Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2606 310153 289452 2026-10-11T00:59:56Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox|Settlement <!-- *** Mallhuvud *** -->|name = Berlin |native_name = |other_name = |category = <!-- *** Namn **** -->|etymology = |official_name = |motto = |nickname = <!-- *** Bild *** --> |image = Cityscape Berlin.jpg |image_caption = |image_size = 300px |flag = |symbol = DEU_Berlin_COA.svg |symbol_type = [[Berlins vapen|Stadsvapen]] <!-- *** Länder, regioner mm *** -->|country = [[Jarmalka]] |country_flag = ja |state = Berlin |state_type = |region = |region_type = |district = |district_type = |municipality = |municipality_type = <!-- *** Tillhörighet, föremål inom området mm *** --> |part = |landmark = |river = [[Spree]], [[Havel]], [[Dahme (flod)|Dahme]] <!-- *** Läge *** -->|location = |elevation = 34 - 115 |prominence = |lat_d = 52 |lat_m = 30 |lat_s = 1 |lat_NS = N |long_d = 13 |long_m = 23 |long_s = 56 |long_EW = E |highest = |highest_location = |highest_region = |highest_state = |highest_elevation = |highest_lat_d = |highest_lat_m = |highest_lat_s = |highest_lat_NS = |highest_long_d = |highest_long_m = |highest_long_s = |highest_long_EW = |lowest = |lowest_location = |lowest_region = |lowest_state = |lowest_elevation = |lowest_lat_d = |lowest_lat_m = |lowest_lat_s = |lowest_lat_NS = |lowest_long_d = |lowest_long_m = |lowest_long_s = |lowest_long_EW = <!-- *** Dimensioner *** --> |length = |length_orientation = |width = |width_orientation = |area = 891.7 |area_date = 2015 |area_note = <ref name="area">[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Flaechennutzung.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=33000&creg=BBB&anzwer=6 Katasterflächen nach Art der tatsächlichen Nutzung am 31.12.2015] Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Läst 6 december 2016. {{wayback|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Flaechennutzung.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=33000&creg=BBB&anzwer=6|date=20161206232727}}</ref> |area_land = |area_water = |area_urban = |area_metro = 3756 |area_metro_date = 31 december 2014 |area_metro_note = <ref name="">Berliner Umland 20141231</ref> <!-- *** Befolkning *** -->|population = 3700000 |population_date = 2017 |population_note = <ref name="inv 20151231">[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Bevoelkerungsstand.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=12015&creg=BBB&anzwer=6 Bevölkerungsstand 2015] Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Läst 5 december 2016.</ref> |population_urban = |population_metro = 4600000 |population_metro_date = 2017 |population_metro_note = <ref name="Berliner Umland 20141231">[http://gl.berlin-brandenburg.de/raumentwicklung/raumbeobachtung/vorausschaetzung_bbg_2014_bis_2030.pdf Bevölkerungsvorausschätzung 2014 bis 2030. Ämter und amtsfreie Gemeinden des Landes Brandenburg] Landesamt für Bauen und Verkehr, 2015. Läst 6 december 2016. {{wayback|url=http://gl.berlin-brandenburg.de/raumentwicklung/raumbeobachtung/vorausschaetzung_bbg_2014_bis_2030.pdf|date=20161206233029}}</ref><ref name="inv 2011–2015">[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Zeit-Bevoelkerungsstand.asp?Ptyp=400&Sageb=12015&creg=BBB&anzwer=6 Bevölkerungsstand 2011–2015] Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. Läst 6 december 2016.</ref> |population_density = auto |population_urban_density = |population_metro_density = auto <!-- *** Historia och administration *** -->|established = 1237 |date = |government = |government_location = |government_region = |government_state = |government_elevation = |government_lat_d = |government_lat_m = |government_lat_s = |government_lat_NS = |government_long_d = |government_long_m = |government_long_s = |government_long_EW = |mayor = [[Michael Müller]] |mayor_type = [[Berlins regerande borgmästare|Regerande<br/>borgmästare]] |mayor_party = [[Tysklands socialdemokratiska parti|SPD]] |mayor_since = [[Sedan 11 december 2014]] |leader = <!-- *** Koder *** --> |timezone = [[Centraleuropeisk tid|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Centraleuropeisk tid|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |postal_code = 10001-14199 |area_code = 030 |code = DE-BE |code_type = [[ISO 3166]]-kod |code1 = B |code1_type = Bilregistrering <!-- *** Fria fält *** -->|free = |free_type = <!-- *** Kartor *** --> |map = {{Kartposition Tyskland|bild1}} |map_caption = Berlin markerat på kartan över Tyskland. |map_locator = Tyskland <!-- *** Webbplatser *** -->|commons = |statistics = |website = [http://www.berlin.de www.berlin.de] <!-- *** Fotnoter *** -->|footnotes = }} '''Baarliin''' haddaba waa magaalo madaxda dalka [[Jarmalka]]. markii hore magaalada waxee ka mid eheed 16da Gobol ee wadanka Jarmalka. magaalada barliin waxaa ku wareegnaa markii hore, gobolka [[Brandenburg]], oo u dhow wabiga (sbree) dhinaca bariga wadanka jarmalka, meel u jito 70km xuduudka wadanka [[boland]]. magaalada waxaa degan in ka badan 3.44milyan oo qof. magaalada barliin waxa ay kaalin aaad u wayn ka qaadatay dagaalkii labaad eedunida waxa kale oo dhibaatooyin kasoo gaadheen dagaalkii qaboobaa halkaas oo magaalada barliin lagu kala xidhay gidaar kal qaybiyaya [[Jarmalka]] darbigaas oo caan ku ahaa darbigii baarliin amaba [[gidaarkii baarliin]] waxa ay ahayd caasimada [[Jarmalka Dimuqraadiga]] wixii kahoreeyay midawgii labada jarmal waana mid kamida magaalooyinka [[Yurub]] ugu waawayn waxaana ku yaala amaba dagan oo xafiisyo kuleh hayado badan oo caalamka ka caana Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, Berlin waxay noqotay dhul bacrin ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Jarmalka Jarmalka. Maaddooyinka sida dhismaha, rinjiyeynta iyo filimada cusub ee noocyada farshaxanka ayaa la abuuray. Dhamaadkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka 1918kii, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Philipp Scheidemann dhismaha Reichstag. Sanadkii 1920, Sharciga Greater Berlin wuxuu ku daray daraasiin magaalooyinka magaalooyinka ah, tuulooyinka iyo hareeraha hareeraha magaalada Berlin oo ah magaalo la ballaariyey. Sharcigu wuxuu kordhay aagagga Berlin ka soo 66 ilaa 883 km2 (25 ilaa 341 sq mi). Dadku waxay ku dhawaad ​​laban laabmeen, Berlinna waxa ku nool dad tiradoodu dhan tahay afar milyan. Intii lagu guda jiray xilligii Weimar, Berlin waxa ay ku dhacday kacdoon siyaasadeed sababo la xidhiidha hubin la'aanta dhaqaale, laakiin sidoo kale waxay noqotay xarun la jecel yahay Twenties Twenties. Metropolis waxay la kulantay maalgashadeeda oo ah caasimad weyn oo caalami ah, waxaana loo yaqaanaa kaalinta hoggaamineed ee sayniska, tiknoolajiyadda, farshaxanka, bani'aadamnimada, qorsheynta magaalada, filim, tacliin sare, dowlado iyo warshado. [[Albert Einstein]] wuxuu u kicitimay rikoodhka dadweynaha intii lagu jiray sannadihii uu ku sugnaa Berlin, isagoo abaalmarin helay Nobel Prize for Physics 1921. ==Daadka Degaaan Berlin== * 🇪🇺 Europeans: 498,000+++ * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 200,000+ [<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220819192938/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819192938/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>]. == Tixraac == [[Category:Magaalooyinka Jarmalka Berlin]] msakpxz6f6qiu1wrtaq2hzlxavqe41i 0 2937 310169 308740 2026-10-11T10:49:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|15|N|48|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Yemen | native_name = {{big|الجُمهورية اليَمَنية}}<br />''{{transl|ar|DIN-31635|al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah}}'' | common_name = Yemen | image_flag = Flag of Yemen.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Yemen (2).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = Yemen (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <div style="line-height:1.45em;white-space:nowrap;">{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله, الوَطَن, الثَورة, الوَحدة}}}}|italics=off}}<br />{{transl|ar|DIN-31635|"Allāh, al-Waṭan, aṯ-Ṯawrah, al-Waḥdah"}}<br />{{small|"God, Country, Revolution, Unity"}}</div> | national_anthem = <div style="line-height:1.45em;white-space:nowrap;">{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|نشيد اليمن الوطني}}}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />''[[National anthem of Yemen|Nashīd al-Yaman al-waṭanī]]''<br />{{small|''United Republic''}}<br /><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - United Republic.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = [[Carabi]] | demonym = [[Yemeni (disambiguation)|Yemeni]] | capital = [[Sana'a]] | government_type = {{nowrap|Xukun mid ah, jamhuuriyad}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] | leader_title2 = Raysulwasaare | leader_name2 = [[Mohammed Basindawa]] | legislature = {{nowrap|Aqalka wakiilada Baarlamaanka}} | area_rank = 50th | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_km2 = 527,829 | area_sq_mi = 203,796 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 23,833,000<ref name=yearbook2011>{{cite web|title=Statistical Yearbook 2011|url=http://www.cso-yemen.org/publiction/yearbook2011/population.xls|publisher=Central Statistical Organisation|accessdate=24 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=9 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009023840/http://www.cso-yemen.org/publiction/yearbook2011/population.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2011 | population_estimate_rank = 96th | population_census = 19,685,000<ref name=yearbook2011/> | population_census_year = 2004 | population_density_km2 = 44.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 115.7 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 160th | GDP_PPP_year = 2011 | GDP_PPP = $57.966 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=1&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=474&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Yemen |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,306<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $14.675 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2011 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,340<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2011 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of its publication--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.462 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |publisher=The United Nations |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 154th | FSI = {{nowrap|93.2 {{decrease}} 3.4}} | FSI_year = 2007 | FSI_rank = 24th | FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;white-space:nowrap;">Alert</span> | sovereignty_type = Establishment | established_event1 = [[North Yemen]] independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]]^a | established_date1 = <br />1 November 1918 | established_event2 = [[South Yemen]] independence^b | established_date2 = <br />30 November 1967 | established_event3 = [[Yemeni unification|Unification]] | established_date3 = 22 May 1990 | currency = [[Yemeni rial]] | currency_code = YER | country_code = YEM | time_zone = | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385 |title=Yemen |publisher=International News Safety Institute |accessdate=14 October 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 Bisha Shanaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505191038/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Yemen|+967]] | cctld = [[.ye]] | footnote_a = From the [[Ottoman Empire]]. | footnote_b = From the [[United Kingdom]]. }} '''Yemen''' ([[Af-Carabi]]: اليَمَن), ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Yemen''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]]. Yemen waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] oo ka xigta [[Woqooyi]]ga iyo [[Galbeed]]ka xeebta [[Baddacas]], iyo [[Cumaan]] oo ka xigta [[Bari]]ga, Dhinaca [[Koonfur]]ta waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] iyo [[Bada Carabeed]], dhinaca [[Galbeed]]ka neh waxaa ka xiga [[Bada Cas]], wadanka caasimadiisa waa [[Sanca]].wadanka Yemen waa wadanka kaliya ee Bariga dhexe oo isticmaalo Jamhuuriyad. yemen waa wadan aad u duqsan waxaana aad looga caabudaa diinta islaamka, dhinaca dhaqaalaha yemen uma taajirsano sida wadamada kale ee carabta, wadanka waxoo leeyahy shidaal iyo saliid, laakiin wax soo saarkooda aad ayoo u yaryahay. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * * * * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] (baarlimentka waziirada “ Jaamacada (Ummadda) Carabta)..”.:• ==Waddanmaha la Degaan Yemen== *'''{{Flag|Egypt}}''':121+Mil++: **{{Flag|Jordan}}:1,200+ **{{Flag|Syria}}:2,000++ ***{{Flag|Kuwait}}:950,000+ ***{{Flag|Iraq}}:124,000+ ****{{Flag|Palestine}}:950,000+ *****{{Flag|Sudan}}:25,000+ *****{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:35,000+ [<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220819192938/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819192938/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>]. *''{{Flag|Eritrea}}'' 4,940,000++: [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref> == Taariikh == Yemen waa wadan aad u duqsan waxoona leeyahay guryo taariikhi ah oo ladhisay kumanaansano kahor, ilaa hadda dadka yemaniga waxee isticmaalaan dhaqanka guryihii ladhisi jiray waagaas.Wadanka Yemen waxoo xornimo ka helay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]] iyo gumeestihii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]. Wadanka Yemen waxoo markiisa hore u kala qeebsanaa [[Woqooyi]] Yemen iyo [[Koonfurta]] yemen , taariikhda marka ee eheed 1962dii ayaa [[koonfurta]] Yemen la midowday woqooyiga Yemen, waa markii wadanka laisku dhahay Jamhuuriyada yemen. ==Magaloyiinka== * [[Ibb|Ibb]] * [[Sanca|Sanca]] * [[Marib|Mareb]] * [[Cadan|Cadan]] * [[Ta'izz|Ta'ezz]] * [[Al Mahwit]] * [[Al Mukalla]] * [[Hadhramaut]] ==Sido Kale fiiri== *[[Yemeni rial]] *Arabian Degaanka tectonic =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 8v6xir3kbqx8llg6cqxkhagtnqi3k73 0 3973 310155 310023 2026-10-11T02:38:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | type = Magaalo | official_name = Damala Hagare | image = Damalaxagare.jpg | pushpin_map = Somalia | caption = | map_size = 150px | map_caption = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Soomaaliya | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sanaag]] | subdivision_type2 = maakhir | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_note = | area_total = | area_land = | area_water = | population_as_of = 2007<ref>{{Cite web |author=WFP Somalia |date=April 2007 |url=https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp144576.pdf?iframe |title=Puntland Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment|accessdate=2021-06-17}}</ref> | population_total = 45,000 | population_metro = | population_density = | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone = | elevation = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Damala Xagare''' waa magaaro soo koraysa oo ku taal gobolka [[Sanaag]] ee Soomaaliya. '''Damala Xagare''' waa magaalo si weyn u koreysa oo ku taal gobolka Sanaag ee Soomaaliya. Waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarun dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay bulshooyinka miyiga ah ee ku xeeran. Dhulka juqraafiyeed ee ku xeeran magaalada waxaa lagu gartaa dhul daaqsimeed ballaaran oo siman, oo loo yaqaanno "Dooxadda Dureera", taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon labadaba beeraha iyo xoolaha, oo ah laba hawlood oo dhaqaale oo muhiim ah oo taageera nolosha dadka deegaanka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 45,000, '''Damala Xagare''' waxay soo martay koror joogto ah, kaas oo ay dhiirrigelisay kordhinta degitaanka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee gobolka. Astaamaha muhiimka ah ee magaalada waxaa ka mid ah dhul ay ku badan yihiin ceelal biyoodyo dabiici ah, kuwaas oo bixiya il biyo oo muhiim ah oo loo isticmaalo guriga, beeraha, iyo xoolaha. Biyahan dabiiciga ah waxay si weyn uga qayb qaataan koritaanka magaalada, wax-soo-saarka beeraha, waxayna taageeraan bulshooyinka xoolaleyda ah. '''Damala Xagare''' waxay leedahay nidaam waxbarasho oo horumaraya, oo ay ku jiraan dugsi sare, dugsi hoose, iyo dugsi dhexe, kuwaas oo siiya waxbarasho aas-aasiga ah dhallinyarada magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, helitaanka waxbarashada sare iyo tababarka gaarka ah waa kuwo xadidan, taas oo ku qasbeysa in loo safro magaalooyinka waaweyn si loo helo waxbarasho sare. Magaaladu sidoo kale waxay leedahay xarun caafimaad oo weyn, oo ay ku jirto xarunta caafimaadka hooyada iyo dhallaanka (MCH). Xaruntani waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa bixinta adeegyada caafimaadka lagama maarmaanka ah, gaar ahaan caafimaadka hooyada iyo dhallaanka, kuwaas oo ah meelaha muhiimka ah ee caafimaadka ee miyiga Soomaaliya. Inkasta oo ay jiraan adeegyadan caafimaadka, xaruntu waxay wajaheysaa caqabado sida agab caafimaad oo xadidan, yaraanshaha xirfadlayaasha caafimaadka ee tababbaran sida umulisooyinka iyo kalkaaliyeyaasha caafimaadka bulshada, iyo baahida loo qabo in la ballaariyo adeegyada si wax looga qabto baahiyaha caafimaad ee dadka sii kordhaya. Guud ahaan, '''Damala Xagare''' waa magaaro horumaraysa oo leh awood dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo muhiim ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maalgashi dheeraad ah oo lagu sameeyo kaabayaasha, waxbarashada, iyo adeegyada caafimaadka ayaa lagama maarmaan u noqon doona si loo taageero koritaankeeda joogtada ah loona hagaajiyo wanaagga dadkeeda deegaanka. ==Taariikhda dhow== Noofembar 2005, gobolka Sanaag waxaa la sheegay inuu la kulmayo biyo la'aan, waxaana Damala Xagare ay ahayd mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu daran ee ay saameysay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Biyo laan ka dhacday gobolada Sanaag |newspaper=BBC |date=2005-11-16 |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/news/story/2005/11/printable/051116_biyo |accessdate=2021-05-27 }}</ref> March 2013, shir nabadgelyo oo dhex maray Beelaha [[Warsangali]] iyo [[Dhulbahante]] ayaa lagu qabtay Damala Xagare.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BADHASAABKA IYO TALIYAHA BOOLISKA SANAAG BARRI EE SOMALILAND OO KA QAYB GALAY SHIR LAGU SOO AF-JARAYO SHAQAAQOOYIN DHEX MARAY LABADA BEELOOD EE DHULBAHANTE IYO WARSANGALI |newspaper=ceerigaabo.com |date=2013-03-04 |url=http://ceerigaabo.com/2013/03/04/badhasaabka-iyo-taliyaha-booliska-sanaag-barri-ee-somaliland-oo-ka-qayb-galay-shir-lagu-soo-af-jarayo-shaqaaqooyin-dhex-maray-labada-beelood-ee-dhulbahante-iyo-warsangali/ |accessdate=2021-05-27 |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527115354/http://ceerigaabo.com/2013/03/04/badhasaabka-iyo-taliyaha-booliska-sanaag-barri-ee-somaliland-oo-ka-qayb-galay-shir-lagu-soo-af-jarayo-shaqaaqooyin-dhex-maray-labada-beelood-ee-dhulbahante-iyo-warsangali/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sebtembar 2014, Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga ee Somaliland ayaa isku dayay inuu ka qaybgalo kulan ka dhacayay Beelaha [[Warsangali]] ee [[Hingalol]], laakiin ma awoodin inuu sameeyo wuxuuna ku go'doomay Damala Xagare.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wasiir CADAMI Oo Ku Go’doonsan Damala-Xagare Iyo Shirkii Xiin-galool Oo Lasoo Afmeeray |newspaper=hubaalmedia.net |date=2014-09-07 |url=https://www.hubaalmedia.net/wasiir-cadami-oo-ku-godoonsan-damala-xagare-iyo-shirkii-xiin-galool-oo-lasoo-afmeeray/ |accessdate=2021-05-27 |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527115358/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/wasiir-cadami-oo-ku-godoonsan-damala-xagare-iyo-shirkii-xiin-galool-oo-lasoo-afmeeray/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> May 2019, ciidamada Somaliland iyo Puntland ayaa ku dagaalamay Damala Xagare.<ref>{{Cite news |title=DEG DEG: Ciidamada Somaliland Iyo Kuwa Puntland Oo Ku Dagaalamay Magaalada Damalla-Xagare Ee Koonfurta Gobolka Gobolka Sanaag. |newspaper=dalmarnews.com |date=2019-05-21 |url=https://dalmarnews.com/2019/05/21/deg-deg-ciidamada-somaliland-iyo-kuwa-puntland-oo-ku-dagaalamay-magaalada-damalla-xagare-ee-koonfurta-gobolka-gobolka-sanaag/ |accessdate=2022-01-09 |archive-date=2022-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109013645/https://dalmarnews.com/2019/05/21/deg-deg-ciidamada-somaliland-iyo-kuwa-puntland-oo-ku-dagaalamay-magaalada-damalla-xagare-ee-koonfurta-gobolka-gobolka-sanaag/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tirada guud ee dhimashada labada dhinac waxaa lagu qiyaasay sagaal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wararkii ugu Dambeeyay Dagaalkii Damalla Xagare-COD |newspaper=The World News |date=2019-05-22 |url=https://theworldnews.net/so-news/wararkii-ugu-dambeeyay-dagaalkii-damalla-xagare-cod |accessdate=2021-05-27 }}</ref> Bishii Juun, ciidanka Somaliland ayaa geeyay ciidamo, oo ay ku jiraan gaadiid gaashaaman, [[Yubbe]], [[Hadaftimo]], iyo Damala Xagare si ay u sugaan amniga xadka ee ka imaanaya Puntland.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland Sends troop reinforcement in Sanaag region |newspaper=somalilandstandard.com |date=2019-01-07 |url=https://somalilandstandard.com/somaliland-sends-troop-reinforcement-in-sanaag-region/ |accessdate=2021-01-09 }}</ref> Sebtembar 2019, bulshada deegaanka Damala Xagare ayaa ansixisay go'aan ka dhan ah dhuxulaysiga, kaasoo sababa khasaare deegaanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Olole ka dhan ah xaalufinta deegaanka oo ka biloowday gobollada Sool iyo Sanaag |newspaper=hiiraan.com |date=2019-09-11 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2019/sept/wararka_maanta11-161788.htm |accessdate=2021-09-09 }}</ref> ==Dadweynaha== Magaalada Damala Xagare waa mid gaar ah marka la eego qaab-dhismeedkeeda iyo cabbirkeeda. Waxay qayb ahaan u qaybsan tahay laba deegaan ama degmo. Bahogeyslabe, Gerad Abdalle [[Warsangeli]] waxay ka kooban yihiin 85% dadweynaha halka qayb ka mid ah [[Dhulbahante]], inta badan laanta hoose ee [[Naleye Ahmed]] ee [[Mohamoud Garad]] ay ku nool yihiin dhinaca galbeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Productions |first1=Sanag |title=Birnaamijka Xidhitaanka Shirka Bihina Carraale came to settle Damallaxagarre through their blood relations with Bahogeyslabe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWhhkh1jHjo |website=YouTube |access-date=15 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Deegaan muhiim ah oo ku xeeran oo loo yaqaanno "Dooxadda Dureera" sidoo kale waxaa degan Bahogeyslabe ee beesha [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]].<ref name="interpeace northern somalia source">{{cite book |last1=Walls |first1=Michael |title=PEACE IN SOMALILAND: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building |date=2008 |publisher=Interpeace and the Academy for Peace and Development |location=Hargeisa |pages=70 |url=https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/2008_SomS_Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> {{Portal|Somaliland}} ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist}} [[Category:Degmooyinka Sanaag]] [[Category:Goobaha taariikhiga ah ee Soomaaliya]] qz1a5d1y7cfxs4wwnfbxzl2sepqnq8g 0 4606 310163 308727 2026-10-11T09:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Boqortooyada Haashimit ee Urdun<br />''المملكة الأردنية الهاشميه '' |conventional_long_name = '''' |common_name = Urdun |qaaradda = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Jordan.svg |sawir_qaran = |image_map = Urdun |astaan_calan = [[عاش المليك]] ''<small><br />"Boqorka hanoolaado |image_map = LocationJordan.svg |caasimadda = [[Camaan]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Cuman]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Boqor]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,54O | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal = $41.692 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,292 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Cabdullahi II. |magac_hogaamiye2 = Cown Al Khasaawna: |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Ingiriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 25 [[Maajo]], [[1946]] |area = 92,300 km2 |areami² = 35,637 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 6,316,000² |population_estimate_year = 2009 |lacagta = Urdun Dinaar |wakhti = Summer (DST) |furaha_debedda = 962 |footnote1 = }} '''Urdun''' (الأردن) waa maamul madaxbanaan oo ah boqortooyada Haashimiyad ee Urdun (Carabi: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Hāshimīyah) waa Gobolka Carabta ee ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya, oo ku taal Bankiga Bariga ee Webiga Jordan. Jordan waxaa xuddey Sacuudi Carabiya koonfurta, Ciraaq xagga waqooyi-bari, Suuriya woqooyiga, Israiil iyo [[Falastiin]] xagga galbeedka. Badda Dhimatay ayaa ku taal xudduudaha galbeedka, waddankuna waxa uu leeyahay xeebta yaryar ee [[Badda Cas]] ee koonfurta-galbeed ee aadka u xoogan, laakiin si kale ayaa loo wiiqay. Jordan waa istaraatijiyad ku taala bartamaha Asia, [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]]. Magaalada caasimadda ah ee Cammaan, waa magaalooyinka ugu badan ee dadku u badan yahay iyo sidoo kale xarun dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo dhaqameed. Imminka waxa uu [[Urdun]] ku noolaa dadka tan iyo xilligii Baleyolitiik. Saddex boqortooy oo xasillooni ah ayaa ka soo baxayey dhammaadkii Daaha Cagaasha: Caamoos, Moo'aab iyo Edom. Hogaamiyaasha dambe waxay ka mid yihiin Boqortooyada Nabata, Boqortooyada Roomaanka, Boqortooyada Boqortooyada. Kadib Carabta Carbeed oo ka soo horjeeday Cusmaani sanadkii 1916 intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Dunida I, boqortooyadii Boqortooyada waxaa loo qaybiyay Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska. Emirate of Transjordan waxaa la aasaasay 1921 by Hashemite, ka dibna Emir, Abdullah I, iyo emirate wuxuu noqday ''British Guardianate'' ah. 1946-kii, Jordan waxay noqotay waddan madax-bannaan oo si rasmi ah loogu aqoonsaday Boqortooyada Hashemite ee Transjordan, laakiin waxa loo beddelay 1949-kii boqortooyadii Hashemite ee dalka Jordan ka dib markii waddanku uu qabsaday Bankiga Galbeedka intii lagu jiray dagaalkii 1948-kii dagaalkii Carabta oo uu ku biiray ilaa uu lumay Israiil sanadkii 1967-dii. Jordan ayaa ku dhawaaqday dalabkii dhulkii 1988-kii, waxaana uu noqday mid ka mid ah laba dawladood oo Carbeed ah si ay heshiis ugu saxiixdeen [[Israiil]] 1994-kii. Urdun waa xubin muhiim u ah Ururka [[Jaamacadda Carabta]] iyo Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka. Waddanku waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah, laakiin boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awood ballaaran oo sharci iyo sharci-dajin ah. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]]* * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * * ==Daadka Deggan Urdun== * {{flag|Jordan}}: 12,Millions++: **{{Flag|Palestine}}: 2,2,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 100+: * {{Flag|Arab League}} 4.500,000+<ref name="">https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 200+ * {{Flag|France}} 2,000+ [<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172709/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172709/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }}</ref>]. [[File:Amman.jpg|thumb|195px|right|Vista d'Amman.]] [[File:View_of_Abdali_project_2018.jpg|thumb|right|195px|{{Flag|Jordan}}]] [[File:The King of Jordan, 2013.jpg|195px|thumb|right|]] [[File:Petra_metzes.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Cunnto Urdun]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Masar]] * [[Falastiin]] * [[Israaiil]] * [[Bangalidesh]] * [[Bakistaan]] * [[Filibiin]] * [[Hindiya]] * [[Turkiga]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] g0e5p1vgyja9j1mdbht7awqo369d6m1 0 4738 310159 307759 2026-10-11T06:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Marooko | common_name = Marooko | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|المملكة المغربية|italic=no}}|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah}}}}|{{native name|ber|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|italic=no|paren=omit}} ([[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Tamazight]])|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|zgh|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱللَّٰه، ٱلْوَطَن، ٱلْمَلِك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik"<br />"Illaah, Dalka, Boqorka"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Morocco |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=ConstituteProject.org |language=en}}</ref> | national_anthem = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy"<br />"[[Cherifian Anthem|Heesta Shariifka]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta ay Marooko ku taal waqooyi-galbeed [[Afrika]] {{legend|darkgreen|Dhulka rasmiga ah ee Marooko}} {{legend|limegreen|[[Saxarada Galbeed]], oo ah [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhul]] la sheegtay qayb ahaanna [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|ay haysato Marooko]]}} | capital = [[Rabat]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city(580,000)_region:MA-RAB}} | largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br />{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|type:city(3,710,000)_region:MA-CAS|display=inline}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Carabi|Carabi]]|[[Standard Moroccan Tamazight|Tamazight]]}} | languages_type = [[Languages of Morocco|Luqadaha laguda hadlo]]<br />{{nobold|(2024)<ref name="RGPH 2024">{{Cite web |last=Gauthier |first=Christophe |title=كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_a4025.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} | languages = {{Tree list}} * 92.7% [[Af-Carabi|Carabi]] ** 91.9% [[Moroccan Arabic|Carabida Marooko]] ** 0.8% [[Hassaniya Arabic|Carabida Xasaaniya]] * 24.8% [[Berber languages|Luqadaha Berberiga]] ** 14.2% [[Shilha language|Tashelhit]] ** 7.4% [[Central Atlas Tamazight|Tamazight]] ** 3.2% [[Tarifit]] {{Tree list/end}} | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]{{efn|[[French language in Morocco|Luqadda Faransiiska ee Marooko]] waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo bulshada ganacsiga, in kasta oo aysan lahayn xaalad rasmi ah: "Faransiis (inta badan luqadda ganacsiga, dawladda, iyo dibloomaasiyadda)..."<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Morocco |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |place=US}}</ref><ref name="diplomatie.gouv.fr">{{cite web |title=Présentation du Maroc |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207193614/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=diplomatie.gouv.fr |publisher=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language=fr}}</ref>}}|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]|[[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanish]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Martin |date=October 1994 |title=The teaching of English in Morocco: the place of culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_elt-journal_1994-10_48_4/page/295 |journal=ELT Journal |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=295–305 |doi=10.1093/elt/48.4.295 |issn=0951-0893}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = Eeg [[#Ethnic groups|Qowmiyadaha]] | religion = {{Tree list}} * 99.68% [[Islam in Morocco|Islaam]] ([[State religion|rasmi ah]]) ** 99.23% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ** 0.45% [[Shia Islam|Shiico]] * 0.3% [[Religion in Morocco|kuwa kale]] ** 0.13% [[Agnosticism|cilmi-la'aanayaal]] ** 0.10% [[Baháʼí Faith in Morocco|Bahá'í]] ** 0.09% [[Christianity in Morocco|Masiixiyiin]] ** 0.01% [[Moroccan Jews|Yuhuud]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Profiles: Morocco |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905001136/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=thearda.com |publisher=World Religion Database, The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> | demonym = [[Moroccans|Marookaan]] | government_type = Boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo isku darsan oo baarlamaan hal deegaan ah<ref name="Const1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=William S. Hein & Co. |year=2012 |location=Getzville |language=en |translator=Jefri J. Ruchti |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |url-status=live}} Markii ugu horreysay ee lagu daabacay Warsidaha Rasmiga ah 30 Luulyo 2011.