Wikipedia stwiki https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leqephe_la_pele MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4542 40554 35698 2026-08-07T17:49:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Schistosomiasis | Image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | Caption = Moshanyana ya dilemo di 11 ya nang le [[ascites|lerong la mala]]le[[keketseho ya kgatello ya madi]] e bakwang ke schistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Phillippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | synonyms = bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Schistosomiasis''', e tsejwang hape ele '''feberu ya kgofu''', ke [[helminthiasis]] ke bolwetsi bo bakwang ke dintho tse pedi tse amanang eo enngwe e leng senwamadi se bitswang[[ schistosome]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[Peipi ya moroto]] kapa ya [[mala]] e kanna ya ameha.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Matshwao a ho kula a kanna a kenyeletsa [[mahlaba ka mpeng]], [[letshollo]], [[madi mantleng|mantle a madi]], kapa [[madi morotong|moroto o madi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ba tshwaeditsweng nako e telele ba kanna ba ba le [[ho senyeha ha sebete]], [[ho hloleha ho sebetsa hantle ha diphio]], [[ho sitwa ho ima kamora ho leka]], kapa [[mofetshe wa senya]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Baneng, e kanna ya baka [[ho hloleha ho nonopela|ho hola ho fokolang]] le [[boqhwala ba ho ithuta|bothata ba ho ithuta]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Bolwetse bo nama ka ho kena metsing a foreshe a nang le tshwaetso ya dinwamadi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dinwamadi tsena di hlahiswa ke dikgofu tsa metsi a foreshe tse tshwaeditsweng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Bolwetse bo tlwaelehile haholo hara bana ba dinaha tse ntseng di tswela pele kaha ho etsahala hangata hore ba bapalle metsing a tshwaeditsweng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dihlopha tse ding tse kotsing e kgolo di kenyeletsa [[balemi]], [[batshwasi ba ditlhapi]], le batho ba sebedisang metsi a sa hlwekang letsatsi le leng le le leng.<ref name=WHO2014/>Bo fumanwa sehlopheng sa [[dinonometsane|tshwaetso ya dinonometsane]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref>Tlhahlobo ya ho kula eka ba ka ho fumana mahe a senwamadi morotong kapa mantleng a motho.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Eka netefatswa hape ka ho fumana [[dilwantsadikokwanahloko|dilwantshadikokwanahloko]] tse kgahlano le bolwetse mading.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Mekgwa ya ho thibela bolwetswe e kenyeletsa ntlafatso ya phumantsho ya metsi a hlwekileng le ho fokotsa palo ya dikgofu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Dibakeng tseo bolwetse bo totileng, moriana wa [[praziquantel]] ho kanna ha fanwa ka ona hang ka selemo sehlopheng sohle.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Hona ho etswa ho fokotsa palo ya batho ba tshwaeditsweng mme, ebe ho latela, ho nama ha bolwetse.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Praziquantel hape le yona ke kalafo e kgothaletswang ke [[Mokgatlo wa Lefatshe wa Bophelo bo Botle]] (WHO) bakeng sa ba tsejwang ba tshwaeditswe.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Schistosomiasis e amme ho ka bang dimilione tse 210 tsa batho lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Ho ka etsang 12,000<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> ho isa ho 200,000 ya batho ba bolawa ke yona selemo se seng le se seng.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Bolwetse bona bo fumanwa haholo Afrika, mmoho le Asia le Amerika Borwa.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ho ka etsang dimilione tse 700 tsa batho, dinaheng tse fetang 70, ba phela dibakeng tseo bolwetse bo fumanehang haholo.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Dinaheng tsa ditropiki, schistosomiasis ke ya bobedi feela ho [[malaria]] hara malwetse a dinwamadi e nang le sekgahla hodima kgolo ya moruo.<ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Schistosomiasis e lenaneng la [[bolwetse ba ditropikeng bo sa tsotellweng]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==Ditshupu== <references /> tvhabzo6kh1m86vd7e076t1cibmqy4y 0 4543 40555 29625 2026-08-07T17:50:19Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Marabi (Bohlanyantja) | Image = Dog with rabies.jpg | Caption = Ntja e nang le marabi e seng e thethefetse bohale | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Marabi''' ke bolwetse [[bolwetse|bo]] bakwang ke kokwana e bakang [[encephalitis e mahlonoko|ho ruruha ha boko]] bathong le ho tse ding tsa [[diphoofolo tse]] madi a futhumetseng.<ref name=WHO2013/> Matshwao a ho kula a bang teng pele a kenyeletsa feberu le ho hlohlona sebakeng se amehileng.<ref name=WHO2013/> Matshwao ana a ho kula a latelwa ke le le leng kapa a fetang bonngwe a matshwao a latelang a ho kula: ho thothomela ho sa laoleheng, ho thaba ho fetang tekano, [[hydrophobia|ho tshaba metsi]], ho se kgone ho tsamaisa ditho tsa mmele, pherekano le [[ho lahlehelwa ke kelello]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Kamora hore matshwao a ho kula a hlahe, marabi hangata a qetella ka lefu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nako e mahareng a ho tshwaetswa ke bolwetse le ho iponahatsa ha matshwao a ho kula ka tlwaelo ke kgwedi ho isa dikgweding tse tharo. Leha ho le jwalo, nako ena e ka fapafapana ho tloha bonyane bekeng e le nngwe ho isa ho nako e fetang selemo se le seng.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nako e itshetlehile hodima sebaka seo vaerase e tlamehang ho se tsamaya ho fihla [[bokong]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Sesosa le tlhahlobo ya ho kula== Marabi a fetisetswa bathong ho tswa diphoofolong tse ding. Marabi a ka fetiswa ha phoofolo e tshwaeditsweng e ngwapa kapa e loma phoofolo e nngwe kapa motho.<ref name=WHO2013/> Mathe a phoofolo e tshwaeditsweng a kanna a fetisa marabi haeba a ka ama lera le ka nkong ya phoofolo e nngwe kapa motho.<ref name=WHO2013/> Boholo ba diketsahalo tsa marabi bathong bo bakwa ke ho longwa ke dintja.<ref name=WHO2013/> Diketsahalo tse fetang 99% tsa marabi dinaheng tseo hangata dintja di nang le marabi di bakwa ke ho longwa ke dintja.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Dinaheng tsa [[Amerika Leboya le America Borwa]], [[ho longwa ke]] bomankgane ke sesosa se tlwaelehileng sa tshwaetso ya marabi bathong, mme ho ka tlase ho 5% ke diketsahalo tsa ho longwa ke dintja.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Ke ka sewelo diroto di tshwaetswang ke marabi.<ref name=Tint2010/> Vaerase ya [[marabi]] e mathela bokong ho latela [[bokantle ba methapo ya boko le |methapokutlo]]. Bolwetse bo ka hlahlojwa kamora ho qala ha matshwao a ho kula.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Thibelo le kalofo == Mananeo a taolo le ho entwa ha diphoofolo a fokoditse kotsi ya marabi a hlahang dintjeng mabatoweng a mangata lefatsheng.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ho tshetlela ha batho pele ba pepeswa bolwetseng ba marabi ho a kgothaletswa ho thibela ho ba kotsing e kgolo. Sehlopha se kotsing e kgolo se kenyeleditse batho ba sebetsanang le bomankgane kapa ba qetang nako e telele dibakeng tsa lefatshe moo bolwetse ba marabi bo leng bongata.<ref name=WHO2013/> Bathong ba bileng pepesong ya bolwetse ba marabi, [[ente ya marabi|ente ya]] marabi ka nako e nngwe <nowiki/>le [[immunoglobulin ya marabi|mmunoglobulin ya marabi]] di sebetsa ka ho phethahala ho thibela bolwetse ha motho a fumane kalafo pele matshwao a ho kula a marabi a qala.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ho hlatswa ho longwa le mengwapo nako ya metsotso e 15 ka sesepa le metsi, [[povidone iodine]], kapa sesebediswa sa ho hlwekisa se ka bolayang vaerase le sona se bonahala se ka sebetsa ka ho phethahala ho thibeleng phetiso ya marabi.