Wikipedia sswiki https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhasi_Lelikhulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Tinkundla Lelibalulekile Khuluma Bantfu Khuluma nebantfu Wikipedia Khuluma ngeWikipedia Lifayela Khuluma ngelifayela MediaWiki Khuluma ngeMediaWiki iThempleti Khuluma ngethempleti Lusito Khuluma ngelusito Umkhakha Khuluma ngemkhakha TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4112 43065 35606 2026-09-25T00:20:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 43065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Issei Sagawa''' ( watalwa 26 Mabasa 1949) ngumuntfu waseveni lase [[Japani]] lokwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1981 wabulala wabuye wadla umfundzi lomsikati waseveni lase Nederlands lobekafundza kanye naye e France. Ligama lalomfundzi lowabulawa ngu Sagawa bekungu Renée Hartevelt. Sagawa waboshwa ngalesento sakhe sebujabhane kodvwa wabese unikelwa etandleni temtsetfo waseveni lakhe lase Japan lelamkhulula ngumuva kwekungatfoli bufakazi lobanele. <ref>http://murderpedia.org/male.S/s/sagawa-issei.htm</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.vice.com/video/issei-sagawa-part-1 |access-date=2015-02-07 |archive-date=2015-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210200811/http://www.vice.com/video/issei-sagawa-part-1 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Emarefarensi== {{Reflist}} [[Category:IJaphani]] 59j1xzghzg9r9b6u6wv1xw4zzd7gray 0 4606 43066 39445 2026-09-25T00:25:08Z InternetArchiveBot 6884 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 43066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Kukhishwa kwesisu ngekutitsandzela kusetjentiswa imitsi | Image =Abortion Laws.svg | Width = 350 | Caption =Abortion laws globally<ref name="UN2013info">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WorldAbortionPolicies2013/WorldAbortionPolicies2013_WallChart.pdf|title=World Abortion Policies 2013|publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> {{leftlegend|#3465a4|Legal on request}} {{leftlegend|#73d216|Legal with justification}} {{leftlegend|#edd400|Illegal except for maternal life, health, rape, or fetal defects}} {{leftlegend|#c17d11|Illegal except for maternal life, health, or rape}} {{leftlegend|#f57900|Illegal except for maternal life or health}} {{leftlegend|#cc0000|Illegal, no exceptions}} {{leftlegend|#2e3436|Varies}} {{leftlegend|#b9b9b9|No information}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|O|04||o|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|779.6}} | DiseasesDB = 4153 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 002912 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 252560 | MeshID = }} <!-- Terminology --> '''Kukhipha sisu''' kujuba/kuphelisa [[kukhulelwa (kulabamunyisako)| kukhulelwa]] ngekususa noma ngekukhipha sisu ngesihluku[[ esibeletfweni| lesitfwele u]][[mntfwana longakavutfwa ]]noma [[imbewu]] ngembi kwekutsi [[imbewu lesakheka njengemntfwana| ikhone kutikhulela ngekwayo]]. Sisu singaphuma ngalokungakalindzeleki ngekushesha, loko lekubese kubitwa ngekutsi [[ kuphunyelwa sisu]]. Kungentiwa futsi ngamabomu lapho kubitwa ngekutsiwa kukhishwa kwesisu ngekutitsandzela kusetjentiswa imitsi. Sikhatsi sekukhishwa'' kwesisu'' kuvamise kucondziswa ngalesikhatsi kukhishwa sisu ngekutitsandzela kusetjentiswa imitsi kumuntfu lokhulelwe. Indlela lefanako ngemuva kwekutsi umntfwana akwati kutiphilela ngekwakho ngekwetemphilo ivamise kubitwa ngekutsi "[[kukhipha sisu ngemuva kwesikhatsi lesidze ukhulelwe]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=DA |last2=Stuart |first2=G |title=Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology |journal=Contraception |year=2010 |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=93–6 |pmid=20103443 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005}}</ref> <!-- Methods and safety --> Betekulapha besimanje basebentisa imitsi noma tindlela tekuhlindza kute kukhishwe sisu ngekutitsandzela. Lemitsi lemibili lebitwa [[nge-mifepristone]] kanye[[ ne-prostaglandin]] isebenta kahle kakhulu kufana nendlela yekuhlindvwa [[uma ngabe usesetinyangeni tekucala letintsatfu tekukhulelwa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulier|first1=R|last2=Kapp|first2=N|last3=Gülmezoglu|first3=AM|last4=Hofmeyr|first4=GJ|last5=Cheng|first5=L|last6=Campana|first6=A|title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Nov 9, 2011|issue=11|pages=CD002855|pmid=22071804|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4}}</ref><ref name=Kapp2013/> Nanoma kusetjentiswa kwemitsi kungaba yimphumelelo [[kuletinyanga letine kuya ngetulu tekukhulelwa]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wildschut|first1=H|last2=Both|first2=MI|last3=Medema|first3=S|last4=Thomee|first4=E|last5=Wildhagen|first5=MF|last6=Kapp|first6=N|title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Jan 19, 2011|issue=1|pages=CD005216|pmid=21249669|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2}}</ref> indlela yekuhlindvwa ibonakala inebungoti lobuncane ekutseni kube nemitselela lengemihle nakwentiwa lenchubo. <ref name=Kapp2013/> [[Kuhlelwa kwemndeni]], kufaka ekhatsi [[emaphilisi layinhlanganisela lafaka ekhatsi onkhe lanatfwako| lamaphilisi]] kanye[[ neluphu]] kungentiwa ngekushesha ngemuva kwekukhipha sisu. <ref name=Kapp2013>{{cite journal|last1=Kapp|first1=N|last2=Whyte|first2=P|last3=Tang|first3=J|last4=Jackson|first4=E|last5=Brahmi|first5=D|title=A review of evidence for safe abortion care.|journal=Contraception|date=Sep 2013|volume=88|issue=3|pages=350–63|pmid=23261233|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027}}</ref> Kukhishwa kwesisu [[kulomhlaba lesewutfutfukile]] kunemlandvo lomudze wekutsi[[#Kuphephile| kuletinye tindlela letiphephile tekusebentisa imitsi]] uma ngabe tivumelekile[[ ngekwemtsetfo wekukhishwa kwesisu| nemtsetfo wakuleli]].<ref name="lancet-grimes">{{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=D. A. |last2=Benson |first2=J. |last3=Singh |first3=S. |last4=Romero |first4=M. |last5=Ganatra |first5=B. |last6=Okonofua |first6=F. E. |last7=Shah |first7=I. H. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6 |title=Unsafe abortion: The preventable pandemic |journal=The Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9550 |pages=1908–1919 |year=2006 |pmid=17126724 |url=http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_4.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=Ray2014>{{cite journal|last1=Raymond|first1=EG|last2=Grossman|first2=D|last3=Weaver|first3=MA|last4=Toti|first4=S|last5=Winikoff|first5=B|title=Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States.|journal=Contraception|date=Nov 2014|volume=90|issue=5|pages=476–479|pmid=25152259|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.012}}</ref> Kukhishwa kwesisu ngaphandle kwetihibe akubangeli kugula kwesikhatsi lesidze kwengcondvo noma tinkinga tekungaphili kwemtimba. <ref name=BMJ2014/> Inhlangano [[Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe]] incoma kwekutsi lelizinga lelifanako lekuphepha nekukhishwa kwesisu ngalokusemtsetfweni litfolakale kubo bonkhe bomake mhlabawonkhe. <ref name=WHOPolicy2012>{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems|date=2012|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241548434|page=8|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70914/1/9789241548434_eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> [[Kukhipha tisu ngendlela lengakaphephi]], noma kunjalo, kuyaye kubangele kushona kwalabalinganiselwa ku-47,000 [[webantfu ]]labakhulelwe<ref name=BMJ2014>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lohr | first1 = P. A. | last2 = Fjerstad | first2 = M. | last3 = Desilva | first3 = U. | last4 = Lyus | first4 = R. | title = Abortion | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | page = f7553 | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.f7553}}</ref> kanye netigidzi leti-5 tebantfu labangeniswa etibhedlela njalo ngemnyaka mhlabawonkhe jikelele. <ref name=OBGY09>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=I. |last2=Ahman |first2=E. |title=Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1149–58 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20085681 |url=http://www.sogc.org/jogc/abstracts/full/200912_WomensHealth_1.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Kukhishwa tisu letilinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-44 mhlabawonkhe jikelele ngemnyaka, kantsi letilinganiselwa kuhhafu yaloko kwentiwa ngendlela lengakaphephi. <ref name="Sedgh 2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Sedgh |first1=G. |last2=Singh |first2=S. |last3=Shah |first3=I. H. |last4=Åhman |first4=E. |last5=Henshaw |first5=S. K. |last6=Bankole |first6=A. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8 |title=Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9816 |pages=625–632 |year=2012 |pmid=22264435 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> Emazinga ekukhishwa kwetisu sekagucukile kancane kusukela emkhatsini wanga 2003 na 2008, <ref name="Sedgh 2012" /> ngemuva kwekucitsa iminyaka kwehla ngalesikhatsi kuzanywa kufinyelela kumitamo yekufundzisa [[ngekuhlelwa kwemindeni]] kanye [[nekulawula indlela ]]yekubeleka.<ref name="worldtrends2007">{{Cite journal |author=Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J |title=Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends |journal=Int Fam Plan Perspect |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=106–116 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17938093 |doi=10.1363/ifpp.33.106.07 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3310607.html}}</ref> {{as of|2008}} , bomake labangemaphesenti lalishumi nakune mhlabawonkhe bayakwati kufinyelela kutinsita tekukhipha sisu ngekutitsandzela basebentisa imitsi ngalokusemtsetfweni "ngaphandle kwekuhlangabetana netintfo letingaba tihibe noma kudzingeke tinchazelo". <ref name=IJGO10/> Noma kunjalo, kunemikhawulo yekutsi ungakhipha sisu uma sewunesikhatsi lesingakanani.<ref name=IJGO10>{{Cite journal|author=Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M|title=Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion |journal=[[International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics]] |volume=110 |pages=S13–16 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20451196 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003}}</ref> <!-- History, society and culture --> Kukhishwa kwesisu ngekutitsandzela ngekusebentisa imitsi [[kunemlandvo wesikhatsi lesidze wekukhishwa kwesisu| emlandvweni]]. Kwentiwa ngetindlela letihlukile, kufaka ekhatsi [[emakhambi ekukhipha sisu| langumutsi wesintfu ]], kusetjentiswa kwemathulusi lakhaliphile, [[ kuviswa buhlungu emtimbeni]], kanye naletinye [[tindlela temitsi yesintfu| letitindlela tendzabuko ]]lebetisetjentiswa kwakudzala.<ref name="Management of Abortion, Chp 1">{{cite book|chapter=1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history|isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]]|year=2009|location=[[Oxford, United Kingdom]]|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy|edition=1st|editors=MPaul, ES Lichtenberg, L Borgatta, DA Grimes, PG Stubblefield, MD Creinin|first=Carole|last=Joffe|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208210046/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/62/14051769/1405176962.pdf|archivedate=8 December 2015|deadurl=yes|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> Umtsetfo[[ wekukhishwa kwesisu| nemitsetfo lengamele kukhishwa kwetisu]], kutsi isetjentiswa kangakanani, kanye nesimo sayo kutemasiko netenkholo kuyahluka kakhulu mhlaba wonkhe. Ngalesinye sikhatsi, kukhishwa kwesisu kuba semtsetfweni ngekuhambisana netimo letitsite, njenga [[nawudlwengulwe sihlobo]], kudlwengulwa, [[uma unetinkinga letingabangela kubulawa sisu| nekushona kwemntfwana esuswini]], leminye imitselela letsintsa simo setemphilo nemnotfo noma bungoti emphilweni yamake lokhulelwe. <ref name="Dev98-07">{{Cite journal|last1=Boland |first1=R. |last2=Katzive |first2=L. |doi=10.1363/ifpp.34.110.08 |title=Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007 |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=110–120 |year=2008 |pmid=18957353 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3411008.html}}</ref> Etindzaweni letinyenti tavelonkhe kunetingcogco[[ letikhona ngekukhishwa kwesisu| nekudideka kwebantfu]] ngekuvumeleka kwalesento, [[kuhambisana nemitsetfo yemdzabu kwekukhishwa kwetisu |nekuba ]]semtsetfweni kwetindzaba letiphatselene nekukhishwa kwetisu. Labo [[labakumikhankaso yekungahambisani nekukhishwa |kwetisu]] bavamise kusho kwekutsi loku lekusuke sekwakhele esuswini noma lomntfwana longekhatsi usuke sekangumuntfu [[futsi lanelilungelo lekuphila]] kantsi bacatsanisa kukhipha sisu [[nekubulala]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Pastor Mark Driscoll |title=What do 55 million people have in common? |publisher=Fox News |date=18 October 2013 |accessdate=2 July 2014 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/ |archive-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831022138/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/10/18/what-do-55-million-people-have-in-common/ |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dale Hansen |title=Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure? |publisher=Huffington Post |date=18 March 2014 |accessdate=2 July 2014 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-hansen/abortion-murder-or-medica_b_4986637.html}}</ref> Labo labasekela [[imikhankaso yekumelana nekukhishwa kwetisu |nemalungelo ekukhishwa kwetisu]] bagcizelela [[emalungelo ekubeleka| njengemalungelo emuntfu wesifazane ekuncuma ngetintfo letiphatselene nemtimba wakhe]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sifris|first1=Ronli Noa|title=Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781135115227|page=3|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9pVWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref> kanye nekugcizelela [[emalungelo eluntfu]] sekafaka ekhatsi konkhe.<ref name=WHOPolicy2012/> ==Emareferensi == <references /> e3nn73clo5uhl6h0jtlq94e1gaiyfc0 0 6547 43057 43056 2026-09-24T15:37:41Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the section "Effects" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375657746|Circumcision]]" 43057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusoka''' yinchubo lesusa sikhumba sesibeletho esitfweni sangasese semuntfu sangansense. == Kusebentisa == === Kuvikela kwetifo === Cishe ihhafu yako kusoka emhlabeni wonkhe kwentiwa ngetizatfu tekunakekelwa kwemphilo. ==== Kusetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasengotini lenkhulu ==== [[File:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Umlingisi Melusi Yeni waba ngumdlali we -VMMC wesigidzi sinye wekulwa nekwendluliselwa kweligciwane le-HIV/AIDS esifundzeni saKwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika. ]] Kukhona kuvumelana emkhatsini wetinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha emhlabeni kanye nasetincwadzini tetifundvo kutsi kusoka kungenelela kanjani ekuphumeleleni kwekuvikela i-HIV kubantfu labasengotini lenkhulu uma kwentiwa bongcweti betekwelapha ngaphansi kwetimo letiphephile. Nga-2007, i-WHO kanye neLuhlelo LweMhlabuhlangene Lwe-HIV/AIDS (i-UNAIDS) bancoma kusokwa kwebantfu labasha nalabadzala njengencenye yeluhlelo loluphelele lwekuvikela kutseleleka kwe-HIV etindzaweni letinemazinga laphakeme i-HIV, uma nje loluhlelo lufaka ekhatsi " kuvuma ngekwati, kugcina imfihlo yekwelashwa, kanye nekungavumi" kusoka, nobe i-VMMC. Nga 2010, kwakhula kwaba kusoka lokujwayelekile kwebantfwana labancane,uma nje batali beluswane bavuma. Nga-2020, i-WHO yaphindze futsi yaphetsa ngekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kungenelela lokuphumelelako kwekuvikela i-HIV nekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kulisu lelibalulekile, ngetulu kwaletinye tindlela, tekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HIV lokutfolakala ngekwebulili lobehlukile emadvodzeni. Emphumalanga naseningizimu ye Afrika bekunebantfu labadvuna labasokile labaphansi. Lesigodzi sinelizinga leliphakeme kakhulu lekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi (HIV),ngesibalo lesikhulu sekutseleleka lokuvela ekutselelekeni kwebantfu bebulili lobehlukile. Ngenca yaloko, kukhutsatwa kwekusoka kwekuvikela bekukungenelela lokubalulekile kuleso sigodzi kusukela ngetincomo te-WHO ta-2007. <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> I-International Antiviral Society–USA iphindze iphakamise kutsi kusoka kucocwe nemadvodza laya emcasini nalamanye madvodza, ikakhulukati etigodzini lapho khona i-HIV ivame khona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi kumadvodza lanalo,kakhulukati emaveni lahola imali lencane. <ref name="yuan">{{Cite journal|journal=e436–e447}}</ref> Kutfolakala kutsi kusoka kunciphisa kakhulu kundluliselwa kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi kusuka kulabasikati kuya kulabadvuna kwenta kutsi tinhlangano tekwelapha letisebentela imimango letsintsekile ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi/ nebulalave lekhonako kutsi tikhutsate kusoka njengendlela yekulawula kusakateka kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi. ==== Kusetjentiswa nekuvikela emaveni latfutfukile ==== [[File:Elizabeth_Mataka,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Mataka, Sitfunywa Lesikhetsekile saMabhalane Jikelele we-UN se-AIDS e-Afrika, wakhuluma ngesikhatsi atsi"Kusuka kubufakazi Kuya Ekusebentiseni: Kukhutsata Kusoka Kwemadvodza e-Afrika" ngesikhatsi seNhlangano Yetemnotfo Wemhlaba e-Afrika 2009 eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika, mhla tinge-11 Inhlaba 2009.]] Tinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha tiphetse tikhundla letehlukahlukene mayelana nekusebenta kahle kwekuvikela kwekusokwa kwebantfwana labancane emaveni latfutfukile. Tincwadzi letimayelana nalendzaba tihlukaniswe, ngekuhlatiya tindleko-netinzuzo kuncike kakhulu etinhlotjeni kanye nasemvamisa yetinkinga tetemphilo kubantfu lokukhulunywa ngabo nekutsi kusoka kubatsintsa njani. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba Wonkhe (WHO), i-UNAIDS, kanye netinhlangano tekwelapha taseMelika titsatsa sikhundla sekutsi tinzuzo tayo tetemphilo tekuvikela tidlula bungoti, kantsi tinhlangano tetekwelapha taseYurophu, tase-Australia, nase New Zealand tivame kubamba kutsi tinzuzo tayo tekwelapha atikeneli kute tiyivikele. Bameli bekusoka bancoma kutsi kwentiwe ngesikhatsi sekutalwa lapho khona kungabiti kakhulu futsi kunebungoti lobuncane betinkinga. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> I -American Academy of Pediatrics,kanye neTikhungo Tekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo batsi tinzuzo letingaba khona ngekusoka tidlula bungoti. Nga-2010, Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba wonkhe yatsi: <ref name="WHO-2010a"></ref> === Luncwaningo letifo === Kusoka kuphindze kusetjentiswe kulapha tifo letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i-phimosis yekugula, i-balanoposthitis lengaphili kanye nekugula lokungapheli noma lokuphindzaphindvwako kwemgudvu wemchamo (ema-UTI). == Timphawu letiphikisako == Kusoka akukafaneleki kutsi kwentiwe etimeni letitsite. Loku kufaka ekhatsi tinswane letinetintfo letitsite letingakavami tekwakheka kwetitfo tangasense, njengekuvulwa kwemchamo lokungakafaneli (njengase hypospadias nase epispadias ), kugoba kwenhloko yesitfo sangasense ( chordee ), noma titfo tangasense letingacaci kahle, ngoba sikhumba sesibeletfo singadzingeka ekuhlindvweni kwekwakha kabusha. Kusoka kuphikiswa etinsaneni letingakafiki sikhatsi kanye nalabo labangakasimami emtholampilo futsi labanemphilo lenhle. Nangabe umuntfu atiwa kutsi unesifo lesikhulu sekukhopha ingati nobe unemlandvo wemndeni wakhe njenge- hemophilia, kunconywa kutsi ingati ihlolwe kutsi ingakhona yini kuhlangana lokujwayelekile yini ngaphambi kwekutsi kuzanywe lenchubo. ==Tinkhomba== {{reflist}} == Tindlela == {{KI|Circumcision surgical procedure}} [[File:Adult_circumcision_before_and_after.jpg|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kwekusoka kwebantfu labadzala lokwentiwa kwelapha i-phimosis. Emva kwekuhlindvwa, inhloko yenduku ihlala ibonakala nobe indvuku itsambile ingakavuki.]] Sikhumba sesibeletfo sicucu lesinetigaba letimbili letisekupheleni kwemthondo wemuntfu lesimbonya i -glans kanye ne- urinary meatus. Esikhatsini lehlukene sikhumba siyasuswa ngesikhatsi sekusoka. Lesento sehlukile kuletinye tindlela tekuhlindvwa tekwelapha i -phimosis noma kugula lokumelana nekwelashwa ngekususa ngalokuphelele umgodzi we-preputial. [[File:Uncircumcised_and_circumcised_erect_comparison.jpg|thumb|Kucatsanisa kwemthondo lemile, munye (ngasencele) awukasokwa, kantsi lomunye (ngasekudla) usokiwe.]] Kusoka kwelapha kwebantfu labadzala, kuphola kwesilonda lesingetulu kutsatsa liviki, kanye nekuphola lokuphelele tinyanga letingu 4 kuya ku 6. Kubantfwana labancane, kwelashwa kuvame kuphola kungakapheli liviki linye. === Kususwa kwesikhumba === [[File:Beschneidungsstile,_Styles_of_Circumcision.jpg|thumb|Imiphumela leyehlukene yekusoka ngekuya ngekubeka lokusikiwe kanye nekucindzeteleka kwesikhumba (kusuka ngesencele kuya ngesekudla): kuphakeme futsi kukhululekile, kuphakeme futsi kucinile, kuphansi futsi kukhululekile, kuphansi futsi kucinile.]] Kusoka bantfwana labancane, tintfo letifana ne Gomco clamp, iPlastibell kanye ne Mogen clamp tivame kusetjentiswa eMelika. Leti tilandzela inchubo lefanako lesisekelo. Kwekucala,kulinganiselwa kutsi kufanele kususwe linani lesikhumba sesibeletfo. Dokotela uvula sikhumba sesicumbi ngekusebentisa umgodzi we preputial kwentela kuveta i-glans lengaphansi bese ucinisekisa kutsi ivulekile ngaphambi kwekuhlukanisa ngalokucondzile luhlaka lwangekhatsi lwesicumbi sesicumbi ( preputial epithelium ) kusuka ekunamatseleni kwayo ku-glans. Dokotela ubese ubeka lentfo yekusoka (loku ngalesinye sikhatsi kudzinga umgodzi wemgogodla ), lohlala lapho kute kuhamba kwengati sekuphelile. Ekugcineni, sikhumba sesicumbi siyajutjwa. Kubantfwana labadzala kanye nebantfu labadzala, kusoka kuvame kwentiwa ngekuhlindvwa ngaphandle kwetintfo letikhetsekile, futsi