Khoekhoe

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    <title>Khoekhoe</title>
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{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |Khoekhoe people &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Khoekhoen
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Total population
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |333,400
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Languages
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Khoekhoegowab]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Religion
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Christianity]], [[Traditional African religions]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Related ethnic groups
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[San people]], [[Basters]], [[Coloured people]], [[Tswana people]], [[Xhosa people]] 
|}
 
Batho ba Khoikhoi (kapa Khoekhoe) ke baahi ba matswallwa a [[Borwa ba Afrika]] bao setso sa bona e leng sa ho phela ba ntse ba falla le mehlape ea bona. Hangata ba amahanngwa le batho ba San (bao e leng batho ba phelang ka ho tsoma le ho bokella dijo naheng), mme lentswe le sebedisoang ho akaretsa dihlopha tsena ka bobeli ke Khoisan. &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;Lebitso &quot;Khoikhoi&quot; ha e le hantle ke lentswe la thoriso kapa tlhompho, eseng lebitso leo batho bana ba ipitsang ka lona ho latela morabe oa bona; leha ho le joalo, dingoliloeng di le sebelisitse ho hlalosa merabe e buang puo ya Khoe e ka Borwa ba Afrika, haholo-holo lihlopha tse ruileng mehlape tse kang Inqua, Griqua, Gonaqua, Nama, Damaqua le Attequa. Nakong e fetileng, batho ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba bitsoa &quot;Hottentots,&quot; e leng lentsoe leo hajoale le nkoang e le le nyelisang.

Ho nahanoa hore batho ba Khoekhoe ba ile ba arohana le batho ba bang lilemong tse pakeng tsa 100,000 le 200,000 tse fetileng. Lekholong la bo-17 la lilemo, batho ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba rua mehlape e meholo ea likhomo tsa mofuta oa Nguni sebakeng sa Kapa. Ba ile ba siea mokhoa oa ho falla le mehlape ea bona haholo-holo pakeng tsa lekholo la bo-19 le la bo-20 la lilemo.[2]

Puo ea Khoekhoe e amana le lipuo tse ling tse buuoang ke batho ba San ba Kalahari ba phelang ka ho bokella dijo naheng (jwalo ka ba Khwe le Tshwa), e leng se etsang hore li be karolo ea lelapa la lipuo tsa Khoe. Kajeno, lihlopha tse ka tlase ho Khoekhoe li kenyelletsa batho ba Nama ba Namibia, Botswana le Afrika Boroa (ba nang le meloko e mengata), ba Damara ba Namibia, meloko ea Orana ea Afrika Boroa (joalo ka Nama kapa Ngqosini), sechaba sa Khoemana kapa Griqua sa Afrika Borwa, hammoho le meloko ea Gqunukhwebe kapa Gona e welang tlas'a lihlopha tsa batho ba buang se[[Xhosa]].

Meloko ea Xirikua (Griqua) e ile ya theha boitsebiso ba eona bo ikhethang ba morabe lekholong la bo-19 la dilemo mme ea lula sebakeng sa Griqualand West. Hamorao, ba ile ba theha naha e nngwe e ikemetseng KwaZulu-Natal e bitswang Griqualand East, eo hamorao e ileng ea kenngoa tlasa puso ya Mmuso wa Brithani ka mor'a dilemo tse ka bang leshome. Ba amana le dihlopha tse tšoanang tsa meloko le ea Rehoboth Basters, bao le bona ba ka nkoang e le batho ba &quot;Khoekhoe&quot;.

== Nalane ==
[[File:Hombre_khoikhoi.jpg|thumb|Monna wa Mokgothu]]
[[File:Samuel_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg|thumb|Bakgothu ba ya falla, ka Samuel Daniell (1805)]]

=== Nalane ya pele ===
Lebitso le akaretsang la morabe la &quot;Khoekhoen&quot; le bolela batho ba neng ba phela ka mokhoa oa ho rua liphoofolo 'me ba e-na le puo e tšoanang, ba neng ba fumaneha hohle karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika. Mellet, a qotsa Ehlpick,[1] o bolela hore sechaba seo a se bitsang &quot;proto-Khoe&quot; se ile sa hlaha pakeng tsa selemo sa 400 BCE le 100 CE ka boroa ho Zimbabwe; sena se ile sa etsahala ka lebaka la ho kopana ha batho ba pele ba sebaka seo—e leng San (haholo-holo lihlopha tsa Tshua le Khwe)—le batho ba ruang liphoofolo ba neng ba fallela moo butle-butle ba tsoa Afrika Bochabela.[2]: 53  O boetse o re ho kopana hona le ho tsoakana ha merabe ho ile ha etsahala hape ka leboea ho Botswana, haufi le Noka ea Limpopo hammoho le likarolong tse ka leboea tsa naha eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Afrika Boroa.[2]: 55  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 200 BCE le 300 CE, lihlopha tse nyane tse neng li phela ka mekhoa e fapaneng—ho kenyeletsoa ho tsoma, ho rua liphoofolo le temo—li ile tsa hola tsa fetoha lichaba tse kholo tsa barui ba liphoofolo (qalong e ne e le linku, hamorao eaba likhomo), haufi le batho ba Bantu ba neng ba lema. Ka selemo sa 500 CE, lihlopha tsena tsa barui ba liphoofolo li ile tsa qala ho ata butle-butle li lebile ka boroa. Ho na le likhang har'a litsebi tsa kahisano mabapi le lebelo le litsela tseo ba ileng ba falla ka tsona, empa ho ea ka Sadr, ha ho na bopaki ba hore ho ne ho e-na le libaka tse kholo tseo batho ba Khoekhoe ba neng ba dula ho tsona, kapa bongata ba linku kapa likhomo, ka borwa ho Noka ea Orange pele ho selemo sa 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546641&lt;/ref&gt; Lihlopha tsa &quot;Khoekhoe&quot; li kenyelletsa ǀAwakhoen (ka bophirima), ǀKx'abakhoena (ba Afrika Boroa le karolong e bohareng e ka boroa ea naha hammoho le Eastern Cape). Mabitso ana ka bobeli a bolela &quot;Batho ba Bofubelu&quot;, 'me a tšoana le lentsoe la SeXhosa le reng &quot;amaqaba&quot;. Ho rua linku, lipōli le likhomo tse neng li fula liphuleng tse nonneng sebakeng seo ho ile ha fana ka lijo tse lekaneng le tse phetseng hantle, ha ba lumella ho ata le ho theha lihlopha tse kholoanyane libakeng tseo pele li neng li luloa ke batho ba neng ba phela ka temo le ho tsoma bakeng sa tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi feela.

Ho nahanwa hore setso sa batho ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu se kene sebakeng sena lekholong la boraro la lilemo (AD), se qobella barui ba liphoofolo ho ea libakeng tsa Bophirima. Mohlala oa kamano e haufi lipakeng tsa ǃUriǁ'aes (leloko le phahameng), e leng sechaba se ruang likhomo, le !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (bana ba leloko le phahameng), e leng sechaba se lulang sebakeng se le seng 'me se iphelisa ka ho bokella lijo le ho tsoma (se tsejoang hape e le &quot;Strandlopers&quot;)—bao ka bobeli ba neng ba lula sebakeng sa ǁHuiǃgaeb—o bontša hore karohano e tiileng pakeng tsa mekhoa ena e 'meli ea bophelo ha e na motheo o tiileng, hammoho le lihlopha tsa merabe tse thehiloeng ho eona. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba iphelisang ka ho bokella lijo le ho tsoma, bao filosofi ea bona ea sechaba e behang bohlokoa tabeng ea ho se bokelle maruo a mangata, ba ka nkoa ba fapane; empa liphapang tse pakeng tsa &quot;barui ba liphoofolo ba Ma-Khoekhoe&quot;, &quot;batsomi le babokelli ba lijo ba Ma-San&quot; le &quot;balemi ba Ma-Bantu&quot; ha li eme hantle ha li hlahlojoa ka botlalo, 'me li bonahala e le tsela e nolofalitsoeng haholo ea ho hlalosa histori.

