Wikipedia sswiki https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhasi_Lelikhulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Tinkundla Lelibalulekile Khuluma Bantfu Khuluma nebantfu Wikipedia Khuluma ngeWikipedia Lifayela Khuluma ngelifayela MediaWiki Khuluma ngeMediaWiki iThempleti Khuluma ngethempleti Lusito Khuluma ngelusito Umkhakha Khuluma ngemkhakha TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4450 42691 42351 2026-08-04T21:04:45Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Umtfundzangati | Image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | Caption = Umfana loneminyaka leli-11 [[lovuvuka sisu|nalonemanti ematfunjini]] kanye [[ne-portal hypertension]] lokubangelwa ngumtfundzangati (e-Agusan del Sur, Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | synonyms = Umtfundzangati, ifiva yesneyili, i-katayama fiva<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Umtfundzangati''', lobuye watiwe njenge '''fiva yesneyili''', i[[sifo |se-helminthiasis]] lesibangelwa [[ngemapharasayithi|<nowiki/>]]manyokane[[ lasicabati ]] labitwa nge[[ schistosome ]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lishubhu[[ lelihambisa umchamo]] noma [[ematfumbu]] kungangenwa tifo. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Tinkhomba netimphawu tingafaka ekhatsi [[buhlungu besisu]], [[kusheka]], [[ingati kumangcoliso|emangcoliso lanengati]] , noma [[i-hematuria|ingati kumchamo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Labo labangenwe ngulesifo [[simo sesifo lesingalapheki|sikhatsi lesidze]] bangahle babe [[nesifo sekulinyalelwa sibindzi]], [[kungasebenti kwetinso]], [[kungatfoli bantfwana]], noma [[umdlavuza wesinye]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kubantfwana, kungahle kubangele [[kungakhuli|kahle]] kanye [[nekungafundzi kahle|nebulukhuni bekungakhoni kufundza]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Lesifo sibhebhetseka ngekutsintsa [[emanti lahlantekile ]]lanaleligciwane. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lamagciwane aphuma kuminenke lenalesifo [[lehlala emantini lahlantekile]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lesifo sijwayelekile kutsi siphatse bantfwana emaveni lasatfutfuka njengoba batsandza kudlala emantini lanaleligciwane.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lamanye emacembu lasengotini lesezingeni leliphakeme kufaka ekhatsi balimi, badwebi, nebantfu labasebentisa emanti langakahlanteki onkhe malanga ekuphila kwabo. <ref name=WHO2014/>Sitfolakala ecenjini [[ le-helminthiasis |nesifo se-helminth]] .<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref>Kutfolakala kwalesifo kutsi kutfolakale emacandza aleligciwane kumchamo noma emangcoliso emuntfu. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Singabuye sicinisekiswe ngekutfola [[ema-antibodies]] lahambisana nalesifo emtimbeni.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Tindlela tekuvikela lesifo kutsi kwentiwe kancono indlela yekufinyelela emantini lahlobile nekunciphisa lizinga leminenke.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Etindzaweni lapho khona lesifo sitfolakala kakhulu, umutsi [[i- praziquantel ]]unganiketwa kanye ngemnyaka kulo lonkhe lelicembu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Loku kwentelwa kwehlisa linani lebantfu labangenwa ngulesifo, ngaloko, nekubhebhetseka kwalesifo. <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> I praziquantel ibuye ibe ngulomutsi lonconywe -[[yiNhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe]] (i-WHO) kulabo lekwatiwa kwekutsi banalesifo. <ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Umtfundzangati ungena bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-210 mhlabawonkhe kusukela nga 2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-12,000<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref>kuya ku 200,00 babulawa ngulesifo njalo ngemnyaka.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Lesifo sivame kutfolakala e-Afrika, nase Asia ne South Amerika. <ref name=WHO2014/> Batfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-700, kumave langetulu kwa 70, bahlala etindzaweni lapho lesifo sivame khona.