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Ke batho ba seng ba kae ba phonyohileng tshwaetsong ya marabi kamora ho ba le matshwao a ho kula. Bana e ne e le ba bileng kalafo e matla e tsejwnag ka hore ke [[Milwaukee protocol]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J|title=Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.|journal=Lancet neurology|volume=12|issue=5|pages=498–513|date=May 2013|pmid=23602163|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3}}</ref> ===Ente=== <!-- {{Drugbox |drug_name=Ente ya Marabi | Verifiedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 418072925 | image = | type = vaccine | target = [[Marabi]] | vaccine_type = killed | tradename = | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|rabies_vaccine}} | MedlinePlus = a607023 | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = | legal_CA = | legal_UK = | legal_US = | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = none | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = | ATC_prefix = J07 | ATC_suffix = BG01 | PubChem = | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = }}--> '''Ente ya marabi''' ke [[ente]] e sebedisetswang ho thibela [[marabi]].<ref name="WHO2010">{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Ho na le palo e fumanehang ya diente tse bolokehileng tse bileng di sebetsa ka ho phethahala.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Di ka sebediswa ho thibela marabi pele ho nako le kamora nako ya ho ba pepesong ya vaerase e jwaloka ho longwa ke ntja kapa mankgane.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ho tshetlela ho etsahalang ho ba nako e telele kamora tekanyetso tse tharo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ha ngata di fumantshwa ka ho hlajwa ka injekshene letlalong kapa mosifeng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kamora ho pepeswa bolwetseng ente hantlentle e lokela ho sebediswa mmoho le [[immunoglobulin ya marabi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ho kgothaletswa hore batho ba kotsing e kgolo ya pepeso ba entwe pele ho pepeso e ka bang teng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Diente di sebetsa ka ho phethahala bathong le diphoofolong tse ding.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ho setlela ha dintja ho phethahetse hantle ho thibela bolwetse bathong.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Polokeho ==== Dimilione tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara di se di entilwe mme ho akangwa hore hona ho sireleditse batho ba fetang 250,000 ka selemo.<ref name=WHO2010/> Di ka sebediswa ka polokeho dihlopheng tsa batho ba dilemo tse fapaneng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ho ka etsang diphesente tse 35 ho isa ho tse 45 tsa batho ba ba le nako e kgutshwane ya ho tlerefala le bohloko sebakeng se hlabilweng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ho ka etsang diphesente tse 5 ho isa ho tse 15 tsa batho ba kanna ba ba le [[]]feberu[[ ho opelwa ke hlooho]], kapa [[ho nyokgoloha]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kamora ho pepesetswa bolwetseng ba marabi ha ho na kganyetsano ho e sebediseng.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Boholo ba diente ha di na [[thimerosal]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Diente tse entsweng ka sekotwana sa mothapokutlo di sebediswa dinaheng tse mmalwa, haholoholo Asia le dinaheng tsa Latin Amerika, empa ha di hlile ha di sebetse ka ho phethahala ebile di na le ditlamorao tse kgolo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kahoo tshebediso ya tsona ha e kgothaletswe ke [[Mokgatlo wa Lefatshe wa Bophelo bo Botle]].<ref name=WHO2010/> Ditjeho tsa ho di reka holeseileng di mahareng a Didolara tsa Amerika tse 44 le 78 bakeng sa kalafo e phetwaphetwang ho tloha ka 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> Dinaheng tse Kopaneng tsa Amerika kalafo e phetwaphethwang ya ente ya marabi e feta Didolara tsa Amerika tse 750.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Lekala la meriana le sebetsang ka taolo ya malwetse== Marabi a baka mafu a ka bang 26,000 ho isa ho 55,000 lefatshe ka bophara selemo le selemo.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name="Loz2012">{{cite journal|author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|date=Dec 15, 2012|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Ho fetang 95% ya mafu ana a etsahala [[Asia]] le [[Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Marabi e fumaneha dinaheng tse fetang 150 dikontinenteng tsohle ntle le Antatika.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ho fetang dibilione tse 3 tsa batho ba phela mabatoweng a lefatshe moo marabi e fumanehang.<ref name=WHO2013/> Boholong ba Yuropa le Ostralia, marabi a fumanwa ho bomankgane.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Ditjhaba tsa dihlekehleke tse nnyane di hloka marabi ho hang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Ditshupu== <references /> nxeaxjnjpnt3jrvppthvkhrb0eo2tew 0 4546 40558 21880 2026-08-07T17:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Leishmaniasis | Image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | Caption = Cutaneous leishmaniasis e letsohong la [[motho e moholo]]wa Amerika Bohareng | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} '''Leishemaniasis''', hape e peletwa e le '''leishmaniosis''', ke [[bolwetse]] bo bakwang ke [[di]]nwamadi sa [[protozoa]] ya genus "[[Leishmania]]" mme di hasanngwa ke ho longwa ke mofuta o mong wa [[dintsintsi tsa lehlabathe]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Bolwetse bona bo bonahala ka ditsela tse tharo tse kgolo: [[Cutaneous leishmaniasis|cutaneous]], mucocutaneous, kapa [[visceral leishmaniasis]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Mofuta wa cutaneous o bonahala ka diso (dialsa) tsa letlalo, ha mofuta wa mucocutaneous o bonahala ka diso tsa letlalo, molomo, le nko, mme mofuta wa visceral o qala ka diso tsa letlalo mme ebe hamorao o bonahala ka feberu, phokotseho ya disele tse kgubedu tsa madi, le ho atoloha ha lebete le sebete.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Ditshwaetso bathong di bakwa ke mefuta e fetang e 20 ya "Leishmania".<ref name=WHO2014/> Disosa tsa kotsi di kenyeleditse bofuma, phepompe, phokotseho ya meru, le phallelo ditoropong.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mefuta ena e meraro e ka hlahlojwa ka ho bona dinwamadi ka maekroskoupu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ho feta moo, bolwetse ba visceral bo ka hlahlojwa ka diteko tsa madi.<ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Leishmmaniasis e ka thibelwa hannyane ka ho robala tlasa dinete tse fafaditsweng ka [[sebolayadikokonyana]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Mehato e meng e kenyeletsa ho nyanyatsa sebolayadikokonyana ho bolaya dintsintsi tsa lehlabathe le ho alafa batho ba nang le tshwaetso esale pele ho thibela ho ata ha bona.<ref name=WHO2014/> Qeto e nkuwang ya kalafo e hlokahalang e laolwa ke hore tshwaetso ya bolwetse e fumanwe ho kae, mefuta ya "Leishmania", le mofuta wa tshwaetso.<ref name=WHO2014/> Meriana e itseng e kannang ya sebediswa bakeng sa bolwetse ba visceral e kenyeletsa [[liposomal amphotericin B]],<ref name=Sun2013/> motswako wa [[ pentavalent antimonials]]le[[paromomycin]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> le [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> Bakeng sa bolwetse ba cutaneous, paromomycin, [[fluconazole]], kapa [[pentamidine]] e kanna ya ba le tshebetso e ntle.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Batho ba ka bang dimilione tse 12 mothating wa jwale ba na le tshwaetso<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> dinaheng tse ka bang 98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Ditlaleho tse ntjha tse ka bang dimilione tse 2<ref name=Barrett2012/> le mafu a mahareng a dikete tse 20 le tse 50 a etsahala selemo se seng le se seng.