Wikipedia stwiki https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leqephe_la_pele MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 828 4473 40988 23337 2026-09-03T13:10:43Z Hamish 7581 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q15408619|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 40988 Scribunto text/plain ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- TableTools -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should not -- -- be called directly from #invoke. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local p = {} -- Define often-used variables and functions. local floor = math.floor local infinity = math.huge local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isPositiveInteger -- -- This function returns true if the given value is a positive integer, and false -- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is -- useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the -- hash part of a table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isPositiveInteger(v) return type(v) == 'number' and v >= 1 and floor(v) == v and v < infinity end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isNan -- -- This function returns true if the given number is a NaN value, and false if -- not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is useful -- for determining whether a value can be a valid table key. Lua will generate an -- error if a NaN is used as a table key. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isNan(v) return type(v) == 'number' and v ~= v end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- shallowClone -- -- This returns a clone of a table. The value returned is a new table, but all -- subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned -- table will have no metatable of its own. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.shallowClone(t) checkType('shallowClone', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do ret[k] = v end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- removeDuplicates -- -- This removes duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are -- ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are -- removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.removeDuplicates(arr) checkType('removeDuplicates', 1, arr, 'table') local isNan = p.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if isNan(v) then -- NaNs can't be table keys, and they are also unique, so we don't need to check existence. ret[#ret + 1] = v elseif not exists[v] then ret[#ret + 1] = v exists[v] = true end end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numKeys -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of any numerical -- keys that have non-nil values, sorted in numerical order. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.numKeys(t) checkType('numKeys', 1, t, 'table') local isPositiveInteger = p.isPositiveInteger local nums = {} for k in pairs(t) do if isPositiveInteger(k) then nums[#nums + 1] = k end end table.sort(nums) return nums end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- affixNums -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of keys with the -- specified prefix and suffix. For example, for the table -- {a1 = 'foo', a3 = 'bar', a6 = 'baz'} and the prefix "a", affixNums will return -- {1, 3, 6}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.affixNums(t, prefix, suffix) checkType('affixNums', 1, t, 'table') checkType('affixNums', 2, prefix, 'string', true) checkType('affixNums', 3, suffix, 'string', true) local function cleanPattern(s) -- Cleans a pattern so that the magic characters ()%.[]*+-?^$ are interpreted literally. return s:gsub('([%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%^%$])', '%%%1') end prefix = prefix or '' suffix = suffix or '' prefix = cleanPattern(prefix) suffix = cleanPattern(suffix) local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$' local nums = {} for k in pairs(t) do if type(k) == 'string' then local num = mw.ustring.match(k, pattern) if num then nums[#nums + 1] = tonumber(num) end end end table.sort(nums) return nums end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numData -- -- Given a table with keys like {"foo1", "bar1", "foo2", "baz2"}, returns a table -- of subtables in the format -- {[1] = {foo = 'text', bar = 'text'}, [2] = {foo = 'text', baz = 'text'}}. -- Keys that don't end with an integer are stored in a subtable named "other". The -- compress option compresses the table so that it can be iterated over with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.numData(t, compress) checkType('numData', 1, t, 'table') checkType('numData', 2, compress, 'boolean', true) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do local prefix, num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^([^0-9]*)([1-9][0-9]*)$') if num then num = tonumber(num) local subtable = ret[num] or {} if prefix == '' then -- Positional parameters match the blank string; put them at the start of the subtable instead. prefix = 1 end subtable[prefix] = v ret[num] = subtable else local subtable = ret.other or {} subtable[k] = v ret.other = subtable end end if compress then local other = ret.other ret = p.compressSparseArray(ret) ret.other = other end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- compressSparseArray -- -- This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values -- while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.compressSparseArray(t) checkType('compressSparseArray', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} local nums = p.numKeys(t) for _, num in ipairs(nums) do ret[#ret + 1] = t[num] end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseIpairs -- -- This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can -- handle nil values. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sparseIpairs(t) checkType('sparseIpairs', 1, t, 'table') local nums = p.numKeys(t) local i = 0 local lim = #nums return function () i = i + 1 if i <= lim then local key = nums[i] return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- size -- -- This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays, -- but for arrays it is more efficient to use the # operator. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.size(t) checkType('size', 1, t, 'table') local i = 0 for _ in pairs(t) do i = i + 1 end return i end local function defaultKeySort(item1, item2) -- "number" < "string", so numbers will be sorted before strings. local type1, type2 = type(item1), type(item2) if type1 ~= type2 then return type1 < type2 elseif type1 == 'table' or type1 == 'boolean' or type1 == 'function' then return tostring(item1) < tostring(item2) else return item1 < item2 end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- keysToList -- -- Returns an array of the keys in a table, sorted using either a default -- comparison function or a custom keySort function. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.keysToList(t, keySort, checked) if not checked then checkType('keysToList', 1, t, 'table') checkTypeMulti('keysToList', 2, keySort, {'function', 'boolean', 'nil'}) end local arr = {} local index = 1 for k in pairs(t) do arr[index] = k index = index + 1 end if keySort ~= false then keySort = type(keySort) == 'function' and keySort or defaultKeySort table.sort(arr, keySort) end return arr end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sortedPairs -- -- Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function. -- If there are only numerical keys, sparseIpairs is probably more efficient. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sortedPairs(t, keySort) checkType('sortedPairs', 1, t, 'table') checkType('sortedPairs', 2, keySort, 'function', true) local arr = p.keysToList(t, keySort, true) local i = 0 return function () i = i + 1 local key = arr[i] if key ~= nil then return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isArray -- -- Returns true if the given value is a table and all keys are consecutive -- integers starting at 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isArray(v) if type(v) ~= 'table' then return false end local i = 0 for _ in pairs(v) do i = i + 1 if v[i] == nil then return false end end return true end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isArrayLike -- -- Returns true if the given value is iterable and all keys are consecutive -- integers starting at 1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.isArrayLike(v) if not pcall(pairs, v) then return false end local i = 0 for _ in pairs(v) do i = i + 1 if v[i] == nil then return false end end return true end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- invert -- -- Transposes the keys and values in an array. For example, {"a", "b", "c"} -> -- {a = 1, b = 2, c = 3}. Duplicates are not supported (result values refer to -- the index of the last duplicate) and NaN values are ignored. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.invert(arr) checkType("invert", 1, arr, "table") local isNan = p.isNan local map = {} for i, v in ipairs(arr) do if not isNan(v) then map[v] = i end end return map end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- listToSet -- -- Creates a set from the array part of the table. Indexing the set by any of the -- values of the array returns true. For example, {"a", "b", "c"} -> -- {a = true, b = true, c = true}. NaN values are ignored as Lua considers them -- never equal to any value (including other NaNs or even themselves). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.listToSet(arr) checkType("listToSet", 1, arr, "table") local isNan = p.isNan local set = {} for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if not isNan(v) then set[v] = true end end return set end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- deepCopy -- -- Recursive deep copy function. Preserves identities of subtables. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ local function _deepCopy(orig, includeMetatable, already_seen) if type(orig) ~= "table" then return orig end -- already_seen stores copies of tables indexed by the original table. local copy = already_seen[orig] if copy ~= nil then return copy end copy = {} already_seen[orig] = copy -- memoize before any recursion, to avoid infinite loops for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do copy[_deepCopy(orig_key, includeMetatable, already_seen)] = _deepCopy(orig_value, includeMetatable, already_seen) end if includeMetatable then local mt = getmetatable(orig) if mt ~= nil then setmetatable(copy, _deepCopy(mt, true, already_seen)) end end return copy end function p.deepCopy(orig, noMetatable, already_seen) checkType("deepCopy", 3, already_seen, "table", true) return _deepCopy(orig, not noMetatable, already_seen or {}) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseConcat -- -- Concatenates all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order. -- sparseConcat{a, nil, c, d} => "acd" -- sparseConcat{nil, b, c, d} => "bcd" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j) local arr = {} local arr_i = 0 for _, v in p.sparseIpairs(t) do arr_i = arr_i + 1 arr[arr_i] = v end return table.concat(arr, sep, i, j) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- length -- -- Finds the length of an array, or of a quasi-array with keys such as "data1", -- "data2", etc., using an exponential search algorithm. It is similar to the -- operator #, but may return a different value when there are gaps in the array -- portion of the table. Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For -- other tables, use #. -- Note: #frame.args in frame object always be set to 0, regardless of the number -- of unnamed template parameters, so use this function for frame.args. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.length(t, prefix) -- requiring module inline so that [[Module:Exponential search]] which is -- only needed by this one function doesn't get millions of transclusions local expSearch = require("Module:Exponential search") checkType('length', 1, t, 'table') checkType('length', 2, prefix, 'string', true) return expSearch(function (i) local key if prefix then key = prefix .. tostring(i) else key = i end return t[key] ~= nil end) or 0 end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- inArray -- -- Returns true if searchElement is a member of the array, and false otherwise. -- Equivalent to JavaScript array.includes(searchElement) or -- array.includes(searchElement, fromIndex), except fromIndex is 1 indexed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.inArray(array, searchElement, fromIndex) checkType("inArray", 1, array, "table") -- if searchElement is nil, error? fromIndex = tonumber(fromIndex) if fromIndex then if (fromIndex < 0) then fromIndex = #array + fromIndex + 1 end if fromIndex < 1 then fromIndex = 1 end for _, v in ipairs({unpack(array, fromIndex)}) do if v == searchElement then return true end end else for _, v in pairs(array) do if v == searchElement then return true end end end return false end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- merge -- -- Given the arrays, returns an array containing the elements of each input array -- in sequence. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.merge(...) local arrays = {...} local ret = {} for i, arr in ipairs(arrays) do checkType('merge', i, arr, 'table') for _, v in ipairs(arr) do ret[#ret + 1] = v end end return ret end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- extend -- -- Extends the first array in place by appending all elements from the second -- array. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ function p.extend(arr1, arr2) checkType('extend', 1, arr1, 'table') checkType('extend', 2, arr2, 'table') for _, v in ipairs(arr2) do arr1[#arr1 + 1] = v end end return p 4n03zk6kcoeg4gz82mieeh94c1szcjy 0 8913 41017 29661 2026-09-03T19:32:37Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke lokisa leqhepe le sentsweng 41017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|thumb|343x343px]] '''Motse Kapa''' ke motse-moholo wa molao wa naha ya [[Afrika Borwa]]. Ke motse wa kgale ka ho fetisisa naheng ena ebile ke sebaka seo Paramente ea Afrika Borwa e leng ho sona. Motse Kapa ke motse wa bobedi o moholo ka palo ya baahi naheng ena, ka mora [[Johannesburg]], mme ke motse o moholo ka ho fetisisa profinseng ea Western Cape. Motse ona ke karolo ya mmasepala oa metropolitan wa City of Cape Town. Motse ona o tsebahala ka kou ea oona, sebaka sa oona sa tlhaho se karolong ea Cape Floristic Region, le ka dibaka tse tummeng tse kang Table Mountain le Cape Point. Sebaka sa City Bowl sa Cape Town, se fumanehang lebopong la Table Bay mme se kenyelletsang setsi sa kgwebo sa motse (CBD), ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa toropo profinseng ea Western Cape, se nang le lefa le leholo la setso. Sebaka sena sa metropolitan se na le lebopo le lelelele le shebaneng le Leoatle la Atlantic, le kenyelletsang karolo e ka leboya sebakeng sa West Beach, hammoho le sebaka sa False Bay ka boroa. Serapa sa Setjhaba sa Thaba Tafole (Table Mountain National Park) se ka hare ho meeli ya motse, mme ho na le libaka tse ling tse 'maloa tse sirelelitsoeng tsa tlhaho le libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa leoatle ka hare le haufi le motse. Tsena li kenyelletsa Serapa sa Semela sa Sechaba sa Kirstenbosch (Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden), se nang le mefuta e 5 ho e 6 ea dibaka tsa tikoloho (biomes) tsa Afrika Borwa, mme se bontsha dimela tse ngata tsa tlhaho tsa sebaka sa Cape. E le sebaka se tummeng sa bahahlaudi lefatsheng ka bophara, Cape Town e kgethilwe e le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng, le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng bakeng sa baeti ka makhetlo a mangata, ho kenyeletswa ke The New York Times ka 2014, Time Out ka 2025, World Travel Awards ka 2026, le The Telegraph ka lilemo tse 8 tse fetileng (ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2025). Cape Town e na le meputso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea malapa Afrika Boroa, sekhahla se tlase ka ho fetisisa sa ho hloka mesebetsi, boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba matsete a meralo ea motheo, ts'ebetso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea phano ea litšebeletso, boemo bo holimo ba ho hohela bahahlauli, le 'maraka o matla ka ho fetisisa oa thekiso ea matlo le mobu. == Ditshupiso == [[Category:Afrika Borwa]] a73lfk09nxy7a73705eeq1zpkhgti5c 41018 41017 2026-09-03T19:39:27Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41018 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|thumb|343x343px]] '''Motse Kapa''' ke motse-moholo wa molao wa naha ya [[Afrika Borwa]].<ref>http://www.capetownmagazine.com/fun-facts</ref> Ke motse wa kgale ka ho fetisisa naheng ena ebile ke sebaka seo Paramente ea Afrika Borwa e leng ho sona.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Cape</ref> Motse Kapa ke motse wa bobedi o moholo ka palo ya baahi naheng ena, ka mora [[Johannesburg]], mme ke motse o moholo ka ho fetisisa profinseng ya Western Cape. Motse ona ke karolo ya mmasepala ya metropolitan wa City of Cape Town.<ref>https://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/provinces-of-south-africa.html#The%20Western%20Cape%20province</ref> Motse ona o tsebahala ka kou ya oona, sebaka sa oona sa tlhaho se karolong ya Cape Floristic Region, le ka dibaka tse tummeng tse kang Table Mountain le Cape Point. <ref>https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041</ref>Sebaka sa City Bowl sa Cape Town, se fumanehang lebopong la Table Bay mme se kenyelletsang setsi sa kgwebo sa motse (CBD), ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa toropo profinseng ea Western Cape, se nang le lefa le leholo la setso. Sebaka sena sa metropolitan se na le lebopo le lelelele le shebaneng le Lewatle la Atlantic, le kenyelletsang karolo e ka leboya sebakeng sa West Beach, hammoho le sebaka sa False Bay ka borwa.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-announces-new-city-manager-20180426</ref> Serapa sa Setjhaba sa Thaba Tafole (Table Mountain National Park) se ka hare ho meedi ya motse, mme ho na le dibaka tse ding tse mmalwa tse sirelelitsoeng tsa tlhaho le dibaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa leoatle ka hare le haufi le motse. Tsena di kenyelletsa Serapa sa Semela sa Setjhaba sa Kirstenbosch (Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden), se nang le mefuta e 5 ho e 6 ya dibaka tsa tikoloho (biomes) tsa Afrika Borwa, mme se bontsha dimela tse ngata tsa tlhaho tsa sebaka sa Cape.<ref>https://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WesternCape.pdf#page17</ref> E le sebaka se tummeng sa bahahlaudi lefatsheng ka bophara, Cape Town e kgethilwe e le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng, le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng bakeng sa baeti ka makhetlo a mangata, ho kenyeletswa ke The New York Times ka 2014, Time Out ka 2025, World Travel Awards ka 2026, le The Telegraph ka dilemo tse 8 tse fetileng (ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2025). Cape Town e na le meputso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya malapa Afrika Borwa, sekhahla se tlase ka ho fetisisa sa ho hloka mesebetsi, boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba matsete a meralo ea motheo, ts'ebetso e matla ka ho fetisisa ya phano ya ditshebeletso, boemo bo hodimo ba ho hohela bahahlaudi, le mmaraka o matla ka ho fetisisa wa thekiso ya matlo le mobu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240929231113/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Graphics%20and%20educational%20material/Census_2022_Infographic.pdf</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Category:Afrika Borwa]] o7o4wedwncjn4andthsq8ahghhwdgv5 41019 41018 2026-09-03T19:41:31Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|thumb|343x343px]] '''Motse Kapa''' ke motse-moholo wa molao wa naha ya [[Afrika Borwa]].<ref>http://www.capetownmagazine.com/fun-facts</ref> Ke motse wa kgale ka ho fetisisa naheng ena ebile ke sebaka seo Paramente ea Afrika Borwa e leng ho sona.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Cape</ref> Motse Kapa ke motse wa bobedi o moholo ka palo ya baahi naheng ena, ka mora [[Johannesburg]], mme ke motse o moholo ka ho fetisisa profinseng ya Western Cape. Motse ona ke karolo ya mmasepala ya metropolitan wa City of Cape Town.<ref>https://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/provinces-of-south-africa.html#The%20Western%20Cape%20province</ref> Motse ona o tsebahala ka kou ya oona, sebaka sa oona sa tlhaho se karolong ya Cape Floristic Region, le ka dibaka tse tummeng tse kang Table Mountain le Cape Point. <ref>https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041</ref>Sebaka sa City Bowl sa Cape Town, se fumanehang lebopong la Table Bay mme se kenyelletsang setsi sa kgwebo sa motse (CBD), ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa toropo profinseng ea Western Cape, se nang le lefa le leholo la setso. Sebaka sena sa metropolitan se na le lebopo le lelelele le shebaneng le Lewatle la Atlantic, le kenyelletsang karolo e ka leboya sebakeng sa West Beach, hammoho le sebaka sa False Bay ka borwa.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-announces-new-city-manager-20180426</ref> Serapa sa Setjhaba sa Thaba Tafole (Table Mountain National Park) se ka hare ho meedi ya motse, mme ho na le dibaka tse ding tse mmalwa tse sirelelitsoeng tsa tlhaho le dibaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa leoatle ka hare le haufi le motse. Tsena di kenyelletsa Serapa sa Semela sa Setjhaba sa Kirstenbosch (Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden), se nang le mefuta e 5 ho e 6 ya dibaka tsa tikoloho (biomes) tsa Afrika Borwa, mme se bontsha dimela tse ngata tsa tlhaho tsa sebaka sa Cape.<ref>https://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WesternCape.pdf#page17</ref> E le sebaka se tummeng sa bahahlaudi lefatsheng ka bophara, Cape Town e kgethilwe e le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng, le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng bakeng sa baeti ka makhetlo a mangata, ho kenyeletswa ke The New York Times ka 2014, Time Out ka 2025, World Travel Awards ka 2026, le The Telegraph ka dilemo tse 8 tse fetileng (ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2025). Cape Town e na le meputso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya malapa Afrika Borwa, sekhahla se tlase ka ho fetisisa sa ho hloka mesebetsi, boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba matsete a meralo ea motheo, ts'ebetso e matla ka ho fetisisa ya phano ya ditshebeletso, boemo bo hodimo ba ho hohela bahahlaudi, le mmaraka o matla ka ho fetisisa wa thekiso ya matlo le mobu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240929231113/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Graphics%20and%20educational%20material/Census_2022_Infographic.pdf</ref> == Nalane == Dingoliloeng tse ka sehloohong: Histori ea Cape Town le Lethathamo la liketsahalo tsa histori ea Cape Town === Livideo tse kantle === Letšoao la video "Sehlopha sa Khoisan se reha sebaka sa Cape lebitso le lecha"— tlaleho ea litaba ea 2012 e entsoeng ke Eyewitness News mabapi le ho reoa ha Cape Town ka molao lebitso la "ǁHuiǃgaeb" ke batho ba Khoekhoe le hore na le bitsoa joang. == Mehla ea pele == Mofuputsi oa Portugal, Bartolomeu Dias, a hloma sefapano Cape Point, ka 1488 Masalla a khale ka ho fetisisa a tsejoang a batho ba neng ba lula sebakeng sena a ile a fumanoa lehaha la Peers Cave le Fish Hoek mafelong a lilemo tsa bo-1920. Le hoja ho bile le likhang tse ngata, likhakanyo tsa pele tse neng li re ke tsa nako ea "Pleistocene" li se li fetotsoe. Ho latela likhakanyo tse hlokolosi le tse hlakileng, D. D. Stynder le ba bang ba sebelisitse mokhoa oa *radiocarbon* ho fumana hore sampole ea SAM-AP 4692 ke ea bohareng ba nako ea "Holocene", e leng lilemo tse pakeng tsa 5448 le 5136 BCE (kapa lilemo tse 7457 le 7145 ho ea morao ho tloha kajeno) ka ho latellana.[25] Bartolomeu Dias, e leng Moeurope oa pele ho fihla sebakeng sena, o ile a fihla ka 1488 'me a se reha lebitso la "Cape of Storms" (Cabo das Tormentas). Hamorao lebitso la sona le ile la fetoloa ke John II oa Portugal ho ba "Cape of Good Hope" (Cabo da Boa Esperança) ka lebaka la tšepo e kholo e ileng ea hlaha ka lebaka la ho buloa ha tsela ea leoatle e eang sebakeng sa India le East Indies. Ka 1497, mofuputsi oa Portugal, Vasco da Gama, o ile a tlaleha hore o bone Cape of Good Hope. Ka 1510, Ntoeng ea Salt River, molaoli oa likepe oa Portugal, Francisco de Almeida, le banna ba hae ba mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mene ba ile ba bolaoa 'me sehlopha sa hae sa hloloa[26] ke batho ba "Goringhaiqua" (ho latela mongolo o haufi le oa Dutch) ba neng ba sebelisa likhomo tse koetliselitsoeng ho arabela meloli le mehoo.[27] Batho ba Goringhaiqua e ne e le o mong oa meloko ea Khoikhoi e neng e lula sebakeng seo. Mafelong a lekholo la bo-16 la lilemo, likepe tsa Fora, Denmark, Netherlands le Engelane—empa haholo-holo tsa Portugal—li ne li lula li emisa khafetsa Table Bay ha li ntse li le tseleng e eang Indies. Li ne li rekisana ka koae, koporo le tšepe le meloko ea Khoikhoi ea sebaka seo e le phapanyetsano ea nama e foreshe le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa maeto. == Ditshupiso == [[Category:Afrika Borwa]] hwm424wks680j9h4z0j3bly8jtlkv96 41020 41019 2026-09-03T19:45:36Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 /* Nalane */ 41020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|thumb|343x343px]] '''Motse Kapa''' ke motse-moholo wa molao wa naha ya [[Afrika Borwa]].<ref>http://www.capetownmagazine.com/fun-facts</ref> Ke motse wa kgale ka ho fetisisa naheng ena ebile ke sebaka seo Paramente ea Afrika Borwa e leng ho sona.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Cape</ref> Motse Kapa ke motse wa bobedi o moholo ka palo ya baahi naheng ena, ka mora [[Johannesburg]], mme ke motse o moholo ka ho fetisisa profinseng ya Western Cape. Motse ona ke karolo ya mmasepala ya metropolitan wa City of Cape Town.<ref>https://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/provinces-of-south-africa.html#The%20Western%20Cape%20province</ref> Motse ona o tsebahala ka kou ya oona, sebaka sa oona sa tlhaho se karolong ya Cape Floristic Region, le ka dibaka tse tummeng tse kang Table Mountain le Cape Point. <ref>https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041</ref>Sebaka sa City Bowl sa Cape Town, se fumanehang lebopong la Table Bay mme se kenyelletsang setsi sa kgwebo sa motse (CBD), ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa toropo profinseng ea Western Cape, se nang le lefa le leholo la setso. Sebaka sena sa metropolitan se na le lebopo le lelelele le shebaneng le Lewatle la Atlantic, le kenyelletsang karolo e ka leboya sebakeng sa West Beach, hammoho le sebaka sa False Bay ka borwa.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-announces-new-city-manager-20180426</ref> Serapa sa Setjhaba sa Thaba Tafole (Table Mountain National Park) se ka hare ho meedi ya motse, mme ho na le dibaka tse ding tse mmalwa tse sirelelitsoeng tsa tlhaho le dibaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa leoatle ka hare le haufi le motse. Tsena di kenyelletsa Serapa sa Semela sa Setjhaba sa Kirstenbosch (Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden), se nang le mefuta e 5 ho e 6 ya dibaka tsa tikoloho (biomes) tsa Afrika Borwa, mme se bontsha dimela tse ngata tsa tlhaho tsa sebaka sa Cape.<ref>https://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WesternCape.pdf#page17</ref> E le sebaka se tummeng sa bahahlaudi lefatsheng ka bophara, Cape Town e kgethilwe e le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng, le motse o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng bakeng sa baeti ka makhetlo a mangata, ho kenyeletswa ke The New York Times ka 2014, Time Out ka 2025, World Travel Awards ka 2026, le The Telegraph ka dilemo tse 8 tse fetileng (ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2025). Cape Town e na le meputso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya malapa Afrika Borwa, sekhahla se tlase ka ho fetisisa sa ho hloka mesebetsi, boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba matsete a meralo ea motheo, ts'ebetso e matla ka ho fetisisa ya phano ya ditshebeletso, boemo bo hodimo ba ho hohela bahahlaudi, le mmaraka o matla ka ho fetisisa wa thekiso ya matlo le mobu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240929231113/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Graphics%20and%20educational%20material/Census_2022_Infographic.pdf</ref> == Nalane == Dingoliloeng tse ka sehloohong: Histori ya Motse Kapa le Lethathamo la diketsahalo tsa histori ya Cape Town === Livideo tse kantle === Letšoao la video "Sehlopha sa Khoisan se reha sebaka sa Cape lebitso le letjha"— tlaleho ya ditaba ea 2012 e entsweng ke Eyewitness News mabapi le ho reoa ha Cape Town ka molao lebitso la "ǁHuiǃgaeb" ke batho ba Khoekhoe le hore na le bitsoa joang. == Mehla ea pele == Mofuputsi oa Portugal, Bartolomeu Dias, a hloma sefapano Cape Point, ka 1488 Masalla a khale ka ho fetisisa a tsejoang a batho ba neng ba lula sebakeng sena a ile a fumanoa lehaha la Peers Cave le Fish Hoek mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-1920. Le hoja ho bile le likhang tse ngata, likhakanyo tsa pele tse neng li re ke tsa nako ea "Pleistocene" li se li fetotsoe. Ho latela likhakanyo tse hlokolosi le tse hlakileng, D. D. Stynder le ba bang ba sebelisitse mokhoa oa *radiocarbon* ho fumana hore sampole ea SAM-AP 4692 ke ea bohareng ba nako ea "Holocene", e leng lilemo tse pakeng tsa 5448 le 5136 BCE (kapa lilemo tse 7457 le 7145 ho ea morao ho tloha kajeno) ka ho latellana.[25] Bartolomeu Dias, e leng Moeurope oa pele ho fihla sebakeng sena, o ile a fihla ka 1488 'me a se reha lebitso la "Cape of Storms" (Cabo das Tormentas). Hamorao lebitso la sona le ile la fetoloa ke John II oa Portugal ho ba "Cape of Good Hope" (Cabo da Boa Esperança) ka lebaka la tšepo e kholo e ileng ea hlaha ka lebaka la ho buloa ha tsela ea leoatle e eang sebakeng sa India le East Indies. Ka 1497, mofuputsi oa Portugal, Vasco da Gama, o ile a tlaleha hore o bone Cape of Good Hope. Ka 1510, Ntweng ya Salt River, molaodi wa dikepe oa Portugal, Francisco de Almeida, le banna ba hae ba mashome a tsheletseng a metso e mene ba ile ba bolaoa 'me sehlopha sa hae sa hloloa[26] ke batho ba "Goringhaiqua" (ho latela mongolo o haufi le wa Dutch) ba neng ba sebelisa likhomo tse koetliselitsoeng ho arabela melodi le mehoo.[27] Batho ba Goringhaiqua e ne e le o mong oa meloko ea Khoikhoi e neng e lula sebakeng seo. Mafelong a lekholo la bo-16 la dilemo, dikepe tsa Fora, Denmark, Netherlands le Engelane—empa haholo-holo tsa Portugal—di ne di dula du emisa kgafetsa Table Bay ha di ntse di le tseleng e eang Indies. Li ne li rekisana ka koae, koporo le tšepe le meloko ya MaKhoikhoi ya sebaka seo e le phapanyetsano ea nama e foreshe le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa maeto. == Ditshupiso == [[Category:Afrika Borwa]] ti5j8r07if0mu8nlpm2jp647p9igf6n 0 9905 41031 33597 2026-09-04T05:39:53Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke hodisa leqhephe 41031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . == Mehlodi == nq9bi51wq6umxrfhnlet9k6z0otwbgn 41032 41031 2026-09-04T05:43:50Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke hodisa leqhephe 41032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe.[10] Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane.[11] Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe.[10] Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile khanyetso e kgolo ea machabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekhatlo ya setjhaba ya lefats'e e nang le tshusumetso e kholo ea lekholo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Machaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa lithibelo tsa libetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ea ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehlōhō ke mmuso o etelletseeng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba likete ba shoele kapa ba le litlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la liketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shoa 'me ba 22,000 ba tsoa dikotsi nakong ea phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuoa mehato e meng ea ho fetola tsamaiso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletsoa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang India le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemeli ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ea hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> == Mehlodi == ldrcnxnywsbmnws47uhmxtd4m6xl7t7 41033 41032 2026-09-04T05:55:38Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke hodisa leqhephe 41033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe.[10] Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane.[11] Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe.[10] Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile khanyetso e kgolo ea machabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekhatlo ya setjhaba ya lefats'e e nang le tshusumetso e kholo ea lekholo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Machaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa lithibelo tsa libetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ea ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehlōhō ke mmuso o etelletseeng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba likete ba shoele kapa ba le litlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la liketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shoa 'me ba 22,000 ba tsoa dikotsi nakong ea phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuoa mehato e meng ea ho fetola tsamaiso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletsoa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang India le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemeli ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ea hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokhatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o loantša khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa khethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho.[18][19] Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokolloa teronkong.[20] Melao ea khethollo ea morabe e ile ea hlakoloa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991,[2] e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsoeng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994.[21] Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.[22] Lintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingoliloeng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ea Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ea Afrika Boroa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans[23] le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantsoe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tsoa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekhetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tšebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ea bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha k'hamphani ea Dutch East India e theha setsi sa khoebo Cape of Good Hope ka 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ea Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ea qala Lintoa tsa Khoikhoi le Madache (Dutch), moo e ileng ea leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi, ea ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetsoa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, 'me ea tlisa makhoba a Batšo a tsoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'Muso oa Madache. Mehleng ea bokhoba, makhoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (lipasa) ho tsamaea hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—li ile tsa atolosa melao ea lipasa ho feta makhoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitsoa *Hottentots*) ba tsamaeang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le lipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke 'muso oa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ea *Hottentot*, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho mong'a hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao oa 49 oa 1828 o ile oa laela hore batho ba Batšo ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena li ne li fanoa ho batho ba 'Mala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le joalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ea Lintoa tsa Phetoho ea France le tsa Napoleon, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ea Kolone ea Cape ea Madache (Dutch Cape Colony).[28] Tlas'a Tumellano ea ho inehela ea Cape ea 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,[29] 'me sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ea molao oa Afrika Boroa ho tloha ho Molao o Tloaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao likoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ea likarolo tse ling tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom oa ho Felisa Bokhabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokhabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Khoebo ea makhoba e ile ea etsoa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le 'Muso oa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le libaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho felisa bokhabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ea Afrika Boroa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana oa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng oa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa li ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Boroa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonoa ho tumelo ea Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e ts'oanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekhotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kholo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao oa *Franchise and Ballot Act* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta 'me oa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kholo ea bakhethi bao e seng Makhooa tokelo ea ho vouta,[36] 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* oa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke 'muso oa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batšo ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, Natal, bili ea *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha Maindia tokelo ea ho vouta.[37] Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batšo ba nke letšoao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba lumelloa ho lula sebakeng sa Rand, 'me ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e khethehileng.[38] Nakong ea Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Boer, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ea tlhekefetso ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le lirephabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa khotso bakeng sa Tumellano ea Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Boroa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani.[39] Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa.[41] Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makhooa.[42] Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso oa Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves");[43] bili ea Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location");[44] Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo;[45][46] Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta.[48][49] Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu.[50] Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo".[51] Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.[52] Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale".Likhetho tsa 1948 Sengoloa se seholo: Likhetho tse akaretsang tsa Afrika Borwa, 1948 Sengoloa sena ke karolo ea letoto la lingoliloeng tse mabapi le Daniël François Malan Mosebetsi Moruti oa Kereke ea Dutch Reformed | Die Burger | Purified National Party | Reunited National Party Tonakholo ea Afrika Borwa Likhabinete | Apartheid Likhetho 1938 | 1943 | 1948 | 1953 Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe.[54] Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi.[55] Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals).[56] Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa.[57] HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele.[58] Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer.[56] Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona.[59] Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58] == Mehlodi == 5uygd89kjtd4jf03la9jtfpu0nef7cm 41034 41033 2026-09-04T05:56:31Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 /* Dingoliloeng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ea Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ea Afrika Boroa (1910–1948) */ 41034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe.[10] Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane.[11] Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe.[10] Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile khanyetso e kgolo ea machabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekhatlo ya setjhaba ya lefats'e e nang le tshusumetso e kholo ea lekholo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Machaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa lithibelo tsa libetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ea ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehlōhō ke mmuso o etelletseeng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba likete ba shoele kapa ba le litlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la liketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shoa 'me ba 22,000 ba tsoa dikotsi nakong ea phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuoa mehato e meng ea ho fetola tsamaiso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletsoa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang India le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemeli ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ea hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokhatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o loantša khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa khethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho.[18][19] Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokolloa teronkong.[20] Melao ea khethollo ea morabe e ile ea hlakoloa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991,[2] e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsoeng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994.[21] Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.[22] Lintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantsoe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tsoa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ea bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha k'hamphani ea Dutch East India e theha setsi sa khoebo Cape of Good Hope ka 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ea qala Lintoa tsa Khoikhoi le Madache (Dutch), moo e ileng ea leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi, ea ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetsoa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, 'me ea tlisa makhoba a Batšo a tsoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'Muso oa Madache. Mehleng ea bokhoba, makhoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaea hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—li ile tsa atolosa melao ea lipasa ho feta makhoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitsoa *Hottentots*) ba tsamaeang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le lipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke 'muso oa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ea *Hottentot*, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho mong'a hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao oa 49 oa 1828 o ile oa laela hore batho ba Batšo ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena li ne li fanoa ho batho ba 'Mala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le joalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ea Lintoa tsa Phetoho ea France le tsa Napoleon, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ea Kolone ea Cape ea Madache (Dutch Cape Colony).[28] Tlas'a Tumellano ea ho inehela ea Cape ea 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,[29] 'me sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ea molao oa Afrika Boroa ho tloha ho Molao o Tloaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao likoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ea likarolo tse ling tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom oa ho Felisa Bokhabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokhabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Khoebo ea makhoba e ile ea etsoa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le 'Muso oa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le libaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho felisa bokhabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ea Afrika Boroa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana oa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng oa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa li ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Boroa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonoa ho tumelo ea Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e ts'oanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekhotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kholo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao oa *Franchise and Ballot Act* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta 'me oa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kholo ea bakhethi bao e seng Makhooa tokelo ea ho vouta,[36] 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* oa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke 'muso oa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batšo ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, Natal, bili ea *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha Maindia tokelo ea ho vouta.[37] Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batšo ba nke letšoao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba lumelloa ho lula sebakeng sa Rand, 'me ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e khethehileng.[38] Nakong ea Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Boer, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ea tlhekefetso ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le lirephabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa khotso bakeng sa Tumellano ea Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Boroa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani.[39] Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa.[41] Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makhooa.[42] Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso oa Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves");[43] bili ea Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location");[44] Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo;[45][46] Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta.[48][49] Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu.[50] Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo".[51] Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.[52] Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale".Likhetho tsa 1948 Sengoloa se seholo: Likhetho tse akaretsang tsa Afrika Borwa, 1948 Sengoloa sena ke karolo ea letoto la lingoliloeng tse mabapi le Daniël François Malan Mosebetsi Moruti oa Kereke ea Dutch Reformed | Die Burger | Purified National Party | Reunited National Party Tonakholo ea Afrika Borwa Likhabinete | Apartheid Likhetho 1938 | 1943 | 1948 | 1953 Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe.[54] Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi.[55] Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals).[56] Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa.[57] HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele.[58] Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer.[56] Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona.[59] Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58] == Mehlodi == lfujpz1pfvud1b3m64d0jlp17i0l438 41035 41034 2026-09-04T06:00:07Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 41035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe.[10] Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane.[11] Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe.[10] Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile khanyetso e kgolo ea machabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekhatlo ya setjhaba ya lefats'e e nang le tshusumetso e kholo ea lekholo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Machaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa lithibelo tsa libetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ea ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehlōhō ke mmuso o etelletseeng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba likete ba shoele kapa ba le litlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la liketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shoa 'me ba 22,000 ba tsoa dikotsi nakong ea phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuoa mehato e meng ea ho fetola tsamaiso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletsoa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang India le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemeli ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ea hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokhatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o loantša khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa khethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho.[18][19] Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokolloa teronkong.[20] Melao ea khethollo ea morabe e ile ea hlakoloa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991,[2] e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsoeng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994.[21] Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.[22] Lintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantsoe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tsoa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ea bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha k'hamphani ea Dutch East India e theha setsi sa khoebo Cape of Good Hope ka 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ea qala Lintoa tsa Khoikhoi le Madache (Dutch), moo e ileng ea leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi, ea ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetsoa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, 'me ea tlisa makhoba a Batšo a tsoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'Muso oa Madache. Mehleng ea bokhoba, makhoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaea hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—li ile tsa atolosa melao ea lipasa ho feta makhoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitsoa *Hottentots*) ba tsamaeang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le lipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke 'muso oa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ea *Hottentot*, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho mong'a hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao oa 49 oa 1828 o ile oa laela hore batho ba Batšo ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena li ne li fanoa ho batho ba 'Mala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le joalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ea Lintoa tsa Phetoho ea France le tsa Napoleon, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ea Kolone ea Cape ea Madache (Dutch Cape Colony).