Leha ho na le dikhopolo tse fapaneng mabapi le batho ba Damara le kamano ea bona le lihlopha tse ling tsa batho ba Khoekhoe, ho ke ke ha latoloa hore e ne e le bona baahi ba pele ba Namibia hammoho le batho ba San; ka lebaka leo, ho ka boleloa hore batho ba Nama le ba Damara ka bobeli ba ile ba kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha puo ea Khoekhoe ha e ntse e ata ho ea ka boroa. Kamora ho fihla ha lihlopha tsa batho ba buang lipuo tsa Bantu, tse kang ba-Herero, batho ba Damara ba ile ba tlosoa libakeng tsa bona 'me ba hasana likarolong tsohle tsa naha eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Namibia; taba ena e bonahala lentsoeng leo batho ba Damara ba le sebelisang ha ba bua ka naha eo.

=== Ho fihla ha makgowa ===
Bafuputsi le bahoebi ba Mapotoketsi ke bona ba ileng ba qala ho ngola ka likopano tsa bona le baahi ba moo, nakong ea lilemo tse makholo a 15 le a 16 (A.D.). Hangata likopano tsena li ne li tsamaea ka liketso tsa pefo. Ka selemo sa 1510, Ntoeng ea Salt River, Francisco de Almeida le banna ba hae ba mashome a mahlano ba ile ba bolaoa 'me sehlopha sa hae sa hloloa[1][2] ke batho ba neng ba palame likhomo, e leng sechaba sa !Uriǁ'aekua (seo Dutch e neng e se bitsa &quot;Goringhaiqua&quot;). Ena e ne e le e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa batho ba buang puo ea Khoekhoe sebakeng seo—lihlopha tse neng li boetse li kenyelletsa !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (kapa &quot;Goringhaicona&quot;, ba neng ba boetse ba tsejoa e le &quot;Strandlopers&quot;)—bao ho boleloang hore ke baholo-holo ba sechaba sa kajeno sa !Ora. Qetellong ea lekholo la bo-16 la lilemo, likepe tsa linaha tse kang Portugal, Fora, Denmark, Netherlands le Engelane—haholo-holo tsa Portugal—li ile tsa tsoela pele ho emisa khafetsa koung ea Table Bay ha li ntse li le tseleng e eang India Bochabela (Indies). Li ne li rekisana ka koae, koporo le tšepe le lihlopha tsa batho ba buang Khoekhoe sebakeng seo, li li fapanyetsana le nama e foreshe.

Baahi ba moo ba ile ba fokotseha ka mora hore mafu a sekholopane a namele ka lebaka la ho kopana ha batho ba Europe.  Meloko e buang Sekhoe e ile ea shoa haholo ka lebaka la ho hloka tšireletso ea 'mele khahlanong le lefu lena. Sena se ile sa eketseha, e le ntoa ea sesole ka lebaka la ho matlafala ha katoloso ea bokolone ea United East India Company e ileng ea qala ho koalla makhulo a setso bakeng sa mapolasi. Lilemong tse lekholo tse latelang, batho ba buang Sekhoe ba ile ba lelekoa naheng ea bona butle-butle, e leng se ileng sa fella ka ho falla ho hongata ho ea leboea, le ho nchafatsoa ha lichaba le meloko e mengata, hammoho le ho qhalana ha meaho e mengata ea setso.

Ho latela baprofesa Robert K. Hitchcock le Wayne A. Babchuk, &quot;Nakong ea mekhahlelo ea pele ea bolokolohi ba Europe ba ho hapa le ho busa libaka (colonization), batho ba likete-kete ba merabe ea Khoekhoe le San ba ile ba lahleheloa ke bophelo ka lebaka la polao e hlophisitsoeng ea morabe (genocide), polao e tloaelehileng, tshwaro e mpe ya 'mele, le mafu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt; Nakong ea dipatlisiso mabapi le lihlopha tse neng li tsoma batho ba San le litlhaselo tse reretsoeng ho felisa morabe oo, Louis Anthing o ile a re: &quot;Hona joale ke fumana hore liketso tsena li pharaletse ho feta kamoo li neng li bonahala kateng qalong. Ke nahana hore ho ka etsahala hore re fumane hore hoo e ka bang lihoai tsohle tse lulang haufi le moeli ona li ameha liketsong tse tšoanang ... Hajoale ke utloile feela ka lihoai tsa batho ba mebala e tsoakaneng (tse tsejoang e le 'Bastards') hore li ameha litabeng tsena.&lt;ref&gt;Anthing, Louis (1 April 1862), ''CA, CO 4414: Louis Anthing – Colonial Secretary'', pp.&amp;#x20;10–11&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka hona, sebopeho sa sechaba sa MaKhoekhoe se ile sa senyeha haholo ka lebaka la katoloso ea bokolone le ho amohuoa ha naha ho tloha bofelong ba lekholo la bo-17 la lilemo ho ea pele. Ha mekhoa ea ho hlophiseha ha sechaba e ntse e putlama, MaKhoekhoe a mangata a ile a lula mapolasing 'me a fetoha makhoba kapa basebetsi ba mapolasi; a mang a ile a kenngoa lihlopheng tsa meloko e neng e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba teng. Georg Schmidt, e leng setho sa kereke ea Moravian se tsoang Herrnhut, Saxony (eo hajoale e leng Jeremane), o ile a theha Genadendal ka 1738—e leng setsi sa pele sa boromuoa karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika—har'a batho ba buang puo ea Khoe sebakeng sa Baviaanskloof, lithabeng tsa Riviersonderend.
[[File:Adam_Kok_III_-_Griqua_Captain_-_1848.jpg|right|thumb|Adam Kok, Moetapele waMaGriqua]]
Lebitso la &quot;Baasters&quot; le ileng la sebelisoa nakong ea bokolone le ne le supa lihlopha tsa batho tse neng li e-na le tšimoloho ea Europe karolong e itseng 'me li ile tsa amohela mekhoa e itseng ea setso sa Bophirimela. Leha hamorao lihlopha tsena li ile tsa tsejoa e le MaGriqua (kapa Xirikua/Griekwa), ka nako eo li ne li tsejoa e le &quot;Baasters&quot; 'me maemong a mang li ntse li bitsoa joalo, mohlala, ke Ma-Bosluis Basters a sebaka sa Richtersveld le sechaba sa Ma-Baster sa Rehoboth, Namibia, se boletsoeng ka holimo.

Mohlomong ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea baromuoa ba Kereke, mebuso ea Griqualand Bophirima le Griqualand Bochabela e ile ea theooa ke leloko la borena la Kok; hamorao mebuso ena e ile ea kenngoa tlas'a taolo ea Cape Colony ea 'Muso oa Brithani. 