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[King of Morocco|Boqorka]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Maxamed VI]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Raysal Wasaaraha]] | leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Morocco|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Morocco|Aasaaska]] | established_event1 = [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] | established_date1 = 788 | established_event2 = [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]] | established_date2 = 1040 | established_event3 = [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]] | established_date3 = 1121 | established_event4 = [[Marinid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Mariniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 1244 | established_event5 = [[Wattasid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Watasiyiinta]] | established_date5 = 1472 | established_event6 = [[Saadi Sultanate|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]] | established_date6 = 1510 | established_event7 = [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]] (boqortooyada hadda jirta) | established_date7 = 1631 | established_event8 = [[Treaty of Fez|Heshiiskii Fez]] | established_date8 = 30 Maarso 1912 | established_event9 = [[Revolution of the King and the People|Dhamaadkii maxmiyadda]] | established_date9 = 2 Maarso 1956<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ce jour-là : le 18 novembre 1955 à Rabat, Mohammed V annonce la fin du protectorat français sur le Maroc |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/374370/politique/jour-18-novembre-1955-a-rabat-roi-mohammed-v-annonce-fin-protectorat-francais-maroc/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> | established_event11 = Dastuurka hadda jira | established_date11 = 29 Luulyo 2011 | area_km2 = 446,550 | area_footnote = {{efn|Bedka dhan {{convert|446,300|km2|abbr=on}} kama mid aha dhulalka lagu muransan yahay, halka {{convert|716550|km2|abbr=on}} ay ku jiraan dhulalka ay Marooko sheegato ee ay qayb ahaanna maamusho ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] (oo ay u sheegato sidii [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] jabhadda [[Polisario Front]]). Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa [[Ceuta]] iyo [[Melilla]], kuwaas oo ka dhigan qiyaastii {{convert|22.8|km2|abbr=on}} oo dhul dheeri ah oo la sheegtay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trinidad |first=Jamie |date=2012 |title=An Evaluation of Morocco's Claims to Spain's Remaining Territories in Africa |journal=[[The International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=961–975 |doi=10.1017/S0020589312000371 |issn=0020-5893 |jstor=23279813}}</ref>}} | area_rank = 57aad | area_sq_mi = 172,317 | percent_water = 0.056 (250 km{{sup|2}}) | population_census = 36,828,330<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2024 |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH 2024) |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Haut Commissariat au Plan |language=fr}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 38aad | population_census_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 79.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $424.870 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 57aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,270<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $165.840 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,440<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 123aad | Gini = 40.5 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inégalité sociale {{!}} Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Inegalite-sociale_r508.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.hcp.ma}}</ref> | HDI = 0.710 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 120aad | currency = [[Moroccan dirham|Dirhamka Marooko]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone = | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +1 | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Morocco|+212]] | cctld = {{ublist |[[.ma]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.المغرب]]}} | population_rank = | today = }} | religion_year = 2020 }} '''Marooko''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Morocco.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|k|oʊ}}<br />{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|المغرب|engvar=gb|al-Maghrib|halka ay qorraxdu u dhacdo; galbeedka}} {{IPA|ar|ælˈmaɣrɪb||Pronunciation of Morocco in Arabic.ogg}}||{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Lmeɣrib}}|{{langx|fr|Maroc}}, {{IPA|fr|maʁɔk|IPA}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Marooko''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|engvar=gb|links=no|المملكة المغربية|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah|boqortooyada Galbeed}}|{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircam.ma/sites/default/files/Parutions/documents/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1.pdf |publisher=[[Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-9920-739-39-9 |language=zgh |translator-last=Ladimat |translator-first=Mohammed |script-title=zgh:ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ |trans-title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |via=ircam.ma}}</ref>|{{langx|fr|links=no|Royaume du Maroc}}}}}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka [[Maghreb]] ee [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxay xeebo ku leedahay [[Bada Dhexe]] dhanka waqooyi iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]] dhanka galbeed, waxayna xuduud dhuleed la leedahay [[Aljeeriya]] dhanka [[Algeria–Morocco border|bari]]; gobollada yaryar ee [[Isbayn|Isbaanishka]] leeyahay ee [[Enclave and exclave|gudaha ku yaal]] ee [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] iyo [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]] dhanka [[Morocco–Spain border|waqooyi]], kuwaas oo ay sheegato iyada iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar oo [[Plazas de soberanía|ay Isbayn maamusho]];<ref>{{cite news |year=2018 |title=Ceuta, Melilla profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=13 November 2018 |work=bbc.com |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> iyo dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] dhanka [[Morocco–Western Sahara border|koonfureed]], kaas oo ay Marooko qayb ahaan haysatay tan iyo 1975. Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa inay xuduud la wadaagto [[Muritaniya]] iyada oo soo mareysa dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee Saxarada Galbeed. Waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu qiyaastii tahay 37 milyan. Caasimaddeedu waa [[Rabat]], halka magaalada ugu weenna ay tahay [[Casablanca]]. Gobolka ay Marooko ka kooban tahay waxaa la degganaa tan iyo xilligii [[Paleolithic]], in ka badan 300,000 oo sano ka hor. [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] waxaa aasaasay [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris I]] sanadkii 788, Marookona waxaa markii dambe xukumay boqortooyooyin kale oo madax-bannaan, iyadoo gaartay meeshii ugu sarreysay ee ay ku lahayd [[regional power|awood gobolka]] qarniyadii 11aad iyo 12aad, xilligii boqortooyooyinkii [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] iyo [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]], labaduba waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin Berber ah, markaas oo ay maamuli jireen inta badan [[Iberian Peninsula|Jasiiradda Iberian]] iyo Maghreb. Qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad, Marooko waxay la kulantay hanjabaado dibadda ah oo ku aaddan madax-bannaanideeda, iyadoo [[Portuguese Empire|Bortuqiisku]] uu qabsaday dhulal qaar, [[Ottoman Empire|Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyadana]] ay uga timid dhanka bari. Saldanadihii [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] iyo [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi]] waxay iska caabiyeen xukunkii shisheeye, Marookona waxay ahayd dalka keliya ee Waqooyiga Afrika ee ka badbaaday xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyadii Saadi waxay ballaarisay dhulkeeda iyada oo u martay [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire|qabsashadii]] [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]] dhammaadkii qarnigii 16aad. [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], oo dalka xukuma ilaa maantadan la joogo, waxay awoodda la wareegeen 1631, labadii qarni ee ku xigayna waxay ballaariyeen xiriirka [[diplomatic|dibloomaasiyadeed]] iyo kan ganacsi ee ay la lahaayeen [[Western world|caalamka reer Galbeedka]]. Goobta istiraatiijiga ah ee Marooko ee u dhow afka Bada Dhexe waxay soo jiidatay xiisaha Yurub markale. Sanadkii 1912, Faransiiska iyo Isbayn waxay dalka ka aasaaseen [[Morocco#French and Spanish protectorates|maxmiyado]] waxayna u magacaabeen [[Tangier]] inay noqoto [[Tangier International Zone|aag caalami ah]], halka Sultan-ku uu ahaa madax-banaanida rasmiga ah ee leh awood xaddidan oo ka hooseysa xukunka gumeysiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Documents - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d944 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> Ka dib rabshado goos-goos ah iyo [[Revolution of the King and the People|kacdoono]] looga soo horjeeday xukunkii gumeysiga, Marooko waxay dib u heshay xorriyaddeedii waxayna dib u midoobay 1956 iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Maxamed V]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Muḥammad V |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-V-sultan-of-Morocco |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Tan iyo xorriyaddii, Marooko waxay ahaan jirtay mid deggeneyd. Waxay leedahay [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn]] Afrika waxayna saameyn weyn ku leedahay Afrika iyo [[Arab world|caalamka Carabta]] labadaba; waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[middle power|awood dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamka waxayna xubin ka tahay [[Arab League|Jaamacadda Carabta]], [[Arab Maghreb Union|Midowga Maghreb ee Carabta]], [[Union for the Mediterranean|Midowga Midaysan ee Bada Dhexe]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balfour |first=Rosa |date=March 2009 |title=The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean |journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1080/13629390902747491 |issn=1362-9395 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka yar ee Afrika ee ku jira meel sare marka loo eego [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] waana dhaqaalaha warshadaha ee ugu horeeysa Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Segun |date=2026-05-27 |title=Morocco knocks South Africa off top spot as Africa's leading industrial economy |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/morocco-knocks-south-africa-off-top-spot-as-africas-leading-industrial-economy/72s5yed |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en |archive-date=2026-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260531222007/https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/morocco-knocks-south-africa-off-top-spot-as-africas-leading-industrial-economy/72s5yed |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marooko waa [[Unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo semi-[[constitutional monarchy|boqortooyo dastuuri ah]] oo leh baarlamaan la doortay. [[Executive (government)|Laanta fulinta]] waxaa hoggaamiya [[King of Morocco|Boqorka Marooko]] iyo [[Prime Minister of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]], halka [[Legislature|awoodda sharci-dejinta]] ay u xilsaaran tahay labada aqal ee baarlamaanka: [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] iyo [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]]. Awoodda garsoorku waxay ku dhex jirtaa Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, oo dib u eegi karta ansaxnimada sharciyada, doorashooyinka, iyo aftida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco: Remove Obstacles to Access to the Constitutional Court |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2021 |website=icj.org |publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awoodo fulineed iyo sharci-dejineed oo ballaaran, gaar ahaan [[Royal Moroccan Armed Forces|ciidanka]], siyaasadda dibadda iyo arrimaha diinta; wuxuu soo saari karaa [[Moroccan Dahir|''dahirs'']], kuwaas oo ah wareegtooyin leh awood sharci, wuxuuna sidoo kale kala diri karaa baarlamaanka ka dib marka uu la tashado [[List of heads of government of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]] iyo guddoomiyaha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah. Marooko waxaa loo kala saaraa inay tahay [[hybrid regime|nidaam isku darsan]] waxayna, laga bilaabo 2025, haysataa darajada ugu sarreysa caalamka Carabta, marka loo eego ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2025 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428212930/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-date=2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Islam|Islaamku]] waa diinta rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn, iyadoo ku dhowaad dhammaan dadku ay isku aqoonsan yihiin Muslimiin. [[Arabic language|Af-Carabi]] iyo [[Berber language|Berber]] waa luqadaha rasmiga ah, in kasta oo lahjada Marooko ee Carabiga (oo gudaha looga yaqaan Darija) si ballaaran loogu hadlo loona tixgeliyo luqadda guud. [[culture of Morocco|Dhaqanka Marooko]] waa isku dhafka dhaqamada [[Arab culture|Carabta]], [[Berbers|Berberiga]], [[Europe|Yurub]] (gaar ahaan [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]),<ref>David A. Wacks; Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture. Comparative Literature 1 December 2020; 72 (4): 460-462. doi: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8537775</nowiki></ref> iyo [[Culture of Africa|Afrika]]. Marooko waxay sheegataa lahaanshaha [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhulka aan ismaamulin]] ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]], kaas oo ay u magacawday [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Gobolladeeda Koonfureed]]. Sanadkii 1975, ka dib markii Isbayn [[Madrid Accords|ay ogolaatay inay ka baxdo dhulkaas]] oo ay xukankiisa u wareejiso Marooko iyo [[Muritaniya]], dagaal dhuumaalaysi ah ayaa ka dhex qarxay awoodahaas iyo qaar ka mid ah [[Sahrawi people|dadka deegaanka]]. Sanadkii 1979, Muritaniya waxay ka tanaasushay [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|sheegashadeeda]] aaggaas, laakiin dagaalku wuxuu sii waday inuu kordho. Sanadkii 1991, waxaa la gaaray heshiis xabad joojin ah, laakiin arrinta madax-bannaanidu weli wey dhex taallaa. Maanta, Marooko waxay haysataa qiyaastii labo meelood saddex meel dhulkaas,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hernández |first=M. Padrón |date=January 2, 2025 |title='The Moroccan king wants Western Sahara without its people': an argument for Western Sahara as a settler colony |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |issn=2201-473X|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Western Sahara peace process|dadaallada lagu xallinayo khilaafkana]] ilaa hadda wey ku guuldareysteen inay jebiyaan ismari-waaga siyaasadeed. == Asalka iyo magaca == Erayga [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisiga]] ah ee ''Morocco'' waa [[anglicisation|Ingiriisayn]] laga keenay magaca [[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanishka]] u yaqaan dalka, {{lang|es|Marruecos}}, oo laga soo qaatay magaca magaalada [[Marrakesh]], taas oo ahayd caasimaddii [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]], [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]], iyo [[Saadian dynasty|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country names |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207212750/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The CIA World Factbook}}</ref> Xilligii boqortooyadii Almofaraad, magaalada Marrakesh waxaa lagu aasaasay magaca {{lang|tzm-Latn|Tāmurākušt}}, oo laga soo qaatay magacii hore ee magaalada ee [[Berber languages|Berberiga]] ee ahaa {{lang|tzm-Latn|amūr n Yakuš}} ({{Literally|dhulkii/dalkii Ilaah}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=Ghouirgate |first=Mehdi |title=Chapitre VIII. Le calife en son palais: maintenir son rang |date=2020-02-27 |work=L'Ordre almohade (1120–1269): Une nouvelle lecture anthropologique |pages=357–402 |url=http://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162449/https://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=live |series=Tempus |place=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |language=fr |isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3}}</ref> Af-Ingiriisiga, shaqalka koowaad waa la beddelay, waxaana u muuqata in uu saameeyay erayga "Moor."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hareir |first1=Idris El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |language=en}}</ref> Magaca rasmiga ah ee Marooko ee [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] casriga ah waa {{transliteration|ar|al-Maghrib}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب}}, {{Translation|dhulkii qorrax dhaca; galbeedka}}), iyadoo magaca rasmiga ah ee Boqortooyada ee Carabiga uu yahay {{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribīyah}} ({{lang|ar|المملكة المغربية}}; {{Translation|boqortooyadii qorrax dhaca; boqortooyada galbeed}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (" le Couchant ") |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122095454/https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopédie Larousse |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=1987 |work=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |pages=1–25 |editor-last=Abun-Nasr |editor-first=Jamil M. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616132301/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003 |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913035240/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=morocco {{!}} Etymology of morocco by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085844/https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan, Marooko waxay qayb ka ahayd waxa juqraafiyaystayaashii Muslimiinta ay ugu yeeri jireen af-Carabi {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā|ar|المغرب الأقصى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأقصى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu fog [ee caalamka Islaamka]' kaas oo qeexaya qiyaastii aagga u dhexeeya [[Tiaret]] ilaa [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]]) taas oo ka duwan gobollada deriska la ah ee {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ|ar|المغرب الأوسط|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأوسط}}, 'Galbeedka Dhexe': [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] ilaa [[Béjaïa]]) iyo {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Adnā|ar|المغرب الأدنى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأدنى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu dhow': [[Alexandria]] ilaa Tripoli). [[Af-Turki|Turkiga]], Marooko waxaa loo yaqaanaa {{lang|tr|Fas}}, magacaas oo laga soo qaatay caasimaddeedii qarniyadii dhexe ee [[Fes]] ({{Lang|ar|فاس}}).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |editor-last=Dumper |editor-first=Michael R. T. |page=151 |access-date=10 March 2024 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |archive-date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=A la découverte de Fès |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-343-09022-1 |chapter=Fondation de Fès El Bali par Idriss Ier et Idriss II |access-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720213942/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybaha kale ee caalamka Islaamka, tusaale ahaan suugaanta Carabiga ee Masaarida iyo Bariga Dhexe ka hor bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad, Marooko waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeri jiray {{lang|ar-Latn|Murrakush}} ({{lang|ar|مراكش}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gershovich |first=Moshe |title=French Military Rule in Morocco |date=12 October 2012 |isbn=978-0-203-04498-8 |doi=10.4324/9780203044988}}</ref> Eraygan waxaa weli loo isticmaalaa in lagu tixraaco Marooko maanta dhowr luqadood oo [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iraani]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Af-Faarsi|Faarisiga]], [[Urdu]], iyo [[Af-Bunjaabi|Bunjaabiga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=مراکش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس |trans-title=Morocco |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=abadis.ir |language=fa |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209233102/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marooko waxaa kale oo siyaasad ahaan loogu yeeri jiray ereyo kala duwan oo muujinaya [[Sharifism|hiddaha Shariifka]] ee [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], sida {{Transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|المملكة الشريفة}}), {{Transliteration|ar|al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإيالة الشريفة}}) iyo {{Transliteration|ar|al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإمبراطورية الشريفة}}), kuwaas oo loo turjumay af-Faransiis ahaan {{Lang|fr|l'Empire chérifien}} iyo af-Ingiriis ahaan 'Sharifian Empire'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ملين |first=نبيل |title=فكرة الدستور في المغرب: وثائق ونصوص (19012011) |publisher=Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā |year=2017 |isbn=978-9954-28-764-4 |language=ar |oclc=994641823}}</ref> {{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1 September 2019 |title=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912 |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |url-status=live |journal=European Judaism |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209 |issn=0014-3006 |s2cid=203553804 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105195922/https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] sz2jag63v9ph7iwkon3tnt3vb3sl0zu 0 6574 310166 310081 2026-10-11T09:17:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = War Idaad | other_name = | native_name = | type = Magaalo | image = | image_size = | caption = | pushpin_map = Sool#Somaliland | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_caption =Goobta ay ku taal Somaliland | subdivision_type = Wadan | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 =Dhulka sheegta | subdivision_name1 = [[Somaliland]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Caynaba]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo | subdivision_name3 = [[Sool |Sool]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | coordinates = {{coord|9|17|2|N|46|15|9|E|region:SO|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | website = | footnotes = }} '''War Idaad''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Wandad''', '''Waridad''', ama '''Waridud''' waa degmo ku taal [[Degmada Caynaba|Degmada Caynabo]], oo ka tirsan gobolka [[Sool|Sool]] ee [[Soomaaliya]] maamul ahaan ka tirsan [[Somaliland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mindat.org|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-50557.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.mindat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=War Idaad Map {{!}} Somalia Google Satellite Maps|url=http://www.maplandia.com/somalia/tog-dheer/caynabo/war-idaad/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.maplandia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Somalia Administrative Map|publisher=reliefweb.int|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Sannadkii 2008-kii, tuulooyinkii ku xeernaa waa la mideeyay waxaana loo dalacsiiyay "Degmada War Idaad", degmooyin kalena oo ku xeernaa waa la isku daray si ay u sameeyaan "Gobolka Saraar" ee cusub. Sannadkii 2020-kii, kuwan waxay noqdeen Degmada Caynabo ee Gobolka Sool. ==Taariikhda== Bishii March 2008, Madaxweynaha Somaliland [[Dahir Riyale Kahin]] wuxuu ku dawaaqay abuurista 16 degmo oo cusub oo ka tirsan lix gobol, waxaana War Idaad ay ka mid noqotay gobolka Saraar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrintan waxaa loo arkay tartan caan-raadineed oo loogu talagalay ujeeddooyin doorasho.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ISBAR-BAR DHIG: Tirada Degmooyinka Siilaanyo iyo Rayaale magacaabeen Labadii Sanno ee u dambeeyey Muddo-xilkeeda iyo siyaasadaha ololeysan ee ku lammaan |newspaper=somalilandpost.news |date=2014-05-22 |url=https://somalilandpost.news/isbar-bar-dhig-tirada-degmooyinka-siilaanyo-iyo-rayaale-magacaabeen-labadii-sanno-ee-u-dambeeyey-muddo-xilkeeda-iyo-siyaasadaha-ololeysan-ee-ku-lammaan/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Bishii September 2016, wafdi uu hoggaaminayey Madaxweynaha Somaliland ayaa booqasho ku tagay War Idaad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Weftiga Siilaanyo oo booqday Soohdinta u kala qaybisa Somaliland Bari iyo Galbeed..Daawo |newspaper=Gobanimo news |date=July 31, 2015 |url=https://www.gobanimonews.com/weftiga-siilaanyo-oo-booqday-soohdinta-u-kala-qaybisa-somaliland-bari-iyo-galbeed-daawo/ |accessdate=2023-03-09 |archive-date=2015-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731022029/https://www.gobanimonews.com/weftiga-siilaanyo-oo-booqday-soohdinta-u-kala-qaybisa-somaliland-bari-iyo-galbeed-daawo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii November 2016, degmada War Idaad waxaa ka dhacay abaar, waxaana Wasiirka Macdanta Somaliland [[Hussein Abdi Dualeh]] uu qaybiyay raashin iyo biyo ay bixisay shirkadda [[Genel Energy]] oo la gaarsiiyay wadarta guud ee 1,600 qoys oo ku nool degmooyinka War Idaad iyo Balli Caraale.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SOMALILAND:WASIIRKA MACDANTA OO QEYBIYEY DEEQ RAASHIN IYO BIYO AY BIXISAY SHIRKADA GENEL ENERGY |newspaper=warsugannews.com |date=2016-11-17 |url=https://warsugannews.com/somalilandwasiirka-macdanta-oo-qeybiyey-deeq-raashin-iyo-biyo-ay-bixisay-shirkada-genel-energy/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Bishii March, dadka deegaanka Cara Madow, ee degmada Waridaad, waxay heleen deeq ay soo direen jaaliyadda Somaliland ee dalka Norway.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daawo; Dadka Abaartu Ku Dhufatay Ee Ku Nool Deegaanka Waridaad Ee Gobolka Saraar Oo Deeq Lacageed La Gadhsiyay Iyo Durufta Ku Hareeraysan. |newspaper=afkashacabka.com |date=2017-03-25 |url=https://afkashacabka.com/articles/23942/Daawo-Dadku-Abaartu-Nafaysay-Ee-Ku-Dhaqan-Deganka-Cara-Madow-Ee-Degmada-waridaad-Oo-Ka-Tirsan-Gobalka-Saraar-Oo-La-Gadhsiiday-Deeq-Ayso-Direen-Jaliyada-Reer-Somaliland-Ee-Wadanka-Sweedan |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Hay'adda gargaarka caalamiga ah ee [[Islamic Relief]] ayaa deeq raashin ah u qaybisay 400 qoys oo barakacayaal ah oo ku nool War Idaad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Islamic Relief saving lives in Somalia |newspaper=reliefweb.int |date=2017-04-15 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/islamic-relief-saving-lives-somalia |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la sheegay in deeqaha aan si dhab ah loo gaarsiin meelaha abaartu ugu daran tahay, balse loo leexiyay deegaanno kale oo ay wataan siyaasiyiin awood leh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CAYNABA-GUDIDII ABAARAHA OO LUNSI BILAABAY, BIYO LOO SOO DHAAMIYAY OO DADKII KU SHUBMEEN IYO BAAQA DADWEYNAHA OO CIRKA MARAYA |newspaper=laascaanood.com |date=2016-12-31 |url=https://www.laascaanood.com/caynaba-gudidii-abaaraha-oo-lunsi-bilaabaybiyo-loo-soo-dhaamiyay-oo-dadkii-ku-shubmeen-iyo-baaqa-dadweynaha-oo-cirka-maraya/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219072159/https://www.laascaanood.com/caynaba-gudidii-abaaraha-oo-lunsi-bilaabaybiyo-loo-soo-dhaamiyay-oo-dadkii-ku-shubmeen-iyo-baaqa-dadweynaha-oo-cirka-maraya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishii April 2018, laanta Cali Bare ee beesha Habar Je'lo ayaa ka cabqatay in aan lagu darin dowladda Somaliland iyo saraakiisha ciidanka. Laanta Cali Bare waxay deggan tahay [[Oog]], laakiin qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin War Idaad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Beel ka mid ah beelaha Somaliland Deeganada waaweyn ku leh oo Cabasho soo jeedisay |newspaper=oodweynemedia.com |date=2018-04-16 |url=https://www.oodweynemedia.com/2018/04/16/baaq-beel-ka-mid-ah-beelaha-somaliland-deeganada-waweyn-ku-leh-oo-cabasho-soo-jeedisay/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Bishii November 2018, saldhigga booliska gobolka Saraar wuxuu xiray 10 qof wuxuuna qabtay lix gaari oo ku hawlanaa burburinta dhirta oo gaaraysa 200 oo kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran si sharci darro ah loogu sameeyo dhuxul War Idaad. Wax-soosaarka dhuxusha waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay tahay fal lagu burburinayo daaqa oo ka kobcayay degmada. Lacagaha lagu taageerayo wax-soosaarka sharci-darrada ah waxaa la sheegay inay ka yimaadeen dadka deegaanka Puntland.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Booliska Gobolka Saraar Oo Qabtay Niman Dhuxulaysato ah iyo Gaadiid |newspaper=hargeisapress.com |date=2018-11-04 |url=https://hargeisapress.com/booliska-gobolka-saraar-oo-qabtay-nimandhuxulaysato-ah-iyo-5-baabuur/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Bishii November 2018, wafdi uu hoggaaminayey Madaxweynaha Somaliland ayaa socdaal ku maray deegaankan oo booqday War Idaad, halkaas oo si diiran loogu soo dhaweeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland iyo Weftigii uu Hoggaaminayey oo Caawa Kusoo Hoyday Magaalada Burco |newspaper=warsoor.net |date=2018-11-29 |url=https://www.warsoor.net/madaxweynaha-jamhuuriyadda-somaliland-iyo-weftigii-uu-hoggaaminayey-oo-caawa-kusoo-hoyday-magaalada-burco/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Bishii January 2019, Wasiirka Shaqo-gelinta Somaliland [[Hinda Jama Hersi]] ayaa dhagax dhigtay xarun caafimaad oo hooyada iyo dhallaanka ah oo laga dhisayo War Idaad, taas oo ay gacan ka geysteen deeqo ka yimid dalka [[Qatar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daawo: Wasiirka Shaqo Gelinta Iyo Masuuliyiinta Hay'adda Qadar Charity Oo Dhagax Dhigay Xarun Caafimaad Oo Loo Dhisaayo Deegaanka War-Idaad |newspaper=somalilandnation.com |date=2019-01-29 |url=https://somalilandnation.com/2019/01/29/8704/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Waxaa la soo gabagabeeyay bishii May.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wasiirka Caafimaadka Somaliland Oo Xadhiga Ka Jaray MCH Laga Dhisay Degmada War Idaad Ee Gobolka Saraar. |newspaper=wargeyskadawan.com |date=2019-05-25 |url=https://wargeyskadawan.com/2019/05/25/wasiirka-caafimaadka-somaliland-oo-xadhiga-ka-jaray-mch-laga-dhisay-degmada-war-idaad-ee-gobolka-saraar/ |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Bishii March 2019, tiro ka mid ah dadka deegaanka degmada War Idaad ayaa qaaday xanuunka [[diphtheria|gawracatada]] waxayna ku daweynayeen isbitaal ku yaal [[Aynaba|Caynabo]], halkaas oo laba qof ay ku geeriyoodeen.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LABA RUUX OO MAGAALADA CAYNABO UGU GEERIYOODAY XANUUNKA GAWRACATADA IYO KUWO KALE OO LA ILDARAN. |newspaper=wajaalenews.net |date=2019-03-25 |url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=96764 |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> Roobab culus oo gaaraya 115&nbsp;mm oo ka da'ay War Idaad bishii May 2020 ayaa si xun u saameeyay 70 guri oo ku yaal meelaha hoose iyo 50 guri oo kale.