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Batho ba ka bang dimilione tse 200 Asia, Afrika, Amerika Borwa le Amerika Bohareng, le Yuropa e ka borwa ba dula dibakeng tseo bolwetse bo tlalehilweng.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> [[Mokgatlo wa Lefatshe wa Bophelo bo Botle (World Health Organisation)]] o fumane theolelo ya emeng ya meriana ya ho alafa bolwetse.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Bolwetse bo kanna ba hlaha palong e itseng ya diphoofolo tse ding, ho kenyeleditswe [[Canine leishmanias|dintja]] le [[diroto]].<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Ditshupu== <references /> iacdb39leeloki7t55e0gbk5garraku 0 4675 40556 39605 2026-08-07T17:50:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox medical condition |Name = Tlhaho ya ngwana |Image = Postpartum baby2.jpg |Caption = Newborn infant and mother |Width = 300 |Field = [[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]] |synonyms = partus, parturition, birth }} <!-- Definition --> '''Tlhaho ya ngwana ''', e tsejwang hape e le '''ho belehwa ha ngwana''', ke pheletso ya [[boimana]]ya lesea le le leng kapa [[masea a fetang ]]ho tswa popelong ya[[mosadi]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199687992|page=375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en}}</ref> Ka 2015 ho bile le ho hlaha ha bana ba dimilione tse 135 lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ba ka bang dimilione tse 15 ba ne ba hlaha [[pele ho nako|pele ho dibeke tse 37 tsa boimana]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref>ha ba mahareng 3% ho isa ho12% ba ile ba hlaha [[ka mora nako e baletsweng boimana| ya dibeke tse 42]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199857746|page=163|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163}}</ref> Dinaheng [[tse tswetseng pele]]boholo ba ho belehwa ha masea ho ne ho etsahala sepetlele,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Co-Operation|first1=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=9789264059344|page=105|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=O|last2=Clausen|first2=JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=12 September 2012|issue=9|pages=CD000352|pmid=22972043}}</ref>ha [[dinaheng tse tswelang pele tsa lefatshe]]boholo ba ho belehwa ha masea ho ne ho etsahala hae ka tshehetso ya [[mmelehisi wa setso]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fossard|first1=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351507581|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> <!-- Method --> [[File:Au Laboratoire au Cameroun 16.jpg|thumb|left|Tlhaho ya ngwana ([[Cameroon]]).]] Tlhaho ya masea e tlwaelehileng haholo [[ke ho belehwa ha tsel a tlhaho|ke ho belehwa ha tsela tlhaho]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Memon|first1=HU|last2=Handa|first2=VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.|journal=Women's health (London, England)|date=May 2013|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265-77; quiz 276-7|pmid=23638782}}</ref> Ho kenyeletse mekgahlelo e meraro ya ho beleha:[[ho atoloha ha molomo wa popelo ho methwang ka disentimethara|kgutsofatso]]le[[ho atoloha ha molomo ya popelo ho methwang ka diphesente|ho buleha ha ha molomo wa popelo]], ho theoha le [[ ho hlaha]] ha ngwana, ho tswa ka[[mohlaneng]]<ref name=Col2016/> Mokgahlelo wa pele ha e le hantle o nka diroha tse leshome le metso e mmedi ho isa ho tse leshome le metso e robong, mokgahlelo wa bobedi o nka metsotso e mashome a mabedi ho isa dihoreng tse pedi, mme mokgahlelo wa boraro o nka metsotso e mehlano ho isa ho e mashome a mararo. <ref name=NIH2010/> Mokgahleo wa pele o qala ka mahlaba ka maleng kapa mahlaba mokokotlong a ka etsang halofo ya motsotso mme a ba teng hape metsotso e meng le e meng e leshome ho isa ho e mashome a mararo.<ref name=Col2016>{{cite web |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |work= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] | edition = 6| publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |accessdate= 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Mahlaba a matlafala mme a atamelana ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nakong ya mokgahlelo wa bobedi ho sututswa le ho honyela ho kanna ha etsahala.<ref name=NIH2010/> Mokgahleloong wa boraro[[ho diehitswa ha ho kgaoha ha lelana le hokahantseng lesea le mmalona ka popelong | ho diehitswa ha ho kgaoha ha lelana le hokahantseng lesea le mmalona ka popelong]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=SJ|last2=Middleton|first2=P|last3=Dowswell|first3=T|last4=Morris|first4=PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=11 July 2013|issue=7|pages=CD004074|pmid=23843134}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengata e ka thusa ka [[lehlaba]] jwalo ka ditsela tsa ho hlephisa,[[sethethefatsi sa opoiods]], le[[(di)sethibela mokokotlo (spinal bloc)]]<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Recommendations --> Boholo ba masea bo pepuwa ka ho hlahisa hloho pele; leha ho le jwalo ho ka etsang 4% a pepuwa ka ho hlahisa maoto kapa [[marao]]pele, ho tsejwang e le ho pepa ha [[breech]]<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hofmeyr|first1=GJ|last2=Hannah|first2=M|last3=Lawrie|first3=TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=21 July 2015|issue=7|pages=CD000166|pmid=26196961}}</ref> Nakong ya ho pepa ka kakaretso basadi ba kanna ba ja le ho sisinyeha ka moo ba ratang ka teng, ho sututsa ha ho a kgothaletswa nakong ya mokgahlelo wa pele kapa nakong eo hloho e hlahang, le [[tshebetso ya ho tshela sephalli ka mohlamung (enema)]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|accessdate=31 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> Ho seha ho bula lesoba [[bosading]], ho bitswang[[, episiotomy]], e tlwaelehile empa ka kakaretso ha e hlokahale.<ref name=NIH2010/> Ka 2012, ho ka etsang dimilione tse 23 tsa ho pepa di entswe ka opareishene e bitswang[[Caesarea section]]<ref name=Mol2015>{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=G|last2=Weiser|first2=TG|last3=Lipsitz|first3=SR|last4=Esquivel|first4=MM|last5=Uribe-Leitz | first5=T|last6=Azad|first6=T|last7=Shah|first7=N|last8=Semrau|first8=K|last9=Berry|first9=WR|last10=Gawande|first10=AA|last11=Haynes|first11=AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263|journal=JAMA|date=1 December 2015| volume=314| issue=21| pages=2263–70| pmid=26624825| doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553}}</ref> Caesarean sections di kanna tsa kgothaletswa bakeng sa [[mafahla]],[[phokotseho ya oksejene ya lesea (fetal distress)|matshwao a mang bontshang kotsi leseeng]] kapa ho hlaha ha lesea ka karolo e nngwe ntle le hlooho.<ref name=NIH2010/> Mokgwa ona wa ho beleha o kanna wa nka nako e teletsana ho fola.<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Complications --> Selemo se seng le se seng mathata a boimana le ho hlaha ha ngwana ho baka ho ka etsang 500,000[[ha mafu a batswetse]], dimilione tse 7 tsa basadi ba ba le mathata a nako e telele, le dimilione tse 50 tsa basadi di ba le sephetho se sebe maphelong a bona se bakwang ke ho beleha. <ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Boholo ba ona bo hlaha [[dinaheng tse ntseng di tswela pele]]<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Mathata a ikgethang a kenyeletsa [[ho beleha ho sitisehileng]],[[, tahlehelo ya madi nakwana ka mora ho beleha (postpartum bleeding)|,tahlehelo ya madi nakwana ka mora ho beleha (postpartum bleeding)]],[[mathata a nang le matshosetsi bophelong a bakwang ke boimana(eclampsia)]], le[[tshwaetso ka mora ho beleha]]<ref name=WHO2008Ed>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Mathata leseeng a kenyeletsa[[ ho fellwa ke oksejene nakong ya ho belehwa (asphyxia)]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard J.|last2=Fanaroff|first2=Avroy A.|last3=Walsh|first3=Michele C.