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Emaveni lashisako, umtfundzangati ungewesibili [[kulandzela malaleveva]] kutifo letinemagciwane laba nemtselela lomkhulu emnotfweni. <ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Umtfundzangati ubalwe kuloluhlu njenge[[sifo lesinganakwa etindzaweni letishisako]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==Emareferensi== <references /> iyjklj4rz7gal3cnnsxof5huizmmmmk 0 4451 42689 37869 2026-08-04T21:02:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Emarabi | image = Dog with rabies.jpg | caption = Inja lenemarabi leseyisezingeni lekungakhoni kuhamba (ngemuva kwekuhlaselwa kugula) | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Emarabi''' asifo [[sifo|lesitsatselanako]] lesibangela kugula kakhulu [[nekuvuvuka kwengcondvo|lokubitwa nge-encephalitis ]] ebantfwini kanye [[naletinye tilwane]] letinengati leshisako.<ref name=WHO2013/> Timphawu letingasheshe tibonakale tingafaka ekhatsi ifiva nekunwayiswa emtimbeni. <ref name=WHO2013/> Letimphawu tilandzelwa ngukunye noma ngetulu kwaletimphawu letilandzelako: kuhambahamba lokuneludlame, kujabula lokungalawuleki, [[ i-hydrophobia |kwesaba emanti]], kanye nekungakhoni kusebentisa letinye tincenye temtimba, kudideka, kanye [[kulahlekelwa ngumcondvo|nekulahlekelwa ngumcondvo]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Ngemuva kwekutsi timphawu tibonakale, emarabi avame kubulalana.<ref name=WHO2013/> Lesikhatsi lesisemkhatsini wekutsi utfole lesifo kanye nekucala kwetimphawu kuvamise kuba nguyinye yaletinyanga letintsatfu. Noma kunjalo, lesikhatsi singahluka kusukela kulesingaphansi kweliviki linye kuye ngetulu kwemnyaka munye. <ref name=WHO2013/> Lesikhatsi lesicitfwako sitawuya ngebudze bekutsi leligciwane selihambe libanga lelingakanani [[kufika emcondvweni]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Imbangela nekutfolakala kwalesifo== Emarabi andluliselwa ebantfwini asuka kuletinye tilwane. Emarabi angandluliselwa uma ngabe silwane lesinalesifo sitinwaya noma siluma lesinye silwane noma umuntfu. <ref name=WHO2013/> Ematse laphuma esilwaneni lesingenwe ngulesifo nawo angandlulisela emarabi uma ngabe lamatse atsintsana nemtsambo lomanti walesinye silwane noma umuntfu. <ref name=WHO2013/> Emarabi lamanyenti langena bantfu avela ngekutsi balunywe tinja. <ref name=WHO2013/> Emaphesenti langu 99% laphatselene neludzaba lwemarabi abangelwa kulunywa yinja. <ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Emaveni [[ase Amerika]], [[kulunywa ]]ngemalulwane yimitfombo leyetayelekile yekungenwa sifo semarabi ebantfwini, kantsi ngaphansi kwemaphesenti la 5% kuvela etinjeni. <ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Tilwanyana letilumako atikavami kutsi tibe nemarabi.<ref name=Tint2010/> Ligciwane [[lemarabi]] liya engcondvweni ngekulandzela [[umtsambo weperipheral|lesemitsanjeni yeperipheral]]. Lesifo singatfolwa kuphela uma ngabe sekucale kubonakala timphawu. <ref name=WHO2013/> == Kusivikela nekusilapha == Tinhlelo tekulawulwa nekugonywa kwetilwane tiyabehlisa bungoti bemarabi etinjeni etigodzini letinyenti emhlabeni. <ref name=WHO2013/> Kugoma bantfu ngembi kwekutsi bangenwe ngulesifo kubalulekile kulabo labasengotini ngekwelizinga leliphakeme. Laba labasengotini ngelizinga leliphakeme kufaka ekhatsi bantfu labasebenta ngemalulwane noma labacitsa sikhatsi lesidze etindzaweni tasemaveni lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emarabi. <ref name=WHO2013/> Kubantfu labangenwe ngemarabi, [[umjovo wemarabi]] nangalesinye sikhatsi emarabi[[ ne-immunoglobulin]] tiyasebenta ekuvikeleni lesifo uma ngabe lomuntfu alashwa ngembi kwekubonakala kwetimphawu temarabi. <ref name=WHO2013/> Kugeza lapho ulunywe khona nekuhwebheka imizuzu le-15 ngemanti nensipho, [[nge- povidone iodine |nge-povidone iodine]] , noma umutsi longahle ukhone kubulala leligciwane nako kubonakala njengalokuyimphumelelo ekuvikeleni kungenwa ngemarabi.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Bambalwa bantfu labaphilile ngemuva kwekutsi balashelwe emarabi ngemuva kwekukhombisa timphawu talesifo. Loku bekuhambisana nekulashwa lokwendlulele lokubitwa nge [[ Milwaukee protocol ]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> ===Umjovo=== Umjovo '''wemarabi''' ngu[[mjovo]] losetjentiselwa kuvikela [[emarabi]].