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia Flash Flooding Update #5 |newspaper=OCHA |date=2020-05-16 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Flash%20Update%205%20-%20final%20for%20publication.pdf |accessdate=2021-12-19 }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Wadaamagoo]] *[[Oog]] *[[Aynabo]] *[[Garadag]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Degmooyinka gobolka Sool]] obmcq1ljhrwymz1zf8d72wopzcl2ryt 0 23325 310168 301086 2026-10-11T10:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Xudun | native_name = | other_name = {{lang|ar|هودون}} | settlement_type = Magaalo | motto = | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = DHX_Logo.png | seal_size = | nickname = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya | coordinates = {{coord|9|09|15.0|N|47|28|37.0|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Maamul Goboleedka]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Khatumo}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Xudun|Xudun]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | unit_pref = Metric | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2007 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |author=WFP |date=2007 |url=https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp144576.pdf |title=Puntland - Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment |accessdate=2021-05-30}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 3258 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = | name = }} '''Hudun''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Xuddun ) waa magaalo taariikhi ah oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Sool]] , gobolka [[Soomaaliya]] waana xarunta degmada Xuddun [[Waqooyibari]] ayaa si wax ku ool ah u maamulaysay halkaas ilaa 2023. ==Dulmar== Waxay ku taallaa waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya, iyo Koonfur-bari Somaliland, Xuddun waxay 59 kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigtaa magaalo-madaxda gobolka Laascaanood . ==Waxbarashada== Sida laga soo xigtay Wasaaradda Qorshaynta Qaranka iyo Horumarinta Somaliland, Degmada Xuddun waxa ku yaalla 9 Dugsi Hoose/Dhexe iyo 1 Dugsi Sare. ==Taariikhda== February 15, 1960, ka hor xornimada Somaliland, waxa doorashadii ugu horreysay ee dimuqraadi ah ka qabsoontay British Somaliland , waxaana Xuddun loo doortay Ibraahim Ciid. Xukuumadda Somaliland ayaan halkan wax doorasho ah ka qaban doorashadii golaha wakiilada Somaliland ee 2005-tii , iyadoo ku sababaysay Xudun inay ahayd dhul lagu muransan yahay. Bishii Maarso 2012, kooxda xagjirka ah ee Al-Shabaab meel u dhow Xuddun ayaa lagu baabi'iyay ciidamada federaalka Soomaaliya iyo kuwa Itoobiya. Bishii November 2012, madaxweynaha maamulka Khaatumo ayaa guulo ka sheegay dagaalkii ay la galeen ciidamada Somaliland ee Xudun. Bishii Janaayo 2013, Maleeshiyada Khaatumo ee fadhigoodu yahay Koonfurta Xuddun ayaa la jebiyey oo laga barakiciyay ciidamada Somaliland. Maleeshiyada la qabtay waxay ku xidhan yihiin xabsiga Burco . Bishii August 2017, xukuumadda Somaliland ayaa magaalada Xuddun ku qabatay codbixintii doorashada qaranka, taas oo ay dadka reer Xuddun ka soo horjeesteen inay ka tirsan yihiin Puntland, waxaana dagaal ku dhex maray ciidamada Somaliland iyo ciidamada deegaanka Xuddun. May 2021, codbixiyaasha Xuddun iyo deegaanada kale ee beesha Dhulbahante degto ee doorashada baarlamaanka Somaliland ayaa aad uga badnaa doorashadii hore ee 2005. ==Dadka deegaanka oo xusid mudan== *Xasan Daahir Afqurac , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka saddexaad ee Puntland *Axmed Cilmi Cismaan , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Shanaad ee Puntland *Hodan Nalayeh , Soomaali-Canadian u dhaqdhaqaaqa arrimaha bulshada iyo hal-abuurka. (1976-2019) ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Magaalada Xuddun waxa degan beesha Dhulbahante , waxaana si fiican uga dhex muuqda beesha Naleeye Axmed - Ugaasdhyahan oo ka tirsan beesha Maxamuud Garaad ee beesha [[Reer-Darawiish]] . ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Laascaanood]] {{Magaalooyinka Gobolka Sool}} ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20160730083549/https://slministryofplanning.org/images/REGIONS/Sool.pdf "QORSHAHA HORUMARINTA GOBOLKA SOOL (2014-2016)"] [http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Nordem_Somaliland_2005_Elections_Report.pdf "SOMALILAND: DOORASHOOYINKA GOLAHA HOOSE EE BAARLAMAANKA SEPTEMBER 2005"] [https://www.daljir.com/baahin-khamiis-mar-22-khadar-cawl-daljir-buuhoodle-xudun-bakool-oo-u-gacan-gashay-ciidamada-dawlada-federaalka-nin-k/ "Baahin: Khamiis, Mar 22, Khadar Cawl ~ Daljir ~ Buuhoodle. Xudun, Bakool oo u gacan gashay ciidamada dowladda & Ethiopia; Nin ka mid ah ciidamada Al-shabaab ee Buurala Golis oo isu dhiibay ciidamada Puntland; Dowladda Qadar oo sheegtay in ay dejisay qorshe lagu sugayo ammaanka meelaha laga qabsaday Al-shabaab"] [https://www.daljir.com/madaxweynaha-maamulka-khaatumo-oo-guul-ka-sheegtay-dagaalkii-shalay-ka-dhacay-xudun-dhegayso/ "Madaxweynaha Maamulka Khaatumo oo guul ka sheegay dagaalkii shalay ka dhacay Xudun (Dhegayso)"] [https://www.somalilandsun.com/somalilandkhatumo-militias-dislodged-from-hudun-bases-2/ "Maleeshiyaadkii Khaatumo Oo Laga Raray Saldhigyadii Xuddun"] [https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/somaliland-army-crush-khatuumo-aligned-militiamen/ "Ciidanka Somaliland Oo Burburiyey Maleeshiyada Khaatumo Ee Isku Haysa"] {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://www.radiodalsan.com/warar/dagaalo-caawa-ka-socda-deegaanka-xudun-ee-gobolka-sool/ "Dagaalo Caawa Ka Socda Deegaanka Xudun Ee Gobolka Sool"] [https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/134373/DIIS%20WP%202011-18.skrm.pdf "Waddo Fudud Oo Looga Baxo Ma Jirto: Madax-Dhaqameedka Somaliland Iyo Xadka Ay Leeyihiin Awaamiirta Siyaasadeed"]{{reflist}} [[Category:Sool (SSC-Khatumo)]] bxisw7awwluf8rh5ddqjzps5nqwvlnf 0 28448 310160 286225 2026-10-11T07:32:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Oog | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = Tuulo | motto = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |color=#ffffff | photo1a = Oog,_Sool.png | photo1b = | photo2a = Oog camel.jpg | photo2b = Oog Oog.jpg | photo3b = | spacing = 2 | border = 0 | size = 266 }} | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sool#Somaliland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Somaliland | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sool|Sool]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobolada Somaliland|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Caynaba|Caynaba]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|8|56|N|46|38|E|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = }} '''Oog''' waa magaalo ka tirsan gobolka [[Sool]] ee [[Somaliland]] waxayna dhacdaa [[Degmada Caynaba]] Waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Caynaba]] iyo [[Laascaanood]]. ==Dulmar== Oog waxay u shaqaysaa sidii ay iskaga xidhi lahaayeen wadada isku xidha caasimadaha gobolada burco iyo ceerigaabo Oog waxa ay ku taalaa wadada halbowlaha u ah Somaliland ee isku xidha magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka sida Boorama , Hargeysa , Berbera iyo Burco ilaa Soomaaliya Oog waxay ku taal 151 km (94 mi) Burco, 100 km (62 mi) Laascaanood u jirta, iyo 239 km (149 mi) Ceerigaabo u jirta. 10 km (6.2 mi) waqooyi ka xigta Oog waa magaalada u dhow ee Badweyn , oo uu ku yaalo masaajid la taaban karo iyo geed dhowr ah oo dhowr ah oo ku ag yaal wadada weyn. Koonfurta Oog, oo ku taal Haud , waxaa laga heli karaa lark-collared naadir ah iyo sidoo kale kushaada dibatag ee asalka ah . Oog waxa ku yaala saldhig ciidamada qaranka Somaliland . ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Sahan 1951-kii Ingriisku sameeyay ayaa Oog ku sheegay in uu yahay hoygii laanta Muuse Abokor ee beesha Habr Jecelo Isaaq ==Taariikhda== ===Xornimada ka hor=== Oog waxa loo qoray sida "Ok" buug lagu daabacay England 1951kii oo ah iskudubarid February 1919kii, Oog waxaa soo weeraray ciidamadii Mullah . ===Oo ku beegan ku dhawaaqida gooni isu taaga Somaliland=== 2-dii February 1991-kii, waxa magaalada Oog shir ku yeeshay SNM iyo wefti Dhulbahante ah oo uu hoggaaminayey Garaad Cabdiqani , halkaas oo xabbad joojin lagu heshiiyey 88  Bishii Oktoobar 1991, Habar Yuunis, Habar Jeclo, iyo Dhulbahante waxay shir nabadeed ku yeesheen Oog. ===Taariikhda dhow=== Sannadkii 2008-dii, mid ka mid ah qurba-joogta ayaa ka soo noqday dalka Maraykanka, waxaanu isku dayay inuu dhul daaqsimeedka oog ka dhigo beero, taasoo keentay colaad ba’an oo dhexmarta beelaha. 22  Bishii December 2011, waxa degmada Oog booqasho ku tegay wefti ballaadhan oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiillada Somaliland iyo Guddoomiyaha Waddani Bishii April 2012 ayaa shirkadda Somtel laga furay magaalada Oog, waxaana munaasibadda ka soo qayb galay maayarka iyo qaar kale Bishii Agoosto 2013, dagaal beeleed ayaa ka dhacay gobolka Oog, kaasoo sababay dhimasho. Wafti uu hogaaminayo wasiirka arimaha gudaha Somaliland ayaa loo diray inay soo dhexgalaan Wakhtigaas waxa ay qaadatay saddex maalmood oo keliya in arrinta lagu xaliyo dedaallo ay sameeyeen odayaasha qaranka iyo kuwa kale. January 2014, dil ka dhacay xaafadda Oog ayaa sababay dagaal ka dhacay Gowsaweyne oo u dhexeeya Sacad Yoonis iyo Jaamac Siyaad, kaasoo sababay dhimasho. Bishii November 2018, Wakaaladda Horumarinta Biyaha Somaliland ayaa ceelal cusub ka hirgelisay magaalooyinka Oog iyo Wadaamagoo . Sannadka 2019, Mesquite sun ah ( Prosopis juliflora ) waxay tarmeen oo dhaawacday xoolo. Bishii April 2019 laba askari ayaa lagu dilay wadada isku xirta Garadag iyo Oog, waxaana halkaasi ka dhashay dagaal beeleed ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland]] [[Gobolada Somaliland]] [[Degmooyinka Somaliland]] [[Xuduuda Puntland iyo Waqooyibari]] ==Tixraac== [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy5VEAAAQBAJ Barnaamijka U adkaysiga Badbaadada Cuntada iyo Nafaqada: Warbixinta duruufaha culuumta badan iyo falanqaynta silsiladda qiimaha calafka ee Sool iyo Sanaag (Somaliland)] [https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ "Sahan guud oo lagu sameeyey maxmiyadda Somaliland 1944-1950"] [https://somalilandpost.net/shacabka-degmooyinka-caynaba-oog-iyo-gar-adag-oo-si-isku-mid-ah-ku-qaabilay-weftiga-urur-siyaasadeedka-wadani-oo-xafiisyo-ka-furtay/ "Shacabka Degmooyinka Caynaba, Oog iyo Gar-adag oo si isku mid ah ku Weftiga Urur-siyaasadeedka WADANI oo Xafiisyo ka furtay"] [https://somalilandpost.net/shirkadda-somtel-oo-xafiis-cusub-ka-furatay-degmada-oog-ee-gobolka-sool/ "Shirkadda SOMTEL oo Xafiis cusub ka furatay Degmada Oog ee gobolka Sool"] [https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2013/aug/wararka_maanta22-23066.htm "Odayaal u gurmaday beelo ku diraray Deegaanka Oog oo ka tirsan Gobolka Saraar ee Somaliland oo uu ku dilay"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=eTYlDwAAQBAJ Machadyo dhaqameed oo ku jira Maamulka Afrika ee Casriga ah] [https://www.qurbejoog.com/dirir-beeleed-ka-curatay-deegaanka-gawsa-weyne-ee-gobolka-sool-iyo-dhimashada-oo-maraysa-afar-qof/ "Dirir Beeleed ka Curatay Deegaanka Gawsa Weyne ee Gobolka Sool iyo Dhimashada oo Maraysa Afar Qof"] [https://wargeyskadawan.com/2018/11/17/wasaarada-horumarinta-biyaha-oo-ceel-ka-hirgelisay-gobolka-sool/ "Wasaarada Horumarinta Biyaha oo Ceel ka Hirgelinta Gobolka Sool"]. [https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/invasive-trees-hurt-livelihoods-of-somaliland-herders-and-farmers-in-sool/ "Geedihii duulaanka ahaa waxay dhaawaceen hab-nololeedkii xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda Somaliland ee Sool"] {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://www.somtribune.com/2019/04/30/somaliland-president-slams-state-of-emergency-rule-on-3-sanaag-districts/ "Madaxwaynaha Somaliland Oo Si Adag Uga Hadlay Xaalada Degdega Ah Ee 3da Degmo Ee Sanaag"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Degmooyinka Gobolka Sool}} g9c7yq3g0t9m0yxqfmrkphk4qq52rj9 0 31544 310158 302371 2026-10-11T06:37:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Marilyn Monroe|image=Monroecirca1953.jpg|caption=Monroe ee 1953|birth_name=Norma Jeane Mortenson|birth_date={{Birth date|mf=yes|1926|6|1}}|birth_place=[[Los Angeles]], Kalifornia|death_date={{Death date and age|mf=yes|1962|8|4|1926|6|1}}|death_place=Los Angeles, Kalifornia|death_cause=|resting_place=|other_names=Norma Jeane Baker|occupation=*Jilaa *moodel *fanaan|years_active=1945–1962|spouse={{marriage|James Dougherty|1942|1946|end=la furay}}<br />{{marriage|[[Joe DiMaggio]]|1954|1955|end=la furay}}<br />{{marriage|[[Arthur Miller]]|1956|1961|end=la furay}}|website={{URL|marilynmonroe.com}}|signature=Marilyn Monroe Signature.svg}} '''Marilyn Monroe''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|ɹ|ɪ|l|ɪ|n|_|m|ə|n|ˈ|ɹ|oʊ}}; magaceeda dhalasho waa '''Norma Jeane Mortenson'''; waxy dhalatay [[Juun]] [[1]], 1926&nbsp;– waxy dhimatay [[Agoosto]] [[4]], 1962) waxay ahayd atariisho, moodel, iyo fanaan Mareykan ah. Caan ku ah doorkeeda majaajilada ah ee "[[Aragtida timo cadaalad|naag timo cadaalad ah]]", waxay noqotay mid kamid ah [[Astaanta galmada|astaamaha galmada]] ee ugu caansan sanadihii 1950-meeyadii iyo horaantii 1960-yadii waxayna astaan ​​u ahayd [[Kacaanka galmada|kacaankii galmada]] ee waagii hore. Waxay ahayd atariisho sare muddo toban sano ah, filimadeeduna waxay soo xareeyeen $200 milyan (oo u dhiganta $2 bilyan 2020) [[Geerida Marilyn Monroe|markay dhimatay]] 1962.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-marilyn-monroe-19620806-story.html "Marilyn Monroe Dies; Pills Blamed"]</ref> Muddo dheer dhimashadeeda ka dib, waxay sii ahaanaysaa astaanta weyn ee [[Dhaqanka caanka ah|dhaqanka pop-ka]].<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChapman2001|Chapman 2001]], pp. 542–543; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFHall2006|Hall 2006]], p. 468.</ref> Sanadkii 1999, Machadka Filimada Mareykanka ayaa Monroe kaalinta lixaad kaga jira [[Machadka Filimada Maraykanka 100 Sano...100 Xidig|liistada halyeeyada shaashadda dumarka ugu weyn laga soo bilaabo Da'da Dahabiga ah ee Hollywood]]. Ka dib doorar yar yar oo taxane ah, waxay la saxiixatay [[20th Century Studios|Fox]] dabayaaqadii 1950. Labada sano ee soo socota, waxay noqotay atariisho caan ah oo door ku leh filimo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[As Young as You Feel|''As Young as You Feel'']], ''[[Monkey Business]]'', ''[[Clash by Night]]'' iyo ''[[Don't Bother to Knock]]''. Fadeexad ayay la kulantay markii la ogaaday in ay sawir qaawan ka gashay ka hor intii ayna xidig noqon balse sheekadu waxba uma dhimin shaqadeeda taas badalkeedana waxay keentay xiisaha filimadeeda. Sannadkii 1953-kii, Monroe waxa uu ahaa mid ka mid ah xiddigaha [[Hollywood]]-ka ee suuqa ugu badan; Waxay door hoggaamineed ku lahayd ''[[Niagara]]'', oo si bareer ah ugu tiirsanayd rafcaankeeda galmoodka, iyo majaajilada ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'' iyo ''[[How to Marry a Millionaire]]'', taas oo u dejisay muuqaalkeeda xiddigta sida "naag [[timo cadaalad]] leh". Isla sanadkaas, sawirradeeda qaawan ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii udub dhexaadka iyo daboolka cadadka ugu horreeya ee Playboy. Waxay kaalin mug leh ku lahayd abuurista iyo maaraynta sumcadeeda guud intii ay ku jirtay shaqadeeda, laakiin way niyad jabtay markii ay istuudiyaha mushahar yar ka qaadan jirtay. Waxaa si kooban shaqada looga joojiyay horraantii 1954-tii markii ay diiday mashruuc filim laakiin waxa ay ku soo laabatay xiddigeeda ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'' (1955), mid ka mid ah guulaha ugu waa weyn ee shaqadeeda. Markii istuudiyaha uu weli ka caga jiidayo inuu beddelo qandaraaska Monroe, waxay aasaastay shirkaddeeda filim soo saarista 1954. Waxay u heellan tahay 1955 si ay u dhisto shirkadda waxayna bilowday inay wax ka barato istuudiyaha [[Lee Strasberg]] [[Actors Studio]]. Kadib sanadkaas, Fox waxay ku abaalmarisay qandaraas cusub, kaas oo siisay xakameyn dheeraad ah iyo mushahar weyn. Dooraheedii xigay waxaa ka mid ahaa jilid si weyn loogu amaanay goobta ''[[Bus Stop]]'' (1956) iyo filimkeedii ugu horreeyay ee madax-bannaan [[The Prince and the Showgirl|''The Prince and the Showgirl'']] (1957). Waxay ku guulaysatay [[abaalmarinta Golden Globe]] doorkeeda ee ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959), guul muhiim ah iyo ganacsi. Filimkeedii ugu dambeeyay ee la dhammaystiray wuxuu ahaa ''[[The Misfits]]'' (1961). Nolosha gaarka ah ee dhibka badan ee Monroe waxay heshay dareen badan. Waxay la daalaa dhacaysay [[Balwad|qabatinka]] iyo [[Khalkhalka niyadda|niyad-jabka]]. Guurkeedii ay la yeelatay xiddigii baseball-ka [[Joe DiMaggio]] iyo riwaayad-yaqaan [[Arthur Miller]] ayaa si heersare ah loo dacaayadeeyay, labadooduba waxay ku dhammaadeen furriin. Agoosto 4, 1962, waxay ku dhimatay da'da 36 jir xad dhaafka oo [[barbiturate]] gurigeeda [[Los Angeles]]. Dhimashadeeda ayaa lagu xukumay inay tahay mid is dishay. == Shaqo == === 1926–1943: Caruurnimada iyo guurka 1aad === [[File:Marilyn_monroe_as_an_infant_brightened.jpg|alt=Monroe as an infant, wearing a white dress and sitting on a sheepskin rug|right|thumb|Monroe ilmo ahaan , {{circa|1927}}]] Monroe waxay ku dhalatay Norma Jeane Mortenson isbitaalka Los Angeles County Hospital ee Los Angeles, Kalifornia.<ref>[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001 Spoto 2001], pp. 3, 13–14; [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012 Banner 2012], p. 13.</ref>  Hooyadeed, Gladys Pearl Baker, waxay ka dhalatay qoys sabool ah oo u soo haajiray Kaliforniya bilowgii qarniga.<ref>[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001 Spoto 2001], pp. 9–10; [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#CITEREFRollyson2014 Rollyson 2014], pp. 26–29.</ref>  Markay 15 jir ahayd, hooyadeed waxay guursatay John Newton Baker, oo ah nin xadgudub badan. Waxay lahaayeen laba caruur ah oo magacyadooda la kala yiraahdo Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (d. 1919).<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 7–9; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 19.</ref> Waxay si guul leh ku xareysay furiin waxayna gacanta ku haysay 1923, laakiin Baker wuxuu afduubay caruurta wax yar kadib wuxuuna ula dhaqaaqay Kentucky.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], p. 9; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 20; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFLeaming1998|Leaming 1998]], pp. 52–53.</ref> Monroe looma sheegin inay walaalo leedahay ilaa ay ka gaadhay 12 jir, waxayna la kulantay Berniece markii ugu horaysay iyadoo weyn.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], p. 88, ; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 72, </ref> Furniinka kadib, Gladys wuxuu ka shaqeeyey Warshadaha Filimada Iskujira.<ref name=":0">[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], p. 150,; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 24–25.</ref> Sanadkii 1924, waxay guursatay Martin Edward Mortensen, laakiin waxay kala tageen bilo uun kadib waxayna kala tageen 1928.<ref name=":0" /> Aqoonsiga aabbaha Monroe lama yaqaan, waxayna inta badan u isticmaashay Baker magaceeda.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 17, 57.</ref> In kasta oo Gladys maskax ahaan iyo dhaqaale ahaanba aan u diyaarsaneyn ilmo, Monroe yaraantiisii ​​waxay ahayd mid deggan oo faraxsan.  Gladys waxay gabadheeda la gelisay waalidiinta korinta waalidkood ee diinta kiristaanka ah ee Albert iyo Ida Bolender eeHawthorne; iyaduna halkaas ayey ku nooleyd lixdii bilood ee ugu horreysay, ilaa ay ku qasabtay inay dib ugu soo laabato magaalada shaqo darteed. Kadib waxay bilawday inay booqato gabadheeda dhamaadka usbuuca.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=155–156}} Ka dib dhowr bilood oo uu ku sugnaa guri nasasho, Gladys waxaa loo ballanqaaday Isbitaalka Gobolka Metropolitan. Nolosheeda inta ka hartay waxay ku qaadatay gudaha iyo banaanka isbitaalada si dhif ahna ayey ula xiriiri jirtay Monroe [[File:Monroe_and_James_Dougherty.jpg|left|thumb|Monroe iyo ninkeeda koowaad, James Dougherty, ''c.'' 1943–44.  Waxay is guursadeen iyadoo 16 jir ah.]] Afarta sano ee soo socota, xaaladda nololeed ee Monroe inta badan way is beddeshay.  16-kii bilood ee ugu horreeyay, waxay sii waday inay la noolaato Atkinsons, waxaana lagu xadgudbay galmo inta lagu jiro waqtigan. Had iyo jeer gabar xishood badan, hadda iyadu sidoo kale waxay sameysay turunturoon waxayna noqotay mid laga laabto.{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=27, 54–73}} Xagaagii 1935, waxay muddo kooban la joogtay Grace iyo ninkeeda Erwin "Doc" Goddard iyo laba qoys oo kale,{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=47–48}}  iyo bishii Sebtember, Grace waxay ku meeleeysay Guriga Agoonta ee Los Angeles.  Xarunta agoonta waxay ahayd "xarun lagu daydo" waxaana si wanaagsan ugu qeexay asxaabteeda, laakiin Monroe waxay dareentay in laga tagay.{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=60–63}} Waxaa ku dhiirigaliyay shaqaalaha xarunta agoonta oo u maleeyay in Monroe ay ku faraxsanaan doonto la noolaanshaha qoys, Grace waxay noqotay ilaaliyeheeda sharciga sanadkii 1936, laakiin kama aysan saarin xarunta agoonta ilaa xagaagii 1937.   Joogitaanka labaad ee Monroe ee Goddards wuxuu socday dhowr bilood oo keliya maxaa yeelay Doc ayaa kufsatay iyada;{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=62–64}}  ka dib waxay la noolayd muddo kooban ehelkeeda iyo Grace saaxiibbadeed iyo qaraabadeedii ku kala sugnaa Los Angeles iyo Compton.  Waxay ahayd waaya-aragnimadii carruurnimada ee markii ugu horreysay ku kaliftay iyada inay noqoto jilaa: "Ma jeclayn adduunka igu wareegsan maxaa yeelay wuxuu ahaa nooc Jinx ah [...] Markii aan maqlay in tani ay jileyso, waxaan iri waa waxa aan doonayo  in aan noqdo [...] Qaar ka mid ah qoysaskeyga koriya ayaa ii soo diri jiray si aan u daawado filimada si ay guriga iiga saaraan halkaasna waxaan fadhiisan jiray habeen iyo maalinba. Horta, waxaa jira shaashad weyn, ilmo yar oo keligiis ah, waana jeclaaday."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/sep/14/greatinterviews|title=Great interviews of the 20th century: "When you're famous you run into human nature in a raw kind of way"|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=September 14, 2007|access-date=October 21, 2015|first=Richard|last=Meryman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104070748/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/sep/14/greatinterviews|archive-date=November 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Monroe waxay guri joogto ah ka heshay bishii Sebtember 1938, markay bilawday inay la noolaato eedadeed Grace, Ana Lower, oo ku taal Sawtelle.  Waxay ka diiwaangashanayd Dugsiga Sare ee Emerson Junior waxayna u tagtay toddobaadle adeegyada Christian Science oo ay la socoto Hoose.  Monroe haddii kale wuxuu ahaa arday dhexdhexaad ah, laakiin wuxuu ku fiicnaaday qoraalka wuxuuna wax ku darsaday wargeyska dugsiga.{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=73–76}}  Dhibaatooyinka caafimaad ee waayeelka Hoose awgeed, Monroe wuxuu ku soo noqday inuu la noolaado Goddards-ka Van Nuys horraantii 1941.  Isla sanadkaas, waxay bilowday inay dhigato Dugsiga Sare ee Van Nuys.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=67–69}}  1942, shirkadii ka shaqeysay Doc Goddard ayaa u wareejisay West Virginia.  Sharciyada ilaalinta caruurta ee Kaalifoorniya ayaa ka hor istaagay Goddards inay ka qaadaan gobolka Monroe gobolka, waxayna la kulantay inay ku noqoto xarunta agoonta.{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=86–90}} Xal ahaan, waxay guursatay wiilkooda deriska ah wiil 21 jir ah, James Dougherty, bishii Juun 19, 1942, wax yar uun ka dib dhalashadeedii 16aad.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=70–75}} Monroe markii dambe wuxuu ka baxay dugsiga sare wuxuuna noqday xaas guri-joog ah. Waxay is aragtay iyada iyo Dougherty oo aan is khaldin waxayna markii dambe sheegtay inay "dareemayso caajis" mudadaas.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=70–78}} Sannadkii 1943, Dougherty wuxuu iska qortay Maraakiibta Ganacsiga iyo Jasiiradda Santa Katalina wax saldhig u ahaa, Meeshii Monroe isaga la rartay. === 1944–1948: doorarka filimka ugu horeeya === [[File:MarilynMonroe_-_YankArmyWeekly.jpg|alt=Portrait of Monroe aged 20, taken at the Radioplane Munitions Factory|left|thumb|Sawir ahaan Conover of Monroe oo ka socda Shirkadda Radioplane bartamihii-1944]] Bishii Abriil 1944, Dougherty waxaa loo diray Baasifigga, wuxuuna halkaas sii joogi doonaa inta badan labada sano ee soo socota.  Monroe wuu dhaqaaqay oo wuxuu shaqo ka bilaabay Radioplane Company, oo ah warshad wax qarisa oo ku taal Van Nuys. waxay ka tagtay ka shaqaynta warshada bishii Janaayo 1945 waxayna bilawday inay u shaqayso kor u qaadista Conover iyo asxaabtiisa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yank USA 1945|url=http://www.wartimepress.com/archives.asp?TID=YANK%20USA%201943&MID=YANK%20-%20USA%20Edition&q=357&FID=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807072009/http://www.wartimepress.com/archives.asp?TID=YANK%20USA%201943&MID=YANK%20-%20USA%20Edition&q=357&FID=42|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 7, 2017|publisher=Wartime Press|access-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref> Iyaga oo iska difaacaya ninkeeda la hawlgaliyay, kaligeed ayay dhaqaaqday waxayna heshiis la saxiixatay Blue Book Model Agency bishii Ogosto 1943.{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=103–104}} Hay'addu waxay u aragtay in quruxda Monroe ay ku habboon tahay joornaalada iyada oo inta badan lagu soo bandhigi jiray xayeysiinta iyo joornaalada ragga.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=95–107}} Si ay ugu badato shaqaalaynta, waxay toosisay timaheeda wayna midabaysay.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 93–95; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 105–108</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay Emmeline Snively, milkiilaha wakaaladda, Monroe waxay si dhakhso leh u noqotay mid ka mid ah moodooyinka ugu hami iyo dadaal badan;  horaantii 1946, waxay ka soo muuqatay 33 joornaal joornaal sida ''Pageant'', ''Camera'', ''Laff'', iyo ''Peek''.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], p. 95,; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 109, </ref> Monroe waxay mararka qaar isticmaali jirtay magaca Jean Norman. Iyada oo loo marayo Snively, Monroe wuxuu qandaraas la saxiixday hay'ad ku-meel-gaar ah Juun 1946.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=110–111}} Ka dib wareysi aan guuleysan oo ka socda Paramount Pictures, waxaa fursad siiyay Ben Lyon, oo ah fuliyaha 20th Century-Fox. Qandaraaska Monroe wuxuu bilaabmay bishii Ogast 1946, iyada iyo Lyon waxay xusheen magaca masraxa "Marilyn Monroe".{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=112–114}} Magaca koowaad waxaa qaatay Lyon, oo xasuusisay atariishada Marilyn Miller;  magaca ugu dambeeya wuxuu ahaa Monroe hooyadiis magaca gabadha.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=114}} Bishii Sebtember 1946, waxay furtay Dougherty, oo ka soo horjeedday shaqadeeda atariisho.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=109}} [[File:Marilyn_Monroe_postcard.JPG|alt=A smiling Monroe sitting on a beach and leaning back on her arms. She is wearing a bikini and wedge sandals.|thumb|Monroe ''c.'' 1945]] Monroe waxay lixdii bilood ee ugu horreysay ku qaadatay Fox barashada jilitaanka, heesaha, iyo qoob ka ciyaarka, iyo u kuurgalida hannaanka filim sameynta.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 118–120; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 130–131.</ref> Qandaraaskeeda waxaa dib loo cusbooneysiiyay Febraayo 1947, waxaana la siiyay doorkeedii ugu horreeyay ee filim ''[[Dangerous Years]]'' (1947) iyo ''[[Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!]]'' (1948).{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=120–121}} Istuudiyaha ayaa sidoo kale ka diiwaangaliyay Tiyaatarka Sheybaarka Jilayaasha, oo ah iskuul jilitaan.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=122–126}} Macallimiinteedu waxay dareemeen inay xishood badan tahay isla markaana aysan kalsooni ku qabin inay mustaqbal ku yeelato jilitaanka, Fox-na ma aysan cusbooneysiinin qandaraaskeeda Ogosto 1947. Waxay ku laabatay qaabeynta iyadoo waliba shaqooyin aan caadi aheyn mararka qaar ka qaban jirtay istuudiyaha filimada, sida inay ka shaqeyso qoob ka ciyaarka gadaashiisa si ay hogaanka ugu hayso dhibcaha muusikada.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 120–121, 126; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 133.</ref> Iyadu door yar bay ku lahayd riwaayaddii ''Glamour'' ee laga doorbiday Tiyaatarka Bliss-Hayden, laakiin waxay ku dhammaatay waxqabadyo yar ka dib.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 122–129; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 133.</ref><ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 130–133; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 133–144.</ref> Waxay noqotay saaxiib iyo marmar lammaane galmo ee madaxa Fox Joseph M. Schenck, oo u sheegay saaxiibkiis Harry Cohn, madaxa fulinta ee Columbia Pictures, inuu u saxiixo bishii Maarso 1948.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 204–216, [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 141–144; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 133–134.</ref> Kolumbia, Monroe waxaa laga soo qaatay Rita Hayworth oo iyaduna leh timo midab leh.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 139; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 133–134.</ref> Waxay bilowday inay la shaqeyso tababaraha istuudiyaha, Natasha Lytess, oo sii ahaan doonta la-taliyeheeda illaa 1955.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=133–134}} Filimkeeda kaliya ee istuudiyaha ahaa wuxuu ahaa miisaaniyad yar ''[[Ladies of the Chorus]]'' (1948), taas oo ay ku lahayd doorkeedii ugu horreeyay ee gabadh ah oo uu u hanqal taagayo nin maalqabeen ah.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=59}} Waxay sidoo kale lagu wadaa inay door hoggaamineed ka qaadato ''Born Yesterday'' (1950), laakiin qandaraaskeeda lama cusboonaysiin bishii Sebtember 1948.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=148}} ''Ladies of the Chorus'' waa la sii daayay bishii xigta oo aan lagu guuleysan.{{sfn|Summers|1985|p=43}} === 1949–1952: sanadaha guusha === [[File:Marilyn_Monroe_Asphalt_Jungle.jpg|alt=Monroe in ''The Asphalt Jungle''. She is wearing a black dress and stands in a doorway, facing a man wearing a trench coat and a fedora|left|thumb|Monroe filimka''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'' (1950)]] Markii ay dhammaatay qandaraaskeedii ay kula jirtay Kolumbia, Monroe waxay mar kale ku soo laabatay qaabeynta. Waxay u toogatay ganacsi loogu talagalay biirka Pabst waxayna u muuqatay qaawan kalandarka John Baumgarth (iyadoo isticmaaleysa magaca 'Mona Monroe').{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=151–153}} Waxyar ka dib markay ka tagtay Columbia, waxay sidoo kale la kulantay oo noqotay sayidad Johnny Hyde, madaxweyne ku xigeenka Wakaaladda William Morris.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 145–146; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 149, 157.</ref> Hyde awgeed, Monroe door yar ayuu ku lahaa dhowr filim,{{efn|Marka laga soo tago ''All About Eve'' iyo ''The Asphalt Jungle'', Filimadii Monroe ee 1950 waxay ahaayeen ''Love Happy'', ''A Ticket to Tomahawk'', ''Right Cross'' iyo ''The Fireball''. ''Home Town Story'' (1951).}} oo ay ku jiraan laba filim oo si weyn loo amaanay: ''All About Eve'' (1950) iyo ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'' (1950).{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=59–60}} In kasta oo ay shaashaddeeda daqiiqado kooban ku jirtay filimaanta, haddana waxa ay caan ku noqotay ''[[Photoplay]]'' oo sida uu sheegayo taariikh-yaqaankii hore ee Donald Spoto "si wax ku ool ah ayuu uga guuray moodelkii filimka oo wuxuu u wareegay atariisho halis ah".{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=159–162}} Bishii Diseembar 1950, Hyde wuxuu kala xaajooday Monroe qandaraas toddobo sano ah qarnigii 20-aad-Fox.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFRieseHitchens1988|Riese & Hitchens 1988]], p. 228; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], p. 182.</ref> Hyde wuxuu u dhintay wadno xanuun maalmo un kadib, taas oo xasuuqday Monroe.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 175–177; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 157.</ref> Sannadkii 1951, Monroe wuxuu ku lahaa doorar kaalmo seddex filim oo si dhexdhexaad ah ugu guuleystey Fox: ''[[As Young as You Feel]]'', ''[[Love Nest]]'', iyo ''[[Let's Make It Legal]]''.