Wikipedia sswiki https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhasi_Lelikhulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Tinkundla Lelibalulekile Khuluma Bantfu Khuluma nebantfu Wikipedia Khuluma ngeWikipedia Lifayela Khuluma ngelifayela MediaWiki Khuluma ngeMediaWiki iThempleti Khuluma ngethempleti Lusito Khuluma ngelusito Umkhakha Khuluma ngemkhakha TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Bantfu:Bobbyshabangu 2 3863 43036 38927 2026-09-21T16:36:34Z Bobbyshabangu 3059 43036 wikitext text/x-wiki iUsername yami ngu Bobbyshabangu, kantsi ngabe ufuna kukhuluma nami ungatfumela umlayeto kuDiscussion page. btk5sy3x9dc4e02ekpqz8y26z319t7g Inyuvesi yase Venda 0 6079 43048 40055 2026-09-22T00:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 43048 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:UniversityOfVenda.JPG|thumb|Kungena eNyuvesi yaseVenda]] '''Inyuvesi yase Venda''' yindzawo lenkhulu yase Ningizimu Afrika, leseThohoyandou esifundzeni sase [[Limpopo]].<ref>{{Cite book|edition=481}}</ref> Yasungulwa nga-1981 ngaphansi kwahulumende weRiphabhulikhi yaseVenda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.univen.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Univen-History-Book.pdf |access-date=2024-04-14 |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606070237/https://www.univen.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Univen-History-Book.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Umlandvo == Inyuvesi yasungulwa ngemnyaka wa-1981 kute isebente netakhamuti tase Venda [[Bantustan]];nomakunjalo,umtimba webafundzi e-Univen awuzange ube nebafundzi be-Venda kuphela njengoba bafundzi labavela kuyo yonkhe i-Northern Transvaal bebahambela lesikhungo.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=65–68}}</ref> Ngemuva kwekuphela kwe[[Lubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika|Lubandlululo]] kanye nekuhlanganiswa kabusha kwebantfu base[[Ningizimu Afrika]],umtimba webafundzi be-Univen wakhiwa kulo lonkhe laseNingizimu Afrika. Ngeluhlelo lwahulumende wase Ningizimu Afrika lwekuguculwa kwemfundvo lephakeme kulomnyaka lomusha,i-Univen yaba "yinyuvesi lephelele", iniketa tifundvo letibhekiswe emfundvweni kanye naletibhekiswe kahle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.univen.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Univen-History-Book.pdf |access-date=2024-04-14 |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606070237/https://www.univen.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Univen-History-Book.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Emagumbi == Inyuvesi yase Venda inendzawo yinye lenkhulu eThohoyandou. LeCampus inetikhungo letine, lokungu: * LiFaculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, * I-Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, * LiFaculty of Health Sciences, * I-Faculty of Management, Commerce and Law. Lendzawo iphindze ibe ne-Art Gallery,lekhombisa tintfo letibatiwe, letidvwetjiwe kanye nemabhodlela elubumba lentiwe bafundzi kanye nemalunga emmango asendzaweni. Ngetulu kwaloko,lendzawo inendzawo yetemidlalo yesikhatsi sonkhe yetemidlalo yasendlini kanye naletinye tintfo tekutijabulisa letifana ne-drama kanye nekudansa. Lendzawo lenkhulu inetindzawo tekuhlala letingu-13: Bernard Ncube, Carousel,F3,F4,F5,Lost City Boys,Lost City Girls,Mango Groove, Riverside, New Male Res, New Female Res, Mvelaphanda Male and Mvelaphand Female. == Umhlangano Wemalunga Emfundzi == Umtimba webafundzi labamele iNyuvesi yaseVenda wakhiwa ngemalunga ePhalamende langu-84. Ikhabinethi lenemalunga lalishumi nakune, Sigungu Lesiphetse se-SRC,iyahola. Lomhlangano ungaphindze wehlukaniswe ube tincenye letintsatfu: incenye yekucala yiKhabhinethi leholwa ngumengameli, bese kuba liSekela laMengameli, mabhalane jikelele, kanye nelisekela laMabhalane Jikelele; kunetindzawo letiyimfica teMengameli ngalendlela lelandzelako: Litiko Letindlu LetiseKhampasi,Litiko Letemfundvo, Litiko letetimali,Emabhasari kanye Nemiklamo,Litiko Letifundvo kanye nebantfu Labakhubatfo,Litiko Lekukhubatekile,Litiko leTemphilo, Litiko LeTemphilo kanye Nekuphepha,Litiko letemtsetfo,Litindzaba, Litiko Netemphilo,Indzawo, Litiko Yekuphuma, Litiko LabaseKhubateka, Litiko Tetemtsetfo, Indzawo Letemtsetfo, Lendzaba, Litemtsetfo, Kulomtsetfo,Litemfundvo, Indzawo kanye Nekuhulumende, Incenye yesibili ye-SRC yi-Structures.Loku kwakhiwa baholi labane be-Khabhinethi yebafundzi labakhubatekile (DSC), i-Housing Representative Council (HRC), i-Temidlalo, tekutijabulisa kanye neKomidi Yetemasiko (SRCC) kanye nemikhandlu yetikolwa kuto tonkhe tikolwa letisiphohlongo enyuvesi. Incenye yesitsatfu yephalamende, lehlanganisa emakomiti ngaphansi kwesikhundla ngasinye setindvuna. Lilunga ngalinye le-SRC litfunyelwa ePhalamende licembu lebafundzi lelikuyo,ngaphandle kwelicembu lesitsatfu le-Student Representative Council,lelikhankasa ngekwehlukana. [[Sikhulumi sePhalamende sivotelwa]] emhlanganweni wekucala wePhalamendhe. IPhalamende yebafundzi ihlala emahlandla lamane ngemnyaka,kanye njalo ngekota yemnyaka. I-Univen SRC yakhiwa ngemalunga lavela etinhlotjeni letehlukene, tinhlangano tebafundzi letemukelekako etikolweni nguleti [[Azanian People's Organisation|I-AZAPO]] Student Convention(AZASCO),[[I-Democratic Alliance (i-South Africa)|I-Democratic Alliance]] Student Organization (DASO),Economic Freedom Fighters Student Command (EFFSC),Pan-Africanist Student Movement of Azania(PASMA),South African Student Congress(SASCO),the Student Christian Organization (SCO)ne -ABSC (ABANTU BATHO STUDENT CONGRESS).