|title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323295376|page=116|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en}}</ref> ==Ditshupu== <references /> f4avwjv01sqw3i1jb9xv44k2g0i2b8k 0 4676 40553 33945 2026-08-07T17:48:58Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox interventions | name = Taolo ya Pelehi | image = Opened Oral Birth Control.jpg | alt = Package of birth control pills | caption = Pakana ya [[dipidisi tsa taolo ya pelehi]] | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = D003267 | LOINC = | other_codes = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = }} '''Taolo ya pelehi''', eo hape e tsejwang ka hore ke '''sethibelapelehi''' le ''' taolo ya ho ima ''', ke mekgwa kapa disebediswa tse sebedisetswang ho thibela [[boimana]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=9 August 2012|archive-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Thero, phumantsho, le tshebediso ya taolo ya pelehi e bitswa [[thero ya malapa]]<ref name=OED2012>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date=June 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395}}</ref><ref name=WHO-health-topic>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization (WHO)|title=Family planning|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|work=Health topics|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Mekgwa ya ho laola pelehi ha esale e sebediswa ho tloha kgalekgale, empa mekgwa e sebetsang hantle e fumanehile feela [[ mongwahakgolong wa bomashome a mabedi]]<ref name=Hopkins2010>{{cite book|last1=Hanson|first1=S.J.|last2=Burke|first2=Anne E.|date=21 December 2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|editor1-last=Hurt|editor1-first=K. Joseph|editor2-last=Guile|editor2-first=Matthew W.|editor3-last=Bienstock|editor3-first=Jessica L.|editor4-last=Fox|editor4-first=Harold E.|editor5-last=Wallach|editor5-first=Edward E.|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Ditso tse ding di thibela kapa ha di kgothaletse phumantsho ya taolo ya pelehi hobane di nahana hore di a nyonyeha ho latela boitshwaro bo botle, tumelo, kapa dipolotiki.<ref name=Hopkins2010/>[[File:Contraceptive_birth_control.jpg|thumb|Dithibela pelehi]] <!-- Methods --> Mekgwa e sebetsang hantle ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa taolo ya pelehi ke [[Thethefatso ya ditho tse etsang pelehi (ka moriana)|thethefatso]] ka mokgwa wa [[ho kgaolwa le ho tlangwa ha peipi e tsamaisang peo]] banneng le [[ho kwala ha peipi e isang peo ya banna popelong]] basading,[[sesebdiswa tse kwalang molomo wa popelo]] (IUDS), le [[dithebelapelehi tse kenngwa basading|dilaola pelehi tse kenngwang]]<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Hona ho latelwa ke palo ya [[dithibelapelehi tsa homounu|mekgwa e itshetlehileng ho (di)homounu]]e e kenyeletsa [[sethibelapelehi sa pidisi se Kopantsweng se nowang sa pidisi|dipidisi tse nowang]], [[dipetjhe tsa Sethibelapelehi|dipetjhe]], [[(di)reng ya bosading]],[[dithibelapelehi tse peitswang|diinjekshene]]<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Mekgwa e hlileng e sa sebetseng hantle e kenyeletsa [[Sethibelapelehi se Setisang|ditshitiso tsa mmele]] tse jwalo ka [[(di)khondomo]],[[Sethibelapelehi sa diaphragm|(di)diaphragm]]le[[sethibelapelehi sa sepontjhe|dipontjhe tsa taolo ya pelehi]]le [[(me)mokgwa ya tlhokomediso ya boimana]]<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Mekgwa e hlileng e sa sebetseng ho hang ke [[(di)sebolaya peo ya monna]] le [[mokgwa wa ntsha bonna bosading nakong eo peo ya bonna e le mothating wa ho tswela bosading|ho ntsha bonna bosading]] ke monna pele [[ peo ya bonna e le mothating wa ho tswela bosading]]<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Thethefatso ya ditho tse etsang pelehi, leha kwana e sebetsa hantle, ka tlwaelo ha e kgone hore ditho di busetswe tshebetsong hape; mekgwa e meng yohle e kgona hore ditho di boele di sebetse hape, boholo ba tsona hanghang ha di kgaotswa ho sebediswa.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Thobalano e bolokehileng]], jwalo ka tshebediso ya (di)khondomo ya banna kapa [[ya basadi]], le yona e ka thusa ho thibela [[ditshwaetso tse fetiswang ka tobalano]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal |last1 = Taliaferro | first1 = L. A. |last2 = Sieving | first2 = R. |last3 = Brady | first3 = S. S. |last4 = Bearinger | first4 = L. H. |title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will? |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 22 |issue = 3 |pages = 521–543, xii |year = 2011 |pmid = 22423463}}</ref><ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal |last1 = Chin |first1 = H. B. |last2 = Sipe |first2 = T. A. |last3 = Elder |first3 = R. |last4 = Mercer |first4 = S. L. |last5 = Chattopadhyay |first5 = S. K. |last6 = Jacob |first6 = V. |last7 = Wethington |first7 = H. R. |last8 = Kirby |first8 = D. |last9 = Elliston |first9 = D. B. |doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 |title = The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections |journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume = 42 |issue = 3 |pages = 272–294 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22341164 |pmc = |url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |access-date = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2020-01-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102180246/https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |dead-url = yes }}</ref> [[Sethibelapelehi sa maemo a tshohanyetso|Taolo ya pelehi tlasa maemo a tshohanyetso]].<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|first=S|last2=Fanelli |first2=T |last3=Di Gangi |first3=S |last4=Saccardi |first4=C |last5=Patrelli |first5=TS |last6=Zambon |first6=A |last7=Omar |first7=A |last8=D'Antona |first8=D |last9=Nardelli |first9=GB|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications.|journal=Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology|date=October 2012|volume=28|issue=10|pages=758–63|pmid=22390259|doi=10.3109/09513590.2012.662546}}</ref> Batho ba itseng ba nka [[ho ila thobalano|ho se etse ketso tsa thobalano]] jwalo ka taolo ya pelehi, empa [[ho ila thobalano feela ke mokgwa wa thuto ya thobalano]]e ka nna ya eketsa[[boimana hara batjha]]<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal |author=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L |title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7351|pages=1426 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12065267 |pmc=115855 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal |last1 = Duffy | first1 = K. |last2 = Lynch | first2 = D. A. |last3 = Santinelli | first3 = J. |doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 |title = Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education |journal = Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume = 84 |issue = 6 |pages = 746–748 |year = 2008|pmid = 18923389 |pmc = |url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html}}</ref>[[File:Condom_rolled.jpg|thumb|Dikgohlopo]] <!--Special populations --> [[Boimana hara batjha|boimana,]]<!-- <ref name="pmid22764559"/> --> Thuto ya thobalano[[ka kakaretso]] le phumantsho ya taolo ya pelehi e fokotsa sekgahla sa boimana bo sa batlweng sehlopheng sena.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal |last1 = Black | first1 = A. Y. |last2 = Fleming | first2 = N. A. |last3 = Rome | first3 = E. S. |title = Pregnancy in adolescents |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 123–138, xi |year = 2012 |pmid = 22764559}}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal |last1 = Rowan | first1 = S. P. |last2 = Someshwar | first2 = J. |last3 = Murray | first3 = P. |title = Contraception for primary care providers|journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–110, x–xi|year = 2012 |pmid = 22764557}}</ref> Leha dibopeho tsohle tsa taolo ya pelehi di kanna tsa sebediswa ke batjha,<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>[[kgutlisiso morao e telele ya taolo ya pelehi]]<ref name="pmid22764557"/> Ka mora ho hlaha ha lesea, mosadi ya sa antsheng a kanna a ima hape ka mora ho ka etsang dibeke tse nne ho isa ho tse tsheletseng.