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=60}} Caan ka noqoshada dhagaystayaasha ayaa sidoo kale sii kordheysay: waxay heshay dhowr kun oo waraaqo taageerayaal ah usbuucii, waxaana ku dhawaaqay "Miss Cheesecake ee 1951" by wargeyska ciidanka ee ''Stars and Stripes'', taas oo ka tarjumeysa dookha askarta ee Dagaalkii Kuuriya. Bishii Febraayo 1952, Ururka Saxaafadda Dibadda ee Hollywood ayaa u magacaabay Monroe "shaqsiyadda ugu wanaagsan ee dhallinta".<ref name="gg">{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/marilyn-globes-golden-girl|title=Marilyn: The Globes' Golden Girl|publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] (HFPA)|access-date=September 11, 2015|first=Yoram|last=Kahana|date=January 30, 2014|archive-date=Bisha Saddexaad 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312030100/http://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/marilyn-globes-golden-girl|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nolosheeda gaarka ah, Monroe waxay xiriir gaaban la yeelatay agaasime Elia Kazan sidoo kale waxay si kooban ula jirtay dhowr nin oo kale, oo ay ku jiraan agaasime Nicholas Ray iyo jilayaasha Yul Brynner iyo Peter Lawford.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 180–181; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 163–167, 181–182.</ref> Horaantii 1952, waxay bilawday jacayl si heer sare ah loo soo bandhigey oo ay la yeelatay xiddigga baseball-ka ee howlgabnimada ka noqday New York Yankees Joe DiMaggio, oo ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka ugu caansan isboortiga xilligan. [[File:Monroe_in_Don't_Bother_to_Knock_(1952).jpg|alt=Monroe, wearing a transparent lace robe and diamond earrings, sitting at a dressing table and looking off-camera with a shocked expression|right|thumb|Monroe ''[[Don't Bother to Knock]]'' (1952)]] Monroe waxay isku aragtay bartamaha fadeexad bishii Maarso 1952, markay si cad u shaacisay inay u muuqatay jadwal qaawan sanadkii 1949.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSummers1985|Summers 1985]], p. 58; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 210–213</ref> Istuudiyaha ayaa wax ka bartay sawirrada iyo in si guud loogu xanto inay tahay moodel toddobaadyo ka hor, iyadoo ay weheliso Monroe waxay go'aansadeen in si looga fogaado in waxyeello loo gaadho xirfaddeeda ay fiicnaan lahayd in loo oggolaado iyada oo la leeyahay iyada ayaaba liidata waqtigaas iyo  u baahday lacagta sawirada.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 210–213; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 224–226; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 194–195.</ref> Taasi waxay ka dhigtay inay ka hesho naxariis dadweynaha iyo xiisaha kordhay ee filimadeeda, oo ay hadda ku heleyso mushaar sare. Kadib fadeexadii, Monroe waxaa lagu soo bandhigay daboolka Life sida "Hadalka Hollywood" iyo qoraaga xanta Hedda Hopper wuxuu ku dhawaaqay "boqoradda farmaajo" waxay u jeesatay "guulaha xafiiska."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1952/05/04/page/103/article/they-call-her-the-blowtorch-blonde|title=They Call Her The Blowtorch Blonde|work=Chicago Tribune|date=May 4, 1952|access-date=October 18, 2015|first=Hedda|last=Hopper|author-link=Hedda Hopper|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121135919/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1952/05/04/page/103/article/they-call-her-the-blowtorch-blonde/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Fox waxay sii deysay seddex filim oo Monroe ah -''[[Clash by Night]]'', [[Don't Bother to Knock|''Don't Bother to Knock'']] iyo [[We're Not Married!|''We're Not Married!'']] - wax yar ka dib si ay uga faa'iidaysato danta dadweynaha.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 210–213; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 61–62, 224–226; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 194–195.</ref> In kasta oo caannimadeeda cusubi ay u tahay [[Astaan ​​galmo|astaan ​​jinsi]], Monroe sidoo kale waxay rajeyneysay inay muujiso wax badan oo ka mid ah jilitaankeeda.  Waxay bilawday inay la qaadato casharo jilayaal ah Michael Chekhov iyo Lotte Goslar waxyar kadib markay bilowday qandaraaska Fox,<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 188–189; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 170–171, 178</ref> iyo ''Clash by Night'' iyo ''Don’t Brother to Knock'' waxay ku muujisay doorarro kala duwan.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=194–195}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/50452|title=Clash By Night|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=August 8, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=196–197}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1951/film/reviews/don-t-bother-to-knock-1200417267/|title=Review: Don't Bother to Knock|date=December 31, 1951|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|access-date=August 8, 2015}}</ref> [[File:Monroe_and_Andes_in_Clash_By_Night.jpg|left|thumb|Keith Andes iyo Monroe ee ''Clash by Night'' (1952). Filimku wuxuu u oggolaaday Monroe inay soo bandhigto wax badan oo ka mid ah jilitaankeeda doorka cajiibka ah.]] Monroe seddexdii filim ee kale ee 1952 waxay ku sii waday iyada doorka majaajillada oo diiradda saareysa racfaankeeda galmo.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=200}} Howard Hawks filimka ''Monkey Business'', oo ay ku jileysay ka soo horjeedka Cary Grant, waxay ku matashay xogheyn "carrab la', caruur, aan waxba galabsan oo aan ka warqabin dhibaatada ay u leedahay galmo iyada ku xeeran".{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=62}} Waxay ku laheys ''Full House O. Henry'' door yar shaqaale galmo.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=62}}{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=224–225}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1952/10/19/page/103/article/marilyn-monroe-tells|title=Marilyn Monroe Tells: How to Deal With Wolves|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=October 19, 1952|access-date=October 18, 2015|first=Florabel|last=Muir|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121143131/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1952/10/19/page/103/article/marilyn-monroe-tells|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Muddadan, Monroe waxay ku heshay sumcad inay adag tahay in lala shaqeeyo, taas oo ka sii dari doonta inta ay shaqadeedu socoto.  Inta badan way soo daahday ama kamay soo xaadirin haba yaraatee, ma xasuusato khadadkeeda, waxayna dalban lahayd dhawr dib-u-qaadis ah ka hor intaysan ku qancin waxqabadkeeda.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=238}}{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=139, 195, 233–234, 241, 244, 372}} Dhibaatooyinka Monroe waxaa loo aaneeyey isku-darnaanta kaamil ahaanta, isku kalsooni-darrada, iyo cabsida masraxa.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 328–329; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 51–56, 238; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 188–189, 211–214.</ref> Waxay jeceshahay xakamayn la'aanta ku saabsan filimka mana waligeed la mid ah dhibaatooyin la mid ah intii lagu jiray sawirada sawirada, taas oo ay wax badan ka dhihi laheyd waxqabadkeeda waxayna noqon kartaa mid iskaa wax u qabso ah halkii aad raaci laheyd qoraalka.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 328–329; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 51–56, 238; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 188–189, 211–214.</ref><ref name="levin" />{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=257–264}}{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=189–190, 210–211}} === 1953: Caannimada sii kordheysa === {{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=210|caption1=''[[Niagara]]'' (1953), oo ku nooleyd rafcaan galmo|alt1=Monroe in ''Niagara''. A close-up of her face and shoulders; she is wearing gold hoop earrings and a shocking pink top|image1=Marilyn Monroe Niagara.png|image2=Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Movie Trailer Screenshot (34).jpg|caption2=Sameynta heesta ''[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]'' filimka ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'' (1953)|alt2=Monroe in ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes''. She is wearing a shocking pink dress with matching gloves and diamond jewelry, and is surrounded by men in tuxedos|image3=Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell at Chinese Theater 4.jpg|caption3=Monroe iyo [[Jane Russell]]|alt3=|image4=Marilyn Monroe, Betty Grable and Lauren Bacall in How to Marry a Millionaire trailer.jpg|caption4=Monroe, [[Betty Grable]], iyo [[Lauren Bacall]] filimka ''[[How to Marry a Millionaire]]''|alt4=Monroe in ''How to Marry a Millionaire''. She is wearing an orange swimsuit and is seated next to Betty Grable, who is wearing shorts and a shirt, and Lauren Bacall, who is wearing a blue dress.}}Monroe wuxuu jilay seddex filim oo la sii daayay 1953 wuxuuna u soo muuqday astaamo weyn oo jinsi ah iyo mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu bandhiga badan Hollywood.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], p. 221; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 61–65; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFLev2013|Lev 2013]], p. 168.</ref><ref name="www.quigleypublishing.com Top10_lists">{{cite web|url=http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html|title=The 2006 Motion Picture Almanac, Top Ten Money Making Stars|publisher=Quigley Publishing Company|access-date=August 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221063625/http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html|archive-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref> Midka koowaad wuxuu ahaa ''[[Niagara]]'', oo ay ku ciyaaraysa dumar qorsheyneysa inay ninkeeda disho, waxaana ciyaaray Joseph Cotten.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=233}}{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=25, 62}} Sida laga soo xigtay Sarah Churchwell, Niagara wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah aflaanta galmada ugu cad cad ee xirfadda Monroe.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=62}} Muuqaallada qaarkood, jirka Monroe waxaa lagu daboolay oo keliya go'yaal ama tuwaal, oo loo arko inuu argagax ku yahay dhagaystayaasha casriga ah.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], p. 62; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 195–196.</ref> Markii Niagara la sii daayay Janaayo 1953, naadiyada haweenku waxay uga mudaaharaadeen inay tahay anshax xumo, laakiin waxay caan ku noqotay dhagaystayaasha.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], p. 221; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 205; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFLeaming1998|Leaming 1998]].</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=940DE0DF163FE53ABC4A51DFB7668388649EDE|title=Niagara Falls Vies With Marilyn Monroe|work=The New York Times|date=January 22, 1953|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105231428/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=940DE0DF163FE53ABC4A51DFB7668388649EDE|archive-date=November 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1952/film/reviews/niagara-1200417447/|title=Review: 'Niagara'|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=December 31, 1952|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121060822/http://variety.com/1952/film/reviews/niagara-1200417447/|archive-date=November 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Monroe waxay sii waday inay soo jiidato dareenka iyadoo xiraneysa dhar muujinaya, oo ugu caansanaa abaalmarinta Photoplay bishii Janaayo 1953, halkaasoo ay ku guuleysatay abaalmarinta "Xiddiga ugu dhaqsaha badan". Intii ''Niagara'' ay Monroe ka dhigtay astaan ​​galmo oo ay dhistay "muuqaalkeeda", filimkeedii labaad ee 1953, majaajillada muusikada ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]].'' Monroe waxay si dhakhso leh u qarinaysay iyada oo ah atariisho rafcaan u noqon karta dhagaystayaasha lab iyo dhedig labadaba.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 219–220; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], p. 177.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1953/film/reviews/gentlemen-prefer-blondes-2-1200417560/|title=Gentlemen Prefer Blondes|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=July 1, 1953|access-date=October 18, 2015|first=William|last=Brogdon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121062432/http://variety.com/1953/film/reviews/gentlemen-prefer-blondes-2-1200417560/|archive-date=November 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B07E0DC173DE23BBC4E52DFB1668388649EDE|title=Gentlemen Prefer Blondes|work=The New York Times|date=July 16, 1953|access-date=October 18, 2015|first=Bosley|last=Crowther|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926154609/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B07E0DC173DE23BBC4E52DFB1668388649EDE|archive-date=September 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Sebtember, Monroe waxay markii ugu horreysay ka sameysay telefishanka ''Jack Benny Show''.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=250}} Waxay keentay filimkeedii saddexaad ee sanadka, ''[[How to Marry a Millionaire]].'' Jagada Monroe oo ah astaan ​​galmo oo hogaamisa ayaa la xaqiijiyay bishii Diseembar 1953, markii [[Hugh Hefner]] ay ku soo bandhigtay iyada daboolka iyo sidii xarunta dhexe ee cadadkii ugu horeeyay ee ''[[Playboy]]'';  Monroe ma oggolaan daabacaadda.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=217}}{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=217}} === 1954–1955: === {{multiple image|align=left|direction=vertical|width=180|image1=Monroe DiMaggio Wedding.jpg|width1=|caption1=Joe DiMaggio iyo Monroe ka dib markay ku aqal galeen San Francisco City Hall, Janawari 1954|alt1=Close-up of Monroe and DiMaggio kissing; she is wearing a dark suit with a white fur-collar and he a dark suit|image2=Marilyn Monroe.jpg|width2=|caption2=Monroe Febraayo 1954|alt2=Monroe standing on a podium wearing a tight dress and high-heeled sandals, greeting a crowd of US Marines}}Monroe waxay noqotay mid kamid ah jilayaasha ugu waa weyn qarnigii 20-aad-Fox, laakiin qandaraaskeedu isma badelin ilaa iyo sanadkii 1950, taasoo la micno ah in lasiiyay mushaar aad ugayar marka loo eego jilayaasha kale ee maqaamkeeda oo aan dooran karin mashaariicdeeda.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=68}} {{sfn|Banner|2012|p=217}} Markay ahayd Janaayo 14, iyada iyo Joe DiMaggio waxay ku aqal galeen Aqalka San Francisco.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=260}} Kadib waxay u safreen dalka [[Jabaan]], iyagoo isku daraya bisha malab iyo safarkiisa ganacsi .{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=262–263}} Laga soo bilaabo Tokyo, waxay keligeed u safartay Kuuriya, halkaas oo ay ka qayb gashay bandhigga Ururada Adeegga Midoobey, iyagoo heeso heeso ah ka qaadaya filimadooda in ka badan 60,000 US Marines muddo afar maalmood ah.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=241}} Markii ay ku soo laabatay Mareykanka, waxaa la siiyay abaalmarinta ''Photoplay'' "Jilaa Dumarka ugu Caansan".{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=267}} Monroe waxay la degtay Fox bishii Maarso, iyadoo loo balanqaaday qandaraas cusub, gunno ah $ 100,000, iyo door oo filimka ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]''.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=271}} Bishii Abriil 1954, ''River of No Return'', filimkii ugu dambeeyay ee Monroe duubay kahor xayiraadda, ayaa la sii daayay. {{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=66–67}} [[File:Marilyn_Monroe_photo_pose_Seven_Year_Itch.jpg|alt=Monroe is posing for photographers, wearing a white halterneck dress, which hem is blown up by air from a subway grate on which she is standing.|thumb|Monroe inta filim duubaya muuqaal loogu talagalay ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'']] Bishii Sebtember 1954, Monroe wuxuu bilaabay duubista ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'', oo ay la jileyso Tom Ewell haweeney noqotey shayga dabeecadda galmada ee deriskeeda guursaday.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=283–284}} Goobta "Subway grate" ayaa noqotay mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan Monroe iyo Toddoba Sano Cuncun ayaa noqotay mid ka mid ah guulaha ganacsi ee ugu weynaa sanadka ka dib markii la sii daayay bishii Juun 1955.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=331}} Muuqaalka faafitaanka ayaa Monroe saaray bogagga hore ee caalamiga, waxayna sidoo kale calaamad u ahayd dhammaadkii guurkeedii DiMaggio, oo ay ka xanaaqday.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 284–285; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 8–9.</ref> Labada lamaane ayaa dhib kala kulmay aktarada maseyrkiisa iyo dabeecadiisa xakameynta; sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa mid jidh dil badan.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 208, 222–223, 262–267, 292; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 243–245; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFBanner2012|Banner 2012]], pp. 204, 219–221.</ref> Ka dib markii uu ka soo laabtay NYC kuna soo noqday Hollywood bishii Oktoobar 1954, Monroe wuxuu dalbaday furiin, ka dib sagaal bilood oo kaliya oo uu is qabay. Monroe waxay sheegtay inay ka "daashay doorka isku jinsiga ah" waxayna cadeysay inaysan hada qandaraas kula jirin Fox, maadaama aysan gudan waajibaadkii loo igmaday, sida inay siisay gunadii loo balan qaaday.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=302–303}} Tani waxay bilaabatay dagaal sharciyeed socday muddo sanad ah oo u dhaxeeyay iyada iyo Fox bishii Janaayo 1955.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=301–302}}{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=338}} [[File:Monroe_Actors_Studio.jpg|alt=Monroe, who is wearing a skirt, blouse and jacket, standing below a sign for the Actors Studio looking up towards it|left|thumb|Monroe]] Kadib markii ay aasaastay shirkaddeeda MMP, Monroe waxay u guurtay Manhattan waxayna ku qaadatay 1955 barashada jilitaanka. Waxay la qaadatay fasalo Constance Collier waxayna ka qaybgashay aqoon isweydaarsiyo ku saabsan habka wax looga qabanayo Actors Studio, oo uu maamulo Lee Strasberg.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=302}} Waxay ku soo dhowaatay Strasberg iyo xaaskiisa Paula, iyagoo casharo gaar ah ku qaata gurigooda xishoodkeeda awgiis, waxayna isla markiiba noqotay xubin qoys.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=327}} Waxay ku bedeshay tababaraheedii kumeelgaarka ahaa, Natasha Lytess, Paula;  Strasbergs waxay ahaan jirtay saameyn muhiim ah inta ka hartay xirfadeeda.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=350}} {{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=310–313}} Dhamaadka sanadka, Monroe iyo Fox waxay saxiixeen qandaraas cusub oo toddobo sano ah, maadaama MMP aysan awoodin inay kaligood maalgaliso filimada, istudiyaha-na wuxuu rabay inuu Monroe markale u shaqeeyo iyaga.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=301–302}} Fox ayaa siin doonta $ 400,000 si ay afar filim ugu sameyso, waxayna xaq u siisay inay doorato mashaariicdeeda, agaasimayaasha iyo sawir qaadayaasha.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=339–340}} Waxay sidoo kale xor u noqon laheyd inay sameyso hal filim oo MMP ah filim kasta oo dhameystiran oo loogu talagalay Fox.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=339–340}} === 1956–1959: Mahadnaq halis ah iyo guurka Arthur Miller === Monroe waxay ku bilaabatay 1956 iyadoo ku dhawaaqday guushii ay ka gaadhay 20th Century-Fox.{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=296–297}} Saxaafadda ayaa hada sifiican wax uga qortay go'aankeeda ku aadan la dagaalanka istuudiyaha; ''[[Majladda Time|Time]]'' wuxuu ugu yeeray "ganacsade xariif ah"{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=341}}{{sfn|Banner|2012|pp=296–297}}{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=343–345}} Bishii Maarso, Monroe waxay bilowday duubista riwaayadda ''[[Bus Stop]]'', filimkeedii ugu horreeyay ee qandaraaska cusub.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=345}} Waxay u garaacday Chérie, oo ah heesaa saloon ah oo riyadeeda xiddigta ay ku adkaatay wiil yar oo cowboy ah oo jacayl u qaba iyada.  Doorka, waxay baratay lahjad Ozark ah, waxay dooratay dharka iyo qurxinta oo aan lahayn soo jiidashada filimadeeda hore, waxayna si ula kac ah u siisay hees iyo qoob ka ciyaar.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=352–357}} Agaasime Joshua Logan ayaa ogolaaday inuu jiheeyo, inkasta oo uu markii hore ka shakiyay waxqabadkeeda jilitaanka isla markaana uu ogaa sumcadeeda inay ku adag tahay la shaqaynta.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=352–354}} Duubista filimku waxay ka dhacday [[Idaho]] and [[Arizona]], iyada oo Monroe "farsamo ahaan mas'uulka ka ah" oo ah madaxa MMP, mararka qaarkoodna go'aan ka gaadho shaleemooyinka iyo iyada oo Logan la qabsanaysa daahitaankeeda joogtada ah iyo kaamil ahaanta.  Khibraddu waxay bedeshay fikradda Logan ee Monroe, markii dambena wuxuu la barbar dhigay iyada [[Charlie Chaplin]] awooddeeda isku-darka majaajilada iyo musiibada.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=254}} [[File:Monroe_Miller_Wedding.jpg|alt=Cropped photo of Monroe and Miller cutting the cake at their wedding. Her veil is lifted from her face and he is wearing a white shirt with a dark tie.|left|thumb|Monroe iyo Arthur Miller arooskoodii bishii Juun 1956]] Bishii Juun 29, Monroe iyo Miller waxay ku aqal galeen Maxkamadda Westchester County ee White Plains, New York; laba maalmood ka dib waxay xaflad [[Yuhuuda|Yuhuud]] ah ku qabteen guriga Kay Brown, wakiilka suugaanta Miller, ee Waccabuc, New York.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=364–365}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Marilyn Monroe's Westchester Wedding; Plus, More County Questions And Answers|date=November 2014|first=Tom|last=Schreck|work=[[Westchester Magazine]]|url=https://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/November-2014/Marilyn-Monroes-Westchester-Wedding-Plus-More-County-Questions-And-Answers/|access-date=May 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063630/http://www.westchestermagazine.com//Westchester-Magazine/November-2014/Marilyn-Monroes-Westchester-Wedding-Plus-More-County-Questions-And-Answers|archive-date=May 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Guurka gudihiisa, Monroe wuxuu isu beddelay diinta Yuhuudda, taas oo horseedday Masar inay mamnuucdo dhammaan filimadeeda.{{sfn|Meyers|2010|pp=156–157}} ''Bus Stop'' waxaa la sii daayay Ogosto 1956 wuxuuna noqday guul muhiim ah iyo ganacsi.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSpoto2001|Spoto 2001]], pp. 358–359; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], p. 69.</ref>{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=358}} Waxay sidoo kale heshay abaalmarin dahab ah oo loogu talagalay magacaabista aktarada ugu fiican waxqabadkeeda.<ref name="gg" /> [[File:Laurence_Olivier_and_Marilyn_Monroe_Prince_and_the_Showgirl_1957.jpg|alt=Close-up of smiling Monroe and Laurence Olivier, cheek-to-cheek. She is wearing long diamond earrings.|thumb|Laurence Olivier iyo Monroe intii lagu jiray shir jaraa'id oo ay ku dhawaaqayeen mashruucooda wadajirka ah, ''[[The Prince and the Showgirl]]'' (1957)]] Bishii Ogosto, Monroe wuxuu sidoo kale bilaabay duubista wax soosaarkii ugu horreeyay ee madax-bannaan ee MMP, ''[[The Prince and the Showgirl]]'', oo ka socda Pinewood Studios ee England.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=372}} Laurence Olivier, oo iyadu sidoo kale agaasime ka ahayd isla markaana matalay masraxa masraxa, ayaa ka xanaajisay hadalkii ay ku oraneyso ee ah "Waxa kaliya ee ay tahay inaad sameyso waa galmo", iyada oo dalabkiisa ay ku celcelinayso fasiraadda masraxa [[Vivien Leigh]] ee dabeecadd. sidoo kale necbahay joogitaanka joogtada ah ee Paula Strasberg, Monroe oo ah ku simaha tababaraha, oo la dhigay.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=370–379}} Aargudashada, Monroe wuxuu noqday wada shaqeyn la'aan wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si ula kac ah u soo daaho, isagoo gadaal ka sheegaya "hadaadan ixtiraamin fanaaniintaada, si fiican uma shaqeyn karaan."{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=258–261}} Monroe sidoo kale waxay la kulantay dhibaatooyin kale intii lagu jiray wax soo saarka.  Ku tiirsanaanta ay ku leedahay dawooyinka ayaa sii kordhay, sida laga soo xigtay Spoto, waxay lahayd dhicis.  Iyada iyo Greene ayaa sidoo kale ku murmay sida loo maamulo MMP. Inkasta oo ay jiraan dhibaatooyin, filimku wuxuu ku dhammaaday jadwalka dhammaadka 1956. ''The Prince and the Showgirl'' waxaa loo siidaayay dib-u-eegis isku dhafan bishii Juun 1957 waxayna muujiyeen in aysan jeclayn dhagaystayaasha Mareykanka.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=69}} Waxay sifiican uga heshay Yurub, halkaas oo lagu siiyay abaalmarinta David di Donatello oo Talyaani ah iyo abaalmarinta Crystal Star abaalmarinta waxaana loo magacaabay BAFTA.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=346}} Ka dib markii uu ka soo laabtay England, Monroe wuxuu qaatay 18 bilood oo nasasho ah si uu xoogga u saaro nolosha qoyska.  Iyada iyo Miller waxay waqtigooda u kala qaybiyeen NYC, Connecticut iyo Long Island.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=381–382}} Waxay yeelatay uur-ku-jirta ectopic bartamihii-1957, iyo dhicis sanad kadib;{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=392–393, 406–407}}{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|pp=274–277}} Monroe sidoo kale isbitaal muddo gaaban ah ayaa loo dhigay sababo la xiriira xad dhaaf xad dhaaf ah.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=321}} Maaddaama iyada iyo Greene ay xallin kari waayeen khilaafaadkooda ku saabsan MMP, Monroe wuxuu iibsaday qaybtiisa shirkadda.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=389–391}} [[File:Some_like_it_hot_film_poster.jpg|alt=Monroe, Curtis and Lemmon playing instruments with other musicians in the orchestra|left|thumb|Iyada oo ay weheliyaan Tony Curtis iyo Jack Lemmon oo ka tirsan Billy Wilder filimka ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959), taas oo ay ugu guuleysatay Golden Globe]] Monroe wuxuu ku laabtay Hollywood bishii Luulyo 1958 si uu ula jilo Jack Lemmon iyo Tony Curtis filimka majaajillada ah ee Billy Wilder, ''[[Some Like It Hot]]''.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=325 on it being a comedy on gender}} Waxay tixgelisay doorka Sugar Kane "door kale oo caadi ah" laakiin way aqbashay sababtoo ah dhiirigelinta Miller iyo bixinta boqolkiiba toban faa'iidooyinka filimka oo ka sarreeya mushaharkeeda caadiga ah.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=325}} Soo saarista adag ee filimka ayaa tan iyo markii ay noqotay "halyeey".{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=626}} Ugu dambeyntiina, Wilder wuxuu ku faraxsanaa waxqabadka Monroe wuxuuna yiri: "Qof walba wuu xusuusan karaa khadadka, laakiin waxay u baahan tahay farshaxan dhab ah inuu la yimaado shaxda oo uusan aqoon khadkeeda isla markaana uu siiyo waxqabadka ay sameysay!".{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=406}} === 1960–1962: Hoos u dhaca shaqada iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqsiyadeed === [[File:Monroe_Montand_Let's_Make_Love.jpg|alt=Monroe and Montand standing next to a piano in a studio-type setting and looking at sheet music.|right|thumb|Yves Montand iyo Monroe oo ku jira majaajillada miyuusigga ah ee ''[[Let’s Make Love]]'' (1960), oo ay ku oggolaatay inay sameyso oo keliya inay fuliso qandaraaskeeda Fox]] Monroe waxay qaadatay nasasho kale ilaa dabayaaqadii 1959, markii ay ku jileysay majaajillada miyuusigga ah ee ''[[Let’s Make Love]]''.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=71}} Waxay u dooratay George Cukor inuu jiheeyo Miller-na wuxuu dib u qoray qayb ka mid ah qoraalka, oo ay u aragtay daciif; waxay aqbashay qaybta kaliya maxaa yeelay waxay ka dambeysay qandaraaskeedii Fox.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=410–415}} Intii lagu gudajiray duubista, Monroe wuxuu xiriir gogol dhaaf ah la yeeshay Yves Montand, kaasoo saxaafada si weyn u tabisay una isticmaalay ololaha xayeysiinta filimka.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=72}} filimku ma guuleysan markii la sii daayay Sebtember 1960.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=335}} Filimkii ugu dambeeyay ee Monroe dhameeyay wuxuu ahaa ''The Misfits''.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=266}} Waxay ciyaaray haweeney dhawaan la furay oo saaxiibo la noqotay seddex gabdhood oo gaboobay, oo ay ciyaareen Clark Gable, Eli Wallach iyo Montgomery Clift.  Duubista filimka lamadegaanka Nevada intii u dhaxeysay Luulyo iyo Nofember 1960 ayaa mar kale adkaatay.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=429–430}} Guurka Monroe iyo Miller sifiican ayuu udhamaaday, wuxuuna bilaabay xiriir cusub Inge Morath.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=266}} Monroe iyo Miller ayaa kala tagay filim duubis kadib, waxayna heshay furiin reer [[Meksiko]] bishii Janaayo 1961.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=450–455}} Monroe ayaa ku xigay xidigta taxanaha telefishanka laakiin mashruuca ayaa burburay maaddaama shabakadu aysan rabin inay shaqaaleyso xulashadeeda agaasimaha, Lee Strasberg.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=453–454}} Halkii ay ka shaqeyn lahayd, waxay ku qaadatay lixdii bilood ee ugu horreysay 1961 mashquul caafimaad.  Waxay gashay qalliin loo yaqaan 'cholecystectomy' iyo qalliin loogu talagalay endometriosis, waxayna qaadatay afar toddobaad isbitaal la dhigey niyad-jabka.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=453, for a new role, 466–467 for operations, 456–464 for psychiatric hospital stays}} [[File:Cropped_version_of_Monroe_on_the_set_of_Something's_Got_to_Give.jpg|alt=Monroe wearing a form-fitting white dress with flowers and an open back. She is standing and smiling over her shoulder at the camera.|right|thumb|Monroe on set ah ''Something’ Got to Give''. Waxay ku maqneyd inta badan wax soo saarka jirro darteed waxaana shaqada ka ceyriyay Fox bishii Juun 1962, laba bilood ka hor dhimashadeeda]] Monroe waxay ku soo noqotay indhaha dadweynaha gugii 1962;  waxay heshay "Abaalmarinta Filimka Adduunka" Abaalmarinta Dahabka ah ee Dahabiga ah waxayna bilawday inay u duubto filim Fox, ''Something’ Got to Give'', dib u habeynta ''My Favorite Wife'' (1940).{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=258, for the involvement of MMP}} Monroe waxay ku xigtay filim muuqaal ah Waxyaabaha La Siinayo taas oo ay ku dhex dabbaashay barkad dabaal ah.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|p=523}}{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=74}} Bishii Juun 7, Fox waxay shaqada ka ceyrisay Monroe waxayna ku dacweysay $ 750,000 oo magdhow ah.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=75}} Waxaa lagu badalay Lee Remick, laakiin ka dib markii Martin uu diiday inuu filimka la sameeyo qof kale oo aan aheyn Monroe, Fox ayaa sidoo kale dacweysay isagana waxay xirtay wax soo saarkii.{{sfn|Spoto|2001|pp=535–536}} Istuudiyaha ayaa ku eedeeyay Monroe masiibada filimka wuxuuna bilaabay inuu faafiyo dacaayad xun oo iyada ku saabsan, xitaa isagoo ku andacoonaya inay maskaxiyan qasnayd.{{sfn|Churchwell|2004|p=75}} Waxay kale qorsheyneysay inay jileyso taariikh nololeedka Jean Harlow. Si ay u hagaajiso muuqaalkeeda guud, Monroe waxay ku hawlanayd dhowr shirkadood oo caan ah, oo ay ku jiraan wareysiyo loogu talagalay ''Life'' iyo ''[[Cosmopolitan]]'' iyo sawirkeedii ugu horreeyay ee loogu talagalay ''[[Vogue]]''.  Vogue, iyada iyo sawir qaade Bert Stern waxay iska kaashadeen laba sawir oo taxane ah, midkoodna tifaftirka moodada caadiga ah iyo mid kale oo iyada oo qaawan ah, oo lagu daabacay si heer sare ah cinwaankeedu yahay ''[[The Last Sitting]]''.{{sfn|Banner|2012|p=401}} == Dhaxalka == {{Main|Marilyn Monroe ee dhaqanka caanka ah}} [[File:Marilyn_Monroe,_Photoplay_1953.jpg|left|thumb|Monroe oo ku jirta sawirka xayeysiiska ee majaladda ''[[Photoplay]]'' ee 1953]] Sida laga soo xigtay ''The Guide to United States Popular Culture'', "sida astaanta dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanka, Monroe dhowrka xafiiltamaan ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Elvis Presley]] iyo [[Mickey Mouse]] ... ma jiro xiddig kale oo waligiis dhiirigeliyay shucuur aad u ballaaran - laga bilaabo damaca ilaa naxariis, ka xaasidnimada ilaa qoomamada."