiyo xarumaha ciyaaraha oo la siiyo garoon cusub, iyo sidoo kale meel baabuurta la dhigto iyo xafiisyo adeegyada maamulka ah. Isagoo ku kacay qiyaastii $19 milyan, dhismahani wuxuu ahaa mashruucsprkii ugu weynaa ee dhismaha ilaa xilligaas laakiin wuxuu la kulmay mudaharaad uga yimid macallimiinta iyo ardaydaba oo ka soo horjeeday isticmaalka jaamacadda ee magaca Khashoggi ee dhismaha sababtoo ah qaybtiisii ganacsiga hubka caalamiga ah.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/01/11/american-u-donation-stirs-debate/a8487a86-1788-4a79-ab8f-16e02c03df43/ |title=AMERICAN U. DONATION STIRS DEBATE |last=Isikoff |first=Michael |date=January 11, 1987 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> 1988, Kulliyada Arrimaha Dadweynaha iyo Caalamiga ah waxaa dib loo habeeyay si loo abuuro laba dugsi oo madaxbannaan: Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah iyo Dugsiga Arrimaha Dadweynaha, oo ay ku jiraan Dugsiga Dowladda iyo Maamulka Dadweynaha iyo Dugsiga Caddaaladda. Isla sanadkaas, dhismaha Xarunta Isboortiga ee Adnan Khashoggi waa la dhammeeyay halka ay arrinta muranka ka taagnayd ee [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra]] ay gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay, in kasta oo magaciisu uu ku haray dhismaha ilaa ka dib markii Khashoggi uu ku guuldareysatay waajibaadkiisii deeqda ahayd dhexdii ilaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii. [[File:Tenleytown aerial 2019.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal xagga sare ah oo ka muuqda kampaska Jaamacadda Mareykanka, iyadoo [[Tenleytown]] ay ku taal gadaal, 2019]] [[File:AmericanUniversity.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Mareykanka]]1997, [[American University of Sharjah]], oo ahayd jaamacadda keliya ee iskudhaf ah, ee fanka xorta ah ee ku taal [[United Arab Emirates|Aimaraatka Carabta ee Midoobay]], waxay saxiixday qandaraas laba sano ah oo ay la gashay AU si ay u bixiso maamulka aqooneed. Qandaraaskan tan iyo markaas waa la cusboonaysiiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Agoosto 2009. Koox ka tirsan maamulayaasha sare ee AU ayaa u guuray [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] si ay uga caawiyaan aasaaska jaamacadda iyo in ay maraan nidaamka aqoonsiga ee [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]]. === Qarnigii 21-aad === Dayrtii 2005, [[Katzen Arts Center|Xarunta Fanka ee Katzen]] iyo [[American University Museum]] ayaa furmay, iyagoo lagu maalgeliyay deeq ka timid [[philanthropists|deeq-bixiyeyaasha]] Washington, D.C. Dr. Cyrus iyo Myrtle Katzen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=The Katzen Arts Center: A Legacy |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/news/katzen-arts-center-legacy.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Xaruntu waxay sii waddaa inay soo bandhigto ururinta fanka ee reer Katzen waxayna diiradda saartaa iskaashiga kala duwan ee dhinaca fanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katzen Arts Center |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/katzen/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> [[Benjamin Ladner]] waxaa laga joojiyay xilkiisii madaxweynaha jaamacadda Agoosto 24, 2005, iyadoo la sugayo baaritaan ku saabsan suurtagalnimada in si khaldan loo isticmaalay lacagaha jaamacadda. Macallimiinta jaamacadda ayaa codad kalsooni darro ah u qaaday Madaxweyne Ladner bishii xigtay.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/26/AR2005092601801.html |title=AU Faculty Members Vote No Confidence in Ladner |last1=Kinzie |first1=Susan |last2=Strauss |first2=Valerie |date=September 27, 2005 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Hal bil ka dib codbixinta macallimiinta, gollaha maamulayaashu waxay go'aamiyeen in Ladner uusan dib ugu laaban doonin Jaamacadda Mareykanka ahaan madaxweynaheeda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/education/president-of-american-university-agrees-to-resign.html |title=President of American University Agrees to Resign |last=Janofsky |first=Michael |date=October 25, 2005 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> Sida uu qabo [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]],<ref>Bogga B10, November 16, 2007</ref> Ladner wuxuu helay magdhow guud oo gaaraya $4,270,665 sannadkiisii ugu dambeeyay ee adeegga, kaas oo ahaa kii labaad ee ugu sarreeyay madaxweyne kasta oo jaamacad ah dalka gudahiisa. [[Cornelius M. Kerwin]], oo ahaa maamule muddo dheer ka tirsanaa AU, ayaa markaas loo magacaabay madaxweyne K MG. Sebtembar 1, 2007, Kerwin waxaa loo magacaabay xilka si rasmi ah u joogto ah ka dib markii laba codsade ay diideen dalab ka yimid gollaha maamulayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/president/new/biography.html |title=President-Elect Cornelius M. Kerwin biography| author=American University |year=2007 |access-date=July 20, 2007}}</ref> Dhismaha dhismaha cusub ee [[American University School of International Service|Dugsiga Adeegga Caalamiga ah]] ayaa la dhagax dhigay Nofeembar 14, 2007, waxaana la dhammeeyay 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University School of International Service |url=https://mcdonoughpartners.com/projects/american-university-school-of-international-service/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=William McDonough + Partners |language=en-US}}</ref> Furitaanka dhismaha, waxaa khudbad jeediyay xilligaas Senator-kii Hawaii [[Daniel K. Inouye]]. 2015, Jaamacadda Mareykanka waxay bilowday bixinta barnaamij la aqoonsaday, oo degdeg ah oo internetka ah oo ah Shahaadada Mastarka Maamulka Ganacsiga ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]).<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-university-kogod-school-of-business-to-offer-accelerated-one-year-online-mba-program-300152411.html|title=American University Kogod School of Business to Offer Accelerated One-year Online MBA Program|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://onlinebusiness.american.edu/mba/|title=Online MBA - Earn your MBA from Anywhere|access-date=June 21, 2018|language=en}}</ref> May 2017, Kerwin wuxuu ka fariistay madaxweynaha AU.<ref name="reedretire">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2016/03/28/american-university-president-neil-kerwin-to-step.html |title=American University President Neil Kerwin to step down |last=Reed |first=Tina |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Washington Business Journal |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> Bishii Juun, wax yar ka dib markii ay ka tagtay xilkeedii ahayd [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Wasiirka HHS]], [[Sylvia Mathews Burwell]] ayaa loo doortay inay noqoto madaxweynaha 15-aad isla markaana ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee ka shaqeysa doorkaas.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rebecca Adams |date=2017-01-26 |title=Burwell to Lead American University as President |url=https://rollcall.com/2017/01/26/burwell-to-lead-american-university-as-president/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Roll Call |language=en-US}}</ref> 2017, [[Taylor Dumpson]] waxay noqotay madaxweynaha ururka ardayda ee ugu horreysay oo ah haweeney madow ah ee AU. Maalinteedii ugu horreysay ee xafiiska, moos ayaa laga helay saddex meelood oo ka tirsan kampaska, oo ka lulnaya xargo xarig u eg, oona ay ku calaamadsan yihiin xarfaha "AKA," oo ah xarfaha ururka gabdhaha ee [[Alpha Kappa Alpha]]. Jaamacaddu waxay u aragtay dhacdadaas mid cunsuriyad ah, iyadoo madaxweynaha bixi doona Kerwin uu ku tilmaamay "fal fulaynimo ah, oo laga naxo."<ref>Larimer, Susan (May 2, 2017) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/05/02/a-cowardly-despicable-act-american-u-president-responds-to-banana-incident-on-schools-campus/ "Man who harassed black student online must deliver 'sincere' apology, renounce white supremacy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref><ref name="larimer">Larimer, Sarah (December 21, 2018) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/12/21/man-who-harassed-black-student-online-must-deliver-sincere-apology-renounce-white-supremacy/ "Man who harassed black student online must deliver 'sincere' apology, renounce white supremacy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> 2019, [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada]] (SOE) waxaa laga gooyay [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|Kulliyada Fanka iyo Sayniska]] (CAS).<ref name="theeagleonline.com">{{Cite web|title=School of Education separates from the College of Arts and Sciences|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2019/06/school-of-education-separates|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Sida uu sheegay deenka SOE ee xilligaas Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, tallaabadan waxaa loo qaaday si "loogu dhiirrigeliyo ardayda badan inay raadsadaan shaqooyinka waxbarashada."<ref name="theeagleonline.com" /> Meelaha daraasadda ee ardaydu ay ka ceyrsan karaan dugsiga dhexdiisa waxaa ka mid ah: waxbarashada macallimiinta, waxbarashada gaarka ah, siyaasadda waxbarashada iyo hoggaanka, iyo waxbarashada caalamiga ah. Dugsigu wuxuu hoy u yahay Machadka Hal-abuurka ee Waxbarashada iyo Xarunta Diyaarinta iyo Guusha Kadib-Sare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School of Education {{!}} American University, Washington, DC|url=https://www.american.edu/soe/|access-date=August 20, 2020|website=American University|language=en}}</ref><ref name="theeagleonline.com" /> Abriil 22, 2020, AU waxay ku dhawaaqday inay [[Fossil fuel divestment|ka baxday (divested)]] hantideeda keydka ah (endowment) shidaalka fosilka, taasoo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah jaamacadaha ugu horreeya ee Mareykanka ee si buuxda uga baxa haysashada shidaalka fosilka ee tooska ah iyo midka aan tooska ahayn labadaba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 22, 2020|title=American University Eliminates All Public Fossil Fuel Investments from Its Endowment|url=https://www.american.edu/media/news/20200422-divestment.cfm|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=American University|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=BREAKING: AU announces full financial divestment from fossil fuel stocks|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2020/04/breaking-au-announces-full-financial-divestment-from-fossil-fuel-stocks|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Ka dib [[referendum|afti]] ay ardaydu u codeeyeen inay taageerayaan ka bixitaanka, gollaha maamulayaasha AU waxay u codeeyeen inay diidaan ka bixitaanka keydka 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Respaut|first=Robin|date=November 21, 2014|title=American University rejects divesting its fossil-fuel assets|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-university-fossilfuel-idUSKCN0J52C120141121|access-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> Go'aanka lagu baxay 2020 wuxuu yimid ka dib olole ballaaran oo ay ardaydu ka sameeyeen kooxo sida Fossil Free AU iyo dowladda ardayda ee heerka koowaad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Lu|first=Mark|date=April 22, 2020|title=Fossil Free AU & AUSG: the unlikely pair that secured fossil fuel divestment|url=https://www.americanagora.org/single-post/2020/04/22/ffau-ausg-the-unlikely-pair-that-secured-fossil-fuel-divestment|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=americanagora|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> 2020, Fossil Free AU waxay ku aaddisay afti labaad oo arday ah oo ku saabsan mawduuca, dowladduna ardayduna waxay soo saartay warbixin ku saabsan ka bixitaanka, taas oo loo bandhigay gollaha maamulayaasha adkeysiga maaliyadeed ee ardayda Robert Zitzmann.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2020|title=Fossil Fuel Divestment: Environmentally Sustainable, Financially Responsible|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gCj2nr5qcWy1fQobPyWcCaslZarEQsCt/view|website=American University Student Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SG referendum supporting divestment from fossil fuel industry passes|url=https://www.theeagleonline.com/article/2020/04/sg-referendum-supporting-divestment-from-fossil-fuel-industry-passes|access-date=December 27, 2020|website=The Eagle|language=en}}</ref> Horraantii Agoosto 2023, Burwell waxay ku dhawaaqday inay ka degayso madaxweynaha 15-aad ee AU laakiin ay ka sii shaqayn doonto Machadka Si سیاست iyo Siyaasadda ee Sine ee AU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Nick |date=August 8, 2023 |title=American University president to step down after the coming school year |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/08/08/american-university-sylvia-burwell-resign/ |access-date=March 19, 2024 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Changemaking Presidency |url=https://www.american.edu/magazine/article/a-changemaking-presidency.cfm |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Luuliyo 1, 2024, [[Jonathan Alger]] wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha 16-aad ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing AU's 16th president |url=https://www.american.edu/trustees/presidentialsearch/ |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Alger wuxuu u magacaabay Matthew Eynon, oo hore u ahaa Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka Arrimaha Jaamacadda ee [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), inuu hoggaamiyo Horumarinta Jaamacadda iyo Qorshaynta Istaraatiijiyadeed ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing our new Vice President of University Advancement |url=https://www.american.edu/president/announcements/march-24-2025.