<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Kunetindlela letitsite letikhona tekulapha letimbili tiphephile futsi tiba yimphumelelo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Tingasetjentiswa kuvikela emarabi ngembi futsi nangalesikhatsi sangemuva kwekungenwa nguleligciwane ngekulunywa yinja noma ulunywe lilulwane. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Lokuvikelwa lokwentiwako kutsatsa sikhatsi lesidze ngemuva kwekunatsa katsatfu umutsi. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kuvamise kutsi lomutsi uniketwe ngemjovo esikhunjeni noma kumsipha. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ngemuva kwekujovwa ngalomjovo uvamise kusetjentiswa kanye nalona [[wemarabi lobitwa nge-immunoglobulin]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kuphakanyiswa kwekutsi labo labasengotini kakhulu yekungenwa ngulesifo bagonywe ngembi kwekutsi sibangene. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kugonywa kuba yimphumelelo ebantfwini nakuletinye tilwane. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kugoma tinja kuba yimphumelelo kakhulu ekuvikeleni tifo ebantfwini. <ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Kuphepha ==== Tigidzi tebantfu mhlabawonkhe bagonyiwe kantsi kulinganiselwa ekutseni loko kuphephisa bantfu labandlula ku-250,000 ngemnyaka. <ref name=WHO2010/> Kungasetjentiswa ngekuphepha kubo bonkhe bantfu beminyaka yonkhe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Bantfu labangemaphesenti lange-35 kuya 45 bayavuvuka kwesikhashane babe bovu futsi beve buhlungu lapho bajovwe khona. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Emaphesenti lalinganiselwa ku-5 kuya ku-15 ebantfu bangahle babe [[nefiva]], [[kubandvwa yinhloko]], noma [[kunyakuleka]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ngemuva kwekungenwa ngemarabi atikho tinkhomba tekutsi kungasetjentiswa umutsi ngoba utawuba yingoti nawusetjentiswa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Imijovo leminyenti ayinayo [[i-thimerosal]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Imijovo leyentiwe ngemathishu emanevu isetjentiswe emaveni lambalwa, ikakhulukati e-Asia ne Latin Amerika, kodvwa ayisebenti kahle futsi inemitselela lemihle.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kusetjentiswa kwawo akusekelwa [[yiNhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe]]. <ref name=WHO2010/> Uma uwutsenga embonini ubita emkhatsini wa 44 na 78 USD kutsi ulashwe kusukela nga 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> E-United States umjovo wekulashelwa emarabi ubita ngetulu kwa 750 USD.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==i-Ephidemiyoloji== Emarabi ayimbangela yekufa kwebantfu labalinganiselwa ku 26,000 kuya ku 55,000 emhlabeni wonkhe ngemnyaka.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Kundlula ku-95% wekushona kwenteke [[e-Asia]] kanye [[nase Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Emarabi akhona kumave landlula ku-150 nakuwo onkhe emave kodvwa hhayi e-Antarctica.<ref name=WHO2013/> Bantfu labatigidzi leti-3 bahlala etigodzini takulomhlaba lapho kunemarabi khona. <ref name=WHO2013/> Etindzaweni letinyenti e-Europe nase Australia, emarabi atfolakala kuphela kumalulwane. <ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Emave lamanyenti lasetichingini awanawo emarabi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Emareferensi== <references /> ql55q5mranhx5vxps7n4ssn8z475fvg 0 4454 42687 35330 2026-08-04T21:01:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Sifo se-Leishmaniasis | Image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | Caption = Sifo se-Cutaneous leishmaniasis esandleni [[ semuntfu lomdzala ]]waseNkhabeni ye-America | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} ''' Sifo se-Leishmaniasis''' , lesibuye sipelwe nge '''leishmaniosis ''', si[[sifo]] lesibangelwa[[ yipharasayithi]] [[yemajini iprotozoan]]iprotozoan" [[Leishmania]]" lebuye isatjalaliswe kulunywa nguletinye tetinhlobo teti[[ nambutane tenhlabatsi]]<ref name=WHO2014/> Lesifo singatibonakalisa ngetindlela letintsatfu letibalulekile: [[Cutaneous leishmaniasis|cutaneous]], mucocutaneous, or [[visceral leishmaniasis]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Lendlela ye-cutaneous ivela netilondza esikhunjeni, ngalesikhatsi i-mucocutaneous yona ivela ngetilondza esikhunjeni, emlonyeni, nasemphumulweni, kantsi leletitfolakala etilwaneni ticala ngetilondza esikhunjeni bese sekulandzela ngefiva, kwehla kwemasotja emtimba labovu, nekuvuvuka kwenyongo nesibindzi. <ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Kungena kwalesifo kubantfu kubangelwa tilwanyane letindlula ku-20 te ''Leishmania''.