{{sfn|Chapman|2001|pp=542–543}} [[Gail Levin]] wuxuu sheegay in Monroe laga yaabo inuu ahaa "qofka ugu sawirada badan qarnigii 20aad",<ref name="levin2">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/marilyn-monroe-filmmaker-interview-gail-levin/63/|title=Filmmaker interview – Gail Levin|date=July 19, 2006|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810035145/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/marilyn-monroe-filmmaker-interview-gail-levin/63/|archive-date=August 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Machadka Filimada Mareykanka]] ayaa u aqoonsaday sida [[Machadka Filimada Maraykanka 100 Sano...100 Xidig|haweeneyda lixaad ee ugu weyn halyeyga shaashada taariikhda filimada Mareykanka]]. [[Machadka Smithsonian]] ayaa ku daray liiskooda "100-ka Ameerika ee ugu Muhiimsan Waqti Kasta",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonianmag/meet-100-most-significant-americans-all-time-180953341/|title=Meet the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time|last=Frail|first=T.A.|date=November 17, 2014|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321144943/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonianmag/meet-100-most-significant-americans-all-time-180953341/|archive-date=March 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo ''[[Variety]]'' iyo [[VH1]] labaduba waxay dhigteen tobanka ugu sarreeya qiimeyntooda astaamaha dhaqanka caanka ah ee ugu caansan qarnigii labaatanaad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4344910.stm|title=Beatles Named 'Icons of Century'|date=October 16, 2005|publisher=BBC|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306201152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4344910.stm|archive-date=March 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons Complete Ranked List|publisher=[[VH1]]|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-200-greatest-pop-culture-icons-complete-ranked-list-70807437.html|access-date=September 10, 2015|via=[[PR Newswire]]|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511154709/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-200-greatest-pop-culture-icons-complete-ranked-list-70807437.html}}</ref> Boqolaal buug ayaa laga qoray Monroe. Waxay noqotay mawduuca filimada, riwaayadaha, operasyada, iyo heesaha, waxayna saameyn ku yeelatay fanaaniinta iyo madadaalada sida [[Andy Warhol]] iyo [[Madonna]].<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 12–15; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFHamscha2013|Hamscha 2013]], pp. 119–129.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/16/michel-schneider-top-10-marilyn-monroe-books|title=Michel Schneider's Top 10 Books About Marilyn Monroe|last=Schneider|first=Michel|date=November 16, 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928145942/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/16/michel-schneider-top-10-marilyn-monroe-books|archive-date=September 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale weli ah calaamad qiimo leh:<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991257,00.html|title=The Blond Marilyn Monroe|date=June 14, 1999|magazine=Time|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106091538/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C991257%2C00.html|archive-date=January 6, 2016|url-status=live|last1=Rudnick|first1=Paul}}</ref> Sawirkeeda iyo magaceeda ayaa loo fasaxay boqolaal alaab, waxaana lagu soo bandhigay xayeysiinta noocyada ay ka mid yihiin [[Max Factor]], [[Chanel]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], iyo [[Absolut Vodka]].<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 33, 40.</ref><ref name="www.theguardian.com max-factor-cant-claim-marilyn-monroe2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/09/max-factor-cant-claim-marilyn-monroe|title=Max Factor Can't Claim Credit for Marilyn Monroe|last=Churchwell|first=Sarah|date=January 9, 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825013827/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/09/max-factor-cant-claim-marilyn-monroe|archive-date=August 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Caannimada joogtada Monroe waxay ku xidhan tahay muuqaalkeeda dadwaynaha ee iska soo horjeeda.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFFullerLloyd1983|Fuller & Lloyd 1983]], p. 309; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFMarcus2004|Marcus 2004]], pp. 17–19, 309; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 21–42.</ref> Waxay weli tahay astaanta galmada, astaanta quruxda iyo mid ka mid ah xiddigaha ugu caansan [[Shineemada Hollywoodka Qadiimiga|shineemada Hollywood-ka qadiimiga]] ah.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], p. 8.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remembering-marilyn-monroe-43964747/|title=Remembering Marilyn Monroe|last=Stromberg|first=Joseph|date=August 5, 2011|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928090337/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/remembering-marilyn-monroe-43964747/|archive-date=September 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/marilyn-icon|title=Marilyn: The Icon|last=Wild|first=Mary|date=May 29, 2015|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906134813/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/marilyn-icon|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Waxa kale oo lagu xusuustaa nolosheeda gaarka ah ee dhibka badan, caruurnimada oo aan degganayn, halgankii xushmada xirfadeed, iyo sidoo kale dhimashadeeda iyo aragtiyaha shirqoolka ee ku xeeran.<ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFFullerLloyd1983|Fuller & Lloyd 1983]], p. 309; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSteinemBarris1987|Steinem & Barris 1987]], pp. 13–15; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], p. 8.</ref> Waxaa wax ka qoray aqoonyahanno iyo suxufiyiin xiiseeya jinsiga iyo [[Dumarnimo|dumarnimada]].<ref name="Guardianfem">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/features/featurepages/0,,498050,00.html|title=Happy Birthday, Marilyn|date=May 29, 2001|work=The Guardian|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611194816/http://www.theguardian.com/film/features/featurepages/0,,498050,00.html|archive-date=June 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFRose2014|Rose 2014]], pp. 100–137.</ref><ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFHaskell1991|Haskell 1991]], pp. 254–265.</ref><ref>"Max Factor Can't Claim Credit for Marilyn Monroe".</ref><ref>"Marilyn Monroe: Proto-feminist?".</ref><ref>"Happy Birthday, Marilyn". The Guardian.</ref><ref>[[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFSteinemBarris1987|Steinem & Barris 1987]], pp. 15–23; [[Marilyn Monroe#CITEREFChurchwell2004|Churchwell 2004]], pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>"Engineering an Icon". ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[File:James_Gill's_"Marylin_Tryptich".jpg|thumb|''Marilyn Triptych'' (1962)]] Sababtoo ah farqiga u dhexeeya xiddignimadeeda iyo nolosheeda gaarka ah ee dhibka leh, Monroe waxay si dhow ugu xidhan tahay doodaha ballaadhan ee ku saabsan ifafaalaha casriga ah sida caannimada, iyo dhaqanka macaamiisha.{{sfn|Hamscha|2013|pp=119–129}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-aug-05-la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805-story.html|title=Marilyn Monroe, the Eternal Shape Shifter|last=Banner|first=Lois|date=August 5, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063539/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-aug-05-la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805-story.html|archive-date=May 17, 2019|url-status=live|ref=none}}</ref> Monroe ayaa weli ah astaan dhaqameed, laakiin dhaleeceynta ayaa ku kala qaybsan dhaxalkeeda jilaa ahaan. David Thomson wuxuu ku tilmaamay shaqadeeda mid "aan la taaban karin"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/105847/the-inscrutable-life-and-death-marilyn-monroe|title=The Inscrutable Life and Death of Marilyn Monroe|last=Thomson|first=David|author-link=David Thomson (film critic)|date=August 6, 2012|magazine=New Republic|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210190429/https://newrepublic.com/article/105847/the-inscrutable-life-and-death-marilyn-monroe|archive-date=December 10, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pauline Kael]] ayaa qortay in wax jili karin, balse ay "ay u adeegsatay xirfad la'aanteeda atariishada si ay shacabka uga maaweeliyo".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/04/reviews/mailer-marilyn.html|title=Marilyn: A Rip-Off With Genius|last=Kael|first=Pauline|author-link=Pauline Kael|date=July 22, 1973|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325182658/https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/04/reviews/mailer-marilyn.html|archive-date=March 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Taas bedelkeeda, [[Peter Bradshaw]] wuxuu qoray in Monroe uu ahaa majaajiliiste hibo leh oo "fahmey sida majaajilada u gaartay saameynteeda".<ref name="bradshaw">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/may/09/cannes-marilyn-monroe|title=Cannes and the Magic of Marilyn Monroe|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Bradshaw|date=May 9, 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923131249/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/may/09/cannes-marilyn-monroe|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-some-like-it-hot-1959|title=Some Like It Hot|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=January 9, 2000|publisher=Roger Ebert.com|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725091543/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-some-like-it-hot-1959|archive-date=July 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/marilyn-monroes-brains/Content?oid=920660|title=Marilyn Monroe's Brains|last=Rosenbaum|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum|date=December 1, 2005|work=Chicago Reader|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085251/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/marilyn-monroes-brains/Content?oid=920660|archive-date=September 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Filimada == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Dangerous Years]]'' (1947) * ''[[Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!]]'' (1948) * ''[[Ladies of the Chorus]]'' (1948) * ''[[Love Happy]]'' (1949) * ''[[A Ticket to Tomahawk]]'' (1950) * ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'' (1950) * ''[[All About Eve]]'' (1950) * ''[[The Fireball]]'' (1950) * ''[[Right Cross]]'' (1951) * ''[[Home Town Story]]'' (1951) * ''[[As Young as You Feel]]'' (1951) * ''[[Love Nest]]'' (1951) * ''[[Let's Make It Legal]]'' (1951) * ''[[Clash by Night]]'' (1952) * ''[[We're Not Married!]]'' (1952) * ''[[Don't Bother to Knock]]'' (1952) * ''[[Monkey Business]]'' (1952) * ''[[O. Henry's Full House]]'' (1952) * ''[[Niagara]]'' (1953) * ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'' (1953) * ''[[How to Marry a Millionaire]]'' (1953) * ''[[River of No Return]]'' (1954) * ''[[There's No Business Like Show Business]]'' (1954) * ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'' (1955) * ''[[Bus Stop]]'' (1956) * ''[[The Prince and the Showgirl]]'' (1957) * ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959) * ''[[Let's Make Love]]'' (1960) * ''[[The Misfits]]'' (1961) * ''[[Something's Got to Give]]'' (1962–dhammeyn) {{Div col end}} == Xiriirinta dibedda == {{Commons category|Marilyn Monroe}} == Tixraacyo == <references /> o199iyadtm7h9mn2c6l63be9e9bs3c4 0 34747 310162 310039 2026-10-11T08:39:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Soomaalida Iswiidhan |image =[[file:Personer i Sverige födda i Somalia 2022.png|thumb|]] | image_caption = Boqolkiiba dadka ku dhashay Soomaaliya marka loo eego dadka gobolka {{legend|#00aeff|align="left"| >1.5% ([[Södermanland County|Gobolka Södermanland]])}}{{legend|#66ccff|align="left"|1–1.5%}}{{legend|#99ddff|align="left"|0.75–0.99%}}{{legend|#cceeff|align="left"|0.5–0.74%}}{{legend|#e5f5ff|align="left"|<0.5%}} | population = '''70,173''' (ku dhashay Soomaaliya)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population by country of birth, age and sex. Year 2000 - 2019|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Statistikdatabasen}}</ref> <br>'''31,761''' (labada waalid ku dhasheen Soomaaliya) | popplace = [[Stockholm]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Malmö]], [[Linköping]] | langs = [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]{{·}}[[Af-Iswiidhan|Iswiidhan]]{{·}}[[Carabi]] | rels = [[Islaam]] | native_name = | native_name_lang = | related_groups = }} '''Soomaalida Iswiidhan''' ({{Langx|sv|Somalier i Sverige}}; {{Langx|so|Soomaalida Iswiidhan}}) waa muwaadiniin iyo deganayaal ku sugan dalka [[Sweden|Iswiidhan]] oo ah dad u dhashay Iswiidhan oo ay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan [[Somalis|Soomaali]] ama ah muwaadiniin [[Somalis|Soomaali]] ah. Qayb libaax oo ka mid ah Soomaalida Iswiidhan waxay u haajireen Iswiidhan sabab la xiriirta [[Somali Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]].<ref name="Fritzes1316c">{{cite book |last1=Carlson, Magnusson & Rönnqvist |url=http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/55f58b2bc8fd4f66842e37f54c38fc51/somalier-pa-arbetsmarknaden---har-sverige-nagot-att-lara |title=Somalier på arbetsmarknaden - har Sverige något att lära? : underlagsrapport 2 till Framtidskommissionen |date=2012 |publisher=Regeringskansliet - Fritzes |isbn=978-91-38-23810-3 |location=Stockholm |pages=13–16 |access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="johnsdotter2010">{{cite book |last1=Johnsdotter |first1=Sara |url=http://www.arvsfonden.se/sites/default/files/article_reports/utvarderingsrapport_-_somaliska_foreningar_som_overbryggare.pdf |title=Somaliska föreningar som överbryggare |date=October 2010 |publisher=Hälsa och samhälle, [[Malmö University]] |pages=5, 13 |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712122245/http://www.arvsfonden.se/sites/default/files/article_reports/utvarderingsrapport_-_somaliska_foreningar_som_overbryggare.pdf |archive-date=12 Bisha Todobaad 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Inta badan Soomaalida Iswiidhan waxay dalka yimaadeen wixii ka dambeeyay sanadka 2006.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hig.se/download/18.4db66897149b264e1ba4df24/1417115797086/mangfald.pdf|title=Mångfaldsbarometern 2014|publisher=[[Gävle University College]]|year=2014|pages=57}}</ref> ==Tiro-koobka Dadweynaha== [[File:Somalia-foreignborn-sw.png|thumb|Dadka ku dhashay [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]] ee ku nool Iswiidhan iyaga oo loo kala saaray jinsi, 2001-2016 ([[Statistics Sweden|Hay'adda Dhexe ee Tirakoobka Iswiidhan]]).<ref name="Popt"/>{{Update inline|date=April 2021}}]] Sida ay sheegtay [[Statistics Sweden|Hay'adda Dhexe ee Tirakoobka Iswiidhan]], Soomaalidu waxay bilaabeen inay Iswiidhan yimaadaan dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii inta badan iyaga oo uga baxsanaya khilaafka sokeeye ee dalkoodii hooyo. Sanadkii 1990-kii, waxaa jiray ku dhawaad ​​1,000 oo ah dad magangalyo-doon ah oo ku dhashay Soomaaliya oo ku sugnaa Iswiidhan. Tiradani waxay kor u kacday ilaa ku dhawaad ​​2,000 oo magangalyo-doon ah oo ku dhashay Soomaaliya marka la gaaro 1994, laakiin waxay si aad ah ugu dhacday ku dhowaad eber sanadkii 2000. Markii uu dagaalka Soomaaliya xoogaystay, tirada magangalyo-doonka ah ee ku dhashay Soomaaliya ee ku nool Iswiidhan waxay kor u kacday ilaa heer ka sarreeya 5,000 sanadkii 2010. Isla sanadkaas, dowladda Iswiidhan waxay soo bandhigtay shuruudo aqoonsi oo adag oo loogu talagalay qoysaska soo haajirayaashii hore, taas oo adkeysay in dadka ku dhashay Soomaaliya iyo soo-galootiga kale ay helaan ogolaansho deganaansho oo Iswiidhan ah. Natiijo ahaan, tirada magangalyo-doonka ah ee ku dhashay Soomaaliya ee degan Iswiidhan ayaa si weyn ugu dhacday wax yar ka badan 1,000 sanadkii 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/BE0401_2015I60_BR_BE51BR1502.pdf|title=Sveriges framtida befolkning 2015–2060 - The future population of Sweden 2015–2060|publisher=Statistics Sweden|pages=98, 99, 102, 104|access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref> Sanadkii 2016, waxaa jiray 132 guuritaan oo ka diiwaan gashan Iswiidhan oo tagay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Popem">{{cite web|title=Immigrations and emigrations by country of emi-/immigration, observations and year|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101J/ImmiEmiFlytt/?rxid=ee5d14fa-b09e-4c5c-a32b-06399f8a7ab0 |publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Sida ay sheegtay Hay'adda Dhexe ee Tirakoobka Iswiidhan, laga soo bilaabo 2016, waxaa jira wadar ahaan 63,853 oo ah [[Immigration to Sweden|soogalooti ku dhashay Soomaaliya oo ku nool Iswiidhan]].<ref name="Popt">{{cite web|title=Foreign-born persons by country of birth, age, sex and year |url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b83e5bbd-958a-4655-aa40-486ba2ca09a3|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, 41,335 waa muwaadiniin Soomaaliyeed (20,554 rag ah, 20,781 dumar ah).<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign citizens by country of citizenship, sex and year |url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101F/UtlmedbR/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b83e5bbd-958a-4655-aa40-486ba2ca09a3|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> Inta badan dadka degan waa dhalinyaro, oo inta badan ka tirsan da'da 15-24 sano (8,679 rag ah, 7,728 dumar ah), 25-34 sano (7,043 rag ah, 7,958 dumar ah), iyo 5-14 sano (5,882 rag ah, 5,629 dumar ah).<ref name="Popt" /> Ku dhowaad 3,000 oo Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool [[Borlänge]].<ref name="Rsstcfsbt">{{cite news|title=Swede to coach first Somalia bandy team |url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=5532643|access-date=22 June 2013|newspaper=Radio Sweden|date=13 May 2013}}</ref> 2,878 qof oo ku dhashay Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale ku nool [[Rinkeby-Kista]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Rinkeby-kista |url=http://www.stockholm.se/PageFiles/297073/Rinkeby-Kista_eng%20ver_final_light.pdf|publisher=City District Council|access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> Sanadkii 2005, inta badan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee ku nool Gothenburg waxay ku xooganaayeen deegaannada [[Biskopsgården]] iyo [[Bergsjön]]/[[Angered]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/28-10-07-g%C3%B6teborgs-somalier-ett-folk-i-kris-1.1179853|title=28/10 -07: Göteborgs somalier - ett folk i kris|work=Göteborgs-Posten|access-date=2018-04-01|language=sv}}</ref> Tirada ugu badan ee ku dhalatay Soomaaliya waxay ku sugan yihiin [[Gothenburg]] (9,756), [[Stockholm]] (8,447), [[Malmö]] (2,556), [[Linköping]] (2,542) iyo [[Örebro]] (2,234).<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by region, country of birth and sex. Year 2000 - 2021 |url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandK/ |website=Statistika centralbyrån |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> Sanadkii 2013, kooxda [[Somalia national bandy team|bandy ee qaranka Soomaaliya]] ayaa sidoo kale lagu aasaasay Borlänge, taas oo ka qayb qaadatay [[2014 Bandy World Championship]]. Waxay ka mid tahay [[Federation of International Bandy]].<ref name="Rsstcfsbt" /> Sanadkii 2014, [[Open Society Foundations]] waxay samaysay warbixin ku saabsan Soomaalida ku nool Malmö taas oo ogaatay in dadka degan Soomaaliya ee magaaladaas ay ku barwaaqoobeen halkaas sababitumay la xiriirta kharashka nolosha oo hooseeya, dulqaad diimeed oo ka weyn kan ka jira qaybaha kale ee Iswiidhan iyo inay joogeen muslimiin badan oo halkaas joogay. Sida warbixintu yay sheegtay, is-dhexgalku wuxuu ahaa mid liita inta badan marka laga eego dhinaca shaqada, maadaama ay shaqaynayeen kaliya 21 boqolkiiba inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in inta badan dadka deggan Malmö ee ku dhashay Soomaaliya ay da'doodu u dhexeyso 16 iyo 40 sano. Mid ka mid ah caqabadaha ugu waaweyn wuxuu ahaa shuruudaha sarreeya ee suuqa shaqada ee xirfadaha afka Iswiidhan.<ref>{{cite news|date=2014-01-31 |access-date=2020-10-11 |title=Somaliesvenskar i Malmö har svårt komma in i samhället |language=sv |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/5772775}}</ref> ==Waxbarashada== Sanadkii 2010, xafiiska dowladda ee Regeringskansliet Statsrådsberedningen{{Explain|reason=What does ''Regeringskansliet Statsrådsberedningen bureau'' mean? ''Regeringskansliet'' is the Government Offices and ''Statsrådsberedningen'' is the Prime Minister's Office. So what agency is the ''Regeringskansliet Statsrådsberedningen bureau''?|date=April 2026}} ayaa qiyaasay in 44% oo ka mid ah Soomaalida Iswiidhan ee da'doodu u dhexayso 16-64 ay wax ku barteen heer hoose (''Förgymnasial''), 22% waxay gaareen heerka waxbarashada sare ee labaad (''Gymnasial''<ref name="Sa2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/OV0904_2014A01_BR_24_A01BR1401.pdf|title=Statistisk årsbok 2014|publisher=Statistics Sweden|pages=448–449|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>), 9% waxay gaareen heer waxbarashada ka dambeysa dugsiga sare oo ka yar 3 sano (''Eftergymnasial''<ref name="Sa2014" />), iyo 25% waxay gaareen heer waxbarasho oo aan la aqoon (''Okänd''<ref name="Sa2014" />). Mashruuca [[Open Society Foundations|Open Society Foundation]] (OSF) ee ''At Home in Europe'' ayaa tiriyey saamiga kuwa haysta heer hoose ama "aan la aqoon" ee waxbarashada iyaga oo ka dhigay 60-70%. Sidoo kale OSF waxay ogaatay in heerka waxbarashada kooxdan Soomaalida ah ay ku adkeysay inay fahmaan bulshada Iswiidhan iyo weedhaha lagu isticmaalo afka Iswiidhan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/somalis-malmo-summary-swedish-20130131.pdf |title=Somalier i Malmö - At Home in Europe Project|publisher=[[Open Society Foundations]]|year=2014|pages=2}}</ref> Muddadii u dhaxaysay 2006-2010, soogalootiga Soomaaliyeed ee ku nool [[Somali Canadians|Kanada]] iyo [[Somali Americans|Maraykanka]] waxay lahaayeen heerar sare oo ah dugsiga sare iyo waxbarashada ka dambeysa dugsiga sare marka loo eego Soomaalida Iswiidhan, kuwaas oo ay ku jireen saamiga ugu badan ee kuwa haysta heerka waxbarashada "aan la aqoon" (25%).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carlson, Magnusson & Rönnqvist|title=Somalier på arbetsmarknaden - har Sverige något att lära? : underlagsrapport 2 till Framtidskommissionen |date=2012 |publisher=Regeringskansliet - Fritzes|location=Stockholm|isbn=978-91-38-23810-3|page=42 |access-date=20 October 2017 |url=http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/55f58b2bc8fd4f66842e37f54c38fc51/somalier-pa-arbetsmarknaden---har-sverige-nagot-att-lara}}</ref> Sida ay sheegtay Hay'adda Dhexe ee Tirakoobka Iswiidhan, sanadaha 2008-2009, waxaa jiray 769 arday oo ah xanaano carruur ah iyo 7,369 arday oo dugsiga qasabka ah ah oo afkooda hooyo ahaa [[Somali language|Soomaali]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistisk årsbok för Sverige - Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2010|pages=505, 510 |url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/OV0904_2010A01_BR_00_A01BR1001.pdf|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2012-2013, waxaa jira 1,011 arday oo ah xanaano carruur ah iyo 10,164 arday oo dugsiga qasabka ah ah oo afkooda hooyo yahay Soomaali.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistisk årsbok för Sverige - Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2014|pages=452, 455 |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/OV0904_2014A01_BR_00_A01BR1401.pdf|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Sanadkii 2010, waxaa jiray 4,269 arday oo afkooda hooyo ahaa Soomaali kuwaas oo ka qayb qaatay barnaamijka luqadda dadka waaweyn ee uu dowladdu maamulo ee [[Swedish for Immigrants|SFI (Afka Iswiidhan ee Soogalootiga)]]. Ardaydaas, 2,747 waxay lahaayeen 0–6 sano oo waxbarasho ah dalkoodii hooyo (''Antal utbildningsår i hemlandet''), 797 waxay lahaayeen 7–9 sano oo waxbarasho ah dalkoodii hooyo, iyo 725 waxay lahaayeen 10 sano oo waxbarasho ah ama ka badan dalkoodii hooyo.<ref name="scb_yearbook_2010_p198">{{cite book|last1=centralbyrån|first1=SCB - Statistiska|title=Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2010|date=2010|publisher=Statistiska Centralbyran|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9789161814961|page=198|url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/UF0524_2009A01_BR_UF0109TAB.pdf|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2012, 10,525 arday oo afkooda hooyo yahay Soomaali iyo 10,355 arday oo ku dhashay Soomaaliya ayaa ku qoran barnaamijka luqadda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Utbildning och forskning - Statistisk årsbok 2014|url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/OV0904_2014A01_BR_24_A01BR1401.pdf|page=456|publisher=Statistics Sweden|access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> == Bulshada == Marka Soomaalidu ay aadaan Iswiidhan, waxay galaan dal aan la kulmin dagaal weyn in ka badan laba boqol oo sano, oo ah nidaam dowli ah oo fidaya in ka badan shan qarni, hay'ado xoog leh, warshado tignoolajiyad sare leh, dhaqaale horumarsan oo aqoon ku saleysan oo leh heer waxbarasho oo guud ahaan sarreeya. Iswiidhan sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah bulshooyinka ugu cilmaaniyadda badan ee leh qiyamka xorta ah ee meelaha udub-dhexaadka u ah dhaqanka soo jireenka ah ee Soomaalida: qoyska, jinsiga iyo galmada. Xaaladahan ayaa isku darkooda ka dhigaya bulsho aad uga duwan tan Soomaaliya.<ref name=":1" /> Sida lagu sheegay warbixin rasmi ah oo soo baxday 1999-kii, inta badan Soomaalida ku nool Stockholm, Gothenburg iyo Malmö waxay ku noolaayeen xaafado ay dad badani ku dhaqan yihiin oo ay ku yar yihiin Iswiidhan iyo dadka ku hadla afka Iswiidhan; tani waxay sidoo kale khusaysaa Soomaalida ku nool magaalooyinka yaryar. Arrimaha gacan ka geystay horumarkan ayaa ahayd in kuwani ay ahaayeen degmooyinka ay ku yaalleen masaajidyada halkaas oo ay kaga dhaqmi karaan diinta Islaamka iyo in ururada bulshada Soomaaliyeed laga aasaasay degmooyinkan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Delaktighet för integration – att stimulera integrationsprocessen för somalisktalande i Sverige. Integrationsverkets rapportserie 1999:4|publisher=Integrationsverket|year=1999}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay daraasad wareysi ah oo ay samaysay Jaamacadda Malmö sanadkii 2013, Soomaalidu waxay muujinayaan walaac xoog leh oo ku saabsan in ay lumiyaan dhaqankooda iyo diinta Islaamka. Soomaalida da'da ah waxay sheegeen in welwelkooda ugu weyn uu yahay sidii loo xaqiijin lahaa aqoonsiga Soomaaliyeed ee carruurtooda, taas oo horseeday khilaafaad aan dhammaad lahayn oo dhexmara xarumaha daryeelka maalinta iyo dugsiyada kuwaas oo "iska indhatira doorbidkooda dhaqameed oo baraya carruurta waxyaabo sax ah oo ka soo horjeeda waxa waalidkood ay wacdiyaan".<ref name=":1" /> === Qabaa'ilka === {{Main|Somali clans}} Dhaqanka qabiilka Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa qurba-joogta dhexdeeda dhowr sababood awgood: tan ugu horreysa oo ugu muhiimsan waa in nidaamka qabiilku uu udub-dhexaad u yahay qoyska iyo aqoonsiga Soomaalida.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|date=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0852552807|pages=11–14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> Diiwaangelinta afka ee qotodheer ee abtirsiiska waa mudnaan dhaqameed muhiim u ah Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan ''abtiris'' taasoo ah in la raadraaco qabiilka qofka iyada oo ah ballaarinta dhaqankaas — sidaas darteed weedha ''yaa tahay'' ma waydiiso qofka magaciisa, laakiin waxay waydiisaa qabiilkiisa.<ref name=":2" /> Sidoo kale, horumarka tignoolajiyada ayaa fududeeyay xiriirka fudud ee lala yeesho qaraabada dalkii hooyo labadaba isgaarsiinta iyo duulimaadyada jaban ee Soomaaliya taas oo u sahlaysa in badan oo ka mid ah qurba-joogta inay ilaashadaan xiriir qoys oo adag.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Brinkemo, Per.|title=Mellan klan och stat : somalier i Sverige.|year=2020 |publisher=Timbro förlag |isbn=978-91-7703-217-5|oclc=1140682924}}</ref> Dhaqanka qabiilka Soomaaliyeed wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa waddamada cusub ee martigeliya qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed waxaana imaatinka cusubi ay ku biiraan deegaannada bulsho ee horay loo aas-aasay. Nidaamka qabiilku wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegaa sidii madal lagu wadaago macluumaadka taas oo muhiim u ah gaarista go'aamada ku saabsan in loo guuro dalal kale. Nidaamka qabiilku wuxuu kaloo fududeeyaa xawaaladaha lacagaha ee loo diro qaraabada ku nool [[Geeska Afrika]], iyada oo la adeegsanayo qaab bangi oo aan la isticmaalin risiidh.<ref name="johnsdotter2010" /> Qaraabada ku nool Soomaaliya waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin lacagaha ay soo diraan qaraabadooda ku nool qurbaha, kuwaas oo iyaguna la dhibtoonaya dhaqaale ahaan tabucaadooda awgeed.<ref name=":1" /> Hababka deganaanshiyaha Soomaalidu waxay raacaan khadadka qabiilka ee Gothenburg, halkaas oo degmooyinka Hjällbo iyo Hammarkullen ay ku badan yihiin beesha [[Darod|Darood]], xubnaha beesha Hawiye waxaa inta badan laga helaa [[Hisingen]] iyo beesha [[Isaaq|Isaaq]] oo ku sugan degmada [[Frölunda]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Larsson, Göran, 1970-|title=Islam och muslimer i Sverige : en kunskapsöversikt|date=2014|publisher=Nämnden för statligt stöd till trossamfund|others=Sverige. Nämnden för statligt stöd till trossamfund.|isbn=978-91-980611-6-1|location=Bromma|pages=115|oclc=941538793}}</ref> === Xawaalada === Sanadkii 2019, bangiyada Iswiidhan ee SEB, Swedbank iyo Nordea ayaa bilaabay inay xiraan xisaabaadka saddex iyo toban hay'adood oo xawaaladeed oo fududeynaya wareejinta lacagaha ee ka timid Iswiidhan ilaa dalalka ka maqan nidaam bangi oo caadi ah, sida Soomaaliya. Xawaaladaha lacaguhu waa inta badan qaabka keliya ee xasilloon ee taageerada dhaqaale ee ay heli karaan Soomaali badan. Xiritaanku wuxuu ahaa sabab la xiriirta sharciyo la xoojiyay oo loogu talagalay in lagu hor istaago lacag-dhaqidda la sheegay iyo maalgelinta argagixisada. Xiritaanka xisaabaadka waxaa ka soo horjeestay ''Somaliska riksförbundet'', oo ah urur bulsho oo Soomaaliyeed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radio|first=Sveriges|title=Oro när fler hawala-bolag förlorar konton - Nyheter (Ekot)|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/7235542|access-date=2021-04-23|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|date=7 June 2019 |language=sv}}</ref> Sida uu sheegay wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Soomaaliya Axmed Ciise Cawad, wareejinta lacagaha ee ka timid qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka sarreeya caawinta dibadda ee caalamiga ah waxayna gaarayaan in ka badan hal bilyan oo doolar sannadkii.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radio|first=Sveriges|title=Somalias utrikesminister: Pengar från diasporan viktigare än bistånd - Nyheter (Ekot)|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/7165405|access-date=2021-04-23|newspaper=Sveriges Radio|date=28 February 2019 |language=sv}}</ref> === Ururada bulshada === Soomaalida ku nool Iswiidhan waxay aasaaseen ururo kala duwan si ay ugu adeegaan bulshadooda. Marka laga reebo ''Somalilandföreningen'' (Ururka Somaliland) ee aan ahayn mid hal qabiil ku kooban, ururada bulshada Soomaaliyeed waxaa badanaa lagu dhisaa [[qabiil]], inkastoo tiro yar oo ka tirsan qabaa'il kala duwan laga heli karo ''Somaliska kulturföreningen'' (Ururka Dhaqanka Soomaaliyeed) iyo ururo kale oo waaweyn.