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Nofeembar 2024, waxaa la sheegay in AU ay tixgelineyso dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyo [[American University School of Education|SOE]], taas oo laga yaabo inay dib ugu biiriso [[American University College of Arts and Sciences|CAS]] ama xitaa ay kala dirto [[American University School of Education|SOE]] gebi ahaanba, iyada oo ay sabab u tahay walaacyo dhinaca miisaaniyadda ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAICU - Amid Budget Cuts, American University May Restructure School of Education |url=https://www.naicu.edu/news-events/member-news/2024/11/amid-budget-cuts-american-university-may-restructure-school-of-education/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.naicu.edu}}</ref> Febraayo 2025, borofisarkii mudada dheer maaliyadda H. Kent Baker wuxuu sameeyay deeq aan la shaacin, taas oo ahayd deeqdii shaqsi ee ugu weynayd taariikhda AU, oo lagu sharfayo xaaskiisii ​​geeriyootay, Linda. Gollaha Maamulayaasha waxay aqoonsadeen deeqdiisa beddelka lahayd iyagoo u bixiyay dugsiga [[American University School of Education|Dugsiga Waxbarashada ee Linda A. and H. Kent Baker]], taas oo ahayd tallaabo ugu dambeyn xajistay xaaladda madaxbannaan ee dugsiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank {{!}} |first=Adrienne |date=2025-02-11 |title=The Enduring Legacy of an AU Love Story: Lifelong AU Connections Inspire Historic Gift to Name the School of Education (SOE) |url=https://www.american.edu/news/The-Enduring-Legacy-of-an-AU-Love-Story-Lifelong-AU-Connections-Inspire-Historic-Gift-to-Name-the-School-of-Education-SOE.cfm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> May 2026, Alger wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka degay xilkii madaxweynaha 16-aad ee AU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Message to the AU Community from President Alger |url=https://www.american.edu/president/announcements/may-27-2026.cfm |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> Laga bilaabo Luuliyo 2026, [[David Marchick]] wuxuu u adeegaa AU ahaan madaxweyne kumeelgaar ah ilaa madaxweynaha xiga uu xilka ka qabanayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-27 |title=A letter from David Marchick to the American University community |url=https://kogod.american.edu/news/a-letter-from-david-marchick-to-the-american-university-community |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=kogod.american.edu |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} io1ncvygrjadng263g6loq6vwi1ziky 0 37183 309683 244739 2026-09-26T01:14:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dagaaladii ridada''' waa weeraro is xig xiga oo muslimiinta ku qaadeen qabiilada [[carabta]] ee ka laabatay diinta iyo kuwa diiday sakada, ka dib dhimasha rasuulka [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|muxamad]] scw iyo khilaafada [[Abu Bakr|Abuubakar al-sidiiq]], waxey socdeen dagaaladaan sanadihii [[11H]] iyo [[12H]]<ref group="la">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير1=Vaglieri|الأول1=Laura V.|عنوان=The Cambridge History of Islam|المجلد=1A|طبعة=الإلكترونيَّة|صفحة=58|مسار=https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-%E2%80%93-1a.pdf|سنة=[[2005]]|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|مكان=[[كامبريدج|Cambridge]]|لغة=en|isbn=9780521219464|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225129/https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.ashtoncentralmosque.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/The-Cambridge-History-of-Islam-%E2%80%93-1a.pdf{{!}}سنة= |date=20210830225129 }}History-of-Islam-–-1a.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021}</ref> == Taariikhda == waxa uu dhintay [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nabiga scw]] 12 bisha [[Rabic al-awwal|mowliid]] sanadkii [[11H]] oo waafaqsan 7 juun 632, ka dib markuu ku mideeyay dhamaan qabiilada carabta hal dawlad iyo iyo hal diin, laakin qabiilada badankood diinta si fiican uguma sugnaan, Nabiga scw oo wali nool ayaa waxaa [[Yemen|yaman]] kasoo baxay [[aswad al-cansi]] nabinimo ayuuna sheegtay, sidoo kale [[Museylima Al-kadaab|museylima]] ayaa [[yamaama]] kasoo baxay asna nabinimo ayuu sheegtay bal wuxuu ka dalbaday Nabiga scw inuu dhulka u qeybiyo<ref name="المتنبؤن">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد بن جرير الطبري|الطبري، أبو جعفر مُحمَّد بن جُرير]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق مُحمَّد أبو الفضل إبراهيم|عنوان=[[تاريخ الطبري|تاريخ الرُسل والمُلوك]]، الجُزء الثالث|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=282 - 287|سنة=[[1387 هـ|1387هـ]] - [[1967]]م|ناشر=[[دار المعارف]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]}</ref> ayadoo sidaas ah ayuu geeriyooday [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nabi muxamad]] scw markiiba waxaa meel kasta ku faaftay ridada, waxaa batay beenaalayaasha sheeganaya nabinimada, waxaa soo baxay [[duleyxa bin khuweylid]] iyo [[sajaaxa]], qabiilada qaar ayaa diideen sakada waxeyna sheegeen inay diinta ku ekeed dhimashada Nabiga scw, waxaa diinta ku haray kaliya reer [[Makka]] iyo reer [[Medina|Madiina]] iyo reer [[Daa'if]]. {{Gumud}} == Xigasho == [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Khulafo Raashidiin]] <references group="la" /> 9814tbi3w0e4nfxegx07ptdj75cs96c 0 37286 309709 294228 2026-09-26T04:21:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Portrait of Shah Ismail I. Inscribed "Ismael Sophy Rex Pers". Painted by Cristofano dell'Altissimo, dated 1552-1568.jpg|thumb]] '''Shaah ismaaciil al-safawi''' (af faari '''''شاه اسماعیل صفوی)''''' waa hogaamiye ka soo jeeday [[iiraan]] kaas oo aasaasay xukunka [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ee shiicada ahaa<ref>and converted Iran from the Sunnī to the Shīʿī sect of Islām [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-I-shah-of-Iran]، من [[موسوعة بريتانيكا|الموسوعة البريطانية]] (britannica.com) {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296081/Ismail-I|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=18 نوفمبر 2008|تاريخ أرشيف=27 فبراير 2015|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227003823/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296081/Ismail-I|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> ismaaciil shaah wuxuu dagaalo la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ayaa ku jabiyay [[dagaalkii jaaldiiraan]] 1514tii, waxa uu dhintay ismaaciil shaah 1524, wiilkiis [[Dahmaasib koowaad|dahmaasib]] ayaana xilka kaga dambeeyay. == Taariikdiisa == ismaaciil waxa oo ku dhashay [[ardabiil]] 25 [[Rajab]] sanadkii 892H, miilaadi ahaana 25 [[julaay]] 1487<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=شاه اسماعیل صفوی|نشانی=http://pajoohe.ir/شاه-اسماعیل-صفوی-892-930-ق__a-31532.aspx|وبگاه=بانک{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} مقالات علوم اسلامی و انسانی|بازبینی=2019-10-11}</ref><ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=بیوگرافی شاه اسماعیل صفوی|نشانی=http://ardabil.irib.ir/-/شاه-اسماعیل-صفوی|وبگاه=صدا{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} و سیمای اردبیل {{!}}|بازبینی=2019-08-11}</ref><ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=شاه اسماعیل صفوی|نشانی=http://daneshnameh.roshd.ir/mavara/mavara-index.php?page=شاه%20اسماعیل%20صفوی&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0|وبگاه=دانشنامه{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} رشد|بازبینی=2019-08-11}</ref>, Aabihiisa [[shiikh xeydar]] waxa uu ahaa hogaamiyaha dariiqada safawiyiinta taas oo u nisbo sheegato awowgii sare ee [[safiyu diin al-ardabiili]], hooyadiina waa calamshaah begum oo ah gabar ay dhaleen [[oozoon xasan]] hogaamiyaha aaq qooyonloo iyo tiyudoor gabadha imbiraadoorka daraabazoon<ref>جعفریان، ۲۸:۱۳۷۸و یوسف جمالی، تاریخ تحولات عصر صفوی، ۱۳۸۵:۴۵۰</ref>, ismaaciil hal sano markuu jiray dawladii ka talineysan dhulka [[iiraan]] ayaa dishay aabihiisa, waxyna xabsiga dhigtay asaga iyo qoyskiisa [[qalcada isdakhra]], halkaas oo ku qaateen afar sano<ref>عالم آرای عباسی، ص ۳۲؛ جهانگشای خاقان، صص ۴۴–۴۶</ref>, kadib waa la sii daayay, ismaaciil iyo qoyskiisa waxaa soo dhaweeyay talayaha [[laahiijaan]] oo ahaay qof jecel dariiqada safawiyiinta, wuxuuna ag joogay shan sano oo talyahaan si fiican u dhowraayay una daryeelaayay, wuxuu bartay intuu halkaas joogay quraanka, luuqada carabiga iyo mabaadi'da shiicada shiicada imaamiyada, sidoo kale farda fuulka, fanka dagaalka, hogaaminta iyo maamulka. === Dhisida dawlada === Waxaa dhacday ismaaciil walaalkiis ka weyn suldaan cali oona ahaa hogaamiyaha dariiqada in la dilay 1493<ref>{{پک|Ghereghlou|2017|ف=New Light on the Early Ṣafavids|ک=JAOS|ص=826|زبان=en}}</ref>, Taasi oo ka dhigtay ismaaciil inuu yahay hoggaamiyaha cusub ee safawiyiinta. ismaaciil labo iyo toban sano markuu jiray wuxuu ku laabtay [[Ardabiil]] ciidan aad u badan oo kumanaan ah ayuuna aruursaday waxaana loo yaqaanay [[qazalbaash]] (madaxya gaduuda), [[iiraan]] waqtigaas waxaa ka jiray dagaalo u dhaxeeya qoyska aaq qooyonloo ee maamulka haayay, safawiyiinta ayaa ka faaideyteen fursadaas, waxey suuro galiyeen dagaalo badan ay lagaan inay guulo ka soo hooyaan, magaalooyinka iiraan ayaa mid mid gacantooda ugu soo dhacday, ilaa ay markii dambe qabsadaan [[Tabriz|Tibriiz]] caasimadii aaq qooyonloo sandkii 907H/ 1502, waxa uu ka geestay xasuuq oo kula beegsaday dadkii ku lug lahaa dilka aabihiis [[Shiikh xeydar|shiiq xeydar]] Ismaaciil wuxuu ku dhawaaqay markuu galay [[Tabriz|tabriiz]] ismaaciil dawladiisa cusub, boqortinimo ayaana loo caleemo saaray, wuxuuna shaaciyay madhabka [[Shiica|shiiciga]] inuu yahay kan rasmiga ee dawlada. Isla sanadkaas waxa uu hantiyey [[Arzanjaan]] iyo [[Erzarum]] ,  halka sannad ka dib 1503 uu qabsaday [[ciraaq alcjam]], Hal sano ka dib waxa uu qabsaday Mazandaran , Gorgan , iyo Yazd . 1507, wuxuu qabsaday Diyabakir, waxaa sii xigay inuu ku qasbay talyaasha [[kurdistaan]], [[loristaan]] iyo [[khozestaan]] inay noqdaan kuwo hoosyimaada dawladiisa. Sanadkii 1508 waxa uu qabsaday [[Baqdaad|Bagdaad]], waxa uuna si toos ah u soo afjaray xukunka [[aaq qooyonloo]] <ref>[https://www.iraqnaa.com/aniraq/saf.htm iraqnaa.com -&nbspiraqnaa Resources and Information<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iraqnaa.com/aniraq/saf.htm |date=20150924040131 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040131/http://www.iraqnaa.com/aniraq/saf.htm|date=24 سبتمبر 2015}}</ref> == Dhaqan galinta madhabka shiiciga == Ka hor ismaaciil [[iiraan]] waxaa ka jirtay kaliya afar magaalo oo [[Shiica|shiicada]] u badan yihiin, balae ismaaciil markuu qabsaday wuxuu ku dhwaaqay inay [[Shiica|shiicada]] tahay madhabka rasmiga ee dawladiisa, wuxuuna u maray wadooyin kala duwan oo bahalnimo ah qaabkii looga badali lahaa dadka madhabooka<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=m-Hw_PFOlLsC&pg=PA29&dq=safavid+persia+conversion&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false الشرق الأوسط الحديث : تاريخ سياسي منذ الحرب العالمية الأولى للمؤلف مهران كامراوا الصفحة 29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405190547/http://books.google.com.au/books?id=m-Hw_PFOlLsC&pg=PA29&dq=safavid+persia+conversion&lr=&as_brr=3|date=05 أبريل 2015}}</ref>, wuxuu amray masaajida khudbada in laga caayo sedexda khulafo [[Abu Bakr|Abuubakar]], [[Cumar (saxaaba)|Cumar]] iyo [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan|cusmaan]], wuxuu qaadan jiray dhamaan hantida suniga masaajidooda iyo mu'sasooyinkooda asigoo ku badali jiray culamo shiico ah oo ka keenay lubnaan <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EDdGPxC1stIC&pg=RA1-PA459&dq=safavid+persia+conversion&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=93#v=onepage&q=safavid%20persia%20conversion&f=false موسوعي التاريخي والجغرافي في العالم الإسلامي للمؤلف ن. ك. سينغ الصفحة 90] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022209/http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EDdGPxC1stIC&pg=RA1-PA459&dq=safavid+persia+conversion&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=93|date=01 فبراير 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA72&dq=sunni+iran&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=201#v=onepage&q=sunni%20iran&f=false تاريخ العالم الإسلامي للمؤلف فرانسيس روبينسون الصفحة 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022228/http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA72&dq=sunni+iran&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=201|date=01 فبراير 2015}}</ref>, waxaa la dumiyay madarasooyinkooda kutabadoodna waa laga gubay, Culamada [[Sunni|suniga]] ayaa noqday mid la dilay iyo mid ka qaxay [[iiraan]], wuxuu ismaaciil faray xitaa in la faago qubuurta culamada [[Sunni|al-sunaha]] sida qabriga [[Abuu Xaniifa]] iyo [[Cabdul-Qadir Jilani|Cabdu qaadir jeylaani]]<ref>[http://abu-hanefa.blogspot.com جامع أبي حنيفة النعمان رضي الله عنه. (Usamasaad)<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010060440/https://abu-hanefa.blogspot.com/|date=10 أكتوبر 2017}}</ref>, Cid kasta oo ka soo horjeestay wuxuu ku xukumnaa dil, sida uu xusay Taariikhyahanka [[Qudbu diin nahrawaali]] wuxuu dilay ismaaciil dad badan oo hal milyan gaaraya<ref>الإعلام بأعلام بيت الله الحرام//النهروالي/ص 284</ref>, == Isku dhaca Ozbek == Qabiilada ozbek uu horkacaayay [[muxamad al-sheybaani]] ayaa ahaayeen inay dhiseen dawlad balaaran oo [[Niisaabuur]] caasimad u ahayd ka dib markey ka adkaadeen [[Dawlada Tiimuuriyiinta|tiimuuriyiinta]] 913H/1507, Ozbek waxey ahaayeen sunni waxayna il xun ku eegayeen dhaqaqaaqyada ismaaciil iyo sida uu ula dhaqmaayo [[Sunni|sunniga]], hogaamiyahooda Shaybaani wuxuu u qoray ismaaciil fariin oo ugu yeerayo ismaaciil inuu ka tago madhabka [[Shiica|shiiciga]] ah uuna ku laabto [[Sunni|sunniga]] hadii kale uu wajihi doono weerar uu tabar u haayin. Shaybaani wuxuu ku sifeesnaa dhiiranaasho laakin ma lahay sidii ismaaciil oo kale dhagar iyo khiyaano xaga dagaalada, ismaaciil ayaa u jiiday dagaal uu soo qorsheeyay, shacbaan 916H ayuu qarxay dagaalka waxaana lagu jabiyay Ozbek<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.tarbikafa.com/2014/12/blog-post_974.html?m=1 |access-date=2022-11-28 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128120130/https://www.tarbikafa.com/2014/12/blog-post_974.