letinye tindlela letifana ne Unicirc, Shang ring noma kusoka nge stapler tiyatfolakala. Kuya ngendlela letsite yekuhlindvwa nobe tidzingo temtimba, i- frenulum libhande le- elastic lelineticubu letingaphansi kwesitho sangasense ingagcinwa nobe isuswe ngesikhatsi sekuhlindvwa. Uma leticubu tisuswa ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi, lenchubo yekuncedisa yatiwa ngekutsi yi-penile frenulectomy. === Kulawula tihlungu === Lendlela yekusoka ibangela buhlungu, futsi kubantfwana labasha lobuhlungu bungaphazamisa kusebentisana kwamake neluswane noma kubangele letinye tingucuko tekutiphatsa, ngako kusetjentiswa kwe- analgesia kuyakhutsatwa futsi kuyadzingeka ngemtsetfo kulamanye emave. Buhlungu bungalawulwa ngetindlela temitsi naletingasiwo temitsi. Tindlela temitsi, njengemijovo yendzawo noma yesifundza levimbela buhlungu kanye nemakhilimu ekucedza buhlungu lasetulu,aphephile futsi ayasebenta. I -ring block kanye ne-dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) ngiyo lephumelelako kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu,futsi i-ring block ingasebenta kakhulu kune-DPNB. Tisebenta kakhulu kune -EMLA (ingcucuko ye-eutectic ye-anesthetics yasendzaweni) ukhilimu, lesebenta kakhulu kune- placebo. Emakhilimu lasetulu atfolakele kutsi acasula sikhumba setinswane letinesisindvo lesiphansi sekutalwa,ngako-ke tindlela tekuvimba imiva yepipi tinconywa kulelicembu. Kusoka kuphikiswa bantfwana labatalwe ngaphambi kwesikhatsi kancane ngenca yetinkinga ngekubulala buhlungu. [[File:Circumcision_instrument_on_gray_background_-_Mogen_clamp.jpg|right|thumb|I-Mogen Clamp levulekile. Ekusetjentisweni lesikhumba sesibeletfo besitawudvonswa ngekuvuleka bese le clamp iyavalwa bese iyakhiywa, ichobosele sikhumba sesibeletfo.]] Kubantfwana labancane, tindlela letingekho emitsetfweni letifana nekusebentisa situlo lesikhululekile, lesinemaphepha kanye ne- sucrose noma i-pacifier lengasiyo i-sucrose tiphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu kune-placebo, kepha i -American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) itsi tindlela letinjalo atikeneli todvwa futsi kufanele tisetjentiswe kakhulu. Inchubo lesheshako inciphisa sikhatsi sebuhlungu; kusetjentiswa kwe Mogen clamp kwatfolakala kutsi kuphumela esikhatsini lesifishane senchubo kanye nekucindzeteleka lokuncane lokubangwa buhlungu kunekusebentisa i Gomco clamp noma iPlastibell. Bufakazi lobutfolakalako abukhombi kutsi kulawulwa kwebuhlungu ngemuva kwenchubo kuyadzingeka. Labanye bodokotela bancoma kutsi kusetjentiswe i -petroleum jelly kute ingati inganamatseli etitfweni tangasense kulelinabukeni ngesikhatsi sekuphola. Kubantfu labadzala, kubulawa kwemtimba ngesihloko, kuvimba indandatho, kuvimba kwetinzwa tesitho semuva (DPNB) kanye nekubulawa kwemtimba jikelele konkhe lokungakhetfwa, futsi lenchubo idzinga emaviki lamane kuya kulasitfupha ekuyekela kushaya indlwabu noma kuya ecasini kute kuvunyelwe silonda kutsi sipholise. === Kuphilisa kanye nekulungisa kabusha sikhumba === [[File:Prepuce_tissue_remodeling_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kucatsanisa kubukeka kwepipi ngemuva kwenchubo. Simo lesiphilisiwe (ngasekudla) sikhombisa imiphumela lebonakalako yekuvuselela ticubu tesakhiwo.]] Ngemuva kwekukhishwa kwesikhumba sesibeletho, silonda sekuhlindvwa sihamba ngetigaba letijwayelekile tekuphola: hemostasis,kuvuvuka, kwandza kwemaseli,kanye nekulungisa kabusha kweticubu. Ngenca yekutsi kusoka kunciphisa inethiwekhi leminyene yemitsambo yengati lengetulu kanye netindlela te-lymphatic ngaphakatsi kwe- prepuce kanye ne-dartos fascia, kukhishwa kwemanti lokujwayelekile kuyaphazamiseka kwesikhashana. Loku kuphazamiseka kweluhlelo lwe lymphatic kuvame kubangela i-edema lesendzaweni ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa (kuvuvuka) letungelete umugca wekusika kanye ne-mucosal collar lesele. <ref name="Fahmy2020_Anatomy">{{Cite book|edition=15–25}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi setigaba tekwandza kanye nekulungisa kabusha tekululama, umtimba wenta i-angiogenesis (kwakheka kwemitsambo lemisha yengati) kanye ne -lymphangiogenesis. Emanethiwekhi emitsambo kanye ne lymphatic akhiwa kabusha kancane kancane kwentela kusungulwa tindlela letinsha tekukhipha emanti e collateral ngaphesheya kwemncele wekuhlindvwa. Njengoba loku kuvuselelwa kweticubu tesakhiwo kuvutfwa emavikini lalandzela lenchubo, kuvuvuka ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa kuyacatululeka bese ibhalansi yemanti emtimbeni ibuyiselwa esikhumbeni sesitfo sangasense. {{rp|1325–1330}} == Emitselela == === Tifo letitsatselana ngekwelicasi === ==== Ligciwane lekushoda kwemasotja emtimba ==== ==== Ligciwane lebantfu ==== I-Human papillomavirus (HPV) ngeyo indlela levame kutsatselwana ngekwelicansi, letsintsa emadvodza nebafati. Ngesikhatsi kugula lokunyenti kungabonisi timphawu futsi kususwa ngemasotja emtimba, letinye tinhlobo taleligciwane tibangela tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense, futsi letinye tinhlobo, uma tingaphatfwa, tibangela tinhlobo letehlukahlukene temdlavuza, kufaka ekhatsi umdlavuza wesibeletfo kanye nemdlavuza wempipi. Tinsumpe etindzawo tangasense kanye nemdlavuza wesibeletfo tinkinga letimbili letivame kakhulu letibangelwa yi-HPV. Kusoka kuhlobana nekuncipha kwekusakateka kwetinhlobo te -oncogenic tekugula kwe-HPV, lokusho kutsi indvodza lesokiwe ayikhoni kutseleleka ngetinhlobo te-HPV letibanga umdlavuza kunendvodza lengakasoki. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> Kuphindze kunciphise ematfuba ekutseleleka ngetifo letinyenti. Nga 2012, bekute bufakazi lobucinile bekutsi kunciphisa lizinga lekutseleleka kwe-HPV, kepha lenchubo ihlobene nekukhuliswa kwekuhlanjululwa kweligciwane ngumtimba, lokungalandzisa kutfolakala kwekuncipha kwekusakateka. Kujova i-HPV yindlela lencono kakhulu yekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HPV. Noma nje tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense tibangelwa luhlobo lwe HPV, kute budlelwane lobubalulekile ngekwetibalo emkhatsini wekusoka kanye nekubakhona kwetinsumpa etindzawo tangasense. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> ==== Letinye tifo ==== Tifundvo letihlola umphumela wekusoka emazingeni aletinye tifo letitsatselwanako ngekwelicansi, ngalokuvamile, titfole kutsi kuyavikela. Kuhlatiya lokukhulu kwa-2006 kutfole kutsi kusoka kuhlobene nemazinga laphansi e -syphilis, i-chancroid, kanye ne- herpes yetitfo tangasense . Kubuyeketwa kwa 2010 kutfole kutsi kusoka kunciphise kwenteka kwekugula kwe HSV -2 (ligciwane le herpes simplex, luhlobo 2) nga 28%. Labacwaningi batfola imiphumela lehlukahlukene yekuvikela ku -trichomonas vaginalis kanye ne -chlamydia trachomatis, futsi kute bufakazi bekuvikela ku -gonorrhea noma ku-syphilis. Kungenteka futsi kuvikeleke ku-syphilis ku-MSM. === Sifo se-phimosis, ne sifo i-balanitis kanye nesifo se-balanoposthitis === Phimosis kungakhoni kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesicumbi ngetulu kwemtfondvo we-glans. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi utalwa, sikhumba sesicu asikhoni kuhlehliswa ngenca yekunamatsela emkhatsini wesikhumba sesicu kanye ne glans, futsi loku kutsatfwa njengalo kuvamile (physiological phimosis). <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi sikhumba sesibeletfo sihlukana ngekwemvelo ne glans, futsi liningi lebafana liyakhona kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesibeletfo ngeminyaka lemitsatfu. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngaphansi kweliphesenti linye basanetinkinga nabaneminyaka lengu 18. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Uma kungakhoni kwenta njalo kuba yinkinga (iphimosis yekugula) kusoka kuyintfo yekwelapha. I -preputioplasty, lapho khona sikhumba sesibeletfo sikhuliswa esikhundleni sekutsi sisuswe, ngulenye indlela yekwelapha ngekuhlindvwa lekhonakalako ye-phimosis. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=2297–2302}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12949202">{{Cite journal|journal=452–53}}</ref> Le phimosis yekugula kungenteka kutsi ibangelwa kuba netibati letivela esifweni sesikhumba se balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO),tikhatsi letiphindzaphindvwako te balanoposthitis noma kubuyiselwa emuva ngekuphocelelwa kwesikhumba sesikhumba. Emakhilimu e steroid nawo ayintfo lenengcondvo futsi angavikela sidzingo sekuhlindvwa kufaka ekhatsi kulabo labanesifo se-BXO lencane. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=34–39}}</ref> Lenchubo ingaphindze isetjentiswe kuvikela kutfutfuka kwe-phimosis. I-Phimosis iphindze ibe yinkinga lengabangelwa kusoka. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Kuvuvuka kwemtfondvo kanye nesikhumba sesibeletho kubitwa ngekutsi yi-balanoposthitis, futsi simo lesitsintsa umtfondvo kuphela sibitwa ngekutsi yi-balanitis. Emacala lamaningi aletimo entakala kulabadvuna labangakasoki, labatsintsa 4 - 11% walelo cembu. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Lendzawo lemanti,lefutfumele ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesicumbi kucatjangwa kutsi yenta kutsi kukhule emagciwane, kakhulu uma kuhlanteka kungakalungi. Imvubelo,kakhulu ''iCandida albicans'', ngiyo indlela levame kakhulu yekugula kwemtfondvo futsi ayikavami kukhonjwa kumasampula latsatfwa kulabadvuna labasokile. Totimbili letimo tivame kulashwa ngemitsi yekubulala emagciwane lesetulu (ukhilimu we metronidazole) kanye netibulala tikhunta (ukhilimu we clotrimazole) noma emakhilimu e-steroid lanemandla lamancane. Kusoka yindlela yekwelapha ye -balanoposthitis lephikisako noma lephindzaphindzako, kepha ngelikhulu lemashumi lamabili nakunye kutfolakala kwaletinye tindlela tekwelapha kwenta kutsi kungadzingeki kakhulu. I-Phimosis iphindze ikhulise kakhulu ingoti lehambisanako yemdlavuza wepeni, futsi kusokwa kwebantfwana labasha kukhonjisiwe kutsi kucishe kucedze lengoti; <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> nomakunjalo, kucabanga ngebungoti nenzuzo lejikeleta kusetjentiswa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuvikela umdlavuza kungumtfombo wekuphikisana. <ref name="tpc">{{Cite book|edition=11–15}}</ref> 1 liphenseti kuphela wemadvodza ane phimosis ngeminyaka lengu 17. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Umphumela lonciphisako wekusoka lonawo esimeni sebungoti lesetfulwa ngekutsi kungenteka kutsi kube ne phimosis kusesigabeni sesibili, ngekutsi kususwa kwesikhumba sesibeletfo kucedza kungenteka kwe phimosis. Loku kungatsatfwa ngemiphumela yelucwaningo lekhombisa emadvodza langakasoki late umlandvo we phimosis anematfuba lalinganako ekuba nemdlavuza wesilisa njengemadvodza lasokile. === Kugula kwemgudvu wemchamo === I-UTI itsinta tincenye teluhlelo lwemchamo kufaka ekhatsi umgudvu wemchamo, sinye, kanye netinso . Kukhona ingoti lecishe ibe ngu-1% ye-UTIs kubafana labaseminyakeni lengephansi kwemibili budzala,futsi tigameko letinyenti tenteka ngemnyaka wekucala wekuphila. Kukhona bufakazi lobuhle kepha lobungakalungi bekutsi kusoka kunciphisa kwenteka kwema UTI kubafana labangaphansi kweminyaka lemibili, futsi kunebufakazi lobufanele bekutsi kunciphisa kwenteka ngesici lesingu 3 kuya ku 10 (kusoka lokulikhulu kuvikela i UTI yinye). <ref name="MorrisWiswell2013">{{Cite journal|journal=2118–2124}}</ref> Kusoka kungenteka kakhulu kutsi kuzuzise bafana labanengoti lenkhulu yekuba ne-UTI ngenca yekukhubateka kwemtimba futsi kungasetjentiswa kwelapha ema-UTI laphindzaphindvwako. Kukhona inchazelo levakalako yetilwane yekunciphisa ingoti ye-UTI ngemuva kwekusoka. Lomgodzi lapho umchamo udlula khona esicongweni sesitho sangasese (i urinary meatus ) ubamba emagciwane lamanyenti labangela sifo seluhlelo lwemchamo kubafana bangakasoki kunalabafana labasokile, kakhulu kulabo labaneminyaka lengephansi kwetinyanga letisitfupha. Njengoba lamagciwane ayintfo leyingoti yema UTI, kusoka kungehlisa ingoti yema UTI ngekunciphisa linani lemagciwane. === Letinye tizatfu temdlavuza === Tingoti letiyinhloko temdlavuza wepeni yi-HPV, i-Phimosis kanye nekubhema. <ref name="Giona 2022">{{Cite book|edition=131–139}}</ref> Kukhona nekuhlobana emkhatsini wekusoka kwebantfu labadzala kanye nengoti lekhulile yemdlavuza wepeni lohlaselako; loku kukholelwa kutsi kuvela emadvodzeni lasokwako njengendlela yekwelapha umdlavuza wepeni noma simo lesihamba embili kumdlavuza kunekutsi kube ngumphumela wekusoka kona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yemdlavuza we-prostate. <ref name="prost">{{Cite journal|journal=10768–10776}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=352–357}}</ref> === Imphilo yabomake === Kuya ecasini emkhatsini wabomake nalabasokile, uma kucatsaniswa nebantfu labangakasoki, emadvodza ahlobene nekuncipha kwengoti yemdlavuza wesibeletfo, i-dysplasia yesibeletho, i-HSV-2, i-chlamydia, kanye ne-syphilis kubantfu besifazane. Bufakazi abuhambisani kakhulu mayelana nekuhlobana kwekusoka nengoti yabomake ye-HPV ne-HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e1113–e1122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e2500126}}</ref> === Imitselela yekuya ecasini === Ngebufakazi lobutfolakalako, kubonakala shengatsi emadvodza lasokile ngekusitwa yintfo yekusoka atfola injabulo yekuya ecasini lengashintji nobe lekhuphukile kanye nekweneliseka. Kukhona bufakazi lobutsite bekutsi lamadvodza aphindze atfole intfutfuko yesikhatsi lesidze ekusebenteni kwe-erectile . <ref name="quality">{{Cite journal|journal=1871–1879}}</ref> Idatha lebutsaniswe ikhombisa kutsi kusoka kute umphumela lomubi emtimbeni ekutijabuliseni kwekuya ecasini, emsebentini,esifisweni noma ekutaleni. <ref name="bless">{{Cite journal|journal=139–148}}</ref> Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kute umtselela ebuhlungwini bekuya ecasini, kukhipha sisu ngaphambi kwesikhatsi, sikhatsi sekukhipha sisu ngekhatsi esitfweni sangasese, kungasebenti kahle kwekuvuka, noma bumatima bekufika esigabeni sekucala. <ref name="Tian2013">{{Cite journal|journal=662–666}}</ref> Kukhona imibono lengakalungi levamile yekutsi kusoka kuyazuzisa noma kutsintsa kabi injabulo yekuya ecasini yemuntfu losokile. <ref name="sexual_function" /> Ngekuya kwekubuyeketwa kwa 2014,umphumela wekusoka kulokuhlangenwe nako kwebalingani bekuya ecasini awucaci kahle njengoba ungakafundvwa kahle. Ngekuya kwesitatimende senchubomgomo se -Canada Pediatric Society leyacinisekiswa nga-2021, "tifundvo tekwelapha atikusekeli kusokwa njengalokunemtselela emsebentini wekuya ecasini noma kweneliseka kwebalingani bebantfu labasokile". lutkqv3s9wchol7d4j4c06ha67lbqxa 43058 43057 2026-09-24T16:06:12Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the section "Adverse effects" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375657746|Circumcision]]" 43058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusoka''' yinchubo lesusa sikhumba sesibeletho esitfweni sangasese semuntfu sangansense. == Kusebentisa == === Kuvikela kwetifo === Cishe ihhafu yako kusoka emhlabeni wonkhe kwentiwa ngetizatfu tekunakekelwa kwemphilo. ==== Kusetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasengotini lenkhulu ==== [[File:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Umlingisi Melusi Yeni waba ngumdlali we -VMMC wesigidzi sinye wekulwa nekwendluliselwa kweligciwane le-HIV/AIDS esifundzeni saKwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika. ]] Kukhona kuvumelana emkhatsini wetinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha emhlabeni kanye nasetincwadzini tetifundvo kutsi kusoka kungenelela kanjani ekuphumeleleni kwekuvikela i-HIV kubantfu labasengotini lenkhulu uma kwentiwa bongcweti betekwelapha ngaphansi kwetimo letiphephile. Nga-2007, i-WHO kanye neLuhlelo LweMhlabuhlangene Lwe-HIV/AIDS (i-UNAIDS) bancoma kusokwa kwebantfu labasha nalabadzala njengencenye yeluhlelo loluphelele lwekuvikela kutseleleka kwe-HIV etindzaweni letinemazinga laphakeme i-HIV, uma nje loluhlelo lufaka ekhatsi " kuvuma ngekwati, kugcina imfihlo yekwelashwa, kanye nekungavumi" kusoka, nobe i-VMMC. Nga 2010, kwakhula kwaba kusoka lokujwayelekile kwebantfwana labancane,uma nje batali beluswane bavuma. Nga-2020, i-WHO yaphindze futsi yaphetsa ngekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kungenelela lokuphumelelako kwekuvikela i-HIV nekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kulisu lelibalulekile, ngetulu kwaletinye tindlela, tekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HIV lokutfolakala ngekwebulili lobehlukile emadvodzeni. Emphumalanga naseningizimu ye Afrika bekunebantfu labadvuna labasokile labaphansi. Lesigodzi sinelizinga leliphakeme kakhulu lekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi (HIV),ngesibalo lesikhulu sekutseleleka lokuvela ekutselelekeni kwebantfu bebulili lobehlukile. Ngenca yaloko, kukhutsatwa kwekusoka kwekuvikela bekukungenelela lokubalulekile kuleso sigodzi kusukela ngetincomo te-WHO ta-2007. <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> I-International Antiviral Society–USA iphindze iphakamise kutsi kusoka kucocwe nemadvodza laya emcasini nalamanye madvodza, ikakhulukati etigodzini lapho khona i-HIV ivame khona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi kumadvodza lanalo,kakhulukati emaveni lahola imali lencane. <ref name="yuan">{{Cite journal|journal=e436–e447}}</ref> Kutfolakala kutsi kusoka kunciphisa kakhulu kundluliselwa kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi kusuka kulabasikati kuya kulabadvuna kwenta kutsi tinhlangano tekwelapha letisebentela imimango letsintsekile ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi/ nebulalave lekhonako kutsi tikhutsate kusoka njengendlela yekulawula kusakateka kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi. ==== Kusetjentiswa nekuvikela emaveni latfutfukile ==== [[File:Elizabeth_Mataka,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Mataka, Sitfunywa Lesikhetsekile saMabhalane Jikelele we-UN se-AIDS e-Afrika, wakhuluma ngesikhatsi atsi"Kusuka kubufakazi Kuya Ekusebentiseni: Kukhutsata Kusoka Kwemadvodza e-Afrika" ngesikhatsi seNhlangano Yetemnotfo Wemhlaba e-Afrika 2009 eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika, mhla tinge-11 Inhlaba 2009.]] Tinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha tiphetse tikhundla letehlukahlukene mayelana nekusebenta kahle kwekuvikela kwekusokwa kwebantfwana labancane emaveni latfutfukile. Tincwadzi letimayelana nalendzaba tihlukaniswe, ngekuhlatiya tindleko-netinzuzo kuncike kakhulu etinhlotjeni kanye nasemvamisa yetinkinga tetemphilo kubantfu lokukhulunywa ngabo nekutsi kusoka kubatsintsa njani. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba Wonkhe (WHO), i-UNAIDS, kanye netinhlangano tekwelapha taseMelika titsatsa sikhundla sekutsi tinzuzo tayo tetemphilo tekuvikela tidlula bungoti, kantsi tinhlangano tetekwelapha taseYurophu, tase-Australia, nase New Zealand tivame kubamba kutsi tinzuzo tayo tekwelapha atikeneli kute tiyivikele. Bameli bekusoka bancoma kutsi kwentiwe ngesikhatsi sekutalwa lapho khona kungabiti kakhulu futsi kunebungoti lobuncane betinkinga. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> I -American Academy of Pediatrics,kanye neTikhungo Tekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo batsi tinzuzo letingaba khona ngekusoka tidlula bungoti. Nga-2010, Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba wonkhe yatsi: <ref name="WHO-2010a"></ref> === Luncwaningo letifo === Kusoka kuphindze kusetjentiswe kulapha tifo letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i-phimosis yekugula, i-balanoposthitis lengaphili kanye nekugula lokungapheli noma lokuphindzaphindvwako kwemgudvu wemchamo (ema-UTI). == Timphawu letiphikisako == Kusoka akukafaneleki kutsi kwentiwe etimeni letitsite. Loku kufaka ekhatsi tinswane letinetintfo letitsite letingakavami tekwakheka kwetitfo tangasense, njengekuvulwa kwemchamo lokungakafaneli (njengase hypospadias nase epispadias ), kugoba kwenhloko yesitfo sangasense ( chordee ), noma titfo tangasense letingacaci kahle, ngoba sikhumba sesibeletfo singadzingeka ekuhlindvweni kwekwakha kabusha. Kusoka kuphikiswa etinsaneni letingakafiki sikhatsi kanye nalabo labangakasimami emtholampilo futsi labanemphilo lenhle. Nangabe umuntfu atiwa kutsi unesifo lesikhulu sekukhopha ingati nobe unemlandvo wemndeni wakhe njenge- hemophilia, kunconywa kutsi ingati ihlolwe kutsi ingakhona yini kuhlangana lokujwayelekile yini ngaphambi kwekutsi kuzanywe lenchubo. ==Tinkhomba== {{reflist}} == Tindlela == {{KI|Circumcision surgical procedure}} [[File:Adult_circumcision_before_and_after.jpg|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kwekusoka kwebantfu labadzala lokwentiwa kwelapha i-phimosis. Emva kwekuhlindvwa, inhloko yenduku ihlala ibonakala nobe indvuku itsambile ingakavuki.]] Sikhumba sesibeletfo sicucu lesinetigaba letimbili letisekupheleni kwemthondo wemuntfu lesimbonya i -glans kanye ne- urinary meatus. Esikhatsini lehlukene sikhumba siyasuswa ngesikhatsi sekusoka. Lesento sehlukile kuletinye tindlela tekuhlindvwa tekwelapha i -phimosis noma kugula lokumelana nekwelashwa ngekususa ngalokuphelele umgodzi we-preputial. [[File:Uncircumcised_and_circumcised_erect_comparison.jpg|thumb|Kucatsanisa kwemthondo lemile, munye (ngasencele) awukasokwa, kantsi lomunye (ngasekudla) usokiwe.]] Kusoka kwelapha kwebantfu labadzala, kuphola kwesilonda lesingetulu kutsatsa liviki, kanye nekuphola lokuphelele tinyanga letingu 4 kuya ku 6. Kubantfwana labancane, kwelashwa kuvame kuphola kungakapheli liviki linye. === Kususwa kwesikhumba === [[File:Beschneidungsstile,_Styles_of_Circumcision.jpg|thumb|Imiphumela leyehlukene yekusoka ngekuya ngekubeka lokusikiwe kanye nekucindzeteleka kwesikhumba (kusuka ngesencele kuya ngesekudla): kuphakeme futsi kukhululekile, kuphakeme futsi kucinile, kuphansi futsi kukhululekile, kuphansi futsi kucinile.]] Kusoka bantfwana labancane, tintfo letifana ne Gomco clamp, iPlastibell kanye ne Mogen clamp tivame kusetjentiswa eMelika. Leti tilandzela inchubo lefanako lesisekelo. Kwekucala,kulinganiselwa kutsi kufanele kususwe linani lesikhumba sesibeletfo. Dokotela uvula sikhumba sesicumbi ngekusebentisa umgodzi we preputial kwentela kuveta i-glans lengaphansi bese ucinisekisa kutsi ivulekile ngaphambi kwekuhlukanisa ngalokucondzile luhlaka lwangekhatsi lwesicumbi sesicumbi ( preputial epithelium ) kusuka ekunamatseleni kwayo ku-glans. Dokotela ubese ubeka lentfo yekusoka (loku ngalesinye sikhatsi kudzinga umgodzi wemgogodla ), lohlala lapho kute kuhamba kwengati sekuphelile. Ekugcineni, sikhumba sesicumbi siyajutjwa. Kubantfwana labadzala kanye nebantfu labadzala, kusoka kuvame kwentiwa ngekuhlindvwa ngaphandle kwetintfo letikhetsekile, futsi letinye tindlela letifana ne Unicirc, Shang ring noma kusoka nge stapler tiyatfolakala. Kuya ngendlela letsite yekuhlindvwa nobe tidzingo temtimba, i- frenulum libhande le- elastic lelineticubu letingaphansi kwesitho sangasense ingagcinwa nobe isuswe ngesikhatsi sekuhlindvwa. Uma leticubu tisuswa ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi, lenchubo yekuncedisa yatiwa ngekutsi yi-penile frenulectomy. === Kulawula tihlungu === Lendlela yekusoka ibangela buhlungu, futsi kubantfwana labasha lobuhlungu bungaphazamisa kusebentisana kwamake neluswane noma kubangele letinye tingucuko tekutiphatsa, ngako kusetjentiswa kwe- analgesia kuyakhutsatwa futsi kuyadzingeka ngemtsetfo kulamanye emave. Buhlungu bungalawulwa ngetindlela temitsi naletingasiwo temitsi. Tindlela temitsi, njengemijovo yendzawo noma yesifundza levimbela buhlungu kanye nemakhilimu ekucedza buhlungu lasetulu,aphephile futsi ayasebenta. I -ring block kanye ne-dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) ngiyo lephumelelako kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu,futsi i-ring block ingasebenta kakhulu kune-DPNB. Tisebenta kakhulu kune -EMLA (ingcucuko ye-eutectic ye-anesthetics yasendzaweni) ukhilimu, lesebenta kakhulu kune- placebo. Emakhilimu lasetulu atfolakele kutsi acasula sikhumba setinswane letinesisindvo lesiphansi sekutalwa,ngako-ke tindlela tekuvimba imiva yepipi tinconywa kulelicembu. Kusoka kuphikiswa bantfwana labatalwe ngaphambi kwesikhatsi kancane ngenca yetinkinga ngekubulala buhlungu. [[File:Circumcision_instrument_on_gray_background_-_Mogen_clamp.jpg|right|thumb|I-Mogen Clamp levulekile. Ekusetjentisweni lesikhumba sesibeletfo besitawudvonswa ngekuvuleka bese le clamp iyavalwa bese iyakhiywa, ichobosele sikhumba sesibeletfo.]] Kubantfwana labancane, tindlela letingekho emitsetfweni letifana nekusebentisa situlo lesikhululekile, lesinemaphepha kanye ne- sucrose noma i-pacifier lengasiyo i-sucrose tiphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu kune-placebo, kepha i -American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) itsi tindlela letinjalo atikeneli todvwa futsi kufanele tisetjentiswe kakhulu. Inchubo lesheshako inciphisa sikhatsi sebuhlungu; kusetjentiswa kwe Mogen clamp kwatfolakala kutsi kuphumela esikhatsini lesifishane senchubo kanye nekucindzeteleka lokuncane lokubangwa buhlungu kunekusebentisa i Gomco clamp noma iPlastibell. Bufakazi lobutfolakalako abukhombi kutsi kulawulwa kwebuhlungu ngemuva kwenchubo kuyadzingeka. Labanye bodokotela bancoma kutsi kusetjentiswe i -petroleum jelly kute ingati inganamatseli etitfweni tangasense kulelinabukeni ngesikhatsi sekuphola. Kubantfu labadzala, kubulawa kwemtimba ngesihloko, kuvimba indandatho, kuvimba kwetinzwa tesitho semuva (DPNB) kanye nekubulawa kwemtimba jikelele konkhe lokungakhetfwa, futsi lenchubo idzinga emaviki lamane kuya kulasitfupha ekuyekela kushaya indlwabu noma kuya ecasini kute kuvunyelwe silonda kutsi sipholise. === Kuphilisa kanye nekulungisa kabusha sikhumba === [[File:Prepuce_tissue_remodeling_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kucatsanisa kubukeka kwepipi ngemuva kwenchubo. Simo lesiphilisiwe (ngasekudla) sikhombisa imiphumela lebonakalako yekuvuselela ticubu tesakhiwo.]] Ngemuva kwekukhishwa kwesikhumba sesibeletho, silonda sekuhlindvwa sihamba ngetigaba letijwayelekile tekuphola: hemostasis,kuvuvuka, kwandza kwemaseli,kanye nekulungisa kabusha kweticubu. Ngenca yekutsi kusoka kunciphisa inethiwekhi leminyene yemitsambo yengati lengetulu kanye netindlela te-lymphatic ngaphakatsi kwe- prepuce kanye ne-dartos fascia, kukhishwa kwemanti lokujwayelekile kuyaphazamiseka kwesikhashana. Loku kuphazamiseka kweluhlelo lwe lymphatic kuvame kubangela i-edema lesendzaweni ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa (kuvuvuka) letungelete umugca wekusika kanye ne-mucosal collar lesele. <ref name="Fahmy2020_Anatomy">{{Cite book|edition=15–25}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi setigaba tekwandza kanye nekulungisa kabusha tekululama, umtimba wenta i-angiogenesis (kwakheka kwemitsambo lemisha yengati) kanye ne -lymphangiogenesis. Emanethiwekhi emitsambo kanye ne lymphatic akhiwa kabusha kancane kancane kwentela kusungulwa tindlela letinsha tekukhipha emanti e collateral ngaphesheya kwemncele wekuhlindvwa. Njengoba loku kuvuselelwa kweticubu tesakhiwo kuvutfwa emavikini lalandzela lenchubo, kuvuvuka ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa kuyacatululeka bese ibhalansi yemanti emtimbeni ibuyiselwa esikhumbeni sesitfo sangasense. {{rp|1325–1330}} == Emitselela == === Tifo letitsatselana ngekwelicasi === ==== Ligciwane lekushoda kwemasotja emtimba ==== ==== Ligciwane lebantfu ==== I-Human papillomavirus (HPV) ngeyo indlela levame kutsatselwana ngekwelicansi, letsintsa emadvodza nebafati. Ngesikhatsi kugula lokunyenti kungabonisi timphawu futsi kususwa ngemasotja emtimba, letinye tinhlobo taleligciwane tibangela tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense, futsi letinye tinhlobo, uma tingaphatfwa, tibangela tinhlobo letehlukahlukene temdlavuza, kufaka ekhatsi umdlavuza wesibeletfo kanye nemdlavuza wempipi. Tinsumpe etindzawo tangasense kanye nemdlavuza wesibeletfo tinkinga letimbili letivame kakhulu letibangelwa yi-HPV. Kusoka kuhlobana nekuncipha kwekusakateka kwetinhlobo te -oncogenic tekugula kwe-HPV, lokusho kutsi indvodza lesokiwe ayikhoni kutseleleka ngetinhlobo te-HPV letibanga umdlavuza kunendvodza lengakasoki. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> Kuphindze kunciphise ematfuba ekutseleleka ngetifo letinyenti. Nga 2012, bekute bufakazi lobucinile bekutsi kunciphisa lizinga lekutseleleka kwe-HPV, kepha lenchubo ihlobene nekukhuliswa kwekuhlanjululwa kweligciwane ngumtimba, lokungalandzisa kutfolakala kwekuncipha kwekusakateka. Kujova i-HPV yindlela lencono kakhulu yekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HPV. Noma nje tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense tibangelwa luhlobo lwe HPV, kute budlelwane lobubalulekile ngekwetibalo emkhatsini wekusoka kanye nekubakhona kwetinsumpa etindzawo tangasense. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> ==== Letinye tifo ==== Tifundvo letihlola umphumela wekusoka emazingeni aletinye tifo letitsatselwanako ngekwelicansi, ngalokuvamile, titfole kutsi kuyavikela. Kuhlatiya lokukhulu kwa-2006 kutfole kutsi kusoka kuhlobene nemazinga laphansi e -syphilis, i-chancroid, kanye ne- herpes yetitfo tangasense . Kubuyeketwa kwa 2010 kutfole kutsi kusoka kunciphise kwenteka kwekugula kwe HSV -2 (ligciwane le herpes simplex, luhlobo 2) nga 28%. Labacwaningi batfola imiphumela lehlukahlukene yekuvikela ku -trichomonas vaginalis kanye ne -chlamydia trachomatis, futsi kute bufakazi bekuvikela ku -gonorrhea noma ku-syphilis. Kungenteka futsi kuvikeleke ku-syphilis ku-MSM. === Sifo se-phimosis, ne sifo i-balanitis kanye nesifo se-balanoposthitis === Phimosis kungakhoni kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesicumbi ngetulu kwemtfondvo we-glans. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi utalwa, sikhumba sesicu asikhoni kuhlehliswa ngenca yekunamatsela emkhatsini wesikhumba sesicu kanye ne glans, futsi loku kutsatfwa njengalo kuvamile (physiological phimosis). <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi sikhumba sesibeletfo sihlukana ngekwemvelo ne glans, futsi liningi lebafana liyakhona kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesibeletfo ngeminyaka lemitsatfu. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngaphansi kweliphesenti linye basanetinkinga nabaneminyaka lengu 18. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Uma kungakhoni kwenta njalo kuba yinkinga (iphimosis yekugula) kusoka kuyintfo yekwelapha. I -preputioplasty, lapho khona sikhumba sesibeletfo sikhuliswa esikhundleni sekutsi sisuswe, ngulenye indlela yekwelapha ngekuhlindvwa lekhonakalako ye-phimosis. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=2297–2302}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12949202">{{Cite journal|journal=452–53}}</ref> Le phimosis yekugula kungenteka kutsi ibangelwa kuba netibati letivela esifweni sesikhumba se balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO),tikhatsi letiphindzaphindvwako te balanoposthitis noma kubuyiselwa emuva ngekuphocelelwa kwesikhumba sesikhumba. Emakhilimu e steroid nawo ayintfo lenengcondvo futsi angavikela sidzingo sekuhlindvwa kufaka ekhatsi kulabo labanesifo se-BXO lencane. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=34–39}}</ref> Lenchubo ingaphindze isetjentiswe kuvikela kutfutfuka kwe-phimosis. I-Phimosis iphindze ibe yinkinga lengabangelwa kusoka. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Kuvuvuka kwemtfondvo kanye nesikhumba sesibeletho kubitwa ngekutsi yi-balanoposthitis, futsi simo lesitsintsa umtfondvo kuphela sibitwa ngekutsi yi-balanitis. Emacala lamaningi aletimo entakala kulabadvuna labangakasoki, labatsintsa 4 - 11% walelo cembu. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Lendzawo lemanti,lefutfumele ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesicumbi kucatjangwa kutsi yenta kutsi kukhule emagciwane, kakhulu uma kuhlanteka kungakalungi. Imvubelo,kakhulu ''iCandida albicans'', ngiyo indlela levame kakhulu yekugula kwemtfondvo futsi ayikavami kukhonjwa kumasampula latsatfwa kulabadvuna labasokile. Totimbili letimo tivame kulashwa ngemitsi yekubulala emagciwane lesetulu (ukhilimu we metronidazole) kanye netibulala tikhunta (ukhilimu we clotrimazole) noma emakhilimu e-steroid lanemandla lamancane. Kusoka yindlela yekwelapha ye -balanoposthitis lephikisako noma lephindzaphindzako, kepha ngelikhulu lemashumi lamabili nakunye kutfolakala kwaletinye tindlela tekwelapha kwenta kutsi kungadzingeki kakhulu. I-Phimosis iphindze ikhulise kakhulu ingoti lehambisanako yemdlavuza wepeni, futsi kusokwa kwebantfwana labasha kukhonjisiwe kutsi kucishe kucedze lengoti; <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> nomakunjalo, kucabanga ngebungoti nenzuzo lejikeleta kusetjentiswa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuvikela umdlavuza kungumtfombo wekuphikisana. <ref name="tpc">{{Cite book|edition=11–15}}</ref> 1 liphenseti kuphela wemadvodza ane phimosis ngeminyaka lengu 17. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Umphumela lonciphisako wekusoka lonawo esimeni sebungoti lesetfulwa ngekutsi kungenteka kutsi kube ne phimosis kusesigabeni sesibili, ngekutsi kususwa kwesikhumba sesibeletfo kucedza kungenteka kwe phimosis. Loku kungatsatfwa ngemiphumela yelucwaningo lekhombisa emadvodza langakasoki late umlandvo we phimosis anematfuba lalinganako ekuba nemdlavuza wesilisa njengemadvodza lasokile. === Kugula kwemgudvu wemchamo === I-UTI itsinta tincenye teluhlelo lwemchamo kufaka ekhatsi umgudvu wemchamo, sinye, kanye netinso . Kukhona ingoti lecishe ibe ngu-1% ye-UTIs kubafana labaseminyakeni lengephansi kwemibili budzala,futsi tigameko letinyenti tenteka ngemnyaka wekucala wekuphila. Kukhona bufakazi lobuhle kepha lobungakalungi bekutsi kusoka kunciphisa kwenteka kwema UTI kubafana labangaphansi kweminyaka lemibili, futsi kunebufakazi lobufanele bekutsi kunciphisa kwenteka ngesici lesingu 3 kuya ku 10 (kusoka lokulikhulu kuvikela i UTI yinye). <ref name="MorrisWiswell2013">{{Cite journal|journal=2118–2124}}</ref> Kusoka kungenteka kakhulu kutsi kuzuzise bafana labanengoti lenkhulu yekuba ne-UTI ngenca yekukhubateka kwemtimba futsi kungasetjentiswa kwelapha ema-UTI laphindzaphindvwako. Kukhona inchazelo levakalako yetilwane yekunciphisa ingoti ye-UTI ngemuva kwekusoka. Lomgodzi lapho umchamo udlula khona esicongweni sesitho sangasese (i urinary meatus ) ubamba emagciwane lamanyenti labangela sifo seluhlelo lwemchamo kubafana bangakasoki kunalabafana labasokile, kakhulu kulabo labaneminyaka lengephansi kwetinyanga letisitfupha. Njengoba lamagciwane ayintfo leyingoti yema UTI, kusoka kungehlisa ingoti yema UTI ngekunciphisa linani lemagciwane. === Letinye tizatfu temdlavuza === Tingoti letiyinhloko temdlavuza wepeni yi-HPV, i-Phimosis kanye nekubhema. <ref name="Giona 2022">{{Cite book|edition=131–139}}</ref> Kukhona nekuhlobana emkhatsini wekusoka kwebantfu labadzala kanye nengoti lekhulile yemdlavuza wepeni lohlaselako; loku kukholelwa kutsi kuvela emadvodzeni lasokwako njengendlela yekwelapha umdlavuza wepeni noma simo lesihamba embili kumdlavuza kunekutsi kube ngumphumela wekusoka kona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yemdlavuza we-prostate. <ref name="prost">{{Cite journal|journal=10768–10776}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=352–357}}</ref> === Imphilo yabomake === Kuya ecasini emkhatsini wabomake nalabasokile, uma kucatsaniswa nebantfu labangakasoki, emadvodza ahlobene nekuncipha kwengoti yemdlavuza wesibeletfo, i-dysplasia yesibeletho, i-HSV-2, i-chlamydia, kanye ne-syphilis kubantfu besifazane. Bufakazi abuhambisani kakhulu mayelana nekuhlobana kwekusoka nengoti yabomake ye-HPV ne-HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e1113–e1122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e2500126}}</ref> === Imitselela yekuya ecasini === Ngebufakazi lobutfolakalako, kubonakala shengatsi emadvodza lasokile ngekusitwa yintfo yekusoka atfola injabulo yekuya ecasini lengashintji nobe lekhuphukile kanye nekweneliseka. Kukhona bufakazi lobutsite bekutsi lamadvodza aphindze atfole intfutfuko yesikhatsi lesidze ekusebenteni kwe-erectile . <ref name="quality">{{Cite journal|journal=1871–1879}}</ref> Idatha lebutsaniswe ikhombisa kutsi kusoka kute umphumela lomubi emtimbeni ekutijabuliseni kwekuya ecasini, emsebentini,esifisweni noma ekutaleni. <ref name="bless">{{Cite journal|journal=139–148}}</ref> Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kute umtselela ebuhlungwini bekuya ecasini, kukhipha sisu ngaphambi kwesikhatsi, sikhatsi sekukhipha sisu ngekhatsi esitfweni sangasese, kungasebenti kahle kwekuvuka, noma bumatima bekufika esigabeni sekucala. <ref name="Tian2013">{{Cite journal|journal=662–666}}</ref> Kukhona imibono lengakalungi levamile yekutsi kusoka kuyazuzisa noma kutsintsa kabi injabulo yekuya ecasini yemuntfu losokile. <ref name="sexual_function" /> Ngekuya kwekubuyeketwa kwa 2014,umphumela wekusoka kulokuhlangenwe nako kwebalingani bekuya ecasini awucaci kahle njengoba ungakafundvwa kahle. Ngekuya kwesitatimende senchubomgomo se -Canada Pediatric Society leyacinisekiswa nga-2021, "tifundvo tekwelapha atikusekeli kusokwa njengalokunemtselela emsebentini wekuya ecasini noma kweneliseka kwebalingani bebantfu labasokile". == Imitselela letfutfukile == Kusoka kwebantfwana labasha kuvame kuba yinchubo lephephile, lenebungoti lobuncane uma kwentiwa ngudokotela lonelwati. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=768–774}}</ref> <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Tinkinga letibucayi letivame kakhulu kukhopha kakhulu, kugula kanye nekususwa noma sikhumba sesibeletho lesiningi noma lesincane kakhulu. Letinkinga tenteka cishe ku 0.13% wetinchubo, ngekutsi kopha kube yinkinga levame kakhulu eMelika. Tinkinga letincane kubikwa kutsi tenteka cishe ku 3.8%. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=25–34}}</ref> Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu tiyavela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lizinga lelitsite letinkinga kumatima kulitfola ngenca yekungahambisani ekuhlukaniseni. Emazinga etinkinga makhulu uma lenchubo yentiwa ngumsebenti longenalwati, etimeni letingakakhiciti, kanye neminyaka yesiguli lesidzala. Tigulini letisokwa ngemuva kwesikhatsi sekutalwa kanye naseminyakeni yekutfomba, emazinga etinkinga letincane akhuphuka cishe kusuka ku 1.5% kubantfwana labasha kuya ku 6% kubantfu labasha. Lokwandziswa kukholakala kutsi kubangelwa kukhula kwemitsambo yesikhumba sesibeletfo. Tinkinga letibalulekile letibucayi tenteka ngalokungakavami, tenteka cishe ku-1 ku-500 tinchubo tebantfwana labasha leMelika. Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu kuya kuletinhlekelele, letifaka ekhatsi kufa, tingakavami kangange kutsi tibikwa njengemibiko yemacala ngamunye kuphela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lapho kusetjentiswa khona intfo ye Plastibell, inkinga levame kakhulu kugcinwa kwentfo leyenteka cishe ku 3.5% wetinchubo. Letinye tinkinga letingaba khona tifaka ekhatsi umthondo longcwatjiwe, i-chordee, i-phimosis, emabhuloho esikhumba, ema-fistula emgudvini wemchamo, kanye nekucindzeteleka kwenyama. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Letinkinga tingagwenywa kancane ngendlela lefanele, futsi tivame kwelashwa ngaphandle kwekudzinga kubuyeketwa ngekuhlindvwa. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Inkinga levame kakhulu yesikhatsi lesidze yi metal stenosis, loku kucishe kubonakale kuphela kubantfwana labasokile, kucatjangwa kutsi kubangelwa ligciwane lelikhicita iammonia lelihlangana ne meatus etinsaneni letisokile. Ingalashwa ngekutsi kukhishwe inyama. Kulawulwa kwebuhlungu lokuphumelelako kufanele kusetjentiswe ngesikhatsi senkambo. Kucedza buhlungu lokunganele kungatsatsa bungoti bekuphendvula kwebuhlungu lobuphakeme kubantfwana labasha. Bantfwana labasha labahlangabetana nebuhlungu ngenca yekusoka banetimphendvulo letehlukene kumjovo loniketwa ngemuva kwaloko, ngemaphuzu laphakeme ebuhlungu labonwako. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=311–320}}</ref> Kumadvodza lamadzala lasokile, kunengoti yekutsi lesibati sekusoka singahle sibe mnene. <ref name="crit">{{Cite journal|journal=263–290}}</ref> Kute bufakazi lobuhle bekutsi kusoka kutsintsa emakhono ekucabanga. eqf5iluvbepv4116959d6vndjc1rb4r 43059 43058 2026-09-24T16:51:36Z Dumbassman 6052 43059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusoka''' yinchubo lesusa sikhumba sesibeletho esitfweni sangasese semuntfu sangansense. == Kusebentisa == === Kuvikela kwetifo === Cishe ihhafu yako kusoka emhlabeni wonkhe kwentiwa ngetizatfu tekunakekelwa kwemphilo. ==== Kusetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasengotini lenkhulu ==== [[File:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Umlingisi Melusi Yeni waba ngumdlali we -VMMC wesigidzi sinye wekulwa nekwendluliselwa kweligciwane le-HIV/AIDS esifundzeni saKwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika. ]] Kukhona kuvumelana emkhatsini wetinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha emhlabeni kanye nasetincwadzini tetifundvo kutsi kusoka kungenelela kanjani ekuphumeleleni kwekuvikela i-HIV kubantfu labasengotini lenkhulu uma kwentiwa bongcweti betekwelapha ngaphansi kwetimo letiphephile. Nga-2007, i-WHO kanye neLuhlelo LweMhlabuhlangene Lwe-HIV/AIDS (i-UNAIDS) bancoma kusokwa kwebantfu labasha nalabadzala njengencenye yeluhlelo loluphelele lwekuvikela kutseleleka kwe-HIV etindzaweni letinemazinga laphakeme i-HIV, uma nje loluhlelo lufaka ekhatsi " kuvuma ngekwati, kugcina imfihlo yekwelashwa, kanye nekungavumi" kusoka, nobe i-VMMC. Nga 2010, kwakhula kwaba kusoka lokujwayelekile kwebantfwana labancane,uma nje batali beluswane bavuma. Nga-2020, i-WHO yaphindze futsi yaphetsa ngekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kungenelela lokuphumelelako kwekuvikela i-HIV nekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kulisu lelibalulekile, ngetulu kwaletinye tindlela, tekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HIV lokutfolakala ngekwebulili lobehlukile emadvodzeni. Emphumalanga naseningizimu ye Afrika bekunebantfu labadvuna labasokile labaphansi. Lesigodzi sinelizinga leliphakeme kakhulu lekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi (HIV),ngesibalo lesikhulu sekutseleleka lokuvela ekutselelekeni kwebantfu bebulili lobehlukile. Ngenca yaloko, kukhutsatwa kwekusoka kwekuvikela bekukungenelela lokubalulekile kuleso sigodzi kusukela ngetincomo te-WHO ta-2007. <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> I-International Antiviral Society–USA iphindze iphakamise kutsi kusoka kucocwe nemadvodza laya emcasini nalamanye madvodza, ikakhulukati etigodzini lapho khona i-HIV ivame khona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi kumadvodza lanalo,kakhulukati emaveni lahola imali lencane. <ref name="yuan">{{Cite journal|journal=e436–e447}}</ref> Kutfolakala kutsi kusoka kunciphisa kakhulu kundluliselwa kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi kusuka kulabasikati kuya kulabadvuna kwenta kutsi tinhlangano tekwelapha letisebentela imimango letsintsekile ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi/ nebulalave lekhonako kutsi tikhutsate kusoka njengendlela yekulawula kusakateka kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi. ==== Kusetjentiswa nekuvikela emaveni latfutfukile ==== [[File:Elizabeth_Mataka,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Mataka, Sitfunywa Lesikhetsekile saMabhalane Jikelele we-UN se-AIDS e-Afrika, wakhuluma ngesikhatsi atsi"Kusuka kubufakazi Kuya Ekusebentiseni: Kukhutsata Kusoka Kwemadvodza e-Afrika" ngesikhatsi seNhlangano Yetemnotfo Wemhlaba e-Afrika 2009 eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika, mhla tinge-11 Inhlaba 2009.]] Tinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha tiphetse tikhundla letehlukahlukene mayelana nekusebenta kahle kwekuvikela kwekusokwa kwebantfwana labancane emaveni latfutfukile. Tincwadzi letimayelana nalendzaba tihlukaniswe, ngekuhlatiya tindleko-netinzuzo kuncike kakhulu etinhlotjeni kanye nasemvamisa yetinkinga tetemphilo kubantfu lokukhulunywa ngabo nekutsi kusoka kubatsintsa njani. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba Wonkhe (WHO), i-UNAIDS, kanye netinhlangano tekwelapha taseMelika titsatsa sikhundla sekutsi tinzuzo tayo tetemphilo tekuvikela tidlula bungoti, kantsi tinhlangano tetekwelapha taseYurophu, tase-Australia, nase New Zealand tivame kubamba kutsi tinzuzo tayo tekwelapha atikeneli kute tiyivikele. Bameli bekusoka bancoma kutsi kwentiwe ngesikhatsi sekutalwa lapho khona kungabiti kakhulu futsi kunebungoti lobuncane betinkinga. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> I -American Academy of Pediatrics,kanye neTikhungo Tekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo batsi tinzuzo letingaba khona ngekusoka tidlula bungoti. Nga-2010, Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba wonkhe yatsi: <ref name="WHO-2010a"></ref> === Luncwaningo letifo === Kusoka kuphindze kusetjentiswe kulapha tifo letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i-phimosis yekugula, i-balanoposthitis lengaphili kanye nekugula lokungapheli noma lokuphindzaphindvwako kwemgudvu wemchamo (ema-UTI). == Timphawu letiphikisako == Kusoka akukafaneleki kutsi kwentiwe etimeni letitsite. Loku kufaka ekhatsi tinswane letinetintfo letitsite letingakavami tekwakheka kwetitfo tangasense, njengekuvulwa kwemchamo lokungakafaneli (njengase hypospadias nase epispadias ), kugoba kwenhloko yesitfo sangasense ( chordee ), noma titfo tangasense letingacaci kahle, ngoba sikhumba sesibeletfo singadzingeka ekuhlindvweni kwekwakha kabusha. Kusoka kuphikiswa etinsaneni letingakafiki sikhatsi kanye nalabo labangakasimami emtholampilo futsi labanemphilo lenhle. Nangabe umuntfu atiwa kutsi unesifo lesikhulu sekukhopha ingati nobe unemlandvo wemndeni wakhe njenge- hemophilia, kunconywa kutsi ingati ihlolwe kutsi ingakhona yini kuhlangana lokujwayelekile yini ngaphambi kwekutsi kuzanywe lenchubo. == Tindlela == {{KI|Circumcision surgical procedure}} [[File:Adult_circumcision_before_and_after.jpg|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kwekusoka kwebantfu labadzala lokwentiwa kwelapha i-phimosis. Emva kwekuhlindvwa, inhloko yenduku ihlala ibonakala nobe indvuku itsambile ingakavuki.]] Sikhumba sesibeletfo sicucu lesinetigaba letimbili letisekupheleni kwemthondo wemuntfu lesimbonya i -glans kanye ne- urinary meatus. Esikhatsini lehlukene sikhumba siyasuswa ngesikhatsi sekusoka. Lesento sehlukile kuletinye tindlela tekuhlindvwa tekwelapha i -phimosis noma kugula lokumelana nekwelashwa ngekususa ngalokuphelele umgodzi we-preputial. [[File:Uncircumcised_and_circumcised_erect_comparison.jpg|thumb|Kucatsanisa kwemthondo lemile, munye (ngasencele) awukasokwa, kantsi lomunye (ngasekudla) usokiwe.]] Kusoka kwelapha kwebantfu labadzala, kuphola kwesilonda lesingetulu kutsatsa liviki, kanye nekuphola lokuphelele tinyanga letingu 4 kuya ku 6. Kubantfwana labancane, kwelashwa kuvame kuphola kungakapheli liviki linye. === Kususwa kwesikhumba === [[File:Beschneidungsstile,_Styles_of_Circumcision.jpg|thumb|Imiphumela leyehlukene yekusoka ngekuya ngekubeka lokusikiwe kanye nekucindzeteleka kwesikhumba (kusuka ngesencele kuya ngesekudla): kuphakeme futsi kukhululekile, kuphakeme futsi kucinile, kuphansi futsi kukhululekile, kuphansi futsi kucinile.]] Kusoka bantfwana labancane, tintfo letifana ne Gomco clamp, iPlastibell kanye ne Mogen clamp tivame kusetjentiswa eMelika. Leti tilandzela inchubo lefanako lesisekelo. Kwekucala,kulinganiselwa kutsi kufanele kususwe linani lesikhumba sesibeletfo. Dokotela uvula sikhumba sesicumbi ngekusebentisa umgodzi we preputial kwentela kuveta i-glans lengaphansi bese ucinisekisa kutsi ivulekile ngaphambi kwekuhlukanisa ngalokucondzile luhlaka lwangekhatsi lwesicumbi sesicumbi ( preputial epithelium ) kusuka ekunamatseleni kwayo ku-glans. Dokotela ubese ubeka lentfo yekusoka (loku ngalesinye sikhatsi kudzinga umgodzi wemgogodla ), lohlala lapho kute kuhamba kwengati sekuphelile. Ekugcineni, sikhumba sesicumbi siyajutjwa. Kubantfwana labadzala kanye nebantfu labadzala, kusoka kuvame kwentiwa ngekuhlindvwa ngaphandle kwetintfo letikhetsekile, futsi letinye tindlela letifana ne Unicirc, Shang ring noma kusoka nge stapler tiyatfolakala. Kuya ngendlela letsite yekuhlindvwa nobe tidzingo temtimba, i- frenulum libhande le- elastic lelineticubu letingaphansi kwesitho sangasense ingagcinwa nobe isuswe ngesikhatsi sekuhlindvwa. Uma leticubu tisuswa ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi, lenchubo yekuncedisa yatiwa ngekutsi yi-penile frenulectomy. === Kulawula tihlungu === Lendlela yekusoka ibangela buhlungu, futsi kubantfwana labasha lobuhlungu bungaphazamisa kusebentisana kwamake neluswane noma kubangele letinye tingucuko tekutiphatsa, ngako kusetjentiswa kwe- analgesia kuyakhutsatwa futsi kuyadzingeka ngemtsetfo kulamanye emave. Buhlungu bungalawulwa ngetindlela temitsi naletingasiwo temitsi. Tindlela temitsi, njengemijovo yendzawo noma yesifundza levimbela buhlungu kanye nemakhilimu ekucedza buhlungu lasetulu,aphephile futsi ayasebenta. I -ring block kanye ne-dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) ngiyo lephumelelako kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu,futsi i-ring block ingasebenta kakhulu kune-DPNB. Tisebenta kakhulu kune -EMLA (ingcucuko ye-eutectic ye-anesthetics yasendzaweni) ukhilimu, lesebenta kakhulu kune- placebo. Emakhilimu lasetulu atfolakele kutsi acasula sikhumba setinswane letinesisindvo lesiphansi sekutalwa,ngako-ke tindlela tekuvimba imiva yepipi tinconywa kulelicembu. Kusoka kuphikiswa bantfwana labatalwe ngaphambi kwesikhatsi kancane ngenca yetinkinga ngekubulala buhlungu. [[File:Circumcision_instrument_on_gray_background_-_Mogen_clamp.jpg|right|thumb|I-Mogen Clamp levulekile. Ekusetjentisweni lesikhumba sesibeletfo besitawudvonswa ngekuvuleka bese le clamp iyavalwa bese iyakhiywa, ichobosele sikhumba sesibeletfo.]] Kubantfwana labancane, tindlela letingekho emitsetfweni letifana nekusebentisa situlo lesikhululekile, lesinemaphepha kanye ne- sucrose noma i-pacifier lengasiyo i-sucrose tiphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu kune-placebo, kepha i -American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) itsi tindlela letinjalo atikeneli todvwa futsi kufanele tisetjentiswe kakhulu. Inchubo lesheshako inciphisa sikhatsi sebuhlungu; kusetjentiswa kwe Mogen clamp kwatfolakala kutsi kuphumela esikhatsini lesifishane senchubo kanye nekucindzeteleka lokuncane lokubangwa buhlungu kunekusebentisa i Gomco clamp noma iPlastibell. Bufakazi lobutfolakalako abukhombi kutsi kulawulwa kwebuhlungu ngemuva kwenchubo kuyadzingeka. Labanye bodokotela bancoma kutsi kusetjentiswe i -petroleum jelly kute ingati inganamatseli etitfweni tangasense kulelinabukeni ngesikhatsi sekuphola. Kubantfu labadzala, kubulawa kwemtimba ngesihloko, kuvimba indandatho, kuvimba kwetinzwa tesitho semuva (DPNB) kanye nekubulawa kwemtimba jikelele konkhe lokungakhetfwa, futsi lenchubo idzinga emaviki lamane kuya kulasitfupha ekuyekela kushaya indlwabu noma kuya ecasini kute kuvunyelwe silonda kutsi sipholise. === Kuphilisa kanye nekulungisa kabusha sikhumba === [[File:Prepuce_tissue_remodeling_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kucatsanisa kubukeka kwepipi ngemuva kwenchubo. Simo lesiphilisiwe (ngasekudla) sikhombisa imiphumela lebonakalako yekuvuselela ticubu tesakhiwo.]] Ngemuva kwekukhishwa kwesikhumba sesibeletho, silonda sekuhlindvwa sihamba ngetigaba letijwayelekile tekuphola: hemostasis,kuvuvuka, kwandza kwemaseli,kanye nekulungisa kabusha kweticubu. Ngenca yekutsi kusoka kunciphisa inethiwekhi leminyene yemitsambo yengati lengetulu kanye netindlela te-lymphatic ngaphakatsi kwe- prepuce kanye ne-dartos fascia, kukhishwa kwemanti lokujwayelekile kuyaphazamiseka kwesikhashana. Loku kuphazamiseka kweluhlelo lwe lymphatic kuvame kubangela i-edema lesendzaweni ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa (kuvuvuka) letungelete umugca wekusika kanye ne-mucosal collar lesele. <ref name="Fahmy2020_Anatomy">{{Cite book|edition=15–25}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi setigaba tekwandza kanye nekulungisa kabusha tekululama, umtimba wenta i-angiogenesis (kwakheka kwemitsambo lemisha yengati) kanye ne -lymphangiogenesis. Emanethiwekhi emitsambo kanye ne lymphatic akhiwa kabusha kancane kancane kwentela kusungulwa tindlela letinsha tekukhipha emanti e collateral ngaphesheya kwemncele wekuhlindvwa. Njengoba loku kuvuselelwa kweticubu tesakhiwo kuvutfwa emavikini lalandzela lenchubo, kuvuvuka ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa kuyacatululeka bese ibhalansi yemanti emtimbeni ibuyiselwa esikhumbeni sesitfo sangasense. {{rp|1325–1330}} == Emitselela == === Tifo letitsatselana ngekwelicasi === ==== Ligciwane lekushoda kwemasotja emtimba ==== ==== Ligciwane lebantfu ==== I-Human papillomavirus (HPV) ngeyo indlela levame kutsatselwana ngekwelicansi, letsintsa emadvodza nebafati. Ngesikhatsi kugula lokunyenti kungabonisi timphawu futsi kususwa ngemasotja emtimba, letinye tinhlobo taleligciwane tibangela tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense, futsi letinye tinhlobo, uma tingaphatfwa, tibangela tinhlobo letehlukahlukene temdlavuza, kufaka ekhatsi umdlavuza wesibeletfo kanye nemdlavuza wempipi. Tinsumpe etindzawo tangasense kanye nemdlavuza wesibeletfo tinkinga letimbili letivame kakhulu letibangelwa yi-HPV. Kusoka kuhlobana nekuncipha kwekusakateka kwetinhlobo te -oncogenic tekugula kwe-HPV, lokusho kutsi indvodza lesokiwe ayikhoni kutseleleka ngetinhlobo te-HPV letibanga umdlavuza kunendvodza lengakasoki. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> Kuphindze kunciphise ematfuba ekutseleleka ngetifo letinyenti. Nga 2012, bekute bufakazi lobucinile bekutsi kunciphisa lizinga lekutseleleka kwe-HPV, kepha lenchubo ihlobene nekukhuliswa kwekuhlanjululwa kweligciwane ngumtimba, lokungalandzisa kutfolakala kwekuncipha kwekusakateka. Kujova i-HPV yindlela lencono kakhulu yekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HPV. Noma nje tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense tibangelwa luhlobo lwe HPV, kute budlelwane lobubalulekile ngekwetibalo emkhatsini wekusoka kanye nekubakhona kwetinsumpa etindzawo tangasense. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> ==== Letinye tifo ==== Tifundvo letihlola umphumela wekusoka emazingeni aletinye tifo letitsatselwanako ngekwelicansi, ngalokuvamile, titfole kutsi kuyavikela. Kuhlatiya lokukhulu kwa-2006 kutfole kutsi kusoka kuhlobene nemazinga laphansi e -syphilis, i-chancroid, kanye ne- herpes yetitfo tangasense . Kubuyeketwa kwa 2010 kutfole kutsi kusoka kunciphise kwenteka kwekugula kwe HSV -2 (ligciwane le herpes simplex, luhlobo 2) nga 28%. Labacwaningi batfola imiphumela lehlukahlukene yekuvikela ku -trichomonas vaginalis kanye ne -chlamydia trachomatis, futsi kute bufakazi bekuvikela ku -gonorrhea noma ku-syphilis. Kungenteka futsi kuvikeleke ku-syphilis ku-MSM. === Sifo se-phimosis, ne sifo i-balanitis kanye nesifo se-balanoposthitis === Phimosis kungakhoni kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesicumbi ngetulu kwemtfondvo we-glans. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi utalwa, sikhumba sesicu asikhoni kuhlehliswa ngenca yekunamatsela emkhatsini wesikhumba sesicu kanye ne glans, futsi loku kutsatfwa njengalo kuvamile (physiological phimosis). <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi sikhumba sesibeletfo sihlukana ngekwemvelo ne glans, futsi liningi lebafana liyakhona kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesibeletfo ngeminyaka lemitsatfu. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngaphansi kweliphesenti linye basanetinkinga nabaneminyaka lengu 18. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Uma kungakhoni kwenta njalo kuba yinkinga (iphimosis yekugula) kusoka kuyintfo yekwelapha. I -preputioplasty, lapho khona sikhumba sesibeletfo sikhuliswa esikhundleni sekutsi sisuswe, ngulenye indlela yekwelapha ngekuhlindvwa lekhonakalako ye-phimosis. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=2297–2302}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12949202">{{Cite journal|journal=452–53}}</ref> Le phimosis yekugula kungenteka kutsi ibangelwa kuba netibati letivela esifweni sesikhumba se balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO),tikhatsi letiphindzaphindvwako te balanoposthitis noma kubuyiselwa emuva ngekuphocelelwa kwesikhumba sesikhumba. Emakhilimu e steroid nawo ayintfo lenengcondvo futsi angavikela sidzingo sekuhlindvwa kufaka ekhatsi kulabo labanesifo se-BXO lencane. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=34–39}}</ref> Lenchubo ingaphindze isetjentiswe kuvikela kutfutfuka kwe-phimosis. I-Phimosis iphindze ibe yinkinga lengabangelwa kusoka. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Kuvuvuka kwemtfondvo kanye nesikhumba sesibeletho kubitwa ngekutsi yi-balanoposthitis, futsi simo lesitsintsa umtfondvo kuphela sibitwa ngekutsi yi-balanitis. Emacala lamaningi aletimo entakala kulabadvuna labangakasoki, labatsintsa 4 - 11% walelo cembu. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Lendzawo lemanti,lefutfumele ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesicumbi kucatjangwa kutsi yenta kutsi kukhule emagciwane, kakhulu uma kuhlanteka kungakalungi. Imvubelo,kakhulu ''iCandida albicans'', ngiyo indlela levame kakhulu yekugula kwemtfondvo futsi ayikavami kukhonjwa kumasampula latsatfwa kulabadvuna labasokile. Totimbili letimo tivame kulashwa ngemitsi yekubulala emagciwane lesetulu (ukhilimu we metronidazole) kanye netibulala tikhunta (ukhilimu we clotrimazole) noma emakhilimu e-steroid lanemandla lamancane. Kusoka yindlela yekwelapha ye -balanoposthitis lephikisako noma lephindzaphindzako, kepha ngelikhulu lemashumi lamabili nakunye kutfolakala kwaletinye tindlela tekwelapha kwenta kutsi kungadzingeki kakhulu. I-Phimosis iphindze ikhulise kakhulu ingoti lehambisanako yemdlavuza wepeni, futsi kusokwa kwebantfwana labasha kukhonjisiwe kutsi kucishe kucedze lengoti; <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> nomakunjalo, kucabanga ngebungoti nenzuzo lejikeleta kusetjentiswa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuvikela umdlavuza kungumtfombo wekuphikisana. <ref name="tpc">{{Cite book|edition=11–15}}</ref> 1 liphenseti kuphela wemadvodza ane phimosis ngeminyaka lengu 17. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Umphumela lonciphisako wekusoka lonawo esimeni sebungoti lesetfulwa ngekutsi kungenteka kutsi kube ne phimosis kusesigabeni sesibili, ngekutsi kususwa kwesikhumba sesibeletfo kucedza kungenteka kwe phimosis. Loku kungatsatfwa ngemiphumela yelucwaningo lekhombisa emadvodza langakasoki late umlandvo we phimosis anematfuba lalinganako ekuba nemdlavuza wesilisa njengemadvodza lasokile. === Kugula kwemgudvu wemchamo === I-UTI itsinta tincenye teluhlelo lwemchamo kufaka ekhatsi umgudvu wemchamo, sinye, kanye netinso . Kukhona ingoti lecishe ibe ngu-1% ye-UTIs kubafana labaseminyakeni lengephansi kwemibili budzala,futsi tigameko letinyenti tenteka ngemnyaka wekucala wekuphila. Kukhona bufakazi lobuhle kepha lobungakalungi bekutsi kusoka kunciphisa kwenteka kwema UTI kubafana labangaphansi kweminyaka lemibili, futsi kunebufakazi lobufanele bekutsi kunciphisa kwenteka ngesici lesingu 3 kuya ku 10 (kusoka lokulikhulu kuvikela i UTI yinye). <ref name="MorrisWiswell2013">{{Cite journal|journal=2118–2124}}</ref> Kusoka kungenteka kakhulu kutsi kuzuzise bafana labanengoti lenkhulu yekuba ne-UTI ngenca yekukhubateka kwemtimba futsi kungasetjentiswa kwelapha ema-UTI laphindzaphindvwako. Kukhona inchazelo levakalako yetilwane yekunciphisa ingoti ye-UTI ngemuva kwekusoka. Lomgodzi lapho umchamo udlula khona esicongweni sesitho sangasese (i urinary meatus ) ubamba emagciwane lamanyenti labangela sifo seluhlelo lwemchamo kubafana bangakasoki kunalabafana labasokile, kakhulu kulabo labaneminyaka lengephansi kwetinyanga letisitfupha. Njengoba lamagciwane ayintfo leyingoti yema UTI, kusoka kungehlisa ingoti yema UTI ngekunciphisa linani lemagciwane. === Letinye tizatfu temdlavuza === Tingoti letiyinhloko temdlavuza wepeni yi-HPV, i-Phimosis kanye nekubhema. <ref name="Giona 2022">{{Cite book|edition=131–139}}</ref> Kukhona nekuhlobana emkhatsini wekusoka kwebantfu labadzala kanye nengoti lekhulile yemdlavuza wepeni lohlaselako; loku kukholelwa kutsi kuvela emadvodzeni lasokwako njengendlela yekwelapha umdlavuza wepeni noma simo lesihamba embili kumdlavuza kunekutsi kube ngumphumela wekusoka kona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yemdlavuza we-prostate. <ref name="prost">{{Cite journal|journal=10768–10776}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=352–357}}</ref> === Imphilo yabomake === Kuya ecasini emkhatsini wabomake nalabasokile, uma kucatsaniswa nebantfu labangakasoki, emadvodza ahlobene nekuncipha kwengoti yemdlavuza wesibeletfo, i-dysplasia yesibeletho, i-HSV-2, i-chlamydia, kanye ne-syphilis kubantfu besifazane. Bufakazi abuhambisani kakhulu mayelana nekuhlobana kwekusoka nengoti yabomake ye-HPV ne-HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e1113–e1122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e2500126}}</ref> === Imitselela yekuya ecasini === Ngebufakazi lobutfolakalako, kubonakala shengatsi emadvodza lasokile ngekusitwa yintfo yekusoka atfola injabulo yekuya ecasini lengashintji nobe lekhuphukile kanye nekweneliseka. Kukhona bufakazi lobutsite bekutsi lamadvodza aphindze atfole intfutfuko yesikhatsi lesidze ekusebenteni kwe-erectile . <ref name="quality">{{Cite journal|journal=1871–1879}}</ref> Idatha lebutsaniswe ikhombisa kutsi kusoka kute umphumela lomubi emtimbeni ekutijabuliseni kwekuya ecasini, emsebentini,esifisweni noma ekutaleni. <ref name="bless">{{Cite journal|journal=139–148}}</ref> Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kute umtselela ebuhlungwini bekuya ecasini, kukhipha sisu ngaphambi kwesikhatsi, sikhatsi sekukhipha sisu ngekhatsi esitfweni sangasese, kungasebenti kahle kwekuvuka, noma bumatima bekufika esigabeni sekucala. <ref name="Tian2013">{{Cite journal|journal=662–666}}</ref> Kukhona imibono lengakalungi levamile yekutsi kusoka kuyazuzisa noma kutsintsa kabi injabulo yekuya ecasini yemuntfu losokile. <ref name="sexual_function" /> Ngekuya kwekubuyeketwa kwa 2014,umphumela wekusoka kulokuhlangenwe nako kwebalingani bekuya ecasini awucaci kahle njengoba ungakafundvwa kahle. Ngekuya kwesitatimende senchubomgomo se -Canada Pediatric Society leyacinisekiswa nga-2021, "tifundvo tekwelapha atikusekeli kusokwa njengalokunemtselela emsebentini wekuya ecasini noma kweneliseka kwebalingani bebantfu labasokile". == Imitselela letfutfukile == Kusoka kwebantfwana labasha kuvame kuba yinchubo lephephile, lenebungoti lobuncane uma kwentiwa ngudokotela lonelwati. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=768–774}}</ref> <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Tinkinga letibucayi letivame kakhulu kukhopha kakhulu, kugula kanye nekususwa noma sikhumba sesibeletho lesiningi noma lesincane kakhulu. Letinkinga tenteka cishe ku 0.13% wetinchubo, ngekutsi kopha kube yinkinga levame kakhulu eMelika. Tinkinga letincane kubikwa kutsi tenteka cishe ku 3.8%. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=25–34}}</ref> Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu tiyavela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lizinga lelitsite letinkinga kumatima kulitfola ngenca yekungahambisani ekuhlukaniseni. Emazinga etinkinga makhulu uma lenchubo yentiwa ngumsebenti longenalwati, etimeni letingakakhiciti, kanye neminyaka yesiguli lesidzala. Tigulini letisokwa ngemuva kwesikhatsi sekutalwa kanye naseminyakeni yekutfomba, emazinga etinkinga letincane akhuphuka cishe kusuka ku 1.5% kubantfwana labasha kuya ku 6% kubantfu labasha. Lokwandziswa kukholakala kutsi kubangelwa kukhula kwemitsambo yesikhumba sesibeletfo. Tinkinga letibalulekile letibucayi tenteka ngalokungakavami, tenteka cishe ku-1 ku-500 tinchubo tebantfwana labasha leMelika. Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu kuya kuletinhlekelele, letifaka ekhatsi kufa, tingakavami kangange kutsi tibikwa njengemibiko yemacala ngamunye kuphela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lapho kusetjentiswa khona intfo ye Plastibell, inkinga levame kakhulu kugcinwa kwentfo leyenteka cishe ku 3.5% wetinchubo. Letinye tinkinga letingaba khona tifaka ekhatsi umthondo longcwatjiwe, i-chordee, i-phimosis, emabhuloho esikhumba, ema-fistula emgudvini wemchamo, kanye nekucindzeteleka kwenyama. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Letinkinga tingagwenywa kancane ngendlela lefanele, futsi tivame kwelashwa ngaphandle kwekudzinga kubuyeketwa ngekuhlindvwa. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Inkinga levame kakhulu yesikhatsi lesidze yi metal stenosis, loku kucishe kubonakale kuphela kubantfwana labasokile, kucatjangwa kutsi kubangelwa ligciwane lelikhicita iammonia lelihlangana ne meatus etinsaneni letisokile. Ingalashwa ngekutsi kukhishwe inyama. Kulawulwa kwebuhlungu lokuphumelelako kufanele kusetjentiswe ngesikhatsi senkambo. Kucedza buhlungu lokunganele kungatsatsa bungoti bekuphendvula kwebuhlungu lobuphakeme kubantfwana labasha. Bantfwana labasha labahlangabetana nebuhlungu ngenca yekusoka banetimphendvulo letehlukene kumjovo loniketwa ngemuva kwaloko, ngemaphuzu laphakeme ebuhlungu labonwako. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=311–320}}</ref> Kumadvodza lamadzala lasokile, kunengoti yekutsi lesibati sekusoka singahle sibe mnene. <ref name="crit">{{Cite journal|journal=263–290}}</ref> Kute bufakazi lobuhle bekutsi kusoka kutsintsa emakhono ekucabanga. ==Tinkhomba== {{reflist}} een4c7oigfjr2h8xl3s0xoak7zd8axj 43060 43059 2026-09-24T19:36:13Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the section "History" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375657746|Circumcision]]" 43060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusoka''' yinchubo lesusa sikhumba sesibeletho esitfweni sangasese semuntfu sangansense. == Kusebentisa == === Kuvikela kwetifo === Cishe ihhafu yako kusoka emhlabeni wonkhe kwentiwa ngetizatfu tekunakekelwa kwemphilo. ==== Kusetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasengotini lenkhulu ==== [[File:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Umlingisi Melusi Yeni waba ngumdlali we -VMMC wesigidzi sinye wekulwa nekwendluliselwa kweligciwane le-HIV/AIDS esifundzeni saKwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika. ]] Kukhona kuvumelana emkhatsini wetinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha emhlabeni kanye nasetincwadzini tetifundvo kutsi kusoka kungenelela kanjani ekuphumeleleni kwekuvikela i-HIV kubantfu labasengotini lenkhulu uma kwentiwa bongcweti betekwelapha ngaphansi kwetimo letiphephile. Nga-2007, i-WHO kanye neLuhlelo LweMhlabuhlangene Lwe-HIV/AIDS (i-UNAIDS) bancoma kusokwa kwebantfu labasha nalabadzala njengencenye yeluhlelo loluphelele lwekuvikela kutseleleka kwe-HIV etindzaweni letinemazinga laphakeme i-HIV, uma nje loluhlelo lufaka ekhatsi " kuvuma ngekwati, kugcina imfihlo yekwelashwa, kanye nekungavumi" kusoka, nobe i-VMMC. Nga 2010, kwakhula kwaba kusoka lokujwayelekile kwebantfwana labancane,uma nje batali beluswane bavuma. Nga-2020, i-WHO yaphindze futsi yaphetsa ngekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kungenelela lokuphumelelako kwekuvikela i-HIV nekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kulisu lelibalulekile, ngetulu kwaletinye tindlela, tekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HIV lokutfolakala ngekwebulili lobehlukile emadvodzeni. Emphumalanga naseningizimu ye Afrika bekunebantfu labadvuna labasokile labaphansi. Lesigodzi sinelizinga leliphakeme kakhulu lekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi (HIV),ngesibalo lesikhulu sekutseleleka lokuvela ekutselelekeni kwebantfu bebulili lobehlukile. Ngenca yaloko, kukhutsatwa kwekusoka kwekuvikela bekukungenelela lokubalulekile kuleso sigodzi kusukela ngetincomo te-WHO ta-2007. <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> I-International Antiviral Society–USA iphindze iphakamise kutsi kusoka kucocwe nemadvodza laya emcasini nalamanye madvodza, ikakhulukati etigodzini lapho khona i-HIV ivame khona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi kumadvodza lanalo,kakhulukati emaveni lahola imali lencane. <ref name="yuan">{{Cite journal|journal=e436–e447}}</ref> Kutfolakala kutsi kusoka kunciphisa kakhulu kundluliselwa kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi kusuka kulabasikati kuya kulabadvuna kwenta kutsi tinhlangano tekwelapha letisebentela imimango letsintsekile ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi/ nebulalave lekhonako kutsi tikhutsate kusoka njengendlela yekulawula kusakateka kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi. ==== Kusetjentiswa nekuvikela emaveni latfutfukile ==== [[File:Elizabeth_Mataka,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Mataka, Sitfunywa Lesikhetsekile saMabhalane Jikelele we-UN se-AIDS e-Afrika, wakhuluma ngesikhatsi atsi"Kusuka kubufakazi Kuya Ekusebentiseni: Kukhutsata Kusoka Kwemadvodza e-Afrika" ngesikhatsi seNhlangano Yetemnotfo Wemhlaba e-Afrika 2009 eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika, mhla tinge-11 Inhlaba 2009.]] Tinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha tiphetse tikhundla letehlukahlukene mayelana nekusebenta kahle kwekuvikela kwekusokwa kwebantfwana labancane emaveni latfutfukile. Tincwadzi letimayelana nalendzaba tihlukaniswe, ngekuhlatiya tindleko-netinzuzo kuncike kakhulu etinhlotjeni kanye nasemvamisa yetinkinga tetemphilo kubantfu lokukhulunywa ngabo nekutsi kusoka kubatsintsa njani. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba Wonkhe (WHO), i-UNAIDS, kanye netinhlangano tekwelapha taseMelika titsatsa sikhundla sekutsi tinzuzo tayo tetemphilo tekuvikela tidlula bungoti, kantsi tinhlangano tetekwelapha taseYurophu, tase-Australia, nase New Zealand tivame kubamba kutsi tinzuzo tayo tekwelapha atikeneli kute tiyivikele. Bameli bekusoka bancoma kutsi kwentiwe ngesikhatsi sekutalwa lapho khona kungabiti kakhulu futsi kunebungoti lobuncane betinkinga. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref> I -American Academy of Pediatrics,kanye neTikhungo Tekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo batsi tinzuzo letingaba khona ngekusoka tidlula bungoti. Nga-2010, Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba wonkhe yatsi: <ref name="WHO-2010a"></ref> === Luncwaningo letifo === Kusoka kuphindze kusetjentiswe kulapha tifo letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i-phimosis yekugula, i-balanoposthitis lengaphili kanye nekugula lokungapheli noma lokuphindzaphindvwako kwemgudvu wemchamo (ema-UTI). == Timphawu letiphikisako == Kusoka akukafaneleki kutsi kwentiwe etimeni letitsite. Loku kufaka ekhatsi tinswane letinetintfo letitsite letingakavami tekwakheka kwetitfo tangasense, njengekuvulwa kwemchamo lokungakafaneli (njengase hypospadias nase epispadias ), kugoba kwenhloko yesitfo sangasense ( chordee ), noma titfo tangasense letingacaci kahle, ngoba sikhumba sesibeletfo singadzingeka ekuhlindvweni kwekwakha kabusha. Kusoka kuphikiswa etinsaneni letingakafiki sikhatsi kanye nalabo labangakasimami emtholampilo futsi labanemphilo lenhle. Nangabe umuntfu atiwa kutsi unesifo lesikhulu sekukhopha ingati nobe unemlandvo wemndeni wakhe njenge- hemophilia, kunconywa kutsi ingati ihlolwe kutsi ingakhona yini kuhlangana lokujwayelekile yini ngaphambi kwekutsi kuzanywe lenchubo. == Tindlela == {{KI|Circumcision surgical procedure}} [[File:Adult_circumcision_before_and_after.jpg|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kwekusoka kwebantfu labadzala lokwentiwa kwelapha i-phimosis. Emva kwekuhlindvwa, inhloko yenduku ihlala ibonakala nobe indvuku itsambile ingakavuki.]] Sikhumba sesibeletfo sicucu lesinetigaba letimbili letisekupheleni kwemthondo wemuntfu lesimbonya i -glans kanye ne- urinary meatus. Esikhatsini lehlukene sikhumba siyasuswa ngesikhatsi sekusoka. Lesento sehlukile kuletinye tindlela tekuhlindvwa tekwelapha i -phimosis noma kugula lokumelana nekwelashwa ngekususa ngalokuphelele umgodzi we-preputial. [[File:Uncircumcised_and_circumcised_erect_comparison.jpg|thumb|Kucatsanisa kwemthondo lemile, munye (ngasencele) awukasokwa, kantsi lomunye (ngasekudla) usokiwe.]] Kusoka kwelapha kwebantfu labadzala, kuphola kwesilonda lesingetulu kutsatsa liviki, kanye nekuphola lokuphelele tinyanga letingu 4 kuya ku 6. Kubantfwana labancane, kwelashwa kuvame kuphola kungakapheli liviki linye. === Kususwa kwesikhumba === [[File:Beschneidungsstile,_Styles_of_Circumcision.jpg|thumb|Imiphumela leyehlukene yekusoka ngekuya ngekubeka lokusikiwe kanye nekucindzeteleka kwesikhumba (kusuka ngesencele kuya ngesekudla): kuphakeme futsi kukhululekile, kuphakeme futsi kucinile, kuphansi futsi kukhululekile, kuphansi futsi kucinile.]] Kusoka bantfwana labancane, tintfo letifana ne Gomco clamp, iPlastibell kanye ne Mogen clamp tivame kusetjentiswa eMelika. Leti tilandzela inchubo lefanako lesisekelo. Kwekucala,kulinganiselwa kutsi kufanele kususwe linani lesikhumba sesibeletfo. Dokotela uvula sikhumba sesicumbi ngekusebentisa umgodzi we preputial kwentela kuveta i-glans lengaphansi bese ucinisekisa kutsi ivulekile ngaphambi kwekuhlukanisa ngalokucondzile luhlaka lwangekhatsi lwesicumbi sesicumbi ( preputial epithelium ) kusuka ekunamatseleni kwayo ku-glans. Dokotela ubese ubeka lentfo yekusoka (loku ngalesinye sikhatsi kudzinga umgodzi wemgogodla ), lohlala lapho kute kuhamba kwengati sekuphelile. Ekugcineni, sikhumba sesicumbi siyajutjwa. Kubantfwana labadzala kanye nebantfu labadzala, kusoka kuvame kwentiwa ngekuhlindvwa ngaphandle kwetintfo letikhetsekile, futsi letinye tindlela letifana ne Unicirc, Shang ring noma kusoka nge stapler tiyatfolakala. Kuya ngendlela letsite yekuhlindvwa nobe tidzingo temtimba, i- frenulum libhande le- elastic lelineticubu letingaphansi kwesitho sangasense ingagcinwa nobe isuswe ngesikhatsi sekuhlindvwa. Uma leticubu tisuswa ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi, lenchubo yekuncedisa yatiwa ngekutsi yi-penile frenulectomy. === Kulawula tihlungu === Lendlela yekusoka ibangela buhlungu, futsi kubantfwana labasha lobuhlungu bungaphazamisa kusebentisana kwamake neluswane noma kubangele letinye tingucuko tekutiphatsa, ngako kusetjentiswa kwe- analgesia kuyakhutsatwa futsi kuyadzingeka ngemtsetfo kulamanye emave. Buhlungu bungalawulwa ngetindlela temitsi naletingasiwo temitsi. Tindlela temitsi, njengemijovo yendzawo noma yesifundza levimbela buhlungu kanye nemakhilimu ekucedza buhlungu lasetulu,aphephile futsi ayasebenta. I -ring block kanye ne-dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) ngiyo lephumelelako kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu,futsi i-ring block ingasebenta kakhulu kune-DPNB. Tisebenta kakhulu kune -EMLA (ingcucuko ye-eutectic ye-anesthetics yasendzaweni) ukhilimu, lesebenta kakhulu kune- placebo. Emakhilimu lasetulu atfolakele kutsi acasula sikhumba setinswane letinesisindvo lesiphansi sekutalwa,ngako-ke tindlela tekuvimba imiva yepipi tinconywa kulelicembu. Kusoka kuphikiswa bantfwana labatalwe ngaphambi kwesikhatsi kancane ngenca yetinkinga ngekubulala buhlungu. [[File:Circumcision_instrument_on_gray_background_-_Mogen_clamp.jpg|right|thumb|I-Mogen Clamp levulekile. Ekusetjentisweni lesikhumba sesibeletfo besitawudvonswa ngekuvuleka bese le clamp iyavalwa bese iyakhiywa, ichobosele sikhumba sesibeletfo.]] Kubantfwana labancane, tindlela letingekho emitsetfweni letifana nekusebentisa situlo lesikhululekile, lesinemaphepha kanye ne- sucrose noma i-pacifier lengasiyo i-sucrose tiphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu kune-placebo, kepha i -American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) itsi tindlela letinjalo atikeneli todvwa futsi kufanele tisetjentiswe kakhulu. Inchubo lesheshako inciphisa sikhatsi sebuhlungu; kusetjentiswa kwe Mogen clamp kwatfolakala kutsi kuphumela esikhatsini lesifishane senchubo kanye nekucindzeteleka lokuncane lokubangwa buhlungu kunekusebentisa i Gomco clamp noma iPlastibell. Bufakazi lobutfolakalako abukhombi kutsi kulawulwa kwebuhlungu ngemuva kwenchubo kuyadzingeka. Labanye bodokotela bancoma kutsi kusetjentiswe i -petroleum jelly kute ingati inganamatseli etitfweni tangasense kulelinabukeni ngesikhatsi sekuphola. Kubantfu labadzala, kubulawa kwemtimba ngesihloko, kuvimba indandatho, kuvimba kwetinzwa tesitho semuva (DPNB) kanye nekubulawa kwemtimba jikelele konkhe lokungakhetfwa, futsi lenchubo idzinga emaviki lamane kuya kulasitfupha ekuyekela kushaya indlwabu noma kuya ecasini kute kuvunyelwe silonda kutsi sipholise. === Kuphilisa kanye nekulungisa kabusha sikhumba === [[File:Prepuce_tissue_remodeling_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kucatsanisa kubukeka kwepipi ngemuva kwenchubo. Simo lesiphilisiwe (ngasekudla) sikhombisa imiphumela lebonakalako yekuvuselela ticubu tesakhiwo.]] Ngemuva kwekukhishwa kwesikhumba sesibeletho, silonda sekuhlindvwa sihamba ngetigaba letijwayelekile tekuphola: hemostasis,kuvuvuka, kwandza kwemaseli,kanye nekulungisa kabusha kweticubu. Ngenca yekutsi kusoka kunciphisa inethiwekhi leminyene yemitsambo yengati lengetulu kanye netindlela te-lymphatic ngaphakatsi kwe- prepuce kanye ne-dartos fascia, kukhishwa kwemanti lokujwayelekile kuyaphazamiseka kwesikhashana. Loku kuphazamiseka kweluhlelo lwe lymphatic kuvame kubangela i-edema lesendzaweni ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa (kuvuvuka) letungelete umugca wekusika kanye ne-mucosal collar lesele. <ref name="Fahmy2020_Anatomy">{{Cite book|edition=15–25}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi setigaba tekwandza kanye nekulungisa kabusha tekululama, umtimba wenta i-angiogenesis (kwakheka kwemitsambo lemisha yengati) kanye ne -lymphangiogenesis. Emanethiwekhi emitsambo kanye ne lymphatic akhiwa kabusha kancane kancane kwentela kusungulwa tindlela letinsha tekukhipha emanti e collateral ngaphesheya kwemncele wekuhlindvwa. Njengoba loku kuvuselelwa kweticubu tesakhiwo kuvutfwa emavikini lalandzela lenchubo, kuvuvuka ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa kuyacatululeka bese ibhalansi yemanti emtimbeni ibuyiselwa esikhumbeni sesitfo sangasense. {{rp|1325–1330}} == Emitselela == === Tifo letitsatselana ngekwelicasi === ==== Ligciwane lekushoda kwemasotja emtimba ==== ==== Ligciwane lebantfu ==== I-Human papillomavirus (HPV) ngeyo indlela levame kutsatselwana ngekwelicansi, letsintsa emadvodza nebafati. Ngesikhatsi kugula lokunyenti kungabonisi timphawu futsi kususwa ngemasotja emtimba, letinye tinhlobo taleligciwane tibangela tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense, futsi letinye tinhlobo, uma tingaphatfwa, tibangela tinhlobo letehlukahlukene temdlavuza, kufaka ekhatsi umdlavuza wesibeletfo kanye nemdlavuza wempipi. Tinsumpe etindzawo tangasense kanye nemdlavuza wesibeletfo tinkinga letimbili letivame kakhulu letibangelwa yi-HPV. Kusoka kuhlobana nekuncipha kwekusakateka kwetinhlobo te -oncogenic tekugula kwe-HPV, lokusho kutsi indvodza lesokiwe ayikhoni kutseleleka ngetinhlobo te-HPV letibanga umdlavuza kunendvodza lengakasoki. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> Kuphindze kunciphise ematfuba ekutseleleka ngetifo letinyenti. Nga 2012, bekute bufakazi lobucinile bekutsi kunciphisa lizinga lekutseleleka kwe-HPV, kepha lenchubo ihlobene nekukhuliswa kwekuhlanjululwa kweligciwane ngumtimba, lokungalandzisa kutfolakala kwekuncipha kwekusakateka. Kujova i-HPV yindlela lencono kakhulu yekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HPV. Noma nje tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense tibangelwa luhlobo lwe HPV, kute budlelwane lobubalulekile ngekwetibalo emkhatsini wekusoka kanye nekubakhona kwetinsumpa etindzawo tangasense. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> ==== Letinye tifo ==== Tifundvo letihlola umphumela wekusoka emazingeni aletinye tifo letitsatselwanako ngekwelicansi, ngalokuvamile, titfole kutsi kuyavikela. Kuhlatiya lokukhulu kwa-2006 kutfole kutsi kusoka kuhlobene nemazinga laphansi e -syphilis, i-chancroid, kanye ne- herpes yetitfo tangasense . Kubuyeketwa kwa 2010 kutfole kutsi kusoka kunciphise kwenteka kwekugula kwe HSV -2 (ligciwane le herpes simplex, luhlobo 2) nga 28%. Labacwaningi batfola imiphumela lehlukahlukene yekuvikela ku -trichomonas vaginalis kanye ne -chlamydia trachomatis, futsi kute bufakazi bekuvikela ku -gonorrhea noma ku-syphilis. Kungenteka futsi kuvikeleke ku-syphilis ku-MSM. === Sifo se-phimosis, ne sifo i-balanitis kanye nesifo se-balanoposthitis === Phimosis kungakhoni kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesicumbi ngetulu kwemtfondvo we-glans. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi utalwa, sikhumba sesicu asikhoni kuhlehliswa ngenca yekunamatsela emkhatsini wesikhumba sesicu kanye ne glans, futsi loku kutsatfwa njengalo kuvamile (physiological phimosis). <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi sikhumba sesibeletfo sihlukana ngekwemvelo ne glans, futsi liningi lebafana liyakhona kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesibeletfo ngeminyaka lemitsatfu. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngaphansi kweliphesenti linye basanetinkinga nabaneminyaka lengu 18. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Uma kungakhoni kwenta njalo kuba yinkinga (iphimosis yekugula) kusoka kuyintfo yekwelapha. I -preputioplasty, lapho khona sikhumba sesibeletfo sikhuliswa esikhundleni sekutsi sisuswe, ngulenye indlela yekwelapha ngekuhlindvwa lekhonakalako ye-phimosis. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=2297–2302}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12949202">{{Cite journal|journal=452–53}}</ref> Le phimosis yekugula kungenteka kutsi ibangelwa kuba netibati letivela esifweni sesikhumba se balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO),tikhatsi letiphindzaphindvwako te balanoposthitis noma kubuyiselwa emuva ngekuphocelelwa kwesikhumba sesikhumba. Emakhilimu e steroid nawo ayintfo lenengcondvo futsi angavikela sidzingo sekuhlindvwa kufaka ekhatsi kulabo labanesifo se-BXO lencane. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=34–39}}</ref> Lenchubo ingaphindze isetjentiswe kuvikela kutfutfuka kwe-phimosis. I-Phimosis iphindze ibe yinkinga lengabangelwa kusoka. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Kuvuvuka kwemtfondvo kanye nesikhumba sesibeletho kubitwa ngekutsi yi-balanoposthitis, futsi simo lesitsintsa umtfondvo kuphela sibitwa ngekutsi yi-balanitis. Emacala lamaningi aletimo entakala kulabadvuna labangakasoki, labatsintsa 4 - 11% walelo cembu. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Lendzawo lemanti,lefutfumele ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesicumbi kucatjangwa kutsi yenta kutsi kukhule emagciwane, kakhulu uma kuhlanteka kungakalungi. Imvubelo,kakhulu ''iCandida albicans'', ngiyo indlela levame kakhulu yekugula kwemtfondvo futsi ayikavami kukhonjwa kumasampula latsatfwa kulabadvuna labasokile. Totimbili letimo tivame kulashwa ngemitsi yekubulala emagciwane lesetulu (ukhilimu we metronidazole) kanye netibulala tikhunta (ukhilimu we clotrimazole) noma emakhilimu e-steroid lanemandla lamancane. Kusoka yindlela yekwelapha ye -balanoposthitis lephikisako noma lephindzaphindzako, kepha ngelikhulu lemashumi lamabili nakunye kutfolakala kwaletinye tindlela tekwelapha kwenta kutsi kungadzingeki kakhulu. I-Phimosis iphindze ikhulise kakhulu ingoti lehambisanako yemdlavuza wepeni, futsi kusokwa kwebantfwana labasha kukhonjisiwe kutsi kucishe kucedze lengoti; <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> nomakunjalo, kucabanga ngebungoti nenzuzo lejikeleta kusetjentiswa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuvikela umdlavuza kungumtfombo wekuphikisana. <ref name="tpc">{{Cite book|edition=11–15}}</ref> 1 liphenseti kuphela wemadvodza ane phimosis ngeminyaka lengu 17. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Umphumela lonciphisako wekusoka lonawo esimeni sebungoti lesetfulwa ngekutsi kungenteka kutsi kube ne phimosis kusesigabeni sesibili, ngekutsi kususwa kwesikhumba sesibeletfo kucedza kungenteka kwe phimosis. Loku kungatsatfwa ngemiphumela yelucwaningo lekhombisa emadvodza langakasoki late umlandvo we phimosis anematfuba lalinganako ekuba nemdlavuza wesilisa njengemadvodza lasokile. === Kugula kwemgudvu wemchamo === I-UTI itsinta tincenye teluhlelo lwemchamo kufaka ekhatsi umgudvu wemchamo, sinye, kanye netinso . Kukhona ingoti lecishe ibe ngu-1% ye-UTIs kubafana labaseminyakeni lengephansi kwemibili budzala,futsi tigameko letinyenti tenteka ngemnyaka wekucala wekuphila. Kukhona bufakazi lobuhle kepha lobungakalungi bekutsi kusoka kunciphisa kwenteka kwema UTI kubafana labangaphansi kweminyaka lemibili, futsi kunebufakazi lobufanele bekutsi kunciphisa kwenteka ngesici lesingu 3 kuya ku 10 (kusoka lokulikhulu kuvikela i UTI yinye). <ref name="MorrisWiswell2013">{{Cite journal|journal=2118–2124}}</ref> Kusoka kungenteka kakhulu kutsi kuzuzise bafana labanengoti lenkhulu yekuba ne-UTI ngenca yekukhubateka kwemtimba futsi kungasetjentiswa kwelapha ema-UTI laphindzaphindvwako. Kukhona inchazelo levakalako yetilwane yekunciphisa ingoti ye-UTI ngemuva kwekusoka. Lomgodzi lapho umchamo udlula khona esicongweni sesitho sangasese (i urinary meatus ) ubamba emagciwane lamanyenti labangela sifo seluhlelo lwemchamo kubafana bangakasoki kunalabafana labasokile, kakhulu kulabo labaneminyaka lengephansi kwetinyanga letisitfupha. Njengoba lamagciwane ayintfo leyingoti yema UTI, kusoka kungehlisa ingoti yema UTI ngekunciphisa linani lemagciwane. === Letinye tizatfu temdlavuza === Tingoti letiyinhloko temdlavuza wepeni yi-HPV, i-Phimosis kanye nekubhema. <ref name="Giona 2022">{{Cite book|edition=131–139}}</ref> Kukhona nekuhlobana emkhatsini wekusoka kwebantfu labadzala kanye nengoti lekhulile yemdlavuza wepeni lohlaselako; loku kukholelwa kutsi kuvela emadvodzeni lasokwako njengendlela yekwelapha umdlavuza wepeni noma simo lesihamba embili kumdlavuza kunekutsi kube ngumphumela wekusoka kona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yemdlavuza we-prostate. <ref name="prost">{{Cite journal|journal=10768–10776}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=352–357}}</ref> === Imphilo yabomake === Kuya ecasini emkhatsini wabomake nalabasokile, uma kucatsaniswa nebantfu labangakasoki, emadvodza ahlobene nekuncipha kwengoti yemdlavuza wesibeletfo, i-dysplasia yesibeletho, i-HSV-2, i-chlamydia, kanye ne-syphilis kubantfu besifazane. Bufakazi abuhambisani kakhulu mayelana nekuhlobana kwekusoka nengoti yabomake ye-HPV ne-HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e1113–e1122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e2500126}}</ref> === Imitselela yekuya ecasini === Ngebufakazi lobutfolakalako, kubonakala shengatsi emadvodza lasokile ngekusitwa yintfo yekusoka atfola injabulo yekuya ecasini lengashintji nobe lekhuphukile kanye nekweneliseka. Kukhona bufakazi lobutsite bekutsi lamadvodza aphindze atfole intfutfuko yesikhatsi lesidze ekusebenteni kwe-erectile . <ref name="quality">{{Cite journal|journal=1871–1879}}</ref> Idatha lebutsaniswe ikhombisa kutsi kusoka kute umphumela lomubi emtimbeni ekutijabuliseni kwekuya ecasini, emsebentini,esifisweni noma ekutaleni. <ref name="bless">{{Cite journal|journal=139–148}}</ref> Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kute umtselela ebuhlungwini bekuya ecasini, kukhipha sisu ngaphambi kwesikhatsi, sikhatsi sekukhipha sisu ngekhatsi esitfweni sangasese, kungasebenti kahle kwekuvuka, noma bumatima bekufika esigabeni sekucala. <ref name="Tian2013">{{Cite journal|journal=662–666}}</ref> Kukhona imibono lengakalungi levamile yekutsi kusoka kuyazuzisa noma kutsintsa kabi injabulo yekuya ecasini yemuntfu losokile. <ref name="sexual_function" /> Ngekuya kwekubuyeketwa kwa 2014,umphumela wekusoka kulokuhlangenwe nako kwebalingani bekuya ecasini awucaci kahle njengoba ungakafundvwa kahle. Ngekuya kwesitatimende senchubomgomo se -Canada Pediatric Society leyacinisekiswa nga-2021, "tifundvo tekwelapha atikusekeli kusokwa njengalokunemtselela emsebentini wekuya ecasini noma kweneliseka kwebalingani bebantfu labasokile". == Imitselela letfutfukile == Kusoka kwebantfwana labasha kuvame kuba yinchubo lephephile, lenebungoti lobuncane uma kwentiwa ngudokotela lonelwati. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=768–774}}</ref> <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Tinkinga letibucayi letivame kakhulu kukhopha kakhulu, kugula kanye nekususwa noma sikhumba sesibeletho lesiningi noma lesincane kakhulu. Letinkinga tenteka cishe ku 0.13% wetinchubo, ngekutsi kopha kube yinkinga levame kakhulu eMelika. Tinkinga letincane kubikwa kutsi tenteka cishe ku 3.8%. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=25–34}}</ref> Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu tiyavela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lizinga lelitsite letinkinga kumatima kulitfola ngenca yekungahambisani ekuhlukaniseni. Emazinga etinkinga makhulu uma lenchubo yentiwa ngumsebenti longenalwati, etimeni letingakakhiciti, kanye neminyaka yesiguli lesidzala. Tigulini letisokwa ngemuva kwesikhatsi sekutalwa kanye naseminyakeni yekutfomba, emazinga etinkinga letincane akhuphuka cishe kusuka ku 1.5% kubantfwana labasha kuya ku 6% kubantfu labasha. Lokwandziswa kukholakala kutsi kubangelwa kukhula kwemitsambo yesikhumba sesibeletfo. Tinkinga letibalulekile letibucayi tenteka ngalokungakavami, tenteka cishe ku-1 ku-500 tinchubo tebantfwana labasha leMelika. Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu kuya kuletinhlekelele, letifaka ekhatsi kufa, tingakavami kangange kutsi tibikwa njengemibiko yemacala ngamunye kuphela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lapho kusetjentiswa khona intfo ye Plastibell, inkinga levame kakhulu kugcinwa kwentfo leyenteka cishe ku 3.5% wetinchubo. Letinye tinkinga letingaba khona tifaka ekhatsi umthondo longcwatjiwe, i-chordee, i-phimosis, emabhuloho esikhumba, ema-fistula emgudvini wemchamo, kanye nekucindzeteleka kwenyama. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Letinkinga tingagwenywa kancane ngendlela lefanele, futsi tivame kwelashwa ngaphandle kwekudzinga kubuyeketwa ngekuhlindvwa. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Inkinga levame kakhulu yesikhatsi lesidze yi metal stenosis, loku kucishe kubonakale kuphela kubantfwana labasokile, kucatjangwa kutsi kubangelwa ligciwane lelikhicita iammonia lelihlangana ne meatus etinsaneni letisokile. Ingalashwa ngekutsi kukhishwe inyama. Kulawulwa kwebuhlungu lokuphumelelako kufanele kusetjentiswe ngesikhatsi senkambo. Kucedza buhlungu lokunganele kungatsatsa bungoti bekuphendvula kwebuhlungu lobuphakeme kubantfwana labasha. Bantfwana labasha labahlangabetana nebuhlungu ngenca yekusoka banetimphendvulo letehlukene kumjovo loniketwa ngemuva kwaloko, ngemaphuzu laphakeme ebuhlungu labonwako. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=311–320}}</ref> Kumadvodza lamadzala lasokile, kunengoti yekutsi lesibati sekusoka singahle sibe mnene. <ref name="crit">{{Cite journal|journal=263–290}}</ref> Kute bufakazi lobuhle bekutsi kusoka kutsintsa emakhono ekucabanga. ==Tinkhomba== {{reflist}} == Umlandvo == [[File:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg|thumb|Sigcawu sekusokwa kwebantfu labadzala kusuka ethuneni la-Ankhmahor, eSaqqara, eGibhithe (c.2345–2333 BCE). Umfanekiso lomdzala kakhulu lokhombisa kusoka.]] Ligama lelitsi kusoka lisukela esiLatini lokusho kutsi "kusika nxazonke". Imifanekiso yemapeni lasokile itfolakala ebucikweni bePaleolithic, <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=10–14}}</ref> ngaphambi kwetimphawu tekucala tekuhlaselwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|edition=243–244}}</ref> Umlandvo wekufuduka kanye nekugucuka kwekusoka watiwa kakhulu kusuka kumasiko etigodzi letimbili. Emaveni laseningizimu naseMpumalanga yeMedithera, kucala eSahara Lesekhatsi, eSudan naseTopiya, lenchubo beyentiwa ngemaGibhithe asendvulo kanye nemaSemites, bese kuba ngemaJuda nemaSulumane. E-Oceania, kusokwa kwentiwa bantfu base-Australia kanye nebantfu basePolynesia. Kukhona nebufakazi bekutsi kusokwa bekwentiwa emkhatsini wemphucuko yema Aztec nema Mayan eMelika, kepha kuncane lokwatiwako ngalowo mlandvo. Tisolo kutsi kusoka kwavela njengendlela yekutsatsa sikhundla sekukhipha titsa letihlulekile noma njengemhlatjelo wenkholo. Emasikweni lamanyenti, kusebenta njengelisiko lekudlula lokuphawula kungena kwemfana ebudaleni. === EMpumalanga Lesekhatsi, i-Afrika neYurophu === [[File:Mangbetu_Beschneidungsmesser_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_15.jpg|right|thumb|Ummese wekusoka lovela eCongo; tigodvo, insimbi; ngasekupheleni kwelikhulu lesi-19/ekucaleni kwelikhulu lesi-20]] E Oued Djerat, e Algeria, buciko lobubhalwe ngemadvwala lobubhalwe ngebantfu labagcoka umcibisholo, lobufaka kusokwa kwemadvodza futsi kungaba yindzawo lefaka ekhatsi umkhosi, bekubekwe ekucaleni kwa 6000 BP emkhatsini we Sikhatsi se Bubaline; <ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|journal=81–92}}</ref> ngalokucondzile, ngesikhatsi kungenteka kutsi titsatfwe ngaphambi kakhulu kwe 10,000 BP, tindvonga tebuciko bemadvwala kusuka esikhatsini se Bubaline titsatfwe emkhatsini wa 9200 BP na 5500 BP. Umkhuba wemasiko wekusoka kungenteka kutsi wasakateka kusukela eSahara Lesemkhatsini, ngaseningizimu e -Afrikha leseNingizimu neSahara nasemphumalanga esigodzini saseNile. <ref name="Campbell" /> Ngekuya kwebufakazi lobubhalwe phansi lobutfolakele etindvongeni kanye nebufakazi lobuvela kuma -mummies, kusokwa kwacala nga-6000 BCE eGibhithe yasendvulo. <ref name="Al-Salem">{{Cite book|edition=477–499}}</ref> Lamanye ema- mummies aseGibhithe asendvulo, labhalwe kutsi akhona kusukela nga-4000 BCE, akhombisa bufakazi bekusokwa. Bufakazi buveta kutsi kusokwa bekwentiwa eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi ngeminyaka leyinkhulungwane yesine BCE, ngesikhatsi emaSumerian nemaSemite atfutsela endzaweni lebitwa ngekutsi yi-Iraq yalamuhla asuka eNyakatfo naseNshonalanga. Lirekhodi lekucala lemlandvo wekusoka livela eGibhithe, ngendlela yesitfombe sekusokwa kwemuntfu lomdzala lobaziwe ethuneni la Ankh-Mahor eSaqqara, kusukela 2400 - 2300 BCE. Kusoka kungenteka kutsi bekwentiwa ngemaGibhithe ngetizatfu tekuhlanteka,kepha futsi bekuyincenye yekukhatsateka kwabo ngekuhlanteka futsi bekuhlobana nekutfutfuka kwakamoya kanye nengcondvo. Kute imfundziso lemukelwe kahle lechaza kubaluleka kwekusoka kubantfu baseGibhithe, kepha kubonakala shengatsi bekuniketwe inhlonipho lenkhulu nekubaluleka njengemkhosi wekudlula, lowentiwa emcimbini wesive logcizelela kuchubeka kwetitukulwane temndeni kanye nekuzala. Kungenteka kutsi bekuluphawu lwekuhlukanisa bantfu labasetulu: ''iNcwadzi Yebafile'' yaseGibhithe ichaza nkulunkulu welilanga Ra ngekutsi watisoka. [[File:Artemision-penis.jpg|left|thumb|Imininingwane yeLitfusi le -Artemision ; emaGriki abekwenyanya kusoka, loko kwenta kuphila kube matima kumaJuda lasokile labehlala emkhatsini wemaGriki.]] Kusoka kuyintfo lebalulekile eBhayibhelini lesiHebheru. Ngetulu kwekutsi baphakamise kutsi kusoka bekwemukelwa ngema-Israyeli njengemtsetfo wenkholo kuphela,tati tiphakamise kutsi bokhokho bebuJuda nebalandzeli babo bemukela kusoka kute kwentiwe lula kuhlanteka kwemthondo etindzaweni letishisako, letinesihlabathi; njengelisiko lekwendlula ebudaleni; nobe njengeluhlobo lwemhlatjelo wengati. Imikhankhaso yemlandvo yekuhlushwa kwebuhlanga, emasiko, kanye nenkholo beyivame kufaka ekhatsi kuvinjelwa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuhlanganiswa ngemandla, kuguculwa, kanye nekubulawa kwebuhlanga . Alexander Lomkhulu wancoba iMphumalanga Lesekhatsi ngelikhulu lesine BCE, futsi emakhulwini eminyaka lalandzelako emasiko kanye netimiso temaGriki asendvulo kwafika eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi. EmaGriki bekakwenyanya kusoka,futsi loko kwenta kuphila kwemaJuda lasokile labehlala nemaGriki futsi ngemuva kwesikhatsi emaRoma kube matima kakhulu. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Kuvinjelwa kwemkhuba wemaJuda ngabohulumende baseYurophu kwenteke tikhatsi letinyenti emlandvweni wemhlaba, kufaka ekhatsi uMbuso wemaSeleucid ngaphansi kwa -Antiochus IV kanye neMbuso wemaRoma ngaphansi kwa -Hadrian, lapho khona kwasetjentiswa njengendlela yekuhlanganisa ngemandla kanye nekugucula. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Kuvinjelwa kwa-Antiochus IV kwekusokwa kwemaJuda kwaba yintfo lenkhulu ekuvukeleni kwemaMaccabean. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Kuvinjelwa kwaHadrian nako kwatsatfwa ngulabanye kutsi kwaba yimbangela yekuvukela umbuso kweBar Kokhba. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Ngekuya kwa Silverman (2006),lemitsetfo beyiyincenye "yemkhankhaso lomkhulu" ngemaRoma kutsi "aphucuke" bantfu bemaJuda, abuka lomkhuba njengalonyanyisako futsi lofana nekukhipha sisu. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Umlandzeli wakhe, Antoninus Pius, washintja umtsetfo kutsi avumele. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Ngalesikhatsi emlandvweni, kusokwa kwemaJuda bekudzinga kutsi kususwe incenye kuphela yesikhumba, futsi emaJuda lase Hellenized bekavame kwetama kubukeka angasoki futsi kungenteka abuyisele tikhumba tawo ngekwelula tincenye letikhona tesikhumba sawo ngetintfo letikhetsekile letibitwa ngekutsi yi pondus Judae. Loku bekutsatfwa baholi bemaJuda njengenkinga lenkhulu, futsi ngelikhulu lesibili leminyaka CE bashintja tidzingo tekusokwa kwemaJuda kute bacele kutsi kususwe ngalokuphelele sikhumba sesibeletho, bagcizelela umbono wemaJuda wekusoka njengobe bekuhloswe kutsi kungabi nje kuphela kugcwaliseka kwe- biblicalman essentid liphawu lekuba lilunga lebantfu. [[File:Ludovico_Mazzolino_-_Circumcision_-_WGA14715.jpg|left|thumb|Kusoka kwa Jesu Khristu,nguLudovico Mazzolino]] Indzaba lelandzisako lese Vangelini lebuKhristu laLukha ikhuluma kafishane ngekusokwa kwaJesu, kodvwa kusokwa emtimbeni akusiyo incenye yetimfundziso taJesu letatfolakala. Kusoka kudlale indzima lebalulekile emlandvweni webuKhristu kanye nasenkholweni. Pawula Umphostoli waphindze wahumusha kusoka njengemcondvo wakamoya, aphikisana ngekutsi kusoka mbamba akudzingeki kubantfu betive labagucukela ebuKhristuni. Imfundziso yekutsi kusoka akudzingeki kute umuntfu abe lilunga lesivumelwane lesivela kuNkulunkulu, yasita kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni buKhristu nebuJuda. <ref name="Jacobs-2012">{{Cite book|edition=}}</ref> <ref name="Bolnick-2012">{{Cite book|edition=290–298}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi kusokwa kwaJesu kugujwa njengelilanga lelidzili ekhalendeni lekukhonta lemaKhristu lamanyenti. <ref name="Bolnick-2012" /> Nanobe kungashiwo ngalokucacile ku -Quran (ekucaleni kwelikhulu lesikhombisa CE), kusoka kutsatfwa njengalokubalulekile ku-Islam,futsi kucishe kwentiwe yonkhe indzawo kumaSulumane. Lomkhuba wekusoka wasakateka eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi,eNyakatfo Afrika, naseNingizimu yeYurophu ngebuSulumane. Genghis Khan kanye neYuan Emperors lelandzelako eChina bavimbela imikhuba yema Islam lefana nekubulala inyama ngendlela ye halal kanye nekusoka. <ref name="Elverskog-2010">{{Cite book|edition=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve/page/228 228]}}</ref> Lomkhuba wekusoka ucatjangwa kutsi waletfwa etiveni letikhuluma siBantu eAfrika noma ngemaJuda ngemuva kwekucoshwa kwawo lokuningi emaveni ase Europe,noma ngema Muslim Moors laphunyuka ngemuva kwekuncoba kabusha iSpain nga 1492. Engcenyeni yesibili yeminyaka leyinkhulungwane yekucala CE,bantfu labavela eNyakatfo-mphumalanga ye-Afrika batfutsela eningizimu futsi bahlangana nemacembu lasuka e-Arabia, eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi naseNshonalanga Afrika. Labantfu batfutsela eningizimu base bakha loko lokwatiwa ngekutsi yi Bantu namuhla. Tive te Bantu tabonakala tisekela loko lokwachazwa ngekutsi ngumtsetfo wemaJuda, lokufaka ekhatsi kusoka, ngelikhulu lesi-16. Kusoka kanye netintfo temikhawulo yekudla kwemaJuda kusatfolakala emkhatsini wetive teBantu. iobjbe7h5tux5uyxwwfsu3q1zhh4wbj 43061 43060 2026-09-24T20:39:25Z Thulamag 8864 43061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusoka''' yinchubo lesusa sikhumba sesibeletho esitfweni sangasese semuntfu sangansense.<ref name=":2">https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf</ref> == Kusebentisa == === Kuvikela kwetifo === Cishe ihhafu yako kusoka emhlabeni wonkhe kwentiwa ngetizatfu tekunakekelwa kwemphilo.<ref name=":3">https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/130/3/e756/30225/Male-Circumcision?autologincheck=redirected</ref> ==== Kusetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasengotini lenkhulu ==== [[File:South_Africa_1_millionth_Voluntary_Medical_Male_Circumcision_(40944402290).jpg|thumb|Umlingisi Melusi Yeni waba ngumdlali we -VMMC wesigidzi sinye wekulwa nekwendluliselwa kweligciwane le-HIV/AIDS esifundzeni saKwaZulu-Natal, eNingizimu Afrika.<ref name=":4">https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/its-hassle-free-says-actor-melusi-yeni-about-his-medical-circumcision-20180601</ref> ]] Kukhona kuvumelana emkhatsini wetinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha emhlabeni kanye nasetincwadzini tetifundvo kutsi kusoka kungenelela kanjani ekuphumeleleni kwekuvikela i-HIV kubantfu labasengotini lenkhulu uma kwentiwa bongcweti betekwelapha ngaphansi kwetimo letiphephile.<ref name=":5">Lissauer T, Clayden G (October 2011). ''Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics, Fourth edition''. Elsevier. pp.&nbsp;352–353. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-7234-3565-5</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":6">https://books.google.co.za/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC&redir_esc=y</ref> Nga-2007, i-WHO kanye neLuhlelo LweMhlabuhlangene Lwe-HIV/AIDS (i-UNAIDS) bancoma kusokwa kwebantfu labasha nalabadzala njengencenye yeluhlelo loluphelele lwekuvikela kutseleleka kwe-HIV etindzaweni letinemazinga laphakeme i-HIV, <ref name=":6" /><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?id=or15PgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref>uma nje loluhlelo lufaka ekhatsi " kuvuma ngekwati, kugcina imfihlo yekwelashwa, kanye nekungavumi" kusoka, nobe i-VMMC.<ref>https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0</ref> Nga 2010, <ref name=":7">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-000854-0</ref>kwakhula kwaba kusoka lokujwayelekile kwebantfwana labancane,uma nje batali beluswane bavuma. Nga-2020,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150075-3</ref> i-WHO yaphindze futsi yaphetsa ngekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kungenelela lokuphumelelako kwekuvikela i-HIV nekutsi kusoka kwemadvodza kulisu lelibalulekile, ngetulu kwaletinye tindlela, tekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HIV lokutfolakala ngekwebulili lobehlukile emadvodzeni. <ref name=":7" /><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11666075/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature</ref>Emphumalanga naseningizimu ye Afrika bekunebantfu labadvuna labasokile labaphansi. Lesigodzi sinelizinga leliphakeme kakhulu lekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi (HIV),ngesibalo lesikhulu sekutseleleka lokuvela ekutselelekeni kwebantfu bebulili lobehlukile. Ngenca yaloko, kukhutsatwa kwekusoka kwekuvikela bekukungenelela lokubalulekile kuleso sigodzi kusukela ngetincomo te-WHO ta-2007. <ref name="WHO-PrevHIV" /> I-International Antiviral Society–USA iphindze iphakamise kutsi kusoka kucocwe nemadvodza laya emcasini nalamanye madvodza, ikakhulukati etigodzini lapho khona i-HIV ivame khona. <ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6309682/</ref>Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yekutseleleka ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi kumadvodza lanalo,kakhulukati emaveni lahola imali lencane. <ref name="yuan">{{Cite journal|journal=e436–e447}}</ref> Kutfolakala kutsi kusoka kunciphisa kakhulu kundluliselwa kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi kusuka kulabasikati kuya kulabadvuna kwenta kutsi tinhlangano tekwelapha letisebentela imimango letsintsekile ngeligciwane lesandulelangculazi/ nebulalave lekhonako kutsi tikhutsate kusoka njengendlela yekulawula kusakateka kweligciwane lesandulelangculazi.<ref>Jacobs M, Grady R, Bolnick DA (2012). "Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.). ''Surgical Guide to Circumcision''. London: Springer. pp.&nbsp;3–8, 255–257.</ref> ==== Kusetjentiswa nekuvikela emaveni latfutfukile ==== [[File:Elizabeth_Mataka,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Mataka, Sitfunywa Lesikhetsekile saMabhalane Jikelele we-UN se-AIDS e-Afrika, wakhuluma ngesikhatsi atsi"Kusuka kubufakazi Kuya Ekusebentiseni: Kukhutsata Kusoka Kwemadvodza e-Afrika" ngesikhatsi seNhlangano Yetemnotfo Wemhlaba e-Afrika 2009 eKapa, eNingizimu Afrika, mhla tinge-11 Inhlaba 2009.]] Tinhlangano letinkhulu tekwelapha tiphetse tikhundla letehlukahlukene mayelana nekusebenta kahle kwekuvikela kwekusokwa kwebantfwana labancane emaveni latfutfukile. Tincwadzi letimayelana nalendzaba tihlukaniswe, ngekuhlatiya tindleko-netinzuzo kuncike kakhulu etinhlotjeni kanye nasemvamisa yetinkinga tetemphilo kubantfu lokukhulunywa ngabo nekutsi kusoka kubatsintsa njani. <ref name="pinto_2012">{{Cite journal|journal=977–986}}</ref><ref>https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/130/3/e756/30225/Male-Circumcision</ref><ref>Jacobs M, Grady R, Bolnick DA (2012). "Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.). ''Surgical Guide to Circumcision''. London: Springer. pp.&nbsp;3–8, 255–257. </ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?id=C1T6NrSPD_AC&pg=PA43&redir_esc=y</ref> Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba Wonkhe (WHO), i-UNAIDS, kanye netinhlangano tekwelapha taseMelika titsatsa sikhundla sekutsi tinzuzo tayo tetemphilo tekuvikela tidlula bungoti, kantsi tinhlangano tetekwelapha taseYurophu, tase-Australia, nase New Zealand tivame kubamba kutsi tinzuzo tayo tekwelapha atikeneli kute tiyivikele. <ref>Gable L, Gamharter K, Gostin L, Hodge Jr J, Puymbroeck R (2007). "1.12 Male Circumcision". ''Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Policy and Law Reform''. World Bank Publications. pp.&nbsp;38–39. </ref>Bameli bekusoka bancoma kutsi kwentiwe ngesikhatsi sekutalwa lapho khona kungabiti kakhulu futsi kunebungoti lobuncane betinkinga. <ref>Jacobs M, Grady R, Bolnick DA (2012). "Current Circumcision Trends and Guidelines". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.). ''Surgical Guide to Circumcision''. London: Springer. pp.&nbsp;3–8, 255–257.</ref>I -American Academy of Pediatrics,kanye neTikhungo Tekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo batsi tinzuzo letingaba khona ngekusoka tidlula bungoti.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?id=C1T6NrSPD_AC&pg=PA43&redir_esc=y</ref><ref>Pinto K (August 2012). "Circumcision controversies". ''Pediatric Clinics of North America''. '''59''' (4): 977–986.</ref><ref>https://wellcome.org/story/troubled-history-foreskin</ref> Nga-2010, Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba wonkhe yatsi: <ref name=":8">https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44478</ref> === Luncwaningo letifo === Kusoka kuphindze kusetjentiswe kulapha tifo letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i-phimosis yekugula, i-balanoposthitis lengaphili kanye nekugula lokungapheli noma lokuphindzaphindvwako kwemgudvu wemchamo (ema-UTI).<ref name=":8" /> == Timphawu letiphikisako == Kusoka akukafaneleki kutsi kwentiwe etimeni letitsite. Loku kufaka ekhatsi tinswane letinetintfo letitsite letingakavami tekwakheka kwetitfo tangasense, njengekuvulwa kwemchamo lokungakafaneli (njengase hypospadias nase epispadias ), kugoba kwenhloko yesitfo sangasense ( chordee ), noma titfo tangasense letingacaci kahle, ngoba sikhumba sesibeletfo singadzingeka ekuhlindvweni kwekwakha kabusha. Kusoka kuphikiswa etinsaneni letingakafiki sikhatsi kanye nalabo labangakasimami emtholampilo futsi labanemphilo lenhle.<ref name=":4" /><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC&redir_esc=y</ref> Nangabe umuntfu atiwa kutsi unesifo lesikhulu sekukhopha ingati nobe unemlandvo wemndeni wakhe njenge- hemophilia, kunconywa kutsi ingati ihlolwe kutsi ingakhona yini kuhlangana lokujwayelekile yini ngaphambi kwekutsi kuzanywe lenchubo. == Tindlela == {{KI|Circumcision surgical procedure}} [[File:Adult_circumcision_before_and_after.jpg|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kwekusoka kwebantfu labadzala lokwentiwa kwelapha i-phimosis. Emva kwekuhlindvwa, inhloko yenduku ihlala ibonakala nobe indvuku itsambile ingakavuki.]] Sikhumba sesibeletfo sicucu lesinetigaba letimbili letisekupheleni kwemthondo wemuntfu lesimbonya i -glans kanye ne- urinary meatus. Esikhatsini lehlukene sikhumba siyasuswa ngesikhatsi sekusoka. Lesento sehlukile kuletinye tindlela tekuhlindvwa tekwelapha i -phimosis noma kugula lokumelana nekwelashwa ngekususa ngalokuphelele umgodzi we-preputial.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhpiego</ref> [[File:Uncircumcised_and_circumcised_erect_comparison.jpg|thumb|Kucatsanisa kwemthondo lemile, munye (ngasencele) awukasokwa, kantsi lomunye (ngasekudla) usokiwe.]] Kusoka kwelapha kwebantfu labadzala, kuphola kwesilonda lesingetulu kutsatsa liviki, kanye nekuphola lokuphelele tinyanga letingu 4 kuya ku 6. Kubantfwana labancane, kwelashwa kuvame kuphola kungakapheli liviki linye.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /> === Kususwa kwesikhumba === [[File:Beschneidungsstile,_Styles_of_Circumcision.jpg|thumb|Imiphumela leyehlukene yekusoka ngekuya ngekubeka lokusikiwe kanye nekucindzeteleka kwesikhumba (kusuka ngesencele kuya ngesekudla): kuphakeme futsi kukhululekile, kuphakeme futsi kucinile, kuphansi futsi kukhululekile, kuphansi futsi kucinile.]] Kusoka bantfwana labancane, tintfo letifana ne Gomco clamp, iPlastibell kanye ne Mogen clamp tivame kusetjentiswa eMelika. Leti tilandzela inchubo lefanako lesisekelo.<ref name=":3" /> Kwekucala,kulinganiselwa kutsi kufanele kususwe linani lesikhumba sesibeletfo. <ref>Partin AW, ed. (2020). "Chapter 61: Penile and Urethral Reconstructive Surgery". ''Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology''. Vol.&nbsp;1 (12th&nbsp;ed.). Elsevier.</ref>Dokotela uvula sikhumba sesicumbi ngekusebentisa umgodzi we preputial kwentela kuveta i-glans lengaphansi bese ucinisekisa kutsi ivulekile ngaphambi kwekuhlukanisa ngalokucondzile luhlaka lwangekhatsi lwesicumbi sesicumbi ( preputial epithelium ) kusuka ekunamatseleni kwayo ku-glans.<ref>Lönnqvist PA (September 2010). "Regional anaesthesia and analgesia in the neonate". ''Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology''. '''24''' (3): 309–321.</ref> <ref>Shockley RA, Rickett K (April 2011). "Clinical inquiries. What's the best way to control circumcision pain in newborns?". ''The Journal of Family Practice''. '''60'''(4): 233a–233b. PMID&nbsp;21472156.</ref>Dokotela ubese ubeka lentfo yekusoka (loku ngalesinye sikhatsi kudzinga umgodzi wemgogodla ), lohlala lapho kute kuhamba kwengati sekuphelile.