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Inhlangano ngayinye incintisana elukhetfweni lwekufaka emalunga ku-SRC,sikhatsi sekusebenta ngumnyaka munye,futsi lesikhatsi sicala ngemuva kwelukhetfo lwemnyaka ekupheleni kwaSeptemba nobe ekucaleni kwa-Okthoba. Licembu lelibusako la-2022 kuya ku2023 yi-Economic Freedom Fighters Students Command (EFFSC) ligatja lelingekho emtsetfweni,lapho khona Gudani Lloyd Tshamano angumengameli lokhetsiwe. Inyuvesi yase Venda inesiteshi semsakato,i-UNIVEN FM,lesisakaza nge-99.8 MHz. &nbsp;Lesiteshi sihlanganisa bomasipala besifundza saseVhembe naseMopani, kanye nendzawo lesenyakatfo yeKruger National Park ngasemphumalanga. Tilwimi letinkhulu tekusakata siNgisi,Tshivenda, Sepedi,kanye nesiSitsonga. I-UNIVEN FM yacala kusakata nga-1997,iniketa umtfombo lobalulekile welwati kanye nekutijabulisa emmangweni losedvutane.I-UNIVEN iphindze ishicilele liphephandzaba,i-Nendila, lelikhombisa imphumelelo kanye nemphumelelo yaleyonyuvesi. I-Nendila ngumtfombo lobalulekile welwati kubafundzi, basebenti,kanye nemphakatsi lomkhulu. Ngetulu kwesiteshi saso semsakato kanye neliphephandzaba, iNyuvesi yaseVenda iphindze ibe khona kakhulu etinhlelweni tekuchumana. Inyuvesi igcina ema-akhawunti e-Facebook,i-TikTok,i-Instagram, kanye ne-LinkedIn, lapho ibhala khona tindzaba, tentakalo, kanye nalokunye kwatiswa ngalesikhungo. Letinhlelo tivumela inyuvesi kutsi ifinyelele kubantfu labanyenti iphindze yakhe budlelwane nemphakatsi wayo. == Imphumelelo Lemikhulu Yamuva == * Ngemnyaka wa 2022, i-UNIVEN yagubha iminyaka lengu-40 yekuniketa imfundvo kanye nekwakha titukulwane letitako emiphakatsini yayo yasendzaweni kanye nasemhlabeni wonkhe. Kuwo wonkhe umlandvo wayo,leyunivesithi ihlale itinikele emgomeni wayo wekutfutfukisa imfundvo lephakeme, lucwaningo,kanye nekusebenta emiphakatsini yayo. * Ekupheleni kwa-2022, i-UNIVEN beyinetisebenti te-NRF letingu-33:labadvuna labangu-26 nalabasikati labangu-7. * Inyuvesi ibekwe emkhatsini wetikhungo letisetulu emhlabeni wonkhe. Ngenyanga yaBhimbidvwane 2024,i-Times Higher Education yashicilela luhlu lwayo lwemnyaka lwemanyuvesi lasetulu emhlabeni wonkhe ngemnyaka wa 2024, yafaka emanyuvesi aseNingizimu Afrika emkhatsini wawo, Inyuvesi yase Venda yaba yiNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika yesi-17 lencono kakhulu. * Ngemnyaka wa 2023, inyvesi yase Venda yenta umlandvo ngekuba sikhungo sesibili lesingasasebenti kahle eNingizimu Afrika kutsi sibambe i-Green Technology Confucius Institute. Lomphumelelo lobalulekile uvumela leyunivesithi kutsi ikhulise tintfo tayo tebuchwephesha lobuhlata kanye nekusimama, kanye nekutfutfukisa budlelwane lobwengetiwe ne-Hubei University of Technology,e-China. Lomkhankhaso utawukhutsata kucocisana ngelwati kanye nemibono emikhakheni ye-green technology kanye nentfutfuko lesimeme. Lesikhungo sitawuphindze sisite kucocisana ngetilwimi kanye nekucondza emasiko emkhatsini webafundzi kanye nebafundzisi labavela kulamanyuvesi lamabili. * Ngenyanga ya Lweti 2023, iNyuvesi yaseVenda yatsatsa lesinye sinyatselo lesibalulekile ngekusungula i-Centre for Entrepreneurship and Rapid Incubation. Lesikhungo siniketa lusito lwentfutfuko yebhizinisi kubasomabhizinisi kulo lonkhe lelive, ngekunaka labo labasemaphandleni kanye nalabanemali lencane. * Inyuvesi yase Venda yawina imiklomelo leminyenti ku-2023 HUAWEI SOUTH AFRICA ICT Talent Development Awards. I-UNIVEN yawina imiklomelo etigabeni te-Best ICT Institution,Best Student Innovator, kanye ne-Best Student Software Developer. Lemiklomelo igcizelela buhle benyuvesi kutelwati kanye netebuchwephesha bekukhulumisana, kanye nekutinikela kwayo ekutfutfukiseni situkulwane lesilandzelako semakhono e-ICT. Kusebentisana ne-Huawei kwenta kutsi bafundzi baseNyuvesi batfole tinhlelo letiphatselene ne-ICT, kukhulisa ematfuba abo ekusebenta. Tinhlelo letiniketwako tifaka ekhatsi 5G, AI kanye netekuchumana kwedatha. * I-UNIVEN: Ligama lelikhulu laseyunivesithi eNingizimu Afrika. Inyuvesi yase Venda (UNIVEN) ibekwe njengalenye yetintfo letisetulu eNingizimu Afrika ngekusho kwelucwaningo lwamuva lwe-Sunday Times GenNext. Lolucwaningo luvete imikhicito yase Ningizimu Afrika lehlonishwa kakhulu kuto tonkhe tigaba letingu-70 letifaka ekhatsi tikhungo temfundvo lephakeme. I-UNIVEN yaphuma phambili ngekuncoba onkhe emanyuvesi latiwako aseNingizimu Afrika lasetindzaweni letisemadolobheni. Lolucwaningo lwembula kutsi umkhicito we-UNIVEN uyatiwa kubantfu labasha baseNingizimu etindzaweni tasemakhaya nasetindzaweni letisemadolobheni. Luhlolo lwe-Sunday Times GenNext lentiwa nebantfu labangu-5 900 futsi imiphumela yahlolwa i-PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) kute isebente. Lolucwaningo lwahlanganisa tikolwa letingu-98 futsi lwahlanganisa bafundzi labaneminyaka lesiphohlongo kuya kulelishumi nesiphohlongo,kanye nalabancane labaneminyaka lengu-25kuya ku-30. == Kusekelwa Ngemali == I-UNIVEN yinyuvesi lesekelwa nguhulumende eNingizimu Afrika, lokusho kutsi itfola lusito lwetimali kuhulumende wavelonkhe. Nanobe leyunivesithi isekelwa nguhulumende,iphindze yetsembele eminikelweni yangasese kanye naletinye tindlela tekusekela kuchubeka nemsebenti wayo. I-UNIVEN