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, Shaybaani ayaa la qabtay oo la dilay isagoo isku dayaya inuu dagaalka ka baxsado, Shaah ismaaciil wuxuu madaxiisa ka dhigay koob wax lagu cabbo oo dahab ah. == Jabkiisa jaaldiiraan == {{See also|Dagaalkii jaaldiiraan}}sanadkii 1512 waxaa [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ayaa ka noqday suldaan [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxa uuna ahaa mid indhaha ku haaya qatarta safawiyiinta ka imaan karto, waxaa si isdaba joog ah u soo gaareesay cabshada suniyiinta iyo baaqa culamada ee ahaa ka hortagida safawiyiinta<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]]|عنوان=الدولة العُثمانيَّة: عوامل النُهُوض وأسباب السُقُوط|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=179|سنة=[[1421هـ]] - [[2001]]م|ناشر=دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|مسار=https://archive.org/details/waq60668/page/n177/mode/2up|isbn=9772653141|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407205305/https://archive.org/details/waq60668/page/n177/mode/2up|تاريخ أرشيف=7 أبريل 2022}}</ref> <ref name="منجم5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=639 - 644|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> intaa waxaa dheeraa koox ducaat ah oo [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] ku fikir ahaa kuwaas oo dhulalka [[cusmaaniyiinta]] ka waday faafinta taageerida safawiyiinta, saliim ayaa ka cabsaday gudaha dawladiis inay fawdo ka bilaabato sidaas darteed waxa uu faray in la laayo shiico badan oo gaareyso 40kun, kuwaas oo looga shakiyay inay xariir la sameeyeen shaah ismaaciil<ref group="en">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الفصل=ČĀLDERĀN|الأخير1=McCaffrey|الأول1=Michael J.|مسار=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle|موسوعة=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6|صفحات=656–658|سنة=1990|عنوان=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2021-07-22|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712134805/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-07-12}}</ref>, kadib wuxuu iclaamiyay la dagaalanka [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|Safawiyiinta]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=رضوان، نبيل عبد الحي|عنوان=جُهُود العُثمانيين لِإنقاذ الأندلُس واسترداده في مطلع العصر الحديث|طبعة=الأولى|صفحة=435|سنة=[[1408هـ]] - [[1988]]م|ناشر=مكتبة الطالب الجامعي|مكان=[[مكة|مكَّة]] - [[السعودية|السُعُوديَّة]]|مسار=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516014833/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=16 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فريدون بك، أحمد|عنوان=مجموعه مُنشآت السلاطين|المجلد=جلد اوَّل|صفحة=379 - 380|سنة=[[1275هـ]]|ناشر=دار الطباعة العامرة|مكان=[[إسطنبول|إستانبول]]|لغة=ota|مسار=https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/islamic-heritage-project/catalog/40-990078556280203941|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216150535/https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/islamic-heritage-project/catalog/40-990078556280203941/|تاريخ أرشيف=16 فبراير 2020}}</ref>. ismaaciil shaah diyaar uma ahayn dagaal sidaas darteed markuu ogaaday in [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] kusoo wajahan yahay wuxuu kharibay beeraha iyo wadooyinka ee dhaca jidka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]]<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الفصل=ČĀLDERĀN|الأخير1=McCaffrey|الأول1=Michael J.|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle%7Ceditor-last=%7Ceditor-first=%7Ceditor-link=%7Cموسوعة=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6|صفحات=656–658|مكان=|ناشر=|سنة=1990|isbn=|عنوان=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2021-07-22|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712134805/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle%7C</ref>, laakin cusmaaniyiinta taasi ma celin, wuxuu ahaa [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] inuu kusii dhex socdo [[iiraan]] ismaaciilna inuu kasii dheeraanayo, ciidankii [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] ayaa dhibsaday waxay u sheegeen saliim inuu laabto, balse saliim wuu ku adkeestay inuu cadawgiis ka adkaado, '''ismaaciil shaah''' markuu arkay in saliim noqoneyn wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu dagaal la galo, waxaa dhex maray 24 [[agoosto]] 1514tii [[Dagaalkii jaaldiiraan|dagaalkii jaaldiraan]] oo si xun loogu jabiyay '''ismaaciil shaah''', badanaa talyaashiis waxay naqdeen qaar la dilay iyo kuwo la qabtay inta la qabtay, waxaa ku jirtay xaaska ismaaciil shaah <ref name="منجم6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=645 - 651|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref>, ismaaciil oo dhaawac ah ayaa ka cararay meesha. [[Saliim koowaad|Saliim]] wuxuu tagay [[Tabriz|tibriiz]] caasimada [[Dawladii safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] [[Rajab]] 14 920H, wuxuu qabsaday khasnadaha ismaaciil shaah, wuxuu rabay inuu horay usii socdo laakin ciidanka inkishaariyiinta ayaa dharseen oo dalbadeen in la laabto wuu ka yeelay, wuxuu kusoo daray dhulka dawlada [[kurdistaan]] iyo [[diyaar bakar]] <ref group="">{{استشهاد بموسوعة|الأخير=Özcan|الأول=Abdülkadir|اسم الموسوعة=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|عنوان=İDRÎS-i BİTLİSÎ|مسار=https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/21/C21007177.pdf|تاريخ=2007|المجلد=21|صفحات=485 {{Wayback|url=https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/21/C21007177.pdf{{!}}تاريخ=2007{{!}}المجلد=21{{!}}صفحات=485 |date=20210626234910 }} - 486|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626234910/https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/21/C21007177.pdf%7C</ref>. == Wixii ka dambeeyay jaaldiiraan == Wixii ka dambeeyay [[Dagaalkii jaaldiiraan|jaaldiiraan]] ismaaciil wuxuu galay xaalad nafsiya, murugo badan ayaana la soo daristay, waxa uu ka fariistay dhamaan howlaha dawladiisa asigoo u wakiishay wasiirkiis mirzaa shaah xuseyn, kaliya wuxuu ahaa inuu qasrigiisa iska dhex joogo oo [[khamri]] cabbitaan waqtigiisa ku qaato. Ismaaciil waxa uu dhintay 23 [[May]] 1524 isaga oo da’diisu yar tahay 36 jir, waxa lagu aasay [[Ardabiil|Ardabil]] awowgiis [[Safiyu diin-ardabiili|safiyu diin]] agtiisa, waxaana beddelay wiilkiisa [[Dahmaasib koowaad|Dahmaasib]]. == Xigasho == [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Boqorada islaamka]] <references /> eydesih4v3u3claliywtkas26wwiy9p 10 40038 309673 260164 2026-09-25T14:45:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 309673 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Official website|url}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> l4ap0jm72eh5ulg4u508h37vdgu4kvg 828 46148 309675 292484 2026-09-25T14:47:54Z Isma4l 41797 309675 Scribunto text/plain local makeUrl = require('Module:URL')._url local p = {} -- Wrapper for pcall which returns nil on failure. local function quickPcall(func) local success, result = pcall(func) if success then return result end end -- Gets the rank for a Wikidata property table. Returns 1, 0 or -1, in -- order of rank. local function getRank(prop) local rank = prop.rank if rank == 'preferred' then return 1 elseif rank == 'normal' then return 0 elseif rank == 'deprecated' then return -1 else -- No rank or undefined rank is treated as "normal". return 0 end end -- Finds whether a Wikidata property is qualified as being in English. local function isEnglish(prop) local ret = quickPcall(function () for i, lang in ipairs(prop.qualifiers.P407) do if lang.datavalue.value['numeric-id'] == 1860 then return true end end return false end) return ret == true end -- Fetches the official website URL from Wikidata. local fetchWikidataUrl fetchWikidataUrl = function(qid) -- Get objects for all official sites on Wikidata. local websites = quickPcall(function () local id = qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() return mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(id, 'P856') end) -- Clone the objects in case other code needs them in their original order. websites = websites and mw.clone(websites) or {} -- Add the table index to the objects in case it is needed in the sort. for i, website in ipairs(websites) do website._index = i end -- Sort the websites, first by highest rank, and then by websites in the -- English language, then by the website's original position in the -- property list. When we are done, get the URL from the highest-sorted -- object. table.sort(websites, function(ws1, ws2) local r1 = getRank(ws1) local r2 = getRank(ws2) if r1 ~= r2 then return r1 > r2 end local e1 = isEnglish(ws1) local e2 = isEnglish(ws2) if e1 ~= e2 then return e1 end return ws1._index < ws2._index end) local url = quickPcall(function () return websites[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value end) -- Cache the result so that we only do the heavy lifting once per #invoke. fetchWikidataUrl = function () return url end return url end -- Render the URL link, plus other visible output. local function renderUrl(options) if not options.url and not options.wikidataurl then if options.suppress_error then return '' end local qid = options.qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() local result = '<strong class="error">' .. 'Lama helin wax URL ah. Fadlan ku cayin URL halkan ama ku dar mid Wikidata.' .. '</strong>' if qid then result = result.. ' [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata |link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/' .. qid .. '#P856|Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata]]' end return result end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = string.format( '<span class="official-website">%s</span>', makeUrl(options.url or options.wikidataurl, options.display) ) if options.wikidataurl and not options.url then local qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if qid then ret[#ret + 1] = '[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata |link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/' .. qid .. '#P856|Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata]]' end end return table.concat(ret, ' ') end -- Render the tracking category. local function renderTrackingCategory(url, wikidataurl) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then return '' end local category if not url and not wikidataurl then category = 'Bogga rasmiga ah URL wuu ka maqan yahay' elseif not url and wikidataurl then return '' elseif url and wikidataurl then if url:gsub('/%s*$', '') ~= wikidataurl:gsub('/%s*$', '') then category = 'Bogga rasmiga ah wuu ku kala duwan yahay Wikidata iyo Wikipedia' end else category = 'Bogga rasmiga ah kuma jiro Wikidata' end return category and string.format('[[Category:%s]]', category) or '' end function p._main(args) local url = args[1] or args.URL or args.url local wikidataurl = fetchWikidataUrl(args.qid) local formattedUrl = renderUrl{ url = url, wikidataurl = wikidataurl, display = args[2] or args.name or 'Bogga rasmiga ah', qid = qid } return formattedUrl .. renderTrackingCategory(url, wikidataurl) end function p._url(args) local qid = args.qid local wikidataurl = fetchWikidataUrl(qid) local formattedUrl = renderUrl{ suppress_error = 1, wikidataurl = wikidataurl, qid = qid } local warning = "" if wikidataurl == nil then local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning warning = generateWarning({ "Lama helin bogga rasmiga ah ([[wikidata:Property:P856|P856]]) oo ku jira wikidata. Wax la soo bandhigi doono ma jiro." }) end return formattedUrl .. warning end function p.main(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Official website' }) return p._main(args) end -- New entrypoint for Template:Official URL function p.url(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Official URL' }) return p._url(args) end return p hbfk1fk2a8red15a5ge0z589bn1cw25 309676 309675 2026-09-25T14:49:04Z Isma4l 41797 309676 Scribunto text/plain local makeUrl = require('Module:URL')._url local p = {} -- Wrapper for pcall which returns nil on failure. local function quickPcall(func) local success, result = pcall(func) if success then return result end end -- Gets the rank for a Wikidata property table. Returns 1, 0 or -1, in -- order of rank. local function getRank(prop) local rank = prop.rank if rank == 'preferred' then return 1 elseif rank == 'normal' then return 0 elseif rank == 'deprecated' then return -1 else -- No rank or undefined rank is treated as "normal". return 0 end end -- Finds whether a Wikidata property is qualified as being in English. local function isEnglish(prop) local ret = quickPcall(function () for i, lang in ipairs(prop.qualifiers.P407) do if lang.datavalue.value['numeric-id'] == 1860 then return true end end return false end) return ret == true end -- Fetches the official website URL from Wikidata. local fetchWikidataUrl fetchWikidataUrl = function(qid) -- Get objects for all official sites on Wikidata. local websites = quickPcall(function () local id = qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() return mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(id, 'P856') end) -- Clone the objects in case other code needs them in their original order. websites = websites and mw.clone(websites) or {} -- Add the table index to the objects in case it is needed in the sort. for i, website in ipairs(websites) do website._index = i end -- Sort the websites, first by highest rank, and then by websites in the -- English language, then by the website's original position in the -- property list. When we are done, get the URL from the highest-sorted -- object. table.sort(websites, function(ws1, ws2) local r1 = getRank(ws1) local r2 = getRank(ws2) if r1 ~= r2 then return r1 > r2 end local e1 = isEnglish(ws1) local e2 = isEnglish(ws2) if e1 ~= e2 then return e1 end return ws1._index < ws2._index end) local url = quickPcall(function () return websites[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value end) -- Cache the result so that we only do the heavy lifting once per #invoke. fetchWikidataUrl = function () return url end return url end -- Render the URL link, plus other visible output. local function renderUrl(options) if not options.url and not options.wikidataurl then if options.suppress_error then return '' end local qid = options.qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() local result = '<strong class="error">' .. 