[28] Tlas'a Tumellano ea ho inehela ea Cape ea 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,[29] 'me sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ea molao oa Afrika Boroa ho tloha ho Molao o Tloaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao likoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ea likarolo tse ling tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom oa ho Felisa Bokhabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokhabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Khoebo ea makhoba e ile ea etsoa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le 'Muso oa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le libaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho felisa bokhabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ea Afrika Boroa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana oa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng oa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa li ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Boroa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonoa ho tumelo ea Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e ts'oanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekhotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kholo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao oa *Franchise and Ballot Act* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta 'me oa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kholo ea bakhethi bao e seng Makhooa tokelo ea ho vouta,[36] 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* oa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke 'muso oa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batšo ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, Natal, bili ea *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha Maindia tokelo ea ho vouta.[37] Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Boroa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batšo ba nke letšoao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba lumelloa ho lula sebakeng sa Rand, 'me ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e khethehileng.[38] Nakong ea Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Boer, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ea tlhekefetso ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le lirephabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa khotso bakeng sa Tumellano ea Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Boroa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani.[39] Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa.[41] Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makhooa.[42] Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso oa Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves");[43] bili ea Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location");[44] Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo;[45][46] Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta.[48][49] Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu.[50] Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo".[51] Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.[52] Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale". == Likhetho tsa 1948 == Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe.[54] Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi.[55] Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals).[56] Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa.[57] HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele.[58] Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer.[56] Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona.[59] Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58]Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse neng li abetsoe batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki naheng e neng e ba abetsoe.[59] Mokha o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo-taba le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58] Lihlopha tse neng li tšehetsa United Party ka tloaelo ha lia ka tsa nka maemo a lumellanang feela, empa tsa iphumana li sa utloane le ho feta. Ho hana ha Smuts ho nahana ka leano la kantle la Afrika Boroa ha ho ntse ho e-ba le tsitsipano e ntseng e hola ea Ntoa ea Cold War ho ile ha baka ho se khotsofale, ha ba-nationalist ba ne ba tšepisa ho tlosa batho ba tšehetsang bokomonisi mmusong le lits'ebeletsong tsa sechaba.[60] Mokha o ne o lula o amahanngoa le batho ba ruileng le beng ba likhoebo tse kholo, 'me o hlolehile ho hohela batho ba sebetsang ba neng ba o tšehetsa.[61] HNP e ile ea hapa litereke tse robeli tsa likhetho libakeng tsa merafo le indasteri tsa Witwatersrand le tse ling tse hlano Pretoria. Ntle le libaka tsa mahaeng tsa Natal moo bongata ba bakhethi e neng e le beng ba masimo ba buang Senyesemane, United Party e ile ea hloloa hoo e ka bang seterekeng se seng le se seng sa mahaeng. Tahlehelo ea eona litoropong tsa profinse e nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa naheng, e leng Transvaal, le eona e ile ea ba bohloko haholo.[62] Kaha mokhoa oa ho vouta o ne o sekametse haholo ho tšehetsa litereke tsa mahaeng le Transvaal haholo-holo, likhetho tsa 1948 li ile tsa bona HNP e etella pele paramenteng ka phapang ea likhetho tse robeli.[63][64] Daniel François Malan e ile ea e-ba tonakholo ea pele ea nationalist, a ikemiselitse ho kenya tšebetsong filosofi ea apartheid le ho thibela khanyetso ea ba liberal.[65] Ka hare ho HNP ho ne ho e-na le likarohano mabapi le ts'ebetsong ea karohano ea morabe e hlophisitsoeng. Sehlopha sa "baasskap" (taolo ea basweu kapa tumelo ea hore basweu ba phahametse ba bang), e leng sona se neng se laola HNP le litsi tsa mmuso, se ne se tšehetsa karohano e hlophisitsoeng, empa hape se ne se tšehetsa ho nka karolo ha batho ba batšo moruong, ka taolo ea basebetsi ba batšo e le hore ho ntlafatsoe melemo ea moruo ea Ma-Afrikaner. Sehlopha sa bobedi e ne e le "ba-purists", ba neng ba dumela ho "karohano e otlolohileng", moo batho ba batsho le basweu ba neng ba tla arolwa ka ho feletseng, ka batho ba batsho ba dulang dibakeng tsa tlhaho, ka dibopeho tse arohaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa moruo, tseo, ba neng ba dumela, di tla baka bohloko bo boholo ba nako e kgutshwane, empa hape di ne di tla lebisa boipusong ba batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa ho basebetsi ba batsho ka nako e telele. Sehlopha sa boraro, se neng se kenyeletsa Hendrik Verwoerd, se ile sa utlwela ba-purists bohloko, empa sa dumella tshebediso ya basebetsi ba batsho, ha se ntse se kenya tshebetsong sepheo sa ba-purist sa karohano e otlolohileng.[66] Verwoerd o ne a tla bitsa leano lena e le leano la "boahelani bo botle" e le mokhoa wa ho lokafatsa karohano e jwalo.[67] == Melao == '''Hendrik Verwoerd''', Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa (1950–1958) le Tonakholo (1958–1966), o ile a fumana lebitso la 'Moqapi oa Apartheid' ka lebaka la karolo e kholo eo a e bapalileng ho theheng melao ena. [[File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mopremiri wa Aforika Borwa. Ngaka H. Verwoerd, ]] Baeta-pele ba HNP ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore Afrika Boroa e ne e sa entsoe ka sechaba se le seng, empa e entsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè tse fapaneng tsa merabe: makhooa, batho ba batšo, batho ba mebala (Coloureds) le Maindia. Lihlopha tsena li ile tsa aroloa likarolong tse 13 tsa lichaba kapa mekhatlo ea merabe. Sehlopha sa makhooa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba buang Senyesemane le Afrikaans; ha batho ba batšo bona ba ne ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse leshome tse joalo. 'Muso o ile oa theha melao e ileng ea bula tsela bakeng sa "apartheid e kholo" (grand apartheid), e neng e shebana le ho arola merabe ka tekanyo e kholo, ka ho qobella batho ho lula libakeng tse arohaneng ho latela morabe. Leano lena le ile la nkoa karolong e 'ngoe ho tsoa tsamaisong ea puso ea Borithane e neng e setse, e neng e arola lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe ka mor'a hore ba nke taolo ea linaha tsa Maboer (Boer republics) ntoeng ea Anglo-Boer. Sena se ile sa baka ho theoa ha "mabaka" (townships) kapa libaka tse khethehileng tsa batho ba batšo feela, moo batho ba batšo ba neng ba fallisetsoa metseng ea bona. Joaloka Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa pusong ea HNP ho tloha ka 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng melao ena, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore a bitsoe 'Moqapi oa Apartheid'.[68][67][69] Melao e 'meli ea pele ea apartheid e kholo e ne e le Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi (Population Registration Act) oa 1950, le Molao oa Libaka tsa Lihlopha (Group Areas Act) oa 1950; melao ena e ile ea arola libaka tsa litoropo ho ba "libaka tsa lihlopha" moo beng ba thepa le bolulo li neng li lekanyelitsoe ho lihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi.[70][71][72] Tlas'a Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi, mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka merabe o ile oa hlophisoa ka molao 'me oa hloka hore motho e mong le e mong ea fetang lilemo tse 18 a be le karete ea boitsebiso e bontšang sehlopha sa hae sa morabe.[71] Ho ile ha theooa lihlopha kapa makgotla a semmuso ho etsa qeto mabapi le batho bao morabe oa bona o neng o sa hlaka.[73] Sena se ile sa baka mathata, haholo-holo ho batho ba 'Coloured', ka ho arohanya malapa ha litho tsa ona li ne li abeloa merabe e fapaneng.[74] == Mehlodi == hqbq8ns1gwbw441vkzsuqlfzi9flcde 41036 41035 2026-09-04T06:06:38Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe.[10] Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane.[11] Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe.[10] Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile khanyetso e kgolo ea machabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekhatlo ya setjhaba ya lefats'e e nang le tshusumetso e kholo ea lekholo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Machaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa lithibelo tsa libetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ea ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehlōhō ke mmuso o etelletseeng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba likete ba shoele kapa ba le litlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la liketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shoa 'me ba 22,000 ba tsoa dikotsi nakong ea phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuoa mehato e meng ea ho fetola tsamaiso ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletsoa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang India le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemeli ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ea hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokhatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o loantša khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa khethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho.[18][19] Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokolloa teronkong.[20] Melao ea khethollo ea morabe e ile ea hlakoloa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991,[2] e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsoeng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994.[21] Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.[22] Lintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantsoe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tsoa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ea bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha k'hamphani ea Dutch East India e theha setsi sa khoebo Cape of Good Hope ka 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ea qala Lintoa tsa Khoikhoi le Madache (Dutch), moo e ileng ea leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi, ea ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetsoa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, 'me ea tlisa makhoba a Batšo a tsoang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'Muso oa Madache. Mehleng ea bokhoba, makhoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaea hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—li ile tsa atolosa melao ea lipasa ho feta makhoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitsoa *Hottentots*) ba tsamaeang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le lipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke 'muso oa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ea *Hottentot*, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho mong'a hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao oa 49 oa 1828 o ile oa laela hore batho ba Batšo ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena li ne li fanoa ho batho ba 'Mala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le joalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ea Lintoa tsa Phetoho ea France le tsa Napoleon, 'Muso oa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ea Kolone ea Cape ea Madache (Dutch Cape Colony).[28] Tlas'a Tumellano ea ho inehela ea Cape ea 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,[29] 'me sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ea molao oa Afrika Boroa ho tloha ho Molao o Tloaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao likoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ea likarolo tse ling tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom oa ho Felisa Bokhabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokhabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa 'Muso oa Brithani. Khoebo ea makhoba e ile ea etsoa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le 'Muso oa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le libaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho felisa bokhabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ea Afrika Boroa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana oa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng oa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa li ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Boroa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonoa ho tumelo ea Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e tsshwanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekgotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kgolo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao oa ''Franchise and Ballot Act''* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta 'me oa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kgolo ya bakgethi bao e seng Makgowa tokelo ya ho vouta,[36] 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* ya selemo sa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke mmuso wa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batšo ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokgowa o tshwanang, Natal, bili ea *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha MaIndia tokelo ea ho vouta. Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Borwa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batsho ba nke letshwao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba dumellwa ho lula sebakeng sa Rand, mme ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e kgethehileng. Nakong ea Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Mburu, 'Mmuso oa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ea tlhekefetso ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le direphabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa kgotso bakeng sa Tumellano ea Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Borwa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani. Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa. Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makgowa. Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso ya Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves"); bili ya Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location"); Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo; Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta. Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu. Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo". Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale". == Likhetho tsa 1948 == Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe. Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals). Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa. HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele. Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer. Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona. Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58]Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse neng li abetsoe batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki naheng e neng e ba abetsoe.Mokha o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo-taba le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang. Lihlopha tse neng li tšehetsa United Party ka tloaelo ha lia ka tsa nka maemo a lumellanang feela, empa tsa iphumana li sa utloane le ho feta. Ho hana ha Smuts ho nahana ka leano la kantle la Afrika Boroa ha ho ntse ho e-ba le tsitsipano e ntseng e hola ea Ntoa ea Cold War ho ile ha baka ho se khotsofale, ha ba-nationalist ba ne ba tšepisa ho tlosa batho ba tšehetsang bokomonisi mmusong le lits'ebeletsong tsa sechaba.[60] Mokha o ne o lula o amahanngoa le batho ba ruileng le beng ba likhoebo tse kholo, 'me o hlolehile ho hohela batho ba sebetsang ba neng ba o tšehetsa. HNP e ile ea hapa litereke tse robeli tsa likhetho libakeng tsa merafo le indasteri tsa Witwatersrand le tse ling tse hlano Pretoria. Ntle le libaka tsa mahaeng tsa Natal moo bongata ba bakhethi e neng e le beng ba masimo ba buang Senyesemane, United Party e ile ea hloloa hoo e ka bang seterekeng se seng le se seng sa mahaeng. Tahlehelo ea eona litoropong tsa profinse e nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa naheng, e leng Transvaal, le eona e ile ea ba bohloko haholo.[62] Kaha mokhoa oa ho vouta o ne o sekametse haholo ho tšehetsa litereke tsa mahaeng le Transvaal haholo-holo, likhetho tsa 1948 li ile tsa bona HNP e etella pele paramenteng ka phapang ea likhetho tse robeli.[63][64] Daniel François Malan e ile ea e-ba tonakholo ea pele ea nationalist, a ikemiselitse ho kenya tšebetsong filosofi ea apartheid le ho thibela khanyetso ea ba liberal Ka hare ho HNP ho ne ho e-na le dikarohano mabapi le tshebetsong ya karohano ya morabe e hlophisitsoeng. Sehlopha sa "baasskap" (taolo ea basweu kapa tumelo ea hore basweu ba phahametse ba bang), e leng sona se neng se laola HNP le litsi tsa mmuso, se ne se tšehetsa karohano e hlophisitsoeng, empa hape se ne se tšehetsa ho nka karolo ha batho ba batšo moruong, ka taolo ea basebetsi ba batšo e le hore ho ntlafatsoe melemo ea moruo ea Ma-Afrikaner. Sehlopha sa bobedi e ne e le "ba-purists", ba neng ba dumela ho "karohano e otlolohileng", moo batho ba batsho le basweu ba neng ba tla arolwa ka ho feletseng, ka batho ba batsho ba dulang dibakeng tsa tlhaho, ka dibopeho tse arohaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa moruo, tseo, ba neng ba dumela, di tla baka bohloko bo boholo ba nako e kgutshwane, empa hape di ne di tla lebisa boipusong ba batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa ho basebetsi ba batsho ka nako e telele. Sehlopha sa boraro, se neng se kenyeletsa Hendrik Verwoerd, se ile sa utlwela ba-purists bohloko, empa sa dumella tshebediso ya basebetsi ba batsho, ha se ntse se kenya tshebetsong sepheo sa ba-purist sa karohano e otlolohileng.[66] Verwoerd o ne a tla bitsa leano lena e le leano la "boahelani bo botle" e le mokhoa wa ho lokafatsa karohano e jwalo. == Melao == '''Hendrik Verwoerd''', Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa (1950–1958) le Tonakholo (1958–1966), o ile a fumana lebitso la 'Moqapi oa Apartheid' ka lebaka la karolo e kholo eo a e bapalileng ho theheng melao ena. [[File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mopremiri wa Aforika Borwa. Ngaka H. Verwoerd, ]] Baeta-pele ba HNP ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore Afrika Boroa e ne e sa entsoe ka sechaba se le seng, empa e entsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè tse fapaneng tsa merabe: makhooa, batho ba batšo, batho ba mebala (Coloureds) le Maindia. Lihlopha tsena li ile tsa aroloa likarolong tse 13 tsa lichaba kapa mekhatlo ea merabe. Sehlopha sa makhooa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba buang Senyesemane le Afrikaans; ha batho ba batšo bona ba ne ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse leshome tse joalo. 'Muso o ile oa theha melao e ileng ea bula tsela bakeng sa "apartheid e kholo" (grand apartheid), e neng e shebana le ho arola merabe ka tekanyo e kholo, ka ho qobella batho ho lula libakeng tse arohaneng ho latela morabe. Leano lena le ile la nkoa karolong e 'ngoe ho tsoa tsamaisong ea puso ea Borithane e neng e setse, e neng e arola lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe ka mor'a hore ba nke taolo ea linaha tsa Maboer (Boer republics) ntoeng ea Anglo-Boer. Sena se ile sa baka ho theoa ha "mabaka" (townships) kapa libaka tse khethehileng tsa batho ba batšo feela, moo batho ba batšo ba neng ba fallisetsoa metseng ea bona. Joaloka Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa pusong ea HNP ho tloha ka 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng melao ena, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore a bitsoe 'Moqapi oa Apartheid'. Melao e 'meli ea pele ea apartheid e kholo e ne e le Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi (Population Registration Act) oa 1950, le Molao oa Libaka tsa Lihlopha (Group Areas Act) oa 1950; melao ena e ile ea arola libaka tsa litoropo ho ba "libaka tsa lihlopha" moo beng ba thepa le bolulo li neng li lekanyelitsoe ho lihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi.Tlas'a Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi, mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka merabe o ile oa hlophisoa ka molao 'me oa hloka hore motho e mong le e mong ea fetang lilemo tse 18 a be le karete ea boitsebiso e bontšang sehlopha sa hae sa morabe. Ho ile ha theooa lihlopha kapa makgotla a semmuso ho etsa qeto mabapi le batho bao morabe oa bona o neng o sa hlaka. Sena se ile sa baka mathata, haholo-holo ho batho ba 'Coloured', ka ho arohanya malapa ha litho tsa ona li ne li abeloa merabe e fapaneng.Ho fihlela ka nako eo, libaka tse ngata tsa bolulo li ne li e-na le batho ba merabe e fapaneng ba phelang hammoho. Molao ona o ile oa felisa libaka tse kopanyang merabe 'me oa laola hore na motho o lula hokae ho latela morabe oa hae. Morabe ka mong o ile oa abeloa sebaka sa oona, e leng se ileng sa sebelisoa hamorao e le motheo oa ho falla ka qobello. Molao oa Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act oa 1951 o ile oa lumella 'muso ho heletsa metsana ea matlo a manyane a sa hlophisehang a batho ba batšo, le ho qobella bahiri ba basoeu ho lefella kaho ea matlo bakeng sa basebetsi ba batšo ba neng ba lumelletsoe ho lula litoropong tse neng li reretsoe basoeu feela. Molao oa Native Laws Amendment Act oa 1952 o ile oa tiisa le ho laola melao ea lipasa bohareng, e le hore batho ba batšo ba se ke ba lula libakeng tsa litoropo nako e fetang lihora tse 72 ntle le tumello. Molao oa Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act oa 1949 o ile a thibela lenyalo pakeng tsa batho ba merabe e fapaneng, 'me Molao oa Immorality Act oa 1950 oa ​​etsa hore likamano tsa thobalano pakeng tsa basoeu le batho ba merabe e meng e be tlolo ea molao. Tlas'a Molao oa Reservation of Separate Amenities Act oa 1953, dibaka tsa sechaba li ne li ka beheloa morabe o itseng ka thoko, e leng se ileng sa baka, har'a lintho tse ling, ho ba le mabopo a leoatle, libese, lipetlele, likolo le liyunivesithi tse arohaneng. Matšoao a kang "bakeng sa basoeu feela" a ne a sebelisoa libakeng tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa le litulo tsa lipakeng tsa boikhathollo. Batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ne ba fuwa ditshebeletso tse tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le tsa basoeu, hammoho le tsa batho ba Maindia le ba Coloured (batho ba mebala e tsoakiloeng), le hoja phapang e ne e se kholo hakaalo ho ba sehlopha sa ho qetela. Melao e meng e ne e ikemiselitse ho hatella khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), haholo-holo khanyetso e sebelisang lihlomo. Molao oa Suppression of Communism Act oa 1950 o ile oa thibela Mokha oa Bokomonisi oa Afrika Boroa (Communist Party of South Africa) le mokha ofe kapa ofe o latelang likhopolo tsa Bokomonisi. Molao ona o ile oa hlalosa Bokomonisi le lipheo tsa bona ka tsela e pharaletseng hoo mang kapa mang ea neng a hanyetsa maano a 'muso a neng a ka nkoa e le Mokomonisi. Kaha molao o ne o bolela ka ho hlaka hore Bokomonisi bo ikemiselitse ho senya kutloano pakeng tsa merabe, o ne o sebelisoa khafetsa ho thibela khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe. Likopano tse sa laoleheng li ile tsa thibeloa, hammoho le mekhatlo e meng e neng e nkoa e le tšokelo ho 'muso. Hape o ile oa fa Lefapha la Toka matla a ho fana ka litaelo tsa thibelo.[80] == Mehlodi == 51j90csjj2hf96fv3dz9yoffu3o56tw 41041 41036 2026-09-04T08:07:34Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe. Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane. Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe. Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile kganyetso e kgolo ya matjhabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekgatlo ya setjhaba ya lefatshe e nang le tshusumetso e kgolo ya lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Matjhaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa dithibelo tsa dibetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ya ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehloho ke mmuso o etelletseng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba dikete ba shwele kapa ba le ditlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la diketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shwa mme ba 22,000 ba tswa dikotsi nakong ya phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuwa mehato e meng ya ho fetola tsamaiso ya kgethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletswa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang [[India]] le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemedi ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ya hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokgatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o lwantsha khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa kgethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho. Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokollwa tjhankaneng. Melao ea khethollo ya morabe e ile ya hlakolwa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991, e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsweng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994. Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.Dintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantswe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tswa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ya bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha khamphani ya Dutch East India ya dikepe e theha setsi sa kgwebo [[Qhoboshenaneg ya Good Hope]] ka selemo ssa 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ya qala Dintwa tsa Khoikhoi le Madathhe (Dutch), moo e ileng ya leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi le [[Bakgothu]], ya ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetswa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, mme ya tlisa makgoba a batho ba tswang dikarolong tse fapaneng tsa mmuso wa Madatjhe. Mehleng ea bokgoba, makgoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaya hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—di ile tsa atolosa melao ya dipasa ho feta makgoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitswa *Hottentots*) ba tsamayang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le dipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke mmuso wa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ya Bakgothu kapa Hottentot, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho monga hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao wa 49 wa selemo sa 1828 o ile wa laela hore batho ba Batsho ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena di ne di fanwa ho batho ba Mmala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le jwalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ya Dintoa tsa Phetoho ya France le tsa Napoleon, Mmuso wa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ya Kolone ea Cape ya Madatjhe (Dutch Cape Colony).[28] Tlasa Tumellano ea ho inehela ea Cape ea 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,mme sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ya molao wa Afrika Borwa ho tloha ho Molao o Tlwaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao dikoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Borwa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ya dikarolo tse ding tsa Mmuso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom oa ho Felisa Bokgabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokhabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa Mmuso wa Brithani. Khoebo ea makgoba e ile ya etswa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le Mmuso wa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le dibaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho felisa bokgabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ya ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ya Afrika Borwa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana wa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng oa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa li ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Boroa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonoa ho tumelo ea Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e tsshwanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekgotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kgolo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao oa ''Franchise and Ballot Act''* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta 'me oa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kgolo ya bakgethi bao e seng Makgowa tokelo ya ho vouta,[36] 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* ya selemo sa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke mmuso wa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batšo ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokgowa o tshwanang, Natal, bili ea *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha MaIndia tokelo ea ho vouta. Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Borwa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batsho ba nke letshwao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba dumellwa ho lula sebakeng sa Rand, mme ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e kgethehileng. Nakong ea Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Mburu, 'Mmuso oa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ea tlhekefetso ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le direphabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa kgotso bakeng sa Tumellano ea Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Borwa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani. Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa. Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makgowa. Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso ya Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves"); bili ya Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location"); Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo; Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta. Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu. Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo". Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale". == Likhetho tsa 1948 == Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe. Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals). Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa. HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele. Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer. Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona. Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58]Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse neng li abetsoe batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki naheng e neng e ba abetsoe.Mokha o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo-taba le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang. Lihlopha tse neng li tšehetsa United Party ka tloaelo ha lia ka tsa nka maemo a lumellanang feela, empa tsa iphumana li sa utloane le ho feta. Ho hana ha Smuts ho nahana ka leano la kantle la Afrika Boroa ha ho ntse ho e-ba le tsitsipano e ntseng e hola ea Ntoa ea Cold War ho ile ha baka ho se khotsofale, ha ba-nationalist ba ne ba tšepisa ho tlosa batho ba tšehetsang bokomonisi mmusong le lits'ebeletsong tsa sechaba.[60] Mokha o ne o lula o amahanngoa le batho ba ruileng le beng ba likhoebo tse kholo, 'me o hlolehile ho hohela batho ba sebetsang ba neng ba o tšehetsa. HNP e ile ea hapa litereke tse robeli tsa likhetho libakeng tsa merafo le indasteri tsa Witwatersrand le tse ling tse hlano Pretoria. Ntle le libaka tsa mahaeng tsa Natal moo bongata ba bakhethi e neng e le beng ba masimo ba buang Senyesemane, United Party e ile ea hloloa hoo e ka bang seterekeng se seng le se seng sa mahaeng. Tahlehelo ea eona litoropong tsa profinse e nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa naheng, e leng Transvaal, le eona e ile ea ba bohloko haholo.[62] Kaha mokhoa oa ho vouta o ne o sekametse haholo ho tšehetsa litereke tsa mahaeng le Transvaal haholo-holo, likhetho tsa 1948 li ile tsa bona HNP e etella pele paramenteng ka phapang ea likhetho tse robeli.[63][64] Daniel François Malan e ile ea e-ba tonakholo ea pele ea nationalist, a ikemiselitse ho kenya tšebetsong filosofi ea apartheid le ho thibela khanyetso ea ba liberal Ka hare ho HNP ho ne ho e-na le dikarohano mabapi le tshebetsong ya karohano ya morabe e hlophisitsoeng. Sehlopha sa "baasskap" (taolo ea basweu kapa tumelo ea hore basweu ba phahametse ba bang), e leng sona se neng se laola HNP le litsi tsa mmuso, se ne se tšehetsa karohano e hlophisitsoeng, empa hape se ne se tšehetsa ho nka karolo ha batho ba batšo moruong, ka taolo ea basebetsi ba batšo e le hore ho ntlafatsoe melemo ea moruo ea Ma-Afrikaner. Sehlopha sa bobedi e ne e le "ba-purists", ba neng ba dumela ho "karohano e otlolohileng", moo batho ba batsho le basweu ba neng ba tla arolwa ka ho feletseng, ka batho ba batsho ba dulang dibakeng tsa tlhaho, ka dibopeho tse arohaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa moruo, tseo, ba neng ba dumela, di tla baka bohloko bo boholo ba nako e kgutshwane, empa hape di ne di tla lebisa boipusong ba batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa ho basebetsi ba batsho ka nako e telele. Sehlopha sa boraro, se neng se kenyeletsa Hendrik Verwoerd, se ile sa utlwela ba-purists bohloko, empa sa dumella tshebediso ya basebetsi ba batsho, ha se ntse se kenya tshebetsong sepheo sa ba-purist sa karohano e otlolohileng.[66] Verwoerd o ne a tla bitsa leano lena e le leano la "boahelani bo botle" e le mokhoa wa ho lokafatsa karohano e jwalo. == Melao == '''Hendrik Verwoerd''', Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa (1950–1958) le Tonakholo (1958–1966), o ile a fumana lebitso la 'Moqapi oa Apartheid' ka lebaka la karolo e kholo eo a e bapalileng ho theheng melao ena. [[File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mopremiri wa Aforika Borwa. Ngaka H. Verwoerd, ]] Baeta-pele ba HNP ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore Afrika Boroa e ne e sa entsoe ka sechaba se le seng, empa e entsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè tse fapaneng tsa merabe: makhooa, batho ba batšo, batho ba mebala (Coloureds) le Maindia. Lihlopha tsena li ile tsa aroloa likarolong tse 13 tsa lichaba kapa mekhatlo ea merabe. Sehlopha sa makhooa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba buang Senyesemane le Afrikaans; ha batho ba batšo bona ba ne ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse leshome tse joalo. 'Muso o ile oa theha melao e ileng ea bula tsela bakeng sa "apartheid e kholo" (grand apartheid), e neng e shebana le ho arola merabe ka tekanyo e kholo, ka ho qobella batho ho lula libakeng tse arohaneng ho latela morabe. Leano lena le ile la nkoa karolong e 'ngoe ho tsoa tsamaisong ea puso ea Borithane e neng e setse, e neng e arola lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe ka mor'a hore ba nke taolo ea linaha tsa Maboer (Boer republics) ntoeng ea Anglo-Boer. Sena se ile sa baka ho theoa ha "mabaka" (townships) kapa libaka tse khethehileng tsa batho ba batšo feela, moo batho ba batšo ba neng ba fallisetsoa metseng ea bona. Joaloka Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa pusong ea HNP ho tloha ka 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng melao ena, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore a bitsoe 'Moqapi oa Apartheid'. Melao e 'meli ea pele ea apartheid e kholo e ne e le Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi (Population Registration Act) oa 1950, le Molao oa Libaka tsa Lihlopha (Group Areas Act) oa 1950; melao ena e ile ea arola libaka tsa litoropo ho ba "libaka tsa lihlopha" moo beng ba thepa le bolulo li neng li lekanyelitsoe ho lihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi.Tlas'a Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi, mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka merabe o ile oa hlophisoa ka molao 'me oa hloka hore motho e mong le e mong ea fetang lilemo tse 18 a be le karete ea boitsebiso e bontšang sehlopha sa hae sa morabe. Ho ile ha theooa lihlopha kapa makgotla a semmuso ho etsa qeto mabapi le batho bao morabe oa bona o neng o sa hlaka. Sena se ile sa baka mathata, haholo-holo ho batho ba 'Coloured', ka ho arohanya malapa ha litho tsa ona li ne li abeloa merabe e fapaneng.Ho fihlela ka nako eo, libaka tse ngata tsa bolulo li ne li e-na le batho ba merabe e fapaneng ba phelang hammoho. Molao ona o ile oa felisa libaka tse kopanyang merabe 'me oa laola hore na motho o lula hokae ho latela morabe oa hae. Morabe ka mong o ile oa abeloa sebaka sa oona, e leng se ileng sa sebelisoa hamorao e le motheo oa ho falla ka qobello. Molao oa Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act oa 1951 o ile oa lumella 'muso ho heletsa metsana ea matlo a manyane a sa hlophisehang a batho ba batšo, le ho qobella bahiri ba basoeu ho lefella kaho ea matlo bakeng sa basebetsi ba batšo ba neng ba lumelletsoe ho lula litoropong tse neng li reretsoe basoeu feela. Molao oa Native Laws Amendment Act oa 1952 o ile oa tiisa le ho laola melao ea lipasa bohareng, e le hore batho ba batšo ba se ke ba lula libakeng tsa litoropo nako e fetang lihora tse 72 ntle le tumello. Molao oa Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act oa 1949 o ile a thibela lenyalo pakeng tsa batho ba merabe e fapaneng, 'me Molao oa Immorality Act oa 1950 oa ​​etsa hore likamano tsa thobalano pakeng tsa basoeu le batho ba merabe e meng e be tlolo ea molao. Tlas'a Molao oa Reservation of Separate Amenities Act oa 1953, dibaka tsa sechaba li ne li ka beheloa morabe o itseng ka thoko, e leng se ileng sa baka, har'a lintho tse ling, ho ba le mabopo a leoatle, libese, lipetlele, likolo le liyunivesithi tse arohaneng. Matšoao a kang "bakeng sa basoeu feela" a ne a sebelisoa libakeng tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa le litulo tsa lipakeng tsa boikhathollo. Batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ne ba fuwa ditshebeletso tse tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le tsa basoeu, hammoho le tsa batho ba Maindia le ba Coloured (batho ba mebala e tsoakiloeng), le hoja phapang e ne e se kholo hakaalo ho ba sehlopha sa ho qetela. Melao e meng e ne e ikemiselitse ho hatella khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), haholo-holo khanyetso e sebelisang lihlomo. Molao oa Suppression of Communism Act oa 1950 o ile oa thibela Mokha oa Bokomonisi oa Afrika Boroa (Communist Party of South Africa) le mokha ofe kapa ofe o latelang likhopolo tsa Bokomonisi. Molao ona o ile oa hlalosa Bokomonisi le lipheo tsa bona ka tsela e pharaletseng hoo mang kapa mang ea neng a hanyetsa maano a 'muso a neng a ka nkoa e le Mokomonisi. Kaha molao o ne o bolela ka ho hlaka hore Bokomonisi bo ikemiselitse ho senya kutloano pakeng tsa merabe, o ne o sebelisoa khafetsa ho thibela khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe. Likopano tse sa laoleheng li ile tsa thibeloa, hammoho le mekhatlo e meng e neng e nkoa e le tšokelo ho 'muso. Hape o ile oa fa Lefapha la Toka matla a ho fana ka litaelo tsa thibelo.[80] == Mehlodi == ejh1m9y7jn01xu4nyxuuub894ukjiy7 41042 41041 2026-09-04T08:12:10Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 41042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe. Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane. Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe. Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile kganyetso e kgolo ya matjhabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekgatlo ya setjhaba ya lefatshe e nang le tshusumetso e kgolo ya lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Matjhaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa dithibelo tsa dibetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ya ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehloho ke mmuso o etelletseng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba dikete ba shwele kapa ba le ditlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la diketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shwa mme ba 22,000 ba tswa dikotsi nakong ya phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuwa mehato e meng ya ho fetola tsamaiso ya kgethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletswa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang [[India]] le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemedi ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ya hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokgatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o lwantsha khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa kgethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho. Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokollwa tjhankaneng. Melao ea khethollo ya morabe e ile ya hlakolwa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991, e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsweng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994. Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.Dintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantswe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tswa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ya bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha khamphani ya Dutch East India ya dikepe e theha setsi sa kgwebo [[Qhoboshenaneg ya Good Hope]] ka selemo ssa 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ya qala Dintwa tsa Khoikhoi le Madathhe (Dutch), moo e ileng ya leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi le [[Bakgothu]], ya ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetswa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, mme ya tlisa makgoba a batho ba tswang dikarolong tse fapaneng tsa mmuso wa Madatjhe. Mehleng ea bokgoba, makgoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaya hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—di ile tsa atolosa melao ya dipasa ho feta makgoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitswa *Hottentots*) ba tsamayang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le dipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke mmuso wa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ya Bakgothu kapa Hottentot, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho monga hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao wa 49 wa selemo sa 1828 o ile wa laela hore batho ba Batsho ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena di ne di fanwa ho batho ba Mmala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le jwalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ya Dintoa tsa Phetoho ya France le tsa Napoleon, Mmuso wa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ya Kolone ea Cape ya Madatjhe (Dutch Cape Colony). Tlasa Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape ya 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,mme sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ya molao wa Afrika Borwa ho tloha ho Molao o Tlwaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao dikoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Borwa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ya dikarolo tse ding tsa Mmuso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom oa ho Felisa Bokgabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokhabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa Mmuso wa Brithani. Khoebo ea makgoba e ile ya etswa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le Mmuso wa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le dibaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho felisa bokgabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ya ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ya Afrika Borwa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana wa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng oa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa li ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Boroa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonoa ho tumelo ea Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e tsshwanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekgotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kgolo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao oa ''Franchise and Ballot Act''* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta 'me oa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kgolo ya bakgethi bao e seng Makgowa tokelo ya ho vouta, 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* ya selemo sa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke mmuso wa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batšo ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokgowa o tshwanang, Natal, bili ea *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha MaIndia tokelo ea ho vouta. Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Borwa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batsho ba nke letshwao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba dumellwa ho lula sebakeng sa Rand, mme ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e kgethehileng. Nakong ea Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Mburu, 'Mmuso oa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ya tlhekefetso ya morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le direphabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa kgotso bakeng sa Tumellano ya Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Borwa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani. Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa. Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makgowa. Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso ya Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves"); bili ya Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location"); Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo; Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta. Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu. Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo". Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale". == Likhetho tsa 1948 == Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe. Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals). Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa. HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele. Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer. Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona. Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58]Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse neng li abetsoe batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki naheng e neng e ba abetsoe.Mokha o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo-taba le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang. Lihlopha tse neng li tšehetsa United Party ka tloaelo ha lia ka tsa nka maemo a lumellanang feela, empa tsa iphumana li sa utloane le ho feta. Ho hana ha Smuts ho nahana ka leano la kantle la Afrika Boroa ha ho ntse ho e-ba le tsitsipano e ntseng e hola ea Ntoa ea Cold War ho ile ha baka ho se khotsofale, ha ba-nationalist ba ne ba tšepisa ho tlosa batho ba tšehetsang bokomonisi mmusong le lits'ebeletsong tsa sechaba.[60] Mokha o ne o lula o amahanngoa le batho ba ruileng le beng ba likhoebo tse kholo, 'me o hlolehile ho hohela batho ba sebetsang ba neng ba o tšehetsa. HNP e ile ea hapa litereke tse robeli tsa likhetho libakeng tsa merafo le indasteri tsa Witwatersrand le tse ling tse hlano Pretoria. Ntle le libaka tsa mahaeng tsa Natal moo bongata ba bakhethi e neng e le beng ba masimo ba buang Senyesemane, United Party e ile ea hloloa hoo e ka bang seterekeng se seng le se seng sa mahaeng. Tahlehelo ea eona litoropong tsa profinse e nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa naheng, e leng Transvaal, le eona e ile ea ba bohloko haholo.[62] Kaha mokhoa oa ho vouta o ne o sekametse haholo ho tšehetsa litereke tsa mahaeng le Transvaal haholo-holo, likhetho tsa 1948 li ile tsa bona HNP e etella pele paramenteng ka phapang ea likhetho tse robeli.[63][64] Daniel François Malan e ile ea e-ba tonakholo ea pele ea nationalist, a ikemiselitse ho kenya tšebetsong filosofi ea apartheid le ho thibela khanyetso ea ba liberal Ka hare ho HNP ho ne ho e-na le dikarohano mabapi le tshebetsong ya karohano ya morabe e hlophisitsoeng. Sehlopha sa "baasskap" (taolo ea basweu kapa tumelo ea hore basweu ba phahametse ba bang), e leng sona se neng se laola HNP le litsi tsa mmuso, se ne se tšehetsa karohano e hlophisitsoeng, empa hape se ne se tšehetsa ho nka karolo ha batho ba batšo moruong, ka taolo ea basebetsi ba batšo e le hore ho ntlafatsoe melemo ea moruo ea Ma-Afrikaner. Sehlopha sa bobedi e ne e le "ba-purists", ba neng ba dumela ho "karohano e otlolohileng", moo batho ba batsho le basweu ba neng ba tla arolwa ka ho feletseng, ka batho ba batsho ba dulang dibakeng tsa tlhaho, ka dibopeho tse arohaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa moruo, tseo, ba neng ba dumela, di tla baka bohloko bo boholo ba nako e kgutshwane, empa hape di ne di tla lebisa boipusong ba batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa ho basebetsi ba batsho ka nako e telele. Sehlopha sa boraro, se neng se kenyeletsa Hendrik Verwoerd, se ile sa utlwela ba-purists bohloko, empa sa dumella tshebediso ya basebetsi ba batsho, ha se ntse se kenya tshebetsong sepheo sa ba-purist sa karohano e otlolohileng.[66] Verwoerd o ne a tla bitsa leano lena e le leano la "boahelani bo botle" e le mokhoa wa ho lokafatsa karohano e jwalo. == Melao == '''Hendrik Verwoerd''', Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa (1950–1958) le Tonakholo (1958–1966), o ile a fumana lebitso la 'Moqapi oa Apartheid' ka lebaka la karolo e kholo eo a e bapalileng ho theheng melao ena. [[File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mopremiri wa Aforika Borwa. Ngaka H. Verwoerd, ]] Baeta-pele ba HNP ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore Afrika Boroa e ne e sa entsoe ka sechaba se le seng, empa e entsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè tse fapaneng tsa merabe: makhooa, batho ba batšo, batho ba mebala (Coloureds) le Maindia. Lihlopha tsena li ile tsa aroloa likarolong tse 13 tsa lichaba kapa mekhatlo ea merabe. Sehlopha sa makhooa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba buang Senyesemane le Afrikaans; ha batho ba batšo bona ba ne ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse leshome tse joalo. 