<ref name="Hfinst7" /> Sanadkii 2015-16, ururka bulshada ee ''Somaliska riksförbundet i Sverige'' (SRFS; Ingiriis: the Somali National Association in Sweden<ref>{{Cite web |last=SRFS |title=Home |url=http://www.srfs.se/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=SRFS |language=en-US}}</ref>) waxaa la siiyay lacag-malyuuni ah oo ka timid [[Inheritance Fund (Sweden)|Sanduuqa Dhaxalka ee Iswiidhan]] ee mashruuca Navigator, kaas oo, iyada oo la adeegsanayo seminaaro iyo aqoon-islweydaarsiyo, u jeedda inuu ka hortago xagjirnimada iyo inuu ka hortago rabshadaha diinta ku dhiirigeliya iyo suurtagalnimada qoritaanka argagixisada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bra.se/forebygga-brott/ekonomiskt-stod--slutrapporter/2015.html|title=Ekonomiskt stöd & slutrapporter - 2015|date=2015|website=www.bra.se|language=sv|access-date=2017-11-11|quote=Somaliska Riksförbundet i Sverige (SRFS) har beviljats finansiering från Allmänna Arvsfonden (AA) för projektet Navigator. Projektet syftar till att förebygga religiöst inspirerad våldsbejakande extremism samt sprida kunskap för att avvärja eventuell rekrytering till terrorverksamheter. Dessutom vill SRFS bryta den tystnadskultur som finns runt problemet genom att anordna seminarier för ungdomar och föräldrar, besöka skolor och samarbeta med andra somaliska föreningar. Beslutet avser en utvärdering av hur väl de uppsatta målen har nåtts och hur effektivt aktiviteterna har genomförts. I utvärderingen ingår också en granskning av om rutiner och genomförande fungerar bra eller behöver förändras för att uppnå de uppsatta målen.|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204934/https://www.bra.se/forebygga-brott/ekonomiskt-stod--slutrapporter/2015.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arvsfonden.se/projekt/navigator-fredsbejakande-unga-vuxna-somalier|title=Navigator - fredsbejakande unga vuxna somalier {{!}} Arvsfonden|date=20 August 2016|website=www.arvsfonden.se|language=sv|access-date=2017-11-11|quote=Projektets syfte är att förebygga våldsbejakande extremism och extremismmiljöer.|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205040/http://www.arvsfonden.se/projekt/navigator-fredsbejakande-unga-vuxna-somalier|url-status=dead}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2016, waxaa jira agagaarka 100 urur oo bulshada Soomaaliyeed ah oo ka jira Iswiidhan sida ay sheegtay [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency|Wakaaladda Iskaashiga Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Iswiidhan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sida.se/Svenska/aktuellt-och-press/nyheter/2016/april-2016/sida-lanserar-svensk-somaliskt-foretagarprogram/|title=Sida lanserar svensk-somaliskt företagarprogram|website=www.sida.se|language=sv|access-date=2017-11-10|quote=I Sverige finns ett hundratal civilsamhällesorganisationer med somalisk anknytning.|archive-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114539/http://www.sida.se/Svenska/aktuellt-och-press/nyheter/2016/april-2016/sida-lanserar-svensk-somaliskt-foretagarprogram/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Qaar ka mid ah waxay helaan maalgelin dowladeed oo ka timid [[Swedish Agency for Youth and Civil Society]], oo ay ku jiraan ''Somaliska riksförbundet i Sverige'', ''Somaliland riksförbund i Sverige'', ''Riksföreningen för khaatumo state of Somalia'', ''Somaliska ungdomsföreningen i Sverige'', ''Barahley somaliska förening'', Somali Dialogue Center iyo ''Somalilands förening''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mucf.se/vi-har-fatt-bidrag?org=somali&projekt=&bidragsnamn=&bidragstyp=All&ort=&beviljatar=All|title=Vi har fått bidrag - Organisationsbidrag, Projektbidrag, EU-bidrag {{!}} MUCF|website=www.mucf.se|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110063638/https://www.mucf.se/vi-har-fatt-bidrag?org=somali&projekt=&bidragsnamn=&bidragstyp=All&ort=&beviljatar=All|archive-date=10 November 2017|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref> Sida uu qabo Machadka Herbert Felix, laga soo bilaabo 2011, saddexda urur ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee ugu muhiimsan ee ka djsan gobolka [[Scania]] waa ''Somalilandföreningen'' iyo ''Hiddo Iyo Dhaqan'' oo ku yaal [[Malmö]], iyo sidoo kale ''Somaliska kulturföreningen'' oo ku taal [[Kristianstad]]. ''Somalilandföreningen'' waxay leedahay ku dhowaad 500 oo xubnood oo inta badan ka soo jeeda gobolka [[Somaliland]] ee waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya, ''Hiddo Iyo Dhaqan'' waxay leedahay dhowr boqol oo xubnood oo inta badan ka soo jeeda koonfurta Soomaaliya, iyo ''Somaliska kulturföreningen'' waxay leedahay ku dhowaad 100 xubnood. Ururo kale oo badan oo yaryar ayaa laga aasaasay gobolka, laakiin kuwani ma shaqeeyaan si joogto ah waxayna yihiin asal ahaan ururo hal qof ah ("one man show").<ref name="Hfinst7">{{cite web|title=Somaliskt informations- och kunskapscenter i Skåne|last=Sandberg|first=P|publisher=Herbert Felix Institutet|year=2011|page=7 |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/manniska-och-samhalle/integration/partnerskap-skane/Somali%20Information%20and%20Business%20Centre/Slutrapport%20f%C3%B6rstudie.pdf|quote=Sammanhållningen i den somaliska diasporan i Skåne är inte oproblematisk. Ett stort antal somaliska föreningar har startats runtom i regionen som kallas för "enmansshows" av de flesta somalier jag träffat.[...] Alla somaliska föreningar utom Somalilandföreningen i Malmö är baserade på klantillhörighet (även om det finns ett fåtal personer från andra klaner i de större föreningarna som t.ex. Somaliska kulturföreningen i Kristianstad). Det blir minst sagt en spretig och rörig bild över vilka personer ska anses vara företrädare för somalier. Det som tidigare påvisats under förberedelsearbetet är att somalier är en oerhört heterogen grupp där klantillhörighet och släktskapsband dominerar. Kartläggningen har visat att endast tre föreningar har en reguljär verksamhet som kan anses av större vikt och som kan ha en betydelse för det framtida somaliska informations- och kunskapscentrat. Somalilandföreningen, Malmö: Fungerar redan idag som en klanöverskridande organisation, dock med koncentration av personer från Somaliland i nordvästra Somalia. Somalilandföreningen med ca 500 medlemmar har en omfattande verksamhet i dagsläget. Hiddo Iyo Dhaqan, Malmö: Har en hel del främst ungdomsverksamhet och består i dagsläget av ett par hundra personer. De flesta härstammar från södra Somalia. Somaliska kulturföreningen, Kristianstad: Har ca 100 medlemmar enligt egna uppgifter och begränsad aktivitet. I dagsläget pågår interna konflikter i föreningen vilket paralyserat dess handlingskraft.}}</ref> Sida uu qabo Machadka Herbert Felix, tiro ka mid ah mashaariicda uu maalgeliyo [[European Union|Midowga Yurub]] ayaa laga bilaabay gobolka Scania iyaga oo la kaashanaya ururada bulshada Soomaaliyeed. Waxaa ka mid ah dadaalladaas ''Somalier startar företag'', oo ka caawisa ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed inay aasaasaan shirkado; ''Integration på arbetsmarknaden för somalier FIAS'', oo ka caawisa is-dhexgalka suuqa shaqada ee degmada [[Eskilstuna]]; ''Integration genom arbete'', oo fududaysa is-dhexgalka suuqa shaqada ee [[Åstorp Municipality|degmada Åstorp]] iyo agagaarkeedii; ''Partnerskap Skåne'', oo udub-dhexaad u ah shaqada horumarinta; ''Samhälls-och hälsokommunikatör'', oo bixisa macluumaad dhaqameed oo la habeeyey oo is-dhexgal ah; ''Integration i förening'', oo ka caawisa dadka cusub iyaga oo ku xiraya oo siinaya macluumaad ku saabsan bulshada ganacsiga deegaanka; ''Ökad inkludering genom språk'', oo ay weheliyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha warshadaha ka caawisa helitaanka luqadda iyada oo la marinayo waxbarashada xirfadda; ''Bazar, Integration och Arbetsmarknad, Malmö Stad'', oo sahanka ku samaysa suurtagalnimada iyo caqabadaha lagu aasaasayo suuq ganacsi oo ku yaal Malmö, [[Gothenburg]], [[Västerås]], [[Södertälje]] iyo degmooyinka Eskilstuna; iyo ''Uppstart Malmö'', oo isku xirta ganacsatada shaqada abuuraya iyo maalgashadayaasha khibradda leh ee ku nool Malmö isla markaana bixisa deymo aan ribo lahayn iyo hagitaan maお金 ah oo bilaash ah.<ref name="Hfinst5">{{cite web|title=Somaliskt informations- och kunskapscenter i Skåne|last=Sandberg|first=P |publisher=Herbert Felix Institutet|year=2011|pages=5–6|url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/manniska-och-samhalle/integration/partnerskap-skane/Somali%20Information%20and%20Business%20Centre/Slutrapport%20f%C3%B6rstudie.pdf}}</ref> == Dadka caanka ah == {{further|:Category:Swedish people of Somali descent}} [[File:Mustafa Mohamed Berlin 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Mustafa Mohamed]] waa orodyahan dheer oo Soomaali-Iswiidhan ah]] *[[Farhiya Abdi]], ciyaaryahan kubadda koleyga ah *[[Amun Abdullahi]], suxufi *[[Ferid Ali]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta ah *[[Taha Ali]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta ah *[[Cherrie (singer)|Cherrie]], magaca masraxa ee heesaa Shiriihan Mohamed Abdulle, waa walaashii rapper-ka K27 *[[Dree Low]], magaca masraxa ee Salah Abdi Abdulle, muusikiiste rap ah *[[Rizak Dirshe]], orodyahan fogaansho dhexe ah *[[Bilal Hussein (footballer)|Bilal Hussein]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta ah *[[Mohamoud Jama and Bille Ilias Mohamed]], jihaadiyiin ah *[[Ali Yassin Mohamed]], Islaamiyiin dagaalyahan ah *[[Mustafa Mohamed]], orodyahan fogaansho dheer ah *[[Bilan Osman]], suxufi iyo qoraa *[[Abdirizak Waberi]], siyaasi iyo hoggaamiye urur Islaami ah *[[Mona Walter]], faallo-bixiye bulsho oo diidaysa Islaamka * [[Yasin (rapper)|Yasin]], rapper abaal-marin ku guuleystay, dambiile la xukumay oo ah ilmo-adeer u ah [[Cherrie (singer)|Cherrie]] iyo K27 * [[SpawN|Abdisamad "SpawN" Mohamed]], ciyaaryahan Counter-Strike ah == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 2oyrjdhbb4z5ztmjb0d5yiktr0n7pe7 0 40514 310156 278685 2026-10-11T03:04:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dhaqax - Lithium''' [[File:Spodumene-usa59abg.jpg|thumb|right|400px|lithium dhaqaxka ,dhagaxyada lithium iyo noocyadeeda lithium ee dhagaxyada qaybaha birta ah halkaas oo lithium laga soo saaro macdanta ]] [[File:Somaliland_relief_location_map.svg|thumb|right|400px|Lithium ee Somaliland oo leh shirkado ay ka mid yihiin kiiloomass , Somaliland waxay leedahay dhagaxyada Lithium-ka ee ku yaalla gobollada buuraleyda ah oo xaddi badan laga iibsan karo , shirkado macdan qodista ah oo kiiloomas ee Sucuudi Carabiya la gashay waxay soo saari lahayd macdanta Lithium-ka ee gobollada waqooyi ee Somaliland.]] [[File:Liion-18650-AA-battery.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Awoodda loo isticmaalo baytariyada leh lithium oo awood u yeelan kara walxaha yaryar, lithium waxaa loo isticmaalaa awoodda batteriga ee adduunka oo dhan]] '''Dhaqax Lithium''' * '''Ama''': '''Buraha''' * '''Ama''': '''Korontoka Lithium''' Lithium bir dhagax ah oo loo isticmaalo awoodda baytari ee baabuurta iyo in badan oo la isticmaalo lihtium ayaa ku taal oogada adduunka ee gobollada buuraha iyo meelaha dhagaxa ah ee adduunka , macdanta lithium waxay caan ku tahay nidaamyada tamarta sida awoodda baytari , birta jilicsan ==Waddnmaha soosaarka Lithium 2023== *{{Flag|China}} 22000 Tons 2023 * '''Chile''' 38000 Tons 2023 *{{Flag|Australia}} 74000 Tons 2023 *[[Somaliland]] '''2''' 2025 '''vaarhaan''' {{Flag|India}} ==Warka== * https://somalilandchronicle.com/tag/lithium/ * https://somalilandchronicle.com/2024/06/11/saudi-mining-company-kilomass-secures-lithium-exploration-deal-in-somaliland/ * https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202401/30/WS65b85144a3104efcbdae8a13.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183419/https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/lithium-mining-expediency-meeting-held-in-hargeisa/ * https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/once-in-a-generation-us-confirms-huge-lithium-deposits-in-california-s-salton-sea/2-1-1561933 * https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/once-in-a-generation-us-confirms-huge-lithium-deposits-in-california-s-salton-sea/2-1-1561933 * https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3248961/china-unearths-million-tonne-lithium-deposit-heating-global-resource-race-thailand-also-boasts-big 7v8kalmeg6yrgansbj89td54tjrcknr 0 41735 310154 280150 2026-10-11T02:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ceelasha Daloolinka CPC Taiwan Somaliland''' [[File:CPC_Corporation,_Taiwan_Seal.svg|thumb|right|400px|Ceelasha shidaalka iyo [[CPC Taiwan]] ee gobolada Somaliland]] [[File:Erdöl_Bohrturm.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] Explortation / Production in somaliland of crude oil commodity * '''Ama''': '''sl10 /sl13''' * '''Ama''': '''Somaliland''' * Ceelaha: '''Toosan wells Commodity''' * '''Xagar Prospect qishn''' * '''Qudhac prospect qishn''' * '''Daggan Prospect qishn''' * '''Saafi Prospect qishn''' * '''Toosan Prospect qishn''' * '''Hayira Seeps qishn''' * '''Galool Prospect qishn''' ceelaha toosan salidka dulka hoose ceelaha cpc taiwan ka mid dallonyinka, Ceelasha Shidaalka ee sl10 sl13 ee gobolada Somaliland oo lagu qiyaaso 2 bilyan oo barrle , cpc shirkad shidaal qodis ah oo laga qodayo gobolada Somaliland oo ku taal toosan oo laga qodi doono saliida cayriin , xogta shidaalka ee toosan oo la helay iyo xogta gobolada shidaalka '''cpc taiwan warka''' * https://www.cpc.com.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=2705&s=69406 * https://www.ftlsomalia.com/somaliland-holds-oil-exploration-talks-with-taiwans-opic-and-genel-energy/ * https://somalilandstandard.com/taiwanese-oil-firm-to-drill-somalilands-first-oil-well-in-mid-2024/ * https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2021/12/22/2003769973 * https://africaoilgasreport.com/2021/12/farm-in-farm-out/taiwans-cpc-farms-into-sl10b13block-in-somaliland/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20250627123516/https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/cpc-expects-to-start-oil-exploration-in-somaliland-as-early-as-2023/ ==Sido kale firi== * [[Liska Salidka Mawduucyada]] * [[Salidka Bahadhamal]] * [[Toosan Prospect SL13/SL10]] * [[Birka salidka Dulka Hoose]] * [[Xagar Prospect SL13/SL10]] 21k7lffycsltfgwg6cu60op5o2t3e3b 828 44067 310157 310119 2026-10-11T04:38:25Z Grufo 46126 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 310157 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1 else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1 end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_param_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_param_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name) local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name } for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val else tpipe[key] = val end end return { frame = main_frame, pipe = tpipe, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, fnpos = 1, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs) local cmd if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return offs end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[start_from + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1 else shf = start_from end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end tmp = style[1] local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami) if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[offs + 3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[offs + argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami) local keyw local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2 while arg ~= nil do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false } else keyw = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, idx - 1 end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos = {}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1), target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end else key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, ivar0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2]) if ivar0 == 2 then tmp = opts[offs + 3] and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end ivar0 = ivar0 + offs if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1) end if argc < ivar0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else cache, len = {}, 1 for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end len = len - 1 end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx, offs) local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then if key < 1 then cache[key] = val elseif key > offs then cache[key - offs] = val end if key > nmax then nmax = key end else cache[key] = val end end nmax = nmax - offs if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tmp local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end elseif ctx.subset == 1 then if ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end tmp = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end tbl = tmp end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = marker end end if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end return end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_seq) return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype < 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end return end local tseq = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local tmp local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = nil end end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do if val ~= true then fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter -- name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to library.pinned_until = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2 if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0 ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == sntl then if idx == 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2 return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1) end if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1 end error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1) if new_offs - ctx.fnpos < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0 if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and offs + 3 or offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local tmp = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1 end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2] return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3 else argc = offs + 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_name_matching') for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_name_not_matching') if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then mname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then fname = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then magic = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else cache, len = {}, 1 for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then mname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then fname = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then magic = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_param_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] if mix == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local cache = {} mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = opts[offs + 1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':') if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs) return context_iterate(ctx, offs) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1 for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < offs then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val else new_opts[key + offs] = val end end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local cache, mix_k, mix_v = {}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]| -- [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then mname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then fname = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then magic = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]| -- [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1) local model, ret, nss, ccs = { title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]| -- [named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then mname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then fname = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs } local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs = require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then magic = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs) local model = { title = tname, args = cargs } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then mname = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] ~= nil then fname = opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs } local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs = require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]| -- [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local magic local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then magic = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local cargs, ret, nss, ccs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tmp local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] ~= nil then tmp = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val elseif key > offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val elseif key < 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end end ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new') ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (child_frame) return child_frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) jnrp2hde108asrud4ch6fuc8nkppvn4 0 45459 310170 291418 2026-10-11T10:54:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = <!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --> <!-- Commented out: | image =Zenande Mfenyana1.jpg -->| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = Zenande Feziwe Mfenyana | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|10|11|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kagiso, Gauteng]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|1985|11|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | nationality = Koonfur Afrika | alma_mater = Dugsiga Sare ee Gabdhaha Queenstown<br />[[Jaamacadda Pretoria]] (Bachelor oo ku takhasusay Riwaayadaha) | other_names = | occupation = Atariisho | years_active = 2006&ndash;hadda | notable_works = ''[[Jiilal (Taxanaha TV-ga Koonfur Afrika) | Jiilal]]'' | children = 1 | relatives = Akhenime Mfenyana (walaasha nolosha dhabta ah) }} '''Zenande Mfenyana''' (waxay dhalatay 11 Oktoobar 1985 waa moodeel Koonfur Afrikaan ah iyo jilaa. Waxay caan ku tahay muujinta Noluntu Memela ee SABC 1 's Generations . ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Mfenyana waxa ay ku dhalatay 1985 in Johannesburg , ka dib waxa ay u guurtay Eastern Cape ee Queenstown halkaas oo ay ku dhammaysatay shahaadada dugsiga sare ee gabdhaha ee Queenstown. Waxaa laga diiwaan geliyay Jaamacadda Pretoria oo ay BA ku qaadatay masraxa. ==Tixraac== [https://briefly.co.za/32886-zenande-mfenyana-biography-age-boyfriend-husband-parents-hairstyles-pictures-net-worth.html "Zenande Mfenyana Biography: da'da, saaxiibka, ninkeeda, waalidiinta, timaha, sawirada iyo qiimaha saafiga ah"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133323/http://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/2014/11/09/zenande-mfenyana-moves-on-after-generations "Zenande Mfenyana wuu sii socdaa ka dib qarniyaal"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181009160227/http://www.sundayworld.co.za/lifestyle/2017/04/18/the-queen-s-goodness-is-the-perfect-fit-for-zenande-mfenyana "Wanaagga boqoraddu waa 'ku habboon' Zenande Mfenyana"] nlwwpx6xdengek1p0ro1x3a6lzlduaf 0 45583 310161 291597 2026-10-11T08:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonja Hauberg''' (1918-1947) waxay ahayd qoraa Danish ah oo inta badan lagu xasuusto inuu yahay qoraa . Ka dib markii ay bilawday qorista gabayo iyo sheekooyin gaagaaban, waxay samaysay buuggeedii ugu fiicnaa ee 1942-kii Hvad vil du mig? . Shaqadeeda ugu guulaha badan waxay ahayd Syv Aar ee Lea (Todoba sano oo Lea, 1944), sheeko qaan-gaar ah oo dib loo daabacay dhowr jeer 1980 iyo ugu dambeyntii 2019. Xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Danmark , waxay dhimatay iyada oo 27 jir ah ka dib markii ay ku dhacday cudurka typhus shirweynihii qorayaasha ee ay soo qabanqaabisay ee Finland. [[File:Sonja_Hauberg.jpg|thumb|Sonja Hauberg]] ==Nolosha hore iyo qoyska== Waxay ku dhalatay 5-tii Maarso 1918 degmada Frederiksberg ee Kobanheegan, Sonja Hauberg waxay ahayd gabadhii naqshadeeyaha Harald Hauberg (1883-1956) iyo xaaskiisa Anna née Giersing (1888-1977), walaashii rinjiile Harald Giersing . Ka dib markii ay ka qalinjabisay Ordrup Gymnasium 1937. Waxay ku baratay suugaanta Danishka Jaamacadda Kobanheegan . Bishii Luulyo 1938, waxay guursatay dublamaasi Vagn Hoffmeyer Hoelgaard . Guurka waxaa la kala diray 1941. Bishii Luulyo 1945, waxay guursatay rinjiile Richard Mortensen . Waxay wada dhaleen wiil Finn Hauberg Mortensen (1946) oo noqday cilmi-baare suugaanta Waqooyiga Yurub. ==Tixraac== [https://www.information.dk/kultur/anmeldelse/2019/12/genudgivelsen-pubertetsromanen-syv-aar-lea-godt-eksempel-paa-udvidelsen-vores-kanon "Genudgivelsen af ​​pubertetsromanen 'Syv Aar for Lea' er et godt eksempel på udvidelsen af ​​vores kanon"] [https://nordicwomensliterature.net/da/2011/01/04/skoenhed-og-haeslighed-det-hele-i-et-blik/ "Skønhed og hæslighed, det hele i ét blik"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230906091719/https://dsl.dk/publication?id=501 "Sonja Hauberg: Syv Aar ee Lea"] og6vw3dgjl8k82thrlwdeqbpkl4wfq1 0 47007 310164 305762 2026-10-11T09:11:04Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Victor Hugo | image = Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876.jpg | imagesize = 260px | caption = Victor Hugo, qiyaastii 1880 | birth_name = Victor Marie Hugo | birth_date = 26 Febraayo 1802 | birth_place = [[Besançon]], [[Faransiiska]] | death_date = 22 Maay 1885 (da’ ahaan 83 sano) | death_place = [[Paris]], [[Faransiiska]] | occupation = [[gabayaa]], [[qoraa riwaayado]], [[qoraa sheekooyin]], [[qoraa maqaal]]o, u ololeeya xuquuqda aadanaha | movement = [[Romanticism|Romantikisam]] | signature = Victor Hugo Signature.svg | website = }} ​'''Victor Marie Hugo''' (26 Febraayo 1802 – 22 May 1885) wuxuu ahaa [[France|Faransiis]] [[abwaan]] ah, [[riwaayad-qore]], [[sheeko-faneed-qore]], [[hoggaamiye dowlad]] iyo [[xuquuqda aadanaha]] [[u-doodaha|u-doodahooda]]. Wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray dhaqdhaqaaqii [[Romanticism|Romaantiigga]] ee Faransiiska. ​ Hugo wuxuu markii hore caan ku noqday Faransiiska [[gabayada|gabayadiisa]] darteed, iyo sidoo kale [[sheeko-faneed|sheeko-faneedyadiisa]] iyo [[riwaayad|riwaayadihiisa]]. ''[[Les Contemplations]]'' iyo ''[[La Légende des siècles]]'' ayaa ah ururinta gabayadiisa ugu caansan. Meel ka baxsan Faransiiska, sheeko-faneedyadiisa ''[[Les Misérables]]'' iyo ''Notre-Dame de Paris'' (ee af Ingiriisiga sidoo kale loogu yaqaanno ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'') ayaa ah shaqooyinkiisa ugu caansan. ​Markii uu yaraa, wuxuu ahaa [[mushaar-doon]] [[boqortooyo-taageere]] ah. Markii uu weynaaday wuxuu noqday mid aad u [[Liberalism|xorriyad-u-dood]] ah oo taageera [[jamhuuriyadda]]. Shaqadiisu waxay ku saabsanayd qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka [[Siyaasadda|siyaasadeed]] iyo kuwa [[bulsho]] iyo sidoo kale [[farshaxan|isbeddellada farshaxanka]] ee xilligiisii. Waxaa lagu aasay [[Panthéon]], ee [[Paris]]. ​ ==Nolosha== Victor Hugo wuxuu ahaa wiilka Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) iyo Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). Wuxuu lahaa laba walaalo ah oo ka weyn oo la kala oran jiray Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) iyo Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). Wuxuu dhashay 1802, magaalada [[Besançon]] (ee gobolka [[Doubs]]). Hugo wuxuu ku noolaa [[France]] inta badan noloshiisa. Intii lagu jiray xukunkii [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] wuxuu aaday [[masaafuris]]. Sannadkii 1851, wuxuu ku noolaa [[Belgium]], magaalada [[Brussels]]. Wuxuu u guuray [[Jersey]] sannadkii 1852. Wuxuu halkaas joogay ilaa 1855 markaas oo uu aaday si uu u dego [[Guernsey]] ilaa 1870. Wuxuu haddana halkaas ku noolaa 1872-1873. Laga soo bilaabo 1859, masaafurintiisu waxay ahayd mid uu isagu doortay. ​Dhacdooyin waaweyn ayaa calaamadeeyay carruurnimadiisii hore. Sanado yar ka hor dhalashadiisa, [[House of Bourbon|Boqortooyadii Bourbon]] ayaa lagu riday [[French Revolution|Kacaankii Faransiiska]]. [[French First Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Koowaad]] ayaa kacday oo dhacday, waxaana kacday [[First French Empire|Boqortooyadii Koowaad ee Faransiiska]] oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]. Napoléon wuxuu noqday Boqor laba sano ka dib dhalashadii Hugo. Boqortooyadii Bourbon ayaa dib loo soo celiyay markii Hugo uu ahaa 17 jir. Waalidkiis waxay lahaayeen aragtiyo siyaasadeed iyo diimeed oo kala duwan. Hugo aabihiis wuxuu ahaa sarkaal. Wuxuu darajo sare ka gaaray ciidankii Napoléon. Wuxuu ahaa [[atheism|mulxid]] [[republicanism|jamhuuri]] ah, Napoléonna wuxuu u arkayay geesi. Hooyadiis waxay ahayd [[Roman Catholic Church|Kaatoolig]] aad u mayal adag oo [[House of Bourbon|Boqortooyada taageerta]]. Maadaama Hugo aabihiis uu sarkaal ahaa, qoysku waxay u guuri jireen si joogto ah. Victor Hugo wax badan ayuu ka bartay socdaalladaas. Wuxuu joogay [[Naples]] iyo [[Rome]] muddo lix bilood ah, ka hor inta uusan dib ugu laaban [[Paris]]. Markaas wuxuu ahaa shan jir qura, laakiin [[socdaalka|socdaalkaas]] si fiican ayuu u xusuustay. ​Hooyadiis, Sophie, waxay aaday [[Italy]] iyadoo la socota ninkeeda oo ahaa gudoomiye gobol u dhow Naples. Waxay sidoo kale aadeen [[Spain]] halkaas oo Joseph uu maamulayay saddex gobol oo Isbaanish ah. Sophie waxay si ku-meel-gaar ah uga go'day ninkeedii 1803, maadaama ay noloshaas dhib badnayd. Waxay degtay Paris. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inay iyadu maamushay waxbarashada Hugo. Sidaa darteed, shaqadii hore ee Hugo, gaar ahaan gabayada, waxay muujinayaan isaga oo [[ammaanaya]] [[boqortooyada]] iyo [[iimaanka masiixiga]]. [[The Revolutions of 1848 in France|Kacaankii 1848]] wuxuu ka dhigay Hugo mid ka fallaagooba waxbarashadiisii Kaatooligga iyo Boqortooyo-taageeridda ahayd. Kacaankaas ka dib, wuxuu doorbiday jamhuuriyadda iyo [[xorriyadda fikirka]]. ​Markii uu yaraa, Victor Hugo wuxuu galay jaceyl. Wuxuu si qarsoodi ah ugu guursaday saaxiibtiisii carruurnimada Adèle Foucher (1803-1868), isagoo ka soo horjeeda rabitaanka hooyadiis. ​Wuxuu guursaday Adèle 1822, ka dib dhimashadii hooyadiis ee 1821. Ilmihiisii ugu horreeyay, Léopold (oo dhashay 1823), wuxuu dhintay isagoo [[yar]]. Hugo wuxuu dhalay afar carruur ah oo kale oo la kala oron jiray [[Léopoldine Hugo|Léopoldine]] (28 Agoosto 1824), [[Charles Hugo|Charles]] (4 Noofambar 1826), [[François-Victor Hugo|François-Victor]] (28 Oktoobar 1828) iyo [[Adèle Hugo|Adèle]] (24 Agoosto 1830). Hugo wuxuu daabacay sheeko-faneedkiisii ugu horreeyay 1823 (''Han d'Islande''). Midkiisii labaad wuxuu soo baxay saddex sano ka dib (''[[Bug-Jargal]]'', 1826). Wuxuu daabacay shan mug oo gabayo ah (''[[Les Orientales]]'', 1829; ''Les Feuilles d'automne'', 1831; ''Les Chants du crépuscule'', 1835; ''Les Voix intérieures'', 1837; iyo ''Les Rayons et les ombres'', 1840) intii u dhaxaysay 1829 iyo 1840. Tani waxay gacan ka gaysatay sumcaddiisa mid ka mid ah abwaannada ugu weyn ee [[baroordiiqda]] iyo [[gabayada-murtida]] ee xilligiisa. ​Dhimashadii gabadhiisa ugu weynayd ee uu aadka u jeclaa, Léopoldine, waxay Hugo ka dhigtay mid aad u murugaysan. Waxay dhimatay iyadoo 19 jir ah, sannadkii 1843. Tani waxay dhacday waxyar ka dib [[guurkeeda]]. Waxay ku qarqantay [[Webiga Seine]] ee [[Villequier]]. [[Goonnadeeda]] cuslaa ayaa hoos u jiiday markii [[dooni]] ay rogmatay. Ninkeedii wuxuu dhintay isagoo isku dayaya inuu badbaadiyo. Wakhtigaas; Victor Hugo wuxuu koonfurta Faransiiska kula socdaalay saaxiibtiis. Wuxuu geerida Léopoldine ka bartay wargeys isagoo fadhiya [[kafeey]].