iniketa bafundzi lusito lwetimali kanye nemabhasi, kufaka ekhatsi i-National Student Financial Aid Scheme(NSFAS),i-Vice-Chancellor's Merit Bursary,kanye ne-Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) kanye ne-Council for Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR). Letimali tekufundzisa tihlanganisa tindleko letehlukahlukene,kufaka ekhatsi tindleko tekufundza,tindzawo tekuhlala,tincwadzi tekufundza kanye naletinye tintfo tekufundza. Lamatfuba ekusita ngetimali entelwe kusekela bafundzi ekutseni batfole imfundvo lesezingeni lelisetulu e UNIVEN. == Luhla lwemagama == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Times Higher Education Ranking 2024''' |- !Umnyaka !Indzawo Yemhlaba |- |2024 |1201–1500 |- | colspan="2" | |} IMITFOMBO YELWATI https://web.archive.org/web/20240606070237/https://www.univen.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Univen-History-Book.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20240606070237/https://www.univen.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Univen-History-Book.pdf<nowiki/>{{FOTIM}} 4s5h4nw48xt9fxwfh5fbt1s8mif3upk Kusoka 0 6547 43050 41477 2026-09-22T11:49:57Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the section "Uses" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375657746|Circumcision]]" 43050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusoka''' yinchubo lesusa sikhumba sesibeletho esitfweni sangasese semuntfu sangansense. == Kusebentisa == === Kuvikela kwetifo === Cishe ihhafu yako kusoka emhlabeni wonkhe kwentiwa ngetizatfu tekunakekelwa kwemphilo. ==== Kusetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasengotini lenkhulu ==== [[File:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Umlingisi Melusi Yeni waba ngumdlali we -VMMC wesigidzi sinye wekulwa nekwendluliselwa kweligciwane le-HIV/AIDS esifundzeni saKwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika. ]] Kukhona kuvumelana emkhatsini wetinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha emhlabeni kanye nasetincwadzini tetifundvo kutsi kusoka kungenelela kanjani ekuphumeleleni kwekuvikela i-HIV kubantfu labasengotini lenkhulu uma kwentiwa bongcweti betekwelapha ngaphansi kwetimo letiphephile. Nga-2007, i-WHO kanye neLuhlelo LweMhlabuhlangene Lwe-HIV/AIDS (i-UNAIDS) bancoma kusokwa kwebantfu labasha nalabadzala njengencenye yeluhlelo loluphelele lwekuvikela kutseleleka kwe-HIV etindzaweni letinemazinga laphakeme i-HIV, uma nje loluhlelo lufaka ekhatsi " kuvuma ngekwati, kugcina imfihlo yekwelashwa, kanye nekungavumi" kusoka, nobe i-VMMC. Nga 2010, kwakhula kwaba kusoka lokujwayelekile kwebantfwana labancane,uma nje batali beluswane bavuma. Nga-2020, i-WHO yaphindze futsi yaphetsa ngekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kungenelela lokuphumelelako kwekuvikela i-HIV nekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kulisu lelibalulekile, ngetulu kwaletinye tindlela, tekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HIV lokutfolakala ngekwebulili lobehlukile emadvodzeni. Emphumalanga naseningizimu ye Afrika bekunebantfu labadvuna labasokile labaphansi. Lesigodzi sinelizinga leliphakeme kakhulu lekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi (HIV),ngesibalo lesikhulu sekutseleleka lokuvela ekutselelekeni kwebantfu bebulili lobehlukile. Ngenca yaloko, kukhutsatwa kwekusoka kwekuvikela bekukungenelela lokubalulekile kuleso sigodzi kusukela ngetincomo te-WHO ta-2007. <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> I-International Antiviral Society–USA iphindze iphakamise kutsi kusoka kucocwe nemadvodza laya emcasini nalamanye madvodza, ikakhulukati etigodzini lapho khona i-HIV ivame khona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi kumadvodza lanalo,kakhulukati emaveni lahola imali lencane. <ref name="yuan">{{Cite journal|journal=e436–e447}}</ref> Kutfolakala kutsi kusoka kunciphisa kakhulu kundluliselwa kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi kusuka kulabasikati kuya kulabadvuna kwenta kutsi tinhlangano tekwelapha letisebentela imimango letsintsekile ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi/ nebulalave lekhonako kutsi tikhutsate kusoka njengendlela yekulawula kusakateka kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi. ==== Kusetjentiswa nekuvikela emaveni latfutfukile ==== [[File:Elizabeth_Mataka,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Mataka, Sitfunywa Lesikhetsekile saMabhalane Jikelele we-UN se-AIDS e-Afrika, wakhuluma ngesikhatsi atsi"Kusuka kubufakazi Kuya Ekusebentiseni: Kukhutsata Kusoka Kwemadvodza e-Afrika" ngesikhatsi seNhlangano Yetemnotfo Wemhlaba e-Afrika 2009 eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika, mhla tinge-11 Inhlaba 2009.]] Tinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha tiphetse tikhundla letehlukahlukene mayelana nekusebenta kahle kwekuvikela kwekusokwa kwebantfwana labancane emaveni latfutfukile. Tincwadzi letimayelana nalendzaba tihlukaniswe, ngekuhlatiya tindleko-netinzuzo kuncike kakhulu etinhlotjeni kanye nasemvamisa yetinkinga tetemphilo kubantfu lokukhulunywa ngabo nekutsi kusoka kubatsintsa njani. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba Wonkhe (WHO), i-UNAIDS, kanye netinhlangano tekwelapha taseMelika titsatsa sikhundla sekutsi tinzuzo tayo tetemphilo tekuvikela tidlula bungoti, kantsi tinhlangano tetekwelapha taseYurophu, tase-Australia, nase New Zealand tivame kubamba kutsi tinzuzo tayo tekwelapha atikeneli kute tiyivikele. Bameli bekusoka bancoma kutsi kwentiwe ngesikhatsi sekutalwa lapho khona kungabiti kakhulu futsi kunebungoti lobuncane betinkinga. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> I -American Academy of Pediatrics,kanye neTikhungo Tekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo batsi tinzuzo letingaba khona ngekusoka tidlula bungoti. Nga-2010, Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba wonkhe yatsi: <ref name="WHO-2010a"></ref> === Luncwaningo letifo === Kusoka kuphindze kusetjentiswe kulapha tifo letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i-phimosis yekugula, i-balanoposthitis lengaphili kanye nekugula lokungapheli noma lokuphindzaphindvwako kwemgudvu wemchamo (ema-UTI). miako9ayw8f2onqw7snmkd85qrc2o3t Mpumalanga Afrika 0 6971 43030 43029 2026-09-21T12:08:56Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} aqlwcunruisn4knpd2dg14cyov4bl3d 43031 43030 2026-09-21T12:19:45Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye-''Out-of-Africa''.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.<ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [18][19][20][21] ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 93cq8cmehz4h7gyifjypw420pgehux4 43032 43031 2026-09-21T12:22:00Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye-''Out-of-Africa''.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 3uvydhpbh12uwn0sju5xinac4kcmztr 43033 43032 2026-09-21T12:28:01Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye-''Out-of-Africa''.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} k6ppzi2cysmhy9w1dbnpy8vhfujb93p 43034 43033 2026-09-21T12:31:29Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye-''Out-of-Africa''.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} clrbe0lw5z2zzy5z4573oxh36u080y4 43035 43034 2026-09-21T12:43:42Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye-''Out-of-Africa''.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 9gnq62ohb24orrhue7qbicsagyw4dpu 43037 43035 2026-09-21T16:49:42Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye-''Out-of-Africa''.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} f073y9wm83qg3qbwwfe8h47o9ixikf6 43038 43037 2026-09-21T17:57:49Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi''Out-of-Africa'' theory ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 4mk3rpiwopbs9rkochdu9rcxsd5wipo 43039 43038 2026-09-21T18:01:49Z ZS Khumalo 9375 43039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 2d53r2f1twrg8hxw08zjoy94ukn2ofq 43040 43039 2026-09-21T18:12:30Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} bkwtdvx314qr85tkm1scbferwcw4vu2 43041 43040 2026-09-21T18:16:06Z ZS Khumalo 9375 43041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. Incenye leseningizimu yeMpumalanga Afrika beyihlala bantfu bemaKhoisan labebatingela futsi babutsa kudla kwaze kwaba tikhatsi takamuva. ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} aprbnku8ipx8z5fbzntv76x9jgtw9co 43042 43041 2026-09-21T18:34:45Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. Incenye leseningizimu yeMpumalanga Afrika beyihlala bantfu bemaKhoisan labebatingela futsi babutsa kudla kwaze kwaba tikhatsi takamuva. Kulesinye sandla, etindzaweni letiphakeme tase-Ethiopia, imbongolo kanye netitjalo letifana ne-teff kwenta kutsi kulima kucale nga-7000 BCE.<ref>Diamond, Jared; ''Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies''; p. 103; ISBN 0-393-03891-2</ref> ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 7qtgkizbriy32xxwivfbudzhb2hkgjv 43043 43042 2026-09-21T18:43:10Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. Incenye leseningizimu yeMpumalanga Afrika beyihlala bantfu bemaKhoisan labebatingela futsi babutsa kudla kwaze kwaba tikhatsi takamuva. Kulesinye sandla, etindzaweni letiphakeme tase-Ethiopia, imbongolo kanye netitjalo letifana ne-teff kwenta kutsi kulima kucale nga-7000 BCE.<ref>Diamond, Jared; ''Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies''; p. 103; ISBN 0-393-03891-2</ref> Noko-ke, tivimbelo tasematsafeni kanye netifo letatfwala yimpukane ye-tsetse tavimbela imbongolo kanye nekulima kutsi kusakatekele eningizimu. Kusemashumini eminyaka lamasikati kuphela lapho kulima kwasakateka khona etindzaweni letinemsamuko eningizimu yenkabave, ngekusakateka kwetinkhomo, timvu kanye netitjalo letifana nemabele. Kusatjalaliswa kwetilwimi kukhombisa kutsi loku kungenteka kwasuka eSudan kwaya esifundzeni seGreat Lakes Afrika, ngenca yekutsi tilwimi teNilotic lebetikhulunywa ngulaba balimi bangaphambi kwekwandza kwemaBantu tinetihlobo letisondzelene kakhulu netilwimi letikhulunywa esigodzini lesisemkhatsini seNayile. ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 75hiugfi00x12cr4oc91s2egyu2m9uo 43044 43043 2026-09-21T18:52:51Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. Incenye leseningizimu yeMpumalanga Afrika beyihlala bantfu bemaKhoisan labebatingela futsi babutsa kudla kwaze kwaba tikhatsi takamuva. Kulesinye sandla, etindzaweni letiphakeme tase-Ethiopia, imbongolo kanye netitjalo letifana ne-teff kwenta kutsi kulima kucale nga-7000 BCE.