Ho qala mafelong a lekholo la bo-18 la lilemo, lichaba tsa Ma-Oorlam li ile tsa falla ho tloha Cape Colony ho ea ka leboea ho ea Namaqualand. Li ile tsa lula libakeng tse neng li se li ntse li ahiloe ke batho ba Nama. Li ile tsa falla ka mabaka a fapaneng: ho baleha ho qobelloa ho kena sesoleng ke bokolone ba Madache, ho ea hapa thepa le ho etsa khoebo, hammoho le ho batla mafulo a liphoofolo.[1] Tse ling tsa lihlopha tsena tsa Ma-Oorlam (ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopha se neng se etelletsoe pele ke monna ea neng a batloa ke molao, Jager Afrikaner, le mora oa hae Jonker Afrikaner sebakeng sa Transgariep) li ile tsa boloka likamano le lichaba tsa Ma-Oorlam tse neng li le ka hare kapa haufi le meeli ea Cape Colony. Ha Ma-Boer a ntse a atolosa libaka tsa ona butle-butle, eaba hamorao a etsa phallo e kholo a balehela puso ea Brithani Cape, Jonker Afrikaner o ile a isa batho ba hae Namaqualand bohareng ba lekholo la bo-19 la lilemo; moo a ileng a fetoha moetapele oa matla a maholo a ileng a thusa Ma-Oorlam ho busa batho ba Nama le ho loantša sechaba sa Herero (se buang puo ea sehlopha sa Bantu) ka nako e itseng.[2]

=== Sebaka sa bolulo sa Kat River (1829–1856) le batho ba Khoena Colony ea Kapa ===
[[File:Kat_River_Khoi_-_Cape_Colony_1800s.jpg|alt=|thumb|Boradithunya ba Khoekua ba bapetse karolo e kgolo ntswe tsa Kapa tsa Meedi Xhosa Wars.]]
 Qalong ea lilemo tsa bo-1800, batho ba neng ba ntse ba bua puo ea Khoe sebakeng sa Cape Colony ba ile ba tobana le lithibelo litokelo tsa bona tsa sechaba hammoho le melao e khethollang mabapi le ho ba beng ba mobu. Ka lebaka lena, Komishinara e Moholo ea matla oa Libaka tsa Bochabela, Andries Stockenstrom, o ile a thusa ho theoa ha sebaka sa bolulo sa batho ba Khoe se bitsoang &quot;Kat River&quot; haufi le moeli o ka bochabela oa Cape Colony. Mohlomong sepheo se patiloeng e ne e le ho theha sebaka se sireletsang moeli oa Cape, empa mobu o moholo o nonneng sebakeng seo o ile oa lumella batho ho ba beng ba mobu le ho haha ​​lichaba ka khotso. Libaka tsena tsa bolulo li ile tsa atleha le ho hola, 'me kapele Kat River ea e-ba sebaka se seholo le se atlehileng sa Cape se neng se iphelisa ka boikemelo bo boholo. Batho ba neng ba lula moo haholo-holo e ne e le ba morabe oa !Gonakua ba buang Afrikaans, empa sebaka seo sa bolulo se ile sa boela sa hohela lihlopha tse ling tse fapaneng tsa batho.

MaKhoekua a ne a tsebahala ka nako eo ka ho ba batshwai ba hlwahlwa haholo, mme hangata e ne e le balekane ba bohlokwa ba Kolone ya Kapa dintwang tsa yona tse ka thoko le dipolotiki tsa boahisani tsa Maxhosa. Ntoeng ea Bosupa ea Frontier War (1846–1847) khahlanong le Gcaleka, banna ba lithunya ba Khoekua ba tsoang Kat River ba ile ba ikhetholla tlas’a moetapele oa bona Andries Botha tlhaselong ea &quot;Amatola fastnesses&quot;. (Mohlankana John Molteno, eo hamorao e ileng ea e-ba Tona-Kholo, o ile a etella pele sehlopha sa masole a kopaneng tlhaselong eo, 'me hamorao a rorisa MaKhoekua a re ba na le sebete le boikitlaetso bo bongata ho feta boholo ba masole a hae a makhooa.)

Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha tsoeloa pele ho kengoa tšebetsong melao e thata profinseng ea Eastern Cape, e le ho khothaletsa batho ba Khoena ho tloha masimong a bona sebakeng sa Noka ea Kat le ho ea sebetsa e le basebetsi mapolasing a batho ba basoeu. Bohale bo neng bo ntse bo hola bo ile ba qhomoha ka 1850. Ha batho ba Xhosa ba fetohela 'Muso oa Cape, palo e kholo ea batho ba Khoena e ile ea ikopanya le marabele a Xhosa ka lekhetlo la pele.[1] Kamora ho hloloa ha borabele le ho fanoa ka tsamaiso ea 'muso o emelang batho ho Colony ea Cape ka 1853, 'Muso o mocha oa Cape o ile oa leka ho fa batho ba Khoena litokelo tsa lipolotiki ho thibela ho se khotsofale ha merabe nakong e tlang. Mochochisi e Moholo William Porter o ile a tsebahala ka mantsoe a reng &quot;o ne a ka khetha ho kopana le motho oa Khoena (eo ka nako eo a neng a bitsoa Hottentot) libakeng tsa likhetho, a voutela moemeli oa hae, ho e-na le ho kopana le eena naheng a jere sethunya lehetleng la hae&quot;.[2] Kahoo, 'muso o ile oa theha molao oa litokelo tsa ho vouta Cape ka 1853, o neng o laela hore baahi bohle ba banna ba fihlelang maemo a tlase a ho ba le thepa—ho sa tsotelehe 'mala oa letlalo—ba be le tokelo ea ho vouta le ea ho emela likhetho Paramenteng. Leha ho le joalo, molao-motheo ona o sa khetholleng ka 'mala o ile oa fokolisoa bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1880 ka tlhlhoko ea bokhoni ba ho bala le ho ngola, 'me hamorao oa hlakoloa ke 'Muso oa Apartheid.[3]
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-157-15,_Deutsch-Südwestafrika,_Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|Batshwaruwa ba maKhoekhoe ho la German South-West Africa, eo e leng Namibia kajeno, ka selemo sa 1904]]

=== Dipolao tse sehloho tsa German South-West Africa (Namibia) ===
Ho tloha ka 1904 ho isa ho 1907, Majeremane a ile a sechaba sechaba sa MaKhoekhoe le sa MaHerero o ngola tse neng li ka araba ka nako eo e le Jeremane South-West Africa. Ho hakanyetsoa hore batho ba bang ba fetang 10,000 ba sechaba sa Nama—e karolo e ka bang karolo e fapaneng ea palo ea palo ea batho ba Nama ka nako eo—ba ile ba shoela ntoeng ena. Ena e bile e kholo ka kholo ka palo eo batho ba MaKhoekhoe ba bang ba e bona. Ntle le ts'ebeliso ea bophelo ea batho ba Nama le MaHero, batho ba MaDamara le bona e bile bahlaseluoa ba morero ena e neng e felisa ho felisa sechaba, 'me ba ile ba sebetsa ke hoo e ka bang 57% ea palo ea bona.[3]

=== Kgethollo ya merabe ===
Jwalo ka batho ba matsoalloa a Afrika, batho ba Khoekhoe le dihlopha tse ding tsa matsoalloa a letlalo le lefifi ba ile ba hatellwa le ho laolwa ka thata ke puso ya Apartheid e neng e kgothaletsa boemo bo phahameng ba batho ba basweu. Haholo-holo, ba bang ba nka hore batho ba Khoekhoe le merabe e amanang le bona e ne e le e meng ya dihlopha tse neng di qheletswwe ka thoko haholo nakong ya puso ya Apartheid, jwalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke mopresidente wa mehleng wa Afrika Borwa, Jacob Zuma, puong ya hae ya boemo ba naha ka 2012.[1]