'Muso o ile oa theha melao e ileng ea bula tsela bakeng sa "apartheid e kholo" (grand apartheid), e neng e shebana le ho arola merabe ka tekanyo e kholo, ka ho qobella batho ho lula libakeng tse arohaneng ho latela morabe. Leano lena le ile la nkoa karolong e 'ngoe ho tsoa tsamaisong ea puso ea Borithane e neng e setse, e neng e arola lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe ka mor'a hore ba nke taolo ea linaha tsa Maboer (Boer republics) ntoeng ea Anglo-Boer. Sena se ile sa baka ho theoa ha "mabaka" (townships) kapa libaka tse khethehileng tsa batho ba batšo feela, moo batho ba batšo ba neng ba fallisetsoa metseng ea bona. Joaloka Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa pusong ea HNP ho tloha ka 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng melao ena, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore a bitsoe 'Moqapi oa Apartheid'. Melao e 'meli ea pele ea apartheid e kholo e ne e le Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi (Population Registration Act) oa 1950, le Molao oa Libaka tsa Lihlopha (Group Areas Act) oa 1950; melao ena e ile ea arola libaka tsa litoropo ho ba "libaka tsa lihlopha" moo beng ba thepa le bolulo li neng li lekanyelitsoe ho lihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi.Tlas'a Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi, mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka merabe o ile oa hlophisoa ka molao 'me oa hloka hore motho e mong le e mong ea fetang lilemo tse 18 a be le karete ea boitsebiso e bontšang sehlopha sa hae sa morabe. Ho ile ha theooa lihlopha kapa makgotla a semmuso ho etsa qeto mabapi le batho bao morabe oa bona o neng o sa hlaka. Sena se ile sa baka mathata, haholo-holo ho batho ba 'Coloured', ka ho arohanya malapa ha litho tsa ona li ne li abeloa merabe e fapaneng.Ho fihlela ka nako eo, libaka tse ngata tsa bolulo li ne li e-na le batho ba merabe e fapaneng ba phelang hammoho. Molao ona o ile oa felisa libaka tse kopanyang merabe 'me oa laola hore na motho o lula hokae ho latela morabe oa hae. Morabe ka mong o ile oa abeloa sebaka sa oona, e leng se ileng sa sebelisoa hamorao e le motheo oa ho falla ka qobello. Molao oa Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act oa 1951 o ile oa lumella 'muso ho heletsa metsana ea matlo a manyane a sa hlophisehang a batho ba batšo, le ho qobella bahiri ba basoeu ho lefella kaho ea matlo bakeng sa basebetsi ba batšo ba neng ba lumelletsoe ho lula litoropong tse neng li reretsoe basoeu feela. Molao oa Native Laws Amendment Act oa 1952 o ile oa tiisa le ho laola melao ea lipasa bohareng, e le hore batho ba batšo ba se ke ba lula libakeng tsa litoropo nako e fetang lihora tse 72 ntle le tumello. Molao oa Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act oa 1949 o ile a thibela lenyalo pakeng tsa batho ba merabe e fapaneng, 'me Molao oa Immorality Act oa 1950 oa ​​etsa hore likamano tsa thobalano pakeng tsa basoeu le batho ba merabe e meng e be tlolo ea molao. Tlas'a Molao oa Reservation of Separate Amenities Act oa 1953, dibaka tsa sechaba li ne li ka beheloa morabe o itseng ka thoko, e leng se ileng sa baka, har'a lintho tse ling, ho ba le mabopo a leoatle, libese, lipetlele, likolo le liyunivesithi tse arohaneng. Matšoao a kang "bakeng sa basoeu feela" a ne a sebelisoa libakeng tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa le litulo tsa lipakeng tsa boikhathollo. Batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ne ba fuwa ditshebeletso tse tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le tsa basoeu, hammoho le tsa batho ba Maindia le ba Coloured (batho ba mebala e tsoakiloeng), le hoja phapang e ne e se kholo hakaalo ho ba sehlopha sa ho qetela. Melao e meng e ne e ikemiselitse ho hatella khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), haholo-holo khanyetso e sebelisang lihlomo. Molao oa Suppression of Communism Act oa 1950 o ile oa thibela Mokha oa Bokomonisi oa Afrika Boroa (Communist Party of South Africa) le mokha ofe kapa ofe o latelang likhopolo tsa Bokomonisi. Molao ona o ile oa hlalosa Bokomonisi le lipheo tsa bona ka tsela e pharaletseng hoo mang kapa mang ea neng a hanyetsa maano a 'muso a neng a ka nkoa e le Mokomonisi. Kaha molao o ne o bolela ka ho hlaka hore Bokomonisi bo ikemiselitse ho senya kutloano pakeng tsa merabe, o ne o sebelisoa khafetsa ho thibela khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe. Likopano tse sa laoleheng li ile tsa thibeloa, hammoho le mekhatlo e meng e neng e nkoa e le tšokelo ho 'muso. Hape o ile oa fa Lefapha la Toka matla a ho fana ka litaelo tsa thibelo.[80] == Mehlodi == 36apv41lrsp3pp1ge6g8ivnv990sy5v 41043 41042 2026-09-04T08:24:11Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke lokisa diphoso 41043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe. Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane. Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe. Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile kganyetso e kgolo ya matjhabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekgatlo ya setjhaba ya lefatshe e nang le tshusumetso e kgolo ya lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Matjhaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa dithibelo tsa dibetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ya ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehloho ke mmuso o etelletseng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba dikete ba shwele kapa ba le ditlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la diketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shwa mme ba 22,000 ba tswa dikotsi nakong ya phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuwa mehato e meng ya ho fetola tsamaiso ya kgethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletswa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang [[India]] le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemedi ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ya hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokgatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o lwantsha khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa kgethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho. Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokollwa tjhankaneng. Melao ea khethollo ya morabe e ile ya hlakolwa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991, e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsweng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994. Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.Dintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantswe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tswa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ya bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha khamphani ya Dutch East India ya dikepe e theha setsi sa kgwebo [[Qhoboshenaneg ya Good Hope]] ka selemo ssa 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ya qala Dintwa tsa Khoikhoi le Madathhe (Dutch), moo e ileng ya leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi le [[Bakgothu]], ya ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetswa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, mme ya tlisa makgoba a batho ba tswang dikarolong tse fapaneng tsa mmuso wa Madatjhe. Mehleng ea bokgoba, makgoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaya hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—di ile tsa atolosa melao ya dipasa ho feta makgoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitswa *Hottentots*) ba tsamayang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le dipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke mmuso wa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ya Bakgothu kapa Hottentot, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho monga hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao wa 49 wa selemo sa 1828 o ile wa laela hore batho ba Batsho ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena di ne di fanwa ho batho ba Mmala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le jwalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ya Dintoa tsa Phetoho ya France le tsa Napoleon, Mmuso wa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ya Kolone ea Cape ya Madatjhe (Dutch Cape Colony). Tlasa Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape ya 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,mme sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ya molao wa Afrika Borwa ho tloha ho Molao o Tlwaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao dikoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Borwa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ya dikarolo tse ding tsa Mmuso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom wa ho Felisa Bokgabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokgabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa Mmuso wa Brithani. Khoebo ea makgoba e ile ya etswa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le Mmuso wa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le dibaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho fedisa bokgabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ya ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ya Afrika Borwa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana wa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng wa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Borwa di ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamilweng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Borwa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonwa ho tumelo ya Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e tshwanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekgotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kgolo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao wa ''Franchise and Ballot Act''* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta mme wa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kgolo ya bakgethi bao e seng Makgowa tokelo ya ho vouta, 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* ya selemo sa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke mmuso wa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batsho ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokgowa o tshwanang, Natal, bili ya *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha MaIndia tokelo ea ho vouta. Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Borwa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batsho ba nke letshwao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba dumellwa ho dula sebakeng sa Rand, mme ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e kgethehileng. Nakong ea Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Mburu, Mmuso wa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ya tlhekefetso ya morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le direphabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa kgotso bakeng sa Tumellano ya Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Borwa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani. Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa. Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makgowa. Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso ya Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves"); bili ya Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location"); Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo; Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta. Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu. Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo". Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale". == Likhetho tsa 1948 == Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe. Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals). Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa. HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele. Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer. Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona. Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58]Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse neng li abetsoe batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki naheng e neng e ba abetsoe.Mokha o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo-taba le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang. Lihlopha tse neng li tšehetsa United Party ka tloaelo ha lia ka tsa nka maemo a lumellanang feela, empa tsa iphumana li sa utloane le ho feta. Ho hana ha Smuts ho nahana ka leano la kantle la Afrika Boroa ha ho ntse ho e-ba le tsitsipano e ntseng e hola ea Ntoa ea Cold War ho ile ha baka ho se khotsofale, ha ba-nationalist ba ne ba tšepisa ho tlosa batho ba tšehetsang bokomonisi mmusong le lits'ebeletsong tsa sechaba.[60] Mokha o ne o lula o amahanngoa le batho ba ruileng le beng ba likhoebo tse kholo, 'me o hlolehile ho hohela batho ba sebetsang ba neng ba o tšehetsa. HNP e ile ea hapa litereke tse robeli tsa likhetho libakeng tsa merafo le indasteri tsa Witwatersrand le tse ling tse hlano Pretoria. Ntle le libaka tsa mahaeng tsa Natal moo bongata ba bakhethi e neng e le beng ba masimo ba buang Senyesemane, United Party e ile ea hloloa hoo e ka bang seterekeng se seng le se seng sa mahaeng. Tahlehelo ea eona litoropong tsa profinse e nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa naheng, e leng Transvaal, le eona e ile ea ba bohloko haholo.[62] Kaha mokhoa oa ho vouta o ne o sekametse haholo ho tšehetsa litereke tsa mahaeng le Transvaal haholo-holo, likhetho tsa 1948 li ile tsa bona HNP e etella pele paramenteng ka phapang ea likhetho tse robeli.[63][64] Daniel François Malan e ile ea e-ba tonakholo ea pele ea nationalist, a ikemiselitse ho kenya tšebetsong filosofi ea apartheid le ho thibela khanyetso ea ba liberal Ka hare ho HNP ho ne ho e-na le dikarohano mabapi le tshebetsong ya karohano ya morabe e hlophisitsoeng. Sehlopha sa "baasskap" (taolo ea basweu kapa tumelo ea hore basweu ba phahametse ba bang), e leng sona se neng se laola HNP le litsi tsa mmuso, se ne se tšehetsa karohano e hlophisitsoeng, empa hape se ne se tšehetsa ho nka karolo ha batho ba batšo moruong, ka taolo ea basebetsi ba batšo e le hore ho ntlafatsoe melemo ea moruo ea Ma-Afrikaner. Sehlopha sa bobedi e ne e le "ba-purists", ba neng ba dumela ho "karohano e otlolohileng", moo batho ba batsho le basweu ba neng ba tla arolwa ka ho feletseng, ka batho ba batsho ba dulang dibakeng tsa tlhaho, ka dibopeho tse arohaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa moruo, tseo, ba neng ba dumela, di tla baka bohloko bo boholo ba nako e kgutshwane, empa hape di ne di tla lebisa boipusong ba batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa ho basebetsi ba batsho ka nako e telele. Sehlopha sa boraro, se neng se kenyeletsa Hendrik Verwoerd, se ile sa utlwela ba-purists bohloko, empa sa dumella tshebediso ya basebetsi ba batsho, ha se ntse se kenya tshebetsong sepheo sa ba-purist sa karohano e otlolohileng.[66] Verwoerd o ne a tla bitsa leano lena e le leano la "boahelani bo botle" e le mokhoa wa ho lokafatsa karohano e jwalo. == Melao == '''Hendrik Verwoerd''', Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa (1950–1958) le Tonakholo (1958–1966), o ile a fumana lebitso la 'Moqapi oa Apartheid' ka lebaka la karolo e kholo eo a e bapalileng ho theheng melao ena. [[File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mopremiri wa Aforika Borwa. Ngaka H. Verwoerd, ]] Baeta-pele ba HNP ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore Afrika Boroa e ne e sa entsoe ka sechaba se le seng, empa e entsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè tse fapaneng tsa merabe: makhooa, batho ba batšo, batho ba mebala (Coloureds) le Maindia. Lihlopha tsena li ile tsa aroloa likarolong tse 13 tsa lichaba kapa mekhatlo ea merabe. Sehlopha sa makhooa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba buang Senyesemane le Afrikaans; ha batho ba batšo bona ba ne ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse leshome tse joalo. 'Muso o ile oa theha melao e ileng ea bula tsela bakeng sa "apartheid e kholo" (grand apartheid), e neng e shebana le ho arola merabe ka tekanyo e kholo, ka ho qobella batho ho lula libakeng tse arohaneng ho latela morabe. Leano lena le ile la nkoa karolong e 'ngoe ho tsoa tsamaisong ea puso ea Borithane e neng e setse, e neng e arola lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe ka mor'a hore ba nke taolo ea linaha tsa Maboer (Boer republics) ntoeng ea Anglo-Boer. Sena se ile sa baka ho theoa ha "mabaka" (townships) kapa libaka tse khethehileng tsa batho ba batšo feela, moo batho ba batšo ba neng ba fallisetsoa metseng ea bona. Joaloka Letona la Litaba tsa Matsoalloa pusong ea HNP ho tloha ka 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng melao ena, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore a bitsoe 'Moqapi oa Apartheid'. Melao e 'meli ea pele ea apartheid e kholo e ne e le Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi (Population Registration Act) oa 1950, le Molao oa Libaka tsa Lihlopha (Group Areas Act) oa 1950; melao ena e ile ea arola libaka tsa litoropo ho ba "libaka tsa lihlopha" moo beng ba thepa le bolulo li neng li lekanyelitsoe ho lihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi.Tlas'a Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi, mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka merabe o ile oa hlophisoa ka molao 'me oa hloka hore motho e mong le e mong ea fetang lilemo tse 18 a be le karete ea boitsebiso e bontšang sehlopha sa hae sa morabe. Ho ile ha theooa lihlopha kapa makgotla a semmuso ho etsa qeto mabapi le batho bao morabe oa bona o neng o sa hlaka. Sena se ile sa baka mathata, haholo-holo ho batho ba 'Coloured', ka ho arohanya malapa ha litho tsa ona li ne li abeloa merabe e fapaneng.Ho fihlela ka nako eo, libaka tse ngata tsa bolulo li ne li e-na le batho ba merabe e fapaneng ba phelang hammoho. Molao ona o ile oa felisa libaka tse kopanyang merabe 'me oa laola hore na motho o lula hokae ho latela morabe oa hae. Morabe ka mong o ile oa abeloa sebaka sa oona, e leng se ileng sa sebelisoa hamorao e le motheo oa ho falla ka qobello. Molao oa Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act oa 1951 o ile oa lumella 'muso ho heletsa metsana ea matlo a manyane a sa hlophisehang a batho ba batšo, le ho qobella bahiri ba basoeu ho lefella kaho ea matlo bakeng sa basebetsi ba batšo ba neng ba lumelletsoe ho lula litoropong tse neng li reretsoe basoeu feela. Molao oa Native Laws Amendment Act oa 1952 o ile oa tiisa le ho laola melao ea lipasa bohareng, e le hore batho ba batšo ba se ke ba lula libakeng tsa litoropo nako e fetang lihora tse 72 ntle le tumello. Molao oa Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act oa 1949 o ile a thibela lenyalo pakeng tsa batho ba merabe e fapaneng, 'me Molao oa Immorality Act oa 1950 oa ​​etsa hore likamano tsa thobalano pakeng tsa basoeu le batho ba merabe e meng e be tlolo ea molao. Tlas'a Molao oa Reservation of Separate Amenities Act oa 1953, dibaka tsa sechaba li ne li ka beheloa morabe o itseng ka thoko, e leng se ileng sa baka, har'a lintho tse ling, ho ba le mabopo a leoatle, libese, lipetlele, likolo le liyunivesithi tse arohaneng. Matšoao a kang "bakeng sa basoeu feela" a ne a sebelisoa libakeng tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa le litulo tsa lipakeng tsa boikhathollo. Batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ne ba fuwa ditshebeletso tse tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le tsa basoeu, hammoho le tsa batho ba Maindia le ba Coloured (batho ba mebala e tsoakiloeng), le hoja phapang e ne e se kholo hakaalo ho ba sehlopha sa ho qetela. Melao e meng e ne e ikemiselitse ho hatella khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), haholo-holo khanyetso e sebelisang lihlomo. Molao oa Suppression of Communism Act oa 1950 o ile oa thibela Mokha oa Bokomonisi oa Afrika Boroa (Communist Party of South Africa) le mokha ofe kapa ofe o latelang likhopolo tsa Bokomonisi. Molao ona o ile oa hlalosa Bokomonisi le lipheo tsa bona ka tsela e pharaletseng hoo mang kapa mang ea neng a hanyetsa maano a 'muso a neng a ka nkoa e le Mokomonisi. Kaha molao o ne o bolela ka ho hlaka hore Bokomonisi bo ikemiselitse ho senya kutloano pakeng tsa merabe, o ne o sebelisoa khafetsa ho thibela khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe. Likopano tse sa laoleheng li ile tsa thibeloa, hammoho le mekhatlo e meng e neng e nkoa e le tšokelo ho 'muso. Hape o ile oa fa Lefapha la Toka matla a ho fana ka litaelo tsa thibelo.[80] == Mehlodi == 5i7dtd1o5rtdeb7tvyahthpm3yy8hym 41048 41043 2026-09-04T08:54:09Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke lokisa leqephe 41048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apartheid''' e ne e le tsamaiso ya kgethollo ya merabe e hlophisitsweng e neng e le teng [[Afrika Borwa]] le Afrika Borwa Bophirimela (eo hona jwale [[Namibia|e leng Namibia]] ) ho tloha ka 1948 ho isa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990. E ne e tsebahala ka moetlo wa dipolotiki wa bolaodi o itshetlehileng hodima ''baasskap'' ( 'boss-ship' kapa 'boss-hood'), e neng e netefatsa hore Aforika Borwa e buswa dipolotiking, kahisano, le moruo ke palo e fokolang ya batho ba basweu ba naha .<ref>Mayne, Alan (1999). ''From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.&#x20;52. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></ref> Tlasa tsamaiso ena e fokolang, baahi ba makgowa ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ba latelwa ke Maindia, [[Coloureds|Mabala]] le Maafrika a matsho, ka tatellano eo. Lefa la moruo le diphello tsa setjhaba tsa apartheid di ntse di tswela pele ho fihlela kajeno, haholo-holo ho se lekane . Ka kakaretso, kgethollo ya morabe e ne e hlaloswa ka kgethollo [[File:Travelling_Light_76_F.jpg|thumb|Ho tsamaya ka thoto e nyane]] ya morabe e nyane, e neng e kenyeletsa karohano ya dibaka tsa setjhaba le diketsahalo tsa kahisano, le kgethollo ya morabe e kgolo, e neng e arola ka thata matlo le menyetla ya mesebetsi ka morabe.[9] Molao wa pele wa kgethollo ya morabe e ne e le Molao wa Thibelo ya Manyalo a Kopantsweng, wa 1949, o latelwang haufi ke Molao wa Tokiso ya Boitshwaro bo Bobe wa 1950, o neng o etsa hore ho be kgahlanong le molao hore baahi ba bangata ba Afrika Borwa ba nyalane kapa ba tswele pele ka dikamano tsa thobalano ho pholletsa le mela ya morabe. Molao wa Ngodiso ya Baahi, wa 1950 o ile wa arola Maafrika Borwa ohle ka hara e nngwe ya dihlopha tse nne tsa morabe ho latela ponahalo, leloko le tsejwang, boemo ba moruo le setso sa bophelo: "Batsho", "Basweu", "Ba Mmala", le "Maindia", tse pedi tsa ho qetela di ne di kenyeletsa dihlopha tse mmalwa tse nyane. Dibaka tsa bodulo di ne di kgethwa ka karohano ya morabe. Pakeng tsa 1960 le 1983, Maafrika a batho ba batsho a dimilione tse 3.5 a ile a tloswa malapeng a bona mme a qobellwa ho ya dibakeng tse arohaneng ka lebaka la molao wa kgethollo ya morabe, ho tse ding tsa dikoduwa tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa historing ya sejwalejwale. Bongata ba ho fallisoa hona ho reretsoeng ho ne ho reretsoe ho thibela baahi ba batšo ho ba leshome ba khethiloeng e le "mahae a meloko", a tsejoang hape e le bathostan, ao a mane a 'ona a ileng a fetoha linaha tse ikemetseng ka lebitso.Mmuso o phatlalalitse hore batho ba falliselitsoeng ba tla lahleheloa ke boahi ba bona ba Afrika Boroa ha ba ntse ba kenella ho bathostan. Kgethollo e bakile kganyetso e kgolo ya matjhabeng le ea lehae, e ileng ya fella ka tse ding tsa mekgatlo ya setjhaba ya lefatshe e nang le tshusumetso e kgolo ya lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. E ne e le sepheo sa ho nyatsuwa kgafetsa Matjhaba a Kopaneng mme ya tlisa dikotlo tse ngata tsa matjhaba, ho kenyeletsoa dithibelo tsa dibetsa le likotlo tsa moruo ho Afrika Borwa Nakong ya bo-1970 le bo-1980, khanyetso ya ka hare kgahlanong le khethollo ea morabe e ile ya eketseha ka mabifi, ea baka litlhaselo tse sehloho ke mmuso o etelletseng pele ke National Party le pefo e telele ya dihlopha tse ileng tsa siea ba dikete ba shwele kapa ba le ditlamong.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/31/nelson-mandela-de-klerk-apartheid</ref> Komishene ya Nnete le Poelano e fumane hore ho bile le batho ba 21,000 ba shoeleng ka lebaka la diketso tsa pefo tse amanang le lipolotiki; ho ile ha e-ba le batho ba 7,000 ba shweleng pakeng tsa 1948 le 1989, ha batho ba 14,000 ba ile ba shwa mme ba 22,000 ba tswa dikotsi nakong ya phetoho pakeng tsa 1990 le 1994. Ho ile ha nkuwa mehato e meng ya ho fetola tsamaiso ya kgethollo ea morabe (apartheid), ho kenyeletswa le ho lumella batho ba tsoang [[India]] le ba mebala e fapaneng (Coloureds) ho ba le baemedi ba dipolotiki palamenteng, empa mehato ena e ile ya hloleha ho kgotsofatsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa baitseki.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/newsid_2524000/2524997.stm</ref> Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1987 le 1993, National Party e ile ea kena lipuisanong tse tobileng le African National Congress (ANC)—mokgatlo o ka sehloohong oa lipolotiki o neng o lwantsha khethollo ea morabe (apartheid)—ka sepheo sa ho felisa kgethollo le ho theha puso ea bongata ba batho. Ka 1990, batho ba hlaheletseng ba ANC, ba kang Nelson Mandela, ba ile ba lokollwa tjhankaneng. Melao ea khethollo ya morabe e ile ya hlakolwa ka la 17 Phuptjane 1991, e leng se ileng sa lebisa likhethong tse kenelletsweng ke batho ba merabe eohle ka Mmesa 1994. Ho tloha ha khethollo ea morabe e fela, likhetho li bile pepeneneng ebile li na le tlholisano, 'me bophelo ba Maafrika Boroa bo ntlafetse likarolong tse ngata.Dintho tse ileng tsa etella pele == Dingodilweng tse ka sehloohong: Nalane ya Afrika Boroa (1815–1910) le Nalane ya Afrika Borwa (1910–1948) == Apartheid ke lentsoe la Seafrikaans le bolelang "ho arohana", kapa "boemo ba ho ba thoko", ka mantswe a mang "ho ba thoko" (ho tswa ho sehlongwapele sa Seafrikaans se reng *-heid*).Lekgetlo la pele le ngotsoeng la tshebeliso ea lona e bile ka 1929. [[File:Cape-coloured-children.jpg|thumb|Bana ba bakgothu]] Khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batsho Afrika Boroa e qalile qalong ya bokolone bo boholo ba Europe Afrika Boroa, ha khamphani ya Dutch East India ya dikepe e theha setsi sa kgwebo [[Qhoboshenaneg ya Good Hope]] ka selemo ssa 1652, e leng se ileng sa hola hamorao sa fetoha Kolone ya Dutch Cape. Khamphani e ile ya qala Dintwa tsa Khoikhoi le Madathhe (Dutch), moo e ileng ya leleka batho ba moo ba Khoikhoi le [[Bakgothu]], ya ba nkela sebaka ka mapolasi a neng a sebetswa ke baphaphathehi ba Basweu, mme ya tlisa makgoba a batho ba tswang dikarolong tse fapaneng tsa mmuso wa Madatjhe. Mehleng ea bokgoba, makgoba a ne a hloka mangolo a tumello (dipasa) ho tsamaya hole le beng ba ona. Ka selemo sa 1797, *Landdrost* le *Heemraden*—diofisiri tsa lehae tsa Swellendam le Graaff-Reinet—di ile tsa atolosa melao ya dipasa ho feta makgoba feela, mme tsa laela hore batho bohle ba Khoikhoi (ba neng ba bitswa *Hottentots*) ba tsamayang naheng ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ba tlameha ho ba le dipasa. Sena se ile sa tiisoa ke mmuso wa bokolone wa Brithani ka 1809 ka Phatlalatso ya Bakgothu kapa Hottentot, e neng e laela hore haeba motho oa Khoikhoi a batla ho tsamaea, o hloka pasa e tsoang ho monga hae kapa ho ofisiri ea lehae. Molao wa 49 wa selemo sa 1828 o ile wa laela hore batho ba Batsho ba batlang ho kena naheng ba fuoe lipasa bakeng sa morero o le mong feela oa ho batla mosebetsi. Dipasa tsena di ne di fanwa ho batho ba Mmala (Coloureds) le ba Khoikhoi empa e seng ho batho ba bang ba Afrika, leha ho le jwalo le bona ba ne ba qobelloa ho ba le dipasa. [[File:Annual_per_capita_personal_income_by_race_group_in_South_Africa_relative_to_white_levels.svg|thumb|Lekeno le sa leka-lekaneng ka nako ya kgethollo ya mmala]] Nakong ya Dintoa tsa Phetoho ya France le tsa Napoleon, Mmuso wa Brithani o ile oa hapa le ho nka taolo ya Kolone ea Cape ya Madatjhe (Dutch Cape Colony). Tlasa Tumellano ea ho inehela ya Cape ya 1806, babusi ba bacha ba Brithani ba ne ba tlamehile ho hlompha melao e neng e entsoe pele tlas'a molao oa Roma-Dutch,mme sena se ile sa lebisa karohanong ya molao wa Afrika Borwa ho tloha ho Molao o Tlwaelehileng oa Engelane (English Common Law) hammoho le boipuso bo boholo ba ho etsa melao. Babusi le makhotla a neng a laola ts'ebetso ea molao dikoloneng tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Borwa ba ile ba qala tsela e ikemetseng ea ho etsa melao e fapaneng le ya dikarolo tse ding tsa Mmuso oa Brithani. Molao oa United Kingdom wa ho Felisa Bokgabane (Slavery Abolition Act) oa 1833 o ile oa theha mokhoa oa ho felisa bokgabane butle-butle likarolong tse ngata tsa Mmuso wa Brithani. Khoebo ea makgoba e ile ya etswa e seng molaong ho pholletsa le Mmuso wa Brithani ka 1837, 'me Nigeria le Bahrain e ne e le dibaka tsa ho qetela tsa Brithani ho fedisa bokgabane.<ref>Northrup, David (September 2007). "A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth". ''African Studies Review''. '''50''' (2): 228–229. doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0116. ISSN&#x20;0002-0206.</ref> Molao ona o ile oa hlola Tumellano ya ho inehela ya Cape. E le ho latela molao ona, melao ya Afrika Borwa e ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa Molaoana wa 1 (Ordinance 1) ka 1835, o ileng oa fetola boemo ba makhoba ho ba basebetsi ba tlamiloeng ka konteraka (indentured labourers). Sena se ile sa lateloa ke Molaoana oa 3 (Ordinance 3) ka 1848, o ileng wa hlahisa tsamaiso ea konteraka bakeng sa batho ba Xhosa e neng e sa fapana haholo le bokhabane. Dikolone tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Borwa di ile tsa fetisa melao ho pholletsa le karolo e setseng ea lekholo la bo-19 la dilemo ho fokotsa tokoloho ea basebetsi ba se nang litsebo tse khethehileng, ho eketsa lithibelo ho basebetsi ba tlamilweng ka konteraka le ho laola dikamano dipakeng tsa merabe. Ho sibolloa ha daemane le khauta Afrika Borwa ho ile ha boela ha eketsa ho se lekane ha merabe lipakeng tsa batho ba Basweu le batho ba Batsho. Litsebi tse ling li phehile khang ea hore khopolo-taba ea Apartheid e ka bonwa ho tumelo ya Afrikaner Calvinism, e nang le meetlo e tshwanang ea kgethollo ea morabe; mohlala, ha e sa le ka 1933, lekgotla la batsamaisi la Broederbond le ile la etsa tlhahiso ea karohano e kgolo ea merabe.<ref>Dubow, Saul, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race{{'"}}, The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211)</ref>Sebakeng sa Cape Colony, se neng se e-na le molaotheo o bulehileng le o akarelletsang merabe e fapaneng hammoho le tsamaiso ea ho vouta e neng e lumella banna ba merabe eohle (ho latela maemo a itseng a thepa), Molao wa ''Franchise and Ballot Act''* oa 1892 o ile oa phahamisa maemo a hlokahalang a thepa bakeng sa ho vouta mme wa eketsa tlhoko ea thuto; sena se ile sa amoha palo e kgolo ya bakgethi bao e seng Makgowa tokelo ya ho vouta, 'me Molao oa *Glen Grey Act* ya selemo sa 1894, o ileng oa hlahisoa ke mmuso wa Tonakholo Cecil Rhodes, o ile oa fokotsa sebaka sa mobu oo batho ba Batsho ba neng ba ka ba le oona. Ka mokgowa o tshwanang, Natal, bili ya *Natal Legislative Assembly Bill* ea 1894 e ile ea amoha MaIndia tokelo ea ho vouta. Ka 1896, Rephabliki ea Afrika Borwa (South African Republic) e ile ea hlahisa melao e 'meli e amanang le lipasa, e neng e hloka hore batho ba Batsho ba nke letshwao (kapa pase). Ke ba neng ba hiriloe ke mong'a bona feela ba neng ba dumellwa ho dula sebakeng sa Rand, mme ba neng ba kena sebakeng se khethiloeng bakeng sa mesebetsi ("labour district") ba ne ba hloka pase e kgethehileng. Nakong ea Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Mburu, Mmuso wa Brithani o ile oa sebelisa taba ya tlhekefetso ya morabe khahlanong le batho ba Batšo e le lebaka la ntoa ea oona khahlanong le direphabliki tsa MaBoer. Leha ho le joalo, lipuisano tsa kgotso bakeng sa Tumellano ya Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) li ile tsa hloka hore ho be le "boemo bo phahameng ba morabe oa Makhooa" Afrika Borwa e le tlhoko ea mantlha bakeng sa hore lirephabliki tsa MaBoer li kopane le 'Muso oa Brithani. Ka 1905, Molao oa *General Pass Regulations Act* o ile oa hana ho fa batho ba Batšo tokelo ea ho vouta 'me oa ba thibela ho lula libakeng tse itseng feela,[40] 'me ka 1906, Molao oa *Asiatic Registration Act* oa Transvaal Colony o ile oa hloka hore Maindia 'ohle a ingolise le ho nka lipasa. Ho tloha ka 1906, Khomishene ea Litaba tsa Matsoalloa a Afrika Boroa (South African Native Affairs Commission), tlas'a boetapele ba Godfrey Lagden, e ile ea qala ho kenya tšebetsong leano le hlakileng haholoanyane la khethollo ea morabe khahlanong le batho bao e seng Makgowa. Molao oa morao-rao o ile oa hlakoloa ke mmuso ya Brithani empa oa boela oa hlomamisoa ka 1908. Ka 1910, ho ile ha theoa Union of South Africa e le sebaka se ipusang tlas'a puso ea Brithani, 'me sa tsoela pele ka lenaneo la ho etsa melao: Molao oa South Africa (1910) o ile oa fa batho ba basoeu tokelo ea ho vouta le taolo e felletseng ea lipolotiki holim'a lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa merabe, ha o ntse o hlakola tokelo ea batho ba batšo ea ho ba litho tsa paramente;[43] Molao oa Native Land Act (1913) o ile oa thibela batho ba batšo—ntle le ba neng ba lula profinseng ea Cape—ho reka mobu ka ntle ho libaka tse khethiloeng bakeng sa bona ("reserves"); bili ya Natives in Urban Areas (1918) e ne e reretsoe ho qobella batho ba batšo ho lula libakeng tse khethiloeng (li-"location"); Molao oa Urban Areas Act (1923) o ile oa hlahisa khethollo ea bolulo le ho fana ka basebetsi ba theko e tlase bakeng sa liindasteri tse neng li laoloa ke batho ba basoeu; Molao oa Colour Bar Act (1926) o ile oa thibela basebetsi ba batšo ba merafong ho etsa mesebetsi e hlokang tsebo e khethehileng kapa boitseanape; Molao oa Native Administration Act (1927) o ile oa etsa hore 'Musisi oa Brithani (British Crown), eseng marena a maholo a setso, e be eena ea okametseng litaba tsohle tsa batho ba batšo; Molao oa Native Land and Trust Act (1936) o ile oa tlatselletsa Molao oa Native Land Act oa 1913, 'me selemong sona seo, Molao oa Representation of Natives Act o ile oa tlosa batho ba batšo lenaneng la batho ba nang le tokelo ea ho vouta profinseng ea Cape, oa ba lumella feela ho khetha batho ba bararo ba basoeu ho ba emela Paramenteng. Mmuso wa United Party wa Jan Smuts o ile wa qala ho tlohela tshebediso e tiileng ya melao ya kgethollo nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, empa wa tobana le kganyetso e neng e hola ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba buang Se-Afrikaans (Afrikaners) ba neng ba batla kgethollo e matla le ho feta. Kamora ntoa, e nngwe ya melao ya pele ya kgethollo e ileng ya fetiswa ke mmuso wa Smuts e ne e le Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), e neng e thibela ho rekisetswa ha Ma-India le batho ba tswang India ba dulang Afrika Borwa mobu. Selemong sona seo, mmuso o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Fagan. Har'a matshwenyeho a hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho ka lebisa ho kopaneng ha setso le boitsebiso ba merabe (racial assimilation), mokga o hanyetsang wa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) o ile wa theha Khomishene ya Sauer ho hlahloba ditlamorao tsa maano a United Party. Khomishene e ile ya fihlela qeto ya hore ho kopanngwa ha merabe ho tla baka "ho lahlehelwa ke boitsebiso ba setso" (loss of personality) ho dihlopha tsohle tsa merabe. HNP e ile ya kenyelletsa diphuputso tsa khomishene lenaneong la yona la letsholo la dikgetho tsa naha tsa Afrika Borwa tsa 1948, tseo e ileng ya di hapa.[ho hlokeha mohlodi] == Ho thehwa le ntshetsopele == Apartheid e ile ya hlaha ka lebaka la kgethollo ya merabe e neng e susumetswa ke mekgatlo ya bokolone le ka lebaka la "tshebetso e ikgethang ya indasteri" ya Afrika Borwa.[51] Maano a indasteri a ile a lebisa kgethollong le karohanong ya batho ka mekhahlelo, e leng ntho e neng e "qapilwe ka ho kgetheha ho tshehetsa diindasteri tsa pele tse kang tsa merafo". Basebetsi ba lefang tlase e ne e le motheo wa moruo, mme basebetsi bana ba ne ba nkuwa ho tswa ho dihlopha tseo mmuso o neng o di bitsa batho ba phelang ka temo e nyane (peasant groups) le bafalli.Boholo ba yona, kgopolo ya dipolotiki ya apartheid e ile ya hlaha bokoloneng ba Afrika ke mebuso ya Yuropa, e ileng ya theha mokgwa wa semmuso wa kgethollo ya merabe le ho sebedisa filosofi ya ho nka batho ba matsoalloa e le ba tlase ba hlokang ho "ruta mekgwa ya setso sa sejoale-joale". == Likhetho tsa 1948 == Afrika Borwa e ne e lumelletse meetlo ea sechaba le melao ho laola litaba tse amanang le merabe e fapaneng hammoho le kabo ea menyetla ea moruo, boemo ba sechaba le lipolotiki ho latela morabe. Ka selemo sa 1948, mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea batho ba batšo le baetapele ba kang Alfred Xuma, James Mpanza, African National Congress, le Council of Non-European Trade Unions ba ile ba qala ho batla litokelo tsa lipolotiki, phetoho ea kabo ea mobu, le tokelo ea ho theha mekhatlo ea basebetsi. Batho ba basweu ba ile ba arabela hampe liphetohong tsena, e leng se ileng sa lumella mokhatlo oa Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) ho kholisa karolo e kholo ea bakhethi hore ho hloleha ha United Party ho thibela tsoelo-pele ea boemo ba batho bao e seng basweu ho ne ho bontša hore mokhatlo oo o ne o se o laoloa ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a tokoloho a Bophirimela (Western liberals). Smuts, e le motho ea neng a tšehetsa haholo Mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (UN), o ile a lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lapeng ha Afrika Borwa e ne e nyatsuoa ke linaha tse ling tsa UN ka lebaka la khethollo ea morabe le taolo ea eona e tsoelang pele holim'a South West Africa. HNP e ile ea phatlalatsa hore e fana ka leano le lecha ho bakhethi ho netefatsa hore puso ea batho ba basweu ea tsoela pele. Qalong, leano lena le ne le thehiloe khopolong e ngotsoeng ke Hendrik Verwoerd 'me la hlahisoa ho HNP ke Khomishene ea Sauer. Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse behetsoeng batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana feela. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki libakeng tse behetsoeng bona. Mokhatlo o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang.[58]Sepheo sa khomishene e ne e le ho tlosa batho ba batšo ka botlalo libakeng tse neng li abetsoe batho ba basweu, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropong, ntle le basebetsi ba tlang ho sebetsa ka nakoana. Batho ba batšo ba ne ba tla khothaletsoa ho theha mekhatlo ea bona ea lipolotiki naheng e neng e ba abetsoe.Mokha o ile oa reha leano lena lebitso – apartheid. Apartheid e ne e tla ba motheo oa mantlha oa khopolo-taba le ts'ebetso ea lipolotiki tsa Ma-Afrikaner ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse latelang. Dihlopha tse neng di tshehetsa United Party ka tloaelo ha lia ka tsa nka maemo a Dumellanang feela, empa tsa iphumana li sa utloane le ho feta. Ho hana ha Smuts ho nahana ka leano la kantle la Afrika Borwa ha ho ntse ho e-ba le tsitsipano e ntseng e hola ea Ntwa ya Cold War ho ile ha baka ho se khotsofale, ha ba-nationalist ba ne ba tshepisa ho tlosa batho ba tšehetsang bokomonisi mmusong le lits'ebeletsong tsa setjhaba. Mokga o ne o dula o amahanngoa le batho ba ruileng le beng ba likhoebo tse kholo, Mme o hlolehile ho hohela batho ba sebetsang ba neng ba o tshehetsa. HNP e ile ya hapa litereke tse robeli tsa dikgetho dibakeng tsa merafo le indasteri tsa Witwatersrand le tse ling tse hlano Pretoria. Ntle le dibaka tsa mahaeng tsa Natal moo bongata ba bakhethi e neng e le beng ba masimo ba buang Senyesemane, United Party e ile ea hloloa hoo e ka bang seterekeng se seng le se seng sa mahaeng. Tahlehelo ea eona litoropong tsa profinse e nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa naheng, e leng Transvaal, le eona e ile ea ba bohloko haholo. Kaha mokhoa oa ho vouta o ne o sekametse haholo ho tshehetsa ditereke tsa mahaeng le Transvaal haholo-holo, dikgetho tsa selemo sa 1948 di ile tsa bona HNP e etella pele paramenteng ka phapang ya dikgetho tse robeli. Daniel François Malan e ile ea e-ba tonakholo ea pele ya nationalist, a ikemiselitse ho kenya tšebetsong filosofi ea apartheid le ho thibela kganyetso ea ba liberal Ka hare ho HNP ho ne ho e-na le dikarohano mabapi le tshebetsong ya karohano ya morabe e hlophisitsoeng. Sehlopha sa "baasskap" (taolo ea basweu kapa tumelo ea hore basweu ba phahametse ba bang), e leng sona se neng se laola HNP le litsi tsa mmuso, se ne se tshehetsa karohano e hlophisitsoeng, empa hape se ne se tshehetsa ho nka karolo ha batho ba batsho moruong, ka taolo ya basebetsi ba batsho e le hore ho ntlafatsoe melemo ya moruo wa Ma-Afrikaner. Sehlopha sa bobedi e ne e le "ba-purists", ba neng ba dumela ho "karohano e otlolohileng", moo batho ba batsho le basweu ba neng ba tla arolwa ka ho feletseng, ka batho ba batsho ba dulang dibakeng tsa tlhaho, ka dibopeho tse arohaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa moruo, tseo, ba neng ba dumela, di tla baka bohloko bo boholo ba nako e kgutshwane, empa hape di ne di tla lebisa boipusong ba batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa ho basebetsi ba batsho ka nako e telele. Sehlopha sa boraro, se neng se kenyeletsa Hendrik Verwoerd, se ile sa utlwela ba-purists bohloko, empa sa dumella tshebediso ya basebetsi ba batsho, ha se ntse se kenya tshebetsong sepheo sa ba-purist sa karohano e otlolohileng. Verwoerd o ne a tla bitsa leano lena e le leano la "boahelani bo botle" e le mokhoa wa ho lokafatsa karohano e jwalo. == Melao == '''Hendrik Verwoerd''', Letona la Ditaba tsa Matswallwa (1950–1958) le Tonakholo (1958–1966), o ile a fumana lebitso la 'Moqapi oa Apartheid' ka lebaka la karolo e kholo eo a e bapalileng ho theheng melao ena. [[File:Zuid_Afrikaanse_premier_dr._H._Verwoerd,_Bestanddeelnr_911-1297_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Mopremiri wa Aforika Borwa. Ngaka H. Verwoerd, ]] Baeta-pele ba HNP ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore Afrika Boroa e ne e sa entsoe ka sechaba se le seng, empa e entsoe ka lihlopha tse nnè tse fapaneng tsa merabe: makhooa, batho ba batšo, batho ba mebala (Coloureds) le Maindia. Dihlopha tsena li ile tsa aroloa likarolong tse 13 tsa ditjhaba kapa mekgatlo ea merabe. Sehlopha sa makhooa se ne se kenyelletsa batho ba buang Senyesemane le Afrikaans; ha batho ba batsho bona ba ne ba arotsoe ka dihlopha tse leshome tse joalo. Mmuso o ile oa theha melao e ileng ya bula tsela bakeng sa "apartheid e kgolo" (grand apartheid), e neng e shebana le ho arola merabe ka tekanyo e kgolo, ka ho qobella batho ho lula dibakeng tse arohaneng ho latela morabe. Leano lena le ile la nkoa karolong e nngwe ho tswa tsamaisong ya puso ya Borithane e neng e setse, e neng e arola dihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe ka mora hore ba nke taolo ya linaha tsa Maboer (Boer republics) ntweng ya Anglo-Boer. Sena se ile sa baka ho thewa ha "mabaka" (townships) kapa libaka tse khethehileng tsa batho ba batsho feela, moo batho ba batsho ba neng ba fallisetswa metseng ya bona. Jwaloka Letona la Ditaba tsa Matswallwa pusong ya HNP ho tloha ka 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng melao ena, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore a bitswe 'Moqapi oa Apartheid'. Melao e mmeli ya pele ya apartheid e kgolo e ne e le Molao oa Ngoliso ea Baahi (Population Registration Act) wa 1950, le Molao wa Libaka tsa Dihlopha (Group Areas Act) wa selemo sa 1950; melao ena e ile ea arola dibaka tsa ditoropo ho ba "libaka tsa lihlopha" moo beng ba thepa le bolulo di neng di lekanyeditswe ho dihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi.Tlasa Molao wa Ngoliso ya Baahi, mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka merabe o ile oa hlophisoa ka molao mme oa hloka hore motho e mong le e mong ea fetang lilemo tse 18 a be le karete ea boitsebiso e bontšang sehlopha sa hae sa morabe. Ho ile ha theooa lihlopha kapa makgotla a semmuso ho etsa qeto mabapi le batho bao morabe oa bona o neng o sa hlaka. Sena se ile sa baka mathata, haholo-holo ho batho ba 'Coloured', ka ho arohanya malapa ha litho tsa ona li ne li abeloa merabe e fapaneng.Ho fihlela ka nako eo, libaka tse ngata tsa bolulo li ne li e-na le batho ba merabe e fapaneng ba phelang hammoho. Molao ona o ile oa felisa libaka tse kopanyang merabe 'me oa laola hore na motho o lula hokae ho latela morabe oa hae. Morabe ka mong o ile oa abeloa sebaka sa oona, e leng se ileng sa sebelisoa hamorao e le motheo oa ho falla ka qobello. Molao oa Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act oa 1951 o ile oa lumella 'muso ho heletsa metsana ea matlo a manyane a sa hlophisehang a batho ba batšo, le ho qobella bahiri ba basoeu ho lefella kaho ea matlo bakeng sa basebetsi ba batšo ba neng ba lumelletsoe ho lula litoropong tse neng li reretsoe basoeu feela. Molao oa Native Laws Amendment Act oa 1952 o ile oa tiisa le ho laola melao ea lipasa bohareng, e le hore batho ba batšo ba se ke ba lula libakeng tsa litoropo nako e fetang lihora tse 72 ntle le tumello. Molao oa Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act oa 1949 o ile a thibela lenyalo pakeng tsa batho ba merabe e fapaneng, 'me Molao oa Immorality Act oa 1950 oa ​​etsa hore likamano tsa thobalano pakeng tsa basoeu le batho ba merabe e meng e be tlolo ea molao. Tlas'a Molao oa Reservation of Separate Amenities Act oa 1953, dibaka tsa sechaba li ne li ka beheloa morabe o itseng ka thoko, e leng se ileng sa baka, har'a lintho tse ling, ho ba le mabopo a leoatle, libese, lipetlele, likolo le liyunivesithi tse arohaneng. Matšoao a kang "bakeng sa basoeu feela" a ne a sebelisoa libakeng tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa le litulo tsa lipakeng tsa boikhathollo. Batho ba batšo ba Afrika Boroa ba ne ba fuwa ditshebeletso tse tlase haholo ha li bapisoa le tsa basoeu, hammoho le tsa batho ba Maindia le ba Coloured (batho ba mebala e tsoakiloeng), le hoja phapang e ne e se kholo hakaalo ho ba sehlopha sa ho qetela. Melao e meng e ne e ikemiselitse ho hatella khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), haholo-holo khanyetso e sebelisang lihlomo. Molao oa Suppression of Communism Act oa 1950 o ile oa thibela Mokha oa Bokomonisi oa Afrika Boroa (Communist Party of South Africa) le mokha ofe kapa ofe o latelang likhopolo tsa Bokomonisi. Molao ona o ile oa hlalosa Bokomonisi le lipheo tsa bona ka tsela e pharaletseng hoo mang kapa mang ea neng a hanyetsa maano a 'muso a neng a ka nkoa e le Mokomonisi. Kaha molao o ne o bolela ka ho hlaka hore Bokomonisi bo ikemiselitse ho senya kutloano pakeng tsa merabe, o ne o sebelisoa khafetsa ho thibela khanyetso khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe. Likopano tse sa laoleheng li ile tsa thibeloa, hammoho le mekhatlo e meng e neng e nkoa e le tšokelo ho 'muso. Hape o ile oa fa Lefapha la Toka matla a ho fana ka litaelo tsa thibelo.[80] == Mehlodi == hs72b0efadkzup7sog4ihk3jqe5nyh8 0 10870 41028 40730 2026-09-04T01:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Limakatso Patricia Mahasa''' (o hlahetse la 12 Tshitwe 1978) ke radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa ya ileng a sebeletsa e le setho sa lekgotla la tsamaiso (MEC) bakeng sa dipapadi, bonono, setso le boithabiso ho Free State ho tloha ka 2019 ho fihlela 2024. Setho sa [[African National Congress]], o kile a sebeletsa e le MEC bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya moruo, kgwebo e nyane, bohahlaudi le tikoloho ho tloha ka 2018 ho fihlela ka 2019 mme pele ho moo, e le MEC bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya setjhaba ho tloha ka 2016 ho isa ka 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://fsnewsonline.co.za/fs-premier-announces-her-new-cabinet/ |access-date=2026-08-20 |archive-date=2023-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109144354/https://fsnewsonline.co.za/fs-premier-announces-her-new-cabinet/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Bophelo ba pele le thuto == Mahasa o hlahile Maokeng, [[Kroonstad]] profinseng ya Orange Free State ka la 12 Tshitwe 1978.<ref name=":0">http://www.sacr.fs.gov.za/?page_id=3034</ref> O ile a fumana lengolo sekolong se phahameng sa Calculus. Mahasa o ile a tswela pele ho fumana mangolo a Advanced Governance le Public Leadership ho tswa Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ka 2016 le setifikeiti sa bokgoni ba dipolotiki tsa leano ho tswa Univesithing ya Johannesburg ka 2017. Hajwale o ngodisitswe ho Management Advanced Program ho Wits.<ref name=":0" /> == Mehlodi == {{reflist}} 33k0h1dzs47ucrexpl2qq3qtipz5nzm 0 10880 41027 40834 2026-09-04T01:21:46Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lekhotla la Naha la Bonono la Afrika Boroa''' (NAC) ke lekgotla la semmuso la bonono la [[Afrika Borwa|Rephabliki ya Afrika Borwa]]. NAC e thehilwe ka 1997 ka molao wa Palamente wa Afrika Borwa (Molao wa No. 56 wa 1977). NAC ke e nngwe ya mekgatlo e ka sehloohong ya ditjhelete bakeng sa bataki ba Afrika Borwa. Lekgotla le fana ka diphihlelo le tshehetso ya leano ho bataki, mekgatlo ya bonono, mekete le ditsi tsa setso ho pholletsa le Afrika Borwa. E ikemiseditse ho eketsa phihlello ya bonono, ho boloka lefa la setso ka mokgwa wa bonono le ho kenya letsoho moruong wa boqapi ba naha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.nac.org.za/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2025-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803003514/https://www.nac.org.za/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Nalane == Lekhotla la Naha la Bonono le thehilwe ka selemo sa 1997 ka mora hore ho be le Molao wa Lekgotla le Kopaneng la Bonono. Ho thewa ha Lekgotla ho ne ho le karolo wa phetoho ya Afrika Borwa ya kamora kgethollo ya merabe ya bonono le setso, ho nkela ditsamaiso tse arohaneng tsa ditjhelete sebaka ka setheo sa naha se ikemiselitseng ho tshehetsa bokhabane ba bonono le phihlello e lekanang ya ditjhelete. Ho tloha ha e thewa, Lekgotla le tsheheditse merero e dikete e akarelletsang bonono bo bonoang, mmino, motjeko, lebala la diketsahalo,dingodilweng, mesebetsi ya matsoho, bonono bo fapaneng le mekgwa ea bonono ya matsowallwa.<ref>https://nationalgovernment.co.za/units/view/124/national-arts-council-nac</ref> Lekgotla la Naha la Bonono le sebedisitse diranta tse 6 milione ho lwanela ho boloka Tshepo Mashiane a sa sebetse ka dilemo tse pedi tse fetileng.Ka Mmesa selemong sa 2026, Letona la Dipapadi, Bonono le Setso Gayton McKenzie o ile a qhala lekgotla mme a iswa lekgotleng ke ditho. Ka Phupu 2026 Lekgotla le Phahameng la Gauteng le ile la emisa qeto eo ho neng ho laetswe tona ho kgutlisa boto hammoho le ho kwahela ditshenyehelo tsa nyewe.<ref>https://mg.co.za/friday/2026-07-31-high-court-reinstates-national-arts-council-suspends-mckenzie-s-dissolution/</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-07-31-court-reinstates-national-arts-council-dissolved-by-mckenzie/</ref> == Ditlhaloso == f512schcjy72a58ws4vwv3vjpl2e0zh 0 10883 41029 40873 2026-09-04T02:27:07Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Seshweshwe'''<ref>https://www.oed.com/dictionary/seshweshwe_n?tl=true&tab=pronunciation</ref> (e tsejwang hape e le Seshoeshoe)<ref>https://www.news24.com/w24/style/fashion/style/all-hail-shweshwe-the-history-and-rebirth-of-an-iconic-fabric-20180218</ref> ke lesela la khothone le nang le mebala le meralo e hatisitsweng, le sebediswang haholo bakeng sa diaparo tsa setso tsa Basotho ba Borwa ba Afrika.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/arts/television/07kats.html</ref><ref>http://www.thepost.co.za/stylish-isishweshwe-check-1.1064242#.UuKQ2NL8Ls0</ref>Le hoja qalong le ne le entswe ka mmala wa indigo, hajwale le hlahiswa ka mebala le meralo e fapaneng e kgethollwang ka dipaterone tse rarahaneng tsa dibopeho tsa jeometri.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq3aUBCahPYC</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2014-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120212524/http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ka lebaka la ho tuma ha lona, ​​shweshwe e bile ya bapiswa le lesela la denim,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2014-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120212524/http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/land-and-people/3556-shweshwe-the-denim-of-south-africa |dead-url=yes }}</ref> kapa tartan ya [[Afrika Borwa]].<ref>http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0</ref> == Disebediswa == Shweshwe e sebediswa ka tlwaelo ho etsa mese, diaparo, dikgaretene le ho phuthela diaparo. Diaparo tsa Shweshwe di apere ka tlwaelo ke basadi ba batjha ba nyalaneng ba Xhosa, ba tsejwang e le ''makoti'', le basadi ba nyalanang ba [[Basotho|Sesotho]].<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bH1cVBzspaUC</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2013-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217101058/http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/material-women-the-shweshwe-story</ref> Basadi ba Xhosa ba boetse ba kentse lesela lena diphahlo tsa bona tsa setso tsa ditlelafo tse mebala e metle.