<ref>Diamond, Jared; ''Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies''; p. 103; ISBN 0-393-03891-2</ref> Noko-ke, tivimbelo tasematsafeni kanye netifo letatfwala yimpukane ye-tsetse tavimbela imbongolo kanye nekulima kutsi kusakatekele eningizimu. Kusemashumini eminyaka lamasikati kuphela lapho kulima kwasakateka khona etindzaweni letinemsamuko eningizimu yenkabave, ngekusakateka kwetinkhomo, timvu kanye netitjalo letifana nemabele. Kusatjalaliswa kwetilwimi kukhombisa kutsi loku kungenteka kwasuka eSudan kwaya esifundzeni seGreat Lakes Afrika, ngenca yekutsi tilwimi teNilotic lebetikhulunywa ngulaba balimi bangaphambi kwekwandza kwemaBantu tinetihlobo letisondzelene kakhulu netilwimi letikhulunywa esigodzini lesisemkhatsini seNayile. [[File:Relief of Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt by Σταύρος.jpg|thumb| Emasotja ase[[Gibhithe]] aphetse emagatja etihlahla nemazembe eluhambeni lwekuhweba oluya ePunt]] ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} 6yyu1jycdqzbeyzu0u7719hba86i9oq 43045 43044 2026-09-21T19:05:13Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* Umlandvo wakadzeni */ 43045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]]. Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. Incenye leseningizimu yeMpumalanga Afrika beyihlala bantfu bemaKhoisan labebatingela futsi babutsa kudla kwaze kwaba tikhatsi takamuva. Kulesinye sandla, etindzaweni letiphakeme tase-Ethiopia, imbongolo kanye netitjalo letifana ne-teff kwenta kutsi kulima kucale nga-7000 BCE.<ref>Diamond, Jared; ''Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies''; p. 103; ISBN 0-393-03891-2</ref> Noko-ke, tivimbelo tasematsafeni kanye netifo letatfwala yimpukane ye-tsetse tavimbela imbongolo kanye nekulima kutsi kusakatekele eningizimu. Kusemashumini eminyaka lamasikati kuphela lapho kulima kwasakateka khona etindzaweni letinemsamuko eningizimu yenkabave, ngekusakateka kwetinkhomo, timvu kanye netitjalo letifana nemabele. Kusatjalaliswa kwetilwimi kukhombisa kutsi loku kungenteka kwasuka eSudan kwaya esifundzeni seGreat Lakes Afrika, ngenca yekutsi tilwimi teNilotic lebetikhulunywa ngulaba balimi bangaphambi kwekwandza kwemaBantu tinetihlobo letisondzelene kakhulu netilwimi letikhulunywa esigodzini lesisemkhatsini seNayile. [[File:Relief of Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt by Σταύρος.jpg|thumb| Emasotja ase[[Gibhithe]] aphetse emagatja etihlahla nemazembe eluhambeni lwekuhweba oluya ePunt]] I-Djibouti, i-Eritrea, i-Ethiopia, iSomalia kanye nelugu lweLwandle Lelibovu eSudan tibukwakubukwa njengetindzawo letingaba khona kakhulu telive lebelatiwa ngemaGibhithe akadzeni ngekutsi yiPunt.<ref>Andebrhan Welde Giorgis (2014). ''Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope''. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-62857-331-2. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</ref> Kukhetsa kwekucala kwalelive embhalweni wasembusweni wakadzeni waseGibhithe kubhalwe cishe ngelikhulu lama-25 BCE.<ref>Najovits, Simson (2004) ''Egypt, trunk of the tree'', Volume 2, Algora Publishing, p. 258, ISBN 087586256X.</ref> Bantfu basePunt bakadzeni bebaluhlobo lolusedvute neGibhithe lebeyibuswa boFaro ngesikhatsi saFaro Sahure kanye neNdlovukazi Hatshepsut. ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} m0ud3cu7dvycr50ntsov8q4yq7hi4wx 43046 43045 2026-09-21T19:33:02Z Dumbassman 6052 43046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpumalanga Afrika''' (leyatiwa futsi ngekutsi yi-'''Afrika leseMpumalanga''', '''eMpumalanga yeAfrika''' nobe ngesi[[Ngisi]] i'''[[:en:East Africa|East Africa]]''') sifundza lesiseceleni empumalanga ye[[Livekati laseAfrika|livekati laseAfrika]].<ref name="auto">''United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)''. un.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</ref> [[File:Map of East Africa Countries.svg|thumb|Imephu yemave lafakwa eMpumalanga yeAfrika]] Emave langaphansi kweMpumalanga Afrika angu-18, kufaka ekhatsi li[[Phondvo leAfrika]] enyakatfo, iGreat Lakes Afrika, lugu lweLwandlekati i-Indian Ocean empumalanga, kanye neAfrika leseNingizimu-mpumalanga eningizimu.<ref name="auto"/> [[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb |Tifundza taseAfrika]] Kwakheka kwelive leMpumalanga yeAfrika kuyehluka, netindzawo taselugwini letikhuphukela etindzaweni letiphakeme naletipholile, lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emadolobha lanebantfu labanyenti. Simo selitulu kulesifundza sivame kwehluka kulesivamile etindzaweni letisedvute nenkabave, njengoba linengi laletindzawo lelisemkhatsini wekushisa lilimeka, kantsi umswakamo uyandza nawuchubeka uye eningizimu. Lesifundza sivame kuhlaselwa tiphepho letinkulu letivela eLwandlekati lwaseNyakatfo ye-iIndian Ocean neliPhondvo leAfrika, kanye netiphepho letivela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean eningizimu. Kwehlukahlukana lokukhulu kwesimo selitulu kwenta lesifundza sibe sengotini yesomiso kanye netikhatsi tetikhukhula, lokwatsi ngabo ma-1900 kwaholela ekuswelakaleni kwekudla kanye nekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngenca yesimo selitulu.<ref>''East Africa: Confronting climate migration in drought-hit areas'', www.preventionweb.net. 9 April 2026. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> Ngokwemlando, lesifundza seMpumalanga Afrika sicatjangwa njengendzawo yemvelaphi yebantfu, njengekukhomba kwebufalazi lobatfolakala entsabananeni i-Rift. Bantfu bakulesifundza bebabuswa kakhulu kwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesi[[Bantu]] kuya kulesifundza eminyakeni lengaba ngu-2 500 kuya ku-3 000 leyengcile. Esikhatsini sangaphambilini, buhlobo bekuhweba nemaArabhu labehamba ngemikhumbi bemikhumbi enyakatfo kanye nase[[Ndiya]] empumalanga baholela ekuhlanganeni kwemasiko etindzaweni taselugwini. Loku kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwesifundza sekuhwebelana e[[gwini laseSwahili]], lapho kwavela khona lulwimi lwesi[[Swahili]], lolunemagama labolekwe kusiArabhu nakulamanye etilwimi letasetjentiswa kulesifundza sekutsengiselana. Emlandvweni wamanje, ngemuva kwekuhlolwa kwelive ngebalumbi, kwasungulwa emakoloni ema[[Putukezi]], kwalandzela emakoloni ema[[Ngisi]] nawema[[Jalimane]] kulesifundza. Kusukela ekutfoleni kwenkhululeko ngemuva kwekubuswa ngemakoloni, lesifundza sikhule saba yindzawo lenebantfu labanyenti, njengoba silinganiselo sanga-2017 sasikhombisa bantfu labangetulu kwe-537,9 tinkhulu (million).<ref>''The World Factbook – Population''. CIA. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017</ref> I[[Tanzania]], i[[Kenya]] kanye ne[[Ethiopia]] ngulamanye emave lanemnotfo lomkhulu kulesifundza. Emaveni lamanyenti, bantfu labanyenti basahlala etindzaweni tasemakhaya futsi basebenta kulima. Noko-ke, umnotfo waseMpumalanga Afrika njengamanje uyakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunaleyo yaletinye tincenye te[[Afrika]], ngesilinganiso sekukhula lesingu6%. I[[Rwanda]], i-[[Uganda]], iKenya kanye neTanzania ngulamanye emave lakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu kunalamanye.<ref>''Eastern Africa outpaces continent in growth, but economic divergence clouds integration'', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa". www.uneca.org. Retrieved 14 May 2026</ref> ==Tinchazelo== Ngekwenchazelo lefinyetiwe, ikakhulukati ngelulwimi lwesi[[Ngisi]], iMpumalanga Afrika kukhulunywa ngendzawo lefaka ekhatsi iKenya, iTanzania kanye ne-Uganda. Loku kubangelwa kakhulu ngumlando wawo wekuphatfwa ngemaNgisi kanye nekubambisana kwetikhungo salesifundza saseMpumalanga yeAfrika.<ref>Maxon, Robert M. (2009). ''East Africa''. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4. OCLC 318191973.</ref> Ngekwandzisa lenchazelo, liPhondvo leAfrika lefaka ekhatsi i[[Djibouti]], i-[[Eritrea]], i-[[Ethiopia]] kanye ne[[Somalia]] -ibonakala njengendzawo lehlukile yetepolitiki ngekhatsi kweMpumalanga Afrika.<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara'', Second Edition: Title: ''A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>''IRIN — Horn of Africa''. IRINnews. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2008</ref> Umphakatsi weMpumalanga Afrika, longumfelandzawonye wetemnotfo netepolitiki, njengamanje ufaka ekhatsi i[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], i[[Somalia]], i[[Burundi]], i[[Kenya]], i[[Rwanda]], i[[South Sudan]], i-[[Uganda]] kanye ne[[Tanzania]].<ref>''East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc''. Eac.int. 25 November 2023</ref> Lesifundza se[[Great Lakes Afrika]] sihlangana kakhulu nalawa mave.<ref>''Somaliland profile''. BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref>''Puntland profile''. BBC News. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Eduvute naletindzawo tasemhlabeni lomkhulu kukhona emave netindzawo letifaka ekhatsi i[[Comoros]], i[[Mauritius]], i[[Seychelles]], i[[Réunion]], i[[Mayotte]] kanye naletinye letisakatekile eLwandlekati iIndian Ocean.<ref>Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa''. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-000-4.</ref> Tindzawo letifaka tincenye te[[Mozambiki]] kanye ne[[Madagascar]], letivame kuhlanganiswa ne[[Afrika leseNingizimu]], tibuye tibe nebuhlobo lobukhulu bemlandvo nemasiko neMpumalanga Afrika, ikakhulukati ngetindlela tekuhweba letasetjentiswa eLwandlekati lweIndian Ocean.<ref>''East Africa Regional Overview''. African Development Bank: Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa region''. 17 August 2017</ref> I[[Sudan]] nayo ngalesinye sikhatsi ifakwa kulesifundza, ngenca yekutsi iyincenye yesifundza saseMpumalanga ngekwesakhiwo se[[African Union]], futsi ililunga le[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), leyindzawo yekutsengiselana ngekukhululeka.<ref>''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union'' (PDF). p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013.</ref><ref>''Eastern Africa Power Pool'' (PDF). EAPP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.</ref> ==Umlandvo== ===Umlandvo wakadzeni=== [[File:Bienvenida al Museo de Lucy.jpg|thumb|Kwakhiwa kabusha kwemfanekiso wemfati webantfu bekucala lobitwa ngekutsi i-''Australopithecus afarensis'' ngekwesayensi]] Ngekwemininingwane yelufuto kanye nemivubukulo, kucatjangwa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yasendvulo yaguqukela ekubeni bantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla e[[Phondvweni leAfrika]] cishe eminyakeni lengu-200 000 leyengcile, yabe seyisakateka kusukela lapho.<ref>Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011). "Genomic Although this is now discredited with new finds at Jebel irhoud and apidima Greece where evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route". Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. doi:10.3378/027.083.0403. PMID 21846205. S2CID 17344813. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</ref><ref>Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10699–704. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010699M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306043110. PMC 3696785. PMID 23754394. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.</ref> Kwamukelwa kwe-''Homo sapiens idaltu'' kanye ne-''Omo Kibish'' njengabantfu besimanje labanesakhiwo semtimba lesifana nesalamuhla kungasekela kuchazwa kwebantfu banamuhla ngekusebentisa ligama lelitsi ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. Ngetizatfu tekutsi bavela kadzeni kanye nangebunjalo bemitimba yabo lobungajwayelekile, ''idaltu'' kanye ne-''Kibish'' bamele bokhokho labasondzelene kakhulu nebantfu besimanje, njengobe kuphakanyiswa yimfundziso ye[[Umbono wekwekutsi Bantfu Bonkhe Bavela eAfrika]], lebitwa ngukutsi ''[[:en:Recent African origin of modern humans| 'Out-of-Africa theory]]'' ngesiNgisi.<ref>White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), ''Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia'', Nature, 423 (6491): 742–747, Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W, doi:10.1038/nature01669, PMID 12802332, S2CID 4432091</ref> <ref>''Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human''. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</ref><ref>Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005). ''Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia''. Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15716951. S2CID 1454595.</ref><ref>Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017). ''The Omo-Kibish I pelvis''. Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. Bibcode:2017JHumE.108..199H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.</ref> [[File:Red Sea2.png|thumb |iBab-el-Mandeb eLwandle Lolubovu: lamuhla inebubanti lobungaba ngu19 km, kantsi kadzeni beyincane kakhulu.]] Nga-2017, kutfolakala kwetinsalela tebantfu besimanje eJebel Irhoud eMorocco, letineminyaka lengaba ngu-300 000, kwaphakamisa kutsi bantfu besimanje bavela kadzeni kakhulu futsi mhlawumbe endzaweni lenkhulu ye-Afrika kunaloko bekucatjangwa ngaphambilini.<ref>Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).''World's oldest Homo sapiens fossils found in Morocco''. Science. doi:10.1126/science.356.6342.993. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> IMpumalanga yeAfrika ingulesinye setifundza tekucala lapho kutfolakala kutsi kwahlala khona i-''Homo sapiens''. Ngo-2018, e-Olorgesailie eKenya kwatfolakala bufakazi lobabhalwa eminyakeni lengaba ngu-320 000 leyengcile, lobukhombisa kuvela kwasekucaleni kwetindlela tekutiphatsa letihambisana nebantfu besimanje. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi tindlela tekutsengiselana ngebucalu lobudze, letatifaka ekhatsi tintfo letifana ne-obsidian, kusetjentiswa kwetintfo letinemibala, kantsi kungenteka nekwakhiwa kwemikhonto.<ref>Chatterjee, Rhitu (15 March 2018). ''Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya''. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Yong, Ed (15 March 2018). ''A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</ref><ref>Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). ''Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age''. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. Bibcode:2018Sci...360...90B. doi:10.1126/science.aao2646. PMID 29545508.</ref> NgeInyoni ya2019, bososayensi babika kutsi basebentisa emasikena elihlobo leCT langu-260 kute batfole ngekhompyutha luhlobo lwelugebhezi lolungelolo lwangempela, lolwalumele ukhokho wekugcina lobahlanganyelwa bantfu besimanje kanye ne-''Homo sapiens''. Baphakamisa kutsi i-''Homo sapiens'' yavela emkhatsini weminyaka lengu-350 000 kanye ne-260 000 leyengcile, ngekuhlangana kwemiphakatsi yaseNingizimu neMpumalanga ye-Afrika.<ref>Zimmer, Carl (10 September 2019). ''Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</ref><ref>Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). ''Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species''. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3406. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMC 6736881. PMID 31506422.</ref> Indlela yekutfutseleka kwebantfu ngekwemfundziso ye-''Out of Africa'' kungenteka yendlula eMpumalanga ye-Afrika ngeBab-el-Mandeb. Lamuhla, eBab-el-Mandeb, Lwandle Lolubovu lunebubanti lobungemamayela langu-12 (19 km), kantsi eminyakeni lengu-50 000 leyengcile beluncane kakhulu, futsi lizinga lemawole beliphansi ngemamitha langu-70. Nanobe letindzawo tekuwela tingazange tivale ngalokuphelele, kungenteka bekukhona tichingi emkhatsini wato lebetingafinyelelwa ngekusebentisa tikebhe letincane. [[File:Hadzabe.jpg|thumb|Bantfu bemaHadzebe bayimvelo yebantfu baseTanzania lababehlala khona ngaphambi kwekwandza kwemiphakatsi lesebentisa tilwimi tesiBantu, lebebatingeli futsi babutsa kudla.]] Letinye tetinsalela tematsambo etinyanya tebantfu letindzala kakhulu titfolakele kulesifundza lesibanti, lokufaka ekhatsi tinsalela letatfolakala eSigodzini sase-Awash e-Ethiopia, eKoobi Fora eKenya kanye nase-Olduvai Gorge eTanzania. Incenye leseningizimu yeMpumalanga Afrika beyihlala bantfu bemaKhoisan labebatingela futsi babutsa kudla kwaze kwaba tikhatsi takamuva. Kulesinye sandla, etindzaweni letiphakeme tase-Ethiopia, imbongolo kanye netitjalo letifana ne-teff kwenta kutsi kulima kucale nga-7000 BCE.