<ref name=WHO2014/> Tintfo letiyingoti tifaka ekhatsi kweswela, kungadli kahle, kujutjwa kwemahlatsi kanye nekuguculwa kwetindzawo tibe tekuhlala.<ref name=WHO2014/> Tonkhe letinhlobo letintsatfu tingabonwa ngekubonakala kwaleligciwane ngekusebentisa i-microscope. <ref name=WHO2014/> Ngalokungetiwe, tifo letivela etilwaneni tingabonakala ngekutsi kutsatfwe ingati. <ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> i-Leishmaniasis incenye yayo ingavikeleka ngekulala ngaphansi kwenetha ufake [[umutsi wekuvikela kulunywa tinambutane]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Letinye tindlela tifaka ekhatsi kufutsa umutsi wekubulala tinambutane netimphungane nekulapha bantfu labanalesifo kusenesikhatsi kute kuvikelwe kuchubeka nekubhebhetseka. <ref name=WHO2014/> Lokulashwa lokudzingekako kuya ngekutsi lesifo usitfole kuphi, letitalelwane te ''Leishmania'', kanye naloluhlobo lwalesifo lesikungenile. <ref name=WHO2014/> Leminye imitsi lengahle isetjentiselwe sifo se-visceral ifaka ekhatsi i-[[liposomal amphotericin B]],<ref name=Sun2013/> inhlanganisela ye-[[pentavalent antimonials]] ne [[paromomycin]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> ne [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref>kusifo se- cutaneous , paromomycin [[fluconazole]], noma [[i-pentamidine]]ingahle isebente.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-12 bangenwe ngulesifo<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> emaveni lange-98. <ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Kunebantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-2 labasandza kungenwa ngulesifo <ref name=Barrett2012/>labasemkhatsini wema-20 kuya ku-50 walabashona njalo ngemnyaka. <ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-200 base Asia, Afrika, eNingizimu naseNkhabeni ye-Amerika, eNingizimu ne Europe bahlala etindzaweni lapho lesifo sivame khona. <ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> I[[Nhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe]] batfole taphulelo kuleminye imitsi kulapha lesifo. <ref name=Barrett2012/> Lesifo singabonakala nakuletinye tilwane letimbalwa kufaka ekhatsi [[ i-Canine leishmaniasis |tinja]]kanye[[tilwanyane]].<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Emareferensi== <references /> 46spcz8ioqf1ka7myf0bnk2eqvnc2qn 0 4599 42690 37245 2026-08-04T21:04:04Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1873_Pierre_Auguste_Cot_-_Spring.jpg|thumb|Pierre Auguste Cot (1873)]] '''Lutsandvo''' miva lehlukahlukene lengachaza kutsandza umuntfu, kutsandza intfo, kutsandza kudla kumbe kutsandza silwane. Kuphindze kuchaze kuba nemivo letsite etintfweni letinjengetemidlalo kanye naletifana netemculo netemidvwebo. ==Imitfombo== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-283372-3}} * {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|isbn=0-8050-6913-5}} * {{cite journal |author=Giles, James|title=A theory of love and sexual desire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-theory-of-social-behaviour_1994-12_24_4/page/339|year=1994|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=24|pages=339–357|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x|issue=4}} * {{cite book |last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|title=Works of Love|location=New York City|publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-171327-9}} [[Category:Lutsandvo]] [[Category:Imiva]] bcqy4ysamz40bdjyh6h5m1clmzgab91 0 4604 42686 40859 2026-08-04T21:00:31Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox medical condition |Name = Kubeleka |Image = Postpartum baby2.jpg |Caption = Newborn infant and mother |Width = 300 |Field = [[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]] |synonyms = partus, parturition, birth }} <!