<ref>http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2014-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121075609/http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Bryant">{{Cite journal|pages=21–22}}</ref> Ntle le diaparo tsa setso, shweshwe e sebediswa molemong wa feshene ya sejwale-jwale ya Afrika Borwa bakeng sa basadi le banna ba merabe yohle,<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq3aUBCahPYC</ref><ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</ref><ref>http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/the-isishweshwe-story-material-women</ref> hammoho le ho etsa disebediswa le ho kgabisa.<ref>http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/isishweshwe-cut-from-a-different-cloth-1.1493251#.Ut-5AdL8Ls0</ref> E boetse e sebediswa [[United States]] e le lesela la quilting.<ref>http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0</ref> == Tlhahiso == [[File:Brown_shweshwe.jpg|thumb|Shweshwe e sootho ya tjhokolete]] Shweshwe e etswa ka mokgwa wa ho lahla asiti le ho hatisa roller ka calico e hloekileng ya khothone.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq3aUBCahPYC</ref><ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</ref>E hatiswa ka bophara ba disenthimithara tse 90, ka mekgwa e mengata le dipalo tsa diaparo tse bopehileng jwaloka A tse hatisitsweng ka lehlakoreng le leng. &nbsp;Lesela le entswe ka mebala e fapaneng ho kenyeletswa le Indigo ya mantlha, tjhokolete e sootho le e kgubedu, ka mefuta e mengata ya meralo ho kenyeletsa dipalesa, mela, le ditaemane, mekato le mekato ya geometric e chitja.<ref>http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/style/fashion/a-stylish-ode-to-mama-afrika-1.1145657#.Ut6SjdL8Ls0</ref><ref>http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</ref>Meralo e rarahaneng e entswe ka ditshwantsho, mokgwa wa kgatiso ya masela o sebediswang ke bahlahisi ba masela ba sejwale-jwale ka lebaka la ho rarahana le diitshenyehelo tsa ona, leha ditlamorao tsa moralo di pheta-phetoditswe ka mekgwa ya sejwale-jwale ya kgatiso ya maqephe.<ref name="deVillemarette">{{Cite journal}}</ref> E ne e kile ya tliswa Afrika Borwa ho tswa Europe, lesela le nang le letshwao le rekiswang le ne le entswe ke Da Gama Textiles toropong ya Zwelitsha kantle ho King William's Town e Kapa Botjhabela ho tloha ka 1982.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes</ref><ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bH1cVBzspaUC</ref><ref>http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</ref>Ka 1992, Da Gama Textiles o ile a reka ditokelo tse ikgethileng tsa Three Cats, lebitso le tummeng ka ho fetisisa la lesela le entsweng ke Spruce Manufacturing Co. Ltd e Manchester, mme di-roller tsa koporo tse betlilweng tsa mantlha di ile tsa romellwa Afrika Borwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2014-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121075609/http://www.ccdi.org.za/media-room/newsletter/june-2012-ccdi-newsletter-files/history.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>http://www.dagama.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102&Itemid=164</ref>Da Gama Textiles e entse shweshwe ho tloha khhothone e tswang Zimbabwe mme e hola sebakeng sa yona Eastern Cape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2013-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217101058/http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/newbusiness/shweshwe.htm#.UuCn89L8Ls0</ref> Indasteri ya masela ya lehae, ho kenyeletswa tlhahiso ya shweshwe ke Da Gama Textiles, e soketswe ke tlhodisano e tswang ho ditshwantshiso tse theko e tlase tsa boleng bo tlase tse entsweng sebakeng sa heno le tse tswang [[Xhina|China]] le Pakistan.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</ref><ref>http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-date=2013-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217101058/http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/textile-sector-threat-to-fabric-of-society/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/fabric-firm-wins-with-a-focus-on-local-flair-1.1212960#.Ut4Wu9L8Ls0</ref>Sehlahiswa sa nnete se ka tsejwa ka maikutlo, monko, tatso, modumo, mmala o tiileng ho tswa ho ho taka le matshwao a kgwebo ka lehlakoreng le ka morao la lesela, bophara ba lesela bo nyane ho feta karolelano ya 90 cm le ho thatafala ha lesela le letjha ho tswa ho starching ya setso e hlatswang.&nbsp;Ho tloha ka Pudungwana 2013, tlhahiso ya shweshwe ke Da Gama Textiles e ne e fokotsehile ho dimithara tse dimilione tse hlano ka selemo. <ref name="Davie" /> == Setso se tlwaelehileng == * Jill Scott, ya ileng a bapala sebapadi se seholo Mma Precious Ramotswe letotong la The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency TV, o ne a apere diaparo tse entsweng ka shweshwe bakeng sa tlhahiso. == Bona hape == * Mefuta e meAfrikadi-wax tsa Afrika == Lebitso == [[File:2008-02-09_Xhosa_women.jpg|thumb|Basadi ba Xhosa ba apereng diaparo tsa setso ba apere di-shweshwe tsa Indigo]] [[File:Xhosa_traditionally_dressed_women.jpg|thumb|Mosadi wa Moxhosa ya apereng seaparo sa hlooho se entsweng ka seshoeshoe ya Indigo (ka ho le letona) ]] Lebitso la sebaka seo seshoeshoe le tswa kamanong ya lesela le Morena [[Moshoeshoe I]]<ref name=":0">http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-19-london-shows-material-interest-in-africas-old-clothes</ref><ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-22-00-the-fabric-of-society-needs-underpinning</ref>wa [[Lesotho]], [[Moshoeshoe I]] e ile ya fuwa masela ke baromuwa ba mafora ka bo-1840 mme ya tsebahala hamorao.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bH1cVBzspaUC</ref><ref>http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/lifestyle/fashion/swish-shweshwe-1.1591302#.Ut0zpdL8Ls0</ref> E boetse e tsejwa e le ''sejeremane'' kapa ''seshoeshoe'' ka [[Sesotho]] hammoho le ''terantala'' (e nkilweng ho tarentaal ya Se-afrikanse), le ''ujamani'' ka [[Seqhosa|Sexhosa]], kamora bajaki ba Majeremane le ba Switzerland ba lekgolong la bo19 la dilemo ba ileng ba tlisa lesela la ''blaudruck'' ("lengolo le leputswa") bakeng sa diaparo tsa bona mme ba thusa ho le tiisa setsong sa Afrika Borwa le Basotho.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Mehlodi == 4m4p62tfieysnqotq9wmhapgmlfy8my 0 10904 41026 40947 2026-09-04T00:45:57Z InternetArchiveBot 8513 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Freedom Park''' ke serapa se sebakeng sa Salvokop, Pretoria. E kenyelletsa sehopotso se nang le lethathamo la mabitso a batho ba bolailweng Ntweng ya Afrika Borwa, Ntwa ya Pele ya Lefatshe, Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe hammoho le nakong ya kgethollo ya merabe.<ref name="Freedompark">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.freedompark.co.za/ |access-date=2026-09-03 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231449/https://freedompark.co.za/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[File:Isivivani.jpg|thumb|Isivivane - Serapa sa Tokoloho. Pretoria, Afrika Borwa]] [[File:Memorial_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb|Sehopotso - Serapa sa Tokoloho]] [[File:Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb|Amphitheatre - Freedom Park]] [[File:Llama_Eterna_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb|Mollo o sa Feleng - Serapa sa Tokoloho]] Ka Hlakubele selemong sa 2009, ho ile ha sisinngwa hore bahale ba hlokahetseng ba ntwa ya tokoloho ba kenyeletswe sehopotsong. Ba bang ba baetapele ba naha ba kgethiloeng ba kenyelletsa Steve Biko, [[Oliver Tambo]], Helen Joseph, [[Chris Hani]], <ref>https://www.beautifulnews.com/spirit-freedom-resounds-through-walls-architectural-wonder</ref>Albert Lutuli le Bram Fischer. Baetapele ba matjhaba le ba kontinenteng le bona ba ne ba kenyeleditsoe lethathamong la ba nahaneloang ka lebaka la karolo eo ba e bapetseng tokolohong ya Afrika Borwa kapa tokolohong ya batho ba hatelletsweng ka kakaretso. Baetapele ba kontinenteng ba boletsweng ba kenyelletsa Mopresidente wa naha ya Mozambique, Samora Machel, le Amílcar Cabral. Hara bahale ba matjhaba ho na le Che Guevara, e leng mohlabani wa phetoho ya ileng a lwana a e-na le Mopresidente oa mehleng wa Cuba, [[Fidel Castro]], hammoho le Toussaint Louverture, ya ileng a lwana nakong ya ntwa ya boipuso ya Haiti. == Kaho == Kaho ya serapa sena e etsahetse ka mekgahlelo e fapaneng mme e ile ya sebetswa ke Stefanutti Stocks, WBHO, Trencon, Concor le ba bang. <ref>http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/stefanuttis-work-on-freedom-park-nears-completion-2009-08-13</ref> Morero ona o ne o okametswe ka botlalo ke Mongane Wally Serote. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181003051320/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp%3Frelid%3D1354</ref> == Bona hape ==   == Ditlhaloso == ni7eil2mz4vv0g8sawzkt9pnfqtfc0s 0 10912 40963 2026-09-03T12:02:29Z SANKOMOTA 11165 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365740642|Swartkrans]]" 40963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swartkrans''' kapa '''Swartkranz''' ke lehaha le nang le mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale le kgethilweng e le sebaka sa bohlokwa ba naha sa Afrika Borwa, se ka bang 32 dikhilomithara (20) mi) ho tloha Johannesburg . E fumaneha sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind mme e tsebahala ka ho ba le dintho tse ngata tsa kgale, haholo-holo mesaletsa ya hominin . Masalla a fumanweng lejweng la mokoetla la Swartkrans a kenyelletsa ''Homo ergaster'' (mofuta o mong wa ''Homo erectus'' ), ''Paranthropus'' le ''Homo habilis'' . Ho dumelwa hore di-depositi tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse teng sebakeng seo di pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.9 le 2.1. Setsebi sa paleonto se tsebahalang Robert Broom o ne a atisa ho tjheka. O ile a latelwa ke CK 'Bob' Brain, eo dintho tseo a li epolotseng sebakeng seo di ileng tsa susumetsa buka ya hae ya ''The Hunters or the Hunted?'' moo a ileng a bontsha hore ho ena le ho ba ditshwene tse bolayang tse nyoretsweng madi, mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominin tse fumanweng sebakeng seo e ne e le liphofu tsa ho jewa ke dikatse tse kgolo . Qalong, ho ne ho dumelwa hore ''Dinofelis'' e ikarabella bakeng sa dipolao tse jwalo, leha bopaki ba morao tjena bo bontsha hore hominids e ka nna yaba e ne e le bahlaseluwa ba ''Megantereon'' kapa lengau ho latela karolelano ya isotope ya carbon e nkilweng ho sebata se seng le se seng. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Swartkrans e fumaneha nokeng ya Blaauwbank Cradle of Humankind, e nang le rekoto e telele ya tse ding tsa dintho tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse sibolotsweng lefatsheng. E bohole 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) ho tswa Sterkfontein, sebaka se hlahisitseng dintho tse tshwanang tsa nako e tshwanang. Sebaka sa polasi sa poraefete seo lehaha le neng le le ho sona qalong se rekilwe ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ka 1968. Lehaha lena le ile la sibollwa ka 1948, mme dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa etswa ke setsebi sa paleonto Robert Broom . Sehlopha sa hae se ile sa sibolla masalla a mmalwa a ''Paranthropus robustus'' le mefuta ya pele ya ''Homo'' . E ne e le sebaka sa pele seo ''Paranthropus'' le ''Homo'' ba ileng ba fumanwa ba le hammoho ho sona, e leng se bontshang hore ke tsa mehleng ena. Ho epolla ho ile ha emisa ho fihlela bohareng ba bo-1960 mme ha tswela pele ho fihlela bo-1980, ha CK Brain a tlisa sehlopha ho Swartkrans. Ho ile ha sibollwa dintho tse dikete tsa kgale le mesaletsa ya diphoofolo, tse 415 tsa tsona di nkwa e le hominin. Boko bo ile ba atoloha hodima tlhophiso ya sebaka seo, e leng se neng se rarahane ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanwa pele. == Dintho tse sibolotsweng == [[File:Dent_SKX268.jpg|thumb| Leino la SKX 268 .]] Bopaki bo bong ba pele ba hore batho ba ne ba laola ho sebedisa mollo bo ka fumanwa Swartkrans, ho fihlela dilemong tse dimilione tse 1.5 tse fetileng. Ho phaella moo, bopaki bo bong ba pele ba disebediswa tsa masapo tse fetotsweng bo boetse bo fumanwe Swartkrans le Sterkfontein, mme ba kgale ka ho fetisisa Swartkrans ba bile teng dilemong tse ka bang dimilione tse 1.8 tse fetileng. Disebeliswa tsena di ka nna tsa etswa ke ''Australopithecus robustus'' kapa mofuta wa pele wa ''Homo'', tseo ka bobedi di neng di lula lehaheng hoo e ka bang ka nako e le nngwe. Disebediswa tsena tsa pele di ile tsa qala ho nahanwa hore di ne di sebedisetswang ho cheka di-tuber, empa ho ena le hoo li ka 'na tsa sebelisoa ho kotula bohlwa, bo neng bo le teng nakong ya puso ea Swartkrans; tse ngata tsa disebediswa tsena di ka nna tsa eba le merero e mengata. Tlhahlobo botjha ya ho tsofala ha disebediswa tsa majwe le masapo tse sibollotsweng ke Brain dipatlisisong tsa pejana le ditekong tsa bafuputsi e lebisitse qetong ya hore di-termite, mohlodi o moholo wa dikotla, e ne e le mohlodi wa dijo o tlatsetsang bakeng sa di-hominid tsa pele. Disebediswa tsa masapo di ka be di ile tsa nolofalletsa ho ntsha dikokwanyana habonolo ho feta majwe. Ka 2016, ho ile ha phatlalatswa hore ho fumanwe bopaki ba pele bo tsejwang ba kankere ho di-hominin. Ho fumanwe osteosarcoma ho metatarsal ya bohlano e ka letsohong le letshehadi ho tswa ho hominin e sa kgethollwang. == Jeoloji == Swartkrans ke lehaha la mokoetla mme le arotswe ka dibaka tse hlano ho latela jeoloji. Setho sa 1 se na le matswele a mabedi a maholo, a bitswang Hanging Remnant le Lower Bank. Masalla a ''Homo ergaster'' le ''Paranthropus robustus'' a fumanwe ho Setho sa 1, mme Setho sa 2 se hlahisitse mofuta o tshwanang. [[File:Swartkrans_Cave_formation.jpg|alt=Stages of Swartkrans Cave site formation|center|thumb|600x600px| Mehato ya ho thehwa ha sebaka sa lehaha la Swartkrans - A - Dolomite ; B - Metsi; C - Travertine ; D - Setho sa 1 (Lower Bank); E - Setho sa 1 (Lesale le Leketlileng); F - Setho sa 2; G - Setho sa 3; H - Setho sa Maemo a Leholo sa 2]] == Ditshupiso == e54fxyykfm1vqaej26zwwnhqhe2j5r1 41037 40963 2026-09-04T07:36:00Z SANKOMOTA 11165 SANKOMOTA moved page [[Li-swartrans]] to [[Swartkrans]] 40963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Swartkrans''' kapa '''Swartkranz''' ke lehaha le nang le mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale le kgethilweng e le sebaka sa bohlokwa ba naha sa Afrika Borwa, se ka bang 32 dikhilomithara (20) mi) ho tloha Johannesburg . E fumaneha sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind mme e tsebahala ka ho ba le dintho tse ngata tsa kgale, haholo-holo mesaletsa ya hominin . Masalla a fumanweng lejweng la mokoetla la Swartkrans a kenyelletsa ''Homo ergaster'' (mofuta o mong wa ''Homo erectus'' ), ''Paranthropus'' le ''Homo habilis'' . Ho dumelwa hore di-depositi tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse teng sebakeng seo di pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.9 le 2.1. Setsebi sa paleonto se tsebahalang Robert Broom o ne a atisa ho tjheka. O ile a latelwa ke CK 'Bob' Brain, eo dintho tseo a li epolotseng sebakeng seo di ileng tsa susumetsa buka ya hae ya ''The Hunters or the Hunted?'' moo a ileng a bontsha hore ho ena le ho ba ditshwene tse bolayang tse nyoretsweng madi, mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominin tse fumanweng sebakeng seo e ne e le liphofu tsa ho jewa ke dikatse tse kgolo . Qalong, ho ne ho dumelwa hore ''Dinofelis'' e ikarabella bakeng sa dipolao tse jwalo, leha bopaki ba morao tjena bo bontsha hore hominids e ka nna yaba e ne e le bahlaseluwa ba ''Megantereon'' kapa lengau ho latela karolelano ya isotope ya carbon e nkilweng ho sebata se seng le se seng. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Swartkrans e fumaneha nokeng ya Blaauwbank Cradle of Humankind, e nang le rekoto e telele ya tse ding tsa dintho tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse sibolotsweng lefatsheng. E bohole 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) ho tswa Sterkfontein, sebaka se hlahisitseng dintho tse tshwanang tsa nako e tshwanang. Sebaka sa polasi sa poraefete seo lehaha le neng le le ho sona qalong se rekilwe ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ka 1968. Lehaha lena le ile la sibollwa ka 1948, mme dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa etswa ke setsebi sa paleonto Robert Broom . Sehlopha sa hae se ile sa sibolla masalla a mmalwa a ''Paranthropus robustus'' le mefuta ya pele ya ''Homo'' . E ne e le sebaka sa pele seo ''Paranthropus'' le ''Homo'' ba ileng ba fumanwa ba le hammoho ho sona, e leng se bontshang hore ke tsa mehleng ena. Ho epolla ho ile ha emisa ho fihlela bohareng ba bo-1960 mme ha tswela pele ho fihlela bo-1980, ha CK Brain a tlisa sehlopha ho Swartkrans. Ho ile ha sibollwa dintho tse dikete tsa kgale le mesaletsa ya diphoofolo, tse 415 tsa tsona di nkwa e le hominin. Boko bo ile ba atoloha hodima tlhophiso ya sebaka seo, e leng se neng se rarahane ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanwa pele. == Dintho tse sibolotsweng == [[File:Dent_SKX268.jpg|thumb| Leino la SKX 268 .]] Bopaki bo bong ba pele ba hore batho ba ne ba laola ho sebedisa mollo bo ka fumanwa Swartkrans, ho fihlela dilemong tse dimilione tse 1.5 tse fetileng. Ho phaella moo, bopaki bo bong ba pele ba disebediswa tsa masapo tse fetotsweng bo boetse bo fumanwe Swartkrans le Sterkfontein, mme ba kgale ka ho fetisisa Swartkrans ba bile teng dilemong tse ka bang dimilione tse 1.8 tse fetileng. Disebeliswa tsena di ka nna tsa etswa ke ''Australopithecus robustus'' kapa mofuta wa pele wa ''Homo'', tseo ka bobedi di neng di lula lehaheng hoo e ka bang ka nako e le nngwe. Disebediswa tsena tsa pele di ile tsa qala ho nahanwa hore di ne di sebedisetswang ho cheka di-tuber, empa ho ena le hoo li ka 'na tsa sebelisoa ho kotula bohlwa, bo neng bo le teng nakong ya puso ea Swartkrans; tse ngata tsa disebediswa tsena di ka nna tsa eba le merero e mengata. Tlhahlobo botjha ya ho tsofala ha disebediswa tsa majwe le masapo tse sibollotsweng ke Brain dipatlisisong tsa pejana le ditekong tsa bafuputsi e lebisitse qetong ya hore di-termite, mohlodi o moholo wa dikotla, e ne e le mohlodi wa dijo o tlatsetsang bakeng sa di-hominid tsa pele. Disebediswa tsa masapo di ka be di ile tsa nolofalletsa ho ntsha dikokwanyana habonolo ho feta majwe. Ka 2016, ho ile ha phatlalatswa hore ho fumanwe bopaki ba pele bo tsejwang ba kankere ho di-hominin. Ho fumanwe osteosarcoma ho metatarsal ya bohlano e ka letsohong le letshehadi ho tswa ho hominin e sa kgethollwang. == Jeoloji == Swartkrans ke lehaha la mokoetla mme le arotswe ka dibaka tse hlano ho latela jeoloji. Setho sa 1 se na le matswele a mabedi a maholo, a bitswang Hanging Remnant le Lower Bank. Masalla a ''Homo ergaster'' le ''Paranthropus robustus'' a fumanwe ho Setho sa 1, mme Setho sa 2 se hlahisitse mofuta o tshwanang. [[File:Swartkrans_Cave_formation.jpg|alt=Stages of Swartkrans Cave site formation|center|thumb|600x600px| Mehato ya ho thehwa ha sebaka sa lehaha la Swartkrans - A - Dolomite ; B - Metsi; C - Travertine ; D - Setho sa 1 (Lower Bank); E - Setho sa 1 (Lesale le Leketlileng); F - Setho sa 2; G - Setho sa 3; H - Setho sa Maemo a Leholo sa 2]] == Ditshupiso == e54fxyykfm1vqaej26zwwnhqhe2j5r1 0 10913 40964 2026-09-03T12:03:17Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366211996|Lake Fundudzi]]" 40964 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Letša la Fundudzi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lake_Fundudzi00.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[File:South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Lake Fundudzi is located in South Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:7.873%;left:83.172%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Fundudzi]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Letsha la Fundudzi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Sebaka se ka hare ho Afrika Borwa</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="300">{"properties":{"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#4271ae","title":"Lake Fundudzi"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q6475904"}</mapframe> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sebaka | class="infobox-data region" |Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, Tshiavha, [[Afrika Borwa|Afrika Boroa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Likopano</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Fundudzi&params=22_51_18_S_30_18_20_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°51′18′′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°18′20′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">Ke ne ke sa tsebe .&#x48;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x74;&#x6C;&#x6F;&#x68;&#x61;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.85500°S 30.30556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22.85500; 30.30556</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:9}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Fundudzi&params=22_51_18_S_30_18_20_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°51′18″S</span> <span class="longitude">30°18′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.85500°S 30.30556°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-22.85500; 30.30556</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mofuta | class="infobox-data category" |Letša la Barrier |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Mefuta e ka sehloohong ya ho kena</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Mutale River|Noka ya Mutale]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max. Ke ne ke le mong.  &nbsp;botebo | class="infobox-data" |27 m (89 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Boemo ba bokahodimo</div> | class="infobox-data" |Limithara tse 865 (2,838 ft) &nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ditlhaloso | class="infobox-data note" | |} '''Letša la Fundudzi''' (le tsejwang hape e le '''Letsha la Funduzi''') le sebakeng sa Soutpansberg [[Limpopo|Profinse ya Limpopo]] [[Afrika Borwa|Afrika Boroa]]. E ne e le dikhilomithara tse ka bang 5 ka dikhilomithara tsa 3 ha e tletse, mme e ile ya bōptjwa ke ho thella ha naha ho neng ho thibela ho tsamaea ha Noka ya Mutale. &nbsp;&nbsp;Letsha le dikokonyana tsa lona tse dulang ho lona hammoho le moru o haufi wa Thathe Vondo, di nkuwa di le halalelang ke Vhatavhatsindi, ''Batho ba Letamo'' ba leng karolo ya Batho ba Venda. Ke letsha le le leng feela la tlhaho la ka hare Afrika Borwa.<ref>Chiliza, S. G.; Diop, S. (2014), "Notes on a Landslide That Formed the Only Known True Inland Lake in South Africa", in Sassa, Kyoji; Canuti, Paolo; Yin, Yueping (eds.), Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 335–340, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04996-0_51, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-04995-3</nowiki>, retrieved 2024-04-18</ref> == Ditshomo == [[File:Lake-Fundudzi-10-1200.jpg|left|thumb]] Ho ya ka tshōmo ya Venda letsha lena le ile la bōptjwa ha molephera ea neng a feta a ne a hanelwa dijo le bolulo. O rohakile lesaka le neng le nyametse ka tlasa metsi a letsha le sa tswa thehwa mme Venda e re hoseng haholo ho ka utloahala molumo oa meropa le ho hooa le ho hoeletsa ha batho le likhomo tse nileng tsa qwela.<ref>''Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa''</ref> Ho boetse ho dumelwa hore Letsha la Fundudzi le sireleditswe ke modimo oa python ea lulang thabeng. Ba-Venda ba hlompha molimo ona ka ho etsa motjeko oa botjha selemo le selemo, o tshwauwang ke ho sisinyeha le ho sotha ha mola wa conga, oo banana ba bacha ba moloko oo ba nkang karolo ho oona. Ho boleloa hore letsha le tletse le mmala wa lona di bontsha maikutlo a baholo-holo, le monyetla wa pula.<ref>https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionslm/lake-fundudzi.php</ref><ref>http://www.vanhunks.com/lowveld1/venda1.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130131165014/http://www.sastay.co.za/limpopo-attractions/lake-fundudzi.html</ref> == Ditlhaloso == lqc5d2ps8xhujyofrr2nwg4ku1dp8w0 40965 40964 2026-09-03T12:04:03Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 40965 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Letsha la Fundudzi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lake_Fundudzi00.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[File:South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Lake Fundudzi is located in South Africa]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:7.873%;left:83.172%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Fundudzi]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Letsha la Fundudzi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Sebaka se ka hare ho Afrika Borwa</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="300">{"properties":{"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#4271ae","title":"Lake Fundudzi"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q6475904"}</mapframe> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sebaka | class="infobox-data region" |Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, Tshiavha, [[Afrika Borwa|Afrika Boroa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Likopano</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Fundudzi&params=22_51_18_S_30_18_20_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°51′18′′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°18′20′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">Ke ne ke sa tsebe .&#x48;&#x6F;&#x20;&#x74;&#x6C;&#x6F;&#x68;&#x61;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.85500°S 30.30556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22.85500; 30.30556</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:9}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Fundudzi&params=22_51_18_S_30_18_20_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°51′18″S</span> <span class="longitude">30°18′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.85500°S 30.30556°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-22.85500; 30.30556</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mofuta | class="infobox-data category" |Letša la Barrier |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Mefuta e ka sehloohong ya ho kena</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Mutale River|Noka ya Mutale]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max. Ke ne ke le mong.  &nbsp;botebo | class="infobox-data" |27 m (89 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Boemo ba bokahodimo</div> | class="infobox-data" |Limithara tse 865 (2,838 ft) &nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ditlhaloso | class="infobox-data note" | |} '''Letša la Fundudzi''' (le tsejwang hape e le '''Letsha la Funduzi''') le sebakeng sa Soutpansberg [[Limpopo|Profinse ya Limpopo]] [[Afrika Borwa|Afrika Boroa]]. E ne e le dikhilomithara tse ka bang 5 ka dikhilomithara tsa 3 ha e tletse, mme e ile ya bōptjwa ke ho thella ha naha ho neng ho thibela ho tsamaea ha Noka ya Mutale. &nbsp;&nbsp;Letsha le dikokonyana tsa lona tse dulang ho lona hammoho le moru o haufi wa Thathe Vondo, di nkuwa di le halalelang ke Vhatavhatsindi, ''Batho ba Letamo'' ba leng karolo ya Batho ba Venda. Ke letsha le le leng feela la tlhaho la ka hare Afrika Borwa.<ref>Chiliza, S. G.; Diop, S. (2014), "Notes on a Landslide That Formed the Only Known True Inland Lake in South Africa", in Sassa, Kyoji; Canuti, Paolo; Yin, Yueping (eds.), Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 335–340, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04996-0_51, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-04995-3</nowiki>, retrieved 2024-04-18</ref> == Ditshomo == [[File:Lake-Fundudzi-10-1200.jpg|left|thumb]] Ho ya ka tshōmo ya Venda letsha lena le ile la bōptjwa ha molephera ea neng a feta a ne a hanelwa dijo le bolulo. O rohakile lesaka le neng le nyametse ka tlasa metsi a letsha le sa tswa thehwa mme Venda e re hoseng haholo ho ka utloahala molumo oa meropa le ho hooa le ho hoeletsa ha batho le likhomo tse nileng tsa qwela.<ref>''Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa''</ref> Ho boetse ho dumelwa hore Letsha la Fundudzi le sireleditswe ke modimo oa python ea lulang thabeng. Ba-Venda ba hlompha molimo ona ka ho etsa motjeko wa botjha selemo le selemo, o tshwauwang ke ho sisinyeha le ho sotha ha mola wa conga, oo banana ba bacha ba moloko oo ba nkang karolo ho oona. Ho boleloa hore letsha le tletse le mmala wa lona di bontsha maikutlo a baholo-holo, le monyetla wa pula.<ref>https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionslm/lake-fundudzi.php</ref><ref>http://www.vanhunks.com/lowveld1/venda1.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130131165014/http://www.sastay.co.za/limpopo-attractions/lake-fundudzi.html</ref> == Ditlhaloso == 45nec58ehl8jibaofxeed47od8doi3k 0 10914 40966 2026-09-03T12:39:09Z SANKOMOTA 11165 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371790359|Bolt's Farm]]" 40966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha . Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma. Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. == Ditshupiso == q9pkw682v8kkzgkw2g6h0u7bgcs0gwf 40967 40966 2026-09-03T12:40:55Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ditshupiso */ 40967 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha . Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma. Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 4o7rwg1ed0h8waw0e617r6vj0l0wq1d 40968 40967 2026-09-03T12:42:02Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40968 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma. Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. ekf5v4q9w6pu0k5bi98oeopf2lmhuk6 40969 40968 2026-09-03T12:42:55Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma. Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. evjvy9vc5wr4qx4l1d8bfu2squnx93f 40970 40969 2026-09-03T12:43:22Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma. Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. an09cu3sph87xlr2c8pd1sr64ccygrs 40971 40970 2026-09-03T12:44:30Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40971 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma. Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. p96a13tehffw8g0p0131vnvw7pouic5 40972 40971 2026-09-03T12:45:19Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene . Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. luijwt5grkrjo77ifttuwm42ujywg7f 40973 40972 2026-09-03T12:46:35Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref>https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. f6nojgzo2na0duhzgfsg7fgzii548cw 40974 40973 2026-09-03T12:47:28Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref>https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. eb0kucvvc91i9w5it0d00cejogjhoin 40975 40974 2026-09-03T12:48:37Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref>https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma, Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. aulvfh4guiwrn78nf7gxgd5lsmggsji 40976 40975 2026-09-03T12:51:21Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref>https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref> Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya. == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. onaurlvtg8vtywc9phpuo72y0kab8oa 40977 40976 2026-09-03T12:52:14Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Jeokrafi */ 40977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. lwgvhzwpsqnoi56a5iucl4uokdwy5a6 40978 40977 2026-09-03T12:53:26Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng */ 40978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt. Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein . Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 4t32vw14e0c16aw2sjviiyixrm8hbwj 40979 40978 2026-09-03T12:55:08Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng */ 40979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng. Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. lvlmyprs6omoz12px2ra1o4gvixp4ne 40980 40979 2026-09-03T12:57:38Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng */ 40980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo. Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. eyttvn60oks6j5q8ka9ry0yledj06rx 40981 40980 2026-09-03T12:59:08Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng */ 40981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng. == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 7aa7vl38ba6twcmltz0ehg0zj85jcry 40982 40981 2026-09-03T13:01:53Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng */ 40982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg . Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. r3f1bcs80e9ylqldjn2ygphxv22qnhc 40983 40982 2026-09-03T13:03:42Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng */ 40983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref>https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe. Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. l425r4gsmyednv2489mowselwz3evy0 40984 40983 2026-09-03T13:07:08Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref>https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. pv0iq3ig8zh5oirxorge6sk4z8e60p7 40985 40984 2026-09-03T13:08:14Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref>https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo. Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref> Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. scqwlkqyj3fpirvesgrlmcect7y889l 40986 40985 2026-09-03T13:08:41Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40986 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref>https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref> Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt. Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. bp1jct4vmd3lvplw3nyausfy5ek78uh 40987 40986 2026-09-03T13:10:07Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref>https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'', ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 52zfhr2w0ykerd0jp8ox5zcke7f4tv1 40989 40987 2026-09-03T13:11:32Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref>https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674842.pdf</ref> ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'', ''Boltimys broomi'', le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 92xujza62ds657fzm4hfdxduam9typx 40990 40989 2026-09-03T13:12:50Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref name=":6">https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674842.pdf</ref> ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674679.pdf</ref> ''Boltimys broomi'', <ref name=":6" /> le ''Proteles cristatus'' . Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 2vyvskaog6pfcogp9syv6i5w05dl618 40991 40990 2026-09-03T13:14:30Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref name=":6">https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref name=":7">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674842.pdf</ref> ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674679.pdf</ref> ''Boltimys broomi'', <ref name=":6" /> le ''Proteles cristatus'' .<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_220</ref> Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . <ref name=":7" /> Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009. Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. olcyn1uh29miif4vdngn6vcakt749l7 40992 40991 2026-09-03T13:15:18Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref name=":6">https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref name=":7">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674842.pdf</ref> ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674679.pdf</ref> ''Boltimys broomi'', <ref name=":6" /> le ''Proteles cristatus'' .<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_220</ref> Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . <ref name=":7" /> Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327437001</ref> Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020. 4vzhpt0urfsgfibbkbnbiuqc6rta76i 40993 40992 2026-09-03T13:16:16Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref name=":6">https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref name=":7">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674842.pdf</ref> ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674679.pdf</ref> ''Boltimys broomi'', <ref name=":6" /> le ''Proteles cristatus'' .<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_220</ref> Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . <ref name=":7" /> Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327437001</ref> Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020.<ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-nfi_ditsong-v9-n1-a4</ref> 3597rb61k6uzflp7ytgqkdrywunjkg8 40994 40993 2026-09-03T13:16:39Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Thuto ya Paleontology */ 40994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polasi ya Bolt''' ke sebaka sa palaeontology sebakeng sa bohlokwa ba Lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind, profenseng ya [[Gauteng]], Afrika Borwa. Ka mesaletsa ya kgale ya dintho tsa kgale e fetang 30 e qalileng ka 4.5 Ma, ke e nngwe ya dibaka tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng hona jwale Cradle of Humankind. E na le masoba a mangata, mekoti le diqhoboshwane, moo mahaha a senyehileng, a pepesang bokahare ba ona ba mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale . Leha sebaka sena se so hlahise mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tsa kgale tsa hominid tseo Cradle of Humankind e tsejwang ka tsona, Polasi ya Bolt e ntse e le mohlodi wa bohlokwa wa mesaletsa ya diphoofolo tse tswang mefuteng e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tsa Early Pliocene le Plio-Pleistocene, ho kenyeletswa le di-primates le dikatse tse kgolo . == Jeokrafi == Polasi ya Bolt e fumaneha hoo e ka bang 3 km (1.9) mi) ka borwa-bophirima ho sebaka sa dintho tsa kgale sa Sterkfontein mme se fumaneha sekgutlong se ka borwa-bophirima sa sebaka sa bohlokwa ba lefatshe sa Cradle of Humankind . Sebaka sena se betlilwe ho tswa ho sehlopha se Senyenyane sa Malmani sa Sehlopha se seholo sa Transvaal, se ileng sa thehwa nakong ya Palaeoproterozoic hoo e ka bang 2.6–2.4.&nbsp;dilemo tse dibilione tse fetileng tlasa seo ka nako eo e neng e le lewatle le ka hare ho naha .<ref name=":0">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ringps.2020.100005</ref> Ponahalo e nang le matshwao a sebaka seo ke phello ya kgoholeho e kgolo ya mahaha a kgale ho ya fihla fatshe le maboteng a diphaseje, e leng se ileng sa fella ka dikoti tse ngata tsa tharollo ya dolomite le dikoti tsa palaeokarst tse bolokileng mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse kang breccia, speleothem, sandstone le siltstone . Di-depositi tsena di etsahala ka nako e fetang 1.3 km karolo e ka thoko ya leralla. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00411752_28</ref><ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83715</ref> Ha ho tsejwa hore na mahaha ana a kile a hokahana le ho ba teng mehleng ena, kapa hore na a ne a le teng ka thoko. Sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa sa dibaka tsena tse bolokilweng ke Waypoint 160, se ileng sa sibollwa ka 1996 'me se na le letsatsi la ho kgutlela morao ho Early Pliocene, hoo e ka bang 4.5–4 Ma.<ref name=":2">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259779233</ref><ref name=":1" /> Hoo e ka bang dibaka tse ding kaofela di ngotswe morao feela ho Plio-Pleistocene ; matsatsi a fapana ho tloha sekoting se seng ho ya ho se seng, leha boholo ba tsona di wela pakeng tsa 2-1 Ma. Sebaka se seng, Lehaha le Letjha, se ka nna sa boloka mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse sa tsoa etsahala; masalla a moo a na le letsatsi la Late Pleistocene ho Holocene .<ref name=":3">https://escholarship.org/content/qt8p91285n/qt8p91285n.pdf</ref> Dithuto tsa kgale tsa mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale tse fumanweng sebakeng seo di bonahala di bontsha hore, nakong eo sebaka seo se neng se sebetsa, sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo mme sebaka seo se ne se bulehile ho feta kajeno. <ref name=":5">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC96830</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, ho dumelwa hore sebaka seo se ne se le haufi le mohlodi wa metsi. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC83670</ref>Mefuta e fumanweng polasing ya Bolt le sebakeng se seholo sa Sterkfontein Valley e kanna ya ba e ne e dula mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaka tsa bodulo tsa lehae, ho tloha merung e kwahetsweng ho ya dibakeng tse bulehileng tsa jwang. Mefuta ya di-browser le di-grazer, hammoho le di-primate tse dulang fatshe le difateng, di emetswe tlalehong ya mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale. Bonyane sebaka se le seng sebakeng seo se nang le letsatsi la 2–1.5 Ma,<ref>https://digital.lib.usf.edu/content/SF/S0/06/73/30/00001/K26-05162-f9c597288bf985fca125450a8ed5e48da12d.pdf</ref><ref name=":2" />Sekoti sa 23, se biile sa nahanwa hore e ne e le "leraba la lefu" moo diphoofolo tsa boholo-holo di ileng tsa wela lefung ka phoso mme mesaletsa ya tsona ya bolokwa ha nako e ntse e ya.<ref name=":3" /> == Ho sibollwa le nalane ya dintho tse epolotsweng == Sebaka se ka leboya ho polasi e ruilweng ke Billy Bolt, eo sebaka seo se reheletsweng ka yena, se ile sa sebediswa ka lekgetlo la pele e le lehaha la speleothem qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo le Mathwasong a lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Baepori ba kotula speleothem ena bakeng sa ho e sebedisa tlhahisong ya kalaka . Tshebetso ena e ile ya sibolla masalla a mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, a ileng a nkwa sampole pele mme a hlahlojwa ke setsebi sa palaeontologist Robert Broom nakong ya leeto la ho ya Transvaal ka 1936. Broom o ile a reha mabitso a mangata a mafosele a fumanweng sebakeng seo. <ref name=":4">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336010</ref> Ka 1947 le 1948, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tswang Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California (UCMP) se etelletsweng pele ke ditsebi tsa paleontology Frank Peabody le Charles Lewis Camp, e bitswang Univesithi ya California Africa Expedition, se ile sa qala ho hlahloba libaka tsa paleontology ho pholletsa le botjhabela le Borwa ba Afrika. Sehlopha sa lekala le ka Borwa la leeto se neng se etelletswe pele ke Peabody se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ho epollwa ha pele Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":3" /> Merafo e ne e entse dikotwana tsa majwe a nang le breccia ya fossiliferous; dipatlisiso tsa pele di ile tsa fumana thepa ho tswa majweng ana, ho ena le ho e tjheka ''sebakeng seo'' . Ho phaella moo, diepollo tsa UCMP di ne di itshetlehile hodima kwari e kgolo. Ho epollwa ha dintho tse nyane tse ngata ho phethilwe dilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ho tloha kgale, Polasi ya Bolt e 'bile ya hlokomolohuwa dibakeng tseo ho tsona ho seng ho fumanwe mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid, e leng se kgahlang haholo ho baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale; kahoo, thuto ya sebaka seo e saletse morao ho ya baahisani ba yona jwalo ka Sterkfontein .<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990, dibaka tse nepahetseng tsa mekoti e mengata ya mesaletsa ya lintho tsa kgale sebakeng se seholo di ne di sa tlalehwa hantle me kahoo ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tse latelang di ne di sa kgone ho di fumana. Phuputso e ntjhafaditsweng e qalileng dilemong tsa bo-1990 e lekile ho sibolla hape dibaka tse hlalositsweng ka lekgetlo la pele—empa di sa ka tsa hlahlojwa ho tloha ka bo-1940. Nakong ena, diphuputso tsena di sibolotse dibaka tse ntjha ka tsela e sa makatseng.<ref name=":4" /> Ka 1991, Basil Cooke o ile a phatlalatsa mmapa wa pele o ntlafaditsweng wa sebaka seo ho tloha ha ho epollwa dintho tsa kgale dilemong tsa bo-1940; leha ho le joalo, boiteko ba ho hokahanya mmapa wa pele wa Peabody le ditlhaloso tsa sebaka seo le dibaka tse khethilweng diphuputsong tsa morao tjena e ntse e le mohlodi wa pherekano ho bafuputsi. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ya Cooke e tshwaile qalo ya nako ya thahasello e ntjha Polasing ya Bolt. Phuputso e entsweng ke bafuputsi ba Mafora ho tloha ka 1996 ho isa ho 1999 e senotse mefuta le dibaka tse ntjha tsa mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale, ho kenyeletswa Waypoint 160, eo ho nahanwang hore ke sebaka sa kgale ka ho fetisisa se tsejwang Cradle of Humankind. <ref name=":3" /> Phuputso e entsweng ke sehlopha sa Cradle of Human Origins and Past Environments Research Unit (HRU) pakeng tsa 2008 le 2011 e hlwaile dibaka tse 23 tsa kgale le tse robedi tse ntjha. Diphuputso tse ding tse entsweng mafelong a dilemo tsa bo-2010 di sebedisitse GIS le diphuputso tsa difofane tse sa tsamauweng ho hlwaya dibaka tsena ka nepo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Tse ding tsa disampole tse bokelletsweng nakong ya dintho tse epolotsoeng dilemong tsa bo-1940 di lahlehile; leha ho le jwalo, tse ngata tsa tse setseng di bolokilwe Musiamong wa Paleontology wa Univesithi ya California Univesithing ya California, Berkeley . Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1950, dikadimo le boiteko ba ho kgutlisa dintho tse fumanweng di ile tsa fetisetsa boholo ba mesaletsa ya dintho ho setsi sa Thuto ya Phetoho [[University of the Witwatersrand|Univesithing ya Witwatersrand]] e Johannesburg .<ref name=":6">https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fprimatologie.2708</ref> Musiamo wa naha wa Ditsong wa Histori ya Tlhaho o Pretoria le oona o na le mehlala ya Polasi ya Bolt, moo tse ngata di bolokilweng pontshong ya setjhaba e sa feleng.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt%27s_Farm#cite_note-koppe2021-11</ref> == Thuto ya Paleontology == Masalela a fumanweng mekoting ya Bolt's Farm a emela mefuta e mengata ya diphoofolo tse kgolo . Diphoofolo tse neng di le teng sebakeng sa Polasi ya Bolt nakong ya Plio-Pleistocene di ne di kenyelletsa dikatse tse kgolo , di-primate tse seng tsa hominid, dinoha, dipere, di-mustelid, di -bovid, dikolobe, di -antelope, ditweba, diphokojwe, dihahabi le dinonyana tse jang nama . Matshwao a mefuta e fapaneng ya diphoofolo tse nyenyane le yona a sibollotswe empa ha aa ithuta ka botebo.<ref name=":1" /> Dipolokelo tsena di boetse di hlahisitse tse ding tsa mesaletsa ya kgale ka ho fetisisa ya di-primate Cradle of Humankind; ke tsa ''Parapapio'' (haholo-holo, ''Pp. broomi'' le ''Pp. whitei'' ), mefuta ya ditshwene tse seng di timetse tse boetseng di fumaneha Sterkfontein, Taung, le Makapansgat . Disampole tsa ''Pp. whitei'' tse tswang Polasing ya Bolt ke masalla a feletseng ka ho fetisisa a mofuta ona a seng a sibolotswe.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC</ref><ref name=":5" /> Masalla a mang a di-primate a kenyeletsa ''Theropithecus'', ''Papio robinsoni'' le ''Cercopithecoides williamsi'' . <ref name=":7">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.975.5121</ref><ref>https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.991.3044</ref>Kaha mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid ya mehleng ya nako ya ho bolokwa e fumanwe maemong a tshwanang dibakeng tsa kgale tsa Afrika Botjhabela, bafuputsi ba mmalwa ba hlahisitse tlhahiso ya hore mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tsa hominid e ka fumanwa le Polasing ya Bolt.<ref name=":0" /> Mefuta e meng e emetseng mesaletsa ya Bolt's Farm ke ''Antidorcas recki'', ''Ictonyx bolti'', ''Metridiochoerus andrewsi'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674842.pdf</ref> ''Euryotomys bolti'', ''Elephantulus antiquus'',<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674679.pdf</ref> ''Boltimys broomi'', <ref name=":6" /> le ''Proteles cristatus'' .<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_220</ref> Polasi ya Bolt e hlahisitse tse ding tsa mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ya dikatse tse kgolo tsa Plio-Pleistocene Afrika Borwa, ho kenyeletswa le lehata le felletseng le mohlahare wa katse e nang le meno a bohale ''Dinofelis barlowi'' . <ref name=":7" /> Masalla a pele a noha ya lelapa la ''Elapidae'' a ileng a fumanwa borwa ba Afrika a ile a bokellwa Polasing ya Bolt ka 2009.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327437001</ref> Ho sibollwa ha mokgodutswane wa pele ''wa Agama'' o fumanweng Cradle of Humankind ka 2016 Polasing ya Bolt ho ile ha phatlalatswa ka 2020.<ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-nfi_ditsong-v9-n1-a4</ref> == Mehlodi == gopp6gxriwz3lsux0no99p19lwx0t9f 0 10915 40995 2026-09-03T13:47:27Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362894815|Plovers Lake]]" 40995 wikitext text/x-wiki   Lehafi la Plovers Lake ke lehafi le tletseng motsoako oa majoe le masalla a khale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a lintho tse phelang tsa khale (li-fossil), le fumanehang Afrika Boroa. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 4 ka boroa-bochabela ho libaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Boroa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboea-bophirima ho Johannesburg. Plovers Lake e phatlalalitsoe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Sechaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ho epolloa ha lintho: oa pele o ile oa etsoa mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitsoang "Outer Deposits", 'me oa bobeli o ile oa etsoa ke Lee Berger oa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill oa Univesithi ea Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitsoang "Inner Deposits".[1] [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobeli di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tse likete. Libakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ea lintho tsa khale e ileng ea pholoha tlhaselo ea lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke leqeba le folisitsoeng holim'a leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana liphoofolo tse ling tse ngata le lisebeliswa tse ling tsa majoe tse sa tsejoeng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ea hominid e ileng ea fumanoa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa *Inner Deposits* 'me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta *Outer Deposits*, hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ea Mehla ea Hare ea Majoe (*Middle Stone Age*). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majoe (li-fossil), lisebelisoa tse makholo-kholo—ho kenyeletsoa lithipa le lipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetsoang ho ba tsa lilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehiloeng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ea cheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majoe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa li-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric.[1] == Bona hape == * Li-hominids * Lethathamo la libaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Lula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == 1uamso28iqa4k5u9j5s1zdf056rq4d2 40996 40995 2026-09-03T13:55:39Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 40996 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lehafi la Plovers''' Lake ke lehafi le tletseng motswako wa majwe le masalla a kgale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a dintho tse phelang tsa kgale (di-fossil), le fumanehang Afrika Borwa. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 4 ka boroa-bochabela ho libaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Boroa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboya-bophirima ho Johannesburg. Plovers Lake e phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Setjhaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekgahlelo e 'meli ea ho epolloa ha lintho: oa pele o ile oa etsoa mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitsoang "Outer Deposits", 'me oa bobeli o ile oa etsoa ke Lee Berger oa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill oa Univesithi ea Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitsoang "Inner Deposits".[1] [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobeli di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tse likete. Libakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ea lintho tsa khale e ileng ea pholoha tlhaselo ea lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke leqeba le folisitsoeng holim'a leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana liphoofolo tse ling tse ngata le lisebeliswa tse ling tsa majoe tse sa tsejoeng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ea hominid e ileng ea fumanoa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa *Inner Deposits* 'me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta *Outer Deposits*, hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ea Mehla ea Hare ea Majoe (*Middle Stone Age*). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majoe (li-fossil), lisebelisoa tse makholo-kholo—ho kenyeletsoa lithipa le lipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetsoang ho ba tsa lilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehiloeng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ea cheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majoe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa li-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric.[1] == Bona hape == * Li-hominids * Lethathamo la libaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Lula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == fr3jkqwdow52jd0edg0iwv9x95kgw9h 40997 40996 2026-09-03T13:57:13Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 40997 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lehafi la Plovers''' Lake ke lehafi le tletseng motswako wa majwe le masalla a kgale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a dintho tse phelang tsa kgale (di-fossil), le fumanehang Afrika Borwa. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 4 ka b<ref>https://sabap2.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/251.pdf</ref>oroa-bochabela ho libaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Boroa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboya-bophirima ho Johannesburg. Plovers Lake e phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Setjhaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekgahlelo e 'meli ea ho epolloa ha lintho: oa pele o ile oa etsoa mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitsoang "Outer Deposits", 'me oa bobeli o ile oa etsoa ke Lee Berger oa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill oa Univesithi ea Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitsoang "Inner Deposits".[1] [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobeli di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tse likete. Libakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ea lintho tsa khale e ileng ea pholoha tlhaselo ea lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke leqeba le folisitsoeng holim'a leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana liphoofolo tse ling tse ngata le lisebeliswa tse ling tsa majoe tse sa tsejoeng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ea hominid e ileng ea fumanoa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa *Inner Deposits* 'me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta *Outer Deposits*, hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ea Mehla ea Hare ea Majoe (*Middle Stone Age*). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majoe (li-fossil), lisebelisoa tse makholo-kholo—ho kenyeletsoa lithipa le lipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetsoang ho ba tsa lilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehiloeng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ea cheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majoe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa li-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric.[1] == Bona hape == * Li-hominids * Lethathamo la libaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Lula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == 5jtk89g7v6e8n21ofeslao561k4t5vl 40998 40997 2026-09-03T15:30:28Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke ya lokisa 40998 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Letsha la Plovers''' ke lehafi le tletseng motswako wa majwe le masalla a kgale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a dintho tse phelang tsa kgale (di-fossil), le fumanehang Afrika Borwa. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang dikhilomithara tse 4 ka b<ref>https://sabap2.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/251.pdf</ref>borwa-botjhabela ho dibaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Borwa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le dikhilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]]. Plovers Lake e phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Setjhaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekgahlelo e mmedi ya ho epolloa ha lintho: oa pele o ile wa etswa mathwasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ya dilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitswang "Outer Deposits", mme wa bobedi o ile wa etswa ke Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitswang "Inner Deposits". [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobedi di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tse likete. Libakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ya dintho tsa kgale e ileng ya pholoha tlhaselo ya lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, joalo ka ha ho pakwa ke leqeba le folisitsoeng hodima leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana diphoofolo tse ling tse ngata le disebeliswa tse ding tsa majoe tse sa tsejweng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ea hominid e ileng ea fumanoa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa ''Inner Deposits M''me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta ''Outer Deposits'', hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ea Mehla ea Hare ea Majoe (*Middle Stone Age*). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majoe (li-fossil), lisebelisoa tse makholo-kholo—ho kenyeletsoa lithipa le lipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetsoang ho ba tsa lilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehiloeng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ea cheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majoe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa li-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric.[1] == Bona hape == * Li-hominids * Lethathamo la libaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Lula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == s6s9qdwm3qvnhuqyhvr7rzhag7xkzht 40999 40998 2026-09-03T15:42:40Z Dumbassman 7165 40999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Plovers''' ke lehafi le tletseng motswako wa majwe le masalla a kgale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a dintho tse phelang tsa kgale (di-fossil), le fumanehang Afrika Borwa. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang dikhilomithara tse 4 ka b<ref>https://sabap2.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/251.pdf</ref>borwa-botjhabela ho dibaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Borwa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le dikhilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]]. Plovers Lake e phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Setjhaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekgahlelo e mmedi ya ho epolloa ha lintho: oa pele o ile wa etswa mathwasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ya dilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitswang "Outer Deposits", mme wa bobedi o ile wa etswa ke Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitswang "Inner Deposits". [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobedi di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tse likete. Libakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ya dintho tsa kgale e ileng ya pholoha tlhaselo ya lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, joalo ka ha ho pakwa ke leqeba le folisitsoeng hodima leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana diphoofolo tse ling tse ngata le disebeliswa tse ding tsa majoe tse sa tsejweng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ea hominid e ileng ea fumanoa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa ''Inner Deposits M''me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta ''Outer Deposits'', hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ea Mehla ea Hare ea Majoe (*Middle Stone Age*). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majoe (li-fossil), lisebelisoa tse makholo-kholo—ho kenyeletsoa lithipa le lipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetsoang ho ba tsa lilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehiloeng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ea cheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majoe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa li-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric.[1] == Bona hape == * Li-hominids * Lethathamo la libaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Lula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == i7i1nrydxkfoy9r8fm5xjz9l9er844w 41000 40999 2026-09-03T16:03:39Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41000 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Plovers''' ke lehafi le tletseng motswako wa majwe le masalla a kgale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a dintho tse phelang tsa kgale (di-fossil), le fumanehang [[Afrika Borwa]]. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang dikhilomithara tse 4 ka b<ref>https://sabap2.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/251.pdf</ref>borwa-botjhabela ho dibaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Borwa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le dikhilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]]. Plovers Lake e phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Setjhaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekgahlelo e mmedi ya ho epollwa ha dintho: oa pele o ile wa etswa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ya dilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitswang "Outer Deposits", mme wa bobedi o ile wa etswa ke Lee Berger wa Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitswang "Inner Deposits".<ref>Hilton-Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R. (2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Humankind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai & Environs World Heritage Site''. Struik. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>.</ref> [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobedi di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse dikete. Dibakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ya dintho tsa kgale e ileng ya pholoha tlhaselo ya lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, jwalo ka ha ho pakwa ke leqeba le fodisitsweng hodima leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana diphoofolo tse ding tse ngata le disebeliswa tse ding tsa majwe tse sa tsejweng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale ya hominid e ileng ea fumanwa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa ''Inner Deposits M''me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta ''Outer Deposits'', hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ya Mehla ya Hare ya Majoe (''Middle Stone Age''). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majwe (di-fossil), disebediswa tse makgolo-kgolo—ho kenyeletswa dithipa le dipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetswang ho ba tsa dilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehilweng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ya tjheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majwe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa di-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric. == Bona hape == * Li-hominids * Lethathamo la libaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Lula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == fqa19fd2d6tcvw4s6mac233cxopd2l7 41001 41000 2026-09-03T16:04:00Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 /* Bona hape */ 41001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Plovers''' ke lehafi le tletseng motswako wa majwe le masalla a kgale (breccia) a kenyeletsang masalla a dintho tse phelang tsa kgale (di-fossil), le fumanehang [[Afrika Borwa]]. Lehafi lena le sebakeng se ka bang dikhilomithara tse 4 ka b<ref>https://sabap2.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/251.pdf</ref>borwa-botjhabela ho dibaka tse tsebahalang tsa Afrika Borwa tse nang le masalla a batho ba pele (hominids)—e leng Sterkfontein le Kromdraai—le dikhilomithara tse ka bang 36 ka leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]]. Plovers Lake e phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Setjhaba sa Afrika Borwa. == Histori ya dipatlisiso == Plovers Lake e bile le mekgahlelo e mmedi ya ho epollwa ha dintho: oa pele o ile wa etswa mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1990 le qetellong ya dilemo tsa bo-1980 ke C.K. "Bob" Brain le Francis Thackeray ba Transvaal Museum (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Northern Flagship Institute) sebakeng se bitswang "Outer Deposits", mme wa bobedi o ile wa etswa ke Lee Berger wa Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke pakeng tsa selemo sa 2000 le 2004 sebakeng se bitswang "Inner Deposits".<ref>Hilton-Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R. (2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Humankind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai & Environs World Heritage Site''. Struik. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>.</ref> [[File:Plovers_lake_internal.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Pono ea libaka tsa ka hare le tsela ea ho tsamaea ea Letša la Plovers]] Dihlopha tsena ka bobedi di ile tsa fumana mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale tse dikete. Dibakeng tsa Outer Deposits, Brain le Thakeray ba ile ba fumana tshwene e ntle haholo ya dintho tsa kgale e ileng ya pholoha tlhaselo ya lengau kapa katse e nang le meno a saber, jwalo ka ha ho pakwa ke leqeba le fodisitsweng hodima leihlo. Ba ile ba boela ba fumana diphoofolo tse ding tse ngata le disebeliswa tse ding tsa majwe tse sa tsejweng. Ha ho na mesaletsa ya dintho tsa kgale ya hominid e ileng ea fumanwa. Berger le Churchill ba ile ba sebetsa sebakeng sa ''Inner Deposits M''me ba fumana kapele hore sebaka sena se ne se le secha ho feta ''Outer Deposits'', hape se ne se e-na le masalla a batho ba phetseng moo nakong ya Mehla ya Hare ya Majoe (''Middle Stone Age''). Ba ile ba fumana masalla a fetang 25,000 a fetohileng majwe (di-fossil), disebediswa tse makgolo-kgolo—ho kenyeletswa dithipa le dipheletsong tsa marumo—hammoho le likotoana tsa masalla a batho ba pele, tse hakanyetswang ho ba tsa dilemo tse ka bang 70,000 tse fetileng.<ref>Berger; et&#x20;al. (2003). ''Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists''. AJPA.</ref> === Geology === Plovers Lake ke letoto le leholo la mealo e thehilweng haufi le mapetso a maholo ka mokhoa o kang oa boto ya tjheke. Moalo o ka Ntle ke lehaha la dolomite le tletseng majwe a robehileng (breccia) mme le se le se na marulelo. Mealo e ka Hare e na le boholo ba marulelo a sa senyehang mme e nametse sebaka sa limithara tse makgolo a mmalwa. Karolo e kholo ea sebaka sena ha e e-so epollwe. ==== Dilemo tsa di-depositi ==== Dikarolo tsa ka ntle tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse ka bang milione e le nngwe ho latela boholo ba dinoko tse fumanweng. Dikarolo tsa ka hare tsa dikgobo tsa masalla di hakanyetswa ho ba le dilemo tse fetang 70,000 ho sebediswa mekgwa ya radiometric. == Bona hape == * Di-hominids * Lethathamo la Dibaka tsa mashala * Lee Berger * Sebaka sa ho Dula sa Batho == Ditlhaloso == jzf7p8kc3tqok11p4y3xuiytlq7sqsh 0 10916 41002 2026-09-03T16:23:58Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362954693|ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park]]" 41002 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Serapa sa Naga sa Matjhaba sa ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld ke serapa sa khotso se phatlaletseng moeding o pakeng tsa [[Afrika Borwa]] le naha ya [[Namibia]]. Se thehilwe ka selemo sa 2003 ka ho kopanya Serapa sa Diphoofolo sa ǀAi-ǀAis Hot Springs sa Namibia le Serapa sa Naha sa Richtersveld sa Afrika Borwa. Karolo e kgolo ya serapa sena ka lehlakoreng la Afrika Borwa e etsa karolo ya sebaka se sireletsang (buffer zone) sa Sebaka sa Lefatshe sa Bohlokwa sa Setso le Dimela sa Richtersveld (Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape World Heritage Site), se akaretsang sebaka se ka bang dikhilomithara tse disekwere tse 5,920.<ref>"/AI /AIS-RICHTERSVELD". </ref>Phula e tebileng le e kholo ea Fish River Canyon, e leng phula e kgolo ka ho fetisisa Afrika, e fumaneha ka hare ho serapa sena.Tumellano e ile ya saenelwa ka la 17 Phato 2003 ke bapresidente ba Afrika Borwa le Namibia, e leng se ileng sa tiisa ho thewa ha serapa sena ka molao. Lentswe |Ai-|Ais le tsoa puong ya Khoekhoe mme le bolela 'mollo-mollo' kapa 'ho tjhesa haholo jwaloka mollo', ho latela mohlodi wa metsi a tjhesang o nang le lebitso le tshwanang.<ref>''Raper, Peter E. (1987). Dictionary of Southern African Place Names. Internet Archive. p.&#x20;54. Retrieved 18 November 2024.''</ref> Ditsi tsa bahahlaudi tsa Sendelingsdrift di ile tsa bulwa ka 2007 ho nolofalletsa bahahlauli le batho ba moo ho tsamaya pakeng tsa Namibia le Afrika Borwa ka hara meeli ya serapa sena. Ofisi ya bojaki e ile ya thehwa mahlakore ka bobedi a Noka ya Orange. E boetse e tsejwa ka ho ba sebaka se chesang sa mefuta-futa ya dimela, ho bolelang hore e kotsing e sa feleng ya ho kenella ha batho. <ref name="Transfrontier" /> == Ba-Nama == Batho ba Nama ba ntse ba fumaneha sebakeng sena. Kaha ba tsejwa e le batho ba phelang ka ho falla le mehlape ea bona, mokgwa wa bona oa bophelo o loketse sebaka sena se omeletseng. Balisana le mehlape ya bona ba ka bonwa ba tsamaya dibaka tse telele ha ba ntse ba leka ho latela pula e hlokahalang haholo empa e sa neleng kgafetsa. Hape, puo ea Se-Nama e bolokilwe mona ke setjhaba sa Nama ho feta sebakeng sefe kapa sefe se seng sa sebaka sa Namaqualand.<ref>peaceparks.org/tfcas/ai-ais-richtersveld/</ref> == Boemo ba lehodimo == dAi-ng-ng-Ais/Richtersveld e na le mekgwa e mmedi e meholo ya boemo ba lehodimo. E na le sebaka se nang le pula e futhumetseng ya mariha se nang le mongobo o phahameng ya moya, o bapisoang le motjheso o phahameng le dipula tsa yona tsa lehlabula empa mongobo o tlase o le ka hare ho naha. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php.]</ref>Mekgwa ena ya maemo a lehodimo e fapana ka mokgwa o fapaneng e na le sebaka sa phetoho sa dikhilomithara tse ka bang 20.<ref name="|Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park">[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. South African National Parks. ]</ref> == Sebaka sa naha == Sebaka sena ka kakaretso se na le lipororo tse makukuno le lithaba tse phahameng. Mobu o thata 'me metsi a haella, empa moea o lula o na le mongobo ka lebaka la moholi o hlahang hoseng haholo. Baahi ba sebaka seo ba morabe oa Nama ba bitsa moholi o tsoang Leoatleng la Atlantic ka mabitso a reng ‘Ihuries’ kapa ‘Malmokkies’.<ref>[https://www.places.co.za/accommodation/ai-ais-richtersveld-national-park.html. https://www.places.co.za/accommodation/ai-ais-richtersveld-national-park.html.]</ref> Paki ena e nkwa e le tikoloho e ikhethang haholo le e kgolo lefatsheng. Sebakeng se le seng sa sekwere-kilomithara, ho ka fumanoa mefuta e fetang 360 ea limela tse fapaneng, leha sebaka seo se fumana pula e ka bang 68 mm feela ka selemo. Limela tse fumanehang Paking ya |Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier li kenyelletsa mefuta e ikgethang, jwalo ka sefate se seholo sa 'quiver tree', 'half-mens' (ka Seafrikaans: halofo ya motho), le di-aloe tse telele.Sefate sa 'half-mens' se khetholloa ka kutu e le nngwe e sa arohaneng le e bopehileng jwaloka kholomo, e ka fihlang bophahamong ba limithara tse 4. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php.]</ref>Sehlohlolong sa sona ho na le sehlopha sa makala. Setjhaba sa sebaka seo sa Nama se hlompha haholo sefate sa 'half-mens', se dumela hore sebopeho sa sona se shebahalang jwaloka motho ke meya ya baholo-holo ba bona e labalabelang lehae la bona la Namibia. [[File:Map_Richtersveld_Municipality_and_Parks_de.svg|left|thumb|232x232px|Mmapa wa serapa]] == Bona hape ==   == Ditlhaloso == 58hu0nc45o36uekb1wy6wjheeq3ok2b 41003 41002 2026-09-03T16:25:33Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41003 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Serapa sa Naha sa Matjhaba sa ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld''' ke serapa sa kgotso se phatlaletseng moeding o pakeng tsa [[Afrika Borwa]] le naha ya [[Namibia]]. Se thehilwe ka selemo sa 2003 ka ho kopanya Serapa sa Diphoofolo sa ǀAi-ǀAis Hot Springs sa Namibia le Serapa sa Naha sa Richtersveld sa Afrika Borwa. Karolo e kgolo ya serapa sena ka lehlakoreng la Afrika Borwa e etsa karolo ya sebaka se sireletsang (buffer zone) sa Sebaka sa Lefatshe sa Bohlokwa sa Setso le Dimela sa Richtersveld (Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape World Heritage Site), se akaretsang sebaka se ka bang dikhilomithara tse disekwere tse 5,920.<ref>"/AI /AIS-RICHTERSVELD". </ref>Phula e tebileng le e kholo ya Fish River Canyon, e leng phula e kgolo ka ho fetisisa Afrika, e fumaneha ka hare ho serapa sena.Tumellano e ile ya saenelwa ka la 17 Phato 2003 ke bapresidente ba Afrika Borwa le Namibia, e leng se ileng sa tiisa ho thewa ha serapa sena ka molao. Lentswe |Ai-|Ais le tswa puong ya Khoekhoe mme le bolela 'mollo-mollo' kapa 'ho tjhesa haholo jwaloka mollo', ho latela mohlodi wa metsi a tjhesang o nang le lebitso le tshwanang.<ref>''Raper, Peter E. (1987). Dictionary of Southern African Place Names. Internet Archive. p.&#x20;54. Retrieved 18 November 2024.''</ref> Ditsi tsa bahahlaudi tsa Sendelingsdrift di ile tsa bulwa ka 2007 ho nolofalletsa bahahlauli le batho ba moo ho tsamaya pakeng tsa Namibia le Afrika Borwa ka hara meeli ya serapa sena. Ofisi ya bojaki e ile ya thehwa mahlakore ka bobedi a Noka ya Orange. E boetse e tsejwa ka ho ba sebaka se tjhesang sa mefuta-futa ya dimela, ho bolelang hore e kotsing e sa feleng ya ho kenella ha batho. <ref name="Transfrontier" /> == Ba-Nama == Batho ba Nama ba ntse ba fumaneha sebakeng sena. Kaha ba tsejwa e le batho ba phelang ka ho falla le mehlape ya bona, mokgwa wa bona oa bophelo o loketse sebaka sena se omeletseng. Balisana le mehlape ya bona ba ka bonwa ba tsamaya dibaka tse telele ha ba ntse ba leka ho latela pula e hlokahalang haholo empa e sa neleng kgafetsa. Hape, puo ea Se-Nama e bolokilwe mona ke setjhaba sa Nama ho feta sebakeng sefe kapa sefe se seng sa sebaka sa Namaqualand.<ref>peaceparks.org/tfcas/ai-ais-richtersveld/</ref> == Boemo ba lehodimo == dAi-ng-ng-Ais/Richtersveld e na le mekgwa e mmedi e meholo ya boemo ba lehodimo. E na le sebaka se nang le pula e futhumetseng ya mariha se nang le mongobo o phahameng ya moya, o bapisoang le motjheso o phahameng le dipula tsa yona tsa lehlabula empa mongobo o tlase o le ka hare ho naha. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php.]</ref>Mekgwa ena ya maemo a lehodimo e fapana ka mokgwa o fapaneng e na le sebaka sa phetoho sa dikhilomithara tse ka bang 20.<ref name="|Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park">[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. South African National Parks. ]</ref> == Sebaka sa naha == Sebaka sena ka kakaretso se na le lipororo tse makukuno le dithaba tse phahameng. Mobu o thata mme metsi a haella, empa moea o lula o na le mongobo ka lebaka la moholi o hlahang hoseng haholo. Baahi ba sebaka seo ba morabe oa Nama ba bitsa moholi o tsoang Leoatleng la Atlantic ka mabitso a reng ‘Ihuries’ kapa ‘Malmokkies’.<ref>[https://www.places.co.za/accommodation/ai-ais-richtersveld-national-park.html. https://www.places.co.za/accommodation/ai-ais-richtersveld-national-park.html.]</ref> Paki ena e nkwa e le tikoloho e ikhethang haholo le e kgolo lefatsheng. Sebakeng se le seng sa sekwere-kilomithara, ho ka fumanoa mefuta e fetang 360 ea limela tse fapaneng, leha sebaka seo se fumana pula e ka bang 68 mm feela ka selemo. Limela tse fumanehang Paking ya |Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier li kenyelletsa mefuta e ikgethang, jwalo ka sefate se seholo sa 'quiver tree', 'half-mens' (ka Seafrikaans: halofo ya motho), le di-aloe tse telele.Sefate sa 'half-mens' se khetholloa ka kutu e le nngwe e sa arohaneng le e bopehileng jwaloka kholomo, e ka fihlang bophahamong ba limithara tse 4. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php.]</ref>Sehlohlolong sa sona ho na le sehlopha sa makala. Setjhaba sa sebaka seo sa Nama se hlompha haholo sefate sa 'half-mens', se dumela hore sebopeho sa sona se shebahalang jwaloka motho ke meya ya baholo-holo ba bona e labalabelang lehae la bona la Namibia. [[File:Map_Richtersveld_Municipality_and_Parks_de.svg|left|thumb|232x232px|Mmapa wa serapa]] == Bona hape ==   == Ditlhaloso == 6i3a1upbuuptapg7c5ulaf9owr3dwkp 41004 41003 2026-09-03T16:26:08Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 41004 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Serapa sa Naha sa Matjhaba sa ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld''' ke serapa sa kgotso se phatlaletseng moeding o pakeng tsa [[Afrika Borwa]] le naha ya [[Namibia]]. Se thehilwe ka selemo sa 2003 ka ho kopanya Serapa sa Diphoofolo sa ǀAi-ǀAis Hot Springs sa Namibia le Serapa sa Naha sa Richtersveld sa Afrika Borwa. Karolo e kgolo ya serapa sena ka lehlakoreng la Afrika Borwa e etsa karolo ya sebaka se sireletsang (buffer zone) sa Sebaka sa Lefatshe sa Bohlokwa sa Setso le Dimela sa Richtersveld (Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape World Heritage Site), se akaretsang sebaka se ka bang dikhilomithara tse disekwere tse 5,920.<ref>"/AI /AIS-RICHTERSVELD". </ref> Phula e tebileng le e kholo ya Fish River Canyon, e leng phula e kgolo ka ho fetisisa Afrika, e fumaneha ka hare ho serapa sena.Tumellano e ile ya saenelwa ka la 17 Phato 2003 ke bapresidente ba Afrika Borwa le Namibia, e leng se ileng sa tiisa ho thewa ha serapa sena ka molao. Lentswe |Ai-|Ais le tswa puong ya Khoekhoe mme le bolela 'mollo-mollo' kapa 'ho tjhesa haholo jwaloka mollo', ho latela mohlodi wa metsi a tjhesang o nang le lebitso le tshwanang.<ref>''Raper, Peter E. (1987). Dictionary of Southern African Place Names. Internet Archive. p.&#x20;54. Retrieved 18 November 2024.''</ref> Ditsi tsa bahahlaudi tsa Sendelingsdrift di ile tsa bulwa ka 2007 ho nolofalletsa bahahlauli le batho ba moo ho tsamaya pakeng tsa Namibia le Afrika Borwa ka hara meeli ya serapa sena. Ofisi ya bojaki e ile ya thehwa mahlakore ka bobedi a Noka ya Orange. E boetse e tsejwa ka ho ba sebaka se tjhesang sa mefuta-futa ya dimela, ho bolelang hore e kotsing e sa feleng ya ho kenella ha batho. == Ba-Nama == Batho ba Nama ba ntse ba fumaneha sebakeng sena. Kaha ba tsejwa e le batho ba phelang ka ho falla le mehlape ya bona, mokgwa wa bona oa bophelo o loketse sebaka sena se omeletseng. Balisana le mehlape ya bona ba ka bonwa ba tsamaya dibaka tse telele ha ba ntse ba leka ho latela pula e hlokahalang haholo empa e sa neleng kgafetsa. Hape, puo ea Se-Nama e bolokilwe mona ke setjhaba sa Nama ho feta sebakeng sefe kapa sefe se seng sa sebaka sa Namaqualand.<ref>peaceparks.org/tfcas/ai-ais-richtersveld/</ref> == Boemo ba lehodimo == dAi-ng-ng-Ais/Richtersveld e na le mekgwa e mmedi e meholo ya boemo ba lehodimo. E na le sebaka se nang le pula e futhumetseng ya mariha se nang le mongobo o phahameng ya moya, o bapisoang le motjheso o phahameng le dipula tsa yona tsa lehlabula empa mongobo o tlase o le ka hare ho naha. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php.]</ref>Mekgwa ena ya maemo a lehodimo e fapana ka mokgwa o fapaneng e na le sebaka sa phetoho sa dikhilomithara tse ka bang 20.<ref name="|Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park">[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. South African National Parks. ]</ref> == Sebaka sa naha == Sebaka sena ka kakaretso se na le lipororo tse makukuno le dithaba tse phahameng. Mobu o thata mme metsi a haella, empa moea o lula o na le mongobo ka lebaka la moholi o hlahang hoseng haholo. Baahi ba sebaka seo ba morabe oa Nama ba bitsa moholi o tsoang Leoatleng la Atlantic ka mabitso a reng ‘Ihuries’ kapa ‘Malmokkies’.<ref>[https://www.places.co.za/accommodation/ai-ais-richtersveld-national-park.html. https://www.places.co.za/accommodation/ai-ais-richtersveld-national-park.html.]</ref> Paki ena e nkwa e le tikoloho e ikhethang haholo le e kgolo lefatsheng. Sebakeng se le seng sa sekwere-kilomithara, ho ka fumanoa mefuta e fetang 360 ea limela tse fapaneng, leha sebaka seo se fumana pula e ka bang 68 mm feela ka selemo. Limela tse fumanehang Paking ya |Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier li kenyelletsa mefuta e ikgethang, jwalo ka sefate se seholo sa 'quiver tree', 'half-mens' (ka Seafrikaans: halofo ya motho), le di-aloe tse telele.Sefate sa 'half-mens' se khetholloa ka kutu e le nngwe e sa arohaneng le e bopehileng jwaloka kholomo, e ka fihlang bophahamong ba limithara tse 4. <ref>[https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php. https://www.sanparks.org/parks/richtersveld/conservation/ff/vegetation.php.]</ref>Sehlohlolong sa sona ho na le sehlopha sa makala. Setjhaba sa sebaka seo sa Nama se hlompha haholo sefate sa 'half-mens', se dumela hore sebopeho sa sona se shebahalang jwaloka motho ke meya ya baholo-holo ba bona e labalabelang lehae la bona la Namibia. [[File:Map_Richtersveld_Municipality_and_Parks_de.svg|left|thumb|232x232px|Mmapa wa serapa]] == Bona hape ==   == Ditlhaloso == bga147mwek6txkg7ogzqymgqv11230c 0 10917 41005 2026-09-03T16:58:11Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367518466|Cradle of Humankind]]" 41005 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Cradle_of_Humankind_in_Gauteng_map.jpg|thumb|Mmapa wa sebaka sa Cradle of Humanity, 2024]] The Cradle of Humankind<ref name="Fleminger2008">Fleminger, David (2008). ''The Cradle of Humankind''. 30° South Publishers. pp.&#x20;7–10. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-9584891-3-3</bdi>.</ref><ref name="Fleminger">Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho Johannesburg, [[Afrika Borwa|Afrika Boroa]], profinseng ya [[Gauteng]]. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/</ref> mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke '''Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.''' Ho latela ''South African Journal of Science'' Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. [[Polasi ya Bolt]] e ile ea epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho *stalagmites*, *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2] Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibolloa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 ''Australopithecus africanus'' (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba ''Australopithecus africanus'' se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ea Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele. Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ea Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana ''Homo naledi''. Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ea boraro ea li-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a ''H. naledi'' ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng oa fumanwa Afrika. == Etymology == Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.<ref name="Fleminger2008" /><ref name="Fleminger" />&nbsp; == Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng == {{Human timeline}}Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le ''Paranthropus robustus''. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein. Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans. Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tšebeliso ea khale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B</ref><ref>Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p.&#x20;75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> Ka 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tsoela pele ebile ke eona e tsoelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ea khale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ea Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabeli a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao li bontsha hore a ka ba le lilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5). Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ea khale (empa ba tšoanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa li le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale. Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa lipatlisiso ka meaho ea maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana libaka tse ling tse nang le masalla a lihlopha tsa batho ba khale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba khale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojoe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitsoang UW-101. Ka Pulungoana 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la lipatlisiso le kopanetsoeng ke Univesithi ea Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ea sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ea libeke tse tharo feela tsa ho cheka, sehlopha sa machaba sa basali ba tšeletseng ba litsebi tsa saense ea ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba khethoa ka lebaka la tsebo ea bona ea paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana likotoana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejoeng oa batho ba khale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tsoelo-pele ka mosebetsi oa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Loetse 2015, Berger, ka tshebelisano-'moho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanoa ha mofuta o mocha oa beng ka batho, o bitsoang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/</ref> Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha litopo tsa batho ba eona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ea leha-ha—e leng boitšoaro bo neng bo nahanoa hore bo etsoa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ea *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ea ngangisano har'a litsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Lipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e 'ngoe ea leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi oa pele oa ho cheka sebakeng sena, se bitsoang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 'me oa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba khale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe'<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child_Face.jpg|''Australopithecus africanus'' (e entsweng hape) File:Australopithecus_sediba.JPG|Lehata la ''Australopithecus sediba'' </gallery> == Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang == Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind li fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata li kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ling tse bitsoang li-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanoa feela libakeng tseo maemo a lumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha li-fossil.<ref>Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). ''Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-203-73165-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;1128062043. S2CID&#x20;242503326.</ref> == Ditsi tsa baeti == Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]] o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ea maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a khale a lintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontšo e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho lumella sechaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi oa ho epolla o emisitsoe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Maropeng01.jpg|Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng File:Maropeng_Visitor_Centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Maropeng </gallery> == Bona hape == * Setsi sa tsoelo-pele * Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS * Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey * Mulderdrift * Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika * Lehaha la Limakatso == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] opxyke3oya6fhjlnlt8c0f4hk3erpd6 41006 41005 2026-09-03T17:43:51Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41006 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Cradle_of_Humankind_in_Gauteng_map.jpg|thumb|Mmapa wa sebaka sa Cradle of Humanity, 2024]] The Cradle of Humankind<ref name="Fleminger2008">Fleminger, David (2008). ''The Cradle of Humankind''. 30° South Publishers. pp.&#x20;7–10. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-9584891-3-3</bdi>.</ref><ref name="Fleminger">Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Borwa]], profinseng ya [[Gauteng]]. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/</ref> mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke '''Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.''' Ho latela ''South African Journal of Science'' Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. [[Polasi ya Bolt]] e ile ya epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho ''stalagmites'', *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2] Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibollwa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 ''Australopithecus africanus'' (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba ''Australopithecus africanus'' se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ea Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele. Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ya Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana ''Homo naledi''. Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ya boraro ya di-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a ''H. naledi'' ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng wa fumanwa Afrika. == Etymology == Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.<ref name="Fleminger2008" /><ref name="Fleminger" />&nbsp; == Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng == Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le ''Paranthropus robustus''. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein. Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans. Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tšebeliso ea khale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B</ref><ref>Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p.&#x20;75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> Ka 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tsoela pele ebile ke eona e tsoelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ea khale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ea Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabeli a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le dilemo tse ka bang dimilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao li bontsha hore a ka ba le lilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5). Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ea khale (empa ba tshwanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa di le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale. Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa lipatlisiso ka meaho ea maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana dibaka tse ling tse nang le masalla a lihlopha tsa batho ba khale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba khale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojoe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitswang UW-101. Ka Pulungoana 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la dipatlisiso le kopanetsoeng ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ea sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ya dibeke tse tharo feela tsa ho cheka, sehlopha sa machaba sa basali ba tšeletseng ba litsebi tsa saense ea ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba khethoa ka lebaka la tsebo ea bona ea paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana likotoana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejoeng oa batho ba khale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tsoelo-pele ka mosebetsi oa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Loetse 2015, Berger, ka tshebelisano-'moho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanoa ha mofuta o mocha oa beng ka batho, o bitsoang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/</ref> Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha litopo tsa batho ba eona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ea leha-ha—e leng boitšoaro bo neng bo nahanoa hore bo etsoa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ea *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ea ngangisano har'a litsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Lipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e 'ngoe ea leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi oa pele oa ho cheka sebakeng sena, se bitsoang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 'me oa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba khale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe'<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child_Face.jpg|''Australopithecus africanus'' (e entsweng hape) File:Australopithecus_sediba.JPG|Lehata la ''Australopithecus sediba'' </gallery> == Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang == Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind li fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata li kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ling tse bitsoang li-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanoa feela libakeng tseo maemo a lumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha li-fossil.<ref>Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). ''Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-203-73165-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;1128062043. S2CID&#x20;242503326.</ref> == Ditsi tsa baeti == Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]] o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ea maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a khale a lintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontšo e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho lumella sechaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi oa ho epolla o emisitsoe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Maropeng01.jpg|Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng File:Maropeng_Visitor_Centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Maropeng </gallery> == Bona hape == * Setsi sa tsoelo-pele * Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS * Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey * Mulderdrift * Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika * Lehaha la Limakatso == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gg6txf2hw3nq0ktocwrhb73mazlcwbd 41008 41006 2026-09-03T17:52:27Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41008 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Cradle_of_Humankind_in_Gauteng_map.jpg|thumb|Mmapa wa sebaka sa Cradle of Humanity, 2024]] The Cradle of Humankind<ref name="Fleminger2008">Fleminger, David (2008). ''The Cradle of Humankind''. 30° South Publishers. pp.&#x20;7–10. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-9584891-3-3</bdi>.</ref><ref name="Fleminger">Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Borwa]], profinseng ya [[Gauteng]]. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/</ref> mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke '''Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.''' Ho latela ''South African Journal of Science'' Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. [[Polasi ya Bolt]] e ile ya epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho ''stalagmites'', *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2] Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibollwa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 ''Australopithecus africanus'' (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka selemo sa 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba ''Australopithecus africanus'' se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ya Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele. Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ya Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana ''Homo naledi''. Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ya boraro ya di-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a ''H. naledi'' ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng wa fumanwa Afrika. == Etymology == Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.<ref name="Fleminger2008" /><ref name="Fleminger" />&nbsp; == Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng == Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le ''Paranthropus robustus''. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein. Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans. Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tshebediso ya kgale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B</ref><ref>Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p.&#x20;75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> Ka selemo sa 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tswela pele ebile ke yona e tswelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng. Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ya kgale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabedi a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le dilemo tse ka bang dimilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao di bontsha hore a ka ba le dilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5). Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ya kgale (empa ba tshwanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa di le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale. Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa dipatlisiso ka meaho ya maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana dibaka tse ling tse nang le masalla a dihlopha tsa batho ba kgale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba khale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojwe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitswang UW-101. Ka Pulungoana 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la dipatlisiso le kopanetsweng ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ea sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ya dibeke tse tharo feela tsa ho cheka, sehlopha sa machaba sa basayi ba tsheletseng ba ditsebi tsa saense ya ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba kgethwa ka lebaka la tsebo ya bona ya paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana dikotwana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejweng wa batho ba khale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tswelo-pele ka mosebetsi oa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Lwetse 2015, Berger, ka tshebelisano-'moho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanwa ha mofuta o motjha wa beng ka batho, o bitswang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/</ref> Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha ditopo tsa batho ba yona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ya leha-ha—e leng boitshwaro bo neng bo nahanoa hore bo etswa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ya *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ea ngangisano hara ditsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Lipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e nngwe ya leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi oa pele oa ho cheka sebakeng sena, se bitswang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 mm wa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba kgale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child_Face.jpg|''Australopithecus africanus'' (e entsweng hape) File:Australopithecus_sediba.JPG|Lehata la ''Australopithecus sediba'' </gallery> == Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang == Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind li fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata li kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ling tse bitsoang li-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanoa feela libakeng tseo maemo a lumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha li-fossil.<ref>Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). ''Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-203-73165-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;1128062043. S2CID&#x20;242503326.</ref> == Ditsi tsa baeti == Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]] o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ea maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a khale a lintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontšo e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho lumella sechaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi oa ho epolla o emisitsoe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Maropeng01.jpg|Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng File:Maropeng_Visitor_Centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Maropeng </gallery> == Bona hape == * Setsi sa tsoelo-pele * Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS * Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey * Mulderdrift * Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika * Lehaha la Limakatso == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eqagxpsmx9uicjd1uw8i7imo5x77iqt 41009 41008 2026-09-03T17:54:50Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke hodisa leqhephe 41009 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Cradle_of_Humankind_in_Gauteng_map.jpg|thumb|Mmapa wa sebaka sa Cradle of Humanity, 2024]] The Cradle of Humankind<ref name="Fleminger2008">Fleminger, David (2008). ''The Cradle of Humankind''. 30° South Publishers. pp.&#x20;7–10. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-9584891-3-3</bdi>.</ref><ref name="Fleminger">Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Borwa]], profinseng ya [[Gauteng]]. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/</ref> mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke '''Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.''' Ho latela ''South African Journal of Science'' Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. [[Polasi ya Bolt]] e ile ya epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho ''stalagmites'', *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2] Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibollwa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 ''Australopithecus africanus'' (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka selemo sa 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba ''Australopithecus africanus'' se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ya Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele. Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ya Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana ''Homo naledi''. Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ya boraro ya di-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a ''H. naledi'' ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng wa fumanwa Afrika. == Etymology == Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.<ref name="Fleminger2008" /><ref name="Fleminger" />&nbsp; == Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng == Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le ''Paranthropus robustus''. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein. Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans. Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tshebediso ya kgale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B</ref><ref>Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p.&#x20;75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> Ka selemo sa 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tswela pele ebile ke yona e tswelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng. Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ya kgale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabedi a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le dilemo tse ka bang dimilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao di bontsha hore a ka ba le dilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5). Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ya kgale (empa ba tshwanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa di le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale. Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa dipatlisiso ka meaho ya maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana dibaka tse ding tse nang le masalla a dihlopha tsa batho ba kgale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba khale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojwe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitswang UW-101. Ka Pulungwana selemong sa 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la dipatlisiso le kopanetsweng ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ya sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ya dibeke tse tharo feela tsa ho cheka, sehlopha sa matjhaba sa basayi ba tsheletseng ba ditsebi tsa saense ya ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba kgethwa ka lebaka la tsebo ya bona ya paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana dikotwana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejweng wa batho ba kgale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tswelo-pele ka mosebetsi wa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Lwetse selemong sa 2015, Berger, ka tshebedisano-mmoho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanwa ha mofuta o motjha wa beng ka batho, o bitswang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/</ref> Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha ditopo tsa batho ba yona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ya leha-ha—e leng boitshwaro bo neng bo nahanwa hore bo etswa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ya *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ya ngangisano hara ditsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Dipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e nngwe ya leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi wa pele wa ho tjheka sebakeng sena, se bitswang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 mm wa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba kgale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child_Face.jpg|''Australopithecus africanus'' (e entsweng hape) File:Australopithecus_sediba.JPG|Lehata la ''Australopithecus sediba'' </gallery> == Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang == Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind li fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata li kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ling tse bitsoang li-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanoa feela libakeng tseo maemo a lumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha li-fossil.<ref>Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). ''Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-203-73165-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;1128062043. S2CID&#x20;242503326.</ref> == Ditsi tsa baeti == Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]] o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ea maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a khale a lintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontšo e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho lumella sechaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi oa ho epolla o emisitsoe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Maropeng01.jpg|Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng File:Maropeng_Visitor_Centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Maropeng </gallery> == Bona hape == * Setsi sa tsoelo-pele * Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS * Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey * Mulderdrift * Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika * Lehaha la Limakatso == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qjehzcu65gzwwpm8tir68p6dxq35dmn 41010 41009 2026-09-03T17:55:56Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41010 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Cradle_of_Humankind_in_Gauteng_map.jpg|thumb|Mmapa wa sebaka sa Cradle of Humanity, 2024]] The Cradle of Humankind<ref name="Fleminger2008">Fleminger, David (2008). ''The Cradle of Humankind''. 30° South Publishers. pp.&#x20;7–10. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-9584891-3-3</bdi>.</ref><ref name="Fleminger">Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Borwa]], profinseng ya [[Gauteng]]. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/</ref> mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke '''Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.''' Ho latela ''South African Journal of Science'' Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. [[Polasi ya Bolt]] e ile ya epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho ''stalagmites'', *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2] Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibollwa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 ''Australopithecus africanus'' (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka selemo sa 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba ''Australopithecus africanus'' se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ya Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele. Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ya Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana ''Homo naledi''. Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ya boraro ya di-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a ''H. naledi'' ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng wa fumanwa Afrika. == Etymology == Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.<ref name="Fleminger2008" /><ref name="Fleminger" />&nbsp; == Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng == Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le ''Paranthropus robustus''. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein. Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans. Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tshebediso ya kgale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B</ref><ref>Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p.&#x20;75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> Ka selemo sa 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tswela pele ebile ke yona e tswelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng. Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ya kgale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabedi a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le dilemo tse ka bang dimilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao di bontsha hore a ka ba le dilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5). Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ya kgale (empa ba tshwanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa di le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale. Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa dipatlisiso ka meaho ya maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana dibaka tse ding tse nang le masalla a dihlopha tsa batho ba kgale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba kgale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojwe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitswang UW-101. Ka Pulungwana selemong sa 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la dipatlisiso le kopanetsweng ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ya sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ya dibeke tse tharo feela tsa ho tjheka, sehlopha sa matjhaba sa basayi ba tsheletseng ba ditsebi tsa saense ya ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba kgethwa ka lebaka la tsebo ya bona ya paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana dikotwana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejweng wa batho ba kgale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tswelo-pele ka mosebetsi wa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Lwetse selemong sa 2015, Berger, ka tshebedisano-mmoho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanwa ha mofuta o motjha wa beng ka batho, o bitswang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/</ref> Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha ditopo tsa batho ba yona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ya leha-ha—e leng boitshwaro bo neng bo nahanwa hore bo etswa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ya *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ya ngangisano hara ditsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Dipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e nngwe ya leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi wa pele wa ho tjheka sebakeng sena, se bitswang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 mm wa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba kgale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child_Face.jpg|''Australopithecus africanus'' (e entsweng hape) File:Australopithecus_sediba.JPG|Lehata la ''Australopithecus sediba'' </gallery> == Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang == Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind li fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata li kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ling tse bitsoang li-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanoa feela libakeng tseo maemo a lumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha li-fossil.<ref>Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). ''Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-203-73165-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;1128062043. S2CID&#x20;242503326.</ref> == Ditsi tsa baeti == Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]] o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ea maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a khale a lintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontšo e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho lumella sechaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi oa ho epolla o emisitsoe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Maropeng01.jpg|Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng File:Maropeng_Visitor_Centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Maropeng </gallery> == Bona hape == * Setsi sa tsoelo-pele * Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS * Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey * Mulderdrift * Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika * Lehaha la Limakatso == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gt8z7lq87nvwupoa9jq3kaypaxs3hsq 41011 41010 2026-09-03T18:01:43Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 /* Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang */ 41011 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Cradle_of_Humankind_in_Gauteng_map.jpg|thumb|Mmapa wa sebaka sa Cradle of Humanity, 2024]] The Cradle of Humankind<ref name="Fleminger2008">Fleminger, David (2008). ''The Cradle of Humankind''. 30° South Publishers. pp.&#x20;7–10. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-9584891-3-3</bdi>.</ref><ref name="Fleminger">Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Borwa]], profinseng ya [[Gauteng]]. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/</ref> mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke '''Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.''' Ho latela ''South African Journal of Science'' Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. [[Polasi ya Bolt]] e ile ya epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho ''stalagmites'', *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2] Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibollwa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 ''Australopithecus africanus'' (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka selemo sa 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba ''Australopithecus africanus'' se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ya Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele. Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ya Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana ''Homo naledi''. Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ya boraro ya di-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a ''H. naledi'' ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng wa fumanwa Afrika. == Etymology == Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.<ref name="Fleminger2008" /><ref name="Fleminger" />&nbsp; == Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng == Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le ''Paranthropus robustus''. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein. Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans. Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tshebediso ya kgale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B</ref><ref>Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site'' (First&#x20;ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p.&#x20;75. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi>. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> Ka selemo sa 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tswela pele ebile ke yona e tswelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng. Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ya kgale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabedi a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le dilemo tse ka bang dimilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao di bontsha hore a ka ba le dilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5). Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ya kgale (empa ba tshwanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa di le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale. Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa dipatlisiso ka meaho ya maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana dibaka tse ding tse nang le masalla a dihlopha tsa batho ba kgale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba kgale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojwe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitswang UW-101. Ka Pulungwana selemong sa 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la dipatlisiso le kopanetsweng ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ya sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ya dibeke tse tharo feela tsa ho tjheka, sehlopha sa matjhaba sa basayi ba tsheletseng ba ditsebi tsa saense ya ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba kgethwa ka lebaka la tsebo ya bona ya paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana dikotwana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejweng wa batho ba kgale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tswelo-pele ka mosebetsi wa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Lwetse selemong sa 2015, Berger, ka tshebedisano-mmoho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanwa ha mofuta o motjha wa beng ka batho, o bitswang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/</ref> Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha ditopo tsa batho ba yona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ya leha-ha—e leng boitshwaro bo neng bo nahanwa hore bo etswa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ya *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ya ngangisano hara ditsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Dipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e nngwe ya leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi wa pele wa ho tjheka sebakeng sena, se bitswang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 mm wa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba kgale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child_Face.jpg|''Australopithecus africanus'' (e entsweng hape) File:Australopithecus_sediba.JPG|Lehata la ''Australopithecus sediba'' </gallery> == Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang == Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind di fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata di kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ding tse bitswang di-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanwa feela dibakeng tseo maemo a dumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha di-fossil.<ref>Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). ''Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past''. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.&#x20;279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-203-73165-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;1128062043. S2CID&#x20;242503326.</ref> == Ditsi tsa baeti == Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa [[Thabo Mbeki]] o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ya maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a kgale a dintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontsho e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho dumella setjhaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi wa ho epolla o emisitswe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Maropeng01.jpg|Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng File:Maropeng_Visitor_Centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|Maropeng </gallery> == Bona hape == * Setsi sa tsoelo-pele * Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS * Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey * Mulderdrift * Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika * Lehaha la Limakatso == Ditlhaloso == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rq4ka0gq3bxfg48bz78bzyxu00ms88u 0 10918 41007 2026-09-03T17:51:54Z SANKOMOTA 11165 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364209183|Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope]]" 41007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope''', ke setsi sa saense sa mehleng Afrika Borwa. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ&q=founded+1820</ref> Moaho olwa yona o ka sehloohong, o thehilweng ke Boto ua Borithane ya Longitude ka 1820, jwale ke moaho wa ntlo-kgolo ya Setsi sa ho Lekola Bolepi ba dinaledi sa Afrika Borwa . Setsi sena se ne se le leralleng le lenyenyane 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) ka borwa-botjhabela ho tloha bohareng ba [[Motse Kapa|Cape Town]] . Lekgolong le hlahlamang la dilemo, toropo e ka thoko ho toropo e ile ya thehoa sebakeng seo; toropo e ka thoko e ile ya rehwa Sebaka sa ho boloka Lintho Tse Hlollang dintho ka lebitso la Setsi sa ho boloka dintho Tse Hlollang dintho sa Royal se neng se se se ntse se le teng. E phatlalalitsoe e le Sebaka sa Bohlokwa sa Naha ka Tshitwe 2018<ref>http://www.greengazette.co.za/notices/national-heritage-resources-act-25-1999-declaration-of-the-south-african-astronomical-observatory-royal-observatory-as-a-national-heritage-site_20181221-GGN-42127-01404</ref> mme e bile sehlooho sa Thuto ea Nyewe ya ICOMOS/IAU e le sebaka sa Bohlokwa sa lefatshe .<ref>http://www2.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-entity?identity=52&idsubentity=1</ref> == Nalane == [[File:South_African_Astronomical_Observatory_1857.jpg|right|thumb| Setsi sa Observatory ka 1857.]] [[File:RO_main_building_plan.jpg|right|thumb| Moralo wa moaho wa Royal Observatory, hoo e ka bang ka 1840.]] Tlhahiso ya sebaka sa ho shebella sa Borwa ho ka etsahala hore ebe e simolohile hara sehlopha se le seng sa batho ba thehileng Royal Astronomical Society United Kingdom.<ref>https://archive.org/details/astronomersatroy00warn</ref> Ho thewa semmuso ha Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, ho etsahetse ka la 20 Mphalane 1820<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ&q=founded+1820</ref> ka taelo e neng e le Lekgotleng la Morena George IV wa United Kingdom. E ile ya lula e le mokgatlo o arohaneng ho fihlela ka 1972 ha e kopanngwa le Republic Observatory Johannesburg ho theha South African Astronomical Observatory ya kajeno. Sebaka sa yona hona jwale ke ntlo-kgolo ya setsi sa ho lekola bolepi ba dinaledi sa Afrika Borwa. Ho ya ka taelo ya yona, mosebetsi o ka sehloohong wa Observatory e ne e le astrometry, mme hodima boteng ba yona e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho phatlalatsa dikhataloganyo tse ngata tsa maemo a dinaledi. Lekgolong la bo20 la dilemo e ile ya fetohela ho ya ho astrophysics, empa dilemong tsa bo-1950 mabone a toropo ya Cape Town a ne a entse hore mosebetsi wa dintho tse fokolang o se ke wa kgoneha mme sebaka se secha se lehoatateng la Karoo se ile sa batlwa. Tumellano ya ho nolofatsa sena e ile ea tiiswa ka la 23 Lwetse 1970.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131110193406/http://assa.saao.ac.za/html/his-obs-radcliffe.html</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, dibonela-hole tse mmalwa di ile tsa dula di sebetsa ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990. Tsena ha di sebediswe hangata kajeno ntle le diketsahalong tsa ho fihlella setjhaba. Alan Cousins e ne e le mohlokomedi wa ho qetela ya tebileng ya sebetsang sebakeng sa Royal Observatory. Royal Observatory e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa diketsahalo tse mmalwa tsa bohlokwa historing ya bolepi ba dinaledi. Setsebi sa dinaledi sa HM sa bobedi, Thomas Henderson, a thuswa ke mothusi wa hae, Lefotenente William Meadows, o entse maikutlo a pele a ileng a lebisa parallax e kgolo ya dinaledi, e leng ya Alpha Centauri . Leha ho le jwalo, o ile a lahlehelwa ke ntho ya bohlokwa jwalo ka mosibolli wa parallax ya dinaledi ho Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, ya ileng a phatlalatsa dipono tsa hae (tsa morao) tsa 61 Cygni pele Henderson a fihla ho tsa hae.<ref>http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/proxima.html</ref> Hoo e ka bang ka 1840, Thomas Maclear o ile a lekanya hape meridian e tsosang kgang ya Nicolas-Louis de La Caille, a bontsha hore ditekanyo tsa geodetic tsa morao-rao di ne di nepahetse empa dithaba tse haufi di ne di amme diqeto tsa hae tsa latitude. Ka 1882, David Gill o ile a fumana dinepe tse neng di pepesehetse nako e telele tsa komete e kgolo ya selemo seo tse bontshang boteng ba dinaledi ka morao. Sena se ile sa mo lebisa ho sebetsa mmoho le JC Kapteyn wa Groningen the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung, e leng lethathamo la pele la dinaledi le hlophisitsweng ka mekgwa ya ho nka lifoto. Ka 1886, o ile a etsa tlhahiso ho Admiral AEB Mouchez wa Paris Observatory hore ho tshwarwe kopano ya matjhaba ho kgothaletsa lethathamo la difoto tsa lehodimo lohle. Ka 1887 kopano ena e ile ya tshwarelwa Paris mme ea fella ka projeke ya Carte du Ciel . Setsi sa ho Lekola Bolepi sa Kapa se ne se abetswe sebaka se pakeng tsa ho fokotseha ha −40° le −52°. Carte du Ciel e nkwa e le selelekela sa Kopano ya matjhaba ya dinaledi . Ka 1897 Frank McClean, motswalle ya haufi wa Gill le mofani wa thelesekoupo ya McClean, o ile a sibolla boteng ba oksijene dinaleding tse mmalwa a sebedisa prism e nang le sepheo e hoketsoeng ho Astrographic Telescope.<ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref> <ref name="mcclean">{{Cite journal|pages=417–423}}</ref> Ka 1911, JKE Halm, eo ka nako eo e neng e le Mothusi e Moholo, o ile a hlahisa pampiri ya pele mabapi le matla a dinaledi wa ho ona a ileng a nahana hore melapo ya dinaledi e fumanweng ke Kapteyn e hlahile ka lebaka la kabo ya maqhubu a dinaledi ka tsela ya Maxwellian . Pampiri ena e boetse e na le tlhahiso ya pele ya hore dinaledi di mamela kamano ya khanya e kgolo.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F71.8.610</ref> <ref name="halm">{{Cite journal|last=610}}</ref> Setsebi sa dinaledi sa HM sa lekgolong la bo20 la dilemo hamorao, H. Spencer Jones, o ne a le mafolofolo morerong wa matjhaba wa ho fumana parallax ya letsatsi ka ho shebella polanete e nyane ya Eros . <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=11–66}}</ref> Karolong ya bobedi ya lekgolo la mashome a mabedi la dilemo, Alan Cousins o ile a theha ditekanyetso tse nepahetseng haholo tsa Borwa bakeng sa UBV mme a hlahisa sistimi e sebeliswang haholo ya photometry ea VRI e ileng ya ananelwa machabeng ka ho nepahala. Ka 1977 ho totobatsoa ha Naledi ya SAO 158687 ho ile ha bonwa ke Joseph Churms wa Royal Observatory ya mehleng, mme dintho tsena tse hlokometsoeng di fane ka tiiso e hlokahalang ya masale a Uranian a fumanweng sefofaneng sa Kuiper ke Elliot et al. <ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNSSA..64..165B</ref> Nakong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, Observatory e ne e nkoa e le moeletsi ea ka sehloohong oa mmuso oa bokolone litabeng tsa saense. e ne e sebetsa e le polokelo ea boima le litekanyo tse tloaelehileng tsa Kolone 'me e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho boloka nako le ho hlahloba geodetic. Setsi sa ho shebella sa makenete se ile sa hahuoa ka 1841 empa sa cha nakong ea lilemo tse leshome tse latelang. Setsi sa ho shebella boemo ba leholimo se boetse se na le letoto le lelelele la litlaleho tsa boemo ba leholimo. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pwnd9h161e20aeewr6k12mtc76ci8k6 41039 41007 2026-09-04T07:37:23Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Nalane */ 41039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope''', ke setsi sa saense sa mehleng Afrika Borwa. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ&q=founded+1820</ref> Moaho olwa yona o ka sehloohong, o thehilweng ke Boto ua Borithane ya Longitude ka 1820, jwale ke moaho wa ntlo-kgolo ya Setsi sa ho Lekola Bolepi ba dinaledi sa Afrika Borwa . Setsi sena se ne se le leralleng le lenyenyane 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) ka borwa-botjhabela ho tloha bohareng ba [[Motse Kapa|Cape Town]] . Lekgolong le hlahlamang la dilemo, toropo e ka thoko ho toropo e ile ya thehoa sebakeng seo; toropo e ka thoko e ile ya rehwa Sebaka sa ho boloka Lintho Tse Hlollang dintho ka lebitso la Setsi sa ho boloka dintho Tse Hlollang dintho sa Royal se neng se se se ntse se le teng. E phatlalalitsoe e le Sebaka sa Bohlokwa sa Naha ka Tshitwe 2018<ref>http://www.greengazette.co.za/notices/national-heritage-resources-act-25-1999-declaration-of-the-south-african-astronomical-observatory-royal-observatory-as-a-national-heritage-site_20181221-GGN-42127-01404</ref> mme e bile sehlooho sa Thuto ea Nyewe ya ICOMOS/IAU e le sebaka sa Bohlokwa sa lefatshe .<ref>http://www2.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-entity?identity=52&idsubentity=1</ref> == Nalane == [[File:South_African_Astronomical_Observatory_1857.jpg|right|thumb| Setsi sa Observatory ka 1857.]] [[File:RO_main_building_plan.jpg|right|thumb| Moralo wa moaho wa Royal Observatory, hoo e ka bang ka 1840.]] Tlhahiso ya sebaka sa ho shebella sa Borwa ho ka etsahala hore ebe e simolohile hara sehlopha se le seng sa batho ba thehileng Royal Astronomical Society United Kingdom.<ref>https://archive.org/details/astronomersatroy00warn</ref> Ho thewa semmuso ha Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, ho etsahetse ka la 20 Mphalane 1820<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ&q=founded+1820</ref> ka taelo e neng e le Lekgotleng la Morena George IV wa United Kingdom. E ile ya lula e le mokgatlo o arohaneng ho fihlela ka 1972 ha e kopanngwa le Republic Observatory Johannesburg ho theha South African Astronomical Observatory ya kajeno. Sebaka sa yona hona jwale ke ntlo-kgolo ya setsi sa ho lekola bolepi ba dinaledi sa Afrika Borwa. Ho ya ka taelo ya yona, mosebetsi o ka sehloohong wa Observatory e ne e le astrometry, mme hodima boteng ba yona e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho phatlalatsa dikhataloganyo tse ngata tsa maemo a dinaledi. Lekgolong la bo20 la dilemo e ile ya fetohela ho ya ho astrophysics, empa dilemong tsa bo-1950 mabone a toropo ya Cape Town a ne a entse hore mosebetsi wa dintho tse fokolang o se ke wa kgoneha mme sebaka se secha se lehoatateng la Karoo se ile sa batlwa. Tumellano ya ho nolofatsa sena e ile ea tiiswa ka la 23 Lwetse 1970.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131110193406/http://assa.saao.ac.za/html/his-obs-radcliffe.html</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, dibonela-hole tse mmalwa di ile tsa dula di sebetsa ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990. Tsena ha di sebediswe hangata kajeno ntle le diketsahalong tsa ho fihlella setjhaba. Alan Cousins e ne e le mohlokomedi wa ho qetela ya tebileng ya sebetsang sebakeng sa Royal Observatory. Royal Observatory e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa diketsahalo tse mmalwa tsa bohlokwa historing ya bolepi ba dinaledi. Setsebi sa dinaledi sa HM sa bobedi, Thomas Henderson, a thuswa ke mothusi wa hae, Lefotenente William Meadows, o entse maikutlo a pele a ileng a lebisa parallax e kgolo ya dinaledi, e leng ya Alpha Centauri . Leha ho le jwalo, o ile a lahlehelwa ke ntho ya bohlokwa jwalo ka mosibolli wa parallax ya dinaledi ho Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, ya ileng a phatlalatsa dipono tsa hae (tsa morao) tsa 61 Cygni pele Henderson a fihla ho tsa hae.<ref>http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/proxima.html</ref> Hoo e ka bang ka 1840, Thomas Maclear o ile a lekanya hape meridian e tsosang kgang ya Nicolas-Louis de La Caille, a bontsha hore ditekanyo tsa geodetic tsa morao-rao di ne di nepahetse empa dithaba tse haufi di ne di amme diqeto tsa hae tsa latitude. Ka 1882, David Gill o ile a fumana dinepe tse neng di pepesehetse nako e telele tsa komete e kgolo ya selemo seo tse bontshang boteng ba dinaledi ka morao. Sena se ile sa mo lebisa ho sebetsa mmoho le JC Kapteyn wa Groningen the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung, e leng lethathamo la pele la dinaledi le hlophisitsweng ka mekgwa ya ho nka lifoto. Ka 1886, o ile a etsa tlhahiso ho Admiral AEB Mouchez wa Paris Observatory hore ho tshwarwe kopano ya matjhaba ho kgothaletsa lethathamo la difoto tsa lehodimo lohle. Ka 1887 kopano ena e ile ya tshwarelwa Paris mme ea fella ka projeke ya Carte du Ciel . Setsi sa ho Lekola Bolepi sa Kapa se ne se abetswe sebaka se pakeng tsa ho fokotseha ha −40° le −52°. Carte du Ciel e nkwa e le selelekela sa Kopano ya matjhaba ya dinaledi . Ka 1897 Frank McClean, motswalle ya haufi wa Gill le mofani wa thelesekoupo ya McClean, o ile a sibolla boteng ba oksijene dinaleding tse mmalwa a sebedisa prism e nang le sepheo e hoketsoeng ho Astrographic Telescope.<ref>https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation</ref> Ka 1911, JKE Halm, eo ka nako eo e neng e le Mothusi e Moholo, o ile a hlahisa pampiri ya pele mabapi le matla a dinaledi wa ho ona a ileng a nahana hore melapo ya dinaledi e fumanweng ke Kapteyn e hlahile ka lebaka la kabo ya maqhubu a dinaledi ka tsela ya Maxwellian . Pampiri ena e boetse e na le tlhahiso ya pele ya hore dinaledi di mamela kamano ya khanya e kgolo.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F71.8.610</ref> Setsebi sa dinaledi sa HM sa lekgolong la bo20 la dilemo hamorao, H. Spencer Jones, o ne a le mafolofolo morerong wa matjhaba wa ho fumana parallax ya letsatsi ka ho shebella polanete e nyane ya Eros . <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=11–66}}</ref> Karolong ya bobedi ya lekgolo la mashome a mabedi la dilemo, Alan Cousins o ile a theha ditekanyetso tse nepahetseng haholo tsa Borwa bakeng sa UBV mme a hlahisa sistimi e sebeliswang haholo ya photometry ea VRI e ileng ya ananelwa machabeng ka ho nepahala. Ka 1977 ho totobatsoa ha Naledi ya SAO 158687 ho ile ha bonwa ke Joseph Churms wa Royal Observatory ya mehleng, mme dintho tsena tse hlokometsoeng di fane ka tiiso e hlokahalang ya masale a Uranian a fumanweng sefofaneng sa Kuiper ke Elliot et al. <ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNSSA..64..165B</ref> Nakong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, Observatory e ne e nkoa e le moeletsi ea ka sehloohong oa mmuso oa bokolone litabeng tsa saense. e ne e sebetsa e le polokelo ea boima le litekanyo tse tloaelehileng tsa Kolone 'me e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho boloka nako le ho hlahloba geodetic. Setsi sa ho shebella sa makenete se ile sa hahuoa ka 1841 empa sa cha nakong ea lilemo tse leshome tse latelang. Setsi sa ho shebella boemo ba leholimo se boetse se na le letoto le lelelele la litlaleho tsa boemo ba leholimo. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7qcf6k1keis3ltb20gjqkuil34smuv9 41040 41039 2026-09-04T07:38:21Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Nalane */ 41040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope''', ke setsi sa saense sa mehleng Afrika Borwa. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ&q=founded+1820</ref> Moaho olwa yona o ka sehloohong, o thehilweng ke Boto ua Borithane ya Longitude ka 1820, jwale ke moaho wa ntlo-kgolo ya Setsi sa ho Lekola Bolepi ba dinaledi sa Afrika Borwa . Setsi sena se ne se le leralleng le lenyenyane 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) ka borwa-botjhabela ho tloha bohareng ba [[Motse Kapa|Cape Town]] . Lekgolong le hlahlamang la dilemo, toropo e ka thoko ho toropo e ile ya thehoa sebakeng seo; toropo e ka thoko e ile ya rehwa Sebaka sa ho boloka Lintho Tse Hlollang dintho ka lebitso la Setsi sa ho boloka dintho Tse Hlollang dintho sa Royal se neng se se se ntse se le teng. E phatlalalitsoe e le Sebaka sa Bohlokwa sa Naha ka Tshitwe 2018<ref>http://www.greengazette.co.za/notices/national-heritage-resources-act-25-1999-declaration-of-the-south-african-astronomical-observatory-royal-observatory-as-a-national-heritage-site_20181221-GGN-42127-01404</ref> mme e bile sehlooho sa Thuto ea Nyewe ya ICOMOS/IAU e le sebaka sa Bohlokwa sa lefatshe .<ref>http://www2.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-entity?identity=52&idsubentity=1</ref> == Nalane == [[File:South_African_Astronomical_Observatory_1857.jpg|right|thumb| Setsi sa Observatory ka 1857.]] [[File:RO_main_building_plan.jpg|right|thumb| Moralo wa moaho wa Royal Observatory, hoo e ka bang ka 1840.]] Tlhahiso ya sebaka sa ho shebella sa Borwa ho ka etsahala hore ebe e simolohile hara sehlopha se le seng sa batho ba thehileng Royal Astronomical Society United Kingdom.<ref>https://archive.org/details/astronomersatroy00warn</ref> Ho thewa semmuso ha Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, ho etsahetse ka la 20 Mphalane 1820<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-X4IAAAAMAAJ&q=founded+1820</ref> ka taelo e neng e le Lekgotleng la Morena George IV wa United Kingdom. E ile ya lula e le mokgatlo o arohaneng ho fihlela ka 1972 ha e kopanngwa le Republic Observatory Johannesburg ho theha South African Astronomical Observatory ya kajeno. Sebaka sa yona hona jwale ke ntlo-kgolo ya setsi sa ho lekola bolepi ba dinaledi sa Afrika Borwa. Ho ya ka taelo ya yona, mosebetsi o ka sehloohong wa Observatory e ne e le astrometry, mme hodima boteng ba yona e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho phatlalatsa dikhataloganyo tse ngata tsa maemo a dinaledi. Lekgolong la bo20 la dilemo e ile ya fetohela ho ya ho astrophysics, empa dilemong tsa bo-1950 mabone a toropo ya Cape Town a ne a entse hore mosebetsi wa dintho tse fokolang o se ke wa kgoneha mme sebaka se secha se lehoatateng la Karoo se ile sa batlwa. Tumellano ya ho nolofatsa sena e ile ea tiiswa ka la 23 Lwetse 1970.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131110193406/http://assa.saao.ac.za/html/his-obs-radcliffe.html</ref> Leha ho le jwalo, dibonela-hole tse mmalwa di ile tsa dula di sebetsa ho fihlela dilemong tsa bo-1990. Tsena ha di sebediswe hangata kajeno ntle le diketsahalong tsa ho fihlella setjhaba. Alan Cousins e ne e le mohlokomedi wa ho qetela ya tebileng ya sebetsang sebakeng sa Royal Observatory. Royal Observatory e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa diketsahalo tse mmalwa tsa bohlokwa historing ya bolepi ba dinaledi. Setsebi sa dinaledi sa HM sa bobedi, Thomas Henderson, a thuswa ke mothusi wa hae, Lefotenente William Meadows, o entse maikutlo a pele a ileng a lebisa parallax e kgolo ya dinaledi, e leng ya Alpha Centauri . Leha ho le jwalo, o ile a lahlehelwa ke ntho ya bohlokwa jwalo ka mosibolli wa parallax ya dinaledi ho Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, ya ileng a phatlalatsa dipono tsa hae (tsa morao) tsa 61 Cygni pele Henderson a fihla ho tsa hae.<ref>http://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/proxima.html</ref> Hoo e ka bang ka 1840, Thomas Maclear o ile a lekanya hape meridian e tsosang kgang ya Nicolas-Louis de La Caille, a bontsha hore ditekanyo tsa geodetic tsa morao-rao di ne di nepahetse empa dithaba tse haufi di ne di amme diqeto tsa hae tsa latitude. Ka 1882, David Gill o ile a fumana dinepe tse neng di pepesehetse nako e telele tsa komete e kgolo ya selemo seo tse bontshang boteng ba dinaledi ka morao. Sena se ile sa mo lebisa ho sebetsa mmoho le JC Kapteyn wa Groningen the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung, e leng lethathamo la pele la dinaledi le hlophisitsweng ka mekgwa ya ho nka lifoto. Ka 1886, o ile a etsa tlhahiso ho Admiral AEB Mouchez wa Paris Observatory hore ho tshwarwe kopano ya matjhaba ho kgothaletsa lethathamo la difoto tsa lehodimo lohle. Ka 1887 kopano ena e ile ya tshwarelwa Paris mme ea fella ka projeke ya Carte du Ciel . Setsi sa ho Lekola Bolepi sa Kapa se ne se abetswe sebaka se pakeng tsa ho fokotseha ha −40° le −52°. Carte du Ciel e nkwa e le selelekela sa Kopano ya matjhaba ya dinaledi . Ka 1897 Frank McClean, motswalle ya haufi wa Gill le mofani wa thelesekoupo ya McClean, o ile a sibolla boteng ba oksijene dinaleding tse mmalwa a sebedisa prism e nang le sepheo e hoketsoeng ho Astrographic Telescope. Ka 1911, JKE Halm, eo ka nako eo e neng e le Mothusi e Moholo, o ile a hlahisa pampiri ya pele mabapi le matla a dinaledi wa ho ona a ileng a nahana hore melapo ya dinaledi e fumanweng ke Kapteyn e hlahile ka lebaka la kabo ya maqhubu a dinaledi ka tsela ya Maxwellian . Pampiri ena e boetse e na le tlhahiso ya pele ya hore dinaledi di mamela kamano ya khanya e kgolo.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F71.8.610</ref> Setsebi sa dinaledi sa HM sa lekgolong la bo20 la dilemo hamorao, H. Spencer Jones, o ne a le mafolofolo morerong wa matjhaba wa ho fumana parallax ya letsatsi ka ho shebella polanete e nyane ya Eros . <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=11–66}}</ref> Karolong ya bobedi ya lekgolo la mashome a mabedi la dilemo, Alan Cousins o ile a theha ditekanyetso tse nepahetseng haholo tsa Borwa bakeng sa UBV mme a hlahisa sistimi e sebeliswang haholo ya photometry ea VRI e ileng ya ananelwa machabeng ka ho nepahala. Ka 1977 ho totobatsoa ha Naledi ya SAO 158687 ho ile ha bonwa ke Joseph Churms wa Royal Observatory ya mehleng, mme dintho tsena tse hlokometsoeng di fane ka tiiso e hlokahalang ya masale a Uranian a fumanweng sefofaneng sa Kuiper ke Elliot et al. <ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MNSSA..64..165B</ref> Nakong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, Observatory e ne e nkoa e le moeletsi ea ka sehloohong oa mmuso oa bokolone litabeng tsa saense. e ne e sebetsa e le polokelo ea boima le litekanyo tse tloaelehileng tsa Kolone 'me e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho boloka nako le ho hlahloba geodetic. Setsi sa ho shebella sa makenete se ile sa hahuoa ka 1841 empa sa cha nakong ea lilemo tse leshome tse latelang. Setsi sa ho shebella boemo ba leholimo se boetse se na le letoto le lelelele la litlaleho tsa boemo ba leholimo. [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lb2hkt9lydfnjs9cdpb3ff309co5ucj 0 10919 41012 2026-09-03T18:15:08Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362781954|Kromdraai Conservancy]]" 41012 wikitext text/x-wiki   Kromdraai Conservancy ke serapa se sireleditsweng sa polokelo se fumanehang ka borwa-bophirima ho profinse ya [[Gauteng]] ka leboya-botjhabela ho [[Afrika Borwa]]. E sebakeng sa Mulderdrift se haufi le Krugersdorp. waLebitso la lona le tswa ho [[Seburu|Se-Afrikaans]] se bolelang "Tlhahiso e Sothehileng" ka mora ho thulana ha Noka ya Crocodile e neng e le meandering. == Nalane == E ile ya thewa ho sireletsa mahaha, meepo ya kgale ya kgauta, dibaka tsa masalla a kgale (li-fossil), polasi ya ditlhapi tsa trout le sebaka sa paballo ya diphoofolo tse hlaha sebakeng seo. Mahaha a sebakeng seo, a tsejoang e le mahaha a Sterkfontein, a na le palo e kgolo ya masalla a kgale le dikamore tse kgolo tsa majwe a dolomite. Sebaka se seng se tsebahalang sa masalla a khale ke Kromdraai; sona hammoho le libaka tse kang Sterkfontein, Coopers, Swartkrans le Plovers Lake, di etsa karolo ea sebaka sena sa paballo. Karolo ya sebaka sa paballo sa Kromdraai e boetse e wela ka hare ho Sebaka sa Lefatshe sa Bohlokoa sa "Cradle of Humankind" (Sebaka sa Tshimoloho ya Botho), se ileng sa phatlalatswa ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1998. == Dibaka tsa bohlokwa == [[File:SterkfonteinCaves2.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Mahaha a Sterkfontein]] * Lehaha la Dimakatso * Sterkfontein == Bona hape == * Kromdraai, Limpopo * Sebaka sa polokelo ya tlhaho sa ditshukudu le ditau, Kromdraai == Ditlhaloso == 5cd2fel6ndambuvvbdsoj9rks74k2o2 41013 41012 2026-09-03T18:16:10Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41013 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kromdraai Conservancy''' ke serapa se sireleditsweng sa polokelo se fumanehang ka borwa-bophirima ho profinse ya [[Gauteng]] ka leboya-botjhabela ho [[Afrika Borwa]]. E sebakeng sa Mulderdrift se haufi le Krugersdorp. waLebitso la lona le tswa ho [[Seburu|Se-Afrikaans]] se bolelang "Tlhahiso e Sothehileng" ka mora ho thulana ha Noka ya Crocodile e neng e le meandering. == Nalane == E ile ya thewa ho sireletsa mahaha, meepo ya kgale ya kgauta, dibaka tsa masalla a kgale (di-fossil), polasi ya ditlhapi tsa trout le sebaka sa paballo ya diphoofolo tse hlaha sebakeng seo. Mahaha a sebakeng seo, a tsejwang e le mahaha a Sterkfontein, a na le palo e kgolo ya masalla a kgale le dikamore tse kgolo tsa majwe a dolomite. Sebaka se seng se tsebahalang sa masalla a kgale ke Kromdraai; sona hammoho le dibaka tse kang Sterkfontein, Coopers, Swartkrans le Plovers Lake, di etsa karolo ea sebaka sena sa paballo. Karolo ya sebaka sa paballo sa Kromdraai e boetse e wela ka hare ho Sebaka sa Lefatshe sa Bohlokwa sa "Cradle of Humankind" (Sebaka sa Tshimoloho ya Botho), se ileng sa phatlalatswa ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1998. == Dibaka tsa bohlokwa == [[File:SterkfonteinCaves2.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Mahaha a Sterkfontein]] * Lehaha la Dimakatso * Sterkfontein == Bona hape == * Kromdraai, Limpopo * Sebaka sa polokelo ya tlhaho sa ditshukudu le ditau, Kromdraai == Ditlhaloso == 0toxwni88y9yfctmo0bh6z54oba2wq4 0 10920 41014 2026-09-03T19:18:11Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365884316|São José Paquete Africa]]" 41014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hodges_cape-good-hope.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa pent sa Hodges sa Motse Kapa ka (1772). Haufi le mona, ka 1794, Sekepe sa makgoba ''São José Paquete Afrika'' le ile la teba le thepa ya yona ea batho.]] Sekepe sa '''''São José Paquete Afrika''''' (se boetse se bitswa ''São José-Paquete de Africa'') e ne e le sekepe sa makgoba sa Portugal se ileng sa teba ka selemo sa 1794 lebopong la [[Motse Kapa]], Afrika Borwa. Haufi le lebopo, empa metsing a tebileng, 212 ya makgoba a Maafrika a 400 ho isa ho a 500 a neng a le ka sekepeng a ile a hlokahala ha sekepe se teba. <ref name="Cooper">Cooper, Helene (May 31, 2015). "Grim History Traced in Sunken Slave Ship Found Off South Africa". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> Ka 2015, Smithsonian's African American History Museum, South Africa's Iziko Museums, Slave Wrecks Project, le balekane ba bang, ba ile ba tiisa ho sibollwa ha sekepe se senyehileng haufi le moo se ileng sa teba teng. Sekepe le makgoba a sona ba ne ba etetse ho tloha Mozambique ya Portugal ho ea Kolonial Brazil, nakong ea tlhoro ya kgwebo ya matjhaba ya makgoba a Maafrika. <ref name="Gass" /> Ho fumanwe dikepe tse seng kae tsa makgoba tse neng di le teng pele, empa ''São José'' ke sekepe sa pele le se le seng feela se senotsweng, ho tloha ka la 3 Phuptjane selemong sa 2015, sa sekepe se sebetsang sa makgoba, se ileng sa teba ha se ntse se feta le thepa ya sona ya batho ka sekepeng. <ref name="Gass">Gass, Henry (June 1, 2015). "Wreck of slave ship: Why the São José fascinates". ''The Christian Science Monitor''. ISSN&#x20;0882-7729. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref> == Nalane == [[File:NavioNegreiro.gif|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho tsa mefuta ya dipalangwang tsa makgoba tsa Portugal, tse tshwanang le tsa makgoba a mang]] Ka la 27 Mmesa selemong sa 1794, sekepe sa São José se ile sa tloha Lisbon,naheng ya Portugal, se laolwa ke molaodi Manuel João Pereira. Ka hare ho sona ho ne ho e-na le mojaro wa dikotwana tsa tshepe tse boima bo lekantsweng hantle—tse neng di hlokahala hore dikepe di kgone ho tsamaisa ka katleho lewatleng le leholo batho ba makgolo-kgolo ba neng ba tshwerwe e le makgoba, bao boima ba bona bo neng bo ka sisinyeha.<ref>Fields, Gary; Zhang, River; Martin, Jacquelyn (March 12, 2026). "Slavery exhibit is changing at the African American history museum as a loan agreement ends". ''AP News''.</ref> Sebaka seo sekepe se neng se leba ho sona—e leng kolone ya Portugal ya Mozambique e ka boroa-botjhabela ho Afrika—e ne e le mohloli o motjha wa basebetsi ba makgoba bakeng sa khoebo ea makhoba ya Atlantic. São José ke se seng sa likepe tsa pele tse tsejoang tse ileng tsa leka ho etsa leeto le lelelele ho tloha Portugal ho ea Mozambique le Brazil. Tsela eo sekepe se tsamayang ka eona e bontsha boiteko bo eketsehileng boo bahwebi ba makgoba ba Europe ba bo etsang ba ho fumana makgoba. Dilemo tse fetang makholo a mabeli tsa kgwebo wa makgoba ho la lewatle le ka bophirima la Afrika di fokoditse baahi, mme hammoho le tlhodisano e ntseng e eketseha, e ile ya susumelletsa Portugal ho romela likepe tse dikete tse dikete tsa majwe ho enngwe ya mehlodi e hole ka ho fetisisa, e theko e tlase ya makgoba kgwebong ya transatlantic, Mozambique, Afrika, ebe e romella makhoba ho potoloha Cape of Africa ho ya Brazil. <ref name="Weber">Weber, Greta (June 5, 2015). "Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade". ''National Geographic News''. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.</ref> Mathwasong a Tshitwe, boema-kepe bo ile ba kenya thepa ea bona ea batho boema-kopong Sehlekehleke sa Mozambique mme ba qala ho tsamaea. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe banna, basadi le bana ba neng ba le makhoba ba ne ba tswa Mozambique. Leeto la bona la ho ya Maranhão, Brazil, le ne le tla nka dikgwedi tse ka bang nnè. Leeto lena le ile la nka dibeke tse seng kae feela. Sekepe se ne se leka ho feta metsing a mahlonoko haufi le Cape ka nako e ka bang ea 2:00 hoseng ka la 27 Tshitwe. Haufi le Camps Bay, se ile sa thulana le mafika a ka tlasa metsi sebakeng se ka bang dimithara tse 100 ho tloha lebopong. Ha sekepe se le kotsing, basebetsi ba sona ba ile ba fana ka letshwao la tshohanyetso ka ho thunya dithunya tse kgolo (dikanono). Sekepe se seng se neng se jere ba bang ba batho bao ba neng ba tsamaisoa e le thepa ya kgwebo ya makgoba, se ile sa kgona ho fihla sebakeng se sireletsehileng sa Cape Colony. Ho ile ha boela ha sebediswa mekgwa ya ho fetisetsa dithapo tse nang le diroto ho thusa ho pholosa bophelo, empa sekepe se ile sa robeha dikotwana ka nako e ka bang ya 5:00. Mookamedi wa sekepe le basebetsi bohle ba sona ba ile ba pholoswa, empa makgolo a makgoba a ile a teba metsing mme a shwa, mohlomong a ntse a tlamilwe ka liketane tsa tshepe. Ba ileng ba pholoha ba ile ba rekiswa kapele Cape Colony.<ref>Smith, David (June 2, 2015). "South Africans honour slaves drowned in 1794 shipwreck". ''Mail & Guardian''. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref><ref>Ingeno, Lauren (June 10, 2015). "Archaeologist resurfaces stories from a sunken slave ship". phys.org.</ref> == Ho sibollqwa == [[File:NPS_Sao_Jose.jpg|thumb|Diinudi haufi le sebaka seo ho se senyaha ha sekepe]] Diinudi tsa sebakeng seo ba ile ba fumana masala a sekepe haufi le lebopo la Clifton ka bo-1980 empa ba fosa ka ho se khetholla e le sekepe sa kgwebo sa Dutch.<ref>Little, Becky. "First Wrecked Slave Ship Discovery Yields Brutal Details". ''www.history.com''. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</ref> Lintho tse mmalwa tse tswang sekepeng, ho kenyeletswa di-bolt, dikulo tsa dithunya tse kgolo (cannon) le dithunya tsona ka botsona, di ile tsa nkuwa ke batho ba neng ba batla matlotlo.Diphuputso litokomaneng tsa khale Afrika Borwa le Portugal, hammoho le diteko tse entsweng dinthong tse fumanweng, di ile tsa tiisa ka selemo sa 2015 hore sekepe seo e ne e le sekepe sa makgoba sa São José. Ka la 3 Phuptjane 2015, hammoho le phatlalatso ya semmuso ya ho fumanwa ha sekepe, ho ile ha tshwarwa mokete wa kgopotso bakeng sa ba lahlehileng. Diinudi ba bararo ba tsoang Afrika Boroa, United States le Mozambique ba ile ba hasanya mobu o tsoang naheng ya habo makhoba ao metsing a lewatle haufi le moo sekepe se ileng sa teba teng. Lintho tse fumanoeng sebakeng seo di ile tsa bontshwa Setsing sa pokello ya dintho tsa kgale sa Iziko (Iziko Museum) karolong ea Slave Lodge Afrika Borwa ka Phuptjane 2015, mme di ntse di hlokomelwa le ho bolokwa moo, ha diphuputso le mosebetsi wa ho fumana lintho tse ling di ntse di tswela pele.<ref>"Slave Wreck Artefacts on Display". ''iziko.org.za''. Iziko Museums of South Africa. June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.</ref> <ref>Jones, Sam (January 8, 2023). "'A search for ourselves': shipwreck becomes focus of slavery debate". ''The Guardian''. ISSN&#x20;0261-3077. Retrieved February 16, 2024.</ref>Dintho tse ding di ile tsa adimuwa hore di bontshwe Setsing sa pokello ya nalane ya Ma-Afrika-Amerika (African American History Museum) sa United States, ha se bulwa ka selemo sa 2016. <ref>"Artifacts From Slave Shipwreck Arrive at the National Museum of African American History and Culture". ''National Museum of African American History and Culture''. July 13, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> <ref>Torchia, Christopher (June 2, 2015). "Slaves who died in 1794 Cape Town shipwreck are remembered". ''Chicago Tribune''. Associated Press. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref><ref>McGlone, Peggy (May 30, 2015). "'Humble objects' of a sunken slave ship tell a powerful and emotional story". ''The Washington Post''. ISSN&#x20;0190-8286. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref> <ref>Davis, Rebecca. "Of sunken slave ships and neo-imperialism". ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref>Ka lebaka la sehopotso sa 2015 sa ho felisoa ha bokhoba Afrika Borwa le mosebetsi o amanang le sekepe sa Sao Jose, Setsi sa Iziko se ile sa qala pontsho e ntjha marang-rang e bitswang *Slavery in South Africa* (Bokgoba Afrika Borwa).<ref>"Iziko Commemorates the Abolition of Slavery in South Africa". ''Iziko Museums''. November 27, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> == Bona hape == * Ho teba ha sekepe sa Cape Town == Ditlhaloso == fxzheizrgd7544rpnylkm5j1j06jo8d 41015 41014 2026-09-03T19:20:39Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hodges_cape-good-hope.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa pent sa Hodges sa Motse Kapa ka (1772). Haufi le mona, ka 1794, Sekepe sa makgoba ''São José Paquete Afrika'' le ile la teba le thepa ya yona ea batho.]] '''Sekepe sa''' '''''São José Paquete Afrika''''' (se boetse se bitswa ''São José-Paquete de Africa'') e ne e le sekepe sa makgoba sa Portugal se ileng sa teba ka selemo sa 1794 lebopong la [[Motse Kapa]], Afrika Borwa. Haufi le lebopo, empa metsing a tebileng, 212 ya makgoba a Maafrika a 400 ho isa ho a 500 a neng a le ka sekepeng a ile a hlokahala ha sekepe se teba. <ref name="Cooper">Cooper, Helene (May 31, 2015). "Grim History Traced in Sunken Slave Ship Found Off South Africa". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> Ka 2015, Smithsonian's African American History Museum, South Africa's Iziko Museums, Slave Wrecks Project, le balekane ba bang, ba ile ba tiisa ho sibollwa ha sekepe se senyehileng haufi le moo se ileng sa teba teng. Sekepe le makgoba a sona ba ne ba etetse ho tloha Mozambique ya Portugal ho ea Kolonial Brazil, nakong ea tlhoro ya kgwebo ya matjhaba ya makgoba a Maafrika. <ref name="Gass" /> Ho fumanwe dikepe tse seng kae tsa makgoba tse neng di le teng pele, empa ''São José'' ke sekepe sa pele le se le seng feela se senotsweng, ho tloha ka la 3 Phuptjane selemong sa 2015, sa sekepe se sebetsang sa makgoba, se ileng sa teba ha se ntse se feta le thepa ya sona ya batho ka sekepeng. <ref name="Gass">Gass, Henry (June 1, 2015). "Wreck of slave ship: Why the São José fascinates". ''The Christian Science Monitor''. ISSN&#x20;0882-7729. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref> == Nalane == [[File:NavioNegreiro.gif|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho tsa mefuta ya dipalangwang tsa makgoba tsa Portugal, tse tshwanang le tsa makgoba a mang]] Ka la 27 Mmesa selemong sa 1794, sekepe sa São José se ile sa tloha Lisbon,naheng ya Portugal, se laolwa ke molaodi Manuel João Pereira. Ka hare ho sona ho ne ho e-na le mojaro wa dikotwana tsa tshepe tse boima bo lekantsweng hantle—tse neng di hlokahala hore dikepe di kgone ho tsamaisa ka katleho lewatleng le leholo batho ba makgolo-kgolo ba neng ba tshwerwe e le makgoba, bao boima ba bona bo neng bo ka sisinyeha.<ref>Fields, Gary; Zhang, River; Martin, Jacquelyn (March 12, 2026). "Slavery exhibit is changing at the African American history museum as a loan agreement ends". ''AP News''.</ref> Sebaka seo sekepe se neng se leba ho sona—e leng kolone ya Portugal ya Mozambique e ka boroa-botjhabela ho Afrika—e ne e le mohloli o motjha wa basebetsi ba makgoba bakeng sa khoebo ea makhoba ya Atlantic. São José ke se seng sa likepe tsa pele tse tsejoang tse ileng tsa leka ho etsa leeto le lelelele ho tloha Portugal ho ea Mozambique le Brazil. Tsela eo sekepe se tsamayang ka eona e bontsha boiteko bo eketsehileng boo bahwebi ba makgoba ba Europe ba bo etsang ba ho fumana makgoba. Dilemo tse fetang makholo a mabeli tsa kgwebo wa makgoba ho la lewatle le ka bophirima la Afrika di fokoditse baahi, mme hammoho le tlhodisano e ntseng e eketseha, e ile ya susumelletsa Portugal ho romela likepe tse dikete tse dikete tsa majwe ho enngwe ya mehlodi e hole ka ho fetisisa, e theko e tlase ya makgoba kgwebong ya transatlantic, Mozambique, Afrika, ebe e romella makhoba ho potoloha Cape of Africa ho ya naheng ya Brazil. <ref name="Weber">Weber, Greta (June 5, 2015). "Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade". ''National Geographic News''. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.</ref> Mathwasong a kgwedi ya Tshitwe, boema-kepe bo ile ba kenya thepa ea bona ea batho boema-kopong Sehlekehleke sa Mozambique mme ba qala ho tsamaea. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe banna, basadi le bana ba neng ba le makgoba ba ne ba tswa Mozambique. Leeto la bona la ho ya Maranhão, Brazil, le ne le tla nka dikgwedi tse ka bang nnè. Leeto lena le ile la nka dibeke tse seng kae feela. Sekepe se ne se leka ho feta metsing a mahlonoko haufi le Cape ka nako e ka bang ea 2:00 hoseng ka la 27 Tshitwe. Haufi le Camps Bay, se ile sa thulana le mafika a ka tlasa metsi sebakeng se ka bang dimithara tse 100 ho tloha lebopong. Ha sekepe se le kotsing, basebetsi ba sona ba ile ba fana ka letshwao la tshohanyetso ka ho thunya dithunya tse kgolo (dikanono). Sekepe se seng se neng se jere ba bang ba batho bao ba neng ba tsamaisoa e le thepa ya kgwebo ya makgoba, se ile sa kgona ho fihla sebakeng se sireletsehileng sa Cape Colony. Ho ile ha boela ha sebediswa mekgwa ya ho fetisetsa dithapo tse nang le diroto ho thusa ho pholosa bophelo, empa sekepe se ile sa robeha dikotwana ka nako e ka bang ya 5:00. Mookamedi wa sekepe le basebetsi bohle ba sona ba ile ba pholoswa, empa makgolo a makgoba a ile a teba metsing mme a shwa, mohlomong a ntse a tlamilwe ka liketane tsa tshepe. Ba ileng ba pholoha ba ile ba rekiswa kapele Cape Colony.<ref>Smith, David (June 2, 2015). "South Africans honour slaves drowned in 1794 shipwreck". ''Mail & Guardian''. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref><ref>Ingeno, Lauren (June 10, 2015). "Archaeologist resurfaces stories from a sunken slave ship". phys.org.</ref> == Ho sibollqwa == [[File:NPS_Sao_Jose.jpg|thumb|Diinudi haufi le sebaka seo ho se senyaha ha sekepe]] Diinudi tsa sebakeng seo ba ile ba fumana masala a sekepe haufi le lebopo la Clifton ka bo-1980 empa ba fosa ka ho se khetholla e le sekepe sa kgwebo sa Dutch.<ref>Little, Becky. "First Wrecked Slave Ship Discovery Yields Brutal Details". ''www.history.com''. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</ref> Dintho tse mmalwa tse tswang sekepeng, ho kenyeletswa di-bolt, dikulo tsa dithunya tse kgolo (cannon) le dithunya tsona ka botsona, di ile tsa nkuwa ke batho ba neng ba batla matlotlo.Diphuputso litokomaneng tsa khale Afrika Borwa le Portugal, hammoho le diteko tse entsweng dinthong tse fumanweng, di ile tsa tiisa ka selemo sa 2015 hore sekepe seo e ne e le sekepe sa makgoba sa São José. Ka la 3 Phuptjane 2015, hammoho le phatlalatso ya semmuso ya ho fumanwa ha sekepe, ho ile ha tshwarwa mokete wa kgopotso bakeng sa ba lahlehileng. Diinudi ba bararo ba tsoang Afrika Boroa, United States le Mozambique ba ile ba hasanya mobu o tsoang naheng ya habo makhoba ao metsing a lewatle haufi le moo sekepe se ileng sa teba teng. Lintho tse fumanoeng sebakeng seo di ile tsa bontshwa Setsing sa pokello ya dintho tsa kgale sa Iziko (Iziko Museum) karolong ea Slave Lodge [[Afrika Borwa]] ka Phuptjane 2015, mme di ntse di hlokomelwa le ho bolokwa moo, ha diphuputso le mosebetsi wa ho fumana lintho tse ding di ntse di tswela pele.<ref>"Slave Wreck Artefacts on Display". ''iziko.org.za''. Iziko Museums of South Africa. June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.</ref> <ref>Jones, Sam (January 8, 2023). "'A search for ourselves': shipwreck becomes focus of slavery debate". ''The Guardian''. ISSN&#x20;0261-3077. Retrieved February 16, 2024.</ref>Dintho tse ding di ile tsa adimuwa hore di bontshwe Setsing sa pokello ya nalane ya Ma-Afrika-Amerika (African American History Museum) sa United States, ha se bulwa ka selemo sa 2016. <ref>"Artifacts From Slave Shipwreck Arrive at the National Museum of African American History and Culture". ''National Museum of African American History and Culture''. July 13, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> <ref>Torchia, Christopher (June 2, 2015). "Slaves who died in 1794 Cape Town shipwreck are remembered". ''Chicago Tribune''. Associated Press. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref><ref>McGlone, Peggy (May 30, 2015). "'Humble objects' of a sunken slave ship tell a powerful and emotional story". ''The Washington Post''. ISSN&#x20;0190-8286. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref> <ref>Davis, Rebecca. "Of sunken slave ships and neo-imperialism". ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref>Ka lebaka la sehopotso sa 2015 sa ho felisoa ha bokhoba Afrika Borwa le mosebetsi o amanang le sekepe sa Sao Jose, Setsi sa Iziko se ile sa qala pontsho e ntjha marang-rang e bitswang *Slavery in South Africa* (Bokgoba Afrika Borwa).<ref>"Iziko Commemorates the Abolition of Slavery in South Africa". ''Iziko Museums''. November 27, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> == Bona hape == * Ho teba ha sekepe sa Cape Town == Ditlhaloso == bck4ikcxk0os4usjiuuavmadmdpswzs 41016 41015 2026-09-03T19:23:19Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hodges_cape-good-hope.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa pent sa Hodges sa Motse Kapa ka (1772). Haufi le mona, ka 1794, Sekepe sa makgoba ''São José Paquete Afrika'' le ile la teba le thepa ya yona ea batho.]] '''Sekepe sa''' '''''São José Paquete Afrika''''' (se boetse se bitswa ''São José-Paquete de Africa'') e ne e le sekepe sa makgoba sa Portugal se ileng sa teba ka selemo sa 1794 lebopong la [[Motse Kapa]], Afrika Borwa. Haufi le lebopo, empa metsing a tebileng, 212 ya makgoba a Maafrika a 400 ho isa ho a 500 a neng a le ka sekepeng a ile a hlokahala ha sekepe se teba. <ref name="Cooper">Cooper, Helene (May 31, 2015). "Grim History Traced in Sunken Slave Ship Found Off South Africa". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> Ka 2015, Smithsonian's African American History Museum, South Africa's Iziko Museums, Slave Wrecks Project, le balekane ba bang, ba ile ba tiisa ho sibollwa ha sekepe se senyehileng haufi le moo se ileng sa teba teng. Sekepe le makgoba a sona ba ne ba etetse ho tloha Mozambique ya Portugal ho ea Kolonial Brazil, nakong ea tlhoro ya kgwebo ya matjhaba ya makgoba a Maafrika. <ref name="Gass" /> Ho fumanwe dikepe tse seng kae tsa makgoba tse neng di le teng pele, empa ''São José'' ke sekepe sa pele le se le seng feela se senotsweng, ho tloha ka la 3 Phuptjane selemong sa 2015, sa sekepe se sebetsang sa makgoba, se ileng sa teba ha se ntse se feta le thepa ya sona ya batho ka sekepeng. <ref name="Gass">Gass, Henry (June 1, 2015). "Wreck of slave ship: Why the São José fascinates". ''The Christian Science Monitor''. ISSN&#x20;0882-7729. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref> == Nalane == [[File:NavioNegreiro.gif|thumb|Ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho tsa mefuta ya dipalangwang tsa makgoba tsa Portugal, tse tshwanang le tsa makgoba a mang]] Ka la 27 Mmesa selemong sa 1794, sekepe sa São José se ile sa tloha Lisbon,naheng ya Portugal, se laolwa ke molaodi Manuel João Pereira. Ka hare ho sona ho ne ho e-na le mojaro wa dikotwana tsa tshepe tse boima bo lekantsweng hantle—tse neng di hlokahala hore dikepe di kgone ho tsamaisa ka katleho lewatleng le leholo batho ba makgolo-kgolo ba neng ba tshwerwe e le makgoba, bao boima ba bona bo neng bo ka sisinyeha.<ref>Fields, Gary; Zhang, River; Martin, Jacquelyn (March 12, 2026). "Slavery exhibit is changing at the African American history museum as a loan agreement ends". ''AP News''.</ref> Sebaka seo sekepe se neng se leba ho sona—e leng kolone ya Portugal ya Mozambique e ka borwa-botjhabela ho Afrika—e ne e le mohlodi o motjha wa basebetsi ba makgoba bakeng sa khoebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic. São José ke se seng sa likepe tsa pele tse tsejoang tse ileng tsa leka ho etsa leeto le lelelele ho tloha Portugal ho ea Mozambique le Brazil. Tsela eo sekepe se tsamayang ka yona e bontsha boiteko bo eketsehileng boo bahwebi ba makgoba ba Europe ba bo etsang ba ho fumana makgoba. Dilemo tse fetang makholo a mabedi tsa kgwebo wa makgoba ho la lewatle le ka bophirima la Afrika di fokoditse baahi, mme hammoho le tlhodisano e ntseng e eketseha, e ile ya susumelletsa Portugal ho romela dikepe tse dikete tse dikete tsa majwe ho enngwe ya mehlodi e hole ka ho fetisisa, e theko e tlase ya makgoba kgwebong ya transatlantic, Mozambique, [[Afrika]], ebe e romella makgoba ho potoloha Cape of Africa ho ya naheng ya Brazil. <ref name="Weber">Weber, Greta (June 5, 2015). "Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade". ''National Geographic News''. Archived from the original on June 7, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.</ref> Mathwasong a kgwedi ya Tshitwe, boema-kepe bo ile ba kenya thepa ea bona ea batho boema-kopong Sehlekehleke sa naha ya Mozambique mme ba qala ho tsamaya. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe banna, basadi le bana ba neng ba le makgoba ba ne ba tswa Mozambique. Leeto la bona la ho ya Maranhão, Brazil, le ne le tla nka dikgwedi tse ka bang nnè. Leeto lena le ile la nka dibeke tse seng kae feela. Sekepe se ne se leka ho feta metsing a mahlonoko haufi le Cape ka nako e ka bang ea 2:00 hoseng ka la 27 Tshitwe. Haufi le Camps Bay, se ile sa thulana le mafika a ka tlasa metsi sebakeng se ka bang dimithara tse 100 ho tloha lebopong. Ha sekepe se le kotsing, basebetsi ba sona ba ile ba fana ka letshwao la tshohanyetso ka ho thunya dithunya tse kgolo (dikanono). Sekepe se seng se neng se jere ba bang ba batho bao ba neng ba tsamaiswa e le thepa ya kgwebo ya makgoba, se ile sa kgona ho fihla sebakeng se sireletsehileng sa Cape Colony. Ho ile ha boela ha sebediswa mekgwa ya ho fetisetsa dithapo tse nang le diroto ho thusa ho pholosa bophelo, empa sekepe se ile sa robeha dikotwana ka nako e ka bang ya 5:00. Mookamedi wa sekepe le basebetsi bohle ba sona ba ile ba pholoswa, empa makgolo a makgoba a ile a teba metsing mme a shwa, mohlomong a ntse a tlamilwe ka liketane tsa tshepe. Ba ileng ba pholoha ba ile ba rekiswa kapele Cape Colony.<ref>Smith, David (June 2, 2015). "South Africans honour slaves drowned in 1794 shipwreck". ''Mail & Guardian''. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref><ref>Ingeno, Lauren (June 10, 2015). "Archaeologist resurfaces stories from a sunken slave ship". phys.org.</ref> == Ho sibollqwa == [[File:NPS_Sao_Jose.jpg|thumb|Diinudi haufi le sebaka seo ho se senyaha ha sekepe]] Diinudi tsa sebakeng seo ba ile ba fumana masala a sekepe haufi le lebopo la Clifton ka bo-1980 empa ba fosa ka ho se khetholla e le sekepe sa kgwebo sa Dutch.<ref>Little, Becky. "First Wrecked Slave Ship Discovery Yields Brutal Details". ''www.history.com''. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</ref> Dintho tse mmalwa tse tswang sekepeng, ho kenyeletswa di-bolt, dikulo tsa dithunya tse kgolo (cannon) le dithunya tsona ka botsona, di ile tsa nkuwa ke batho ba neng ba batla matlotlo.Diphuputso litokomaneng tsa khale Afrika Borwa le Portugal, hammoho le diteko tse entsweng dinthong tse fumanweng, di ile tsa tiisa ka selemo sa 2015 hore sekepe seo e ne e le sekepe sa makgoba sa São José. Ka la 3 Phuptjane 2015, hammoho le phatlalatso ya semmuso ya ho fumanwa ha sekepe, ho ile ha tshwarwa mokete wa kgopotso bakeng sa ba lahlehileng. Diinudi ba bararo ba tsoang Afrika Borwa, United States le Mozambique ba ile ba hasanya mobu o tswang naheng ya habo makhoba ao metsing a lewatle haufi le moo sekepe se ileng sa teba teng. Lintho tse fumanoeng sebakeng seo di ile tsa bontshwa Setsing sa pokello ya dintho tsa kgale sa Iziko (Iziko Museum) karolong ea Slave Lodge [[Afrika Borwa]] ka Phuptjane 2015, mme di ntse di hlokomelwa le ho bolokwa moo, ha diphuputso le mosebetsi wa ho fumana lintho tse ding di ntse di tswela pele.<ref>"Slave Wreck Artefacts on Display". ''iziko.org.za''. Iziko Museums of South Africa. June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.</ref> <ref>Jones, Sam (January 8, 2023). "'A search for ourselves': shipwreck becomes focus of slavery debate". ''The Guardian''. ISSN&#x20;0261-3077. Retrieved February 16, 2024.</ref>Dintho tse ding di ile tsa adimuwa hore di bontshwe Setsing sa pokello ya nalane ya Ma-Afrika-Amerika (African American History Museum) sa United States, ha se bulwa ka selemo sa 2016. <ref>"Artifacts From Slave Shipwreck Arrive at the National Museum of African American History and Culture". ''National Museum of African American History and Culture''. July 13, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> <ref>Torchia, Christopher (June 2, 2015). "Slaves who died in 1794 Cape Town shipwreck are remembered". ''Chicago Tribune''. Associated Press. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref><ref>McGlone, Peggy (May 30, 2015). "'Humble objects' of a sunken slave ship tell a powerful and emotional story". ''The Washington Post''. ISSN&#x20;0190-8286. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref> <ref>Davis, Rebecca. "Of sunken slave ships and neo-imperialism". ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved June 3, 2015.</ref>Ka lebaka la sehopotso sa selemo sa 2015 sa ho felisoa ha bokgoba Afrika Borwa le mosebetsi o amanang le sekepe sa Sao Jose, Setsi sa Iziko se ile sa qala pontsho e ntjha marang-rang e bitswang *Slavery in South Africa* (Bokgoba Afrika Borwa).<ref>"Iziko Commemorates the Abolition of Slavery in South Africa". ''Iziko Museums''. November 27, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> == Bona hape == * Ho teba ha sekepe sa Cape Town == Ditlhaloso == q3s3sy8uvkn6yxgcs3hdld4kguisbvk 0 10921 41021 2026-09-03T20:22:48Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370328937|Land reform in South Africa]]" 41021 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka mora ho fela ha [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] (apartheid) ka selemo sa 1994, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o neng o etelletswe pele ke batho ba batsho o ile wa qala mananeo a phetoho ya kabo ya mobu; tlas'a mananeo ana, mmuso o ne o ka reka mobu ho dihwai ka theko ea 'maraka e le hore o o kgutlisetse ho batho ba neng ba amohuile mobu oa bona, kapa ya fana ka dithuso tsa lichelete ho thusa ba sa kang ba amohuoa mobu hore ba o reke. Ho fihlela ka 2016, lenaneo la phetoho ea kabo ea mobu le ne le abile hape karolo ea 11% feela ea mobu. Lenaneo lena le ile la nyatsuoa ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle, bobodu le ho hloka tšehetso ho lihoai, hammoho le ho itshetleha ka mekgaa e diehang le e thehiloeng ditabeng tsa mmaraka. Ka selemo sa 2022, ho ile ha hakanngoa hore karolo ea 24% ya mobu oa temo e ne e fetisitsoe matsohong a batho ba basweu ho ea ho a batho ba batšo ka mekhoa ea ho reka 'marakeng o ikemetseng le ka lenaneo la mmuso la kabo ea mobu.[3] == Dintlha tse qaqileng == Tshebetso ya Phetoho ya Naha e ne e shebane le libaka tse tharo: ho khutlisa, phetoho ea thepa ea mobu le ho aba naha botjha.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999">Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". ''World Development''. '''27''' (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID&#x20;8513670.</ref><ref name="MoseleyMcCUSKER2010">{{Cite journal|pages=322–338}}</ref> Ho kgutlisetswa, mmuso o lefang batho ba neng ba tlosoa ka matla (ka tjhelete), ha hoa ka ha atleha haholo, mme hona jwale leano le fetetse ho ajoeng bocha ka ho ba le mobu o sireletsehileng. Phetoho ya thepa ya mobu ke tsamaiso ea ho amohela tokelo ya batho ea ho ba le mobu 'me ka hona ba o laola.<ref>Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". ''Geographical Review''. '''98''' (3): 322–338. Bibcode:2008GeoRv..98..322M. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID&#x20;144232937.</ref> Ho ajoa bocha ke karolo ya bohlokoahali ya iphetoho tsa naha Afrika Borwa.<ref name="Lahiff2008">{{Cite book|pages=42}}</ref> Qalong, mobu o ne o rekoa ho beng ba ona (mo rekisang ea ikemiseditseng) ke mmuso (mo rekang ea ikemiselileng) mme wa ajwa hape, e le ho boloka ts'epo ea sechaba mmarakeng wa mobu.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999" /> Ka selemo sa selemo 2000, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa etsa qeto ya ho hlahloba le ho fetola tshebetso ya kabo botjha ya mobu le ditokelo tsa ona, ho e fetola mokgwa wa moralo o thehilweng sebakeng le o fanang ka matla a ho etsa diqeto maemong a lehae. Sepheo ke ho ba le meralo e kopaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lehae dikarolong tse 48 tsa tsamaiso, e kenyeletsang karolo e kgolo ya setjhaba le tshebetso ya kabo botjha, ha ka nako e tshwanang tsamaiso eo e sebetsana le matshwenyeho le diphephetso tse fapaneng. Di akarelletsa ho sebedisa batho ba boraro, baemeli ba dumellwang ke mmuso le ba ikarabellang ho mmuso. Phello e bile hore batho ba nang le masimo a sebakeng seo ba laola tsamaiso dibakeng tsena tse ngata. Mmuso o ntse o tshepa hore ka "ho kgetholla le ho kgetha ba ruang molemo, moralo o betere oa mobu le, qetellong, tlhahiso e kgolo ya mobu o fumanoeng..." <ref name="Lahiff2008" /> tshebetso ya ntlafatso ya mobu e tla qala ho tsamaa ka potlako. Ho tloha qalong ya selemo sa 2006, mmuso wa [[African National Congress|ANC]] o phatlaladitse hore o tla qala ho ikgula naheng, empa ho ea ka mokhomishenara e moholo wa ditokelo tsa naha, Tozi Gwanya, ho fapana le Zimbabwe, ho tla ba le matshediso ho ba nang le naha e ikgulang, "empa e tlameha ho ba tjhelete e nepahetseng, eseng tjhhelete e fetohileng". Afrika Borwa, mohlala o ka sehloohong wa diphetoho tsa naha o sebedisitsweng o ne o thehilwe tseleng ya diphetoho tsa temo tse tsamaiswang ke mmaraka (MLAR). Ka hara MLAR, mohlala wa tshebedisano-mmoho ya leano la maano (SP) o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dibakeng tse supileng tse etsang kopo Levubu profinseng ya Limpopo. Mohlala wa SP o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dipakeng tsa 2005 le 2008 e ileng ya fella ka ho hloleha ho lebisang ho thehweng ha dikgohlano dipakeng tsa mekga e mengata e amehang. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=733–748}}</ref> Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2010, Lefapha la Ntshetsopele ya Dibaka tsa Mahaeng le Phetoho ya Tsamaiso ya Mobu le ile la thakgola lenaneo la National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC). Sepheo sa lona e ne e le ho fana ka menyetla ya ntlafatso ea ditsebo le ho hira batjha ba dulang mahaeng—haholo-holo bana ba bahlabani ba mehleng ba sesole ba pakeng tsa dilemo tse 18 le tse 25—e le hore ba sebeletse ditjhaba tsa habo bona ka ho nka karolo lenaneong la kwetliso la dikgwedi tse 24 le neng le tshwarelwa dibakeng tsa sesole tsa Afrika Borwa. Ka selemo sa 2012, Reuters e ile ea ngola ka sehoai se setso se neng se sebetsa fatshe leo mmuso o neng o le rekile ho monga sona ea neng a le mosweu e le karolo ya phetoho ea naha ea naha. Ho ya ka Reuters, naha eo e ne e se ya mmuso, eseng ea sehwai se se nang batho ba batsho. Mohoai wa motho ya motso o ile a re ka lebaka la sena, a ke ke a sebedisa mobu e le tiiso ho fumana mokoloto bankeng.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields], Reuters, April 24, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043938/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 Archive]</ref> Ka la 20 Tšitoe 2017, mmuso o etelletsoeng pele ke ANC o phatlalalitse Kopanong ea Naha ea bo54 hore o tla batla ho fetola Karolo ea 25 ea Molao-motheo oa Afrika Boroa mabapi le litokelo tsa thepa ho kenya tšebetsong ho qheleloa ka thoko ha mobu ntle le matšeliso (EWC). Kopanong, ho ile ha fetisoa qeto ea ho fana ka thepa ea naha ea setso ho sechaba se amehang, e ka bang 13% ea naha, hangata e ngolisitsoeng ka trust joalo ka Ingonyama Trust tlasa lebitso la baetapele ba setso ho sechaba ka seng. Ka Hlakola selemong sa 2018, Palamente ya Afrika Borwa e fetisitse mohato oa ho lekola polelwana ea beng ba thepa ya molaotheo, ho dumella ho tlatlapa mobu, molemong wa setjhaba, ntle le matšeliso, e neng e tshehelitswe haholo ka hara mokga o busang wa Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la hore naha e ne e hapiloe ke basoeu qalong ntle le matlotlo a loketseng.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-white-farms-land-seizure-anc-race-relations-a8234461.html</ref> Ba boholong Afrika Borwa ba re diphetoho tsa naha di tla fapana le diphetoho tsa mobu tsa Zimbabwe ka hore moralo wa Afrika Borwa o "motheo" ebile "o latela melao le molaotheo", ho fapana le tshebetso ya Zimbabwe, e neng e shebilwe ke Robert Mugabe.<ref>Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". ''The South African''. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2019.</ref> Boiteko ba ho fetisa tokiso qetellong bo ile ba hloleha. <ref>Cocks, Tim; Cocks, Tim (2021-12-07). "S.African law change plan to allow land expropriation fails to pass". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> Ka Phato 2018, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o qadile ts'ebetso ea ho nka dibaka tse pedi tsa temo tse nang le batho ba basoeu ka ho kenya litokomane tse batlang ho fumana dihoai ka domain e ikhethang bakeng sa karolo ea leshome ya boleng bo hakantsoeng ba beng, e leng, ntlheng e le nngwe, e neng e ipapisitse le boleng bo ka bang teng ha polasi e hlahiswa ho ba eco-estate. Ho qhekelloa ho ile ha hlakoloa, mme hamorao beng ba eona ba rekisa masimo ka makhetlo a ka bang mane ho feta seo mmuso o neng o se fana ka sona. Ho ea ka tlhahlobo ya mmuso ya selemo sa 2017, diperesente tse 72 tsa naha ya naha ya temo ya poraefete e na le batho ba basweu, ba etsang diperesente tsa 9 tsa baahi. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times</ref> == Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete == Ho tloha ka 2016, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o sebedisitse tjhelete e fetang R60 bilione mererong ya ntlafatso ya mobu ho tloha ka 1994. Ho sa tsotellehe matsete ana, lenaneo la phetoho ya mobu ha le a ka la hlohlelletsa ntshetsopele dibakeng tsa mahaeng tse rerilweng. Tlaleho ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete le tsa Lekgetho ya Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e bontsha hore<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.</ref> phetoho ya mobu e le mokgwa wa ntshetsopele ya temo le tlhahiso ya mesebetsi e hlolehile. Phuputso e entsweng ke khomishene profinseng ya Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Botjhabela e fumane hore mapolasi a mangata a phetoho ya mobu a bontsha mesebetsi e menyenyane kapa ha a na yona, bajalefa ba phetoho ya mobu ba fumana tjhelete e nyane kapa ha ba fumane letho mme boholo ba bona ba batla mosebetsi mapolasing a kgwebo a potileng ho ena le ho lema naha ya bona ka mafolofolo. Haeba temo e etsahala mapolasing a phetoho ya mobu, mapolasi ana a sebetsa ka tlase ho bokgoni ba ona bo felletseng ba temo mme a sebedisetswa haholo temo ya ho iphedisa. Ka karolelano, tlhahiso ya dijalo e fokotsehile ka 79% ho tloha ha phetoho ya mobu e fetoha phetoho ya mobu. Diprofinseng tse tharo tse hlahlobilweng, tahlehelo ya mesebetsi e bile ka karolelano ya 84%, mme KwaZulu-Natal e bile le phallo ya madi mosebetsing ka 94%.<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). "Land reform farms fail to produce". ''Business Day Live''. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.</ref> Ho ntlafatsa ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya mobu, FFC e kgothaletse ho beha tjhelete pele ho fana ka bafani ba naha ka meralo ya motheo le kwetliso e nepahetseng, ho kgothaletsa bomasepala ho tshehetsa dihwai ka ditheolelo le ditheolelo tsa litefiso, le ho kopanya ditjhelete tsa dithuso tsa phetoho e ntjha ya mobu ka lenaneo le le leng le tsamaiswang ke Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi. <ref>https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf</ref> == Diphetoho == Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2019, Paramente e ile ea qala ho tshohla liphetoho tsa molaotheo tse neng li tla lumella ho nkuwa ha mobu oa batho ka bomong ntle le matshediso. Mokga wa ANC o hlalositse boitlamo ba ona ba ho aba mobu botjha lenaneong la ona la dipolotiki. Dintlha tse qaqileng tsa tlhahiso ena di ne di lebelletswe ka Hlakubele 2020. Ka Hlakola selemong 2020, Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o boletse hore mmuso o ikemiselitse ho potlakisa tshebetso ya ho aba mobu bocha ka 2020. Ramaphosa o bontshitse hore kabo ya mobu bocha e ne e le ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho lokisa ho se loke ha Molao wa Mobu wa Matswallwa wa 1913 (Natives Land Act). Ha a bua a le [[Addis Ababa]],naheng ya Ethopia, Letona la Naha la United States Mike Pompeo o ile a tiisa ka la 19 Hlakola 2020, hore kabo wa mobu ntle le matshediso e tla ba kolduwa ho Afrika Borwa le batho ba yona. <ref name="pompeo">Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". ''AP''.</ref> Qetellong, boiteko ba ho fetola molaotheo bo ile ba hloleha leha ho le jwalo, ka selemo sa 2025 ho ile ha saenoa molao o lumellang ho nkuoa ha thepa ntle le matšeliso tlasa maemo a lekanyeditsweng haholoanyane.<ref>"Cyril Ramaphosa signs expropriation bill in South Africa". ''www.bbc.com''. 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l5hc1klbvp098nqe4l23xai1t7mn95g 41022 41021 2026-09-03T20:27:18Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke lokisa diphoso 41022 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka mora ho fela ha [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] (apartheid) ka selemo sa 1994, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o neng o etelletswe pele ke batho ba batsho o ile wa qala mananeo a phetoho ya kabo ya mobu; tlasa mananeo ana, mmuso o ne o ka reka mobu ho dihwai ka theko ya mmaraka e le hore o o kgutlisetse ho batho ba neng ba amohuilwe mobu wa bona, kapa ya fana ka dithuso tsa lichelete ho thusa ba sa kang ba amohuoa mobu hore ba o reke. Ho fihlela ka 2016, lenaneo la phetoho ea kabo ea mobu le ne le abile hape karolo ea 11% feela ea mobu. Lenaneo lena le ile la nyatsuwa ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle, bobodu le ho hloka tshehetso ho dihwai, hammoho le ho itshetleha ka mekgaa e diehang le e thehilweng ditabeng tsa mmaraka. Ka selemo sa 2022, ho ile ha hakanngoa hore karolo ya 24% ya mobu wa temo e ne e fetisitswe matsohong a batho ba basweu ho ea ho a batho ba batsho ka mekhoa ea ho reka 'marakeng o ikemetseng le ka lenaneo la mmuso la kabo ya mobu. == Dintlha tse qaqileng == Tshebetso ya Phetoho ya Naha e ne e shebane le libaka tse tharo: ho kgutlisa, phetoho ea thepa ea mobu le ho aba naha botjha.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999">Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". ''World Development''. '''27''' (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID&#x20;8513670.</ref><ref name="MoseleyMcCUSKER2010">{{Cite journal|pages=322–338}}</ref> Ho kgutlisetswa, mmuso o lefang batho ba neng ba tlosoa ka matla (ka tjhelete), ha hoa ka ha atleha haholo, mme hona jwale leano le fetetse ho ajweng botjha ka ho ba le mobu o sireletsehileng. Phetoho ya thepa ya mobu ke tsamaiso ea ho amohela tokelo ya batho ya ho ba le mobu mme ka hona ba o laola.<ref>Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". ''Geographical Review''. '''98''' (3): 322–338. Bibcode:2008GeoRv..98..322M. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID&#x20;144232937.</ref> Ho ajoa bocha ke karolo ya bohlokoahali ya iphetoho tsa naha Afrika Borwa.<ref name="Lahiff2008">{{Cite book|pages=42}}</ref> Qalong, mobu o ne o rekoa ho beng ba ona (mo rekisang ea ikemiseditseng) ke mmuso (mo rekang ea ikemiselileng) mme wa ajwa hape, e le ho boloka tshepo ya setjhaba mmarakeng wa mobu.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999" /> Ka selemo sa selemo 2000, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa etsa qeto ya ho hlahloba le ho fetola tshebetso ya kabo botjha ya mobu le ditokelo tsa ona, ho e fetola mokgwa wa moralo o thehilweng sebakeng le o fanang ka matla a ho etsa diqeto maemong a lehae. Sepheo ke ho ba le meralo e kopaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lehae dikarolong tse 48 tsa tsamaiso, e kenyeletsang karolo e kgolo ya setjhaba le tshebetso ya kabo botjha, ha ka nako e tshwanang tsamaiso eo e sebetsana le matshwenyeho le diphephetso tse fapaneng. Di akarelletsa ho sebedisa batho ba boraro, baemedi ba dumellwang ke mmuso le ba ikarabellang ho mmuso. Phello e bile hore batho ba nang le masimo a sebakeng seo ba laola tsamaiso dibakeng tsena tse ngata. Mmuso o ntse o tshepa hore ka "ho kgetholla le ho kgetha ba ruang molemo, moralo o betere oa mobu le, qetellong, tlhahiso e kgolo ya mobu o fumanoeng..." <ref name="Lahiff2008" /> tshebetso ya ntlafatso ya mobu e tla qala ho tsamaa ka potlako. Ho tloha qalong ya selemo sa 2006, mmuso wa [[African National Congress|ANC]] o phatlaladitse hore o tla qala ho ikgula naheng, empa ho ea ka mokhomishenara e moholo wa ditokelo tsa naha, Tozi Gwanya, ho fapana le [[Zimbabwe]], ho tla ba le matshediso ho ba nang le naha e ikgulang, "empa e tlameha ho ba tjhelete e nepahetseng, eseng tjhhelete e fetohileng". Afrika Borwa, mohlala o ka sehloohong wa diphetoho tsa naha o sebedisitsweng o ne o thehilwe tseleng ya diphetoho tsa temo tse tsamaiswang ke mmaraka (MLAR). Ka hara MLAR, mohlala wa tshebedisano-mmoho ya leano la maano (SP) o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dibakeng tse supileng tse etsang kopo Levubu profinseng ya Limpopo. Mohlala wa SP o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dipakeng tsa 2005 le 2008 e ileng ya fella ka ho hloleha ho lebisang ho thehweng ha dikgohlano dipakeng tsa mekga e mengata e amehang. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=733–748}}</ref> Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2010, Lefapha la Ntshetsopele ya Dibaka tsa Mahaeng le Phetoho ya Tsamaiso ya Mobu le ile la thakgola lenaneo la National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC). Sepheo sa lona e ne e le ho fana ka menyetla ya ntlafatso ea ditsebo le ho hira batjha ba dulang mahaeng—haholo-holo bana ba bahlabani ba mehleng ba sesole ba pakeng tsa dilemo tse 18 le tse 25—e le hore ba sebeletse ditjhaba tsa habo bona ka ho nka karolo lenaneong la kwetliso la dikgwedi tse 24 le neng le tshwarelwa dibakeng tsa sesole tsa Afrika Borwa. Ka selemo sa 2012, Reuters e ile ea ngola ka sehoai se setso se neng se sebetsa fatshe leo mmuso o neng o le rekile ho monga sona ea neng a le mosweu e le karolo ya phetoho ea naha ea naha. Ho ya ka Reuters, naha eo e ne e se ya mmuso, eseng ea sehwai se se nang batho ba batsho. Mohoai wa motho ya motso o ile a re ka lebaka la sena, a ke ke a sebedisa mobu e le tiiso ho fumana mokoloto bankeng.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields], Reuters, April 24, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043938/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 Archive]</ref> Ka la 20 Tšitoe 2017, mmuso o etelletsoeng pele ke ANC o phatlalalitse Kopanong ea Naha ea bo54 hore o tla batla ho fetola Karolo ea 25 ea Molao-motheo oa Afrika Boroa mabapi le ditokelo tsa thepa ho kenya tshebetsong ho qhelelwa ka thoko ha mobu ntle le matshediso (EWC). Kopanong, ho ile ha fetisoa qeto ea ho fana ka thepa ea naha ea setso ho sechaba se amehang, e ka bang 13% ya naha, hangata e ngodisitsweng ka trust jwalo ka Ingonyama Trust tlasa lebitso la baetapele ba setso ho sechaba ka seng. Ka Hlakola selemong sa 2018, Palamente ya Afrika Borwa e fetisitse mohato oa ho lekola polelwana ea beng ba thepa ya molaotheo, ho dumella ho tlatlapa mobu, molemong wa setjhaba, ntle le matšeliso, e neng e tsheheditswe haholo ka hara mokga o busang wa Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la hore naha e ne e hapiloe ke basweu qalong ntle le matlotlo a loketseng.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-white-farms-land-seizure-anc-race-relations-a8234461.html</ref> Ba boholong Afrika Borwa ba re diphetoho tsa naha di tla fapana le diphetoho tsa mobu tsa Zimbabwe ka hore moralo wa Afrika Borwa o "motheo" ebile "o latela melao le molaotheo", ho fapana le tshebetso ya Zimbabwe, e neng e shebilwe ke Robert Mugabe.<ref>Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". ''The South African''. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2019.</ref> Boiteko ba ho fetisa tokiso qetellong bo ile ba hloleha. <ref>Cocks, Tim; Cocks, Tim (2021-12-07). "S.African law change plan to allow land expropriation fails to pass". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> Ka Phato 2018, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o qadile tshebetso ea ho nka dibaka tse pedi tsa temo tse nang le batho ba basoeu ka ho kenya litokomane tse batlang ho fumana dihoai ka domain e ikhethang bakeng sa karolo ea leshome ya boleng bo hakantsoeng ba beng, e leng, ntlheng e le nngwe, e neng e ipapisitse le boleng bo ka bang teng ha polasi e hlahiswa ho ba eco-estate. Ho qhekellwa ho ile ha hlakolwa, mme hamorao beng ba eona ba rekisa masimo ka makhetlo a ka bang mane ho feta seo mmuso o neng o se fana ka sona. Ho ya ka tlhahlobo ya mmuso ya selemo sa 2017, diperesente tse 72 tsa naha ya naha ya temo ya poraefete e na le batho ba basweu, ba etsang diperesente tsa 9 tsa baahi. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times</ref> == Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete == Ho tloha ka 2016, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o sebedisitse tjhelete e fetang R60 bilione mererong ya ntlafatso ya mobu ho tloha ka 1994. Ho sa tsotellehe matsete ana, lenaneo la phetoho ya mobu ha le a ka la hlohlelletsa ntshetsopele dibakeng tsa mahaeng tse rerilweng. Tlaleho ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete le tsa Lekgetho ya Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e bontsha hore<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.</ref> phetoho ya mobu e le mokgwa wa ntshetsopele ya temo le tlhahiso ya mesebetsi e hlolehile. Phuputso e entsweng ke khomishene profinseng ya Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Botjhabela e fumane hore mapolasi a mangata a phetoho ya mobu a bontsha mesebetsi e menyenyane kapa ha a na yona, bajalefa ba phetoho ya mobu ba fumana tjhelete e nyane kapa ha ba fumane letho mme boholo ba bona ba batla mosebetsi mapolasing a kgwebo a potileng ho ena le ho lema naha ya bona ka mafolofolo. Haeba temo e etsahala mapolasing a phetoho ya mobu, mapolasi ana a sebetsa ka tlase ho bokgoni ba ona bo felletseng ba temo mme a sebedisetswa haholo temo ya ho iphedisa. Ka karolelano, tlhahiso ya dijalo e fokotsehile ka 79% ho tloha ha phetoho ya mobu e fetoha phetoho ya mobu. Diprofinseng tse tharo tse hlahlobilweng, tahlehelo ya mesebetsi e bile ka karolelano ya 84%, mme KwaZulu-Natal e bile le phallo ya madi mosebetsing ka 94%.<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). "Land reform farms fail to produce". ''Business Day Live''. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.</ref> Ho ntlafatsa ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya mobu, FFC e kgothaletse ho beha tjhelete pele ho fana ka bafani ba naha ka meralo ya motheo le kwetliso e nepahetseng, ho kgothaletsa bomasepala ho tshehetsa dihwai ka ditheolelo le ditheolelo tsa litefiso, le ho kopanya ditjhelete tsa dithuso tsa phetoho e ntjha ya mobu ka lenaneo le le leng le tsamaiswang ke Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi. <ref>https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf</ref> == Diphetoho == Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2019, Paramente e ile ea qala ho tshohla liphetoho tsa molaotheo tse neng li tla lumella ho nkuwa ha mobu oa batho ka bomong ntle le matshediso. Mokga wa ANC o hlalositse boitlamo ba ona ba ho aba mobu botjha lenaneong la ona la dipolotiki. Dintlha tse qaqileng tsa tlhahiso ena di ne di lebelletswe ka Hlakubele 2020. Ka Hlakola selemong 2020, Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o boletse hore mmuso o ikemiselitse ho potlakisa tshebetso ya ho aba mobu bocha ka 2020. Ramaphosa o bontshitse hore kabo ya mobu bocha e ne e le ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho lokisa ho se loke ha Molao wa Mobu wa Matswallwa wa 1913 (Natives Land Act). Ha a bua a le [[Addis Ababa]],naheng ya Ethopia, Letona la Naha la United States Mike Pompeo o ile a tiisa ka la 19 Hlakola 2020, hore kabo wa mobu ntle le matshediso e tla ba kolduwa ho Afrika Borwa le batho ba yona. <ref name="pompeo">Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". ''AP''.</ref> Qetellong, boiteko ba ho fetola molaotheo bo ile ba hloleha leha ho le jwalo, ka selemo sa 2025 ho ile ha saenoa molao o lumellang ho nkuoa ha thepa ntle le matšeliso tlasa maemo a lekanyeditsweng haholoanyane.<ref>"Cyril Ramaphosa signs expropriation bill in South Africa". ''www.bbc.com''. 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6p0quhsa5gw9brs5a4jhxjdjd17hjbf 41023 41022 2026-09-03T20:28:31Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 /* Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete */ 41023 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka mora ho fela ha [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] (apartheid) ka selemo sa 1994, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o neng o etelletswe pele ke batho ba batsho o ile wa qala mananeo a phetoho ya kabo ya mobu; tlasa mananeo ana, mmuso o ne o ka reka mobu ho dihwai ka theko ya mmaraka e le hore o o kgutlisetse ho batho ba neng ba amohuilwe mobu wa bona, kapa ya fana ka dithuso tsa lichelete ho thusa ba sa kang ba amohuoa mobu hore ba o reke. Ho fihlela ka 2016, lenaneo la phetoho ea kabo ea mobu le ne le abile hape karolo ea 11% feela ea mobu. Lenaneo lena le ile la nyatsuwa ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle, bobodu le ho hloka tshehetso ho dihwai, hammoho le ho itshetleha ka mekgaa e diehang le e thehilweng ditabeng tsa mmaraka. Ka selemo sa 2022, ho ile ha hakanngoa hore karolo ya 24% ya mobu wa temo e ne e fetisitswe matsohong a batho ba basweu ho ea ho a batho ba batsho ka mekhoa ea ho reka 'marakeng o ikemetseng le ka lenaneo la mmuso la kabo ya mobu. == Dintlha tse qaqileng == Tshebetso ya Phetoho ya Naha e ne e shebane le libaka tse tharo: ho kgutlisa, phetoho ea thepa ea mobu le ho aba naha botjha.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999">Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". ''World Development''. '''27''' (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID&#x20;8513670.</ref><ref name="MoseleyMcCUSKER2010">{{Cite journal|pages=322–338}}</ref> Ho kgutlisetswa, mmuso o lefang batho ba neng ba tlosoa ka matla (ka tjhelete), ha hoa ka ha atleha haholo, mme hona jwale leano le fetetse ho ajweng botjha ka ho ba le mobu o sireletsehileng. Phetoho ya thepa ya mobu ke tsamaiso ea ho amohela tokelo ya batho ya ho ba le mobu mme ka hona ba o laola.<ref>Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". ''Geographical Review''. '''98''' (3): 322–338. Bibcode:2008GeoRv..98..322M. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID&#x20;144232937.</ref> Ho ajoa bocha ke karolo ya bohlokoahali ya iphetoho tsa naha Afrika Borwa.<ref name="Lahiff2008">{{Cite book|pages=42}}</ref> Qalong, mobu o ne o rekoa ho beng ba ona (mo rekisang ea ikemiseditseng) ke mmuso (mo rekang ea ikemiselileng) mme wa ajwa hape, e le ho boloka tshepo ya setjhaba mmarakeng wa mobu.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999" /> Ka selemo sa selemo 2000, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa etsa qeto ya ho hlahloba le ho fetola tshebetso ya kabo botjha ya mobu le ditokelo tsa ona, ho e fetola mokgwa wa moralo o thehilweng sebakeng le o fanang ka matla a ho etsa diqeto maemong a lehae. Sepheo ke ho ba le meralo e kopaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lehae dikarolong tse 48 tsa tsamaiso, e kenyeletsang karolo e kgolo ya setjhaba le tshebetso ya kabo botjha, ha ka nako e tshwanang tsamaiso eo e sebetsana le matshwenyeho le diphephetso tse fapaneng. Di akarelletsa ho sebedisa batho ba boraro, baemedi ba dumellwang ke mmuso le ba ikarabellang ho mmuso. Phello e bile hore batho ba nang le masimo a sebakeng seo ba laola tsamaiso dibakeng tsena tse ngata. Mmuso o ntse o tshepa hore ka "ho kgetholla le ho kgetha ba ruang molemo, moralo o betere oa mobu le, qetellong, tlhahiso e kgolo ya mobu o fumanoeng..." <ref name="Lahiff2008" /> tshebetso ya ntlafatso ya mobu e tla qala ho tsamaa ka potlako. Ho tloha qalong ya selemo sa 2006, mmuso wa [[African National Congress|ANC]] o phatlaladitse hore o tla qala ho ikgula naheng, empa ho ea ka mokhomishenara e moholo wa ditokelo tsa naha, Tozi Gwanya, ho fapana le [[Zimbabwe]], ho tla ba le matshediso ho ba nang le naha e ikgulang, "empa e tlameha ho ba tjhelete e nepahetseng, eseng tjhhelete e fetohileng". Afrika Borwa, mohlala o ka sehloohong wa diphetoho tsa naha o sebedisitsweng o ne o thehilwe tseleng ya diphetoho tsa temo tse tsamaiswang ke mmaraka (MLAR). Ka hara MLAR, mohlala wa tshebedisano-mmoho ya leano la maano (SP) o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dibakeng tse supileng tse etsang kopo Levubu profinseng ya Limpopo. Mohlala wa SP o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dipakeng tsa 2005 le 2008 e ileng ya fella ka ho hloleha ho lebisang ho thehweng ha dikgohlano dipakeng tsa mekga e mengata e amehang. <ref>{{Cite journal|pages=733–748}}</ref> Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2010, Lefapha la Ntshetsopele ya Dibaka tsa Mahaeng le Phetoho ya Tsamaiso ya Mobu le ile la thakgola lenaneo la National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC). Sepheo sa lona e ne e le ho fana ka menyetla ya ntlafatso ea ditsebo le ho hira batjha ba dulang mahaeng—haholo-holo bana ba bahlabani ba mehleng ba sesole ba pakeng tsa dilemo tse 18 le tse 25—e le hore ba sebeletse ditjhaba tsa habo bona ka ho nka karolo lenaneong la kwetliso la dikgwedi tse 24 le neng le tshwarelwa dibakeng tsa sesole tsa Afrika Borwa. Ka selemo sa 2012, Reuters e ile ea ngola ka sehoai se setso se neng se sebetsa fatshe leo mmuso o neng o le rekile ho monga sona ea neng a le mosweu e le karolo ya phetoho ea naha ea naha. Ho ya ka Reuters, naha eo e ne e se ya mmuso, eseng ea sehwai se se nang batho ba batsho. Mohoai wa motho ya motso o ile a re ka lebaka la sena, a ke ke a sebedisa mobu e le tiiso ho fumana mokoloto bankeng.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields], Reuters, April 24, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043938/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 Archive]</ref> Ka la 20 Tšitoe 2017, mmuso o etelletsoeng pele ke ANC o phatlalalitse Kopanong ea Naha ea bo54 hore o tla batla ho fetola Karolo ea 25 ea Molao-motheo oa Afrika Boroa mabapi le ditokelo tsa thepa ho kenya tshebetsong ho qhelelwa ka thoko ha mobu ntle le matshediso (EWC). Kopanong, ho ile ha fetisoa qeto ea ho fana ka thepa ea naha ea setso ho sechaba se amehang, e ka bang 13% ya naha, hangata e ngodisitsweng ka trust jwalo ka Ingonyama Trust tlasa lebitso la baetapele ba setso ho sechaba ka seng. Ka Hlakola selemong sa 2018, Palamente ya Afrika Borwa e fetisitse mohato oa ho lekola polelwana ea beng ba thepa ya molaotheo, ho dumella ho tlatlapa mobu, molemong wa setjhaba, ntle le matšeliso, e neng e tsheheditswe haholo ka hara mokga o busang wa Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la hore naha e ne e hapiloe ke basweu qalong ntle le matlotlo a loketseng.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-white-farms-land-seizure-anc-race-relations-a8234461.html</ref> Ba boholong Afrika Borwa ba re diphetoho tsa naha di tla fapana le diphetoho tsa mobu tsa Zimbabwe ka hore moralo wa Afrika Borwa o "motheo" ebile "o latela melao le molaotheo", ho fapana le tshebetso ya Zimbabwe, e neng e shebilwe ke Robert Mugabe.<ref>Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". ''The South African''. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2019.</ref> Boiteko ba ho fetisa tokiso qetellong bo ile ba hloleha. <ref>Cocks, Tim; Cocks, Tim (2021-12-07). "S.African law change plan to allow land expropriation fails to pass". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> Ka Phato 2018, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o qadile tshebetso ea ho nka dibaka tse pedi tsa temo tse nang le batho ba basoeu ka ho kenya litokomane tse batlang ho fumana dihoai ka domain e ikhethang bakeng sa karolo ea leshome ya boleng bo hakantsoeng ba beng, e leng, ntlheng e le nngwe, e neng e ipapisitse le boleng bo ka bang teng ha polasi e hlahiswa ho ba eco-estate. Ho qhekellwa ho ile ha hlakolwa, mme hamorao beng ba eona ba rekisa masimo ka makhetlo a ka bang mane ho feta seo mmuso o neng o se fana ka sona. Ho ya ka tlhahlobo ya mmuso ya selemo sa 2017, diperesente tse 72 tsa naha ya naha ya temo ya poraefete e na le batho ba basweu, ba etsang diperesente tsa 9 tsa baahi. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times</ref> == Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete == Ho tloha ka 2016, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o sebedisitse tjhelete e fetang R60 bilione mererong ya ntlafatso ya mobu ho tloha ka 1994. Ho sa tsotellehe matsete ana, lenaneo la phetoho ya mobu ha le a ka la hlohlelletsa ntshetsopele dibakeng tsa mahaeng tse rerilweng. Tlaleho ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete le tsa Lekgetho ya Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e bontsha hore<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.</ref> phetoho ya mobu e le mokgwa wa ntshetsopele ya temo le tlhahiso ya mesebetsi e hlolehile. Phuputso e entsweng ke khomishene profinseng ya Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Botjhabela e fumane hore mapolasi a mangata a phetoho ya mobu a bontsha mesebetsi e menyenyane kapa ha a na yona, bajalefa ba phetoho ya mobu ba fumana tjhelete e nyane kapa ha ba fumane letho mme boholo ba bona ba batla mosebetsi mapolasing a kgwebo a potileng ho ena le ho lema naha ya bona ka mafolofolo. Haeba temo e etsahala mapolasing a phetoho ya mobu, mapolasi ana a sebetsa ka tlase ho bokgoni ba ona bo felletseng ba temo mme a sebedisetswa haholo temo ya ho iphedisa. Ka karolelano, tlhahiso ya dijalo e fokotsehile ka 79% ho tloha ha phetoho ya mobu e fetoha phetoho ya mobu. Diprofinseng tse tharo tse hlahlobilweng, tahlehelo ya mesebetsi e bile ka karolelano ya 84%, mme [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]] e bile le phallo ya madi mosebetsing ka 94%.<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). "Land reform farms fail to produce". ''Business Day Live''. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.</ref> Ho ntlafatsa ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya mobu, FFC e kgothaletse ho beha tjhelete pele ho fana ka bafani ba naha ka meralo ya motheo le kwetliso e nepahetseng, ho kgothaletsa bomasepala ho tshehetsa dihwai ka ditheolelo le ditheolelo tsa litefiso, le ho kopanya ditjhelete tsa dithuso tsa phetoho e ntjha ya mobu ka lenaneo le le leng le tsamaiswang ke Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi. <ref>https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf</ref> == Diphetoho == Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2019, Paramente e ile ya qala ho tshohla liphetoho tsa molaotheo tse neng li tla lumella ho nkuwa ha mobu oa batho ka bomong ntle le matshediso. Mokga wa ANC o hlalositse boitlamo ba ona ba ho aba mobu botjha lenaneong la ona la dipolotiki. Dintlha tse qaqileng tsa tlhahiso ena di ne di lebelletswe ka Hlakubele 2020. Ka Hlakola selemong 2020, Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o boletse hore mmuso o ikemiselitse ho potlakisa tshebetso ya ho aba mobu bocha ka 2020. Ramaphosa o bontshitse hore kabo ya mobu bocha e ne e le ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho lokisa ho se loke ha Molao wa Mobu wa Matswallwa wa 1913 (Natives Land Act). Ha a bua a le [[Addis Ababa]],naheng ya Ethopia, Letona la Naha la United States Mike Pompeo o ile a tiisa ka la 19 Hlakola 2020, hore kabo wa mobu ntle le matshediso e tla ba kolduwa ho Afrika Borwa le batho ba yona. <ref name="pompeo">Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". ''AP''.</ref> Qetellong, boiteko ba ho fetola molaotheo bo ile ba hloleha leha ho le jwalo, ka selemo sa 2025 ho ile ha saenoa molao o lumellang ho nkuoa ha thepa ntle le matšeliso tlasa maemo a lekanyeditsweng haholoanyane.<ref>"Cyril Ramaphosa signs expropriation bill in South Africa". ''www.bbc.com''. 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> == Mehlodi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qjhvc048nwlrh9l97e7rpiuqsprk4ib 41024 41023 2026-09-03T20:30:31Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41024 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka mora ho fela ha [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] (apartheid) ka selemo sa 1994, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o neng o etelletswe pele ke batho ba batsho o ile wa qala mananeo a phetoho ya kabo ya mobu; tlasa mananeo ana, mmuso o ne o ka reka mobu ho dihwai ka theko ya mmaraka e le hore o o kgutlisetse ho batho ba neng ba amohuilwe mobu wa bona, kapa ya fana ka dithuso tsa lichelete ho thusa ba sa kang ba amohuoa mobu hore ba o reke. Ho fihlela ka 2016, lenaneo la phetoho ea kabo ea mobu le ne le abile hape karolo ea 11% feela ea mobu. Lenaneo lena le ile la nyatsuwa ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle, bobodu le ho hloka tshehetso ho dihwai, hammoho le ho itshetleha ka mekgaa e diehang le e thehilweng ditabeng tsa mmaraka. Ka selemo sa 2022, ho ile ha hakanngoa hore karolo ya 24% ya mobu wa temo e ne e fetisitswe matsohong a batho ba basweu ho ea ho a batho ba batsho ka mekhoa ea ho reka 'marakeng o ikemetseng le ka lenaneo la mmuso la kabo ya mobu. == Dintlha tse qaqileng == Tshebetso ya Phetoho ya Naha e ne e shebane le libaka tse tharo: ho kgutlisa, phetoho ea thepa ea mobu le ho aba naha botjha.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999">Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". ''World Development''. '''27''' (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID&#x20;8513670.</ref> Ho kgutlisetswa, mmuso o lefang batho ba neng ba tlosoa ka matla (ka tjhelete), ha hoa ka ha atleha haholo, mme hona jwale leano le fetetse ho ajweng botjha ka ho ba le mobu o sireletsehileng. Phetoho ya thepa ya mobu ke tsamaiso ea ho amohela tokelo ya batho ya ho ba le mobu mme ka hona ba o laola.<ref>Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". ''Geographical Review''. '''98''' (3): 322–338. Bibcode:2008GeoRv..98..322M. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID&#x20;144232937.