Ba bang ba batho ba Khoekhoe ba Afrika Borwa ba ile ba khetholloa e le &quot;Coloured&quot; (Batho ba Mebala e Kopaneng) tlas'a puso ea Apartheid. Leha boemo bona bo ne bo bolela hore ba na le litokelo tse ling tseo batho ba nkoang e le &quot;batšo&quot; ba neng ba sa li fumane (joalo ka ho se hloke ho jara buka ea boitsebiso kapa &quot;passbook&quot;), ba ne ba ntse ba tobane le khethollo, karohano le mefuta e meng ea khatello. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho fallisoa ka qobello ho latela Molao oa Libaka tsa Merabe (Group Areas Act), o ileng oa qhalakanya malapa le lichaba. Ho senngoa ha lichaba tsa khale le ho ba lebitso la &quot;coloured&quot; feela (ntle le ho ela hloko liphapang tse ikhethang tsa meetlo kapa lihlopha tse nyane tsa batho ba Khoekhoe) ho ile ha kenya letsoho ho hlakoleng boitsebiso le meetlo ea batho ba Khoekhoe—e leng ntho eo batho ba kajeno ba Khoekhoe ba ntseng ba leka ho e lokisa.[1]

Kamora nako ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), baitseki ba sechaba sa Khoekhoe ba sebelitse ho tsosolosa setso sa bona se neng se lahlehile le ho tiisa kamano ea bona le naha. Lihlopha tsa Khoekhoe le Khoisan li ile tsa isa litaba makhotleng li batla matšeliso bakeng sa 'ho felisoa ha setso le khethollo khahlanong le sechaba sa Khoisan', hammoho le litokelo tsa mobu le ho khutlisoa ha litopo tsa batho ba Khoesan tse neng li bolokiloe limusiamong tsa Europe.

== Botjhaba ==

=== Tumelo ===
Ditšōmong tsa bolumedi ba ditso tse buang puo ya Khoe, Kgwedi e nkuwa e le ya bohlokwa haholo, mme mohlomong e ne e nkuwa e le pontšo e bonahalang ya Mmopi e moholo ya amanang le lehodimo. Thiǁoab (eo ditšōmong tsa Nama a tsejwang e le Tsui'goab, ha ditšōmong tsa Damara e le ǁGamab) o boetse o dumelwa ho ba Mmopi le mohlokomedi wa bophelo bo botle, athe ǁGaunab haholo-holo ke sebopuoa se sebe se bakang maloetse kapa lefu.[1] Batho ba bangata ba buang puo ya Khoe ba sokolohetse Bokreste, mme Mamosleme a morabe wa Nama a etsa karolo e kgolo ya Mamosleme a Namibia.[2]

=== Lefa la lefatshe ===
UNESCO e ile ea ananela setso sa batho ba buang puo ea Khoe ka ho ngolisa Richtersveld e le Sebaka sa Lefatše sa Bohlokoa ba Histori le Setso (World Heritage Site). Sebaka sena sa bohlokoa ke sona feela moo mekhoa ea ho falla le mehlape (transhumance) e amanang le setso seo e ntseng e tsoela pele ka tekanyo e kholo.
[[File:Hottentotdrawing.jpg|thumb|Khoekhoe ka moaparo wa bona o kgabileng]]
Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Boleng ba Lipatlisiso tsa Sepakapaka (International Astronomical Union) o ile oa reha karolo e kholo ea linaleli tse peli tse kopaneng tsa Mu¹ Scorpii lebitso la setso la puo ea KhoeKhoe la *Xami di mûra* ('mahlo a tau').&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044453/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1707/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Letoto la mabitso a batho ba MaKhoekhoe ==
Karolo ea lihlopha tsa batho ba Khoekhoe e ka aroloa ka kakaretso likarolong tse peli: Khoekhoe ea Leboea le Khoekhoe ea Boroa (Cape Khoe).

=== Khoekhoe ea Leboea ===
[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|alt=Khoisan language map|thumb|Ho itjalatjala ha puo tsa puo tsa Makhoi. ka bokgubedu]]
Baahi ba Khoekhoe ba ka Leboea ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli, e leng Nama le Damara, kapa ǂNūkhoen. Sehlopha ka seng sa tsena tse peli se boetse se arotsoe ka meloko e mengata. Meloko ea Nama ke ena:

* Khaiǁkhaun (Sechaba se Sefubelu) se Hoachanas, e leng sehlopha se seholo le leloko la khale ka ho fetisisa la Nama naheng ea Namibia[1]
* Ba-ǀKhowesen (litloholo tse tobileng tsa Molaoli Hendrik Witbooi) ba ileng ba bolaoa ntoeng khahlanong le Majeremane ka la 29 Mphalane 1905. Ba-ǀKhowesen ba lula sebakeng sa kajeno sa Gibeon tlas'a boetapele ba Ismael Hendrik Witbooi, e leng Gaob (ho bolelang molaoli) oa borobong oa Ba-ǀKhowesen ba Gibeon—sebaka se fumanehang lik'hilomithara tse 72 ka boroa ho Mariental le lik'hilomithara tse 176 ka leboea ho Keetmanshoop haufi le tsela ea B1—seo qalong se neng se tsejoa ka lebitso la Khaxa-tsûs. Se ile sa reoa lebitso leo ho tsoa ho Kido Witbooi, e leng Molaoli oa pele oa Ba-ǀKhowesen.
* '''ǃGamiǂnun''' (Bondelswarts) ba Warmbad
* '''ǂAonin''' (Southern Topnaars) ba Rooibank
* '''ǃGomen''' (Northern Topnaars) ba Sesfontein
* Sehlopha sa ǃKharakhoen (Fransman Nama) se ne se le Gochas. Ka mor'a ho hloloa ke sesole sa Jeremane (Schutztruppe) Ntoeng ea Swartfontein ka la 15 Pherekhong 1905, sehlopha sena sa Nama se ile sa arohana likarolo tse peli. Karolo e 'ngoe ea ǃKharakhoen e ile ea balehela Lokgwabe, Botswana, 'me ea lula moo ka ho sa feleng; karolo e ileng ea sala naheng ea South West Africa e ile ea fallesetsa setsi sa eona sa morabe Amper-Bo. Ka 2016, David Hanse o ile a hlomamisoa e le moetapele oa morabe oo.
* '''ǁHawoben''' (Veldschoendragers) ba Koës
* '''!Amanba''' Bethanie ba eteletsweng pele ke Cornelius Frederick
* '''ǁOgain''' (Groot Doden) ba Schlip
* '''ǁKhauǀgoan''' (Swartbooi Nama) ba Rehoboth, eo e seng ele Salem, Ameib,le Franzfontein
* '''Kharoǃoan''' (Keetmanshoop Nama) ka tlasa keta pele ya Hendrik Tseib&lt;ref name=&quot;Keetmanshoop&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|access-date=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba tswang ho Red Nation ka Hlakola selemong sa  1850 mme ba dulaKeetmanshoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDNama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|newspaper=Klaus Dierks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The_uncivilized_races_of_men_in_all_countries_of_the_world_-_being_a_comprehensive_account_of_their_manners_and_customs,_and_of_their_physical,_social,_mental,_moral_and_religious_characteristics_(14793148393).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Matlo a MaKhoekhoe]]
Har'a batho ba Nama ho boetse ho na le Ma-Oorlams, e leng sechaba sa boroa sa Khoekhoe se nang le tšimoloho e tsoakiloeng; ba ile ba falla ba lebile leboea ba tšela Noka ea Orange 'me ba kenngoa ka har'a sechaba se seholo sa Nama. Ma-Oorlams ka bobona a entsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano tse nyane:

* '''ǀAixaǀaen''' (Orlam Afrikaners) e ne e le sehlopha sa pele se kenang Namibia le ho lula moo ka ho sa feleng. Moetapele oa bona, Klaas Afrikaner, o ile a tloha Cape Colony hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1770. Qalong, leloko lena le ile la haha ​​qhobosheane ea '''ǁKhauxaǃnas''', la ntan'o fallela Blydeverwacht, 'me qetellong la lula Windhoek.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
* se senyenyane sa ǃAman (Bethanie Orlam) se ile sa lula Bethanie ngaka ea lekholo la bo-18 la lilemo.
* Sehlopha se senyenyane sa '''Kaiǀkhauan''' (Khauas Nama) se ile sa thehoa lilemong tsa bo-1830, ha leloko la Vlermuis le kopana le lelapa la Amraal.[1] Sebaka sa bona sa bolulo e ile ea e-ba Naosanabis (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Leonardville), moo ba ileng ba lula ho tloha ka 1840 ho ea pele.[2] Sehlopha sena se ile sa qetella se felile ka mor’a ho hloloa ntoeng ke mabotho a Imperial German Schutztruppe ka 1894 le 1896.[3]
* Sehlopha se senyenyane sa ǀHaiǀkhauan (Berseba Orlam) se ile sa thehoa ka 1850, ha malapa a Tibot le Goliath a arohana le sehlopha sa ǃAman ho ea theha Berseba.[1]
* Sehlopha sa merabe sa ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Orlam) e ne e le sona sa ho qetela ho hloma metse Namibia. Ba ne ba tsoa Pella, ka boroa ho Noka ea Orange. Motse oa habo bona e ile ea e-ba Gibeon.[1]

Batho bana ba Nama ba lula sebakeng sa Great Namaqualand naheng ea Namibia. Ho boetse ho na le lihlopha tse nyane tsa Nama tse lulang libakeng tsa Little Namaqualand, ka boroa ho Noka ea Orange karolong e ka leboea-bophirima ea Afrika Boroa.

=== MaKhoekhoe a Borwa (''Cape Khoe'') ===
[[File:Khoikhoi-nedersetting_-_1711.png|thumb|Sebaka sa bodulo sa MaKhoekhoe Table Bay, jwalo ka ha e takilwe ke Abraham Bogaert ho ''Historische Reizen'', ka selemo sa 1711]]
Merabe ea Khoekhoe e ka boroa (eo ka linako tse ling e bitsoang &quot;Cape Khoe&quot; ka phoso ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba Cape of Good Hope) e lula liprofinseng tsa Western Cape le Eastern Cape, libakeng tse lebopong le ka boroa-bophirima ho Afrika Boroa. E arotsoe ka lihlopha tse nyane tse nne: Eastern Cape Khoe, Central Cape Khoe, Western Cape Khoe le Peninsular Cape Khoe.[1] Sehlopha ka seng sa tsena se boetse se arotsoe ka lichaba le merabe e menyane e etsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso ea puso ea Khoekhoe.

=== Makhoekhe a Kapa Botjhabela ===

* Hoengeyqua
* [[Damasonqua]]
* Gonaqua

* Inqua (hape ba bitswa ''&quot;Humcumqua&quot;'')[[File:Naaukeurige_en_uitvoerige_beschryving_van_kaap_de_Goede_Hoop_(Pl._28)_(8741433968).jpg|thumb|312x312px|Lesaka la MaKhoekhoe , 1727]]
* Houtunqua
* Gamtobaqua (e ka nna ya eba karolo ya ''Houtunqua'')
* Attaqua
* Gouriqua
* Chamaqua

=== Makhoekhoe a leboya ===

* Chainouoqua
* Hawequa (hape ba bitswa ''&quot;Obiqua&quot;.'')
* Cochoqua
* Hessequa
* Chairiguriqua

=== Peninsular Cape Khoe ===
Goringhaiqua: Ba-Goringhaiqua ke puso e le 'ngoe ea morabe e entsoeng ka matlo a mabeli a Ba-Goringhaikona le Ba-Gorachouqua.

== Menahano ea pele ea batho ba Europe mabapi le tšimoloho ea batho ba Khoekhoe. ==
Buka ea melao ea puo le buka ea mantsoe a puo ea Sezulu, tse ileng tsa hatisoa ka 1859 ka mor’a ho laeloa hore li ngoloe, li ile tsa hlahisa khopolo ea hore batho bana ba tsoa Egepita—e leng khopolo e neng e bonahala e tumme ka nako eo. Mabaka a neng a fanoa bakeng sa sena a ne a kenyelletsa likarolo tse itseng tsa ponahalo ea batho ba Khoekhoe tse neng li nkoa li tšoana le tsa batho ba morabe o mosweu (Caucasian), tloaelo ea bona ea &quot;ho rapela khoeli&quot;, ho tšoana ho bonahalang le lintho tsa khale tsa Egepita ea mehleng ea khale, hammoho le ho ba le &quot;puo e fapaneng haholo&quot; le ea baahisani ba bona. Buka eo ea melao ea puo e bolela hore &quot;litsebi tse hloahloa tsa puo tsa mehleng ena ... li bona ho tšoana ho hlakileng pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli&quot;.

== Bona hape ==

* Polao e selhoho ya  Heroro ke ma Nama
* BaNam
* San 
* [[Coloureds|Bammala]]
* MaGriqua
* Nalane ya Aforika Borwa
* Khoisan
* [[Sarah Baartman]] (1789–1815),

== Dinoutsu ==
 

== Mehlodi ==

== Ho bala ho ya pele ==

* P. Kolben, ''Present State of the Cape of Good Hope'' (London, 1731–38);
* A. Sparman, ''Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope'' (Perth, 1786);
* Sir John Barrow, ''Travels into the Interior of South Africa'' (London, 1801);
* Bleek, Wilhelm, ''Reynard the Fox in South Africa; or Hottentot Fables and Tales'' (London, 1864);
* Emil Holub, ''[[wikisource:Seven Years in South Africa|Seven Years in South Africa]]'' (English translation, Boston, 1881);
* G. W. Stow, ''Native Races of South Africa'' (New York, 1905);
* A. R. Colquhoun, ''Africander Land'' (New York, 1906);
* L. Schultze, ''Aus Namaland und Kalahari'' (Jena, 1907);
* Meinhof, Carl, ''Die Sprachen der Hamiten'' (Hamburg, 1912);
* Richard Elphick, ''Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa'' (London, 1977)

== Dihokelo tsa ka ntle ==

* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/lessons/lesson7/lesson7.php?s=0 Cultural Contact in Southern Africa] by Anne Good for the [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh Women in World History website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404033826/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/august/khoi.htm An article on the history of the Khoikhoi]
* [https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan-identity Khoisan Identity on South African History Online]</text>
      <sha1>j71b5cf928sux99fgn0edycyw1mbrg0</sha1>
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{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |MaKhoekhoe &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Khoekhoen
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Dipalopalo
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |333,400
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Malemo (Puo)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Khoekhoegowab]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Bodumedi
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Bokreste, [[Traditional African religions|Tumelo tsa Maafrika]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Merabe e manang
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[San people|San]], [[Basters|Mabastere]], [[Coloured people|BaMmala]], [[Tswana people|Batswana]], [[Xhosa people|MaXhosa]]
|}
 
Batho ba Khoikhoi (kapa Khoekhoe) ke baahi ba matswallwa a [[Borwa ba Afrika]] bao setso sa bona e leng sa ho phela ba ntse ba falla le mehlape ea bona. Hangata ba amahanngwa le batho ba San (bao e leng batho ba phelang ka ho tsoma le ho bokella dijo naheng), mme lentswe le sebedisoang ho akaretsa dihlopha tsena ka bobeli ke Khoisan. &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;Lebitso &quot;Khoikhoi&quot; ha e le hantle ke lentswe la thoriso kapa tlhompho, eseng lebitso leo batho bana ba ipitsang ka lona ho latela morabe oa bona; leha ho le joalo, dingoliloeng di le sebedisitse ho hlalosa merabe e buang puo ya Khoe e ka Borwa ba Afrika, haholo-holo dihlopha tse ruileng mehlape tse kang Inqua, Griqua, Gonaqua, Nama, Damaqua le Attequa. Nakong e fetileng, batho ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba bitswa &quot;Hottentots,&quot; e leng lentsoe leo hajoale le nkoang e le le nyelisang.