<ref>''Victor Hugo, tome 1: Je suis une force qui va'' by Max Gallo, pub. Broché (2001)</ref> Wuxuu ku sifeeyay naxdintiisa iyo [[murugada]] gabaygiisa ''À Villequier'': ​<poem> ''Hélas ! vers le passé tournant un oeil d'envie,'' ''Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler,'' ''Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie'' ''Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler !'' ​''Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure,'' ''L'instant, pleurs superflus !'' ''Où je criai : L'enfant que j'avais tout à l'heure,'' ''Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus !'' ​Alas! isagoo isha hinaasaha u jeedinaya xilligii hore, isagoon waxba halkan dunida guudkeeda kaga dabcaynin, waxaan weli eegayaa daqiiqaddaas noloshayda ka midka ah ee aan arkay iyadoo baalasheeda furaysa oo duulaysa! ​Daqiiqaddaas ayaan arki doonaa ilaa aan ka dhinto, daqiiqaddaas—oo ilmadu ay aad ugu badatay! markii aan ku qayliyey: "Ilmihii aan hadda lahaa-- waa sidee! mar dambe ma haysto!" </poem> ​Ka dib tan, wuxuu qoray gabayo badan oo ku saabsan nolosha iyo dhimashada gabadhiisa. Mid ka mid ah gabayadiisa ugu caansan waa malaha ''Demain, dès l'aube''. Gabaygan, wuxuu ku sifeeyay isagoo booqanaya qabrigeeda. ​ ==Qoraallada== [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], qoraaga caanka ah ee [[Romanticism|Romaantiigga]], ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay Hugo intii lagu jiray horraantii 1800-yadii. Markii Hugo uu yaraa, wuxuu yiri wuxuu noqon doonaa ''Chateaubriand ou rien'' (“Chateaubriand ama waxba”). Waxyaabo badan oo Chateaubriand sameeyay, Hugo wuxuu ka qaatay tusaale. Markii hore, wuxuu difaacay mabda'a Romaantiigga. Ka dib, wuxuu ku lug yeeshay siyaasadda oo uu taageeray [[Jamhuuriyadda]]. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa lagu qasbay masaafuris sababo la xiriira aragtidiisa siyaasadeed. Xiisaha iyo aftahamada Hugo ee shaqadiisii hore waxay ka dhigtay mid guulaysta oo caan ah isagoo da' yar. Ururintiisii ugu horreysay ee gabayada (''[[Odes et poésies diverses]]'') waxaa la daabacay 1822. Wakhtigaas, Hugo wuxuu ahaa labaatan jir qura. Waxay u horseedday inuu ka helo ''lacag hawlgab ah'' (lacag boqorka ka timaada) boqorkii [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]]. Gabayadiisa waa la la yaabay laakiin waxay ahayd ururintiisii xigtay, afar sano ka dib 1826 (''[[Odes et Ballades]]''), tii muujisay in Hugo uu yahay abwaan weyn. ​Shaqadii ugu horreysay ee qaan-gaarnimada ee Victor Hugo ee dhanka khayaaliga waxay soo baxday 1829. Waxay ka tarjumaysay xiisaha uu u hayo bulshada taas oo si weyn ugu soo muuqatay shaqadiisii dambe. ''Le Dernier jour d'un condamné'' (''[[The Last Day of a Condemned Man]]'') waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay qoraayadii dambe sida [[Albert Camus]], [[Charles Dickens]], iyo [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]. ''[[Claude Gueux]]'' waxay soo baxday 1834. Waa sheeko gaaban oo dukumentari ah oo ku saabsan gacan-ku-dhiigle dhab ah oo lagu dilay Faransiiska. Hugo laftiisu wuxuu u tixgeliyey inay tahay [[horseedka]] shaqadiisa weyn ee ku saabsan caddaalad-darro bulshada, ''[[Les Misérables]]''. Laakiin sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee guulaystay ee Hugo wuxuu ahaa ''Notre-Dame de Paris'' (''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''), oo la daabacay 1831. Si degdeg ah ayaa loogu turjumay luqado kale oo Yurub oo dhan ah. Mid ka mid ah saamaynta sheeko-faneedku lahaa waxay ahayd in dadka deggan Paris ay dib u hagaajiyaan kaniisadda la dayacay ee [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame]], taas oo soo jiidanaysay kumanaan dalxiisayaal ah oo akhriyey sheeko-faneedka caanka ah. Buuggu wuxuu sidoo kale dhiirigeliyay qaddarin cusub oo loo hayo dhismayaashii ka horreeyay xilligii Renaissance-ka, kuwaas oo bilaabay in si firfircoon loo ilaaliyo. ​Hugo wuxuu bilaabay qorshaynta sheeko-faneed weyn oo ku saabsan dhibaatada bulshada iyo caddaalad-darrada horraantii 1830-yadii, laakiin waxay ku qaadatay 17 sano oo buuxda in ''[[Les Misérables]]'' la dhammaystiro oo ugu dambeyntii la daabaco 1862. Qoraagu wuxuu si weyn u ogaa tayada sheeko-faneedka, daabacaadda shaqaduna waxay u gacan gashay cidda bixisay qiimaha ugu sarreeya. Guriga daabacaadda ee Belgian Lacroix iyo Verboeckhoven ayaa sameeyay olole suuq-geyn oo aan caadi ahayn wakhtigaas, iyaga oo soo saaray war-saxaafadeedyo ku saabsan shaqada lix bilood ka hor intaan la soo saarin. Sidoo kale waxay markii hore daabaceen qaybtii hore ee sheeko-faneedka oo keliya (“Fantine”), taas oo isku mar laga soo saaray magaalooyinka waaweyn. Qaybaha buugga ayaa lagu iibsaday saacado gudahood, waxayna saameyn weyn ku yeesheen bulshada Faransiiska. Dadka wax naqdiya guud ahaan way ka hor yimaadeen sheeko-faneedka; [[Taine]] wuxuu u arkay mid aan daacad ahayn, [[Barbey d'Aurevilly]] wuxuu ka cabanayaa inuu yahay mid hooseeya, [[Flaubert]] wuxuu dhexdeeda ka helay "run iyo weynaan toona," walaalaha [[Goncourt brothers|Goncourts]] waxay cambaareeyeen farsamadiisa, iyo [[Baudelaire]] - in kasta oo uu dib-u-eegis wanaagsan ku siiyay wargeysyada - wuxuu si gaar ah ugu tilmaamay "mid aan dhadhan lahayn oo aan habboonayn." ''Les Misérables'' waxay u muuqatay mid ay dadku aad u jecel yihiin taas oo keentay in arrimihii ay iftiimisay dhowaan lagu daro ajandaha [[Golaha Qaranka]] ee Faransiiska. Maanta sheeko-faneedku wuxuu weli yahay shaqadiisa ugu caansan ee waarta. Waa mid caan ka ah adduunka oo dhan, waxaana loo habeeyay filimada, telefishanka iyo bandhigyada masraxa. ​Waraaqihii ugu gaabnaa taariikhda waxay dhex mareen Hugo iyo madbacaddiisa Hurst & Blackett sannadkii 1862. Waxaa la sheegaa in Hugo uu fasax ku jiray markii la daabacay Les Misérables (kaas oo ka badan 1200 bog). Wuxuu u soo diray farriin hal xaraf ah '?' madbacaddiisa, kuwaas oo ugu jawaabay hal '!' oo keliya.<ref>Walsh, William S: 'Handy-Book of Literary Curiosities'', page 600. Philadelphia: J.B. Lipincott Co, 1892.</ref> ​Hugo wuxuu ka weecday arrimaha bulshada ama siyaasadda sheeko-faneedkiisii xigay, ''Les Travailleurs de la Mer'' (''[[Toilers of the Sea]]''), oo la daabacay 1866. Weli, buugga si fiican ayaa loo soo dhaweeyay, malaha sababtoo ah guushii hore ee ''Les Misérables''. Waxaa loo hibeeyay jasiiradda marinka ee [[Guernsey]], halkaas oo uu ku qaatay shan iyo toban sano oo masaafuris ah, sheekada Hugo ee ku saabsan dagaalka ninka iyo badda iyo makhluuqaadka ku jira moolkeeda, waxay bilowday isbeddel aan caadi ahayn oo ka dhacay Paris: [[awaan|awaannada]]. Laga soo bilaabo suxuunta awaanka iyo bandhigyada, ilaa koofiyadaha awaanka iyo xafladaha, dadka reer Paris waxay aad u xiiseeyeen makhluuqaadkaas badda ee aan caadiga ahayn.<ref>{{cite book|title=Family guide : Paris.|date=2 April 2012|publisher=DK Pub.|location=London|isbn=9780756689568|pages=215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkT_9nZSJJEC&pg=PT215}}</ref> ​Hugo wuxuu dib ugu soo laabtay arrimaha siyaasadda iyo bulshada sheeko-faneedkiisii xigay, ''L'Homme Qui Rit'' (''[[The Man Who Laughs]]''), oo la daabacay 1869 uuna ku sawiray sawir naqdin leh oo ku saabsan dabaqadda sare (aristocracy). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sheeko-faneedku ma guulaysan sidii dadaalladiisii hore, Hugo laftiisuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka faalloodo fogaanta sii kordhaysa ee u dhaxaysa isaga iyo asxaabtiisa suugaaneed ee casriga ah sida [[Flaubert]] iyo [[Émile Zola]], kuwaas oo sheeko-faneedyadooda [[realism (literature)|xaqiiqada]] iyo [[naturalism (literature)|dabeecadda]] ku dhisnaa ay hadda ka sarreeyeen caannimada shaqadiisa. Sheeko-faneedkiisii ugu dambeeyay, ''Quatre-vingt-treize'' (''[[Ninety-Three]]''), oo la daabacay 1874, wuxuu ku saabsanaa mawduuc uu Hugo markii hore iska ilaalin jiray: [[Reign of Terror|Xilligii Argagaxa]] intii lagu jiray [[French Revolution|Kacaankii Faransiiska]]. ​==Nolosha siyaasadeed iyo masaafurinta== Ka dib saddex isku day oo aan guulaysan, Hugo waxaa ugu dambeyntii loo doortay [[Académie française]] sannadkii 1841, isagoo xaqiijiyay booskiisa adduunka farshaxanka iyo suugaanta Faransiiska. Koox aqoonyahanno Faransiis ah, gaar ahaan [[Etienne de Jouy]], ayaa la dagaallamayay "horumarka romaantiigga" waxayna ku guulaysteen inay dib u dhigaan doorashada Victor Hugo.<ref>On the role of E. de Jouy against V.Hugo, see ''Les aventures militaires, littéraires et autres de Etienne de Jouy de l'Académie française'' by Michel Faul (Editions Seguier, France, 2009 {{ISBN|978-2-84049-556-7}})</ref> Taas ka dib wuxuu si sii kordhaysa ugu lug yeeshay siyaasadda Faransiiska. Waxaa darajada sare ee peer-ka u dallacsiiyay Boqor [[Louis-Philippe]] 1841 wuxuuna galay Rugta Sare isagoo ah ''[[pair de France]]'', halkaas oo uu kaga hadlay ka soo horjeedka [[ciqaabta dilka]] iyo caddaalad-darrada bulshada, isagoo taageerayay [[xorriyadda saxaafadda]] iyo [[is-maamulka]] [[Poland]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sidoo kale noqonayay mid aad u taageera nidaamka dawladnimo ee Jamhuuriyadda, waxaana ka dib [[1848 Revolution|Kacaankii 1848]] iyo dhismihii [[French Second Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Labaad]], loo doortay Golaha Dastuuriga ah iyo Golaha Sharciga. ​Markii Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) uu qabsaday awoodda buuxda 1851, isagoo dhisay [[dastuur]] ka soo horjeeda [[baarlamaanka]], Hugo wuxuu si cad ugu dhawaaqay inuu yahay khaa'inul wadan u galay Faransiiska. Wuxuu u guuray [[Brussels]], ka dib [[Jersey]], ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu qoyskiisa kula deggay jasiiradda marinka ee [[Guernsey]] ee [[Hauteville House]], halkaas oo uu ku noolaa masaafuris ilaa 1870. ​Isagoo masaafur ku jira, Hugo wuxuu daabacay buug-yarayaashiisa siyaasadeed ee caanka ah ee ka dhanka ahaa Napoleon III, ''[[Napoléon le Petit]]'' iyo ''[[Histoire d'un crime]]''. Buug-yarayaashaas waa laga mamnuucay Faransiiska, laakiin haddana saameyn weyn ayay halkaas ku yeesheen. Wuxuu sidoo kale curiyay ama daabacay qaar ka mid ah shaqadiisii ugu wanaagsanayd intii uu joogay [[Guernsey]], oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Les Misérables]]'', iyo saddex ururin oo gabayo ah oo si weyn loo ammaanay (''[[Les Châtiments]]'', 1853; ''[[Les Contemplations]]'', 1856; iyo ''[[La Légende des siècles]]'', 1859). ​Wuxuu ku qanciyay dawladda [[Boqorad Victoria]] inay badbaadiyaan nolosha lix qof oo Irish ah oo lagu helay falal argagixisanimo, saamayntiisana waxaa loo aaneeyaa in ciqaabta dilka laga saaray dastuurrada [[Geneva]], [[Portugal]] iyo [[Colombia]].<ref>[http://expositions.bnf.fr/hugo/pedago/dossiers/mort/reperes/signe.htm Victor Hugo, l'homme océan]</ref> Wuxuu sidoo kale u duceeyay [[Benito Juarez]] inuu badbaadiyo boqorkii dhowaan la qabtay ee [[Maximilian I of Mexico]] laakiin waxba kama suuragelin. ​In kasta oo Napoleon III uu cafis u fidiyay dhammaan dadka siyaasadda u masaafuriyay 1859, Hugo wuxuu diiday, maadaama ay ka dhignaan lahayd inuu yareeyo naqdintiisa ku aadan dawladda. Waxay ahayd markii Napoleon III uu awoodda ka dhacay oo [[French Third Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Saddexaad]] lagu dhawaaqay in Hugo uu ugu dambeyntii ku laabtay dalkiisii hooyo 1870, halkaas oo isla markiiba loo doortay Golaha Qaranka iyo Senetka. ​Wuxuu joogay Paris intii lagu jiray go'doomintii ay ciidamada Prussian-ka ku hayeen 1870, isagoo caan ku ahaa cunista xayawaanka la siiyay ee ka yimid beerta xayawaanka ee Paris. Markii go'doomintu sii socotay, oo cuntadu ay sii yaraatay, wuxuu ku qoray xusuus-qorkiisa inuu ku khasbanaaday "cunista wax aan la garanayn". ​Sababtoo ah walaaca uu ka qabo xuquuqda farshaxannada iyo [[xuquuqda qoraalka]], wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan [[Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale]], taas oo keentay [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Heshiiskii Berne ee Ilaalinta Shaqooyinka Suugaanta iyo Farshaxanka]]. ​ ==Aragtida diimeed== Aragtida diimeed ee Hugo si xun ayay isu beddeshay intii ay noloshiisu socotay. Markii uu yaraa, wuxuu isu sheegi jiray inuu yahay [[Kaatoolig]] wuxuuna muujiyay ixtiraam loo hayo kala sarreynta iyo awoodda Kaniisadda. Halkaas wuxuu ka noqday Kaatoolig aan diinta ku dhaqmin, wuxuuna si sii kordhaysa u muujiyay aragtiyo ka soo horjeeda Kaatooligga. Wuxuu xiiso aan caadi ahayn u lahaa [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Ruuxi-nimada]] intii uu masaafurka ku jiray (halkaas oo uu sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay fadhiyada [[ruux-u-yeerista]]), sanadihii dambena wuxuu ku degay [[Rationalist]] [[Deism]] oo la mid ah kii uu u doodi jiray [[Voltaire]]. Qof dadka tirinaya ayaa weydiiyay Hugo 1872 haddii uu yahay Kaatoolig, wuxuuna ugu jawaabay, "Maya. Waxaan ahay [[Freethought|Mufakir xor ah]]". ​Hugo marna ma lumin nacaybkii uu u qabay [[Roman Catholic Church|Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Roomaanka]], taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay waxa uu u arkay inay tahay danayn la'aanta Kaniisadda ee dhibaatada dabaqadda shaqaysata ee ku hoos jirtay cadaadiska boqortooyada; iyo malaha sidoo kale sababtoo ah inta jeer ee shaqada Hugo ay ka soo muuqatay liiska Baapa-ha ee "[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|buugaagta mamnuuca ah]]" (Hugo wuxuu tiriyay 740 weerar oo lagu qaaday ''Les Misérables'' oo ku jiray saxaafadda Kaatooligga). Markii ay dhimanayeen wiilashiisa Charles iyo François-Victor, wuxuu ku adkaystay in lagu aaso iskutallaab ama wadaad la'aan, dardaarankiisana wuxuu ku daray isla shuruudaas dhimashadiisa iyo aaskiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo Hugo uu aaminsanaa in [[dogma]]-da Kaatooligga ay tahay mid duug ah oo dhimanaysa, marna si toos ah uma weerarin hay'adda lafteeda. ​[[Rationalism]]-ka Hugo waxaa laga heli karaa gabayada sida ''Torquemada'' (1869, oo ku saabsan [[xagjirnimada diinta]]), ''The Pope'' (1878, [[wadaad-diid]]), ''Religions and Religion'' (1880, oo diidaya waxtarka kaniisadaha) iyo, kuwii la daabacay geeridiisa ka dib, ''The End of Satan'' iyo ''God'' (1886 iyo 1891 siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo uu [[Masiixiyadda]] ugu matalay sidii makhluuqa griffin-ka ah uuna [[Rationalism]]-ka ugu matalay sidii malag). ​ ==Victor Hugo iyo muusikada== In kasta oo kartida badan ee Hugo aysan ku jirin awood muusik oo aan caadi ahayn, haddana wuxuu saameyn weyn ku yeeshay adduunka muusikada iyada oo loo marayo dhiirigelinta aan dhammaadka lahayn ee shaqadiisu u fidisay curiyayaasha qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad. Hugo laftiisu wuxuu si gaar ah ugu raaxaysan jiray muusikada [[Gluck]] iyo [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]] wuxuuna aad u la yaabay [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], si aan caadi ahaynna xilligiisii, wuxuu kaloo qaddarin jiray shaqooyinka curiyayaasha qarniyadii hore sida [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]] iyo [[Monteverdi]]. Laba fannaan oo caan ah qarnigii 19-aad waxay saaxiib la ahaayeen Hugo: [[Berlioz]] iyo [[Liszt]]. Kan dambe wuxuu Beethoven ku garaacay guriga Hugo, Hugona wuxuu ku kaftamay warqad uu u qoray saaxiibkii in mahadnaqa casharradii biyaano ee Liszt, uu bartay sida loo garaaco hees uu jecel yahay biyaanada – xitaa haddii ay tahay hal far oo qura! Hugo wuxuu sidoo kale la shaqeeyay curiyaha [[Louise Bertin]], isagoo u qoray libretto loogu talagalay opera-deedii 1836 ee ''La Esmeralda'' taas oo ku salaysnayd jilaagii ku jiray ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame''.<ref>“Hugo à l'Opéra”, ed. Arnaud Laster, L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208 (2002).</ref> In kasta oo sababo kala duwan awgood opera-du ay u xirantay waxyar ka dib bandhigeedii shanaad oo aan maanta si fiican loo aqoon, haddana waxay dhowaan helaysay soo noolayn, labadaba nooca riwaayadda biyaanada/heesta ah ee Liszt ee Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/cadrefrefigur07.htm |title=Cette page utilise des cadres |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508142413/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/cadrefrefigur07.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo nooca orkestrada buuxda ee lagu soo bandhigay bishii Luulyo 2008 ee Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com/2008/23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php |title=23 juillet - Festival Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc Roussillon - classique - concert - opéra La Esmeralda Louise Bertin - direction Lawrence Foster - Orchestre Nationa... |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154928/http://www.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com/2008/23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​In ka badan kun curis muusik ah ayaa laga dhiirigeliyay shaqooyinkii Hugo laga soo bilaabo 1800-yadii ilaa maanta. Gaar ahaan, riwaayadaha Hugo, kuwaas oo uu ku diiday xeerarkii masraxa caadiga ahaa isagoo doorbiday riwaayadda romaantiigga, waxay soo jiiteen xiisaha curiyayaal badan oo u habeeyay sidii opera. In ka badan boqol opera ayaa ku salaysan shaqooyinka Hugo waxaana ka mid ah [[Donizetti]]’s ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]'' (1833), [[Verdi]]’s ''[[Rigoletto]]'' (1851) iyo Ernani (1844), iyo [[Ponchielli]]’s ''[[La Gioconda]]'' (1876). Sheeko-faneedyada Hugo iyo sidoo kale riwaayadihiisa waxay u noqdeen isha dhiirigelinta weyn ee muusikiistayaasha, iyaga oo ku kiciyay inay abuuraan ma aha oo kaliya opera iyo ballet laakiin masrax muusik sida [[Notre Dame de Paris (musical)|Notre-Dame de Paris]] iyo tan weligeed caanka ah ee [[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]], oo ah masraxa muusikada ee ugu muddada dheer [[London]] ee [[West End theatre]]. Waxaa intaas dheer, gabayada quruxda badan ee Hugo waxay soo jiiteen xiiso aan caadi ahayn oo ay u qabaan muusikiistayaasha, melodies badan ayaana lagu saleeyay gabayadiisa oo ay curiyeen fannaaniin ay ka mid yihiin Berlioz, [[Bizet]], [[Fauré]], [[Franck]], [[Lalo]], Liszt, [[Massenet]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]], [[Rachmaninov]] iyo [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]].<ref>“Hugo et la musique” in Pleins feux sur Victor Hugo, Arnaud Laster, [[Comédie-Française]] (1981)</ref> ​Maanta, shaqada Hugo waxay sii wadataa inay kiciso muusikiistayaasha si ay u abuuraan curisyo cusub. Tusaale ahaan, sheeko-faneedkii Hugo ee ka dhanka ahaa ciqaabta dilka, The Last Day of a Condemned Man, ayaa dhowaan loo habeeyay sidii opera uu qoray David Alagna (libretto-na waxaa qoray Frédérico Alagna). Walaalkood, tenor-ka [[Roberto Alagna]], ayaa bandhiggii ugu horreeyay ee opera-da ku qabtay Paris xagaagii 2007 iyo mar kale bishii Febraayo 2008 ee Valencia isaga iyo Erwin Schrott iyadoo qayb ka ah Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/Programme2008.htm |title=Festival Victor Hugo & Egaux 2008 |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429182135/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/Programme2008.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gudaha Guernsey, labadii sanaba mar [http://www.vhfestival.com/ Victor Hugo International Music Festival] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vhfestival.com/ |date=20160613054712 }} wuxuu soo jiitaa muusikiistayaal fara badan iyo soo bandhigidda heeso si gaar ah looga codsaday [[Guillaume Connesson]] oo ku salaysan gabayada Hugo. ​ ==Sanadihii hoos u dhaca iyo geerida== Markii Hugo uu ku laabtay [[Paris]] 1870, dalku wuxuu u dabaaldegay sidii geesi qaran. In kasta oo uu caan ahaa, Hugo wuxuu ku guuldarraystay isku daygiisii ahaa in dib loogu doorto Golaha Qaranka 1872. Muddo kooban gudaheed, wuxuu la kulmay [[istaroog]] fudud, gabadhiisa Adèle oo la geeyay isbitaalka dadka dhimirka ka xanuunsan, iyo geerida labadiisa wiil. (Taariikh nololeedkii Adèle waxay dhiirigelisay filimka ''[[The Story of Adele H.]]'') Xaaskiisa Adèle waxay dhimatay 1868. Saaxiibtiisii aaminka ahayd, [[Juliette Drouet]], waxay dhimatay 1883, laba sano uun ka hor dhimashadiisa. In kasta oo uu lumiyay dadkiisii, Hugo wuxuu weli u hellanaa u-doodista isbeddelka siyaasadeed. 30kii Janaayo 1876 Hugo waxaa loo doortay Senetka cusub ee la dhisay. Wajigii ugu dambeeyay ee mustaqbalkiisa siyaasadeed waxaa loo arkaa mid fashilmay. Hugo wuxuu qaatay door ah qof iska madax bannaan (maverick) wax badanna kama uusan qaban Senetka. ​Bishii Febraayo 1881 Hugo wuxuu u dabaaldegay dhalashadiisa 79-aad. Si loo sharfo xaqiiqda ah inay u bilaabatay sannadkiisii siddeetanaad, mid ka mid ah abaal-marinnada ugu weyn ee loo sameeyo qoraa nool ayaa la qabtay. Dabaal-degyadu waxay bilowdeen 25-kii markii Hugo la guddoonsiiyay weelka Sèvres, oo ah hadiyadda dhaqanka u ah madaxda. 27-kii mid ka mid ah socodyadii ugu weynaa taariikhda Faransiiska ayaa la qabtay. Dadka soconayay waxay ka soo bilaabmeen Avenue d'Eylau, ilaa hoos ee [[Champs-Élysées]], iyo dhammaan jidka ilaa badhtamaha Paris. Dadka socday waxay socdeen lix saacadood si ay u ag maraan Hugo isagoo fadhiya daaqadda gurigiisa. Inji kasta iyo faahfaahin kasta oo dhacdadaas ka mid ah waxay ahayd mid Hugo loogu talagalay; hagayaashii rasmiga ahaa xitaa waxay xirnaayeen ubaxa cornflowers si loogu matalo heestii Cosette ee ''Les Misérables.'' ​Hugo wuxuu ku dhintay 22 May 1885 magaalada [[Paris]], [[France]] isagoo u dhintay caabuq, da'diisuna waxay ahayd 83 sano. Geeridiisu waxay dhalisay baroor-diiq qaran oo aad u xooggan. Looma arkayn oo keliya shaqsi ka dhex muuqda suugaanta, wuxuu ahaa nin dawladeed oo qaabeeyay [[French Third Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Saddexaad]] iyo [[dimuqraadiyadda]] Faransiiska. In ka badan laba milyan oo qof ayaa ku biiray socodkii aaskiisa ee [[Paris]] laga soo bilaabo [[Arc de Triomphe]] ilaa [[Panthéon]], halkaas oo lagu aasay. Wuxuu qabri kula wadaagaa gudaha Panthéon [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] iyo Émile Zola. Inta badan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Faransiiska waxay leeyihiin waddo loogu magac daray isaga. Waddada uu ku dhintay, ee Paris, hadda waxay sidataa magaciisa. ​ ==Sawirrada== Dad badan ma oga in Hugo uu ku dhowaad u farshaxan badnaa dhanka muuqaalka sidii uu u ahaa dhanka suugaanta, isagoo soo saaray in ka badan 4,000 oo sawir noloshiisa intii ay jirtay. Markii hore wuxuu u sameyn jiray sidii hiwaayad, sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu noqday mid muhiim u ah Hugo wax yar ka hor masaafurintiisa, markii uu qaatay go'aanka ah inuu joojiyo qoraalka si uu isugu dhiibo siyaasadda. Sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu noqday halka keliya ee uu ka soo saaro hal-abuurkiisa muddadii 1848-1851. ​Hugo wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray warqad keliya, iyo cabbir yar; badanaa wuxuu isticmaali jiray midabka bunni madow ama madow ee [[pen and ink|qalin-iyo-khad]], mararka qaarna wuxuu ku dari jiray taabasho cad, mar dhif ahna midab. Sawirradii ka haray waa kuwo si la yaab leh loo dhammaystiray oo "casri" ku ah qaabkooda iyo fulintooda, iyagoo sii odorosaya farsamooyinka tijaabada ah ee [[Surrealism]] iyo [[Abstract Expressionism]]. ​Kama labalabayn jirin inuu isticmaalo stencils-ka carruurtiisa, dhibcaha khadka, wasakhda, raadadka shalashka, "pliage" ama laablaabista, "grattage" ama xoqidda, isagoo inta badan isticmaali jiray dhuxusha ka timaada qoryaha kabriidka ama farahiisa beddelka qalinka ama buraashka. Mararka qaarna wuxuu xitaa ku dhex tuuri jiray kafee ama qiiq si uu u helo saamaynta uu rabo. Waxaa la sheegay in Hugo uu inta badan ku sawiri jiray gacantiisa bidix ama isagoo aan eegin bogga, ama inta lagu jiro fadhiyada [[ruux-u-yeerista]], si uu u galo [[maskaxda miyir-qabka ka hooseysa]], oo ah fikrad dhowaan ka dib uu caan ka dhigay [[Sigmund Freud]]. ​Hugo wuxuu farshaxankiisa ka qarin jiray indhaha dadweynaha, isagoo ka cabsanaya inay hadhayso shaqadiisa suugaanta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ku raaxaysan jiray inuu sawirradiisa la wadaago qoyskiisa iyo saaxiibadiisa, badanaa qaabka kaararka booqashada ee lagu sameeyay gacanta, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah hadiyad ahaan loo siiyay booqdayaasha markii uu ku jiray masaafurinta siyaasadeed. Qaar ka mid ah shaqadiisa waxaa la tusay, oo ay qaddariyeen, fannaaniintii xilligaas sida [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]] iyo [[Delacroix]]; kan dambe wuxuu muujiyay ra'yiga ah in haddii Hugo uu go'aansan lahaa inuu noqdo rinjiye halkii uu qoraa ka noqon lahaa, uu ka dhex muuqan lahaa fannaaniinta qarnigooda. ​'''Sawirada:''' <gallery perrow="5"> File:Victor_Hugo-Setting_Sun.jpg|''Crépuscule'' ("Gadh-madoobaad"), Jersey, 1853-1855. File:Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg|''Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown'', 1847. File:Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg|''Pieuvre avec les initales V.H.'', ("Awaan leh xarfaha hore ee V.H."), 1866. File:Le Rocher de l'Ermitage.jpg|''Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire'' ("Dhagaxa Ermitage ee muuqaal khayaali ah") File:Hugo.jpg|''Le phare'' ("Guriga iftiinka/Laydhka badda") </gallery> ​ ==Xusuus-qoryada== ​ Dadka dega [[Guernsey]] waxay ka dhisneen taalada Candie Gardens ([[St. Peter Port]]) si ay u xusuustaan joogitaankiisii jasiiradaha. [[Paris|Magaalada Paris]] waxay ilaalisay hoygiisii [[Hauteville House]], [[Guernsey]] iyo 6, Place des Vosges sidii matxafyo. Gurigii uu degganaa ee [[Vianden]], Luxembourg, sannadkii 1871 isna wuxuu noqday matxaf. ​Hugo waxaa loo weyneeyaa sidii [[awliyo]] ahaan diinta dadka reer [[Vietnam]] ee [[Cao Dai]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/caodaism.htm| title=Caodaism : A Vietnamese centred religion| accessdate=2009-05-08| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68cxB3kTt?url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/caodaism.htm| archivedate=2012-06-23| url-status=live}}</ref> ​Waddada [[Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)|Avenue Victor-Hugo]] ee ku taal degmada [[Paris 16e|XVIème]] ee Paris waxay sidataa magaca Hugo, waxayna isku xirtaa Place de l'Étoile iyo agagaarka [[Bois de Boulogne]] iyadoo sii marta Place Victor-Hugo. Fagaarahan waxaa u adeega [[Paris Métro]] [[Victor Hugo (Paris Métro)|istaag]] isna loogu magac daray isaga. Tiro waddooyin iyo jidad ah oo ku yaal Faransiiska oo dhan ayaa sidoo kale loogu magac daray isaga. Iskuulka Lycée Victor Hugo waxaa laga aasaasay magaaladii uu ku dhashay ee [[Besançon]] ee Faransiiska. Avenue Victor-Hugo, oo ku taal [[Shawinigan]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], waxaa loogu magac daray in lagu sharfo isaga. ​Magaalada [[Avellino]], ee [[Italy]], Victor Hugo wuxuu si kooban u joogay waxa hadda loo yaqaanno Il Palazzo Culturale, markii uu la midoobayay aabbihiis, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, sannadkii 1808. Victor wuxuu hadhow ka qori lahaa joogitaankiisii koobnaa ee halkaas isagoo soo xiganaya "C’était un palais de marbre...". Magaalada [[Edinburgh]], ee [[Scotland]] waxaa ku yaal dukaan raashinka fudud (delicatessen) oo loo bixiyay Victor Hugo Delicatessen, waxaa markii hore maamuli jiray lamaane Faransiis ah laakiin waxaa la iibsaday 2005. Dukaanku wuxuu ku yaal Melville Terrace, isagoo eegaya seeraha (meadows) kuna dhow kuleejka degaanka ee [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Sciennes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.victorhugodeli.com/index.html |title=Victor@Teyon'sHugoDeli.com |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2010-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306024506/http://www.victorhugodeli.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​ ==Shaqooyinka== ===Kuwa la daabacay intii uu Hugo noolaa=== ​ ''[[Odes et poésies diverses]]'' (1822) ​''[[Odes (Hugo)]]'' (1823) ​''[[Han d'Islande]]'' (1823) (''Hans of Iceland'') ​''[[Nouvelles Odes]]'' (1824) ​''[[Bug-Jargal]]'' (1826) ​''[[Nils Gunnar Lie's history]]'' (1826) ​''[[Odes et Ballades]]'' (1826) ​''[[Cromwell (play)|Cromwell]]'' (1827) ​''[[Les Orientales]]'' (1829) ​''Le Dernier jour d'un condamné'' (1829) (''[[The Last Day of a Condemned Man]]'') ​''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]'' (1830) ​''Notre-Dame de Paris'' (1831), (''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'') ​''[[Marion Delorme (Hugo)|Marion Delorme]]'' (1831) ​''[[Les Leaves d'automne]]'' (1831) ​''[[Le roi s'amuse]]'' (1832) ​''[[Lucrèce Borgia]]'' (1833) (''[[Lucretia Borgia]]'') ​''[[Marie Tudor]]'' (1833) ​''[[Littérature et philosophie mêlées]]'' (1834) ​''[[Claude Gueux]]'' (1834) ​''[[Angelo (play)|Angelo, tyran de padoue]]'' (1835) ​''[[Les Chants du crépuscule]]'' (1835) ​''[[La Esmeralda (only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself)]]'' (1836) ​''[[Les Voix intérieures]]'' (1837) ​''[[Ruy Blas]]'' (1838) ​''[[Les Rayons et les ombres]]'' (1840) ​''[[Le Rhin]]'' (1842) ​''[[Les Burgraves]]'' (1843) ​''[[Napoléon le Petit]]'' (1852) ​''[[Les Châtiments]]'' (1853) ​''[[Les Contemplations]]'' (1856) ​''[[Les TRYNE]]'' (1856) ​''[[La Légende des siècles]]'' (1859) ​''[[Les Misérables]]'' (1862) ​''[[William Shakespeare (essay)|William Shakespeare]]'' (1864) ​''[[Les Chansons des rues et des bois]]'' (1865) ​''Les Travailleurs de la Mer'' (1866), (''[[Toilers of the Sea]]'') ​''[[La voix de Guernsey]]'' (1867) ​''L'Homme qui rit'' (1869), (''[[The Man Who Laughs]]'') ​''[[L'Année terrible]]'' (1872) ​''[[Quatrevingt-treize]]'' (''[[Ninety-Three]]'') (1874) ​''[[Mes Fils]]'' (1874) ​''[[Actes et paroles]] — [[Avant l'exil]]'' (1875) ​''Actes et paroles - [[Pendant l'exil]]'' (1875) ​''Actes et paroles - [[Depuis l'exil]]'' (1876) ​''La Légende des Siècles 2e série'' (1877) ​''[[L'Art d'être grand-père]]'' (1877) ​''[[Histoire d'un crime]]'' 1re partie (1877) ​''Histoire d'un crime'' 2e partie (1878) ​''[[Le Pape]]'' (1878) ​''[[La pitié suprême]]'' (1879) ​''[[Religions et religion]]'' (1880) ​''[[L'Âne]]'' (1880) ​''[[Les Quatres vents de l'esprit]]'' (1881) ​''[[Torquemada (play)|Torquemada]]'' (1882) ​''La Légende des siècles'' Tome III (1883) ​''[[L'Archipel de la Manche]]'' (1883) ​'''[[Poems of Victor Hugo]]''' ​===Kuwa la daabacay Hugo geeridiisa ka dib=== ​''Théâtre en liberté'' (1886) ​''[[La fin de Satan]]'' (1886) ​''Choses vues'' (1887) ​''Toute la lyre'' (1888) ​''Amy Robsart'' (1889) ​''Les Jumeaux'' (1889) ​''Actes et Paroles'' Depuis l'exil, 1876-1885 (1889) ​''Alpes et Pyrénées'' (1890) ​''Dieu'' (1891) ​''France et Belgique'' (1892) ​''Toute la lyre - dernière série'' (1893) ​''Les fromages'' (1895) ​''Correspondences - Tome I'' (1896) ​''Correspondences - Tome II'' (1898) ​''Les années funestes'' (1898) ​''Choses vues - nouvelle série'' (1900) ​''Post-scriptum de ma vie'' (1901) ​''Dernière Gerbe'' (1902) ​''Mille francs de récompense'' (1934) ​''Océan. Tas de pierres'' (1942) ​''L'Intervention'' (1951) ​[[Conversations with Eternity]] ​ ===Qoraallada online-ka ah=== ​[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Avictor%20hugo%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo] ee [[Internet Archive]] ​[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Hugo%2c%20Victor Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo] ee [[The Online Books Page]] ​[http://www.ellopos.net/politics/eu_hugo.html Khudbadaha siyaasadeed ee Victor Hugo: Aargoosigaygu waa Walaalnimo!] ​[http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo/vhpoetry/ Gabayada la doortay] ​[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EUhugo.htm Taariikh nololeedka iyo khudbadii 1851] ​[https://books.google.com/books?id=xREYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA207 Wararka geerida] ee ''[[The Times]]'' ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​ ===Tixraacyada online-ka ah=== ​ Afran, Charles (1997). [http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”]. Mareegta: Discover France. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia'', 1997, v.9.0.1.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo001.html “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 11–13.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135319/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo006.html “Hernani”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20–23.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo005.html “Hugo’s Cromwell”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 18–19.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bittleston, Misha (taariikh la'aan). [http://www.mishabittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/ "Drawings of Victor Hugo"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mishabittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/ |date=20100322220758 }}. Mareegta: Misha Bittleston. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Burnham, I.G. (1896). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo008.html “Amy Robsart”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''Victor Hugo: Dramas''. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp. 203–6, 401-2.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001-05). [http://aol.bartleby.com/65/hu/Hugo-Vic.html “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte”]. Mareegta: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Haine, W. Scott (1997). [http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm “Victor Hugo”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm |date=20080411025136 }}. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Mareegta: Ohio University. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Illi, Peter (2001-2004). [http://www.hugo-online.org/050000.htm “Victor Hugo: Plays”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hugo-online.org/050000.htm |date=20090415135602 }}. Mareegta: The Victor Hugo Website. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Karlins, N.F. (1998). [http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/karlins/karlins5-5-98.asp "Octopus With the Initials V.H."] Mareegta: ArtNet. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Liukkonen, Petri (2000). [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vhugo.htm “Victor Hugo (1802-1885)”]. Books and Writers. Mareegta: Pegasos: A Literature Related Resource Site. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060508103328/http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0226almanac.htm “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Robb, Graham (1997). [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robb-hugo.html “A Sabre in the Night”]. Mareegta: New York Times (Books). (Laga soo qaatay Graham, Robb (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Roche, Isabel (2005). [http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=30497 “Victor Hugo: Biography”]. Meet the Writers. Mareegta: [[Barnes & Noble]]. (Laga soo qaatay Barnes & Noble Classics daabacaadda ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'', 2005.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EUhugo.htm “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: Spartacus Educational. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2004/09/20/victor_hugo_timeline_feature.shtml “Timeline of Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: BBC. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. (2000-2005). [http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/ “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: The Literature Network. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. [http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm "Hugo Caricature"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm |date=20020128084404 }}. Mareegta: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​ ==Akhris dheeraad ah== ​ Barbou, Alfred (1882). ''Victor Hugo and His Times''. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). ''Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader''. New Haven, CT: [[Yale University Press]]. ​Brombert, Victor H. (1984). ''Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel''. Boston: [[Harvard University Press]]. ​Davidson, A.F. (1912). ''Victor Hugo: His Life and Work''. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). ''Adele Hugo: La Miserable''. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. ​Falkayn, David (2001). ''Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo''. University Press of the Pacific. ​[[Feller, Martin]], ''Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland.'' Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg 1988. ​Frey, John Andrew (1999). ''A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Press. ​Grant, Elliot (1946). ''The Career of Victor Hugo''. [[Harvard University Press]]. Gebi ahaanba waa dhammaaday. ​Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). ''Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama''. [[University of Toronto Press]]. ​Hart, Simon Allen (2004). ''Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo.'' Publish American. ​Houston, John Porter (1975). ''Victor Hugo''. New York: Twayne Publishers. ​Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), ''Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil''. Paris: Fayard. ​Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), ''Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I''. Paris: Fayard. ​Ireson, J.C. (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry''. Clarendon Press. ​Laster, Arnaud (2002). ''Hugo à l'Opéra''. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208. ​Maurois, Andre (1956). ''Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo''. New York: Harper & Brothers. ​Maurois, Andre (1966). ''Victor Hugo and His World''. London: Thames and Hudson. Gebi ahaanba waa dhammaaday. ​Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992). ''Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée''. Paris: Fayard. ​Robb, Graham (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) ''Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'' Paris, Editions Arléa {{ISBN|978-2-86959-795-2}} ​ ==Mareegaha kale== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Victor Hugo}} ​[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 Faransiiska Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 |date=20170329135841 }} ​[http://www.victorhugo.gg Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Guernsey ee Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.gg/ |date=20080408091638 }} ​[http://www.vhfestival.com Guernsey’s Victor Hugo International Music Festival] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vhfestival.com/ |date=20160613054712 }} ​[http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo Victor Hugo Central] ​[http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT187.HTM Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo]: qoraalka, iswaafajinta iyo liisaska inta jeer ee la isticmaalo ​[http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gill/galleries/html/1867_0519_hugo.html 1867 Sawir-gacmeedka Victor Hugo ee André Gill] ​[http://www.3dsrc.com/victorhugo/ Victor Hugo le dessinateur] ​[http://uclue.com/?xq=924 Turjumaadda qoraalka Victor Hugo ee laga helay "Hunchback of Notre Dame," daabacaadda Faransiiska] {{Wayback|url=http://uclue.com/?xq=924 |date=20170328105055 }} ​[http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2009/06/victor-hugo-at-dawn-tomorrow-from.html Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's ''At Dawn Tomorrow'' (''Demain, dès l'aube'')] ​[http://www.consolatio.com/2005/02/tomorrow_as_soo.html Turjumaad kale oo Ingiriisi ah ee ''Demain, dès l'aube''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consolatio.com/2005/02/tomorrow_as_soo.html |date=20100115044313 }} ​[http://www.consolatio.com/2005/01/at_villequier.html Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's ''A Villequier''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consolatio.com/2005/01/at_villequier.html |date=20090305031141 }} ​[http://www.consolatio.com/2005/04/oh_i_was_like_a.html Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's ''Oh ! je fus comme fou dans le premier moment'' ('Oh! Waxaan ahaa sidii nin waalan daqiiqaddii ugu horreysay') ee ku saabsan dhimashadii gabadhiisa Léopoldine]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ​[http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Société des Amis de Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ |date=20080411175635 }} ​[http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/ Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux] ​[http://soviet-empire.politicsforum.org/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=118&t=47140 Turjumaadda Halyeeyga Victor Hugo ee Paul Lafargue]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ​{{S-start}}{{succession box| title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 14|Kursiga 14aad]] [[Académie française]] | years=1841–1885 | before= [[Népomucène Lemercier]] | after= [[Charles Leconte de Lisle]] }} {{End}} ​{{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Victor}} 3z5gakjyzzmwd2k69uwilrs4ropz9pd 0 47796 310152 305887 2026-10-11T00:07:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adrien Deschryver | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|5|11}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kahuzibieganationalpark.org/|title=Bogga Hore ee Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi Biega|date=|access-date=10 October 2018|publisher=Kahuzi Biega National Park|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903055044/https://www.kahuzibieganationalpark.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Bruges]], Biljam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-de-schryver/I73709.php|title=Xogta shakhsiyeed ee Adrien Deschryver|date=|access-date=10 October 2018|publisher=Genealogie Online|archive-date=10 Bisha Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095942/https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-de-schryver/I73709.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|1989|3|23|1939|5|11}} | years_active = | occupation = Ilaaliye dabeecadeed, sawirqaade | party = | spouse = Agnes Bujiriri M'Rwankuba }} '''Adrien Deschryver''' ({{Birth date|1939|5|11}} – {{death date|1989|3|23}}) wuxuu ahaa sawirqaade iyo ilaaliye dabeecadeed u dhashay Biljam, kaas oo aasaasay isla markaana ahaa madaxa ilaalada [[Kahuzi-Biega National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi-Biega]] oo u dhow xeebta galbeed ee [[Harada Kivu]] iyo xadka [[Rwanda]] sanadkii 1970,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/|title=Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi Biega|date=|access-date=30 August 2018|publisher=Mammoth Safaris|archive-date=16 Bisha Sideedaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816101853/http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wuxuuna u dhaqmay sidii uu u ilaalin lahaa sharciga iyo kala dambeynta gudaha beerta intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee agagaarka [[Bukavu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PH61U7seLKgC&dq=how+did+Adrien+Deschryver+died&pg=PA184 |title=In the Kingdom of Gorillas: The Quest to Save Rwanda's Mountain Gorillas |last2=Weber |first2=William |last3=Vedder |first3=Amy |date=2002-12-03 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-0007-3 |language=en}}</ref> == Shaqada Afrika == === Shaqadii hore ee gorillada === Sannadihii 1960-meeyadii, Deschryver iyo [[Dian Fossey]] waxay sumcad badan ku heleen habkooda ku aaddan laba nooc oo gorillo ah oo ku nool Rwanda iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]]. Kii hore wuxuu bilaabay inuu u dhawaado gorillada bartamihii 1960-meeyadii si uu u horumariyo dalxiiska, waxaana weheliyay laba raad-raac oo ka tirsan qabiilka Pygmiga, Pili Pili Purusi iyo Mishebere Patrice.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnwvTXEMFM0C&q=Adrien+Deschryver&pg=PA930|title=The Wandering Gorillas|date= 14 June 1979 |access-date= 30 August 2018|publisher=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/history/articles-history/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/|title=Sheekada laba halyeey oo ku takhasusay la qabsashada gorillada bari|date= |access-date= 30 August 2018|publisher=Berggorilla and Regenwald}}</ref> === Abuurista iyo shaqada Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi-Biega === Sannadkii 1970, Deschryver wuxuu ku qanciyay maamulkii Kongo ee dhawaan la aasaasay baahida loo qabo kayd dabiici ah oo la ballaariyay oo gobolka ah, maadaama ugaarsiga gorilladu uu tiradooda hoos u dhigay heer khatar ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klawitter |first=Nils |date=2017-11-01 |title=Dilalka ka dhaca beerta Kongo ayaa su'aalo ka keenaya ilaalinta dabeecadda |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/killing-in-park-in-congo-raises-questions-about-conservation-a-1175574.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> Tani waxay horseedday abuurista sanadkaas ee [[Kahuzi-Biega National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi-Biega]]. Filimkii dokumenteriga ahaa ee 1974 ''Gorilla'' wuxuu muujiyay Deschryver oo keenaya gorillo dhallaanka ah oo la dayacay kaynta si uu uga caawiyo la qabsiga deegaankiisii dabiiciga ahaa. Gorilladii dhallaanka ahayd waxay bilowday inay qayliso markay maqashay gorillo kale, ka dibna Deschryver ayaa dhigay markii gorillada [[silverback]] ee ugu awoodda badan ay dhowr jeer si gardarro ah ugu qaylisay oo ay ugu dambeyntii hal mar ku soo orday. Silverback-kii wuxuu horey isugu dayay inuu weeraro ama argagax geliyo Deschryver, laakiin ugu dambeyntii wuu dib u gurtey markii Deschryver uusan dhaqaaqin ama baqin. Muuqaalka Deschryver ee iska caabiyay weerarkii silverback-ga ayaa tan iyo markaas noqday [[viral video|viral]], iyadoo ay jiraan memes ku saabsan geesinimada Deschryver. Qaar kale waxay xuseen in muuqaalku uu muujinayo sida dabeecadda iyo cabsila'aantu ay u dhisi karaan awood ka sarreysa cabbirka iyo xoogga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://petapixel.com/2012/10/12/why-photographing-gorillas-in-the-wild-takes-a-huge-amount-of-guts/|title=Waa maxay sababta sawir-qaadista gorillada duurjoogta ah ay u baahan tahay geesinimo badan|date= 12 October 2012 |access-date=30 August 2018|publisher=PetaPixel}}</ref> Dian Fossey ayaa ku dhaliishay Deschryver falkan iyo inuu si fudud u cararay ka dib. Waxay sheegtay in gorilladii dhallaanka ahayd aan waligeed la arkin mar dambe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fowler |first=John |author-link= |title=A Forest in the Clouds: My Year Among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey |year=2019 |url=https://archive.org/details/forestincloudsmy0000fowl_n0a6|location= |publisher=Pegasus Books |page= |isbn=978-1643131412}}</ref> Deschryver wuxuu aqoonsaday deegaannada gorillada bannaanka bari ka dib markii uu la tashaday tuulada [[Twa]] ee beerta dhexdeeda horraantii 1970-meeyadii. Bartamihii 1970-meeyadii, wuxuu ugu soo laabtay tuuladooda isaga oo wata [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|ciidammada Kongo]] iyo ilaalada beerta, isagoo burburiyay dhowr ka mid ah oo si xoog ah u barakiciyay dadkii degganaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220408-ngo-recounts-horrors-of-drc-indigenous-batwa-being-wiped-out-in-the-name-of-conservation/|title=Dadka asaliga ah ee Batwa ee DRC ayaa lagu tirtirayaa magaca ilaalinta dabeecadda: NGO|date= |access-date= 25 June 2023|publisher=RFI}}</ref> Deschryver wuxuu ku dhintay xaalado aan caddayn, suurtagalnimada in la sumeeyay,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=James L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJT7OMAOOXQC&dq=how+did+Adrien+Deschryver+died&pg=PA106 |title=Encountering Gorillas: A Chronicle of Discovery, Exploitation, Understanding, and Survival |date=2013-07-05 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-1957-1 |language=en}}</ref> waxaana lagu aasay xarunta Tshivanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheekada laba halyeey oo ku takhasusay la qabsashada gorillada bari |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{IMDb name|2464877}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deschryver, Adrien}} gd991vpul506smn21t3lksyx4aebam8 0 48413 310167 300413 2026-10-11T09:37:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luenha Mazowe OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Gairezi ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Luenha (hoos midig)]] == Dulmar == '''Webiga Gairezi''' wuxuu ka bilaawdaa jiirada buurta ugu dheer [[Zimbabwe]], oo ah {{convert|2592|m|adj=on}} [[Mount Nyangani|Buurta Nyangani]], wuxuuna ku yaal bariga Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nyanga Rural District Council|url=http://www.nyangardc.org/tourism.php|access-date=2021-02-15|website=nyangardc.org}} {{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sida uu ugu qulqulo dhanka waqooyi asaga oo ka gelaya [[Eastern Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Bari]], uuna dhererkiisu ka badan yahay {{convert|60|km}}, wuxuu intaa ka dib samaynayaa xadka u dhexeeya Zimbabwe iyo [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Webiyada [[Mazowe River|Mazowe]] iyo [[Zambezi]]—iyo sidoo kale Webiga Luenha, oo ah laan ka mid ah Zambezi—qiyaastii {{convert|160|km}} koraan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=The Gairezi River area, Nyanga|url=https://patchzimbabwe.wordpress.com/articles/homes-magazine/the-gairezi-river-area-nyanga/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Patch's personal Blog|language=en}}</ref> Gairezi wuxuu dhex maraa [[Nyanga, Zimbabwe|Nyanga]], oo ah magaalo ku taal Gobolka [[Manicaland Province|Manicaland]] ee Zimbabwe. == Tixraacyo == <references /> jt0453rf9u493rlipsmnxa4bc7zu1py 0 49823 310165 306121 2026-10-11T09:11:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 310165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afrikada Faransiiska''' waxaa ku jira dhammaan dhulalkii taariikhiga ahaa ee uu Faransiisku ku lahaa qaaradda Afrika. [[File:Colonization 1945 Spanish script.png|thumb|right|400px|Map showing French colonies, protectorates and mandates (in blue) in Africa in 1945; namely French Equatorial Africa, French North Africa, French Somaliland, Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory iyo French West Africa. Along with former Belgian colonies (shown in light blue), these areas today make up the bulk of francophone Africa. ]] ==Meeleaha uu Faransiisku ku lahaa Afrika== [[Image:Map of Africa (2674833839).jpg|thumb|right|Map of French colonies in Africa (in green), {{Circa|1922}}]] {{Further|Françafrique|Scramble for Africa}} ===Afrikada Waqooyi ee Faransiiska=== {{main|French North Africa}} * Masar (1798–1801) * Aljeeriya (1830–1962) * Tunisiya (1881–1956) * Marooko (1912–1956) * Fezzan-Ghadames (1943–1951) ===Afrikada Galbeed ee Faransiiska=== {{main|French West Africa}} * Xeebta foolmaroodiga (1843–1960) * Doxomeey ama Doxomeeyda Faransiiska (hadda Biniin) (1883–1960) ** Madax-bannaanida Doxomeey, iyadoo hoostegaysa ilaalinta Faransiiska 1889 ** Porto-Novo (ilaalin) (1863–1865, 1882) ** Cotonou (ilaalin) (1868) * Suudaanta Faransiiska (hadda Maali) (1883–1960) ** Senegambiya iyo Nayjar (1902–1904) ** Senegambiya iyo Nayjar (1902–1904) * Gini ama Giniyada Faransiiska (1891–1958) * Muritaaniya (1902–1900) ** Imaraadki Adrar (ilaalin) (1909) ** Imaraadki konfederashanka Taganit (ilaalin) (1905) ** Imaraadki Brakna (ilaalin) ** Imaraadki Trarza (ilaalin) (1902) * Nayjar (1890–1960) ** Suldaanadii Damagaram (Zinder) (ilaalin) (1899) * Sinigaal (1677–1960) * Volta Sare ee Faransiiska (hadda Burkiina Faaso) (1896–1960) * Togolandda Faransiiska (1918–1960) (oo hore u ahayd gumaysi Jarmal, maamulkii Isbahaysiga Quruumaha ee u guntaday Faransiiska) (hadda Togo) * Nayjeeriya ** Dhulalka Forcados iyo Badjibo (dhul kireysnaa 30 sano) (1900–1927) ** Imaraadki Muri (Waqooyi-bari ee Nayjeeriya) (1892–1893) * Gambiya ** Albreda (1681–1857) ** Jasiirada Kunta Kinteh (1695–1697, 1702) ===Afrikada Dhexe ee Faransiiska=== {{main|French Equatorial Africa}} * Tjaad (1900–1960) * Oubangui-Chari (hadda Jamhuuriyadda Afrika Dhexe) (1905–1960) ** Dar al Kuti (ilaalin) (1897) (1912 suldaanaddeedii waxaa baabi'iyay Faransiiska) ** Suldaanadii Bangassou (ilaalin) (1894) * Jamhuuriyadda Kongada Maanta, xilligaas Kongo tii Faransiiska (1875–1960) * Gabon (1839–1960) * Kaameruunta Faransiiska (91% ka mid ah Kaameruunta maanta) (1918–1960) (oo hore u ahayd gumaysi Jarmal, Maamul-wadaag, Ilaalin ka dibna Gumaysi Faransiis) * São Tomé iyo Príncipe (1709) ===Afrikada Bari iyo Badweynta Hindiya=== * Madagaskar (1896–1960) ** Boqortooyadii Imerina (ilaalin) (1896) * Isle de France (1715–1810) (hadda Mawrishiyas) * Jabuuti (Dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) (Dhulka Faransiiska ee Afarta iyo Ciise) (Soomaalilaanta Faransiiska) (1862–1977) * Masartii Faransiiska (1798–1801, 1858–1882, 1956) * Mayotte (1841–hadda) * Seyshelles (1756–1810) * Jasiiradaha Chagos (1721–1745, 1768–1814) * Jasiiradaha Kala Fidsan (Banc du Geyser, Bassas da India, Jasiiradda Europa, Jasiiradda Juan de Nova, Jasiiradaha Glorioso, Jasiiradda Tromelin) * Komoros (1866–1975) * Réunion (1710–hadda) ==Eeg sidoo kale== * Gumaysigii Faransiiska * Taariikhda Afrika * Dhulalka Dibadda ee Faransiiska * Qaybsashadii Afrika ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Akwro dheeraad ah== * Langley, Michael. "Bizerta to the Bight: The French in Africa." ''History Today.'' (Oct 1972), pp 733–739. covers 1798 to 1900. * Hutton, Patrick H. ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940'' (2 vol 1986) * Northcutt, Wayne, ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946– 1991'' (1992) * Singh, Gurjit. "France in Africa: Trying a youthful look, Gateway House, 21 October 2021" [https://www.gatewayhouse.in/france-africa-youthful-look/ online]; Available at SSRN ===Siyasadda iyo Gumaysiga=== * Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) * Baumgart, Winfried. ''Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914'' (1982) * Betts, Raymond. ''Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire'' (1978), 174pp * Betts, Raymond. ''Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Assimilation-Association-French-Colonial-1890-1914/dp/0803262477/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|author=Chafer, Tony |title=The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GseKljgaW0C|year=2002|publisher=Berg|isbn=9781859735572}} * Clayton, Anthony. ''The Wars of French Decolonization'' (1995) * Cogneau, Denis, et al. "Taxation in Africa from Colonial Times to Present Evidence from former French colonies 1900-2018." (2021): [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03420664/document online] * Conklin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930'' (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172230/https://www.questia.com/library/65667984/a-mission-to-civilize-the-republican-idea-of-empire online] * Evans, Martin. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon." in Martin S. Alexander, ed., ''French History since Napoleon'' (1999) pp: 391–415. * Gamble, Harry. ''Contesting French West Africa: Battles over Schools and the Colonial Order, 1900–1950'' (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. [https://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53876 online review] * Jennings, Eric T. ''Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina'' (2010). * Lawrence, Adria. ''Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism: anti-colonial protest in the French empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013). * {{cite journal |first1=C. W. |last1=Newbury |first2=A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |title=French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1969_10_2/page/253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1969 |pages=253–276 |jstor=179514 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700009518 |s2cid=162656377 }}. * Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998) * Manning, Patrick. ''Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995'' (Cambridge UP, 1998). * Neres, Philip. ''French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence'' (1962) * Priestley, Herbert Ingram. ''France overseas: a study of modern imperialism'' (1938) 464pp. * Quinn, Frederick. ''The French Overseas Empire'' (2000) * {{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Pakenham |title=The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake |url-access=registration |year=1991 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-51576-2}}. * Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., ''A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires'' (Edinburgh UP, 2008), [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/ excerpt] also [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6vw entire text online] * {{cite book | last=Petringa | first=Maria | title=Brazzà, a life for Africa | publisher=AuthorHouse | publication-place=Bloomington, IN | date=2006 | isbn=1-4259-1198-6 | oclc=74651678}} * Priestley, Herbert Ingram. (1938) ''France overseas;: A study of modern imperialism'' 463pp; encyclopedic coverage as of late 1930s * Roberts, Stephen H. ''History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925)'' (2 vol 1929) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84402 vol 1 online] also [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89866 vol 2 online]; Comprehensive scholarly history * {{cite book |first=Spencer |last=Segalla |title=The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956|year=2009 |location=Lincoln|publisher=Nebraska UP|isbn=978-0-8032-1778-2}}. * Strother, Christian. "Waging War on Mosquitoes: Scientific Research and the Formation of Mosquito Brigades in French West Africa, 1899–1920." ''Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences'' (2016): jrw005. * Thomas, Martin. ''The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society'' (2007) covers 1919–1939 * Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford UP, 1958). * Wesseling, H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.) * Wesseling, H.L. ''The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919'' (Routledge, 2015). ===Xorriyad-siinta=== * Betts, Raymond F. ''Decolonization'' (2nd ed. 2004) * Betts, Raymond F. ''France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960'' (1991) * Chafer, Tony. ''The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002). * Chamberlain, Muriel E. ed. ''Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century'' (Routledge, 2014) * Clayton, Anthony. ''The wars of French decolonization'' (Routledge, 2014). * Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation." ''Critical Inquiry'' (2014) 40#4 pp: 466–478. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676416 in JSTOR] * Ikeda, Ryo. ''The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) * Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. ''Decolonization: A Short History'' (Princeton UP, 2017). [https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10963.html online] * Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 42#5 (2014): 787–825. * Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews] * McDougall, James. "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962," ''The Journal of Modern History'' 89#4 (December 2017) pp 772–811 [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694427 excerpt] * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memories-Post-Imperial-Nations-Aftermath-Decolonization/dp/1107102294/ excerpt]; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''The Routledge companion to decolonization'' (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp * Shepard, Todd. ''The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France'' (2006) * Simpson, Alfred William Brian. ''Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention'' (Oxford University Press, 2004). * Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' (1978) 20#1 pp: 70–102. [http://w3.salemstate.edu/~cmauriello/pdfEuropean/Smith%20Compartive%20French%20and%20British%20Decolonization.pdf online] {{Wayback|url=http://w3.salemstate.edu/~cmauriello/pdfEuropean/Smith%20Compartive%20French%20and%20British%20Decolonization.pdf |date=20150614085733 }} * Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1974): 217–247. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260298 in JSTOR] * Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. ''Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015) * Von Albertini, Rudolf. ''Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960'' (Doubleday, 1971), scholarly analysis of French policies, pp 265–469.. ===Sawirada iyo saamaynta ay ku leedahay Faransiiska=== * Andrew, Christopher M., and Alexander Sydney Kanya-Forstner. "France, Africa, and the First World War." ''Journal of African History'' 19.1 (1978): 11–23. * {{cite journal |first1=C. M. |last1=Andrew |first2=A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |title=French Business and the French Colonialists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1976-12_19_4/page/981 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |year=1976 |pages=981–1000 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00010803|s2cid=159812995 }}. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638246 online] * Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914." ''Historical Journal'' 14#1 (1971): 99–128. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637903 online]. * August, Thomas G. ''The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890–1940'' (1985) * Chafer, Tony, and Amanda Sackur. ''Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France'' (2002) * {{cite journal |first=Vincent |last=Confer |title=French Colonial Ideas before 1789 |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1964 |pages=338–359 |doi=10.2307/285947|jstor=285947 }}. * Conkin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930'' (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172230/https://www.questia.com/library/65667984/a-mission-to-civilize-the-republican-idea-of-empire online] * Dobie, Madeleine. ''Trading Places: Colonization & Slavery in 18th-Century French Culture'' (2010) * {{cite journal |first=Guy |last=Martin |title=The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1985-06_23_2/page/189 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=1985 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00000148|s2cid=154727976 }}. * Rosenblum, Mort. ''Mission to Civilize: The French Way'' (1986) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-05-bk-2118-story.html online review] * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memories-Post-Imperial-Nations-Aftermath-Decolonization/dp/1107102294/ excerpt]; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan * Singer, Barnett, and John Langdon. ''Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire'' (2008) * Thomas, Martin, ed. ''The French Colonial Mind, Volume 1: Mental Maps of Empire and Colonial Encounters'' (France Overseas: Studies in Empire and D) (2012); ''The French Colonial Mind, Volume 2: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism'' (2012) ===Taariikhda iyo xusuus-qorka=== * Bennington, Alice. "Writing Empire? The Reception of Post-Colonial Studies in France." ''Historical Journal'' (2016) 59#4: 1157–1186. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/div-classtitlerewriting-empire-the-reception-of-post-colonial-studies-in-francea-hreffns01-ref-typefnadiv/32DA3F5C79BF6B46BE39A67840BF1D36 abstract] * {{cite journal |first=Rupert |last=Emerson |s2cid=220878619 |title=Colonialism |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-contemporary-history_1969_4_1/page/3 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=1969 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1177/002200946900400101}}. * Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews] {{Commons category|French colonial empire}} {{Former French colonies}} {{French overseas departments and territories}} {{History of Africa}} {{Africa topics}} [[Category:History of Africa]] [[Category:Former French colonies]] [[Category:French colonial empire]] [[Category:French colonisation in Africa]] [[Category:French Union|List]] [[Category:Lists of former colonies|French possessions]] [[Category:France geography-related lists|possessions and colonies]] [[Category:France history-related lists|possessions and colonies]] ==waddanamah== * {{Flag|Djibouti}} * {{Flag|Somaliland}} * {{Flag|Ethiopia}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * wadnamhaa kale frica... iri17zoto5uuv2ikjj42nm6t0y32n8r 3 53446 310151 310148 2026-10-10T17:52:25Z Abdalablack 46976 /* Codsi dib-u-eegis xannibaadda #807 */ 310151 wikitext text/x-wiki == Codsi dib-u-eegis xannibaadda #807 == {{unblock | reason=Waxaan si xushmad leh u codsanayaa in dib loo eego xannibaadda akoonkayga Abdalablack, oo 29 Sebteembar 2026 laga dhigay mid aan dhammaad lahayn. 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