'Lama helin wax URL ah. Fadlan ku cayin URL halkan ama ku dar mid Wikidata.' .. '</strong>' if qid then result = result.. ' [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata |link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/' .. qid .. '#P856|Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata]]' end return result end local ret = {} ret[#ret + 1] = string.format( '<span class="official-website">%s</span>', makeUrl(options.url or options.wikidataurl, options.display) ) if options.wikidataurl and not options.url then local qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if qid then ret[#ret + 1] = '[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata |link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/' .. qid .. '#P856|Wax ka beddel tan Wikidata]]' end end return table.concat(ret, ' ') end -- Render the tracking category. local function renderTrackingCategory(url, wikidataurl) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then return '' end local category if not url and not wikidataurl then category = 'Mareegta rasmiga ah URL wuu ka maqan yahay' elseif not url and wikidataurl then return '' elseif url and wikidataurl then if url:gsub('/%s*$', '') ~= wikidataurl:gsub('/%s*$', '') then category = 'Mareegta rasmiga ah wuu ku kala duwan yahay Wikidata iyo Wikipedia' end else category = 'Mareegta rasmiga ah kuma jiro Wikidata' end return category and string.format('[[Category:%s]]', category) or '' end function p._main(args) local url = args[1] or args.URL or args.url local wikidataurl = fetchWikidataUrl(args.qid) local formattedUrl = renderUrl{ url = url, wikidataurl = wikidataurl, display = args[2] or args.name or 'Mareegta rasmiga ah', qid = qid } return formattedUrl .. renderTrackingCategory(url, wikidataurl) end function p._url(args) local qid = args.qid local wikidataurl = fetchWikidataUrl(qid) local formattedUrl = renderUrl{ suppress_error = 1, wikidataurl = wikidataurl, qid = qid } local warning = "" if wikidataurl == nil then local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning warning = generateWarning({ "Lama helin mareegta rasmiga ah ([[wikidata:Property:P856|P856]]) oo ku jira wikidata. Wax la soo bandhigi doono ma jiro." }) end return formattedUrl .. warning end function p.main(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Official website' }) return p._main(args) end -- New entrypoint for Template:Official URL function p.url(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Official URL' }) return p._url(args) end return p 31erx4b7yx0tyfkzw2xos4ro6o31els 0 47657 309695 300792 2026-09-26T03:30:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> | official_name = Malindi | settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns in Kenya by population|Degmo]] | image_skyline = Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]] iyo Badweynta Hindiya | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Kenya#Horn of Africa#Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay kutaal Kenya##Goobta ay kutaal Geeska Afrika##Goobta ay kutaal Afrika | pushpin_relief = | subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = {{flag|Kenya}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Kenya|Ismaamul]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kilifi County]] | established_title = La aasaasay | established_date = Qarnigii 13-aad – 14-aad <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title1 = Dib loo dejiyay | established_date1 = 1861 | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2019 | population_footnotes = <ref name =Census2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |df=dmy |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303134254/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 119859 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|3|13|25|S|40|7|48|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> }} '''Malindi''' (oo taariikhda looga yaqaanay '''Melinde''') waa magaalo ku taal Gacanka Malindi ee afka [[Webiga Galana]], waxayna dhacdaa xeebta [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ee dalka [[Kenya]]. Waxay 120 kiiloomitir dhanka waqooyi-bari kaga beegan tahay [[Mombasa]]. Tirada dadka Malindi waxay ahayd 119,859 tirakoobkii 2019.<ref name =Census2019/> Waa xarunta magaalo ee ugu weyn [[Kilifi County]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malindi Destination Guide - Kenyan Coastal Resort Town |url=https://www.kenyasafari.com/malindi-guide.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> ==Guudmar== {{More citations needed|section|date=January 2023}} Dalxiisku waa warshadaha ugu waaweyn ee Malindi.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://malindimunicipality.go.ke/home/about/ |website=Municipality of Malindi |access-date=22 June 2026 |archive-date=24 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624161146/https://malindimunicipality.go.ke/home/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Goobaha hidaha ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Chapel, Malindi|Kaniisadda Burtuqiiska]], [[House of Columns, Malindi|Guriga Tiirarka]] iyo [[Malindi Museum Heritage Complex|Matxafka Hidaha ee Malindi]]. Malindi waxaa u adeega garoon diyaaradeed oo gudaha ah iyo waddo weyn oo u dhaxaysa [[Mombasa]] iyo [[Lamu]]. Magaalada [[Watamu]] ee u dhow iyo [[Ruins of Gedi|Bur-burka Gedi]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Gede) ayaa dhanka koonfureed kaga beegan Malindi. Afka [[Athi-Galana-Sabaki River|Webiga Sabaki]] wuxuu ku yaal waqooyiga Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-28 |title=Top Affordable Places to Visit in Malindi Kenya |url=https://www.wakenyawataliitourstravel.com/top-affordable-places-to-visit-in-malindi-kenya/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Watamu Marine National Park|Watamu]] iyo [[Malindi Marine National Park]] waxay sameeyaan aag xeeb ah oo la ilaaliyo oo ka bilaabma koonfurta Malindi. Aaggu wuxuu muujinayaa tusaalayaal caadi ah oo ah [[Swahili architecture|Dhismaha Sawaaxiliga]]. Inta badan dadka ku nool Malindi waa [[Islam in Kenya|Muslimiin]].<ref>[[Arye Oded|Oded, Arye]] (2000). ''Islam and Politics in Kenya''. [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], p. 11</ref> Malindi waa guriga [[Malindi Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Malindi]] iyo [[Broglio Space Center]] (oo hore u ahaa ''San Marco Equatorial Range''{{clarify|date=June 2026}}).<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last1=Einashe |first1=Ismail |title=How Kenya's Malindi morphed into 'Little Italy' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56284827 |access-date=22 June 2026 |publisher=BBC |date=5 March 2021}}</ref> == Taariikh == {{See also|Malindi Kingdom}} [[File:Vasco da Gama e o Rei de Melinde (Centro Cultural Português de Santos).png|thumb|left|Sahamiyaha Burtuqiiska [[Vasco da Gama]] oo la kulmaya Boqorkii Malindi 1498. [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Burtuqiiska]] waxay xukuntay Malindi intii u dhaxaysay 1500 ilaa 1630.]] Malindi waxay u kortay sidii qayb ka mid ah ilbaxnimada soo ifbaxaysa ee [[Swahili people|Sawaaxiliga]] intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 5-aad ilaa 10-aad. Beeralay ku hadla luuqadaha [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ayaa u soo guuray aagga, halkaas oo ay ka sameeyeen birta, ku dhisteen guryo alwaax iyo qori ah oo lagu saqafay caleemaha timirta, ku hadlay lahjad maxalli ah oo [[kiSwahili|Sawaaxili]] ah, oo ay ku lug yeesheen ganacsiga gobolka iyo mararka qaarkood ganacsiga fog. Soo noolaynta shabakadaha [[Indian Ocean trade|ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya]] dhamaadkii kunka sano ee ugu horeeyay waxay horseeday degsiimooyin waaweyn, korodhka ganacsiga fog, iyo kakanaanta bulshada. Bilowgii qarnigii 11-aad, Sawaaxiliga xeebta ku noolaa waxay u dhaqmayeen sidii dhex-dhexaadiye u dhexeeya [[Somali people|Soomaalida]], [[Egyptians|Masar-iyiinta]], [[Nubians|Nuubiyiinta]], [[Arabs|Carabta]], [[Persians|Faarisiinta]], iyo [[Indian people|Hindiya]]. Waxay bilaabeen inay dhistaan magaalooyin deyr leh, guryo coral ah, dadka sareena waxay qaateen Islaamka, iyagoo inta badan ku hadla Carabi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=John |title=The World of the Swahili |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |pages=1–45}}</ref> [[Malindi Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Malindi]] waxay u muuqataa inay samaysantay qiyaastii qarnigii 9-aad ee miilaadiyada waxayna kortay awood badan labadii qarni ee ka hor inta aan [[Vasco da Gama]] keenin [[Portugal|Burtuqiiska]] gumeysiga gobolka, ka dambe wuxuu horseeday hoos u dhaca ilbaxnimada. Magaalada Malindi, oo la aasaasay qiyaastii 850 miilaadiyada, waxay ku tiil meel ka waqooyi badan magaalada casriga ah, waxayna u muuqataa inay burburtay qiyaastii 1000 miilaadiyada. Waxaa jiray calaamado yar oo degitaan ah labadii qarni ee ku xigay, ka dibna soo kabasho iyo barwaaqo ayaa timid 1200-meeyadii.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Tixraacii ugu horeeyay ee qoran ee ku saabsan Malindi maanta waxay u badan tahay inay ka timid [[Ibn Kathir|Abu al-Fida]] (1273–1331), oo ahaa juqraafi iyo taariikhyahan [[Kurds|Kurdi]] ah. Wuxuu qoray in Malindi ay ku taal dhanka koonfureed ee afka webi ka bilaabma buur boqollaal mayl u jirta. Buurtan waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay [[Mount Kenya|Buurta Kenya]], halkaas oo uu ka soo askumo [[Athi-Galana-Sabaki River|Webiga Galana]]. Sidaas darteed, Malindi waxay jirtay sidii degsiimo [[Swahili people|Sawaaxili]] ah tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 13-aad.<ref name=Martin1970>{{cite book|first=Esmond Bradley|last=Martin|title=Malindi. Past and Present|year=2009|publisher=The National Museum of Kenya|edition=New|orig-year=originally published in 1970}}</ref> Mar ay kula tartamayso [[Mombasa]] oo keliya talada qaybtan Bariga Afrika, Malindi waxay dhaqan ahaan ahayd magaalo deked ah. Sanadkii 1414, magaalada waxaa [[Ming treasure voyages#Fifth voyage|soo booqday safar]] uu hoggaaminayay sahamiyaha Shiinaha ee [[Zheng He]]. Xukumihii Malindi wuxuu u diray ergay gaar ah oo wata geri hadiyad ahaan Shiinaha safarkaas.<ref name=Martin1970/> Sahamiyaha Burtuqiiska [[Vasco da Gama]] wuxuu la kulmay maamulka Malindi 1498 si uu u saxiixo heshiis ganacsi oo uu u kireysto hage u safra Hindiya, markaas oo uu taagay [[padrão|tiir]] loo yaqaan maanta [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]]. Vasco da Gama waxaa si diiran u soo dhaweeyay Suldaankii Malindi, taas oo ka duwan soo dhawayntii colka ahayd ee uu kala kulmay [[Mombasa]].<ref name=Martin1970/> Waa goob dalxiis oo caan u ah dalxiisayaasha gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ahba. Sanadkii 1498, Malindi waxay ahayd magaalo barwaaqo ah oo ay ku nool yihiin inta u dhaxaysa 5,000 iyo 10,000 oo qof. Inta badan dadka waxay ahaayeen Muslimiin xilligan, iyagoo qaatey Islaamka inta badan intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 13-aad iyo 14-aad. Sida magaalooyinka kale ee Sawaaxiliga ee qarniyadii dhexe, dabaqadda xukunta ama ''wazee'' waxay ka koobnayd madaxda qoysaska ugu taajirsan. Sida dadka kale ee ku hadla luuqadaha Bantu, madaxdan qabaa'ilka ayaa dooran jiray ''mwenye mui'' ama madax ku hadla afka dadka. Burtuqiisku waxay si khaldan ugu yeeri jireen dadkan "Boqoro," iyagoo si khaldan u fahmay dabeecadda ururka siyaasadda Sawaaxiliga. ''Wazee'' waxay ku hadli jireen Sawaaxili iyo Carabi, waxayna sheegan jireen asal khuraafaad ah oo ka yimid Bariga, inta badan Faaris.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vernet |first1=Thomas |title=Les Cites-Etats Swahili de L'Archipel de Lamu, 1585–1810 |date=2005 |publisher=Universite Paris I |location=Paris |pages=103–104}}</ref> Ilaha ugu weyn ee barwaaqada Malindi waxay ahayd dhoofinta foolmaroodiga iyo geesaha wiyisha iyo sidoo kale dhoofinta alaabada beeraha sida qumbaha, liinta, masagada iyo bariiska.<ref name=Martin1970/> Sanadihii ka hor imaatinka Burtuqiiska, Malindi waxay ahayd awood goboleed laakiin waxay aad uga dambaysay labada dawladood ee ugu waaweyn, Mombasa iyo Kilwa. Markii, 1499, Burtuqiisku ay ka aasaaseen xarun ganacsi Malindi oo u adeegi jirtay goob nasasho oo ku socota oo ka imanaysa Hindiya, waxaa si weyn u soo dhaweeyay ''wazee'' oo doonayay inay isticmaalaan awoodda milatari ee Burtuqiiska si ay naftooda uga dhigaan kuwo ka sarreeya xafiiltankooda Mombasa. Sanadkii 1500, Boqor Dom [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] wuxuu u soo bandhigay xaalad vassal Malindi. Malindi waxay taageertay dadaallada guuleystay ee Burtuqiiska ee ku aaddan qabsashada Kilwa iyo Mombasa 1505. Sanadkii 1502, [[Portuguese people|Burtuqiisku]] waxay ka aasaaseen [[Factory (trading post)|xarun]] Malindi, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1593.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museums.or.ke/the-portuguese-chapel/|title=The Portuguese Chapel|website=National Museums of Kenya}}</ref> Hoos u dhaca Kilwa iyo Mombasa ayaa horseeday in Malindi ay barwaaqowdo. Malindi waxay kortay markii Sawaaxili kale, iyo sidoo kale ganacsatada Carabta, Faaris, iyo Hindiya, farsamayaqaannada, badmaaxayaasha, iyo shaqaalaha ay u soo qulquleen magaalada cusub ee awoodda leh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vernet |first1=Thomas |title=Les Cites-Etats Swahili de L'Archipel de Lamu, 1585–1810 |date=2005 |publisher=Universite Paris I |location=Paris |pages=65–97}}</ref> Malindi waxay sii ahaan jirtay xarunta hawlaha Burtuqiiska ee bariga Afrika ilaa 1593, markii Burtuqiisku ay saldhiggooda ugu weyn u rareen Mombasa.