<ref>Diamond, Jared; ''Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies''; p. 103; ISBN 0-393-03891-2</ref> Noko-ke, tivimbelo tasematsafeni kanye netifo letatfwala yimpukane ye-tsetse tavimbela imbongolo kanye nekulima kutsi kusakatekele eningizimu. Kusemashumini eminyaka lamasikati kuphela lapho kulima kwasakateka khona etindzaweni letinemsamuko eningizimu yenkabave, ngekusakateka kwetinkhomo, timvu kanye netitjalo letifana nemabele. Kusatjalaliswa kwetilwimi kukhombisa kutsi loku kungenteka kwasuka eSudan kwaya esifundzeni seGreat Lakes Afrika, ngenca yekutsi tilwimi teNilotic lebetikhulunywa ngulaba balimi bangaphambi kwekwandza kwemaBantu tinetihlobo letisondzelene kakhulu netilwimi letikhulunywa esigodzini lesisemkhatsini seNayile. [[File:Relief of Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt by Σταύρος.jpg|thumb| Emasotja ase[[Gibhithe]] aphetse emagatja etihlahla nemazembe eluhambeni lwekuhweba oluya ePunt]] I-Djibouti, i-Eritrea, i-Ethiopia, iSomalia kanye nelugu lweLwandle Lelibovu eSudan tibukwakubukwa njengetindzawo letingaba khona kakhulu telive lebelatiwa ngemaGibhithe akadzeni ngekutsi yiPunt.<ref>Andebrhan Welde Giorgis (2014). ''Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope''. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-62857-331-2. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</ref> Kukhetsa kwekucala kwalelive embhalweni wasembusweni wakadzeni waseGibhithe kubhalwe cishe ngelikhulu lama-25 BCE.<ref>Najovits, Simson (2004) ''Egypt, trunk of the tree'', Volume 2, Algora Publishing, p. 258, ISBN 087586256X.</ref> Bantfu basePunt bakadzeni bebaluhlobo lolusedvute neGibhithe lebeyibuswa boFaro ngesikhatsi saFaro Sahure kanye neNdlovukazi Hatshepsut. ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} kq03qaw87dlgvjwvxg0yegiyiixkn9k Inkhosatane Lindiwe 0 6973 43047 43023 2026-09-22T00:07:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 43047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lifayela:Lindiwe Dlamini.jpg|thumb|Inkhosatane Lindiwe]] '''Inkhosatana Lindiwe Dlamini''' (washona mhlaka-16 Inyoni 2026) bekangumfundisi wasebukhosini waseSwatini, wepolitiki kanye nemfundisi wemaKhristu. Wasebenta njengeNdvuna Yetetindzaba Tasekhaya yase-[[Umbuso weSwatini|Eswatini]] futsi waba lilunga leNdlu yeMhlangano kusukela nga-2018 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe nga-2026. Lindiwe bekayindvodzakati yaSobhuza [[Sobhuza II|Wesibili]] futsi angudzadzewabo [[Inkhosi Mswati III|Mswati Wesitsatfu]]. == Imfundvo == Lindiwe utfole sicu sekuphatsa emabhizinisi eNyuvesi yase-Akron kanye nesicu sekuphatsa emahhotela eNyuvesi yaseVincennes, kokumbili eMelika.<ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Eswatini</ref> == Umsebenti == Lindiwe wacala umsebenti wakhe webungcweti nga 1985 njengemphatsi eHhovisi Lekuphatsa Lavelonkhe lase Eswatini, ngemuva kwesikhatsi waba ngusomabhizinisi wekukhicita timoto kanye nekuwasha.<ref>Members of Parliament (MPs) 2023 — 2028". ''Parliament of Eswatini''. Retrieved 22 February 2026.</ref> Nga 2008, iNkhosi [[Inkhosi Mswati III|Mswati III]] wabeka Lindiwe kutsi abe lilunga lemtimba wekweluleka wesintfu iLiqoqo. Ngamyaka wa 2018, waba lilunga leNdlu Yemhlangano kanye neNdvuna Yetindzaba Tasekhaya, futsi waphindze wabuyiselwa nga 2023.<ref name=":1" /> Ngenyanga yeNgongoni 2025, wabita emave ngesikhatsi senkhofarese yemave emhlaba mayelana neNdzima Yabomake Emmangweni Wesimanje kutsi acinise kubambisana kwemave emhlaba "kusheshisa kuniketwa emandla kwabomake".<ref>https://swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=10862</ref>Ngaleyo nyanga, waphindze watsi, emhlanganweni nebameleli benkholo, kutsi inkonzo yakhe ihlose kwenta umtsetfomgomo wavelonkhe lohlangene nawo onkhe emasontfo kulelive, ala tinsolo tekufuna kulawula imisebenti yawo nekutsi kubhaliswa kwemasontfo kutawuba ngumsebenti weLitiko Letetindzaba Tasekhaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://swazidailynews.com/archives/5656 |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212053703/https://swazidailynews.com/archives/5656 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Imphilo yakhe ne kufa == Kanye nendvodza yakhe Robert Kasaro, Lindiwe bebaphetse Sikhungo Sekukhonta i Jesus Calls Worship Centre (JCWC). Ngeti-16 Inyoni 2026, washona ngemuva kwekulwa nemdlavuza. Kushona kwakhe kuvele ngemuva kwemalanga lambalwa waphutfunyiswe esibhedlela saseNingizimu Afrika asesimeni lesibucayi.<ref>https://swazilandnews.co.za/articles/38827</ref><ref name=":1" /> == imitfombo yelwati == matyujrm9tgux9tnk011yuczyk0262g Inyatsi yaMswati 0 6974 43049 2026-09-22T10:44:40Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371937964|INyatsi yaMswati]]" 43049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''INyatsi yaMswati''' ("Inyatsi yaMswati") bekulibutfo lesive leMbuso [[Umbuso weSwatini|wase Eswatini]] ngesikhatsi sekubusa kweNkhosi [[Mswati II|Mswati Wesibili]] ngelishumi nesiphohlongo. Yavuselelwa futsi njengamanje libutfo lesive lesintfu ngesikhatsi sekubusa kweNkhosi [[Inkhosi Mswati III|Mswati III]]. [[File:INyatsi.jpg|thumb|Emalunga embutfo we iNyatsi yaMswati angena [[Sikhungo Sesive SaseSommelah|enkhundleni yesive yase Somhlolo]] ngesikhatsi sekugubha iNkhosi [[Inkhosi Mswati III|Mswati III]] yekutalwa kweminyaka lengemashumi lasihlanu nesiphohlongo ngenyanga yeMabasa 2026.]] p43r9nr0ck1p5sna172mqvx3wkyuwgh