Ho nahanoa hore batho ba Khoekhoe ba ile ba arohana le batho ba bang lilemong tse pakeng tsa 100,000 le 200,000 tse fetileng. Lekgolong la bo-17 la dilemo, batho ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba rua mehlape e meholo ea dikgomo tsa mofuta oa Nguni sebakeng sa Kapa. Ba ile ba siea mokgwa wa ho falla le mehlape ea bona haholo-holo pakeng tsa lekholo la bo-19 le la bo-20 la lilemo.

Puo ea Khoekhoe e amana le lipuo tse ling tse buuoang ke batho ba San ba Kalahari ba phelang ka ho bokella dijo naheng (jwalo ka ba Khwe le Tshwa), e leng se etsang hore li be karolo ea lelapa la lipuo tsa Khoe. Kajeno, dihlopha tse ka tlase ho Khoekhoe li kenyelletsa batho ba Nama ba [[Namibia]], Botswana le Afrika Boroa (ba nang le meloko e mengata), ba Damara ba Namibia, meloko ea Orana ea Afrika Boroa (joalo ka Nama kapa Ngqosini), sechaba sa Khoemana kapa Griqua sa Afrika Borwa, hammoho le meloko ea Gqunukhwebe kapa Gona e welang tlas'a lihlopha tsa batho ba buang se[[Xhosa]].

Meloko ea Xirikua (Griqua) e ile ya theha boitsebiso ba eona bo ikhethang ba morabe lekholong la bo-19 la dilemo mme ea lula sebakeng sa Griqualand West. Hamorao, ba ile ba theha naha e nngwe e ikemetseng KwaZulu-Natal e bitswang Griqualand East, eo hamorao e ileng ea kenngoa tlasa puso ya Mmuso wa Brithani ka mor'a dilemo tse ka bang leshome. Ba amana le dihlopha tse tšoanang tsa meloko le ea Rehoboth Basters, bao le bona ba ka nkoang e le batho ba &quot;Khoekhoe&quot;.

== Nalane ==
[[File:Hombre_khoikhoi.jpg|thumb|Monna wa Mokgothu]]
[[File:Samuel_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg|thumb|Bakgothu ba ya falla, ka Samuel Daniell (1805)]]

=== Nalane ya pele ===
Lebitso le akaretsang la morabe la &quot;Khoekhoen&quot; le bolela batho ba neng ba phela ka mokhoa oa ho rua liphoofolo 'me ba e-na le puo e tšoanang, ba neng ba fumaneha hohle karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika. Mellet, a qotsa Ehlpick,[1] o bolela hore sechaba seo a se bitsang &quot;proto-Khoe&quot; se ile sa hlaha pakeng tsa selemo sa 400 BCE le 100 CE ka boroa ho Zimbabwe; sena se ile sa etsahala ka lebaka la ho kopana ha batho ba pele ba sebaka seo—e leng San (haholo-holo lihlopha tsa Tshua le Khwe)—le batho ba ruang liphoofolo ba neng ba fallela moo butle-butle ba tsoa Afrika Bochabela.[2]: 53  O boetse o re ho kopana hona le ho tsoakana ha merabe ho ile ha etsahala hape ka leboea ho Botswana, haufi le Noka ea Limpopo hammoho le likarolong tse ka leboea tsa naha eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Afrika Boroa.[2]: 55  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 200 BCE le 300 CE, lihlopha tse nyane tse neng li phela ka mekhoa e fapaneng—ho kenyeletsoa ho tsoma, ho rua liphoofolo le temo—li ile tsa hola tsa fetoha lichaba tse kholo tsa barui ba liphoofolo (qalong e ne e le linku, hamorao eaba likhomo), haufi le batho ba Bantu ba neng ba lema. Ka selemo sa 500 CE, lihlopha tsena tsa barui ba liphoofolo li ile tsa qala ho ata butle-butle li lebile ka boroa. Ho na le likhang har'a litsebi tsa kahisano mabapi le lebelo le litsela tseo ba ileng ba falla ka tsona, empa ho ea ka Sadr, ha ho na bopaki ba hore ho ne ho e-na le libaka tse kholo tseo batho ba Khoekhoe ba neng ba dula ho tsona, kapa bongata ba linku kapa likhomo, ka borwa ho Noka ea Orange pele ho selemo sa 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546641&lt;/ref&gt; Lihlopha tsa &quot;Khoekhoe&quot; li kenyelletsa ǀAwakhoen (ka bophirima), ǀKx'abakhoena (ba Afrika Boroa le karolong e bohareng e ka boroa ea naha hammoho le Eastern Cape). Mabitso ana ka bobeli a bolela &quot;Batho ba Bofubelu&quot;, 'me a tšoana le lentsoe la SeXhosa le reng &quot;amaqaba&quot;. Ho rua linku, lipōli le likhomo tse neng li fula liphuleng tse nonneng sebakeng seo ho ile ha fana ka lijo tse lekaneng le tse phetseng hantle, ha ba lumella ho ata le ho theha lihlopha tse kholoanyane libakeng tseo pele li neng li luloa ke batho ba neng ba phela ka temo le ho tsoma bakeng sa tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi feela.

Ho nahanwa hore setso sa batho ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu se kene sebakeng sena lekholong la boraro la lilemo (AD), se qobella barui ba liphoofolo ho ea libakeng tsa Bophirima. Mohlala oa kamano e haufi lipakeng tsa ǃUriǁ'aes (leloko le phahameng), e leng sechaba se ruang likhomo, le !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (bana ba leloko le phahameng), e leng sechaba se lulang sebakeng se le seng 'me se iphelisa ka ho bokella lijo le ho tsoma (se tsejoang hape e le &quot;Strandlopers&quot;)—bao ka bobeli ba neng ba lula sebakeng sa ǁHuiǃgaeb—o bontša hore karohano e tiileng pakeng tsa mekhoa ena e 'meli ea bophelo ha e na motheo o tiileng, hammoho le lihlopha tsa merabe tse thehiloeng ho eona. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba iphelisang ka ho bokella lijo le ho tsoma, bao filosofi ea bona ea sechaba e behang bohlokoa tabeng ea ho se bokelle maruo a mangata, ba ka nkoa ba fapane; empa liphapang tse pakeng tsa &quot;barui ba liphoofolo ba Ma-Khoekhoe&quot;, &quot;batsomi le babokelli ba lijo ba Ma-San&quot; le &quot;balemi ba Ma-Bantu&quot; ha li eme hantle ha li hlahlojoa ka botlalo, 'me li bonahala e le tsela e nolofalitsoeng haholo ea ho hlalosa histori.