<ref>Eric Axelson, ''Portuguese in South-East Africa 1488-1600'' (C. Struik Ltd. 1973), p. 188-197.</ref> Tani waxay ahayd iyadoo la kaashanayo Segeju iyo Sheekhii Malindi. Sida xulufada ugu weyn ee Burtuqiiska ee Bariga Afrika ee ku teedsan xeebta Sawaaxiliga, Malindi waxay taageertay dadaallada guuleystay ee Burtuqiiska ee ku aaddan qabsashada Kilwa iyo Mombasa. Labada magaalo ee Sawaaxiliga badanaa waxay lahaayeen khilaafyo dhexdooda ah iyagoo u dagaallamaya inay u taliyaan ganacsiga. Dagaalkiisa milatari ee ka dhanka ah Mombasa, Sheekhii Malindi wuxuu la midoobay Burtuqiiska iyo Segeju si ay u qabsadaan magaalada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pouwels |first1=Randall L. |last2=Ogot |first2=B. A. |date=October 1994 |title=General History of Africa. Volume 5, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168901 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=1371 |doi=10.2307/2168901 |jstor=2168901 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sanadkii 1592, Segeju waxay qabsadeen Mombasa, ugu dambayntiina waxay u dhiibeen Sheekhii Malindi. Sheekhu wuxuu markaas u raray maxkamaddiisa Malindi ilaa Mombasa wuxuuna xukumay 1593 ilaa 1630.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=F. J. |date=January 1968 |title=The Swahili Community of Mombasa, 1500–1900 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700008343 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=35–56 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700008343 |s2cid=162622809 |issn=0021-8537|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Waqtigan, wuxuu ku casuumay xulufadiisa, Burtuqiiska, inay dhistaan xarun milatari oo ay ka taliyaan magaalada. [[File:Admiralty Chart No 667 Port Melinda (Malindi) detail.jpg|thumb|left|Admiralty Chart No 667 Port Melinda (Malindi) detail]] Ka dib markii Burtuqiisku tageen, magaaladu waxay tartiib tartiib hoos ugu dhacday ilaa ay ku dhawaatay inay baaba'do dhamaadkii qarnigii 17-aad. Shaxdii 1823 ee [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty ee Boqortooyada Midowday]] ee 'Melinda' ayaa ku dhawaaqday in waqtigaas aysan jirin 'wax raad ah oo ka mid ah magaaladii mar quruxda badnayd ee Melinda' marka laga reebo [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]].<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_667_Port_Melinda_(Malindi)_detail.jpg 'Admiralty Chart No 667 Port Melinda (Malindi) detail']</ref> Sanadkii 1845, [[Johann Ludwig Krapf|Ludwig Krapf]] wuxuu soo booqday magaalada wuxuuna helay iyadoo ay qarisay dhirta oo aan cidina degnayn.<ref name=Martin1970/> [[Portuguese Chapel, Malindi|Kaniisad Burtuqiis ah]] oo leh xabaalo ayaa la dhisay ka hor 1542 markii [[Francis Xavier]] uu soo booqday magaalada.<ref name=Martin1970/> Guryo badan oo [[Swahili architecture|dhisme Sawaaxili ah]] ayaa badbaaday, oo ay ku jirto Masaajidka Juma. [[File:Melinda in Melinda chart 1873.jpg|thumb|Qorshaha Malindi, Abriil 1873]] Malindi waxaa dib u aasaasay [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Suldaan Majid]] oo ka tirsan [[Zanzibar]] 1861 iyo ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 19-aad waxay u adeegtay sidii xarun ganacsiga addoonta. Qorshaha magaalada 1873 wuxuu muujinayaa aagga shaqada waqtigaas.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melinda_chart_1873.jpg Qorshaha Melinda (Malindi, Kenya), 29 Abriil 1873]</ref> Sanadkii 1890, Malindi waxay timid maamulkii Ingiriiska iyo ganacsigii addoonta iyo addoonsigii waa la baabi'iyay. Ficilkani wuxuu horseeday hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid wax soo saarka beeraha. Marka laga reebo beeraha waxaa jiray warshado yar oo Malindi bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad; waxaa ka mid ahaa samaynta roogagga iyo boorsooyinka, burburinta miraha [[sesame|sisinta]] ee saliidda iyo soo saarista cabitaan Sawaaxili ah oo loo yaqaan tembo. Malindi waxaa si rasmi ah looga dhigay magaalo 1903. Toban sano ka dib dadkeedu waxay marayeen qiyaastii 1148 waxaana ku jiray 843 Afrikaan ah, 230 Carab ah, 67 Aasiyaan ah iyo 8 Yurubiyaan ah.<ref name=Martin1970/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de V. Allen |first=J. |date=1973 |editor-last=MARTIN |editor-first=ESMOND BRADLEY |title=A History of Malindi Invaders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24520411 |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=3 |issue=1/2 |pages=158–161 |jstor=24520411 |issn=0251-0391}}</ref> [[Image:Malindi town view.jpg|thumb|200px|Muuqaal magaaladii hore ee Malindi]] Malindi waxay la kulantay kor u kac ganacsi intii u dhaxaysay dhamaadkii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka iyo 1925, markii ay dhacday macaluul. Dhoofinta dekedaha shisheeye waxay korodhay ilaa £26,000 sannadkii 1924. Yurubiyaanka ayaa bilaabay inay ku soo noqdaan Malindi 1930-meeyadii, iyagoo ka iibsanaya dhul Carabta. Qaar ka mid ah sida [[Sydney Turing Barlow Lawford|Commander Lawford]] waxay fureen hudheelladii ugu horreeyay, kuwaas oo noqday aasaaska mustaqbalka warshadaha dalxiiska. Intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], Malindi waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah laba magaalo oo Bariga Afrika ah oo ay duqeeyeen Talyaanigu. Tani waxay dhacday 24 Oktoobar 1940, dhacdadan ka dibna ciidamada xulufada ayaa la dhigay magaalada ilaa dhamaadkii dagaalka. Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib Malindi waxay bilowday inay u korto sidii goob dalxiis.<ref name=Martin1970/> Markii [[Broglio Space Center]] furmay, [[Italian diaspora|qaxooti Talyaani ah]] ayaa bilaabay inay sameeyaan.<ref name=bbc/> ==Cimilada== Malindi waxay leedahay [[Tropical savanna climate|cimilada kuleylaha ee saxaraha qalalan]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocidda cimilada Köppen]] ''As''). {{Weather box |location = Malindi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan record high C = 34.0 |Feb record high C = 34.0 |Mar record high C = 34.5 |Apr record high C = 39.0 |May record high C = 32.2 |Jun record high C = 30.5 |Jul record high C = 30.8 |Aug record high C = 29.8 |Sep record high C = 32.0 |Oct record high C = 32.0 |Nov record high C = 34.1 |Dec record high C = 33.0 |year record high C = 39.0 |Jan high C = 31.0 |Feb high C = 31.4 |Mar high C = 32.3 |Apr high C = 31.7 |May high C = 29.4 |Jun high C = 28.5 |Jul high C = 27.8 |Aug high C = 27.9 |Sep high C = 28.6 |Oct high C = 29.8 |Nov high C = 30.7 |Dec high C = 31.3 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 27.9 |Feb mean C = 28.2 |Mar mean C = 29.0 |Apr mean C = 28.6 |May mean C = 26.9 |Jun mean C = 26.2 |Jul mean C = 25.5 |Aug mean C = 25.4 |Sep mean C = 26.0 |Oct mean C = 27.0 |Nov mean C = 27.8 |Dec mean C = 28.2 | year mean C = |Jan low C = 24.5 |Feb low C = 24.5 |Mar low C = 25.4 |Apr low C = 25.4 |May low C = 24.3 |Jun low C = 23.8 |Jul low C = 22.9 |Aug low C = 22.8 |Sep low C = 22.9 |Oct low C = 23.5 |Nov low C = 24.2 |Dec low C = 24.6 |year low C = |Jan record low C = 20.0 |Feb record low C = 19.6 |Mar record low C = 21.0 |Apr record low C = 20.8 |May record low C = 21.0 |Jun record low C = 19.5 |Jul record low C = 18.6 |Aug record low C = 17.0 |Sep record low C = 17.2 |Oct record low C = 19.0 |Nov record low C = 19.0 |Dec record low C = 21.0 |year record low C = 17.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 11 |Feb precipitation mm = 17 |Mar precipitation mm = 36 |Apr precipitation mm = 163 |May precipitation mm = 298 |Jun precipitation mm = 154 |Jul precipitation mm = 91 |Aug precipitation mm = 64 |Sep precipitation mm = 47 |Oct precipitation mm = 68 |Nov precipitation mm = 75 |Dec precipitation mm = 35 |year precipitation mm = 1059 |Jan precipitation days = 2 |Feb precipitation days = 2 |Mar precipitation days = 3 |Apr precipitation days = 11 |May precipitation days = 17 |Jun precipitation days = 12 |Jul precipitation days = 12 |Aug precipitation days = 9 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 6 |Nov precipitation days = 6 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |year precipitation days = 90 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMO >{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1798 | title = World Weather Information Service – Malindi | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 31 August 2016 | archive-date = 15 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160915062827/http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1798 | url-status = live }}</ref> |source 2 = Meteo Climat<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1766 | title = Station Malindi | publisher = Meteo Climat | language = fr | access-date = 31 August 2016 | archive-date = 10 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071342/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1766 | url-status = live }}</ref> }} ==Maamulka maxalliga ah == Malindi hadda waxay ku jirtaa [[Kilifi County|Ismaamulka Kilifi]] sida uu dhigayo isbeddelada maamulka ee dastuurka cusub ee la ansixiyay Agoosto 2010. Malindi waxay samaysaa gole degmo oo leh saddex iyo toban xaafadood: Barani, Ganda/Mkaumoto, [[Gede, Kenya|Gede]], Gede North, Gede South, Kijiwetanga, Madunguni, Malimo, Malindi Central, Malindi North, Maweni, Shella, iyo [[Watamu|Watamu Town]]. Dhammaantood waxay ku yaalaan [[Malindi Constituency|Degmada Doorashada Malindi]].<ref name="pollingcentres">[http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf Polling Centres in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=20070628084749 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628084749/http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}. Electoral Commission of Kenya.</ref> == Sawiro== <gallery> File:House of Columns Malindi.jpg|Hore ee "Guriga Tiirarka" File:Robinson Island Kenya.jpg|Agagaarka Jasiiradda Robinson waqooyiga Malindi File:Sun rise Malindi.jpg|Qorrax ka soo baxa Badweynta Hindiya ee Malindi File:Colours of the sea.jpg|Xeeb u dhow Malindi Malindi.jpg|Doonyaha qorrax dhaca ee Malindi [[File:Malindi Nightlife as captured on aerial photography.jpg|thumb|alt=Malindi Kenya as captured by Malindians.com|Nolosha habeenkii ee Malindi sida ay sawireen sawirrada hawada]] </gallery> ==Dhaqanka caanka ah== Sheekada ''"MALI D'AFRICA"'' (ee Sara Cardelli) waxay sharxaysaa jacayl aan suurtogal ahayn oo ka dhacay Malindi.<ref>[http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html Jacayl aan suurtogal ahayn oo ka dhacay Malindi ee Talyaaniga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213501/http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html |date=6 November 2020 }} — ku saabsan sheekada Sara Cardelli, 2017.</ref> Inta badan dhacdooyinka [[Andrei Gusev]]'s sheekooyinka ''Once in Malindi'' (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> iyo ''Our Wild Sex in Malindi'' (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] {{Wayback|url=http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=20201009210533 }} {{Wayback|url=http://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=20201009210533 }} ee [[Andrei Gusev]], 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> waxay ka dhacaan Malindi, [[Watamu]], ama [[Lamu]]. Sheekooyinku waxay sharxayaan nolosha jilayaasha (qoraa Ruush ah Andy iyo xaaskiisa Jennifer, oo ku dhalatay Kenya) magaalooyinkan 2010-meeyadii.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Dib u eegista ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Dib u eegista ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Heesta ''"Yasoi Malindi"'' waxaa qoray Yasoy Kala Kana oo ku saabsan magaalada.<ref>[https://music.yandex.ru/album/3004276 ''Ndukanoe – Yasoi Malindi'']{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ee Yasoy Kala Kana, 2015.</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Degsiimooyinkii Taariikhiga ahaa ee Sawaaxiliga]] *[[Swahili architecture|Dhismaha Sawaaxiliga]] *[[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]] *[[Portuguese Chapel, Malindi|Kaniisadda Burtuqiiska]] *[[House of Columns, Malindi|Guriga Tiirarka]] *[[Malindi Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Malindi]] *[[Sinking of the Christiana Hama|Degitaankii 'Christiana Hama']] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Malindi}} {{wikivoyage|Malindi}} * [http://www.malindimunicipal.org Websaydhka Golaha Degmada Malindi] * [http://malindirugby.blogspot.com Websaydhka Malindi RFC] *[https://malindians.com Xarunta Macluumaadka Dalxiiska ee Malindi Kenya] 0ig1cfkl41joqjfx8pj6l2zcwgpp2hf 0 48294 309690 300195 2026-09-26T02:28:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ruwenzori Lake Bujuku 2.jpg|alt=Lake Bujuku|thumb|Harada Bujuku]] [[File:Mount Speke Lake Bujuku.jpg|thumb|Buurta Speke Harada Bujuku]] '''Harada Bujuku''' waa haro foolkaano oo ku taal [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraleyda Rwenzori]], [[Kasese District|Degmada Kasese]], galbeedka [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Lake Bujuku {{!}} Rwenzori Expeditions |url=https://www.rwenzoriexpeditions.com/things-to-do/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Waa goob dalxiis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Bujuku Eco |title=Lake Bujuku {{!}} Gorilla trekking, Wildlife safaris, Rwenzori mountains climbing, Chimpanzee tracking, Uganda safaris Bujuku Eco Tours |url=https://bujukuecotours.com/destination/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Lake Bujuku - Places to Visit - Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.rwenzorinationalpark.com/places/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528125630/https://www.rwenzorinationalpark.com/places/lake-bujuku/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jidka lugta lagu maro ee aada Harada Bujuku wuxuu qaadanayaa ugu yaraan 3 maalmood.