-- Definition --> '''Kubeleka''', lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi '''umhelo noma kukhululeka nabewutitfwele''', kungalesikhatsi kuphela[[ kukhulelwa]] ubeleka umntfwana munye noma [[ngetulu]] aphuma esibeletfweni[[ samake]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199687992|page=375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en}}</ref> Ngemnyaka wa-2015 bekubeleke bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-135 mhlabawonkhe. <ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bantfwana labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-15 batalwa[[ bangakavutfwa| ngembi kwemaviki lange-37 sekukhulelwa]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref> ngalesikhatsi labangu 3 kuya ku-12% batalwa[[ ngemuva kwekudlulelwa sikhatsi sekukhulelwa| sekundlule emaviki lange-42]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199857746|page=163|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163}}</ref> Emaveni [[lesekatfutfukile]] bantfu labanyenti babelekela etibhedlela,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Co-Operation|first1=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=9789264059344|page=105|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=O|last2=Clausen|first2=JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=12 September 2012|issue=9|pages=CD000352|pmid=22972043}}</ref> ngalesikhatsi[[ emaveni lasatfutfuka]] bantfu labanyenti babelekela emakhaya basitwa [[ngumuntfu lomdzala wendzawo lobelekisako]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fossard|first1=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351507581|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> <!-- Method --> [[File:Au Laboratoire au Cameroun 15.jpg|thumb|left|Kubeleka.]] Indlela lejwayelekile yekubeleka[[ ngulena yekukhipha umntfwana ngesitfo sangasese]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Memon|first1=HU|last2=Handa|first2=VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.|journal=Women's health (London, England)|date=May 2013|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265-77; quiz 276-7|pmid=23638782}}</ref> Lendlela ifaka ekhatsi tinyatselo letintsatfu temhelo: [[kuvuleka kwesiveletfo| nekufinyela]] kanye[[ nekukhula kwesibeletfo| kube netinhlungu nasivulekako]], kwehla kwemntfwana [[nkubeleka|nekubeleka]] lomntfwana, nekuchilita[[ ukhiphele ngaphandle indlu yemntfwana]].<ref name=Col2016/> Lesigaba sekucala sitsatsa emahora lalishumi nakubili kuya kulishumi nemfica, sigaba sesibili sitsatsa imizuzu lengemashumi lamabili kuya kumahora lamabili, kantsi sinyatselo sesitsatfu sitsatsa imizuzu lesihlanu kuya kulengemashumi lamatsatfu. <ref name=NIH2010/> Lesigaba sekucala sicala ngekutsi kusike esinyeni netinhlungu ecolo letitsatsa sigamu semzuzu bese buyabuya lobuhlungu njalo ngemuva kwemizuzu lelishumi kuya kulengemashumi lamatsatfu. <ref name=Col2016>{{cite web |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |work= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] | edition = 6| publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |accessdate= 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Letinhlungu letisikako tiba buhlungu ngemandla futsi tisondzelane ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi. <ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ngalesikhatsi sesigaba sesibili kutawuvakala kuchiliteka kanye netinhlungu temhelo. <ref name=NIH2010/> Kusigaba sesitsatfu [[kubambeleleka kwekujubeka| kwentsambo yenkhaba]] kuvamise kunconywa. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=SJ|last2=Middleton|first2=P|last3=Dowswell|first3=T|last4=Morris|first4=PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=11 July 2013|issue=7|pages=CD004074|pmid=23843134}}</ref> Tindlela letinyenti letihlukene tingasita [[ekudzambiseni tinhlungu]] njengemasu ekwehlisa emaphaphu, [[ema-opioids]], kanye [[nekushikisha umgogodla]].