Leha ho na le dikhopolo tse fapaneng mabapi le batho ba Damara le kamano ea bona le lihlopha tse ling tsa batho ba Khoekhoe, ho ke ke ha latoloa hore e ne e le bona baahi ba pele ba Namibia hammoho le batho ba San; ka lebaka leo, ho ka boleloa hore batho ba Nama le ba Damara ka bobeli ba ile ba kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha puo ea Khoekhoe ha e ntse e ata ho ea ka boroa. Kamora ho fihla ha lihlopha tsa batho ba buang lipuo tsa Bantu, tse kang ba-Herero, batho ba Damara ba ile ba tlosoa libakeng tsa bona 'me ba hasana likarolong tsohle tsa naha eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Namibia; taba ena e bonahala lentsoeng leo batho ba Damara ba le sebelisang ha ba bua ka naha eo.

=== Ho fihla ha makgowa ===
Bafuputsi le bahoebi ba Mapotoketsi ke bona ba ileng ba qala ho ngola ka likopano tsa bona le baahi ba moo, nakong ea lilemo tse makholo a 15 le a 16 (A.D.). Hangata likopano tsena li ne li tsamaea ka liketso tsa pefo. Ka selemo sa 1510, Ntoeng ea Salt River, Francisco de Almeida le banna ba hae ba mashome a mahlano ba ile ba bolaoa 'me sehlopha sa hae sa hloloa[1][2] ke batho ba neng ba palame likhomo, e leng sechaba sa !Uriǁ'aekua (seo Dutch e neng e se bitsa &quot;Goringhaiqua&quot;). Ena e ne e le e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa batho ba buang puo ea Khoekhoe sebakeng seo—lihlopha tse neng li boetse li kenyelletsa !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (kapa &quot;Goringhaicona&quot;, ba neng ba boetse ba tsejoa e le &quot;Strandlopers&quot;)—bao ho boleloang hore ke baholo-holo ba sechaba sa kajeno sa !Ora. Qetellong ea lekholo la bo-16 la lilemo, likepe tsa linaha tse kang Portugal, Fora, Denmark, Netherlands le Engelane—haholo-holo tsa Portugal—li ile tsa tsoela pele ho emisa khafetsa koung ea Table Bay ha li ntse li le tseleng e eang India Bochabela (Indies). Li ne li rekisana ka koae, koporo le tšepe le lihlopha tsa batho ba buang Khoekhoe sebakeng seo, li li fapanyetsana le nama e foreshe.

Baahi ba moo ba ile ba fokotseha ka mora hore mafu a sekholopane a namele ka lebaka la ho kopana ha batho ba Europe.  Meloko e buang Sekhoe e ile ea shoa haholo ka lebaka la ho hloka tšireletso ea 'mele khahlanong le lefu lena. Sena se ile sa eketseha, e le ntoa ea sesole ka lebaka la ho matlafala ha katoloso ea bokolone ea United East India Company e ileng ea qala ho koalla makhulo a setso bakeng sa mapolasi. Lilemong tse lekholo tse latelang, batho ba buang Sekhoe ba ile ba lelekoa naheng ea bona butle-butle, e leng se ileng sa fella ka ho falla ho hongata ho ea leboea, le ho nchafatsoa ha lichaba le meloko e mengata, hammoho le ho qhalana ha meaho e mengata ea setso.

Ho latela baprofesa Robert K. Hitchcock le Wayne A. Babchuk, &quot;Nakong ea mekhahlelo ea pele ea bolokolohi ba Europe ba ho hapa le ho busa libaka (colonization), batho ba likete-kete ba merabe ea Khoekhoe le San ba ile ba lahleheloa ke bophelo ka lebaka la polao e hlophisitsoeng ea morabe (genocide), polao e tloaelehileng, tshwaro e mpe ya 'mele, le mafu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt; Nakong ea dipatlisiso mabapi le lihlopha tse neng li tsoma batho ba San le litlhaselo tse reretsoeng ho felisa morabe oo, Louis Anthing o ile a re: &quot;Hona joale ke fumana hore liketso tsena li pharaletse ho feta kamoo li neng li bonahala kateng qalong. Ke nahana hore ho ka etsahala hore re fumane hore hoo e ka bang lihoai tsohle tse lulang haufi le moeli ona li ameha liketsong tse tšoanang ... Hajoale ke utloile feela ka lihoai tsa batho ba mebala e tsoakaneng (tse tsejoang e le 'Bastards') hore li ameha litabeng tsena.&lt;ref&gt;Anthing, Louis (1 April 1862), ''CA, CO 4414: Louis Anthing – Colonial Secretary'', pp.&amp;#x20;10–11&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka hona, sebopeho sa sechaba sa MaKhoekhoe se ile sa senyeha haholo ka lebaka la katoloso ea bokolone le ho amohuoa ha naha ho tloha bofelong ba lekholo la bo-17 la lilemo ho ea pele. Ha mekhoa ea ho hlophiseha ha sechaba e ntse e putlama, MaKhoekhoe a mangata a ile a lula mapolasing 'me a fetoha makhoba kapa basebetsi ba mapolasi; a mang a ile a kenngoa lihlopheng tsa meloko e neng e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba teng. Georg Schmidt, e leng setho sa kereke ea Moravian se tsoang Herrnhut, Saxony (eo hajoale e leng Jeremane), o ile a theha Genadendal ka 1738—e leng setsi sa pele sa boromuoa karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika—har'a batho ba buang puo ea Khoe sebakeng sa Baviaanskloof, lithabeng tsa Riviersonderend.
[[File:Adam_Kok_III_-_Griqua_Captain_-_1848.jpg|right|thumb|Adam Kok, Moetapele waMaGriqua]]
Lebitso la &quot;Baasters&quot; le ileng la sebelisoa nakong ea bokolone le ne le supa lihlopha tsa batho tse neng li e-na le tšimoloho ea Europe karolong e itseng 'me li ile tsa amohela mekhoa e itseng ea setso sa Bophirimela. Leha hamorao lihlopha tsena li ile tsa tsejoa e le MaGriqua (kapa Xirikua/Griekwa), ka nako eo li ne li tsejoa e le &quot;Baasters&quot; 'me maemong a mang li ntse li bitsoa joalo, mohlala, ke Ma-Bosluis Basters a sebaka sa Richtersveld le sechaba sa Ma-Baster sa Rehoboth, Namibia, se boletsoeng ka holimo.

Mohlomong ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea baromuoa ba Kereke, mebuso ea Griqualand Bophirima le Griqualand Bochabela e ile ea theooa ke leloko la borena la Kok; hamorao mebuso ena e ile ea kenngoa tlas'a taolo ea Cape Colony ea 'Muso oa Brithani. 

Ho qala mafelong a lekholo la bo-18 la lilemo, lichaba tsa Ma-Oorlam li ile tsa falla ho tloha Cape Colony ho ea ka leboea ho ea Namaqualand. Li ile tsa lula libakeng tse neng li se li ntse li ahiloe ke batho ba Nama. Li ile tsa falla ka mabaka a fapaneng: ho baleha ho qobelloa ho kena sesoleng ke bokolone ba Madache, ho ea hapa thepa le ho etsa khoebo, hammoho le ho batla mafulo a liphoofolo.[1] Tse ling tsa lihlopha tsena tsa Ma-Oorlam (ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopha se neng se etelletsoe pele ke monna ea neng a batloa ke molao, Jager Afrikaner, le mora oa hae Jonker Afrikaner sebakeng sa Transgariep) li ile tsa boloka likamano le lichaba tsa Ma-Oorlam tse neng li le ka hare kapa haufi le meeli ea Cape Colony. Ha Ma-Boer a ntse a atolosa libaka tsa ona butle-butle, eaba hamorao a etsa phallo e kholo a balehela puso ea Brithani Cape, Jonker Afrikaner o ile a isa batho ba hae Namaqualand bohareng ba lekholo la bo-19 la lilemo; moo a ileng a fetoha moetapele oa matla a maholo a ileng a thusa Ma-Oorlam ho busa batho ba Nama le ho loantša sechaba sa Herero (se buang puo ea sehlopha sa Bantu) ka nako e itseng.[2]