<ref name=":0" /> Haradu waxay dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|1.37|km}} waxayna ku taal dherer ah {{convert|3963|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda, madaxa dooxada Bujuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bujuku, Bujuku Lake on Mountain Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.insiderwenzorimountainsnationalpark.com/lake-bujuku.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2023-08-03 |title=The Lakes of Mount Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.mountainrwenzorinationalparkuganda.com/attractions/lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Ruwenzori Lake Bujuku 1.jpg|alt=Lake Bujuku Flora and Fauna|thumb|Dhirta iyo Xayawaanka Harada Bujuku]] == Eeg sidoo kale == * [[Harada Chahafi]] * [[Harada Edward]] * [[Harada Kamunzuku]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{coord|0.3767|29.8934|format=dms|type:waterbody_region:UG|display=title}} 5hmb3opyulgjuqtt80xsnw94xcbd9b8 0 48337 309692 300309 2026-09-26T02:35:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name=Harta Sake |image=ISS006-E-24705 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lake Sake).jpg |caption=Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harta Sake |location=[[Degmada Ngoma]], [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda]] |coords={{coord|-2.237724|30.369301|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | type = Haro biyo macaan | basin_countries = {{flag|Rwanda}} |max-depth={{convert|4.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} |elevation={{convert|1326|m|ft|abbr=on}} |cities=[[Sake, Rwanda|Sake]], Rukumberi }} '''Harta Sake''' waa haro ku taal [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa koonfurta [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]]. Waxaa loogu magac daray magaalada [[Sake, Rwanda|Sake]]. Haradu waxay ku taal [[Degmada Ngoma]] iyadoo jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1326|m|ft}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-201431.html|title=Lake Sake, Rwanda|website=Mindat.org|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Harta Sake waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka harooyinka ballaran ee Gobolka Bari ee Rwanda, kaas oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka u dhow dhow sida [[Harta Mugesera]] iyo [[Harta Rweru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arcosnetwork.org/uploads/2018/03/Rweru-Mugesera_assessment_Report.pdf|title=Rweru-Mugesera Assessment Report|website=ARCOS Network|year=2018|access-date=6 April 2026|archive-date=14 Bisha Afraad 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414204517/https://www.arcosnetwork.org/uploads/2018/03/Rweru-Mugesera_assessment_Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haradu waxay u dhowdahay magaalada Sake, oo ay ku noolaayeen dad gaaraya 28,822 neef marka loo eego tirakoobkii sannadkii 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/ngoma/5611__rukumberi/|title=Rukumberi (Sector, Rwanda)|website=City Population|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} 9uvsdwbu7z2r625p3az3jiczoqba2bl 0 48360 309691 300502 2026-09-26T02:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Chilwa | image = Lake Chilwa NASA.jpg | caption = Laga soo qabtay hawada sare (midab been ah) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = |pushpin_map=Malawi | location = [[Zomba District|Degmada Zomba]] | coords = {{Coord|15|18|S|35|42|E|region:MW_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = Naisi, Thondwe, Phalombe, Songani, Domasi | outflow = maleh | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Malawi]] | length = {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = Chisi | cities = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 14 November 1996 | designation1_number = 869<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Chilwa|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/869|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Chilwa''' waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn [[Malawi]] marka laga reebo [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]]. Waxay ku taal bariga [[Zomba District|Degmada Zomba]], meel u dhow xadka ay la leedahay [[Mozambique]]. Qiyaastii 60&nbsp;km oo dherer ah iyo 40&nbsp;km oo ballac ah, harada waxaa ku hareeraysan dhulal qoyan oo ballaaran oo ah [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|sawanka daadadka ee Zambezian]]. Waxaa jira jasiirad ku taal dhexda harada oo loo yaqaan [[Chisi Island|Jasiiradda Chisi]]. Haradu [[Endorheic basin|ma laha meel ay u fanto (baxdo)]], heerka biyuhuna waxaa si weyn u saameeya roobabka xilliyeedka iyo uumi-baxa xagaaga. Sannadkii 1968, haradu waxay dabar-gashay intii lagu jiray cimilo qallalan oo aan caadi ahayn. Markii uu [[David Livingstone]] booqday harada sannadkii 1859,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chilwa |volume=6 |page=164}}</ref> wuxuu sheegay in xadka koonfureed uu gaaray ilaa [[Mulanje Massif]], taas oo ka dhigi lahayd harada ugu yaraan {{convert|20|mi|km|order=flip}} ka dherer badan inta ay tahay maanta. [[Danish International Development Agency|Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Denmark]], iyadoo kaashanaysa Dawladda Malawi waxay ka shaqaynaysay sidii loo xaqiijin lahaa ilaalinta harada iyo dhulkeeda qoyan. Barnaamijka La-qabsiga Isbeddelka Cimilada ee Weelka Harada Chilwa (LCBCCAP) ayaa la horkeenay si loo dhowro aaggan xasaasiga ah, kaas oo aan ahayn oo kaliya dhul qoyan oo muhiim u ah xayawaanka deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale ah il weyn oo loo tixgeliyo waxsoosaarka kalluunka ee gobolka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lakechilwaproject.mw/ |title=Lake Chilwa Basin Climate Change Adaptation Programme |access-date=2015-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173627/http://www.lakechilwaproject.mw/ |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Duurjoogta== Noocyada kalluunka ee ugu caansan Harada Chilwa waa ''[[Barbus paludinosus]]'', ''[[Oreochromis]] shiranus chilwae'', ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'', ''[[Brycinus imberi]]'' iyo ''[[Gnathonemus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Njaya|first1=Friday J.|title=Management options for Lake Chilwa, Malawi|url=http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/fridayprf.pdf|website=UNU Fisheries Training Programme|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=2001|access-date=2026-06-29|archive-date=2017-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117231905/http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/fridayprf.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haradu waxay masruuftaa tiro shimbiraha biyaha ah oo gaaraya ilaa 1.5 milyan oo ka kooban qiyaastii 160 nooc oo kala duwan. Qaar ka mid ah kuwan waxay sannad kasta ka soo guuraan Siberia iyagoo raacaya [[Asian - East African Flyway|Dhabaha Duulimaadka ee Aasiya - Bariga Afrika]]. Iyadoo ay jiraan laba iyo toban nooc oo shimbirood, tiradaasi waxay ka badan tahay 1% wadarta guud ee tirada dadka ee dhabaha duulimaadkaas. Dadka ku xeeran waa kuwo cufan oo sii kordhaya, shimbiraha baddana waxaa loo ugaarsadaa cunto ahaan marka uu heerka biyuhu hooseeyo oo ay adagtahay kalluumeysigu. Dadaallo ayaa loo samaynayaa si loo xaqiijiyo in ugaarsiga loo fuliyo si waara.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4htx09cb-6gC&pg=PA255 |page=255 |title=Waterbirds around the world: a global overview of the conservation, management and research of the world's waterbird flyways |first1=G. C. |last1=Boere |first2=Colin A. |last2=Galbraith |first3=David A. |last3=Stroud |publisher=The Stationery Office |year=2006 |isbn=0-11-497333-4}}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Lakechilwa.jpg|thumb|Xeebta galbeed ee Harada Chilwa, Jasiiradda Chisi oo meel fog ka muuqata.]] Qiyaastii 335 tuulo oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 60,000 oo danyar ah<ref>{{Cite book|title = Historical Dictionary of Malawi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuXPkCVjzasC|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|date = 2012-01-01|isbn = 9780810859616|language = en|first = Owen J. M.|last = Kalinga |authorlink=Owen J. M. Kalinga}}</ref> ayaa ku lug leh [[fishing|kalluumeysiga]] harada, waxayna soo saaraan in ka badan 17,000 oo tan oo metric ah sannad kasta, taas oo ah 20% dhammaan kalluunka lagu qabto Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Livelihoods Drying Up on Malawi's Lake Chilwa {{!}} Inter Press Service|url = https://www.ipsnews.net/2012/08/livelihoods-drying-up-on-malawis-lake-chilwa/|website = www.ipsnews.net|date = 17 August 2012|access-date = 2015-09-14}} {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} kag15vcvy3yw7hkkqhaofeqzkvdlxf4 0 48499 309715 306187 2026-09-26T05:10:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Steenbras''' waa webi yar oo ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape]] ee dalka Koonfur Afrika, iyadoo ishiisu ay ku dhow dahay [[Grabouw]].<ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa buuraha Hottentots Holland iyo Kogelberg, wuxuuna ku shubmaa False Bay oo dhanka koonfureed ka xigta [[Gordon's Bay]]. Webiga waxaa laga dhisay labo biyo-xireen—Biyo-xireennada Sare iyo Hoose ee Steenbras—si biyo loogu qaybiyo magaalada Cape Town. Biyo-xireenka sare wuxuu sidoo kale u shaqeeyaa badd hifdinta biyaha ee [[Steenbras Power Station|nidaamka korontada biyaha ee kaydinta kor u rista ee Steenbras]], kaas oo kabis u ah korontada Cape Town xilliyada baahida ugu sarreysa ay jirto. [[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Buundada ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) ee ka kor dhalatay Webiga Steenbras]] ==Aagga ururinta biyaha iyo Haydaroolojiga== Aagga ugu weyn ee ururinta biyaha wuxuu leeyahay baaxad qiyaastii dhan 70&nbsp;km², iyadoo ay ku jiraan biyo-xireennadu, wuxuuna u dhaxeeyaa [[Hottentots Holland Mountains|Buuraha Hottentots Holland]] ee dhanka [[northwest|waqooyi-galbeed]] iyo [[Kogelberg]] ee dhanka koonfur-bari, kuwaas oo ka tirsan [[Cape Fold Belt]]. Dooxada kor uga xigta biyo-xireenka hoose waxay ahayd dooxe aad u ballaaran oo furan. Dhanka hoose ee biyo-xireenka, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa dooxe dhagaxaan ah oo dhinac kasta ka dhow, ilaa uu ka gaaro dhulka xeebta ah ee cidhiidhiga ah ee ku yaal xeebta bari ee [[False Bay]].<ref name="SAN 1016" /> Biyo-xireennada waxaa biyo u keena webiga weyn iyo sidoo kale toggag badan oo aan magac lahayn iyo khadadka qulqulka ee xilliyeedka ah.<ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Dhererka durdurka weyn, oo ay ku jiraan biyo-xireennadu, waa qiyaastii 17&nbsp;km.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> [[geology|Jioolojiga]] aagga ururinta biyaha wuxuu u badan yahay [[quartzitic sandstone|dhagax-ciideed quartzitic ah]] oo leh lakabyo khafiif ah oo [[shale|dhagax-dhoobo]] iyo [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] ah oo ka tirsan [[Table Mountain Sandstone]].<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Jioolojigan wuxuu sameeyaa kaydka biyaha dhulka hoose ee Table Mountain Group, oo ah kayd dhagaxaan dillaacsan ah oo leh marinno biyo oo cakiran oo dhulka hoose ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa in dib-u-buuxinta farsamaysan ee ay maamusho magaaladu aysan suurtogal ka ahayn aaggan.<ref name="Circle of Blue 2018" /> Qulqulka celceliska muddada dheer ee aagga ururinta biyaha waxaa lagu qiyaasay 50 × 10⁶m³ sannadkii.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qulqulka waxaa si weyn u beddelay biyo-xireennada. Sida laga soo xigtay daraasad ay sameysay Waaxda Biyaha iyo Fayadhawrka ee sannadkii 2009, qulqulka ka soo baxa goobta Kaydka Biyaha Deegaanka (EWR) bishii Luulyo 2009 wuxuu ahaa 0.42 m³/s, taas oo la mid ah celceliska maanta ee bishaas (0.41 m³/s) laakiin ku dhowaad labanlaab ka badan 0.26 m³/s ee laga filayay xaaladaha dabiiciga ah ee aan biyo-xireenka lahayn.<ref name="DWS 2009" /> Inta badan aagga ururinta biyaha wuxuu ku dhex yaal xuduudaha [[City of Cape Town|Magaalada Cape Town]].<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Celceliska roobka sannadlaha ah ee laga diiwangeliyay biyo-xireenka mid u dhaxeeyay 1963 iyo 1981 wuxuu ahaa 984&nbsp;mm, laakiin wuu ka sarreeyaa qaybaha sare ee aagga ururinta biyaha, isagoo gaaraya ilaa 2,000&nbsp;mm sannadkii. ===Afka webiga (Estuary)=== Afka webigu waa dooxe yar oo ka go'an marinka xeebta ee cidhiidhiga ah, wuxuuna leeyahay xeebo dhagaxaan dhow ah iyo xeebo quruurux ah oo ay mowjaduhu soo wareejiyeen oo dhanka berriga xiga. Mowjaduhu waxay soo gaaraan qaybta baddu saamayso ee webiga, taas oo wajahaysa ruxanka caanka ah ee koonfur-galbeed, taas oo ka dhigaysa xeeb leh ''tamar sare''.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Shabakadda Uku-ku-fiirsashada Deegaanka ee Koonfur Afrika waxay sheegaysaa in afka Steenbras uu muujinayo xoogaa xaaluf deegaan ah oo dhexdhexaad ah wuxuuna leeyahay astaamo u dhow [[fjord]] yar marka loo eego afka webi ee caadiga ah.<ref name="SAEON 2025" /> ==Tayada biyaha== Biyuhu guud ahaan waa kuwo xoogaa aashito ah (acidic) wuxuuna midabkoodu dabiici ahaan u bunni yahay sababa la xiriira tannins-ka ka yimaada dhirta fynbos-ka.<ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Waxay leeyihiin dhadhan fiican iyo waxyaabo adag oo dhex dillaacsan oo yar laakiin waxaa la daaweeyaa si loo dhex-dhexaadiyo pH-ka loona saaro midabka, qayb ahaan sababo bilicda ah iyo qayb ahaan si loo yareeyo daxalka dhuumaha.