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Mekgwa e meng ya taolo ya pelehi e kanna ya qalwa kapele ka mora ho hlaha ha lesea, ha e meng e hloka ho diehiswa ho isa dikgweding tse tsheletseng.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Basading ba antshang,[[sethibelapelehi sa Progeston feela|mekgwa ya progestin feela]]<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Basading ba seng ba fihletse[[nako eo ba seng ba sa ye kgweding]]<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|pages=260–300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>[[File:PregnancyinCrossSection.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa mokgatjhane]] <!-- Prevalence and effects --> Ho ka etsang 222nbsp ( ho se sebaka sa ho kgefutsa mahareng); milione o le mong wa basadi ba batlang ho qoba boimana[[naheng e ntseng e tswela pele|dinaheng tse ntseng di tswela pele]]<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite web|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|work=United Nations Population Fund|pages=1|format=pdf|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal |last1 = Carr |first1 = B. |last2 = Gates |first2 = M. F. |last3 = Mitchell |first3 = A. |last4 = Shah |first4 = R. |title = Giving women the power to plan their families |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 80–82 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784540 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Tshebediso ya taolo ya pelehi dinaheng tse ntseng di tswela pele e fokoditse palo ya [[mafu a bomme| mafu nakong ya boimana]] ka 40% (mafu a ka etsang 270,000 a ile a thibelwa ka 2008) mme e ka thibela mafu a etsang 70% haeba tlhoko e feletseng ya taolo ya pelehi e ne e ka fihlelwa.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|author2=Conde-Agudelo, A |author3=Peterson, H |author4=Ross, J |author5= Tsui, A |title=Contraception and health.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-14-20-2012_380_9837/page/149|journal=Lancet|date=Jul 14, 2012|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149–56|pmid=22784533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal |last1 = Ahmed |first1 = S. |last2 = Li |first2 = Q. |last3 = Liu |first3 = L. |last4 = Tsui |first4 = A. O. |title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 111–125 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784531 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ka ho lelefatsa nako mahareng a boimana, taolo ya pelehi e ka ntlafatsa diphetho tsa ho beleha ha basadi ba baholo le ho phonyoha ha bana ba bona.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Dinaheng tse ntseng di tswela pele meputso ya basadi, [[thepa]],[[ tekanyetso ya BMI (boima bo arotswe ka bolelele)|boima]]<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal |last1 = Canning |first1 = D. |last2 = Schultz |first2 = T. P. |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 |title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 165–171 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784535 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-06-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext |dead-url = yes }}</ref> Taolo ya pelehi e eketsa[[kgolo ya moruo]]hobane ba na le bana ba seng ba kae ba itshetlehileng ho bona, basadi ba eketsehileng ba nka karolo[[mesebetsing]]<ref name="pmid22784535" /><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal |last1 = Van Braeckel |first1 = D. |last2 = Temmerman |first2 = M. |last3 = Roelens |first3 = K. |last4 = Degomme |first4 = O. |title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 84–85 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784542 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext |access-date = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext |dead-url = yes }}</ref> ==Mehlodi== <references /> b2d2mepowkv8zom6qi5odzmiz1q3vfx 0 5028 40557 28997 2026-08-07T17:51:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png|thumb| Boemeli ba tsebo ho tloha lekholo la bosupa la leshome le metso e supileng ke Robert Fludd , ngaka ea Senyesemane ea Paracelsian]] '''Temoho''' ke boemo kapa boleng ba tlhokomeliso kapa ho tseba ntho e ka ntle kapa ntho e ka hare ho uena. <ref name="consciousness">{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref name="van_Gulick2004">{{Cite web}}</ref> E 'nile ea hlalosoa ka litsela tse fapaneng ho latela sentience , temoho e, qualia , subjectivity , le bokhoni ba ho fumana kapa ho ikutloa , falimehe , ho ba le boikutlo ba ho selfhood kapa moea , taba ea hore ho na le ntho e' ngoe "hore e tšoana le" ho "na le" kapa "e be" eona, le tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ea kelello . <ref name="Farthing1992Psychology">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ho sa tsotellehe bothata ba tlhaloso, bo-rafilosofi ba bangata ba lumela hore ho na le boitsebiso bo ka sehloohong ba tlhahiso-pele ea hore na ke eng e tsebang hore na ke eng. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Joalokaha Max Velmans le Susan Schneider ba ile ba ngolla ''Blackwell Companion ho Consciousness'' : "Ntho leha e le efe eo re e tsebang ka nako e itseng e etsa karolo ea boikutlo ba rona, e leng se etsang hore re be le phihlelo ea boiphihlelo ka nako e le 'ngoe e tloaelehileng le e sa tsejoeng ka ho fetisisa bophelong ba rona." <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Filosofi|Bo-rafilosofi ba Bophirimela]] , ho tloha mehleng ea Descartes le Locke , ba 'nile ba thatafalloa ho utloisisa sebōpeho sa tsebo le ho tseba lintho tsa bohlokoa tsa bona. Litaba tsa ho ameha ka filosofi ea kutloisiso li kenyelletsa hore na taba eo e lumellana haholo; ho sa tsotellehe hore na tsebo e ka hlalosoa ka tsela e ikemetseng ; ho sa tsotellehe hore na ha e le motho ea nang le tsebo e teng le hore na e ka etsoa joang; kamoo tsebo e amanang kateng le [[Dipuo|puo]] ; hore na kelo-hloko ka ba tla a utloisisa ka tsela e ha a hloke e dualistic phapang pakeng tsa e re kelellong le 'meleng kapa thepa; le hore na ho ka 'na ha e-ba bonolo ho sebelisa mechine ea k'homphieutha e kang [[Khomputa|lik'homphieutha]] kapa liroboto ho tseba, taba e ithutoang tšimong ea bohlale ba maiketsetso . Ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa thekenoloji lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, tsebo e fetohile sehlooho se seholo sa lipatlisiso tse sa tšoaneng tsa saense tse nang le tsebo , tse nang le menehelo e kholo ho tsoa litsing tse kang tsa [[Saekholoji|psychology]] , anthropology, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> neuropsychology le neuroscience . Sepheo se ka sehloohong ke ho utloisisa hore na se bolela'ng ka baeloji le kelellong bakeng sa tlhahisoleseding e lokelang ho ba teng molelong-ke hore, ho khetholla li-neural le tsa kelello tse amanang le tsebo. Boholo ba lithuto tsa liteko li hlahloba tsebo ho batho ka ho botsa bafo ba tlaleho ea liphihlelo tsa bona (mohlala, "mpolelle haeba u hlokomela letho ha ke etsa sena"). Litaba tsa thahasello li kenyeletsa lintho tse kang ho lemoha maikutlo , ho hlokomoloha boitsebiso , ho latola ho holofala , le linaha tse fetotsoeng tsa tsebo e hlahisoang ke joala le lithethefatsi tse ling, kapa mekhoa ea moea kapa ea ho thuisa. Ka moriana , ka ilibana e lekanyetswa go ya ka ka ho boloka tsoheloa ba mokuli le karabelo, 'me e ka bonoa ka continuum ea linaha ho tloha falimeha feletseng le kutloisiso, ka disorientation, delirium , tahlehelo ea puisano e nang le morero,' me qetellong ho lahleheloa ke mokhatlo oa ka lebaka la bohloko susumetsa ba bang . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Litaba tsa ho ameha ka tsela e sebetsang li kenyelletsa hore na boteng ba tsebo bo ka hlahlojoa joang ho batho ba kulang haholo, ba sa tloaelehang, kapa ba sa tsitsitseng, le kamoo ba lokelang ho sebetsana le maemo ao ho bonahalang ho sa sebetseng kapa ho senyeha. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Late recovery from the minimally conscious state: ethical and policy implications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2007-01-23_68_4/page/304|authors=J.J. Fins, N.D. Schiff, and K.M. Foley|journal=Neurology|year=2007|volume=68|pages=304–307|pmid=17242341|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000252376.43779.96|issue=4}}</ref> Tekanyo ea tsebo e lekantsoe ka litekanyetso tse bontšang boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng tse kang Glasgow Coma Scale . [[File:JohnLocke.png|right|thumb|173x173px| John Locke , rafilosofi oa Brithani ea sebetsang lekholong la bo17 la lilemo]] Tšimoloho ea khopolo ea morao-rao ea maikutlo e atisa ho bonoa ke lintlha tsa John Locke e ''buang ka ho utloisisa batho'' , tse hatisitsoeng ka 1690. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Locke o hlalositse "tsebo ea se fetang ka kelellong ea motho". <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Moqoqo hae susumetsa maikutlo a lekholo la bo18 la la lilemo ea kelo-hloko, 'me tlhaloso ea hae hlaha Samuele Johnson ' s ketekile ''Dictionary'' (1755). <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> "Tsebo" (Sefora: ''letsoalo'' ) le boetse le hlalosoa ka 1753 moqolo oa Diderot le d'Alembert's Encyclopédie , e le "maikutlo kapa maikutlo a hare ao re nang le 'ona ho seo re se etsang." <ref> Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Tsebo." Project Project ea Phetolelo ea Collaborative ea Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert. E fetoletsoeng ke Scott St. Louis. Ann Arbor: Ho Hatisa Michigan, Makasine ea Univesithi ea Michigan, 2014. [[hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0002.986.|Qalong e hatisitsoe e le "Letsoalo," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers]] , 3: 902 (Paris, 1753). </ref> Litlhaloso tse ngata li kenyeletsa tsebo, empa tse ling li kenyeletsa maemo a tloaelehileng a ho ba teng. == Filosofi ea kelello == Filosofi ea kelello e entse hore ho be le maemo a mangata mabapi le tsebo. ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' ka 1998 e hlakisa tsebo e latelang: {{quote|'''Consciousness'''—Philosophers have used the term 'consciousness' for four main topics: knowledge in general, intentionality, introspection (and the knowledge it specifically generates) and phenomenal experience... Something within one's mind is 'introspectively conscious' just in case one introspects it (or is poised to do so). Introspection is often thought to deliver one's primary knowledge of one's mental life. An experience or other mental entity is 'phenomenally conscious' just in case there is 'something it is like' for one to have it. The clearest examples are: perceptual experience, such as tastings and seeings; bodily-sensational experiences, such as those of pains, tickles and itches; imaginative experiences, such as those of one's own actions or perceptions; and streams of thought, as in the experience of thinking 'in words' or 'in images'. Introspection and phenomenality seem independent, or dissociable, although this is controversial.<ref name=Craig>{{cite book |author=[[Edward Craig (philosopher)|Edward Craig]] |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Consciousness |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-18707-7}}</ref>}} Ka tlhaloso e kholo ea ho ''lemoha'' , Stuart Sutherland o behile mohlala oa mathata a mang a ho utloisisa ka botlalo litlhaloso tsohle tsa eona tse nang le moelelo ha a kena ho ea ka phetolelo ea 1989 ea ''Macmillan Dictionary ea Psychology'' : '''Boitemoho -''' Ke boemo ba ho ba le mehopolo le maikutlo; boitsebo. Lereo lena ha ho kgonahale ho le hlalosa ka ho phethahala ntle le maemong a sa hlaloseheng hantle ka bohlale ntle le ho utwlisisa hantle hore na boitemoho bo bolelang. Batho ba bangata ba wela sefing sa ho lekanya boitemoho le boitemohelo/boitsebo ba motho ka mong - ho itemoha hakaalo ha ho bolele fela ho tseba lefatshe kantle. Boitemoho ke sehlooho se kgahlang empa karolo ya boithuto e sa utwlisiseheng habonolo: ha ho kgonehe ho hlakisa ka ho toba hore ke eng, e etsang le hore hobaneng e fetohile ho ya ka dinako. Ha ho na ditaba tse ngata tsa bohlokwa tse ngotsweng ka taba ena. Bangoli ba bangata ba filosofi ea tsebo ba 'nile ba ameha ka ho sireletsa ntlha e itseng ea maikutlo,' me ba hlophise boitsebiso ba bona ka tsela e nepahetseng. Bakeng sa lipatlisiso, mokhoa o tloaelehileng ke ho latela tsela ea histori ka ho kopanya maemo le bo-rafilosofi ba amanang haholo le bona, mohlala, Descartes, Locke, Kant, joalo-joalo. Ntho e 'ngoe ke ho hlophisa maemo a filosofi ho latela litaba tsa motheo. Phenomenology ke mokhoa oa lipatlisiso o lekang ho hlahloba sebopeho sa tsebo ka bobona, ho behella ka thōko mathata a amanang le kamano ea tlhokomelo ho lefatše la sebele. Mokhoa ona o ile oa qala ka morero oa rafilosofi Edmund Husserl , 'me hamorao o ile oa hlalosoa ke bo-rafilosofi ba bang le bo-rasaense. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Maikutlo a qalong a Husserl a ile a etsa hore ho be le lipatlisiso tse peli tse fapaneng, filosofi le kelello ea kelello. Ka filosofi , lintho tse ngata tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o hlollang li 'nile tsa inehela lipotsong tsa motheo tsa metaphysical, tse kang boikutlo ba boikemisetso ( ''"ho bua"'' ). Ka kelellofi , ho hlolloa ha ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho bolela ho leka ho batlisisa tsebo ka mokhoa oa ho kenyelletsa , ho bolelang ho sheba ka kelellong ea motho le ho tlaleha seo motho a se bonang. Mokhoa ona o ile oa oela lilemong tse mashome a mabeli a lekholo la pele la lilemo ka lebaka la lipelaelo tse tebileng mabapi le ho tšepahala ha oona, empa o nchafalitsoe ho isa tekanyong e itseng, haholo ha e sebelisoa hammoho le mekhoa ea ho hlahloba boko bo sebetsang. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qj8iyrcfk3msl7zd6htbwmbixna7xuj 0 5775 40552 37294 2026-08-07T17:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260807sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 40552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Detailed SVG map of the Hispanophone world.svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] '''Sepanishe''' ke puo ya Lerato e qadileng Hlwahlweng ya Iberia ya [[Europe]] mme kajeno ke puo e buuwang lefatsheng ka bophara e nang le dibui tse fetang dimilione tse 483, haholo-holo [[Spain]] le [[Amerika]]. Ke puo ya matswallwa a bobedi e buuwaang haholo lefatsheng, kamora Setjhaena sa Mandarin Chinese, le puo ya bone e buuwang haholo lefatsheng ka bophara [[Senyesemane]], Semandarine le Hindi. Sepanishe ke karolo ya sehlopha sa dipuo tsa Ibero-Romance, tse ileng tsa iphetola ho tswa dipuong tse mmalwa tsa Vulgar Latin ho Iberia kamora ho putlama ha mmuso wa wa Bophirimela wa [[Roma]] lekholong la bohlano la dilemo. Ditemana tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tsa Selatine tse nang le mesaletsa ya Sepanishe di tswa bohareng ba leboya la Iberia lekgolong la borobong la dilemo, mme tshebediso ua pele e ngotsweng ya puo eo e etsahetse Toledo, e leng toropo e tummeng ya mmuso wa Castile, lekgolong la bo13 la dilemo. Ho qala ka selemo sa 1492, puo ya Sepanishe e ile ya isuwa dibakeng tsa borena tsa Mmuso wa Spain, haholoholo Amerika, hammoho le libaka tse [[Afrika]], [[Oceania]] le [[Philippines]]. Phuputso ya selemo sa 1949 e entsweng ke setsebi sa dipuo tsa Motaliana le Moamerika Mario Pei, ha a ne a hlahloba hore na dipuo tse supileng tsa Seromance di fapane hakae ho tloha ho Selatine sa Kgale mabapi le modumo wa tsona wa mantswe, di fane ka ditekanyo tse latelang tsa phapang (ka diphesente tse phahameng tse bontshang phapang e kgolwanyane le diduma-nosi tse hatisitsweng tsa Selatine sa Kgale): Sardinian 8%, Setaliana 12%, Sepanishe 20%, Seromania 23.5%, Occitan 25%, Sepotoketsi 31%, le [[Sefora]] 44%. Leha ho le joalo, thuto e hatelletse hore e ne e emela feela "pontšo ea mantlha, e sa phethahalang le e lekantsoeng" ea hore na mekhoa ea lipalo-palo e ka lekanya phetoho ea puo joang, e fane ka boleng ba lintlha "tse sa tsitsang" ho mefuta e fapaneng ea phetoho, 'me ha ea ka ea bapisa lipuo sampoleng. mabapi le makhabane afe kapa afe kapa mefuta efe kapa efe ea karohano ntle le liluma-nosi tse hatisitsoeng, har'a litemoso tse ling.