</ref> Ho ajoa bocha ke karolo ya bohlokoahali ya iphetoho tsa naha Afrika Borwa. Qalong, mobu o ne o rekoa ho beng ba ona (mo rekisang ea ikemiseditseng) ke mmuso (mo rekang ea ikemiselileng) mme wa ajwa hape, e le ho boloka tshepo ya setjhaba mmarakeng wa mobu.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999" /> Ka selemo sa selemo 2000, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa etsa qeto ya ho hlahloba le ho fetola tshebetso ya kabo botjha ya mobu le ditokelo tsa ona, ho e fetola mokgwa wa moralo o thehilweng sebakeng le o fanang ka matla a ho etsa diqeto maemong a lehae. Sepheo ke ho ba le meralo e kopaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lehae dikarolong tse 48 tsa tsamaiso, e kenyeletsang karolo e kgolo ya setjhaba le tshebetso ya kabo botjha, ha ka nako e tshwanang tsamaiso eo e sebetsana le matshwenyeho le diphephetso tse fapaneng. Di akarelletsa ho sebedisa batho ba boraro, baemedi ba dumellwang ke mmuso le ba ikarabellang ho mmuso. Phello e bile hore batho ba nang le masimo a sebakeng seo ba laola tsamaiso dibakeng tsena tse ngata. Mmuso o ntse o tshepa hore ka "ho kgetholla le ho kgetha ba ruang molemo, moralo o betere oa mobu le, qetellong, tlhahiso e kgolo ya mobu o fumanoeng..." <ref name="Lahiff2008">{{Cite book|pages=42}}</ref> tshebetso ya ntlafatso ya mobu e tla qala ho tsamaa ka potlako. Ho tloha qalong ya selemo sa 2006, mmuso wa [[African National Congress|ANC]] o phatlaladitse hore o tla qala ho ikgula naheng, empa ho ea ka mokhomishenara e moholo wa ditokelo tsa naha, Tozi Gwanya, ho fapana le [[Zimbabwe]], ho tla ba le matshediso ho ba nang le naha e ikgulang, "empa e tlameha ho ba tjhelete e nepahetseng, eseng tjhhelete e fetohileng". Afrika Borwa, mohlala o ka sehloohong wa diphetoho tsa naha o sebedisitsweng o ne o thehilwe tseleng ya diphetoho tsa temo tse tsamaiswang ke mmaraka (MLAR). Ka hara MLAR, mohlala wa tshebedisano-mmoho ya leano la maano (SP) o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dibakeng tse supileng tse etsang kopo Levubu profinseng ya Limpopo. Mohlala wa SP o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dipakeng tsa 2005 le 2008 e ileng ya fella ka ho hloleha ho lebisang ho thehweng ha dikgohlano dipakeng tsa mekga e mengata e amehang. Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2010, Lefapha la Ntshetsopele ya Dibaka tsa Mahaeng le Phetoho ya Tsamaiso ya Mobu le ile la thakgola lenaneo la National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC). Sepheo sa lona e ne e le ho fana ka menyetla ya ntlafatso ya ditsebo le ho hira batjha ba dulang mahaeng—haholo-holo bana ba bahlabani ba mehleng ba sesole ba pakeng tsa dilemo tse 18 le tse 25—e le hore ba sebeletse ditjhaba tsa habo bona ka ho nka karolo lenaneong la kwetliso la dikgwedi tse 24 le neng le tshwarelwa dibakeng tsa sesole tsa Afrika Borwa. Ka selemo sa 2012, Reuters e ile ea ngola ka sehoai se setso se neng se sebetsa fatshe leo mmuso o neng o le rekile ho monga sona ea neng a le mosweu e le karolo ya phetoho ya naha ya naha. Ho ya ka Reuters, naha eo e ne e se ya mmuso, eseng ea sehwai se se nang batho ba batsho. Mohoai wa motho ya motso o ile a re ka lebaka la sena, a ke ke a sebedisa mobu e le tiiso ho fumana mokoloto bankeng.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields], Reuters, April 24, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043938/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 Archive]</ref> Ka la 20 Tshitwe 2017, mmuso o etelletsweng pele ke ANC o phatlalalitse Kopanong ea Naha ea bo54 hore o tla batla ho fetola Karolo ya 25 ya Molao-motheo oa Afrika Boroa mabapi le ditokelo tsa thepa ho kenya tshebetsong ho qhelelwa ka thoko ha mobu ntle le matshediso (EWC). Kopanong, ho ile ha fetisoa qeto ea ho fana ka thepa ea naha ea setso ho sechaba se amehang, e ka bang 13% ya naha, hangata e ngodisitsweng ka trust jwalo ka Ingonyama Trust tlasa lebitso la baetapele ba setso ho sechaba ka seng. Ka Hlakola selemong sa 2018, Palamente ya Afrika Borwa e fetisitse mohato oa ho lekola polelwana ea beng ba thepa ya molaotheo, ho dumella ho tlatlapa mobu, molemong wa setjhaba, ntle le matšeliso, e neng e tsheheditswe haholo ka hara mokga o busang wa Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la hore naha e ne e hapiloe ke basweu qalong ntle le matlotlo a loketseng.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-white-farms-land-seizure-anc-race-relations-a8234461.html</ref> Ba boholong Afrika Borwa ba re diphetoho tsa naha di tla fapana le diphetoho tsa mobu tsa Zimbabwe ka hore moralo wa Afrika Borwa o "motheo" ebile "o latela melao le molaotheo", ho fapana le tshebetso ya Zimbabwe, e neng e shebilwe ke Robert Mugabe.<ref>Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". ''The South African''. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2019.</ref> Boiteko ba ho fetisa tokiso qetellong bo ile ba hloleha. <ref>Cocks, Tim; Cocks, Tim (2021-12-07). "S.African law change plan to allow land expropriation fails to pass". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> Ka Phato 2018, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o qadile tshebetso ea ho nka dibaka tse pedi tsa temo tse nang le batho ba basoeu ka ho kenya ditokomane tse batlang ho fumana dihoai ka domain e ikhethang bakeng sa karolo ea leshome ya boleng bo hakantsweng ba beng, e leng, ntlheng e le nngwe, e neng e ipapisitse le boleng bo ka bang teng ha polasi e hlahiswa ho ba eco-estate. Ho qhekellwa ho ile ha hlakolwa, mme hamorao beng ba eona ba rekisa masimo ka makhetlo a ka bang mane ho feta seo mmuso o neng o se fana ka sona. Ho ya ka tlhahlobo ya mmuso ya selemo sa 2017, diperesente tse 72 tsa naha ya naha ya temo ya poraefete e na le batho ba basweu, ba etsang diperesente tsa 9 tsa baahi. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times</ref> == Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete == Ho tloha ka 2016, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o sebedisitse tjhelete e fetang R60 bilione mererong ya ntlafatso ya mobu ho tloha ka 1994. Ho sa tsotellehe matsete ana, lenaneo la phetoho ya mobu ha le a ka la hlohlelletsa ntshetsopele dibakeng tsa mahaeng tse rerilweng. Tlaleho ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete le tsa Lekgetho ya Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e bontsha hore<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.</ref> phetoho ya mobu e le mokgwa wa ntshetsopele ya temo le tlhahiso ya mesebetsi e hlolehile. Phuputso e entsweng ke khomishene profinseng ya Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Botjhabela e fumane hore mapolasi a mangata a phetoho ya mobu a bontsha mesebetsi e menyenyane kapa ha a na yona, bajalefa ba phetoho ya mobu ba fumana tjhelete e nyane kapa ha ba fumane letho mme boholo ba bona ba batla mosebetsi mapolasing a kgwebo a potileng ho ena le ho lema naha ya bona ka mafolofolo. Haeba temo e etsahala mapolasing a phetoho ya mobu, mapolasi ana a sebetsa ka tlase ho bokgoni ba ona bo felletseng ba temo mme a sebedisetswa haholo temo ya ho iphedisa. Ka karolelano, tlhahiso ya dijalo e fokotsehile ka 79% ho tloha ha phetoho ya mobu e fetoha phetoho ya mobu. Diprofinseng tse tharo tse hlahlobilweng, tahlehelo ya mesebetsi e bile ka karolelano ya 84%, mme [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]] e bile le phallo ya madi mosebetsing ka 94%.<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). "Land reform farms fail to produce". ''Business Day Live''. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.</ref> Ho ntlafatsa ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya mobu, FFC e kgothaletse ho beha tjhelete pele ho fana ka bafani ba naha ka meralo ya motheo le kwetliso e nepahetseng, ho kgothaletsa bomasepala ho tshehetsa dihwai ka ditheolelo le ditheolelo tsa litefiso, le ho kopanya ditjhelete tsa dithuso tsa phetoho e ntjha ya mobu ka lenaneo le le leng le tsamaiswang ke Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi. <ref>https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf</ref> == Diphetoho == Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2019, Paramente e ile ya qala ho tshohla liphetoho tsa molaotheo tse neng li tla lumella ho nkuwa ha mobu oa batho ka bomong ntle le matshediso. Mokga wa ANC o hlalositse boitlamo ba ona ba ho aba mobu botjha lenaneong la ona la dipolotiki. Dintlha tse qaqileng tsa tlhahiso ena di ne di lebelletswe ka Hlakubele 2020. Ka Hlakola selemong 2020, Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o boletse hore mmuso o ikemiselitse ho potlakisa tshebetso ya ho aba mobu bocha ka 2020. Ramaphosa o bontshitse hore kabo ya mobu bocha e ne e le ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho lokisa ho se loke ha Molao wa Mobu wa Matswallwa wa 1913 (Natives Land Act). Ha a bua a le [[Addis Ababa]],naheng ya Ethopia, Letona la Naha la United States Mike Pompeo o ile a tiisa ka la 19 Hlakola 2020, hore kabo wa mobu ntle le matshediso e tla ba kolduwa ho Afrika Borwa le batho ba yona. <ref name="pompeo">Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". ''AP''.</ref> Qetellong, boiteko ba ho fetola molaotheo bo ile ba hloleha leha ho le jwalo, ka selemo sa 2025 ho ile ha saenoa molao o lumellang ho nkuoa ha thepa ntle le matšeliso tlasa maemo a lekanyeditsweng haholoanyane.<ref>"Cyril Ramaphosa signs expropriation bill in South Africa". ''www.bbc.com''. 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> == Mehlodi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l7bgzw2e46tin4gjaxqoqfdja7dweir 41025 41024 2026-09-03T20:33:26Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41025 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka mora ho fela ha [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] (apartheid) ka selemo sa 1994, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o neng o etelletswe pele ke batho ba batsho o ile wa qala mananeo a phetoho ya kabo ya mobu; tlasa mananeo ana, mmuso o ne o ka reka mobu ho dihwai ka theko ya mmaraka e le hore o o kgutlisetse ho batho ba neng ba amohuilwe mobu wa bona, kapa ya fana ka dithuso tsa lichelete ho thusa ba sa kang ba amohuoa mobu hore ba o reke. Ho fihlela ka 2016, lenaneo la phetoho ea kabo ea mobu le ne le abile hape karolo ya 11% feela ya mobu. Lenaneo lena le ile la nyatsuwa ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle, bobodu le ho hloka tshehetso ho dihwai, hammoho le ho itshetleha ka mekga e diehang le e thehilweng ditabeng tsa mmaraka. Ka selemo sa 2022, ho ile ha hakanngoa hore karolo ya 24% ya mobu wa temo e ne e fetisitswe matsohong a batho ba basweu ho ea ho a batho ba batsho ka mekhoa ea ho reka 'marakeng o ikemetseng le ka lenaneo la mmuso la kabo ya mobu. == Dintlha tse qaqileng == Tshebetso ya Phetoho ya Naha e ne e shebane le dibaka tse tharo: ho kgutlisa, phetoho ea thepa ea mobu le ho aba naha botjha.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999">Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". ''World Development''. '''27''' (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID&#x20;8513670.</ref> Ho kgutlisetswa, mmuso o lefang batho ba neng ba tlosoa ka matla (ka tjhelete), ha hoa ka ha atleha haholo, mme hona jwale leano le fetetse ho ajweng botjha ka ho ba le mobu o sireletsehileng. Phetoho ya thepa ya mobu ke tsamaiso ea ho amohela tokelo ya batho ya ho ba le mobu mme ka hona ba o laola.<ref>Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". ''Geographical Review''. '''98''' (3): 322–338. Bibcode:2008GeoRv..98..322M. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID&#x20;144232937.</ref> Ho ajoa bocha ke karolo ya bohlokoahadi ya iphetoho tsa naha Afrika Borwa. Qalong, mobu o ne o rekoa ho beng ba ona (mo rekisang ea ikemiseditseng) ke mmuso (mo rekang ea ikemiselileng) mme wa ajwa hape, e le ho boloka tshepo ya setjhaba mmarakeng wa mobu.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999" /> Ka selemo sa selemo 2000, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa etsa qeto ya ho hlahloba le ho fetola tshebetso ya kabo botjha ya mobu le ditokelo tsa ona, ho e fetola mokgwa wa moralo o thehilweng sebakeng le o fanang ka matla a ho etsa diqeto maemong a lehae. Sepheo ke ho ba le meralo e kopaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lehae dikarolong tse 48 tsa tsamaiso, e kenyeletsang karolo e kgolo ya setjhaba le tshebetso ya kabo botjha, ha ka nako e tshwanang tsamaiso eo e sebetsana le matshwenyeho le diphephetso tse fapaneng. Di akarelletsa ho sebedisa batho ba boraro, baemedi ba dumellwang ke mmuso le ba ikarabellang ho mmuso. Phello e bile hore batho ba nang le masimo a sebakeng seo ba laola tsamaiso dibakeng tsena tse ngata. Mmuso o ntse o tshepa hore ka "ho kgetholla le ho kgetha ba ruang molemo, moralo o betere oa mobu le, qetellong, tlhahiso e kgolo ya mobu o fumanweng..." <ref name="Lahiff2008">{{Cite book|pages=42}}</ref> tshebetso ya ntlafatso ya mobu e tla qala ho tsamaa ka potlako. Ho tloha qalong ya selemo sa 2006, mmuso wa [[African National Congress|ANC]] o phatlaladitse hore o tla qala ho ikgula naheng, empa ho ea ka mokhomishenara e moholo wa ditokelo tsa naha, Tozi Gwanya, ho fapana le [[Zimbabwe]], ho tla ba le matshediso ho ba nang le naha e ikgulang, "empa e tlameha ho ba tjhelete e nepahetseng, eseng tjhhelete e fetohileng". Afrika Borwa, mohlala o ka sehloohong wa diphetoho tsa naha o sebedisitsweng o ne o thehilwe tseleng ya diphetoho tsa temo tse tsamaiswang ke mmaraka (MLAR). Ka hara MLAR, mohlala wa tshebedisano-mmoho ya leano la maano (SP) o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dibakeng tse supileng tse etsang kopo Levubu profinseng ya Limpopo. Mohlala wa SP o ile oa kenngwa tshebetsong dipakeng tsa 2005 le 2008 e ileng ya fella ka ho hloleha ho lebisang ho thehweng ha dikgohlano dipakeng tsa mekga e mengata e amehang. Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2010, Lefapha la Ntshetsopele ya Dibaka tsa Mahaeng le Phetoho ya Tsamaiso ya Mobu le ile la thakgola lenaneo la National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC). Sepheo sa lona e ne e le ho fana ka menyetla ya ntlafatso ya ditsebo le ho hira batjha ba dulang mahaeng—haholo-holo bana ba bahlabani ba mehleng ba sesole ba pakeng tsa dilemo tse 18 le tse 25—e le hore ba sebeletse ditjhaba tsa habo bona ka ho nka karolo lenaneong la kwetliso la dikgwedi tse 24 le neng le tshwarelwa dibakeng tsa sesole tsa Afrika Borwa. Ka selemo sa 2012, Reuters e ile ya ngola ka sehoai se setso se neng se sebetsa fatshe leo mmuso o neng o le rekile ho monga sona ya neng a le mosweu e le karolo ya phetoho ya naha ya naha. Ho ya ka Reuters, naha eo e ne e se ya mmuso, eseng ea sehwai se se nang batho ba batsho. Mohwai wa motho ya motso o ile a re ka lebaka la sena, a ke ke a sebedisa mobu e le tiiso ho fumana mokoloto bankeng.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields], Reuters, April 24, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043938/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 Archive]</ref> Ka la 20 Tshitwe 2017, mmuso o etelletsweng pele ke ANC o phatlaladitse Kopanong ea Naha ea bo54 hore o tla batla ho fetola Karolo ya 25 ya Molao-motheo wa Afrika Borwa mabapi le ditokelo tsa thepa ho kenya tshebetsong ho qhelelwa ka thoko ha mobu ntle le matshediso (EWC). Kopanong, ho ile ha fetisoa qeto ea ho fana ka thepa ya naha ya setso ho sechaba se amehang, e ka bang 13% ya naha, hangata e ngodisitsweng ka trust jwalo ka Ingonyama Trust tlasa lebitso la baetapele ba setso ho sechaba ka seng. Ka Hlakola selemong sa 2018, Palamente ya Afrika Borwa e fetisitse mohato oa ho lekola polelwana ea beng ba thepa ya molaotheo, ho dumella ho tlatlapa mobu, molemong wa setjhaba, ntle le matšeliso, e neng e tsheheditswe haholo ka hara mokga o busang wa Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la hore naha e ne e hapiloe ke basweu qalong ntle le matlotlo a loketseng.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-white-farms-land-seizure-anc-race-relations-a8234461.html</ref> Ba boholong [[Afrika Borwa]] ba re diphetoho tsa naha di tla fapana le diphetoho tsa mobu tsa Zimbabwe ka hore moralo wa Afrika Borwa o "motheo" ebile "o latela melao le molaotheo", ho fapana le tshebetso ya Zimbabwe, e neng e shebilwe ke Robert Mugabe.<ref>Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". ''The South African''. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2019.</ref> Boiteko ba ho fetisa tokiso qetellong bo ile ba hloleha. <ref>Cocks, Tim; Cocks, Tim (2021-12-07). "S.African law change plan to allow land expropriation fails to pass". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> Ka Phato 2018, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o qadile tshebetso ea ho nka dibaka tse pedi tsa temo tse nang le batho ba basweu ka ho kenya ditokomane tse batlang ho fumana dihwai ka domain e ikgethang bakeng sa karolo ya leshome ya boleng bo hakantsweng ba beng, e leng, ntlheng e le nngwe, e neng e ipapisitse le boleng bo ka bang teng ha polasi e hlahiswa ho ba eco-estate. Ho qhekellwa ho ile ha hlakolwa, mme hamorao beng ba yona ba rekisa masimo ka makhetlo a ka bang mane ho feta seo mmuso o neng o se fana ka sona. Ho ya ka tlhahlobo ya mmuso ya selemo sa 2017, diperesente tse 72 tsa naha ya naha ya temo ya poraefete e na le batho ba basweu, ba etsang diperesente tsa 9 tsa baahi. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times</ref> == Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete == Ho tloha ka 2016, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o sebedisitse tjhelete e fetang R60 bilione mererong ya ntlafatso ya mobu ho tloha ka 1994. Ho sa tsotellehe matsete ana, lenaneo la phetoho ya mobu ha le a ka la hlohlelletsa ntshetsopele dibakeng tsa mahaeng tse rerilweng. Tlaleho ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete le tsa Lekgetho ya Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e bontsha hore<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.</ref> phetoho ya mobu e le mokgwa wa ntshetsopele ya temo le tlhahiso ya mesebetsi e hlolehile. Phuputso e entsweng ke khomishene profinseng ya [[Limpopo]], KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Botjhabela e fumane hore mapolasi a mangata a phetoho ya mobu a bontsha mesebetsi e menyenyane kapa ha a na yona, bajalefa ba phetoho ya mobu ba fumana tjhelete e nyane kapa ha ba fumane letho mme boholo ba bona ba batla mosebetsi mapolasing a kgwebo a potileng ho ena le ho lema naha ya bona ka mafolofolo. Haeba temo e etsahala mapolasing a phetoho ya mobu, mapolasi ana a sebetsa ka tlase ho bokgoni ba ona bo felletseng ba temo mme a sebedisetswa haholo temo ya ho iphedisa. Ka karolelano, tlhahiso ya dijalo e fokotsehile ka 79% ho tloha ha phetoho ya mobu e fetoha phetoho ya mobu. Diprofinseng tse tharo tse hlahlobilweng, tahlehelo ya mesebetsi e bile ka karolelano ya 84%, mme [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]] e bile le phallo ya madi mosebetsing ka 94%.<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). "Land reform farms fail to produce". ''Business Day Live''. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.</ref> Ho ntlafatsa ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya mobu, FFC e kgothaletse ho beha tjhelete pele ho fana ka bafani ba naha ka meralo ya motheo le kwetliso e nepahetseng, ho kgothaletsa bomasepala ho tshehetsa dihwai ka ditheolelo le ditheolelo tsa litefiso, le ho kopanya ditjhelete tsa dithuso tsa phetoho e ntjha ya mobu ka lenaneo le le leng le tsamaiswang ke Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi. <ref>https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf</ref> == Diphetoho == Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2019, Paramente e ile ya qala ho tshohla liphetoho tsa molaotheo tse neng li tla dumella ho nkuwa ha mobu oa batho ka bomong ntle le matshediso. Mokga wa ANC o hlalositse boitlamo ba ona ba ho aba mobu botjha lenaneong la ona la dipolotiki. Dintlha tse qaqileng tsa tlhahiso ena di ne di lebelletswe ka Hlakubele selemong sa 2020. Ka Hlakola selemong 2020, Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o boletse hore mmuso o ikemiselitse ho potlakisa tshebetso ya ho aba mobu bocha ka 2020. Ramaphosa o bontshitse hore kabo ya mobu botjha e ne e le ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho lokisa ho se loke ha Molao wa Mobu wa Matswallwa wa 1913 (Natives Land Act). Ha a bua a le [[Addis Ababa]],naheng ya Ethopia, Letona la Naha la United States Mike Pompeo o ile a tiisa ka la 19 Hlakola 2020, hore kabo wa mobu ntle le matshediso e tla ba kolduwa ho Afrika Borwa le batho ba yona. <ref name="pompeo">Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". ''AP''.</ref> Qetellong, boiteko ba ho fetola molaotheo bo ile ba hloleha leha ho le jwalo, ka selemo sa 2025 ho ile ha saenoa molao o lumellang ho nkuoa ha thepa ntle le matšeliso tlasa maemo a lekanyeditsweng haholoanyane.<ref>"Cyril Ramaphosa signs expropriation bill in South Africa". ''www.bbc.com''. 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> == Mehlodi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2vuo7nuu1w2zrgfu58wuyg7j70mn3v3 41030 41025 2026-09-04T05:36:25Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Ke lokisa diphoso 41030 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka mora ho fela ha [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] (apartheid) ka selemo sa 1994, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o neng o etelletswe pele ke batho ba batsho o ile wa qala mananeo a phetoho ya kabo ya mobu; tlasa mananeo ana, mmuso o ne o ka reka mobu ho dihwai ka theko ya mmaraka e le hore o o kgutlisetse ho batho ba neng ba amohuilwe mobu wa bona, kapa ya fana ka dithuso tsa ditjhelete ho thusa ba sa kang ba amohuwa mobu hore ba o reke. Ho fihlela ka 2016, lenaneo la phetoho ya kabo ya mobu le ne le abile hape karolo ya 11% feela ya mobu. Lenaneo lena le ile la nyatsuwa ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle, bobodu le ho hloka tshehetso ho dihwai, hammoho le ho itshetleha ka mekga e diehang le e thehilweng ditabeng tsa mmaraka. Ka selemo sa 2022, ho ile ha hakanngoa hore karolo ya 24% ya mobu wa temo e ne e fetisitswe matsohong a batho ba basweu ho ea ho a batho ba batsho ka mekhoa ea ho reka mmarakeng o ikemetseng le ka lenaneo la mmuso la kabo ya mobu. == Dintlha tse qaqileng == Tshebetso ya Phetoho ya Naha e ne e shebane le dibaka tse tharo: ho kgutlisa, phetoho ya thepa ya mobu le ho aba naha botjha.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999">Deininger, Klaus (April 1999). "Making Negotiated Land Reform Work: Initial Experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa". ''World Development''. '''27''' (4): 651–672. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00023-6. S2CID&#x20;8513670.</ref> Ho kgutlisetswa, mmuso o lefang batho ba neng ba tloswa ka matla (ka tjhelete), ha hoa ka ha atleha haholo, mme hona jwale leano le fetetse ho ajweng botjha ka ho ba le mobu o sireletsehileng. Phetoho ya thepa ya mobu ke tsamaiso ya ho amohela tokelo ya batho ya ho ba le mobu mme ka hona ba o laola.<ref>Moseley, William G.; Mccusker, Brent (1 July 2008). "Fighting Fire With a Broken Teacup: a Comparative Analysis of South Africa's Land-Redistribution Program". ''Geographical Review''. '''98''' (3): 322–338. Bibcode:2008GeoRv..98..322M. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00304.x. S2CID&#x20;144232937.</ref> Ho ajwa botjha ke karolo ya bohlokoahadi ya iphetoho tsa naha [[Afrika Borwa]]. Qalong, mobu o ne o rekoa ho beng ba ona (mo rekisang ya ikemiseditseng) ke mmuso (mo rekang ea ikemiselileng) mme wa ajwa hape, e le ho boloka tshepo ya setjhaba mmarakeng wa mobu.<ref name="Deininger, Klaus 1999" /> Ka selemo sa selemo 2000, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa etsa qeto ya ho hlahloba le ho fetola tshebetso ya kabo botjha ya mobu le ditokelo tsa ona, ho e fetola mokgwa wa moralo o thehilweng sebakeng le o fanang ka matla a ho etsa diqeto maemong a lehae. Sepheo ke ho ba le meralo e kopaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lehae dikarolong tse 48 tsa tsamaiso, e kenyeletsang karolo e kgolo ya setjhaba le tshebetso ya kabo botjha, ha ka nako e tshwanang tsamaiso eo e sebetsana le matshwenyeho le diphephetso tse fapaneng. Di akarelletsa ho sebedisa batho ba boraro, baemedi ba dumellwang ke mmuso le ba ikarabellang ho mmuso. Phello e bile hore batho ba nang le masimo a sebakeng seo ba laola tsamaiso dibakeng tsena tse ngata. Mmuso o ntse o tshepa hore ka "ho kgetholla le ho kgetha ba ruang molemo, moralo o betere oa mobu le, qetellong, tlhahiso e kgolo ya mobu o fumanweng..." <ref name="Lahiff2008">{{Cite book|pages=42}}</ref> tshebetso ya ntlafatso ya mobu e tla qala ho tsamaa ka potlako. Ho tloha qalong ya selemo sa 2006, mmuso wa [[African National Congress|ANC]] o phatlaladitse hore o tla qala ho ikgula naheng, empa ho ea ka mokhomishenara e moholo wa ditokelo tsa naha, Tozi Gwanya, ho fapana le [[Zimbabwe]], ho tla ba le matshediso ho ba nang le naha e ikgulang, "empa e tlameha ho ba tjhelete e nepahetseng, eseng tjhhelete e fetohileng". Afrika Borwa, mohlala o ka sehloohong wa diphetoho tsa naha o sebedisitsweng o ne o thehilwe tseleng ya diphetoho tsa temo tse tsamaiswang ke mmaraka (MLAR). Ka hara MLAR, mohlala wa tshebedisano-mmoho ya leano la maano (SP) o ile a kenngwa tshebetsong dibakeng tse supileng tse etsang kopo Levubu profinseng ya Limpopo. Mohlala wa SP o ile wa kenngwa tshebetsong dipakeng tsa 2005 le 2008 e ileng ya fella ka ho hloleha ho lebisang ho thehweng ha dikgohlano dipakeng tsa mekga e mengata e amehang. Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2010, Lefapha la Ntshetsopele ya Dibaka tsa Mahaeng le Phetoho ya Tsamaiso ya Mobu le ile la thakgola lenaneo la National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC). Sepheo sa lona e ne e le ho fana ka menyetla ya ntlafatso ya ditsebo le ho hira batjha ba dulang mahaeng—haholo-holo bana ba bahlabani ba mehleng ba sesole ba pakeng tsa dilemo tse 18 le tse 25—e le hore ba sebeletse ditjhaba tsa habo bona ka ho nka karolo lenaneong la kwetliso la dikgwedi tse 24 le neng le tshwarelwa dibakeng tsa sesole tsa Afrika Borwa. Ka selemo sa 2012, Reuters e ile ya ngola ka sehoai se setso se neng se sebetsa fatshe leo mmuso o neng o le rekile ho monga sona ya neng a le mosweu e le karolo ya phetoho ya naha ya naha. Ho ya ka Reuters, naha eo e ne e se ya mmuso, eseng ya sehwai se se nang batho ba batsho. Mohwai wa motho ya motso o ile a re ka lebaka la sena, a ke ke a sebedisa mobu e le tiiso ho fumana mokoloto bankeng.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 S.Africa's apartheid land fix withers in fields], Reuters, April 24, 2012, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043938/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-safrica-land-20120424-idAFJOE83N08J20120424 Archive]</ref> Ka la 20 Tshitwe 2017, mmuso o etelletsweng pele ke ANC o phatlaladitse Kopanong ea Naha ea bo54 hore o tla batla ho fetola Karolo ya 25 ya Molao-motheo wa Afrika Borwa mabapi le ditokelo tsa thepa ho kenya tshebetsong ho qhelelwa ka thoko ha mobu ntle le matshediso (EWC). Kopanong, ho ile ha fetisoa qeto ea ho fana ka thepa ya naha ya setso ho setjhaba se amehang, e ka bang 13% ya naha, hangata e ngodisitsweng ka trust jwalo ka Ingonyama Trust tlasa lebitso la baetapele ba setso ho sechaba ka seng. Ka Hlakola selemong sa 2018, Palamente ya Afrika Borwa e fetisitse mohato oa ho lekola polelwana ea beng ba thepa ya molaotheo, ho dumella ho tlatlapa mobu, molemong wa setjhaba, ntle le matšeliso, e neng e tsheheditswe haholo ka hara mokga o busang wa Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la hore naha e ne e hapiloe ke basweu qalong ntle le matlotlo a loketseng.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-africa-white-farms-land-seizure-anc-race-relations-a8234461.html</ref> Ba boholong [[Afrika Borwa]] ba re diphetoho tsa naha di tla fapana le diphetoho tsa mobu tsa Zimbabwe ka hore moralo wa Afrika Borwa o "motheo" ebile "o latela melao le molaotheo", ho fapana le tshebetso ya Zimbabwe, e neng e shebilwe ke Robert Mugabe.<ref>Head, Tom (1 March 2018). "Land expropriation: Why South Africa won't become a "second Zimbabwe"". ''The South African''. Archived from the original on Mar 27, 2019.</ref> Boiteko ba ho fetisa tokiso qetellong bo ile ba hloleha. <ref>Cocks, Tim; Cocks, Tim (2021-12-07). "S.African law change plan to allow land expropriation fails to pass". ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> Ka Phato 2018, mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o qadile tshebetso ea ho nka dibaka tse pedi tsa temo tse nang le batho ba basweu ka ho kenya ditokomane tse batlang ho fumana dihwai ka domain e ikgethang bakeng sa karolo ya leshome ya boleng bo hakantsweng ba beng, e leng, ntlheng e le nngwe, e neng e ipapisitse le boleng bo ka bang teng ha polasi e hlahiswa ho ba eco-estate. Ho qhekellwa ho ile ha hlakolwa, mme hamorao beng ba yona ba rekisa masimo ka makgetlo a ka bang mane ho feta seo mmuso o neng o se fana ka sona. Ho ya ka tlhahlobo ya mmuso ya selemo sa 2017, diperesente tse 72 tsa naha ya naha ya temo ya poraefete e na le batho ba basweu, ba etsang diperesente tsa 9 tsa baahi. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times</ref> == Tlaleho ya 2016 ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete == Ho tloha ka 2016, mmuso wa [[Afrika Borwa]] o sebedisitse tjhelete e fetang R60 bilione mererong ya ntlafatso ya mobu ho tloha ka 1994. Ho sa tsotellehe matsete ana, lenaneo la phetoho ya mobu ha le a ka la hlohlelletsa ntshetsopele dibakeng tsa mahaeng tse rerilweng. Tlaleho ya Khomishene ya Ditjhelete le tsa Lekgetho ya Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e bontsha hore<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (2016). National Land Reform Programme and Rural Development (Policy Brief 3) (Report). Financial and Fiscal Commission. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-23.</ref> phetoho ya mobu e le mokgwa wa ntshetsopele ya temo le tlhahiso ya mesebetsi e hlolehile. Phuputso e entsweng ke khomishene profinseng ya [[Limpopo]], KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Botjhabela e fumane hore mapolasi a mangata a phetoho ya mobu a bontsha mesebetsi e menyenyane kapa ha a na yona, bajalefa ba phetoho ya mobu ba fumana tjhelete e nyane kapa ha ba fumane letho mme boholo ba bona ba batla mosebetsi mapolasing a kgwebo a potileng ho ena le ho lema naha ya bona ka mafolofolo. Haeba temo e etsahala mapolasing a phetoho ya mobu, mapolasi ana a sebetsa ka tlase ho bokgoni ba ona bo felletseng ba temo mme a sebedisetswa haholo temo ya ho iphedisa. Ka karolelano, tlhahiso ya dijalo e fokotsehile ka 79% ho tloha ha phetoho ya mobu e fetoha phetoho ya mobu. Diprofinseng tse tharo tse hlahlobilweng, tahlehelo ya mesebetsi e bile ka karolelano ya 84%, mme [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]] e bile le phallo ya madi mosebetsing ka 94%.<ref>Dawood, Ghalieb (30 September 2016). "Land reform farms fail to produce". ''Business Day Live''. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.</ref> Ho ntlafatsa ditlamorao tsa phetoho ya mobu, FFC e kgothaletse ho beha tjhelete pele ho fana ka bafani ba naha ka meralo ya motheo le kwetliso e nepahetseng, ho kgothaletsa bomasepala ho tshehetsa dihwai ka ditheolelo le ditheolelo tsa litefiso, le ho kopanya ditjhelete tsa dithuso tsa phetoho e ntjha ya mobu ka lenaneo le le leng le tsamaiswang ke Lefapha la Temo, Meru le Ditlhapi. <ref>https://cisp.cachefly.net/assets/articles/attachments/69841_2016_policy_brief_3_national_land_reform_programme_and_rural_development.pdf</ref> == Diphetoho == Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2019, Paramente e ile ya qala ho tshohla liphetoho tsa molaotheo tse neng li tla dumella ho nkuwa ha mobu wa batho ka bomong ntle le matshediso. Mokga wa ANC o hlalositse boitlamo ba ona ba ho aba mobu botjha lenaneong la ona la dipolotiki. Dintlha tse qaqileng tsa tlhahiso ena di ne di lebelletswe ka Hlakubele selemong sa 2020. Ka Hlakola selemong 2020, Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o boletse hore mmuso o ikemiselitse ho potlakisa tshebetso ya ho aba mobu bocha ka 2020. Ramaphosa o bontshitse hore kabo ya mobu botjha e ne e le ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho lokisa ho se loke ha Molao wa Mobu wa Matswallwa wa 1913 (Natives Land Act). Ha a bua a le [[Addis Ababa]],naheng ya Ethopia, Letona la Naha la United States Mike Pompeo o ile a tiisa ka la 19 Hlakola 2020, hore kabo wa mobu ntle le matshediso e tla ba kolduwa ho Afrika Borwa le batho ba yona. <ref name="pompeo">Elias Meseret (February 19, 2020). "Pompeo says South Africa land seizures would be 'disastrous'". ''AP''.</ref> Qetellong, boiteko ba ho fetola molaotheo bo ile ba hloleha leha ho le jwalo, ka selemo sa 2025 ho ile ha saenwa molao o dumellang ho nkuwa ha thepa ntle le matshediso tlasa maemo a lekanyeditsweng haholoanyane.<ref>"Cyril Ramaphosa signs expropriation bill in South Africa". ''www.bbc.com''. 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.</ref> == Mehlodi == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pjnhydon1wd0eftjhh5hprkq75uph6z 0 10922 41038 2026-09-04T07:36:00Z SANKOMOTA 11165 SANKOMOTA moved page [[Li-swartrans]] to [[Swartkrans]] 41038 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Swartkrans]] 9dl3xyy2lpy3ehl5vj3906fwvgx5k5u 0 10923 41044 2026-09-04T08:36:46Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371620878|Heritage Day (South Africa)]]" 41044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsatsi la Bohlokwa''' '''ba Setso''' (ka Seafrikaans: Erfenisdag; ka Sexhosa: Usuku Lwamagugu kapa Usuku lokugubha amasiko) ke letsatsi la phomolo la sechaba Afrika Borwa le ketekwang selemo le selemo ka la 24 Lwetse. Ka letsatsi lena, baahi ba [[Afrika Borwa]] ba kgothaletswa ho keteka setso sa bona, mefuta-futa ya meetlo le ditlwaelo, ka hara moya wa setjhaba se leng sa batho bohle ba sona.. Ha Letsatsi la Lefa le wela ka Sontaha, Mantaha o latelang o ketekoa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba. <ref>https://www.gov.za/about-sa/public-holidays</ref> == Nalane == [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]], batho ba bangata ba ne ba tseba letsatsi la la 25 Phato e le Letsatsi la [[Shaka]], e le ho hopola Shaka, Morena wa [[Mazulu]], ka letsatsi leo ho nahanoang hore o hlokahetse ka lona ka 1908.<ref name=":0">https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Shaka o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kopanyeng meloko e fapaneng ya Ba-Nguni hore e be setjhaba se le seng se momahaneng sa Mazulu. Selemo le selemo, batho ba bokana Sehopotsong sa Shaka ho ea mo hlompha ka letsatsi lena. Molao-tlhomamiso wa Matsatsi a Phomolo a Setjhaba o ileng oa hlahisoa ho Paramente ya Afrika Borwa ka mora nako ya Apartheid ka selemo sa 1894, o ne o sa kenye letsatsi la la 10 Lwetse lenaneng la matsatsi a phomolo a setjhaba a neng a sisintswe. Ka lebaka la ho se kenyeletswe ha letsatsi lena, mokga wa dipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa o nang le ditho tse ngata tsa setjhaba sa Mazulu, e leng Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), o ile wa hanyetsa molao-tlhomamiso oo. Paramente le mokga wa [[African National Congress]] di ile tsa fihlela tumellano, mme letsatsi leo la fuwa lebitso la lona la hajwale la "Letsatsi la ho keteka Lefa" (Heritage Day) la ba la amohelwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba.[ == Ho ketekwa == Baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba keteka letsatsi lena ka ho hopola lefa la setso la ditso tse ngata tse bopang baahi ba naha ena. Ho hlophiswa diketsahalo tse fapaneng naheng ka bophara, tse kang ho besa nama (braai), ho ikgopotsa letsatsi lena.<ref name=":0" />  Mopresidente wa mehleng wa Profinse wa Western Cape, Ebrahim Rasool, o ile a bua le setjhaba moketeng wa Letsatsi la Bohlokwa ba Setso (Heritage Day) tseleng ya Gugulethu Heritage Trail, Gugulethu, ka 2007. Hout Bay, ho ba le mokoloko wa sesole le papiso ya ntwa e ileng ya lwana moo. == Ditlhaloso == === Ditshupiso === == Dihokelo tsa ka ntle == 6u7bj6rd1yf3qijt7t4qunxc5b56a1v 41045 41044 2026-09-04T08:40:03Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 ke suntse mehlodi 41045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsatsi la Bohlokwa''' '''ba Setso''' (ka Seafrikaans: Erfenisdag; ka Sexhosa: Usuku Lwamagugu kapa Usuku lokugubha amasiko) ke letsatsi la phomolo la sechaba Afrika Borwa le ketekwang selemo le selemo ka la 24 Lwetse.<ref>https://www.gov.za/news/events/commemorative-events/heritage-day</ref> Ka letsatsi lena, baahi ba [[Afrika Borwa]] ba kgothaletswa ho keteka setso sa bona, mefuta-futa ya meetlo le ditlwaelo, ka hara moya wa setjhaba se leng sa batho bohle ba sona.<ref>https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/parliament-statement-heritage-day</ref> Ha Letsatsi la Lefa le wela ka Sontaha, Mantaha o latelang o ketekwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba. <ref>https://www.gov.za/about-sa/public-holidays</ref> == Nalane == [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]], batho ba bangata ba ne ba tseba letsatsi la la 25 Phato e le Letsatsi la [[Shaka]], e le ho hopola Shaka, Morena wa [[Mazulu]], ka letsatsi leo ho nahanoang hore o hlokahetse ka lona ka 1908.<ref name=":0">https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Shaka o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokwa ho kopanyeng meloko e fapaneng ya Ba-Nguni hore e be setjhaba se le seng se momahaneng sa Mazulu.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Selemo le selemo, batho ba bokana Sehopotsong sa Shaka ho ea mo hlompha ka letsatsi lena. Molao-tlhomamiso wa Matsatsi a Phomolo a Setjhaba o ileng oa hlahisoa ho Paramente ya Afrika Borwa ka mora nako ya Apartheid ka selemo sa 1894, o ne o sa kenye letsatsi la la 10 Lwetse lenaneng la matsatsi a phomolo a setjhaba a neng a sisintswe. Ka lebaka la ho se kenyeletswe ha letsatsi lena, mokga wa dipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa o nang le ditho tse ngata tsa setjhaba sa Mazulu, e leng Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), o ile wa hanyetsa molao-tlhomamiso oo. Paramente le mokga wa [[African National Congress]] di ile tsa fihlela tumellano, mme letsatsi leo la fuwa lebitso la lona la hajwale la "Letsatsi la ho keteka Lefa" (Heritage Day) la ba la amohelwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba.[ == Ho ketekwa == Baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba keteka letsatsi lena ka ho hopola lefa la setso la ditso tse ngata tse bopang baahi ba naha ena. Ho hlophiswa diketsahalo tse fapaneng naheng ka bophara, tse kang ho besa nama (braai), ho ikgopotsa letsatsi lena.<ref name=":0" />  Mopresidente wa mehleng wa Profinse wa Western Cape, Ebrahim Rasool, o ile a bua le setjhaba moketeng wa Letsatsi la Bohlokwa ba Setso (Heritage Day) tseleng ya Gugulethu Heritage Trail, Gugulethu, ka 2007. Hout Bay, ho ba le mokoloko wa sesole le papiso ya ntwa e ileng ya lwana moo.<ref>https://www.districtsix.co.za/heritage-day-24-september/</ref> == Ditlhaloso == === Ditshupiso === == Dihokelo tsa ka ntle == fl524igotkklcljoobz5ehejbw2w1g8 41047 41045 2026-09-04T08:48:31Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 41047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsatsi la Bohlokwa''' '''ba Setso''' (ka Seafrikaans: Erfenisdag; ka [[Seqhosa|Sexhosa]]: Usuku Lwamagugu kapa Usuku lokugubha amasiko) ke letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba Afrika Borwa le ketekwang selemo le selemo ka la 24 Lwetse.<ref>https://www.gov.za/news/events/commemorative-events/heritage-day</ref> Ka letsatsi lena, baahi ba [[Afrika Borwa]] ba kgothaletswa ho keteka setso sa bona, mefuta-futa ya meetlo le ditlwaelo, ka hara moya wa setjhaba se leng sa batho bohle ba sona.<ref>https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/parliament-statement-heritage-day</ref> Ha Letsatsi la Lefa le wela ka Sontaha, Mantaha o latelang o ketekwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba. <ref>https://www.gov.za/about-sa/public-holidays</ref> == Nalane == [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]], batho ba bangata ba ne ba tseba letsatsi la la 25 Phato e le Letsatsi la [[Shaka]], e le ho hopola Shaka, Morena wa [[Mazulu]], ka letsatsi leo ho nahanoang hore o hlokahetse ka lona ka 1908.<ref name=":0">https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Shaka o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokwa ho kopanyeng meloko e fapaneng ya Ba-Nguni hore e be setjhaba se le seng se momahaneng sa Mazulu.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Selemo le selemo, batho ba bokana Sehopotsong sa Shaka ho ea mo hlompha ka letsatsi lena. Molao-tlhomamiso wa Matsatsi a Phomolo a Setjhaba o ileng oa hlahisoa ho Paramente ya Afrika Borwa ka mora nako ya Apartheid ka selemo sa 1894, o ne o sa kenye letsatsi la la 10 Lwetse lenaneng la matsatsi a phomolo a setjhaba a neng a sisintswe. Ka lebaka la ho se kenyeletswe ha letsatsi lena, mokga wa dipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa o nang le ditho tse ngata tsa setjhaba sa Mazulu, e leng Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), o ile wa hanyetsa molao-tlhomamiso oo. Paramente le mokga wa [[African National Congress]] di ile tsa fihlela tumellano, mme letsatsi leo la fuwa lebitso la lona la hajwale la "Letsatsi la ho keteka Lefa" (Heritage Day) la ba la amohelwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba.[ == Ho ketekwa == Baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba keteka letsatsi lena ka ho hopola lefa la setso la ditso tse ngata tse bopang baahi ba naha ena. Ho hlophiswa diketsahalo tse fapaneng naheng ka bophara, tse kang ho besa nama (braai), ho ikgopotsa letsatsi lena.<ref name=":0" />  Mopresidente wa mehleng wa Profinse wa Western Cape, Ebrahim Rasool, o ile a bua le setjhaba moketeng wa Letsatsi la Bohlokwa ba Setso (Heritage Day) tseleng ya Gugulethu Heritage Trail, Gugulethu, ka 2007. Hout Bay, ho ba le mokoloko wa sesole le papiso ya ntwa e ileng ya lwana moo.<ref>https://www.districtsix.co.za/heritage-day-24-september/</ref> == Ditlhaloso == === Ditshupiso === == Dihokelo tsa ka ntle == 99cobwv5bp8x2ihivyprl6d2pa6l7jc 41049 41047 2026-09-04T11:06:10Z SANKOMOTA 11165 /* Ditshupiso */ 41049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsatsi la Bohlokwa''' '''ba Setso''' (ka Seafrikaans: Erfenisdag; ka [[Seqhosa|Sexhosa]]: Usuku Lwamagugu kapa Usuku lokugubha amasiko) ke letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba Afrika Borwa le ketekwang selemo le selemo ka la 24 Lwetse.<ref>https://www.gov.za/news/events/commemorative-events/heritage-day</ref> Ka letsatsi lena, baahi ba [[Afrika Borwa]] ba kgothaletswa ho keteka setso sa bona, mefuta-futa ya meetlo le ditlwaelo, ka hara moya wa setjhaba se leng sa batho bohle ba sona.<ref>https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/parliament-statement-heritage-day</ref> Ha Letsatsi la Lefa le wela ka Sontaha, Mantaha o latelang o ketekwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba. <ref>https://www.gov.za/about-sa/public-holidays</ref> == Nalane == [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]], batho ba bangata ba ne ba tseba letsatsi la la 25 Phato e le Letsatsi la [[Shaka]], e le ho hopola Shaka, Morena wa [[Mazulu]], ka letsatsi leo ho nahanoang hore o hlokahetse ka lona ka 1908.<ref name=":0">https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Shaka o ile a bapala karolo ea bohlokwa ho kopanyeng meloko e fapaneng ya Ba-Nguni hore e be setjhaba se le seng se momahaneng sa Mazulu.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway</ref> Selemo le selemo, batho ba bokana Sehopotsong sa Shaka ho ea mo hlompha ka letsatsi lena. Molao-tlhomamiso wa Matsatsi a Phomolo a Setjhaba o ileng oa hlahisoa ho Paramente ya Afrika Borwa ka mora nako ya kgethollo ya merabe ka selemo sa 1894, o ne o sa kenye letsatsi la la 10 Lwetse lenaneng la matsatsi a phomolo a setjhaba a neng a sisintswe. Ka lebaka la ho se kenyeletswe ha letsatsi lena, mokga wa dipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa o nang le ditho tse ngata tsa setjhaba sa Mazulu, e leng Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), o ile wa hanyetsa molao-tlhomamiso oo. Paramente le mokga wa [[African National Congress]] di ile tsa fihlela tumellano, mme letsatsi leo la fuwa lebitso la lona la hajwale la "Letsatsi la ho keteka Lefa" (Heritage Day) la ba la amohelwa e le letsatsi la phomolo la setjhaba. == Ho ketekwa == Baahi ba Afrika Borwa ba keteka letsatsi lena ka ho hopola lefa la setso la ditso tse ngata tse bopang baahi ba naha ena. Ho hlophiswa diketsahalo tse fapaneng naheng ka bophara, tse kang ho besa nama (braai), ho ikgopotsa letsatsi lena.<ref name=":0" />  Mopresidente wa mehleng wa Profinse wa Western Cape, Ebrahim Rasool, o ile a bua le setjhaba moketeng wa Letsatsi la Bohlokwa ba Setso (Heritage Day) tseleng ya Gugulethu Heritage Trail, Gugulethu, ka 2007. Hout Bay, ho ba le mokoloko wa sesole le papiso ya ntwa e ileng ya lwana moo.<ref>https://www.districtsix.co.za/heritage-day-24-september/</ref> == Ditlhaloso == === Ditshupiso === == Dihokelo tsa ka ntle == 7jiwdrkcvh9sbecp0mzqoopk980t8uc 0 10924 41046 2026-09-04T08:46:57Z KgetsiYaMasepa 11493 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362121833|Shaka Memorial]]" 41046 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="6" |Sehopotso sa Shaka |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2848" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="4288" decoding="async" height="166" loading="lazy" resource="./File:Shaka_Zulu_Memorial.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shaka_Zulu_Memorial.jpg/250px-Shaka_Zulu_Memorial.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shaka_Zulu_Memorial.jpg/500px-Shaka_Zulu_Memorial.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" width="250" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Shaka_Zulu_Memorial.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Lejwe la sehopotso la Morena [[Shaka]], mothehi wa setjhaba sa Mazulu, Stanger, Kwa-Zulu Natal, Afrika Borwa!</div> |- class="infobox-image" colspan="2" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="31.294472222222" latitude="-29.340052777778" height="200" width="250">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[31.294472222222225,-29.340052777777778],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Shaka Memorial","marker-symbol":"monument"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Mmapa wa moo Sehopotso sa Shaka se fumanehang</div> |- class="infobox-caption" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sebaka | class="infobox-data label" | [[KwaDukuza]] / [[Stanger]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], South Africa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dintlha | class="infobox-data" | |} '''Sehopotso sa Shaka''' ke sebaka sa lefa la setso sa profinse se KwaDukuza, profinseng ya [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]] [[Afrika Borwa]]. Se tshwaya sebaka seo ho ileng ha patwa Morena wa Mazulu, [[Shaka]], haufi le moo a ileng a bolaoa teng ke barababo ba nang le ntate a le mong le eena, Dingane le Mhlangana, ha a ntse a lutse hodima lejwe haufi le matlo a masole motse-moholo wa hae oa Dukuza.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/people/shaka-zulu</ref> == Semelo == Ho ya ka ''Gazette ya Mmuso'' ya 1938, sefika sena se entswe Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, mme sa emiswa ka 1932 sebakeng seo lebitla la Morena Shaka le neng le le ho sona. Haufi le sehopotso ho na le lefika leo ho thweng Morena Shaka o ne a dutse ho lona nakong ya [[Shaka|polao]] ea hae ka la 24 Lwetse selemong sa 1828. <ref>This Day in History, [http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/shaka-zulu-assassinated 22 September 1828], accessed 5 May 2012</ref> E ile ya pitikwa ho tsela seterata ho tloha sebakeng sa eona sa pele ho ea moo e leng teng hona jwale. Letsatsi lena le hopoloa ke kopano sehopotsong ho hlompha Morena Shaka e etelletsweng pele ke morena wa Mazulu, bahlabani ba hae le bahlomphehi. <ref>King Shaka Day [http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/media-event-detail?oid=407619&sn=Detail&pid=276571&King-Shaka-Day celebrations], accessed 5 May 2012</ref> == Mehlodi == afuodqb34vh5p1uz0zewrozxncrkmmy 0 10925 41050 2026-09-04T11:19:39Z SANKOMOTA 11165 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362766069|ISimangaliso Wetland Park]]" 41050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phaka ya Simangaliso Wetland''' e lebopong le ka Botjhabela la [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natal]], Afrika Borwa, hoo e ka bang 235 dikhilomithara (146) mi) ka leboya ho [[Thekong|Durban]] ka tsela. Ke sebaka sa boraro se seholo ka ho fetisisa se sirelelitsweng Afrika Borwa, se nang le baahi 280 dikhilomithara (170) mi) ya lebopong la lewatle, ho tloha moeding wa Mozambique ka leboya ho ya Mapelane ka borwa ho noka ya Letsha la St. Lucia, mme e entswe ka batho ba ka bang 3,280 km ya tikoloho ya tlhaho, e laoloang ke Bolaodi ba iSimangaliso. Phaka ena pele e ne e tsejwa e le '''Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park''', empa e ile ya rehoa lebitso ka la 1 Pudungwana 2007. Lentswe isimangaliso e bolela "mohlolo" kapa "ntho e makatsang" ka [[Sezulu]] . Lebitso lena le hlahile ka lebaka la hore motho eo [[Shaka]] a neng a mo busa a rometswe naheng ya Batsonga . Ha a kgutla o ile a hlalosa botle boo a bo boneng e le mohlolo. Serapa sena se kenyeletsa: * Letsha la St. Lucia * St.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwLw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Sebaka sa Diphoofolo sa Lucia * Phaka ya Kou ya Bohata * Kou ya Kosi * Sebaka sa Polokelo ya Tlhaho sa Letsha la Eteza * Letsha la Sibhayi * St.&nbsp;Sebaka sa Polokelo ya dikepe sa Lucia * St.&nbsp;Setshabelo sa Lewatle sa Lucia * Serapa sa Naha sa Sodwana Bay * Sebaka sa Polokelo ya Tlhaho sa Mapelane * Sebaka se Sireleditsweng sa Lewatle la Maputaland * [[Cape Vidal]] * Ozabeni * Mfabeni * Sebaka sa Lefeella sa Tewate * Sebaka sa diphoofolo sa Mkuze == Dipaka tsa Transfrontier == Serapa sena ke karolo ya serapa sa Lewatle se fetang moeding , Sebaka sa Paballo sa Ponta do Ouro-Kosi Bay Transfrontier, se pota-potileng Afrika Borwa, [[Mozambiki|Mozambique]] le [[Eswatini]] . <ref>https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/transfrontier-marine-park-a-first-462217</ref>Sebaka sa paballo ea leoatle se kenyeleditswe Sebakeng sa Paballo sa Greater Lubombo Transfrontier <ref>http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2010/2010-04-05-02.html</ref><ref>https://www.peaceparks.org/tfcas/lubombo/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200808202240/https://www.environment.gov.za/legislation/international_agreements/agreement_lubombo_transfrontier_conservationareas</ref> == Nalane == [[File:Kosi_Bay_-_IMG_3565.jpg|left|thumb| Maraba a ditlhapi Koung ya Kosi]] Ho fihlela ka 1895, kou ena e ne e le lehae la batho ba Tsonga le lesaka la bona la ditlhapi la Tsonga. Ena ke lehae la pele le la tlhaho la batho ba Tsonga ba phetseng mona ka dilemo tse fetang 1000. Ditlaleho tse tsoang ho basesisi ba dikepe ba pele ba Mapotoketsi di supa sebaka sena ka nepo hammoho le dibaka tse ka Borwa tse tla nkuwa ke batho ba Tsonga.  . Sebaka seo se ne se boetse se tsejoa e le Tembeland kapa Thongaland empa lebitso leo le ile la khaotsa ho sebelisoa hoo e ka bang mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1900. Sebaka seo se ne se busoa ke lekala la Tsonga la Vahlanganu (Tembe). Moromuoa oa Switzerland, Moruti Henri-Alexandre Junod (ea tsejoang ka hore ke HA Junod), o ile a etsa phuputso ea saense le ea morabe ka batho ba Tsonga mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1890 'me a hlahisa' mapa o qaqileng, o bontšang hore batho ba Tsonga Tembe ba ne ba lula koung ena. Junod o bontšitse 'mapeng oa hae hore sebaka seo se ne se tsejoa e le Tembeland le hore motse-moholo oa Tembe o ne o le koung ea St Lucia, le hore ka 1906, batho ba Tsonga ba ne ba lula naheng eo ho tloha St Lucia ho ea Valdezia seterekeng sa Spelenkon profenseng ea Transvaal, e tsejoang kajeno e le [[Limpopo|Profense ea Limpopo]] . Kou ea St Lucia le Kou ea Maputo ke naha e le 'ngoe 'me ke tsa batho ba Tsonga, metse ea Tsonga e hahiloe ho tloha koung ea St Lucia ho fihlela Maputo 'me e ne e sa aroloa ke karohano efe kapa efe ea tlhaho. Ho potoloha St Lucia, morena ya busang e ne e le Lelapa la Borena la Tembe, ha ho potoloha Maputo, sehlopha se busang e ne e le lelapa la borena la Maputo, bao kaofela e leng lekala la Vahlanganu la batho ba Tsonga. Maputo le haufi le Maputo le St Lucia bay (Tembeland), puo e buuoang ke Ronga, eo ho ea ka Moromuoa oa Switzerland, Rev HA Junod, eseng puo e ikemetseng empa ke puo ea [[Setsonga|Xitsonga]] ka lebaka la ho tšoana ha eona.  9s1j11uf7blu303bfnybq3rtjtu70b6