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /><ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" /><ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Inkastoo aashitada dabiiciga ah iyo midabka ay jiraan, aagga ururinta biyaha wuxuu haysataa heer caafimaad webi oo sarreeya (Class A). La-socodka deegaanka ayaa xaqiijiyay joogitaanka makhluuqaad xasaasi ah, sida kaneecada baalalka leh ee net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), oo haysa dhibcaha ugu sarreeya ee Nidaamka Dhibcaha Koonfur Afrika (SASS) oo ah 15, taas oo muujinaysa tayo biyo oo aad u sarreysa.<ref name="Umvoto 2021" /> ==Deegaanka== Kaydka Deegaanka ee Steenbras wuxuu daboolayaa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah aagga ururinta biyaha.<ref name="Steenbras nature reserve" /> Noocyada dhirta berriga ee laga diiwangeliyay qaybaha hoose waxaa ka mid ah kaymo webiyeed, fynbos-ka buuraha qoyan, geed-gaabyada webiyeed, iyo fynbos-ka buuraha ee engegan.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> [[Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa aagga ururinta biyaha.<ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" /> Aagga hareeraha webiga waxaa ku jira noocyo ay ka mid yihiin palmiet (''[[Prionium serratum]]''), ''Pennisetum macrourum'', ''Juncus effusus'', ''Juncus lomatophyllus'', ''Erica caffra'', ''Calopsis paniculata'', ''Elegia capensis'', ''Blechnum capense'', iyo ''Todea barbara''. Nooca ugu caansan ee aan cidhifka kaliya ku koobnayn waa Cape myrtle (''Metrosideros angustifolia''). Warbixin sannadkii 2009 soo baxday ayaa xustay in inkastoo aagga hareeraha webiga uu leeyahay kala duwanaansho wanaagsan oo noocyada ah, haddana baaxaddiisa sare iyo tiradiisa hoos ayay u dhacday, qayb ahaan sababo la xiriira saamaynta biyo-xireennada iyo isbeddelka nidaamka fatahaadda.<ref name="DWS 2009" /><ref name="iNat" /> ==Waddooyinka== Waddada weyn ee xeebta ee gobolka ee [[R44 (South Africa)|R44]] oo ka timaada Gordon's Bay ilaa Hermanus waxay webiga ka gooysaa qiyaastii 200&nbsp;m u jirta afka webiga dhanka berriga.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Waddada weyn ee qaranka ee [[N2 (South Africa)|N2]] waxay webiga ka gooysaa dhowr kilomitir dhanka bari ee [[Sir Lowry's Pass]]. ==Taariikh== Injineerka la-talinta ah Thomas Stewart ayaa markii ugu horreysay baaray goobaha suurtogalka ah ee biyo-xireenka laga dhisayo ee Webiga Steenbras dabayaaqadii 1890-meeyadii, si uu u noqdo il biyo oo suurtogal ah oo ay isticmaalaan degmooyinka Mowbray iyo Rondebosch.<ref name="WRC 2015" /> Webiga waxaa markii ugu horreysay ka talaabay sahamiyayaal Yurubiyan ah oo ka yimid fariisinkii Cape qiyaastii bartamihii qarnigii 17-aad. Magiciisii hore ee Dutch-ka wuxuu ahaa ''Steenbrazans rivier'', waxaana loo malaynayaa in loogu magac daray kalluunka red steenbras (''[[Petrus rupestris]]''), kaas oo laga dambaysan karay xeebta dhagaxaan ah ee u dhow afka webiga.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Webiga waxaa laga dhisay biyo-xireen horraantii qarnigii 20-aad si uu biyo ugu keeno Cape Town. [[Steenbras Dam|Biyo-xireenka Steenbras]] waxaa la dhammaystiray 1921 iyadoo awooddiisa asalka ahayd ay ahayd 2.9 × 10⁶m³. Darbiga biyo-xireenka ayaa markii dambe kor loo qaaday 1928 iyo 1952, taas oo kordhisay awoodda ilaa 34.3 × 10⁶m³.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /><ref name="WRC 2015" /> Sannadkii 1977, [[Steenbras Upper Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sare ee Steenbras]] ayaa laga dhisay si toos ah qaybta sare. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[Steenbras Power Station|nidaamka korontada biyaha ee kaydinta kor u rista ee Steenbras]], kaas oo kabis u ah korontada Cape Town xilliyada baahida ugu sarreysa ay jirto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx |website = www.capetown.gov.za |access-date=2015-09-27 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928214954/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biyo-xireennadu waxay qayb ka yihiin [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] (WCWSS), oo ah nidaam isku xiran oo ka kooban lix biyo-xireen oo weyn, dhuumo, godad dhulka hoose ah, shabakadaha qaybinta, iyo dhowr biyo-xireen oo yaryar oo ku yaal [[Western Cape]]. Qaar waxaa iska leh oo maamula [[Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation|Waaxda Biyaha iyo Fayadhawrka]] halka kuwo kalena ay leedahay [[City of Cape Town|Magaalada Cape Town]].<ref name="Kasrils">[http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03041609461001.htm Address by Ronnie Kasrils, MP, minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, at the Berg Water Project signing ceremony on 15 April 2003, in Cape Town], accessed on 11 December 2009</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" >{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%201.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) |pages=1–178 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2022-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054856/https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%201.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" >{{cite report |last1=Heinecken |first1=T.J.E. |last2=Bickerton |first2=I.B. |last3=Morant |first3=P.D. |date=1982 |title=Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series |editor1-last=Heydorn |editor1-first=A.E.F. |editor2-last=Grindley |editor2-first=J.R. |publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research |location=Stellenbosch: CSIR. |work=CSIR Research report 411 |url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Document/347 |via=saeis.saeon.ac.za }}</ref> <ref name="iNat" >{{cite web |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/check_lists/4350905-Steenbras-Gorge-Check-List |title=Steenbras Gorge Check List |website=iNaturalist |access-date=24 November 2023 }}</ref> <ref name="SAN 1016" >{{cite map |title=SAN 1016 - Valsbaai |publisher=SA Navy Hydrographic Office |location=Cape Town |date=1978 }}</ref> <ref name="Steenbras nature reserve" >{{cite web |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/See-all-city-facilities/Our-recreational-facilities/Nature%20reserves/Steenbras%20Nature%20Reserve |title=Steenbras Nature Reserve |website=capetown.gov.za |access-date=24 November 2023 }}</ref> <ref name="City of Cape Town 2011">{{cite web |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Steenbras_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf |title=Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve |publisher=City of Cape Town |date=June 2011 |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525134701/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Steenbras_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="DWS 2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwrp/WC/Documents/Riverine%20Environmental/2.%20Appendix%204%20-%20Rapid%20Reserves%20Steenbras,%20Pombers,%20Kromme.pdf |title=Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers |publisher=Department of Water and Sanitation |date=2009 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape |archive-date=13 Bisha Labaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213232801/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwrp/WC/Documents/Riverine%20Environmental/2.%20Appendix%204%20-%20Rapid%20Reserves%20Steenbras,%20Pombers,%20Kromme.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Circle of Blue 2018">{{cite web |last=Macknick |first=J. |date=18 September 2018 |title=Thirsty Cities Drill for Water |url=https://www.circleofblue.org/2018/world/thirsty-cities-drill-for-water/ |website=Circle of Blue |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Umvoto 2021">{{cite web |title=Ecological monitoring at Steenbras |url=https://www.umvoto.com/ecological-monitoring-in-the-steenbras-catchment/ |publisher=Umvoto Africa |date=13 September 2021 |access-date=20 July 2025 |archive-date=12 Bisha Todobaad 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712073235/https://www.umvoto.com/ecological-monitoring-in-the-steenbras-catchment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="WRC 2015">{{cite journal |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/steenbras.pdf |title=Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water & power |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |date=November 2015 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="SAEON 2025">{{cite web |title=Steenbras |url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Info/92 |website=South African Estuary Information System |publisher=South African Environmental Observation Network |year=2025 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> }} ajrxed6rsnf72uqo7zcf0p9ewqbydt5 0 48577 309714 309242 2026-09-26T05:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Olifants | native_name = {{native name list | tag1=nso|name1=Lepelle | tag2=zu|name2=Obalule | tag3=Nr|name3=iBhalule }} | name_other = ''Olifantsrivier, Rio dos Elefantes'' | name_etymology = ''Olifant'' macnaheedu waa "[[maroodi]]" luuqadda [[Afrikaans]], ''Obalule'', macnaheedu waa "mid dheer oo fidsan" iyo ''Lepelle'' macnaheedu waa "mid si tartiib ah u qulqula" ama "fog"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magacyada Asalka ah ee Transvaal |url=http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = KNP-Olifants_River-001.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Olifants oo qulqulaya [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta isdhexgalka Olifants-[[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Mozambique|Musanbiig]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobollada | subdivision_name3 = [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] iyo [[Gaza Province|Gaza]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = U dhow [[Bethal]] | source1_location = Mpumalanga, [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|26|20|33|S|29|49|47|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = Gobolka Gaza, [[Mozambique|Musanbiig]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|6|44|S|32|38|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|54570|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Letaba River|Webiga Letaba]] | tributaries_right = [[Steelpoort River|Webiga Steelpoort]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html|title=Warbixinta Xaaladda Webiyada - Nidaamka Webiga Olifants|publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research|access-date=2009-02-19|archive-date=2007-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} [[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Koorsada iyo biyo-qabashada [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Olifants wuxuu ku biiraa Limpopo dhanka midig, qiyaastii 190 kiiloomitir u jirta Badweynta Hindiya.]] '''Webiga Olifants,''' '''Lepelle''',<ref>[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Webiga Olifants oo hadda loo yaqaan Lepelle]</ref> '''iBhalule ama Obalule'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magacyada Asalka ah ee Transvaal |url=http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{langx|af|Olifantsrivier}}; {{langx|pt|Rio dos Elefantes}}) waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Mozambique|Musanbiig]], oo ah laan ka mid ah [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Wuxuu ku dhacaa Aagga Dheecaanka B ee [[Drainage basins of South Africa|Barkadaha Dheecaanka ee Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga taariikhiga ah ee [[Pedi people|dadka Pedi]], [[Sekhukhuneland]], wuxuu ku yaallaa inta u dhexeysa Webiga Olifants iyo mid ka mid ah laamihiisa ugu waaweyn, [[Steelpoort River|Webiga Steelpoort]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |title=Ba Pedi |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref> == Koorsada == Webiga Olifants wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa inta u dhexeysa [[Breyten]] iyo [[Bethal]], [[Mpumalanga Province|Gobolka Mpumalanga]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Webiyada iyo durdurrada waaweyn ee ku yaal Barkadda Webiga Limpopo]</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyiga dhanka [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Witbank Dam|Biyo-xireenka Witbank]] ka dibna [[Loskop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Loskop]] waxaana lagu qasbaa bari by Transvaal [[Drakensberg]], oo ka gooya Abel Erasmus Pass ka dibna u qulqula bari si ka sii fog Lowveld si uu ugu biiro [[Letaba River|Webiga Letaba]]. Wuxuu u gudbaa [[Gaza Province|Gobolka Gaza]], [[Mozambique|Musanbiig]], ka dib markii uu ka soo gooyo [[Lebombo Mountains|Buuraha Lebombo]] iyada oo loo marayo Olifants Gorge, isagoo noqonaya ''Rio dos Elefantes'', oo ugu dambeyntii ku biiraya [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] 40&nbsp;km ka dib ka hor inta uusan gelin [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Xai-Xai]] waqooyiga [[Maputo]].<ref>[http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa Webiyada muhiimka ah ee Koonfur Afrika]</ref> == Tayada biyaha == [[Overgrazing|Daaq-xumada]] ee qaybaha koorsadiisa dhexe waxay keentaa in webigu qaado ciidda nabaad-guurtay ka dib roobab culus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Webiga Olifants |url=http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2007-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga Olifants wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu wasakhaysan Koonfur Afrika, ma ahan qashinka aadanaha ama warshadaha, laakiin waa [[green algae| algae cagaaran]] oo soo kordhaya.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201008161197.html Webiga Olifants oo wasakhaysan oo waqtigu ka dhamaanayo]</ref> Daraasad la sameeyay sannadkii 2013 oo ku taal Beerta Kruger ayaa lagu ogaaday in webigu uu ahaa mesotrophic, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in heerarka nafaqadu ay ahaayeen kuwo hooseeya, in kasta oo koror yar oo [[nitrate|nitrate-ka]] ah uu bilaabi karo [[eutrophication|eutrophication]]. Heerarka aadka u sarreeya ee [[sulphate|sulphate-ka]] waxaa loo aaneeyay macdanta dhuxusha iyo warshadaha ee biyo-qabashada sare.