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pei |first=Mario |author-link=Mario Pei |date=1949 |title=A New Methodology for Romance Classification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_word_1949-08_5_2/page/135 |journal=WORD |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=135–146 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1949.11659494 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Hoo e ka bang 75% ea pokello ea mantsoe ea se-Spain e tsoa ho Selatine, ho kenyeletsoa le kalimo ea Selatine ho Greek Greek. [9] [10] Mantsoe a Sepanishe a 'nile a kopana le Searabia ho tloha qalong, a ntlafalitsoe nakong ea Al-Andalus Hloahloeng ea Iberia mme 8% ea pokello ea mantsoe ea eona e na le motso oa Searabia. E bile le litšusumetso tse nyane ho tsoa ho Basque, Iberia, Celtiberian, Visigothic le lipuo tse ling tsa boahelani tsa Ibero-Romance. Ho feta moo, e kentse mantsoe a tsoang lipuong tse ling, haholo-holo lipuong tse ling tsa Maroma — Sefora, Setaliana, Andalusi Romance, Sepotoketsi, Segalicia, Secatalan, Se-Occitan le Sardinian — hammoho le Sequechua, Senahuatl le lipuo tse ling tsa matsoalloa a Amerika. Sepanishe ke e 'ngoe ea lipuo tse tšeletseng tsa molao tsa Machaba a Kopaneng. E boetse e sebelisoa e le puo ea semmuso ke European Union, Mokhatlo oa Linaha tsa Amerika, Kopano ea Lichaba tsa Amerika Boroa, Sechaba sa Linaha tsa Latin America le Caribbean, African Union le mekhatlo e meng e mengata ea machabeng. Leha e na le libui tse ngata, puo ea Sepanishe ha e hlahelle haholo lithutong tsa mahlale, leha e emetsoe hamolemo bathong. Hoo e ka bang 75% ea tlhahiso ea mahlale ka Sepanish e arotsoe likarolo tse tharo tsa mahlale: saense ea sechaba, saense ea bongaka le bonono / botho. Sepanishe ke puo ea boraro e sebelisoang haholo marang-rang kamora Senyesemane le China. gp20s2t97q7wdwi2i0bprpylcpvhkdq 0 9413 40559 39208 2026-08-08T00:03:34Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 40559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Basetsana_Kumalo|'''Basetsana Julia''' "'''Bassie'''" '''Khumalo''']] (née '''Makgalemele''';<ref>http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/basetsana-julia-aka-bassie-kumalo</ref> o tswetswe ka la 29 Hlakubele 1974) ke motho wa thelevishene wa [[Afrika Borwa|Aforika Borwa]], mohlokomedi wa tlhodisano ya botle, mosadi wa kgwebo le mofani wa diphallelo.<ref>https://www.faz.net/aktuell/beruf-chance/mein-weg/basetsana-kumalo-mit-minen-und-mandela-1802206.html</ref> Mosebetsi wa hae o qadile ka 1990 ha a rweswa moqhaka wa Miss Soweto le Miss Black South Africa a le dilemo di 16. O ile a rweswa moqhaka wa mmabotle wa Aforika Borwa ka 1994 mme ka selemo sona seo o ile a tswa boemong ba bobedi ho Miss World. == Bophelo ba bonyaneng le thuto == Yena le bana ba bo ba bararo ba ile ba qala dilemo tsa bona tsa pele ba thusa ho boloka lelapa le phela,ba etsa di samentjhese tse rekiswang dipapading tsa bolo ya maoto mafelong a beke. O ile a kena sekolo se tlaase sa Thabisang se Orlando West. Ha [[Soweto]] e ne e aparetswe ke merusu ya baithuti ka 1986 o ile a romelwa sekolong se phahameng sa Trinity moo a ileng a phetha lengolo la hae la materiki. O ile a ingodisa [[:en:University_of_Venda|Univesithing ya Venda]] ho ntshetsa dithuto tsa hae pele, mme a ikgetha ka thuto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://savannanews.com/street-vendor-to-millionaire-the-inspiring-story-of-basetsana-kumalo-2022-net-worth-revealed/ |access-date=2026-05-13 |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202045936/https://savannanews.com/street-vendor-to-millionaire-the-inspiring-story-of-basetsana-kumalo-2022-net-worth-revealed/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Bophelo ba hae == Pele le nakong ya puso ya hae e le Mofumahadi wa Aforika Borwa, Khumalo o ile a utlwana le motho ya otlang ditebele Dingaan Thobela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2009/11/20/my-heart-is-still-with-basetsana |access-date=2026-05-13 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081520/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2009/11/20/my-heart-is-still-with-basetsana |dead-url=yes }}</ref> O ile a kopana le monna wa hae Romeo Khumalo, mookamedi wa [[:en:Vodacom|Vodacom]] le moqolotsi wa ditaba wa mehleng, ha a ne a rwetse kgau ya hae ya Miss Soweto. Ba ile ba qala ho utlwana ka 1997 mme ba nyalana ka 2000.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225210/http://m24arg02.naspers.com/argief/berigte/citypress/2000/12/10/1/2.html</ref> Ka 2004 Khumalo o ile a beleha ngwana wa bona wa pele, moshanyana ya bitswang Nkosinathi Gabriel. Mora wa hae wa bobedi, uShaka Kgositsile Emmanuel, o hlahile ka 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131024080751/http://www.citypress.co.za/lifestyle/basetsana-kumalo-welcomes-second-son-20120521-2/</ref><ref>http://drum.co.za/celebs/a-baby-boy-for-the-khumalos/</ref> Khumalo le monna wa hae Romeo, ba thehile setsi sa lelapa se bitswang "Romeo & Basetsana Khumalo", se thusang bana, haholoholo ba nang le lefu la [[:en:HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] le mafu a mang a amanang le lefu lena. Ka 2009 setsi sena se ile sa fuwa moputso wa "Inyathelo Philanthropy Merit" . Khumalo o ile a ikopanya le sebapadi sa difilimi, [[:en:Salma_Hayek|Salma Hayek]], molemong wa ho fedisa lefu la tetanus la masea le la bomme lefatsheng, e le mmuelli wa Letlole la Bana la Matjhaba a Kopaneng le letsholo la "Pamper" la ho pholosa masea a fetang dimilione tse 250 ka 2012.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230216174103/https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2021/01/23/343457/queen-of-soweto-basetsana-kumalo</ref> == Mosebetsi == === Ho etsa ditshwantsho === Nakong ya 1990 le 1991, Khumalo o ile a rweswa moqhaka wa Miss Soweto a le dilemo di 16. Khumalo o ile a tlohela sekolo a rerile ho latela mehato ya mme wa hae e le titjhere, empa ho ile ha nka nakwana pele a ingodisa Univesithi ya Venda ho ya ithuta thuto. Mme wa hae o ile a mo kenya tlhodisanong ya [[:en:Miss_South_Africa|Miss South Africa]] eo Khumalo a ileng a e hlola.<ref name=":0">https://www.glamour.co.za/lifestyle/glamour-guides/glamour-womens-month-series-basetsana-kumalo-47be9e78-de56-4f23-94e7-13cae28976f6</ref> Ha a ntse a busa Miss South Africa, o ile a qala ho hlahisa lenaneo la thelevishene la lifestyle [[:en:Top_Billing_(TV_programme)|Top Billing]]. Khumalo o ile a theha tsebedisano 'mmoho le moetsi wa lenaneo, Patience Stevens. Tswelopele Productions e hlahile ha Khumalo a ena le karolo ya mashome a mahlano lekgolong. Khamphani ena e amohelwa ke Impumelelo e le e ngwe ya dikhamphani tse 300 tse hodimo tsa matlafatso Afrika Borwa. Letswao la khamphani ke lenaneo la TV la Top Billing, le hlahiswang bakeng sa [[:en:SABC_3|SABC3]]. Ka 1999, Tswelopele e ile ya kopanngwa le Union Alliance Media mme ya thathamiswa ho [[:en:JSE_Limited|JSE Securities Exchanged SA]], e etsa hore Khumalo e be e mong wa batsamaisi ba basadi ba batsho ba banyenyane ka ho fetisisa ho ba karolo ya moelelo o ka sehloohong wa moruo wa Aforika Borwa. Dilemong tsa morao tjena, katleho ya Top Billing e tlisitse merero e mengata ho tjha ya Tswelopele, jwalo ka lenaneo la makasine ya Afrikaans ''Pasella'' ho SABC2 le lenaneo la batjha la ''Seskohona'' ho SABC1.