<ref>https://umc.edu/Childrens/Childrens%20Urology/Patient%20Resources/What-to-Expect-After-Circumcision.html</ref>Ekugcineni, sikhumba sesicumbi siyajutjwa. Kubantfwana labadzala kanye nebantfu labadzala, kusoka kuvame kwentiwa ngekuhlindvwa ngaphandle kwetintfo letikhetsekile, futsi letinye tindlela letifana ne Unicirc, Shang ring noma kusoka nge stapler tiyatfolakala. Kuya ngendlela letsite yekuhlindvwa nobe tidzingo temtimba, i- frenulum libhande le- elastic lelineticubu letingaphansi kwesitho sangasense ingagcinwa nobe isuswe ngesikhatsi sekuhlindvwa.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100081_4.htm</ref> <ref name=":9" />Uma leticubu tisuswa ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi, lenchubo yekuncedisa yatiwa ngekutsi yi-penile frenulectomy.<ref>Shockley RA, Rickett K (April 2011). "Clinical inquiries. What's the best way to control circumcision pain in newborns?". ''The Journal of Family Practice''. '''60'''(4): 233a–233b. PMID&nbsp;21472156.</ref> === Kulawula tihlungu === Lendlela yekusoka ibangela buhlungu, futsi kubantfwana labasha lobuhlungu bungaphazamisa kusebentisana kwamake neluswane noma kubangele letinye tingucuko tekutiphatsa, ngako kusetjentiswa kwe- analgesia kuyakhutsatwa futsi kuyadzingeka ngemtsetfo kulamanye emave. <ref name=":2" /> Buhlungu bungalawulwa ngetindlela temitsi naletingasiwo temitsi. Tindlela temitsi, njengemijovo yendzawo noma yesifundza levimbela buhlungu kanye nemakhilimu ekucedza buhlungu lasetulu,aphephile futsi ayasebenta.<ref name=":9" /> I -ring block kanye ne-dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) ngiyo lephumelelako kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu,futsi i-ring block ingasebenta kakhulu kune-DPNB. Tisebenta kakhulu kune -EMLA (ingcucuko ye-eutectic ye-anesthetics yasendzaweni) ukhilimu, lesebenta kakhulu kune- placebo. Emakhilimu lasetulu atfolakele kutsi acasula sikhumba setinswane letinesisindvo lesiphansi sekutalwa,ngako-ke tindlela tekuvimba imiva yepipi tinconywa kulelicembu. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130312062922/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2012/WHO_HIV_2012.7_eng.pdf</ref>Kusoka kuphikiswa bantfwana labatalwe ngaphambi kwesikhatsi kancane ngenca yetinkinga ngekubulala buhlungu. [[File:Circumcision_instrument_on_gray_background_-_Mogen_clamp.jpg|right|thumb|I-Mogen Clamp levulekile. Ekusetjentisweni lesikhumba sesibeletfo besitawudvonswa ngekuvuleka bese le clamp iyavalwa bese iyakhiywa, ichobosele sikhumba sesibeletfo.]] Kubantfwana labancane, tindlela letingekho emitsetfweni letifana nekusebentisa situlo lesikhululekile, lesinemaphepha kanye ne- sucrose noma i-pacifier lengasiyo i-sucrose tiphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni buhlungu kune-placebo, kepha i -American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) itsi tindlela letinjalo atikeneli todvwa futsi kufanele tisetjentiswe kakhulu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhpiego</ref> Inchubo lesheshako inciphisa sikhatsi sebuhlungu; kusetjentiswa kwe Mogen clamp kwatfolakala kutsi kuphumela esikhatsini lesifishane senchubo kanye nekucindzeteleka lokuncane lokubangwa buhlungu kunekusebentisa i Gomco clamp noma iPlastibell. Bufakazi lobutfolakalako abukhombi kutsi kulawulwa kwebuhlungu ngemuva kwenchubo kuyadzingeka. Labanye bodokotela bancoma kutsi kusetjentiswe i -petroleum jelly kute ingati inganamatseli etitfweni tangasense kulelinabukeni ngesikhatsi sekuphola. <ref>Shockley RA, Rickett K (April 2011). "Clinical inquiries. What's the best way to control circumcision pain in newborns?". ''The Journal of Family Practice''. '''60'''(4): 233a–233b. </ref>Kubantfu labadzala, kubulawa kwemtimba ngesihloko, kuvimba indandatho, kuvimba kwetinzwa tesitho semuva (DPNB) kanye nekubulawa kwemtimba jikelele konkhe lokungakhetfwa, futsi lenchubo idzinga emaviki lamane kuya kulasitfupha ekuyekela kushaya indlwabu noma kuya ecasini kute kuvunyelwe silonda kutsi sipholise.<ref>Partin AW, ed. (2020). "Chapter 61: Penile and Urethral Reconstructive Surgery". ''Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology''. Vol.&nbsp;1 (12th&nbsp;ed.). Elsevier.</ref> === Kuphilisa kanye nekulungisa kabusha sikhumba === [[File:Prepuce_tissue_remodeling_comparison.jpg|right|thumb|Ngaphambi (ngasencele) nangemuva (ngasekudla) kucatsanisa kubukeka kwepipi ngemuva kwenchubo. Simo lesiphilisiwe (ngasekudla) sikhombisa imiphumela lebonakalako yekuvuselela ticubu tesakhiwo.]] Ngemuva kwekukhishwa kwesikhumba sesibeletho, silonda sekuhlindvwa sihamba ngetigaba letijwayelekile tekuphola: hemostasis,kuvuvuka, kwandza kwemaseli,kanye nekulungisa kabusha kweticubu. Ngenca yekutsi kusoka kunciphisa inethiwekhi leminyene yemitsambo yengati lengetulu kanye netindlela te-lymphatic ngaphakatsi kwe- prepuce kanye ne-dartos fascia, kukhishwa kwemanti lokujwayelekile kuyaphazamiseka kwesikhashana. Loku kuphazamiseka kweluhlelo lwe lymphatic kuvame kubangela i-edema lesendzaweni ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa (kuvuvuka) letungelete umugca wekusika kanye ne-mucosal collar lesele. <ref name=":10">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470443/</ref> Ngesikhatsi setigaba tekwandza kanye nekulungisa kabusha tekululama, umtimba wenta i-angiogenesis (kwakheka kwemitsambo lemisha yengati) kanye ne -lymphangiogenesis. Emanethiwekhi emitsambo kanye ne lymphatic akhiwa kabusha kancane kancane kwentela kusungulwa tindlela letinsha tekukhipha emanti e collateral ngaphesheya kwemncele wekuhlindvwa. Njengoba loku kuvuselelwa kweticubu tesakhiwo kuvutfwa emavikini lalandzela lenchubo, kuvuvuka ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa kuyacatululeka bese ibhalansi yemanti emtimbeni ibuyiselwa esikhumbeni sesitfo sangasense.<ref name=":10" /> == Emitselela == === Tifo letitsatselana ngekwelicasi === ==== Ligciwane lekushoda kwemasotja emtimba ==== ==== Ligciwane lebantfu ==== I-Human papillomavirus (HPV) ngeyo indlela levame kutsatselwana ngekwelicansi, letsintsa emadvodza nebafati. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing</ref>Ngesikhatsi kugula lokunyenti kungabonisi timphawu futsi kususwa ngemasotja emtimba, letinye tinhlobo taleligciwane tibangela tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense, futsi letinye tinhlobo, uma tingaphatfwa, tibangela tinhlobo letehlukahlukene temdlavuza, kufaka ekhatsi umdlavuza wesibeletfo kanye nemdlavuza wempipi. Tinsumpe etindzawo tangasense kanye nemdlavuza wesibeletfo tinkinga letimbili letivame kakhulu letibangelwa yi-HPV. Kusoka kuhlobana nekuncipha kwekusakateka kwetinhlobo te -oncogenic tekugula kwe-HPV, lokusho kutsi indvodza lesokiwe ayikhoni kutseleleka ngetinhlobo te-HPV letibanga umdlavuza kunendvodza lengakasoki. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> Kuphindze kunciphise ematfuba ekutseleleka ngetifo letinyenti. Nga 2012, bekute bufakazi lobucinile bekutsi kunciphisa lizinga lekutseleleka kwe-HPV, kepha lenchubo ihlobene nekukhuliswa kwekuhlanjululwa kweligciwane ngumtimba, lokungalandzisa kutfolakala kwekuncipha kwekusakateka. Kujova i-HPV yindlela lencono kakhulu yekuvikela kutseleleka nge-HPV. Noma nje tinsumpa etindzawo tangasense tibangelwa luhlobo lwe HPV, kute budlelwane lobubalulekile ngekwetibalo emkhatsini wekusoka kanye nekubakhona kwetinsumpa etindzawo tangasense. <ref name="zhu">{{Cite journal|journal=125–131}}</ref> ==== Letinye tifo ==== Tifundvo letihlola umphumela wekusoka emazingeni aletinye tifo letitsatselwanako ngekwelicansi, ngalokuvamile, titfole kutsi kuyavikela. Kuhlatiya lokukhulu kwa-2006 kutfole kutsi kusoka kuhlobene nemazinga laphansi e -syphilis, i-chancroid, kanye ne- herpes yetitfo tangasense . Kubuyeketwa kwa 2010 kutfole kutsi kusoka kunciphise kwenteka kwekugula kwe HSV -2 (ligciwane le herpes simplex, luhlobo 2) nga 28%. Labacwaningi batfola imiphumela lehlukahlukene yekuvikela ku -trichomonas vaginalis kanye ne -chlamydia trachomatis, futsi kute bufakazi bekuvikela ku -gonorrhea noma ku-syphilis. Kungenteka futsi kuvikeleke ku-syphilis ku-MSM. === Sifo se-phimosis, ne sifo i-balanitis kanye nesifo se-balanoposthitis === Phimosis kungakhoni kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesicumbi ngetulu kwemtfondvo we-glans. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi utalwa, sikhumba sesicu asikhoni kuhlehliswa ngenca yekunamatsela emkhatsini wesikhumba sesicu kanye ne glans, futsi loku kutsatfwa njengalo kuvamile (physiological phimosis). <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi sikhumba sesibeletfo sihlukana ngekwemvelo ne glans, futsi liningi lebafana liyakhona kuhlehlisa sikhumba sesibeletfo ngeminyaka lemitsatfu. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Ngaphansi kweliphesenti linye basanetinkinga nabaneminyaka lengu 18. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Uma kungakhoni kwenta njalo kuba yinkinga (iphimosis yekugula) kusoka kuyintfo yekwelapha. I -preputioplasty, lapho khona sikhumba sesibeletfo sikhuliswa esikhundleni sekutsi sisuswe, ngulenye indlela yekwelapha ngekuhlindvwa lekhonakalako ye-phimosis. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=2297–2302}}</ref> <ref name="pmid12949202">{{Cite journal|journal=452–53}}</ref> Le phimosis yekugula kungenteka kutsi ibangelwa kuba netibati letivela esifweni sesikhumba se balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO),tikhatsi letiphindzaphindvwako te balanoposthitis noma kubuyiselwa emuva ngekuphocelelwa kwesikhumba sesikhumba. Emakhilimu e steroid nawo ayintfo lenengcondvo futsi angavikela sidzingo sekuhlindvwa kufaka ekhatsi kulabo labanesifo se-BXO lencane. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=34–39}}</ref> Lenchubo ingaphindze isetjentiswe kuvikela kutfutfuka kwe-phimosis. I-Phimosis iphindze ibe yinkinga lengabangelwa kusoka. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Kuvuvuka kwemtfondvo kanye nesikhumba sesibeletho kubitwa ngekutsi yi-balanoposthitis, futsi simo lesitsintsa umtfondvo kuphela sibitwa ngekutsi yi-balanitis. Emacala lamaningi aletimo entakala kulabadvuna labangakasoki, labatsintsa 4 - 11% walelo cembu. <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> Lendzawo lemanti,lefutfumele ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesicumbi kucatjangwa kutsi yenta kutsi kukhule emagciwane, kakhulu uma kuhlanteka kungakalungi. Imvubelo,kakhulu ''iCandida albicans'', ngiyo indlela levame kakhulu yekugula kwemtfondvo futsi ayikavami kukhonjwa kumasampula latsatfwa kulabadvuna labasokile. Totimbili letimo tivame kulashwa ngemitsi yekubulala emagciwane lesetulu (ukhilimu we metronidazole) kanye netibulala tikhunta (ukhilimu we clotrimazole) noma emakhilimu e-steroid lanemandla lamancane. Kusoka yindlela yekwelapha ye -balanoposthitis lephikisako noma lephindzaphindzako, kepha ngelikhulu lemashumi lamabili nakunye kutfolakala kwaletinye tindlela tekwelapha kwenta kutsi kungadzingeki kakhulu. I-Phimosis iphindze ikhulise kakhulu ingoti lehambisanako yemdlavuza wepeni, futsi kusokwa kwebantfwana labasha kukhonjisiwe kutsi kucishe kucedze lengoti; <ref name="hayashi_2011">{{Cite journal|journal=289–301}}</ref> nomakunjalo, kucabanga ngebungoti nenzuzo lejikeleta kusetjentiswa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuvikela umdlavuza kungumtfombo wekuphikisana. <ref name="tpc">{{Cite book|edition=11–15}}</ref> 1 liphenseti kuphela wemadvodza ane phimosis ngeminyaka lengu 17. <ref name="hayashi_2011" /> Umphumela lonciphisako wekusoka lonawo esimeni sebungoti lesetfulwa ngekutsi kungenteka kutsi kube ne phimosis kusesigabeni sesibili, ngekutsi kususwa kwesikhumba sesibeletfo kucedza kungenteka kwe phimosis. Loku kungatsatfwa ngemiphumela yelucwaningo lekhombisa emadvodza langakasoki late umlandvo we phimosis anematfuba lalinganako ekuba nemdlavuza wesilisa njengemadvodza lasokile. === Kugula kwemgudvu wemchamo === I-UTI itsinta tincenye teluhlelo lwemchamo kufaka ekhatsi umgudvu wemchamo, sinye, kanye netinso . Kukhona ingoti lecishe ibe ngu-1% ye-UTIs kubafana labaseminyakeni lengephansi kwemibili budzala,futsi tigameko letinyenti tenteka ngemnyaka wekucala wekuphila. Kukhona bufakazi lobuhle kepha lobungakalungi bekutsi kusoka kunciphisa kwenteka kwema UTI kubafana labangaphansi kweminyaka lemibili, futsi kunebufakazi lobufanele bekutsi kunciphisa kwenteka ngesici lesingu 3 kuya ku 10 (kusoka lokulikhulu kuvikela i UTI yinye). <ref name="MorrisWiswell2013">{{Cite journal|journal=2118–2124}}</ref> Kusoka kungenteka kakhulu kutsi kuzuzise bafana labanengoti lenkhulu yekuba ne-UTI ngenca yekukhubateka kwemtimba futsi kungasetjentiswa kwelapha ema-UTI laphindzaphindvwako. Kukhona inchazelo levakalako yetilwane yekunciphisa ingoti ye-UTI ngemuva kwekusoka. Lomgodzi lapho umchamo udlula khona esicongweni sesitho sangasese (i urinary meatus ) ubamba emagciwane lamanyenti labangela sifo seluhlelo lwemchamo kubafana bangakasoki kunalabafana labasokile, kakhulu kulabo labaneminyaka lengephansi kwetinyanga letisitfupha. Njengoba lamagciwane ayintfo leyingoti yema UTI, kusoka kungehlisa ingoti yema UTI ngekunciphisa linani lemagciwane. === Letinye tizatfu temdlavuza === Tingoti letiyinhloko temdlavuza wepeni yi-HPV, i-Phimosis kanye nekubhema. <ref name="Giona 2022">{{Cite book|edition=131–139}}</ref> Kukhona nekuhlobana emkhatsini wekusoka kwebantfu labadzala kanye nengoti lekhulile yemdlavuza wepeni lohlaselako; loku kukholelwa kutsi kuvela emadvodzeni lasokwako njengendlela yekwelapha umdlavuza wepeni noma simo lesihamba embili kumdlavuza kunekutsi kube ngumphumela wekusoka kona. Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kuhambisana nekunciphisa ingoti yemdlavuza we-prostate. <ref name="prost">{{Cite journal|journal=10768–10776}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=352–357}}</ref> === Imphilo yabomake === Kuya ecasini emkhatsini wabomake nalabasokile, uma kucatsaniswa nebantfu labangakasoki, emadvodza ahlobene nekuncipha kwengoti yemdlavuza wesibeletfo, i-dysplasia yesibeletho, i-HSV-2, i-chlamydia, kanye ne-syphilis kubantfu besifazane. Bufakazi abuhambisani kakhulu mayelana nekuhlobana kwekusoka nengoti yabomake ye-HPV ne-HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e1113–e1122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=e2500126}}</ref> === Imitselela yekuya ecasini === Ngebufakazi lobutfolakalako, kubonakala shengatsi emadvodza lasokile ngekusitwa yintfo yekusoka atfola injabulo yekuya ecasini lengashintji nobe lekhuphukile kanye nekweneliseka. Kukhona bufakazi lobutsite bekutsi lamadvodza aphindze atfole intfutfuko yesikhatsi lesidze ekusebenteni kwe-erectile . <ref name="quality">{{Cite journal|journal=1871–1879}}</ref> Idatha lebutsaniswe ikhombisa kutsi kusoka kute umphumela lomubi emtimbeni ekutijabuliseni kwekuya ecasini, emsebentini,esifisweni noma ekutaleni. <ref name="bless">{{Cite journal|journal=139–148}}</ref> Kukhona bufakazi bekutsi kusoka kute umtselela ebuhlungwini bekuya ecasini, kukhipha sisu ngaphambi kwesikhatsi, sikhatsi sekukhipha sisu ngekhatsi esitfweni sangasese, kungasebenti kahle kwekuvuka, noma bumatima bekufika esigabeni sekucala. <ref name="Tian2013">{{Cite journal|journal=662–666}}</ref> Kukhona imibono lengakalungi levamile yekutsi kusoka kuyazuzisa noma kutsintsa kabi injabulo yekuya ecasini yemuntfu losokile. <ref name="sexual_function" /> Ngekuya kwekubuyeketwa kwa 2014,umphumela wekusoka kulokuhlangenwe nako kwebalingani bekuya ecasini awucaci kahle njengoba ungakafundvwa kahle. Ngekuya kwesitatimende senchubomgomo se -Canada Pediatric Society leyacinisekiswa nga-2021, "tifundvo tekwelapha atikusekeli kusokwa njengalokunemtselela emsebentini wekuya ecasini noma kweneliseka kwebalingani bebantfu labasokile". == Imitselela letfutfukile == Kusoka kwebantfwana labasha kuvame kuba yinchubo lephephile, lenebungoti lobuncane uma kwentiwa ngudokotela lonelwati. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=768–774}}</ref> <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Tinkinga letibucayi letivame kakhulu kukhopha kakhulu, kugula kanye nekususwa noma sikhumba sesibeletho lesiningi noma lesincane kakhulu. Letinkinga tenteka cishe ku 0.13% wetinchubo, ngekutsi kopha kube yinkinga levame kakhulu eMelika. Tinkinga letincane kubikwa kutsi tenteka cishe ku 3.8%. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=25–34}}</ref> Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu tiyavela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lizinga lelitsite letinkinga kumatima kulitfola ngenca yekungahambisani ekuhlukaniseni. Emazinga etinkinga makhulu uma lenchubo yentiwa ngumsebenti longenalwati, etimeni letingakakhiciti, kanye neminyaka yesiguli lesidzala. Tigulini letisokwa ngemuva kwesikhatsi sekutalwa kanye naseminyakeni yekutfomba, emazinga etinkinga letincane akhuphuka cishe kusuka ku 1.5% kubantfwana labasha kuya ku 6% kubantfu labasha. Lokwandziswa kukholakala kutsi kubangelwa kukhula kwemitsambo yesikhumba sesibeletfo. Tinkinga letibalulekile letibucayi tenteka ngalokungakavami, tenteka cishe ku-1 ku-500 tinchubo tebantfwana labasha leMelika. Tinkinga letimbi kakhulu kuya kuletinhlekelele, letifaka ekhatsi kufa, tingakavami kangange kutsi tibikwa njengemibiko yemacala ngamunye kuphela. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Lapho kusetjentiswa khona intfo ye Plastibell, inkinga levame kakhulu kugcinwa kwentfo leyenteka cishe ku 3.5% wetinchubo. Letinye tinkinga letingaba khona tifaka ekhatsi umthondo longcwatjiwe, i-chordee, i-phimosis, emabhuloho esikhumba, ema-fistula emgudvini wemchamo, kanye nekucindzeteleka kwenyama. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011" /> Letinkinga tingagwenywa kancane ngendlela lefanele, futsi tivame kwelashwa ngaphandle kwekudzinga kubuyeketwa ngekuhlindvwa. <ref name="KrillPalmer2011">{{Cite journal|journal=2458–2468}}</ref> Inkinga levame kakhulu yesikhatsi lesidze yi metal stenosis, loku kucishe kubonakale kuphela kubantfwana labasokile, kucatjangwa kutsi kubangelwa ligciwane lelikhicita iammonia lelihlangana ne meatus etinsaneni letisokile. Ingalashwa ngekutsi kukhishwe inyama. Kulawulwa kwebuhlungu lokuphumelelako kufanele kusetjentiswe ngesikhatsi senkambo. Kucedza buhlungu lokunganele kungatsatsa bungoti bekuphendvula kwebuhlungu lobuphakeme kubantfwana labasha. Bantfwana labasha labahlangabetana nebuhlungu ngenca yekusoka banetimphendvulo letehlukene kumjovo loniketwa ngemuva kwaloko, ngemaphuzu laphakeme ebuhlungu labonwako. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=311–320}}</ref> Kumadvodza lamadzala lasokile, kunengoti yekutsi lesibati sekusoka singahle sibe mnene. <ref name="crit">{{Cite journal|journal=263–290}}</ref> Kute bufakazi lobuhle bekutsi kusoka kutsintsa emakhono ekucabanga. ==Imitfombo yelwati == == Umlandvo == [[File:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg|thumb|Sigcawu sekusokwa kwebantfu labadzala kusuka ethuneni la-Ankhmahor, eSaqqara, eGibhithe (c.2345–2333 BCE). Umfanekiso lomdzala kakhulu lokhombisa kusoka.]] Ligama lelitsi kusoka lisukela esiLatini lokusho kutsi "kusika nxazonke". Imifanekiso yemapeni lasokile itfolakala ebucikweni bePaleolithic, <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=10–14}}</ref> ngaphambi kwetimphawu tekucala tekuhlaselwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|edition=243–244}}</ref> Umlandvo wekufuduka kanye nekugucuka kwekusoka watiwa kakhulu kusuka kumasiko etigodzi letimbili. Emaveni laseningizimu naseMpumalanga yeMedithera, kucala eSahara Lesekhatsi, eSudan naseTopiya, lenchubo beyentiwa ngemaGibhithe asendvulo kanye nemaSemites, bese kuba ngemaJuda nemaSulumane. E-Oceania, kusokwa kwentiwa bantfu base-Australia kanye nebantfu basePolynesia. Kukhona nebufakazi bekutsi kusokwa bekwentiwa emkhatsini wemphucuko yema Aztec nema Mayan eMelika, kepha kuncane lokwatiwako ngalowo mlandvo. Tisolo kutsi kusoka kwavela njengendlela yekutsatsa sikhundla sekukhipha titsa letihlulekile noma njengemhlatjelo wenkholo. Emasikweni lamanyenti, kusebenta njengelisiko lekudlula lokuphawula kungena kwemfana ebudaleni. === EMpumalanga Lesekhatsi, i-Afrika neYurophu === [[File:Mangbetu_Beschneidungsmesser_Museum_Rietberg_RAC_15.jpg|right|thumb|Ummese wekusoka lovela eCongo; tigodvo, insimbi; ngasekupheleni kwelikhulu lesi-19/ekucaleni kwelikhulu lesi-20]] E Oued Djerat, e Algeria, buciko lobubhalwe ngemadvwala lobubhalwe ngebantfu labagcoka umcibisholo, lobufaka kusokwa kwemadvodza futsi kungaba yindzawo lefaka ekhatsi umkhosi, bekubekwe ekucaleni kwa 6000 BP emkhatsini we Sikhatsi se Bubaline; <ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|journal=81–92}}</ref> ngalokucondzile, ngesikhatsi kungenteka kutsi titsatfwe ngaphambi kakhulu kwe 10,000 BP, tindvonga tebuciko bemadvwala kusuka esikhatsini se Bubaline titsatfwe emkhatsini wa 9200 BP na 5500 BP. Umkhuba wemasiko wekusoka kungenteka kutsi wasakateka kusukela eSahara Lesemkhatsini, ngaseningizimu e -Afrikha leseNingizimu neSahara nasemphumalanga esigodzini saseNile. <ref name="Campbell" /> Ngekuya kwebufakazi lobubhalwe phansi lobutfolakele etindvongeni kanye nebufakazi lobuvela kuma -mummies, kusokwa kwacala nga-6000 BCE eGibhithe yasendvulo. <ref name="Al-Salem">{{Cite book|edition=477–499}}</ref> Lamanye ema- mummies aseGibhithe asendvulo, labhalwe kutsi akhona kusukela nga-4000 BCE, akhombisa bufakazi bekusokwa. Bufakazi buveta kutsi kusokwa bekwentiwa eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi ngeminyaka leyinkhulungwane yesine BCE, ngesikhatsi emaSumerian nemaSemite atfutsela endzaweni lebitwa ngekutsi yi-Iraq yalamuhla asuka eNyakatfo naseNshonalanga. Lirekhodi lekucala lemlandvo wekusoka livela eGibhithe, ngendlela yesitfombe sekusokwa kwemuntfu lomdzala lobaziwe ethuneni la Ankh-Mahor eSaqqara, kusukela 2400 - 2300 BCE. Kusoka kungenteka kutsi bekwentiwa ngemaGibhithe ngetizatfu tekuhlanteka,kepha futsi bekuyincenye yekukhatsateka kwabo ngekuhlanteka futsi bekuhlobana nekutfutfuka kwakamoya kanye nengcondvo. Kute imfundziso lemukelwe kahle lechaza kubaluleka kwekusoka kubantfu baseGibhithe, kepha kubonakala shengatsi bekuniketwe inhlonipho lenkhulu nekubaluleka njengemkhosi wekudlula, lowentiwa emcimbini wesive logcizelela kuchubeka kwetitukulwane temndeni kanye nekuzala. Kungenteka kutsi bekuluphawu lwekuhlukanisa bantfu labasetulu: ''iNcwadzi Yebafile'' yaseGibhithe ichaza nkulunkulu welilanga Ra ngekutsi watisoka. [[File:Artemision-penis.jpg|left|thumb|Imininingwane yeLitfusi le -Artemision ; emaGriki abekwenyanya kusoka, loko kwenta kuphila kube matima kumaJuda lasokile labehlala emkhatsini wemaGriki.]] Kusoka kuyintfo lebalulekile eBhayibhelini lesiHebheru. Ngetulu kwekutsi baphakamise kutsi kusoka bekwemukelwa ngema-Israyeli njengemtsetfo wenkholo kuphela,tati tiphakamise kutsi bokhokho bebuJuda nebalandzeli babo bemukela kusoka kute kwentiwe lula kuhlanteka kwemthondo etindzaweni letishisako, letinesihlabathi; njengelisiko lekwendlula ebudaleni; nobe njengeluhlobo lwemhlatjelo wengati. Imikhankhaso yemlandvo yekuhlushwa kwebuhlanga, emasiko, kanye nenkholo beyivame kufaka ekhatsi kuvinjelwa kwekusoka njengendlela yekuhlanganiswa ngemandla, kuguculwa, kanye nekubulawa kwebuhlanga . Alexander Lomkhulu wancoba iMphumalanga Lesekhatsi ngelikhulu lesine BCE, futsi emakhulwini eminyaka lalandzelako emasiko kanye netimiso temaGriki asendvulo kwafika eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi. EmaGriki bekakwenyanya kusoka,futsi loko kwenta kuphila kwemaJuda lasokile labehlala nemaGriki futsi ngemuva kwesikhatsi emaRoma kube matima kakhulu. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Kuvinjelwa kwemkhuba wemaJuda ngabohulumende baseYurophu kwenteke tikhatsi letinyenti emlandvweni wemhlaba, kufaka ekhatsi uMbuso wemaSeleucid ngaphansi kwa -Antiochus IV kanye neMbuso wemaRoma ngaphansi kwa -Hadrian, lapho khona kwasetjentiswa njengendlela yekuhlanganisa ngemandla kanye nekugucula. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Kuvinjelwa kwa-Antiochus IV kwekusokwa kwemaJuda kwaba yintfo lenkhulu ekuvukeleni kwemaMaccabean. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Kuvinjelwa kwaHadrian nako kwatsatfwa ngulabanye kutsi kwaba yimbangela yekuvukela umbuso kweBar Kokhba. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Ngekuya kwa Silverman (2006),lemitsetfo beyiyincenye "yemkhankhaso lomkhulu" ngemaRoma kutsi "aphucuke" bantfu bemaJuda, abuka lomkhuba njengalonyanyisako futsi lofana nekukhipha sisu. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Umlandzeli wakhe, Antoninus Pius, washintja umtsetfo kutsi avumele. <ref name="Antisemitism" /> Ngalesikhatsi emlandvweni, kusokwa kwemaJuda bekudzinga kutsi kususwe incenye kuphela yesikhumba, futsi emaJuda lase Hellenized bekavame kwetama kubukeka angasoki futsi kungenteka abuyisele tikhumba tawo ngekwelula tincenye letikhona tesikhumba sawo ngetintfo letikhetsekile letibitwa ngekutsi yi pondus Judae. Loku bekutsatfwa baholi bemaJuda njengenkinga lenkhulu, futsi ngelikhulu lesibili leminyaka CE bashintja tidzingo tekusokwa kwemaJuda kute bacele kutsi kususwe ngalokuphelele sikhumba sesibeletho, bagcizelela umbono wemaJuda wekusoka njengobe bekuhloswe kutsi kungabi nje kuphela kugcwaliseka kwe- biblicalman essentid liphawu lekuba lilunga lebantfu. [[File:Ludovico_Mazzolino_-_Circumcision_-_WGA14715.jpg|left|thumb|Kusoka kwa Jesu Khristu,nguLudovico Mazzolino]] Indzaba lelandzisako lese Vangelini lebuKhristu laLukha ikhuluma kafishane ngekusokwa kwaJesu, kodvwa kusokwa emtimbeni akusiyo incenye yetimfundziso taJesu letatfolakala. Kusoka kudlale indzima lebalulekile emlandvweni webuKhristu kanye nasenkholweni. Pawula Umphostoli waphindze wahumusha kusoka njengemcondvo wakamoya, aphikisana ngekutsi kusoka mbamba akudzingeki kubantfu betive labagucukela ebuKhristuni. Imfundziso yekutsi kusoka akudzingeki kute umuntfu abe lilunga lesivumelwane lesivela kuNkulunkulu, yasita kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni buKhristu nebuJuda. <ref name="Jacobs-2012">{{Cite book|edition=}}</ref> <ref name="Bolnick-2012">{{Cite book|edition=290–298}}</ref> Ngesikhatsi kusokwa kwaJesu kugujwa njengelilanga lelidzili ekhalendeni lekukhonta lemaKhristu lamanyenti. <ref name="Bolnick-2012" /> Nanobe kungashiwo ngalokucacile ku -Quran (ekucaleni kwelikhulu lesikhombisa CE), kusoka kutsatfwa njengalokubalulekile ku-Islam,futsi kucishe kwentiwe yonkhe indzawo kumaSulumane. Lomkhuba wekusoka wasakateka eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi,eNyakatfo Afrika, naseNingizimu yeYurophu ngebuSulumane. Genghis Khan kanye neYuan Emperors lelandzelako eChina bavimbela imikhuba yema Islam lefana nekubulala inyama ngendlela ye halal kanye nekusoka. <ref name="Elverskog-2010">{{Cite book|edition=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve/page/228 228]}}</ref> Lomkhuba wekusoka ucatjangwa kutsi waletfwa etiveni letikhuluma siBantu eAfrika noma ngemaJuda ngemuva kwekucoshwa kwawo lokuningi emaveni ase Europe,noma ngema Muslim Moors laphunyuka ngemuva kwekuncoba kabusha iSpain nga 1492. Engcenyeni yesibili yeminyaka leyinkhulungwane yekucala CE,bantfu labavela eNyakatfo-mphumalanga ye-Afrika batfutsela eningizimu futsi bahlangana nemacembu lasuka e-Arabia, eMpumalanga Lesekhatsi naseNshonalanga Afrika. Labantfu batfutsela eningizimu base bakha loko lokwatiwa ngekutsi yi Bantu namuhla. Tive te Bantu tabonakala tisekela loko lokwachazwa ngekutsi ngumtsetfo wemaJuda, lokufaka ekhatsi kusoka, ngelikhulu lesi-16. Kusoka kanye netintfo temikhawulo yekudla kwemaJuda kusatfolakala emkhatsini wetive teBantu. == imitfombo yelwati == p2hcy3qehe7gcy2atbqxyd6bpuqfh0e 0 6947 43067 42976 2026-09-25T07:58:24Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* */ 43067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Embhuleni''' ngumuti webukhosi we[[Emaswati|maSwati]] e[[Ningizimu Afrika]], esifundzeni sase[[Mpumalanga]]. Utholakala e[[Badplaas]] futsi uyindzawo lehlala kuyo i[[INkosi yaseEmbhuleni]], iNkhosana [[Makhosonke Dlamini]].<ref name="auto">''Ntshalintshali is new induna of Swazi royal tribe'', Ridge Times, 18 February 2015, 13 July 2024</ref> [[File:Embhuleni.jpg| thumb| Bantfu Embhuleni ngesikhatsi se [[Ummemo]]]] Embhuleni ingulenye yetindzawo eNingizimu Afrika lapho kubanjelwa khona umcimbi wemnyaka ngemnyaka we-[[Ummemo]].<ref>Thwala, J. J. ''The Significance of the Traditional Ceremony Ummemo, among Swazi'', Studies of Tribes and Tribals, Vol 15, Issue 1, 2 January 2017. Pages=23–29</ref> Sigungu lesibusako ngaphansi kweNkhosana Dlamini satiwa ngekutsi [[Embhuleni|Sibaya saseEmbhuleni]]<ref name="auto"/> futsi simelwe e[[Indlu Yelivelonke Yebaholi Bendzabuko|Ndlini Yelivelonke Yebaholi Bendzabuko]].<ref>''Prayer should be done for all', Mpumalanga News. Accessed 11 February 2023</ref><ref>''Kings and paramount chiefs of South Africa'', The African Royal Families. Accessed 23 July 2023</ref> Le ndzawo iphindze yatiwe ngekutsi '''Sigodlo saLaMagadlela''', libito lelatfolwa kumfati weNkhosi Mswati II, [[Gogo LaMagadlela]], lobekayi[[Ndlovukazi yaseEmbhuleni]] ngeminyaka yabo-1800.<ref name="auti">Matsebula, J.S; Mlotshwa, D.K; Mlotshwa, J.M; Ntiwane, N.D. ''The History of Emaswati in South Africa'', 2016, Mbokodo Publishers. Pages 169–187, ISBN 9780620653848</ref> ==Umlandvo== Sigodlo saseEmbhuleni sabakhona kusukela cishe nga-1842.<ref>''South Africa orders blacks out of 142-year-old village'', Washington Post, 13 January 1984. Accessed 13 July 2024</ref> Sasungulwa yiNkhosi Mswati II njengendzawo yelibutfo ngenhloso yekuvikela umhlaba weSwatini ekuhlaselweni lokungahle kwentiwe nge[[EmaPedi|maPedi]].<ref>Matsebula, J.S.M. ''[[Umlandvo waseSwatini|A History of Swaziland]]'', 1980,Creda Press, Cape Town</ref> Indzawo yekucala yekuhlala kwebukhosi eEmbhuleni yakhiwa e[[Tjakastad]], ngaphansi kwe[[Ntsaba uMkhingoma]].<ref>Myburg, A.C. ''The Tribes of Barberton District'', Government Printer, 1949, Pretoria</ref><ref>Myburg, A.C. ''Chiefs and Tribes of Nelspruit District'', 1949, Department of Regional and Land Affairs, Pretoria</ref> Lomunye webafati beNkhosi Mswati II, iNkosikati Ngodzela Mkhonta, bekahlala lapho ekucaleni, kwase kutsi ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi kwafika naMakhosikati Butsikati naMnkabi, labebatfunyelwe kutsi batohlala khona njengebafati beNkhosi. Noko, Ngodzela wabuyiselwa e[[Swatini]] ngemuva kwekusolwa ngekutsi wafihla kukhohlakala kwalomunye umfati waMswati II, Ndzinga Jele.<ref name="auti"/> Ngemuva kwekubuyiselwa kwaNgodzela eSwatini, iNkosikati [[Gogo LaMagadlela|Nandzi Khumalo]], lebeyatiwa ngekutsi nguLaMagadlela, yatfunyelwa eEmbhuleni esikhundleni saNgodzela. Bekayindvodzakati ya[[Magadlela Khumalo]], indvuna yaka[[Zulu]] lesuka esifundzeni sase[[Mkhondo]], lobekangumzala weNkhosi [[Mzilikazi kaMashobane]].<ref name="auti"/> Eminyakeni lelandzelako, indzawo yekuhlala kwebukhosi yaseEmbhuleni yatfutsiselwa etindzaweni letehlukene kulentsaba yase[[Dlomodlomo| Intsaba iDlomodlomo]].<ref>Myburg, A.C. ''Die Stamme van die Distrik Carolina'', 1956, Staatsdrukker, Pretoria</ref><ref>van Warmelo, N.J. ''A Preliminary Survey of the Bantu Tribes of South Africa'', 1935, Government Printer, Pretoria</ref> ngaphambi kwekutsi igcine isendzaweni lekuyo nyalo e[[Badplaas]]. Lokutfutselwa ekugcineni kwahambisana kakhulu nekufika kwemdzwesho, lokwaphazamisa indlela yekuphila yesintfu futsi kwahlukanisa imhlaba waseEmbhuleni waba ngemapulazi labesaphetfwe ngemaBhunu.<ref name="auti"/> LaMagadlela watala emantfombatana lamabili, boNkosatana File naLozindaba, kodvwa akazange abe nendvodzana. Ngemuva kwekufa kwaMswati II nga-1868, umndeni wasebukhosini bemaSwati wafuna indlela yekuchubekisa luhlanga lwaseEmbhuleni. Kwaba nekucocisana nemndeni waLaMagadlela eMkhondo, lowatfumelela intfombi lesencane, [[Bikwaphi Khumalo]], kutsi iyewushada neNkhosana Ntjentje, indvodzana yeNkhosana Kufa, lobekangumfowabo waMswati II. Bikwaphi naNtjentje baba nendvodzana, iNkhosana Sunduza, lebeyihloselwe kuba yiNdvuna yaseEmbhuleni. Ngemuva kwekufa kwaNtjentje kanye nekufa kwaSunduza asesemncane ngenca yekugula, luhlelo lwekakha bukhosi bakaDlamini Embhuleni lwaphazamiseka.<ref name="auti"/> Kute kuqinisekiswe kuchubeka kweluhlanga, iNkhosana Mgwevu, lomunye wemadvodzana eNkhosana Kufa, washada naBikwaphi. Baba nebantfwana labahlanu, lokufaka ekhatsi boNkhosana [[James Maquba Dlamini]], Mazingela kanye naMakinobho Amos. Njengobe Sunduza besefile, Maquba waba yiNdvuna yekucala leyabonwa ngekusemtsetfweni yaseEmbhuleni.<ref name="auti"/> Ngemuva kwekufa kwaLaMagadlela nga-1922, Bikwaphi watsatsa njengelibamba laseEmbhuleni kwaze kwaba ngulapho Maquba abekwa ngalokusemtsetfweni njengeNdvuna nga-1931. Bikwaphi wafa nga-1939. Maquba walandzelwa yiNkhosana [[Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini]] nga-1953.<ref name="auti"/> ==Bukhulu bendzawo nesimo semncele== Ngabo-1800, umbuso wemaSwati wandza kakhulu ngaphansi kweNkhosi [[Mswati II]], kusukela e[[Mfuleni iNgwenya]]Mfuleni enyakatho kuya e[[Mfuleni iPongola]] eningizimu, kanye nase[[Tintsaba teLubombo|Ntsabeni iLebombo]] empumalanga kuya enkangala yasempumalanga ngasenshonalanga.<ref name="autu">Macmillan, Hugh (1989): Chapter:''A Nation Divided? The Swazi in Swaziland and the Transvaal, 1865–1986'' edited by Leroy Vail. Title: ''The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa'', James Currey,, University of California Press, London; Berkeley, Pages 289–315</ref> Embhuleni beyiyincenye yendzawo yasemnceleni yasenshonalanga kulombuso, lebeyifaka ekhatsi tindzawo tase[[Carolina]], [[Barberton]], [[Ermelo]], [[Piet Retief]], [[Wakkerstroom]], [[Standerton]] ne[[Lydenburg]]. Lendzawo beyifinyelela e[[Umfula iNgwenya|Mfuleni iNgwenya]], ichubeke njalo ngase[[Umfula iKomati|Mfuleni iKomati]]. Embhuleni beyiyinye yetindzawo letibalulekile tebukhosi lebetisebenta njengetindzawo temabutfo, letasisekela ligunya lemaSwati kusete lomncele weSwatini walamuhla. Letinye tindzawo letibalulekile bekuyiMjindini, edvute neBarberton, kanye ne[[Mekemeke]], enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBarberton.<ref name="autu"/> [[File:Swazi house.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso wendlu yemaSwati [[eMsamo weSwatini, Lobamba]]]] [[File:Swazi home.jpg|thumb]] Ngemuva kwekufa kwaMswati II nga-1868, umbuso wemaSwati wabhekana nekukhula kwemandla emaBhunu kanye nema[[Ngisi]].<ref name="autu"/> Eminyakeni lembalwa ngaphambi kwekufa kwaMswati II, imincele yetindzawo lebetibuswa ngemakoloni beyisengakacaci kahle. i-Pretoria Convention ya-1881 kanye ne-London Convention ya-1884, ngesikhatsi sekutsatfwa kwemhlaba belumbi yacacisa imincele yeSwatini futsi yashiya ngaphandle tindzawo letibalulekile temadolobha nemiti yebukhosi, lokufaka ekhatsi Embhuleni.<ref name="autu"/> Babusi bemaSwati bachubeka baphikisana nemincele yasenyakatho nasenyakatfo-ntshonalanga, batsi Embhuleni bekuyincenye yensimu yemaSwati.<ref name="autu"/> INkhosi [[Mbandzeni]] yachubeka nalombango kwaze kwaba sedvute nekufa kwakhe nga-1889. Noma Embhuleni yahlukaniswa ngekwetemvelo nangepolitiki neSwatini, yachubeka iyindzawo yebukhosi lebinelubudlelwane nemndeni wasebukhosini bemaSwati.<ref name="autu"/> Ngesikhatsi sembuso welubandlululo, umuti webukhosi waseEmbhuleni, ngaphansi kweNdvuna Mkolishi kanye neNkhosi [[Sobhuza II]], wafaka sandla emkhankasweni wekutsi i[[KaNgwane]], leseyincenye ye[[Mpumalanga]] nyalo, ihlanganiswe neSwatini. Lomkhankaso awuzange uphumelele.<ref>''Sowing the seeds of political mobilisation in Bantustans: Resistance of the cession of the KaNgwane Bantustan to the Kingdom of Swaziland'', Journal for Contemporary History, 2018, University of South Africa</ref> ==Luhla lwetiNkhosi taseEmbhuleni== *iNkhosana [[James Maquba Dlamini]], yaba yiNdvuna kusukela nga-1931 kuya ku-1954 *iNkhosana [[Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini]], yaba yiNdvuna kusukela nga-1953 kuya ku-1988 *iNkhosana [[Cambridge Makhosonke Dlamini]], kusukela nga-1988 kuze kube ngunyalo ==Tinkhomba== {{Reflist}} ==Kufundza lokwengetiwe== *Matsebula, J.S.; Mlotshwa, D.K.; Mlotshwa, J.M.; Ntiwane, N.D. (2016). ''The History of Emaswati in South Africa''. South Africa: Mbokodo Publishers. ISBN 9780620653848. *Matsebula, J.S.M. (1980). ''A History of Swaziland''. Cape Town: Creda Press. ISBN 9780582642126. 5314fcw0fpre16om14gjxf5qc59emyi 0 6975 43062 2026-09-24T21:32:10Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375893649|Female condom]]" 43062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lijazi lebesifazane''' (lephindze yatiwe ngekutsi '''yikhondomu yangekhatsi''' ) yintfo levimbelako lesetjentiswa ngesikhatsi sekuya ecasini njengendlela yekuvimbela kukhulelwa kunciphisa ematfuba ekukhulelwa noma kugula lokutsatselwanako ngekwelicansi (STI). Ifakwa esitfweni sangasense noma esitfweni sangasense ngaphambi kwekuya ecasini kwentela kunciphisa ingoti yekutsatsela esitfweni sesilisa noma letinye tintfo letimanti emtimbeni. Lekhondomu yesifazane yasungulwa nga 1990 ngudokotela wase Denmark Lasse Hessel,futsi yavunywa kutsi ithengiswe eMelika yi FDA nga 1993. Yakhiwa njenge lenye indlela yekutsi ikhondomu lendzala yangaphandle, lefakwa ngetulu kwemtfondvo. 37u90dagasu1m5epbqbkda556b85kee 43063 43062 2026-09-24T22:11:12Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the section "Description" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375893649|Female condom]]" 43063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lijazi lebesifazane''' (lephindze yatiwe ngekutsi '''yikhondomu yangekhatsi''' ) yintfo levimbelako lesetjentiswa ngesikhatsi sekuya ecasini njengendlela yekuvimbela kukhulelwa kunciphisa ematfuba ekukhulelwa noma kugula lokutsatselwanako ngekwelicansi (STI). Ifakwa esitfweni sangasense noma esitfweni sangasense ngaphambi kwekuya ecasini kwentela kunciphisa ingoti yekutsatsela esitfweni sesilisa noma letinye tintfo letimanti emtimbeni. Lekhondomu yesifazane yasungulwa nga 1990 ngudokotela wase Denmark Lasse Hessel,futsi yavunywa kutsi ithengiswe eMelika yi FDA nga 1993. Yakhiwa njenge lenye indlela yekutsi ikhondomu lendzala yangaphandle, lefakwa ngetulu kwemtfondvo. == Kukhombisa == Lijazi kwebantfu labansikati yindvwangu lencane, letsambile, lekhululekile lenendandatho/luhlaka noma indandatho/idiski yegwebu legucugucukako ekugcineni lokuvaliwe. Ngalokuvamile tifika ngebukhulu lobehlukahlukene. Tintfo tabomake tangesense, lijazi lelinganako yanele; bomake labatsandza kubeleka kufanele bazame isayizi lomkhulu kucala. Indandatho lengekhatsi noma i-foam disc lesekupheleni lokuvaliwe kwesigogo isetjentiselwa kufaka lijazi ekhatsi esitfweni sangasense kanye nekuyibamba ngesikhatsi sekuya ecasini. Lendandatho yangaphandle legociwe noma luhlaka lwe poly ekugcineni lokuvulekile kwesigogo kuhlala ngaphandle kwesitho sangasense futsi kumbonya incenye yetitfo tangasense tangephandle. Lijazi labesifazane lasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwelikhulu lema-20, kantsi lijazi lemukhwenyane lemadvodza selisetjentiswe emakhulu eminyaka. Sisusa lesiyinhloko sekudalwa kwayo kwala kwalamanye emadvodza kusebentisa lijazi ngenca yekulahlekelwa kwekuva kanye nemtselela lobangelwa kucina kwekuvuka kwendvodza, futsi kwesibili ngekusho kwayo kutsi lendvodza ingadlulisela i-STI. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=541–546}}</ref> 40uvylbkhppj1plkdya2exa0xbz0nnl 43064 43063 2026-09-24T22:33:20Z Thulamag 8864 Created by translating the section "Versions and materials" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375893649|Female condom]]" 43064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lijazi lebesifazane''' (lephindze yatiwe ngekutsi '''yikhondomu yangekhatsi''' ) yintfo levimbelako lesetjentiswa ngesikhatsi sekuya ecasini njengendlela yekuvimbela kukhulelwa kunciphisa ematfuba ekukhulelwa noma kugula lokutsatselwanako ngekwelicansi (STI). Ifakwa esitfweni sangasense noma esitfweni sangasense ngaphambi kwekuya ecasini kwentela kunciphisa ingoti yekutsatsela esitfweni sesilisa noma letinye tintfo letimanti emtimbeni. Lekhondomu yesifazane yasungulwa nga 1990 ngudokotela wase Denmark Lasse Hessel,futsi yavunywa kutsi ithengiswe eMelika yi FDA nga 1993. Yakhiwa njenge lenye indlela yekutsi ikhondomu lendzala yangaphandle, lefakwa ngetulu kwemtfondvo. == Kukhombisa == Lijazi kwebantfu labansikati yindvwangu lencane, letsambile, lekhululekile lenendandatho/luhlaka noma indandatho/idiski yegwebu legucugucukako ekugcineni lokuvaliwe. Ngalokuvamile tifika ngebukhulu lobehlukahlukene. Tintfo tabomake tangesense, lijazi lelinganako yanele; bomake labatsandza kubeleka kufanele bazame isayizi lomkhulu kucala. Indandatho lengekhatsi noma i-foam disc lesekupheleni lokuvaliwe kwesigogo isetjentiselwa kufaka lijazi ekhatsi esitfweni sangasense kanye nekuyibamba ngesikhatsi sekuya ecasini. Lendandatho yangaphandle legociwe noma luhlaka lwe poly ekugcineni lokuvulekile kwesigogo kuhlala ngaphandle kwesitho sangasense futsi kumbonya incenye yetitfo tangasense tangephandle. Lijazi labesifazane lasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwelikhulu lema-20, kantsi lijazi lemukhwenyane lemadvodza selisetjentiswe emakhulu eminyaka. Sisusa lesiyinhloko sekudalwa kwayo kwala kwalamanye emadvodza kusebentisa lijazi ngenca yekulahlekelwa kwekuva kanye nemtselela lobangelwa kucina kwekuvuka kwendvodza, futsi kwesibili ngekusho kwayo kutsi lendvodza ingadlulisela i-STI. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=541–546}}</ref> == Tingucuko kanye netintfo == [[File:Female_Condom.png|left|thumb|200x200px|Umfanekiso welijazi lebesifazane ]] Lijazi lebesifazane ye-FC1 yacala kwentiwa nge -polyurethane. Lijazi yesitukulwane sesibili kube sifazane ibitwa ngekutsi yi FC2 futsi yentiwa nge nitrile synthetic rubber (lolushintjo lwetintfo lwamenyetelwa ngenyanga yeNyoni nga 2005, futsi kugucuka lokuphelele kwelayini yemkhicito kuya ku FC2 kwentiwa ngenyanga yeMphala 2009 ). Emajazi lamasha e-nitrile akavami kwenta imisindvo lephazamisako yekucwebetela. iFC2 yakhiwa kutsi itsatse indzawo ye FC1, iniketa kuphepha lokufanako kanye nekusebenta kahle ngesikhatsi sekusetjentiswa, kepha ngetindleko letiphansi kakhulu. <ref name="FHC press" /> I-FC2 yentiwa yi-Veru Pharma. Inhlangano Yetemphilo Yemhlaba (i-WHO) ivumele i-FC2 kutsi ithengwe ngema-ejensi eMhlabuhlangene kantsi neSikhwama Sebantfu SeMhlabuhlangene sifakeyebantfu lijazi lebesifazane etinhlelweni tavelonkhe. Titsengiswa ngaphansi kwemagama lamanyenti, kufaka ekhatsi ''Liciniso, Bufati, Bukhosi, Bufati, Kuvikela'' kanye ''Nekunakekela.'' I-FC2 njenga nyalo ngiyo kuphela lijazi lebantfu besifazane lelinemvume yeKudla Netidzakamiva (i-FDA) eMelika. Ekucaleni beyitfolakala ngetulu kwekhawunta,kepha nga 2018, Veru washintjela kumodeli yemitsi ngenca yekutsengiswa lokubi, ngako-ke emajazu lebesifazane akasatfolakali OTC emakhemisi aseMelika. Inguquko yakamuva yelijazi lebesifazane yentiwa nge-latex yemvelo, intfo lefanako lesetjentiswa kumakhondomu emadvodza. Lelijazi aliwenti umisindvo labanye labahlangabetana nayo ngemakhondomu epulasitiki futsi ihambisana kahle nemtimba wesifazane. Loluhlobo lwelijazi lebesifazane yakhiwa yi-HLL Lifecare Ltd., eNdiya kanye ne-IXu LLC yaseMelika. Itsengiswa ngaphansi kweligama le ''-VA wow lijazi lebesifazane.'' Kudzingeka lokunye kulinga kwemtfolampilo ngaphambi kwekutsi kucatshangelwe kutsi kuvunywe yi FDA eMelika. I -PATH yetemphilo yemhlaba wonkhe lengasebenti inzuzo nayo yente ikhondomu yebantfu besifazane leyentelwe kusetjentiswa emaveni lasafufusa. Lijazi lebafati lakhiwa yi -Shanghai Dahua Yekwelapha eShayina futsi isekucaleni kwetfulwa. g0tzkj35v6vlalup79bq521nfw9ew8p 0 6976 43068 2026-09-25T08:08:05Z ZS Khumalo 9375 Yakha likhasi 43068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''INdlu Yesive Sebaholi Bendzabuko''' ngumtimba lowakhiwe ngekwemtsetfo webaholi bendzabuko e[[Ningizimu Afrika]], lomele yinye ngayinye yeti[[Ndlu teTifundza letingu-8 Tebaholi Bendzabuko]]. n1wxb9sv115eo69dea4yqjasjogn3v0 43069 43068 2026-09-25T08:08:34Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* */ 43069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indlu Yelivelonke Yebaholi Bendzabuko''' ngumtimba lowakhiwe ngekwemtsetfo webaholi bendzabuko e[[Ningizimu Afrika]], lomele yinye ngayinye yeti[[Ndlu teTifundza letingu-8 Tebaholi Bendzabuko]]. qk2fzzhfvunkp5vzlecyrl0hllxeuw0 43070 43069 2026-09-25T08:10:01Z ZS Khumalo 9375 /* */ 43070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indlu Yelivelonke Yebaholi Bendzabuko''' ngumtimba lowakhiwe ngekwemtsetfo webaholi bendzabuko e[[Ningizimu Afrika]], lomele yinye ngayinye yeti[[Ndlu teTifundza letingu-8 Tebaholi Bendzabuko]]. [[File:NHTKL-Logo.png| thumb]] 0c4q7juzlafwh7br5fd0mos5erwre1s