<ref name="smi1">{{cite book |last1=Smit |first1=NJ |last2=Wepener |first2=V |last3=Vlok |first3=W |last4=Wagenaar |first4=GM |last5=van Vuren |first5=JHJ |title=Ilaalinta kalluunka tigerfish, ''Hydrocynus vittatus'', ee Beerta Qaranka Kruger iyadoo xoogga la saarayo dejinta ku-habboonaanta tirada biyaha iyo shuruudaha tayada ee webiyada Olifants iyo Luvuvhu: warbixin loo gudbiyay Guddiga Cilmi-baarista Biyaha |date=2013 |publisher=Guddiga Cilmi-baarista Biyaha |location=Gezina [Koonfur Afrika] |isbn=978-1-4312-0358-1 |page=vi |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1922-1-121.pdf |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228222909/http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1922-1-121.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Laamaha == Laamaha ugu waaweyn ee Webiga Olifants waa [[Letaba River|Webiga Letaba]]<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA2LuvuvuLethaba.jpg Luvuvu Lethaba WMA 2]</ref> iyo [[Steelpoort River|Webiga Steelpoort]] oo loo yaqaan Webiga Tubatse.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Webiyada iyo durdurrada waaweyn ee ku yaal Barkadda Webiga Limpopo]</ref> Laamaha kale waa [[Tongwane River|Tongwane]], [[Blyde River|Blyde]], [[Moses River|Moses]], [[Spekboom River|Spekboom]], [[Timbavati River|Timbavati]], [[Nkumpi River|Nkumpi]], [[Ga-Selati River|Ga-Selati]], [[Klaserie River|Klaserie]], [[Makhutswi River|Makhutswi]], [[Mohlapitse River]], [[Lepellane River]], [[Mohwetse River]] iyo Webiga Ngwaritsi. Qaar ka mid ah laamaha, gaar ahaan [[Klein Olifants River|Webiga Klein Olifants]] (oo ka soo jeeda meel u dhow [[Hendrina]], wuxuu ku biiraa Webiga Olifants ee hoose ee [[Middelburg Dam|Biyo-xireenka Middelburg]]), [[Elands River (Olifants)|Elands]], [[Wilge River (Olifants)|Wilge]] iyo [[Bronkhorstspruit River|Bronkhorstspruit]], waxay ka kacaan daaqsinada [[Highveld]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg WMA 4 ee webiga Olifants]</ref> [[Shingwedzi River|Webiga Shingwedzi]] wuxuu u qulqulaa meel u dhow dhanka waqooyi-bari ee kaydka [[Massingir Dam|Biyo-xireenka Massingir]] wuxuuna ku biiraa bangiga bidix ee Olifants qiyaastii 12&nbsp;km hoos uga dhaca darbiga biyo-xireenka.<ref>[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/noticeboard/science_network_meeting_2009/Presentations/vlok.pdf Webiga Shingwedzi: maxay u tahay webiga ugu wasakhaysan KNP?]</ref> == Biyo-xireennada == Soddon biyo-xireen oo waaweyn oo ku yaal Barkadda Webiga Olifants waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda: === Koonfur Afrika === *[[Witbank Dam|Biyo-xireenka Witbank]] *[[Rhenosterkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rhenosterkop]], oo ku yaal [[Elands River (Olifants)|Webiga Elands]] *[[Rust de Winter Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rust de Winter]] *[[Blyderivierpoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Blyderivierpoort]] *[[Loskop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Loskop]] *[[Middelburg Dam|Biyo-xireenka Middelburg]], oo ku yaal [[Klein Olifants River|Webiga Klein Olifants]] *[[Ohrigstad Dam|Biyo-xireenka Ohrigstad]] *[[De Hoop Dam (Limpopo)|Biyo-xireenka De Hoop]] *[[Flag Boshielo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Flag Boshielo]] *[[Phalaborwa Barrage|Phalaborwa Barrage]] === Mozambique === *[[Massingir Dam|Biyo-xireenka Massingir]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |title=Biyo-xireenka Massingir & Daadadka Olifants Gorge |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727020147/http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Olifants River (Mpumalanga)}} *[http://e-gli.com/south-african-geographical-names/ Magacyada Juqraafiga ee Koonfur Afrika] {{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}} kvy90fge9ra56z1u4v3l80u5crr7cfb 0 51166 309717 305994 2026-09-26T05:55:44Z Gliwi 47573 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Helbedündorf.svg]] → [[File:DEU Helbedündorf COA.svg]] 309717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Helbedündorf COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|21|N|10|37|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Helbedündorf in KYF.png |state = |district = Kyffhäuserkreis |elevation = 303 |area = 96.30 |postal_code = 99713 |area_code = 036029 (Holzthaleben, Keula), 036330 (Großbrüchter, Kleinbrüchter, Peukendorf, Toba), 036338 (Friedrichsrode) |licence = KYF |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 65 032 |divisions = 7 |website = [http://www.helbeduendorf.de/ www.helbeduendorf.de] |mayor = Jörg Steinmetz<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2024&ndash;30 |party = CDU }} '''Helbedündorf''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Kyffhäuserkreis]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], Jarmalka. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Helbedundorf}} n4snauuz68hiu1azo5gbv3qncsnc0nb 0 52341 309694 308335 2026-09-26T03:19:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Langdorf |image_photo = File:Langdorf Pfarrkirche 2014.JPG |image_caption = Kaniisadda Katolika ee St. Maria Magdalena |image_coa = DEU Langdorf COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|1|N|13|9|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Langdorf in REG.svg |state = |region = Niederbayern |district = Regen |elevation = 645 |area = 34.35 |postal_code = 94264 |area_code = 09921 |licence = REG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 2 76 129 |website = [http://www.langdorf.de www.langdorf.de] |mayor = Michael Englram<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Langdorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈlaŋdɔʁf}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan gobolka [[Regen (district)|Regen]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee Jarmalka. Waxaa hore loogu aqoon jiray Dorfmuri. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220411172707/https://www.langdorf.de/ Town of Langdorf] {{commonscat|Langdorf}} {{Authority control}} 2bu0pf8sc8we3jkp08sa81x6casy0ng 0 53309 309667 2026-09-25T12:31:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 309667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_coa = DEU Monzernheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|43|17|N|8|13|42|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Monzernheim in AZ.svg |state = |district = Alzey-Worms |Verbandsgemeinde = Wonnegau |elevation = 219 |area = 3.95 |postal_code = 55234 |area_code = 06244 |licence = AZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 31 049 |website = [https://www.monzernheim.de/ www.monzernheim.de] |mayor = Ansgar Münnemann<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Alzey-Worms], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Monzernheim''' waa degmo hoos timaada [[Municipalities of Germany|degmooyinka hoose]] (Ortsgemeinde) oo ka tirsan [[Verbandsgemeinde]], oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taalla deegaanka [[Alzey-Worms]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], ee dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Taariikh== Monzernheim waxaa lagu xusay qawaaniinta dhismaha derbiyada ee [[Descriptio Wormatiensis civitatis|Wormser]] qiyaastii sanadkii 900 miilaadiga iyada oo ah mid ka mid ah meelaha ay ka go'nayd mas'uuliyadda ilaalinta iyo dayactirka [[city wall|derbiga magaalada]] ee [[Worms, Germany|Worms]].<ref name=CVDKJFN>C. Van De Kieft and J. F. Niermeyer, eds. (1967), ''Elenchus fontium historiae urbanae'' (Leiden: E. J. Brill), pp. 43–44.</ref> == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Iyada oo ah xarun lagu beero khamriga ama canabka ([[winegrowing]]), Monzernheim waxay ku taallaa degmada ugu weyn Jarmalka ee lagu beero khamriga, bartamaha [[Rhenish Hesse]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay degmada wadajirka ah (Verbandsgemeinde) ee [[Wonnegau]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Osthofen]]. == Siyaasadda == === Golaha degmada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay nidaamka [[Plurality voting system|codbixinta inta badan]] doorashadii golaha degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa sharafta leh ee ah gudoomiyaha.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3310404900.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> === Astaanta qoyska / Calanka heraldry-ga === Calanka ama astaanta degmada waxaa lagu sifeeyn karaa sida soo socota: Per fess sable a demi-lion rampant Or armed, langued and crowned gules, and argent a [[bunch of grapes]] palewise leafed of two and couped vert. == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} c1bjhqf5n8wzvf4g6m0ochs07knue5r 0 53310 309668 2026-09-25T12:33:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 309668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Moorburg |name_local = |image_photo = |image_caption = |type = Quarter |City = Hamburg |state = |borough = [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]] |coordinates = {{Coord|53.48961|9.94165|region:DE-HH_type:city|format=dms|display=it}} |area = |pop_ref = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02|datref=QUELLE}}</ref> |population = {{Metadata Population DE-HH|Moorburg}} |population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02|datref=STAND}} |postal_code = |area_code = |year = |plantext = Goobta Moorburg ee ka tirsan Hamburg |image_plan = Moorburg in HH.svg }} '''Moorburg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈmoːɐ̯bʊʁk|-|De-Moorburg.ogg}}) waa deegaan ka tirsan [[Hamburg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]] oo ku yaalla xaafadda [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dasoertliche.de/Themen/Vorwahlen/Hamburg.html |title=Das Ortliche|website=Das Ortliche|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktantrag.com/de/immobilien/grundbuchauszug/ort/Hamburg/ |title=Katasteramt/Vermessungsamt Hamburg (Kataster)|website=Katasteramt|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> Dhirta iyo ugaarta: Altes Land. [[File:Hamburg Moorburg Kirche St. Maria-Magdalena 05.jpg|thumb|St.Maria-Magdalena-Kirche ee ku taalla Moorburg]] Warshadda korontada dhuxusha ({{lang-en|coal power plant}}) ee Moorburg ayaa bilaabatay sanadkii 1974 dekedda dhexdeeda. Qalabkii ugu dambeeyay ee dhalinaya korontada ayaa furmay sanadkii 2015, waxaana la xiray sanadkii 2021.<ref>by Florian CAZERES. [https://www.techxplore.com/news/2022-08-germany-stuttering-jumpstart-coal.pdf In Germany, the stuttering bid to jumpstart coal plants] 28 August 2022</ref> == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} n9nwa1uwawbbymt8bg4wfz5top1snip 309696 309668 2026-09-26T03:46:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 309696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Moorburg |name_local = |image_photo = |image_caption = |type = Quarter |City = Hamburg |state = |borough = [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]] |coordinates = {{Coord|53.48961|9.94165|region:DE-HH_type:city|format=dms|display=it}} |area = |pop_ref = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02|datref=QUELLE}}</ref> |population = {{Metadata Population DE-HH|Moorburg}} |population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02|datref=STAND}} |postal_code = |area_code = |year = |plantext = Goobta Moorburg ee ka tirsan Hamburg |image_plan = Moorburg in HH.svg }} '''Moorburg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈmoːɐ̯bʊʁk|-|De-Moorburg.ogg}}) waa deegaan ka tirsan [[Hamburg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]] oo ku yaalla xaafadda [[Harburg, Hamburg|Harburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dasoertliche.de/Themen/Vorwahlen/Hamburg.html |title=Das Ortliche|website=Das Ortliche|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktantrag.com/de/immobilien/grundbuchauszug/ort/Hamburg/|title=Katasteramt/Vermessungsamt Hamburg (Kataster)|website=Katasteramt|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-date=24 Bisha Labaad 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224185817/https://direktantrag.com/de/immobilien/grundbuchauszug/ort/Hamburg|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhirta iyo ugaarta: Altes Land. [[File:Hamburg Moorburg Kirche St. Maria-Magdalena 05.jpg|thumb|St.Maria-Magdalena-Kirche ee ku taalla Moorburg]] Warshadda korontada dhuxusha ({{lang-en|coal power plant}}) ee Moorburg ayaa bilaabatay sanadkii 1974 dekedda dhexdeeda. Qalabkii ugu dambeeyay ee dhalinaya korontada ayaa furmay sanadkii 2015, waxaana la xiray sanadkii 2021.<ref>by Florian CAZERES. [https://www.techxplore.com/news/2022-08-germany-stuttering-jumpstart-coal.pdf In Germany, the stuttering bid to jumpstart coal plants] 28 August 2022</ref> == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 4vm70qaq0002drmfyhlpca4z23nlyxi 10 53311 309672 2026-09-25T14:45:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 309672 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Official_URL]] c93y0ohu02luihkogbvpwts01mh4j6y 0 53312 309678 2026-09-25T17:05:30Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 309678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Moorhusen |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Moorhusen (Wilstermarsch) COA.png |coordinates = {{coord|53|58|N|9|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Moorhusen in IZ.png |state = |district = Steinburg |Amt = Itzehoe-Land |elevation = 1 |area = 4.68 |postal_code = 25554 |area_code = 04823 |licence = IZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 61 070 |website = [http://www.amtitzehoe-land.de/ www.amtitzehoe-<br />land.de] |mayor = Holger Dunker |party = }} '''Moorhusen''' waa degmo ka tirsan gobolka [[Steinburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} 2bx2yf1yaurnp8tb9xf8jhuzgdks0x5