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2001, Basetsane o ile a ikopanya le Gauteng Travel Academy e le motsamaisi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basetsana_Kumalo#cite_note-10</ref> Ka 2016, e ne e le moahlodi wa moeti tlhodisanong ya ho qetela ya botle ba Miss South Africa 2016, sebaka sa Carnival City's Big Top Arena, [[Gauteng]], [[Afrika Borwa]]. E fetiswa ke marang-rang a thelevishene M-Net le Mzansi Magic.<ref>https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2016-02-17-basetsana-kumalo-joins-miss-sa-2016-judging-panel/</ref> === Tlhahiso ya thelevishene === Ke modulasetulo wa ka Sehloohong wa Tswelopele Productions mme o hlahisitse ka Connect TV le Tswelopele Products mananeo a fapaneng a thelevishene a kang Top Billing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/basetana-kumalo/3004 |access-date=2026-05-13 |archive-date=2023-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215165756/https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/basetana-kumalo/3004 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>Pasella, Date My Family, Our Perfect Wedding, Diski Divas, Becoming, Pastor wants a wife, Expresso, Afternoon Express, Saving our Marriage, Please Step In le Utatakho. === Kgwebo === Khumalo ke mopresidente wa mehleng wa Mokgatlo wa Basadi ba Kgwebo ya Aforika Borwa. Ka 2008, Khumalo e ile ya e ba mohwebi e motjha wa tawana ka ho etsa kgwebo le khamphani ya hae ya matsete ya Pro Direct 189. O boetse a dula dibokeng tsa "Unipalm Investment Holdings", Vhangana Energy Resources, Tactic Group Limited, SME Financial Holdings Limited, Morongwa Investment Holdings, Seven Falls, Q2 Petroleum le PHAB Holdings. O boetse hape ele Sebui sa letsholo la "Pampers UNICEF Tetanus" mme ke karolo ya "UNICEF Influential Women Circle" , e entsweng ka sehlopha sa basadi ba kgwebo ba nang le tshusumetso e kgolo naheng, ba kopaneng ho bokella tjhelete ho thusa ho sireletsa bophelo ba bana ba kotsing ka ho fetisisa naheng. Hape ke modulasetulo wa Mokgatlo wa Basadi ba Kgwebo ya Afrika Borwa, Modulasetulo wa Mokgatlo wa Kuhluka le Motlatsi wa Modulasetulo wa Lekgotla la dikhamphani tsa Toka ya Setjhaba. === Ho thusa batho === Ka selemo sa 2007, mofumahadi wa pele wa mehleng [[Graça Machel]], eo e neng ele mampudi wa "Each One Reach Five", o ile a kgetha Khumalo hore e be e mong wa baithaopi ba hae ba bahlano ba tla etsa tlhahlobo ya setjhaba ya kokwana-hloko ya HIV. O boetse o bokelletse tjhelete bakeng sa Sepetlele sa Bana sa Baragwanath le Dr. Precious Moloi-Motsepe. Khumalo o ile a boela a ithaopa le Agang Sechaba, morero o qadileng ka selemo sa 2007 ke Nomsa Ntshingila, o neng o reretswe ho kgutlisetsa ditoropong tseo ba hlahetseng ho tsona. === Mofuta wa Bassie === Ka selemo sa 2000, Khumalo o ile a qala letoto la diaparo tsa hae tlasa lebitso la Stature Ladies wear by Bassie, le a jwalo ka mabenkele a di-department a Ackerman dibakeng tse 240 ho phatlalatsa le Aforika Borwa ho Sahara. Ka 2002, tlasa lebitso la Bassie, Khumalo o ile a tsebisa lenane la diborele, le ho phatlalatsa le Torga Optical. O ile a latela sena ka ho tsebisa Bassie Red cosmetics textrange mabenkeleng a 100 a Foschini naheng ka bophara, a latelwa ke Bassie Gold ka 2006. === Ho hatisa === Ka 2004, Khumalo o ile a kenya letsoho bukeng ya Basadi ba kgothatsang mosebetsing, e shebaneng le sefahleho se setjha sa boeta-pele naheng eo. Khumalo o hlahella ho "Recipes from the Heart" le batho ba tsebahalang ba 36 ba ratwang ka ho fetisisa naheng ya Aforika Borwa. Ke mohlophisi-mongolo wa makasine ya Top Billing. Nakong ya puso ya hae, khumalo e ne e le mohlophisi wa botle ba makasine ya ''DRUM''. Ka selemo sa 2020, o ile a phatlalatsa buka ya hae Bassie: My Journey of Hope. Buka ena e rekisitswe dikhophi tse fetang 15 000 ho fihlela jwale. === Seya-le-moya === Khumalo o ile a ba le nako e telele seteisheneng sa [[:en:Metro_FM|Metro FM]], ha a ne a tsamaisa lenaneo la Breakfast ho tloha ka la leshome Phato selemong sa 2006. == Ditshehetso == Ho pepesehela ha hae ho ile ha eketseha le ho feta ha a kgethwa hore e be sefahleho sa lenane la "Revlon Realistic Hair Care" bakeng sa Aforika e ka Borwa ho Sahara le mmaraka wa matjhaba. O ile a ba muelli wa Revlon ho feta dilemo tse hlano, Khumalo o ile a tshehetsa ka bokgutswanyane mokgwa wa "BriteSmile" ka ho hlaha websaeteng ya bona. == Ditlaleho tsa Bibele == * ''Bassie: Leeto la ka la Tshepo'' ke Basetsana Khumalo (Penguin Books, 2020) {{ISBN|978-1-77609-481-3}} == Dikgau le ho ananelwa == Ka 1994, o ile a fumana thuto ya tlhompho ya dithuto tsa mose ho mawatle ho Nelson Mandela. Ka 2002 le 2003, o ile a kgethwa ke ''Sunday Times'' le Elle Magazine ho TV Style Awards e le moeti wa makasine / boithabiso ba basadi ya setaele ka ho fetisisa. Ka 2004, Khumalo o ile a kgethwa sebakeng sa bo74 lenaneng la MaAforika Borwa a maholo ka ho fetisisa a 100 ka selemo sa 2004, e le yena feela Miss Aforika Borwa lenaneng lena. Ka 2006, Mokete wa Feshene wa Cape Town o ile wa fuwa Khumalo Moputso wa Fashion Icon. ''Makasine wa Femina'' o mo kgethile hore ebe e mong wa basadi ba 10(leshome) ba kgahlehang ka ho fetisisa Aforika Borwa. Khumalo o boetse o amohetse Moputso wa Selemo le Selemo wa Tlaleho / City Press Prestige. Ka selemo sa 2011, o ile a fuwa tlotla ya ho ba Moeta-pele e Motjha wa Lefatshe ke Mokgatlo wa Lefatshe wa Moruo. Ka 2019, o ile a fuwa setshwantsho se setle ka ho fetisisa ho South African Style Awards. Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2021, o ile a fuwa Moputso wa Iconic ke Tastic Rice ka lebaka la ho ba mosadi ya nang le tshusumetso e kgolo sebakeng sa ditaba [[Motse Kapa|Cape Town]]. == Mehlodi == 4c6yh9in3kikkp51wl31xrf6xhtrepm 0 10188 40560 36682 2026-08-08T02:34:14Z Dinitrify 12515 40560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Choene Tshiamo Nong''' (o hlahile ka la 1 Tshitwe 2008), ea tsejoang ka lebitso la botsebi '''Montero Nong''', ke [[rakhoebo]], mofani oa liphallelo, mohlala le mo susumetsi oa botle oa monna oa [[Afrika Borwa]]. O boetse o tsejoa e le "It boy". O tsebahala haholo e le mothehi oa Nong Cosmetics, e leng lebitso la botle leo a le thehileng a le lilemo li 16. Nong o se a fumane botumo sebakeng sa heno ka mosebetsi oa hae lefapheng la botle le ka boikitlaetso ba hae ba ho khothalletsa bohoebi ba bacha le ponahalo ea [[LGBT, Ditokelo Afrika Borwa|LGBTQ community]], a bile a ipolela phatlalatsa e le pansexual ea sebelisang maemedi a botona he/him. O ile a hlekefetsoa ke batsoali ba hae ka bobeli, 'me a fumanoa a e-na le Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) le bothata ba ho ja (eating disorder). == Bophelo le mosebetsi == Nong o hlahetse me a holisa [[Polokwane]], [[Limpopo]], [[Afrika Borwa]] ka la 1 Tshitwe 2008. Ka 2025, yena hammoho le balekane ba hae [[Bohlokwa Nwanyanwu]] le [[Boikano Rampora]], ba ile ba theha ''Kind Roots Initiative'' e le karolo ea tlholisano ea AECI #Future Leaders Competition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathebula |first=Floyd |date=2025-11-08 |title=Bokamoso learners drive change through Kind Roots Initiative |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/kempton-express/news-headlines/local-school-news/2025/11/08/bokamoso-learners-lead-the-way-in-community-care/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Kempton Express |language=}}</ref> Ha a le lilemo li 16 feela, Nong o ile a qala lebitso la hae la botle Nong Cosmetics, le neng le susumelitsoe ke batšoantšisi ba tummeng ba machaba lefapheng la botle ba kang Kylie Jenner, Hailey Bieber, Patrick Ta le James Charles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathebula |first=Floyd |date=2025-11-30 |title=Thembisa teen entrepreneur builds dreams with beauty brand and community spirit |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/kempton-express/news-headlines/local-news/2025/11/30/nong-shares-what-is-like-to-relocate-to-thembisa/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Kempton Express |language=}}</ref> == Litsupiso == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nong, Montero}} l5d202fzf7kbhoerffrefrtupqg2xnz