<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Recommendations --> Bantfwana labanyenti nababelekwa kuphuma inhloko kucala; nomakunjalo, 4% beta ngetinyawo kucala noma [[tibunu]] kucala, lekubitwa ngekutsi [[kubeleka |ngekuvundla]].<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hofmeyr|first1=GJ|last2=Hannah|first2=M|last3=Lawrie|first3=TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=21 July 2015|issue=7|pages=CD000166|pmid=26196961}}</ref> Ngalesikhatsi uphetfwe ngumhelo ungakwati kudla nekuhamba ngendlela lofuna ngayo, kuchilita akukavumeleki ngalesikhatsi sesigaba sekucala noma ngalesikhatsi kuphuma inhloko, kanye [[nekujova ]]akukavumeleki.<ref>{{cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|accessdate=31 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> Ngalesikhatsi kujutjwa kuvulwa sikhala[[ kulembobo yangasese]], lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi[[ yi-episiotomy]], kujwayelekile kantsi akudzingeki kangako. <ref name=NIH2010/> Nga 2012, kubeleke bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-24 wetigidzi ngekutsi bahlindvwe[[ kujutjwe esuswini lekutsiwa yisiza]].<ref name=Mol2015>{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=G|last2=Weiser|first2=TG|last3=Lipsitz|first3=SR|last4=Esquivel|first4=MM|last5=Uribe-Leitz | first5=T|last6=Azad|first6=T|last7=Shah|first7=N|last8=Semrau|first8=K|last9=Berry|first9=WR|last10=Gawande|first10=AA|last11=Haynes|first11=AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263|journal=JAMA|date=1 December 2015| volume=314| issue=21| pages=2263–70| pmid=26624825| doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553}}</ref> Isiza inganconywa uma ngabe umuntfu abeleka [[emawele]], kunekucindzeteleka kwemntfwana[[ netinkhomba tekungalungi kahle kwemntfwana esuswini|, noma ]]eta afulatsela.<ref name=NIH2010/> Lendlela yekubeleka ingatsatsa sikhatsi lesidze kutsi uphole uma usebentise yona. <ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Complications --> Umnyaka ngamunye tinkhinga letiphatselene nekubeleka kanye nekukhulelwa tiba yimbangela yekushona kwalabalinganiselwa ku 500,000 [[ngemnyaka]], tigidzi letingu-7 tabomake baba netinkhinga letimbi letitsatsa sikhatsi lesidze, kantsi tigidzi letinge-50 tabomake baba nemitselela lengasimihle yemiphumela yetemphilo ngemuva kwekubeleka. <ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Lokunyenti kwaloku kwenteka[[ emaveni lasatfutfuka]]. <ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Kungahambi kahle lokunyenti kufaka ekhatsi [[kuphatamiseka kwemhelo]], [[ kopha ngembi kwekubeleka]], [[eclampsia ]], kanye [[nekusuleleka nge-postpartum]].<ref name=WHO2008Ed>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tinkhinga letiba khona emntfwaneni tifaka ekhatsi [[kutalwa ne-asphyxia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard J.|last2=Fanaroff|first2=Avroy A.|last3=Walsh|first3=Michele C.|title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323295376|page=116|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en}}</ref> ==Emareferensi== <references /> cod0394k3rzyaf5lq647fhxcm0x9jzx 0 4787 42688 36175 2026-08-04T21:02:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kukhanyisa sikhumba'''{{refn|Instead of "whitening", the terms "lightening", "brightening", "depigmentation" and "bleaching" are also used.|group=notes}} ngumkhuba wekusebentisa timonyu, emakhatsakhatsa, kumbe letinye tindlela tekwenta sikhumba sibe mhlophe. Imitsi yekukhanyisa sikhumba isebenta ngekwehlisa linani  melanin yesikhumba. Imitsi leminyenti ikhonjisiswe kutsi inemandla ekukhanyiseni sikhumba, leminye inemitselela lenemvuzo (sib..: ema-antioxidant,<ref>{{Cite journal}} No-cost access and free license (CC BY 4.0).</ref> tondlamtimba, kumbe yehlise bungoti betinhlobo tsite temdlavuza); leminye yalemitsi inebungoti lobukhulu emphilweni (sibonelo, timonyo letinemekhuri). == Umsebenti == Tindzawo letitsite letishe kakhulu tinebumnyama lobendlulele njengemabla e-lentigo , tinsumpe nemkhango tingakhanyiswa kute umbala wato uhambisane newesikhumba lesimadvutane. Mayelana nekucateka, sikhumba lesingakacateki singakhanyiswa kwentelwe kutsi kube nekufanana kwesikhumba sonkhe.<ref>[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cosmetic-treatments/skin-lightening/? skin-lightening uses]</ref> == Discovery and design == Melanogenesis inhibitors have been discovered and developed through several methods, including: screening of synthetic chemical libraries (high throughput screening is occasionally used), screening of plant extracts,{{r|Chang2009}} computational (in silico) search,<ref>{{Cite journal}} Restricted access.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}} No-cost access and free license (CC BY 4.0).</ref> found as a side effect of previously known drugs<ref>{{Cite journal}} No-cost access but non-free license.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}} No-cost access and free license (CC BY 4.0).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}} Restricted access.</ref>{{r|Espín2001}} and exploration of structural analogues of previously known tyrosinase inhibitors<ref>{{Cite journal}} No-cost access and free license (CC BY 4.0).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal}} No-cost access and free license (CC BY 3.0).</ref> based on knowledge (in varying degrees) of their structure-activity relationship. Thus, the development and discovery of melanogenesis inhibitors illustrates many of the methods used in drug design. Some of the most potent competitive reversible tyrosinase inhibitors are synthetic compounds with a potency hundreds of times that of kojic acid.{{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{reflist|refs=<ref name=Chang2009>{{cite journal|title=An Updated Review of Tyrosinase Inhibitors |first1=Te-Sheng|last1=Chang|year=2009|journal=Int. J. Mol. Sci.|volume=10|issue=6|doi=10.3390/ijms10062440|pmc=2705500|pmid=19582213|pages=2440–2475}} {{lref|f|CC BY 3.0}}</ref> <ref name=Chang2012>{{cite journal| title=Natural Melanogenesis Inhibitors Acting Through the Down-Regulation of Tyrosinase Activity| year=2012| last1=Chang| first1=Te-Sheng| journal=Materials| volume=5| issue=9| doi=10.3390/ma5091661| pages=1661–1685}} {{lref|f|CC BY 3.0}}</ref> <ref name=Chen2014>{{cite journal| title=UV Signaling Pathways within the Skin| url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.161| last1=Chen| first1=Hongxiang| last2=Weng| first2=Qing Y.| last3=Fisher| first3=David E.| year=2014| journal=J. Invest. Dermatol.| volume=134| issue=4| doi=10.1038/jid.2014.161| pmc=4102648| pmid=24759085| pages=2080–2085}} {{lref|nf}}</ref> <ref name="D'Orazio2013">{{cite journal| title=UV Radiation and the Skin| last1=D'Orazio| first1=John| last2=Jarrett| first2=Stuart| last3=Amaro-Ortiz| first3=Alexandra| last4=Scott| first4=Timothy| year=2013| journal=Int. J. Mol. Sci.| volume=14| issue=6| doi=10.3390/ijms140612222| pmc=3709783| pmid=23749111| pages=12222–12248}} {{lref|f|CC BY, version apparently not specified}}</ref> <ref name=Ebanks2009>{{cite journal|title=Mechanisms Regulating Skin Pigmentation: The Rise and Fall of Complexion Coloration|last1=Ebanks |first1=Jody P.|last2=Wickett|first2=R. Randall|last3=Boissy|first3=Raymond E.|year=2009|journal=Int. J. Mol. Sci.|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.3390/ijms10094066|pmc=2769151|pmid=19865532|pages=4066–4087}} {{lref|f|CC BY 3.0}}</ref> <ref name="Espín2001">{{cite journal| title=Effect of captopril on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro| last1=Espín| first1=Juan Carlos| last2=Wichers| first2=Harry J.| year=2001| journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta| volume=1544| issue=1-2| doi=10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00230-2| pmid=11341938| pages=289–300}} {{lref|r}}</ref> <ref name=Imokawa2014>{{cite journal|title=Inhibitors of Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Lead to Stimulated Epidermal Pigmentation: Perspective of Anti-Pigmenting Agents|url=http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/5/8293|last1=Imokawa|first1=Genji|last2=Ishida|first2=Koichi|year=2014|journal=Int. J. Mol. Sci.|volume=15|issue=5|doi=10.3390/ijms15058293|pmc=4057732|pmid=24823877|pages=8293–8315}} {{lref|f|CC BY 3.0}}</ref><ref name=Nelson2009>{{cite journal| title=Melanoma and genetics| last1=Nelson| first1=Andrew A.| last2=Tsao| first2=Hensin| year=2009| journal=Clin. 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