=== Sebaka sa bolulo sa Kat River (1829–1856) le batho ba Khoena Colony ea Kapa ===
[[File:Kat_River_Khoi_-_Cape_Colony_1800s.jpg|alt=|thumb|Boradithunya ba Khoekua ba bapetse karolo e kgolo ntswe tsa Kapa tsa Meedi Xhosa Wars.]]
 Qalong ea lilemo tsa bo-1800, batho ba neng ba ntse ba bua puo ea Khoe sebakeng sa Cape Colony ba ile ba tobana le lithibelo litokelo tsa bona tsa sechaba hammoho le melao e khethollang mabapi le ho ba beng ba mobu. Ka lebaka lena, Komishinara e Moholo ea matla oa Libaka tsa Bochabela, Andries Stockenstrom, o ile a thusa ho theoa ha sebaka sa bolulo sa batho ba Khoe se bitsoang &quot;Kat River&quot; haufi le moeli o ka bochabela oa Cape Colony. Mohlomong sepheo se patiloeng e ne e le ho theha sebaka se sireletsang moeli oa Cape, empa mobu o moholo o nonneng sebakeng seo o ile oa lumella batho ho ba beng ba mobu le ho haha ​​lichaba ka khotso. Libaka tsena tsa bolulo li ile tsa atleha le ho hola, 'me kapele Kat River ea e-ba sebaka se seholo le se atlehileng sa Cape se neng se iphelisa ka boikemelo bo boholo. Batho ba neng ba lula moo haholo-holo e ne e le ba morabe oa !Gonakua ba buang Afrikaans, empa sebaka seo sa bolulo se ile sa boela sa hohela lihlopha tse ling tse fapaneng tsa batho.

MaKhoekua a ne a tsebahala ka nako eo ka ho ba batshwai ba hlwahlwa haholo, mme hangata e ne e le balekane ba bohlokwa ba Kolone ya Kapa dintwang tsa yona tse ka thoko le dipolotiki tsa boahisani tsa Maxhosa. Ntoeng ea Bosupa ea Frontier War (1846–1847) khahlanong le Gcaleka, banna ba lithunya ba Khoekua ba tsoang Kat River ba ile ba ikhetholla tlas’a moetapele oa bona Andries Botha tlhaselong ea &quot;Amatola fastnesses&quot;. (Mohlankana John Molteno, eo hamorao e ileng ea e-ba Tona-Kholo, o ile a etella pele sehlopha sa masole a kopaneng tlhaselong eo, 'me hamorao a rorisa MaKhoekua a re ba na le sebete le boikitlaetso bo bongata ho feta boholo ba masole a hae a makhooa.)

Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha tsoeloa pele ho kengoa tšebetsong melao e thata profinseng ea Eastern Cape, e le ho khothaletsa batho ba Khoena ho tloha masimong a bona sebakeng sa Noka ea Kat le ho ea sebetsa e le basebetsi mapolasing a batho ba basoeu. Bohale bo neng bo ntse bo hola bo ile ba qhomoha ka 1850. Ha batho ba Xhosa ba fetohela 'Muso oa Cape, palo e kholo ea batho ba Khoena e ile ea ikopanya le marabele a Xhosa ka lekhetlo la pele.[1] Kamora ho hloloa ha borabele le ho fanoa ka tsamaiso ea 'muso o emelang batho ho Colony ea Cape ka 1853, 'Muso o mocha oa Cape o ile oa leka ho fa batho ba Khoena litokelo tsa lipolotiki ho thibela ho se khotsofale ha merabe nakong e tlang. Mochochisi e Moholo William Porter o ile a tsebahala ka mantsoe a reng &quot;o ne a ka khetha ho kopana le motho oa Khoena (eo ka nako eo a neng a bitsoa Hottentot) libakeng tsa likhetho, a voutela moemeli oa hae, ho e-na le ho kopana le eena naheng a jere sethunya lehetleng la hae&quot;.[2] Kahoo, 'muso o ile oa theha molao oa litokelo tsa ho vouta Cape ka 1853, o neng o laela hore baahi bohle ba banna ba fihlelang maemo a tlase a ho ba le thepa—ho sa tsotelehe 'mala oa letlalo—ba be le tokelo ea ho vouta le ea ho emela likhetho Paramenteng. Leha ho le joalo, molao-motheo ona o sa khetholleng ka 'mala o ile oa fokolisoa bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1880 ka tlhlhoko ea bokhoni ba ho bala le ho ngola, 'me hamorao oa hlakoloa ke 'Muso oa Apartheid.[3]
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-157-15,_Deutsch-Südwestafrika,_Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|Batshwaruwa ba maKhoekhoe ho la German South-West Africa, eo e leng Namibia kajeno, ka selemo sa 1904]]

=== Dipolao tse sehloho tsa German South-West Africa (Namibia) ===
Ho tloha ka 1904 ho isa ho 1907, Majeremane a ile a sechaba sechaba sa MaKhoekhoe le sa MaHerero o ngola tse neng li ka araba ka nako eo e le Jeremane South-West Africa. Ho hakanyetsoa hore batho ba bang ba fetang 10,000 ba sechaba sa Nama—e karolo e ka bang karolo e fapaneng ea palo ea palo ea batho ba Nama ka nako eo—ba ile ba shoela ntoeng ena. Ena e bile e kholo ka kholo ka palo eo batho ba MaKhoekhoe ba bang ba e bona. Ntle le ts'ebeliso ea bophelo ea batho ba Nama le MaHero, batho ba MaDamara le bona e bile bahlaseluoa ba morero ena e neng e felisa ho felisa sechaba, 'me ba ile ba sebetsa ke hoo e ka bang 57% ea palo ea bona.[3]

=== Kgethollo ya merabe ===
Jwalo ka batho ba matsoalloa a Afrika, batho ba Khoekhoe le dihlopha tse ding tsa matsoalloa a letlalo le lefifi ba ile ba hatellwa le ho laolwa ka thata ke puso ya Apartheid e neng e kgothaletsa boemo bo phahameng ba batho ba basweu. Haholo-holo, ba bang ba nka hore batho ba Khoekhoe le merabe e amanang le bona e ne e le e meng ya dihlopha tse neng di qheletswwe ka thoko haholo nakong ya puso ya Apartheid, jwalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke mopresidente wa mehleng wa Afrika Borwa, Jacob Zuma, puong ya hae ya boemo ba naha ka 2012.[1]

Ba bang ba batho ba Khoekhoe ba Afrika Borwa ba ile ba khetholloa e le &quot;Coloured&quot; (Batho ba Mebala e Kopaneng) tlas'a puso ea Apartheid. Leha boemo bona bo ne bo bolela hore ba na le litokelo tse ling tseo batho ba nkoang e le &quot;batšo&quot; ba neng ba sa li fumane (joalo ka ho se hloke ho jara buka ea boitsebiso kapa &quot;passbook&quot;), ba ne ba ntse ba tobane le khethollo, karohano le mefuta e meng ea khatello. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho fallisoa ka qobello ho latela Molao oa Libaka tsa Merabe (Group Areas Act), o ileng oa qhalakanya malapa le lichaba. Ho senngoa ha lichaba tsa khale le ho ba lebitso la &quot;coloured&quot; feela (ntle le ho ela hloko liphapang tse ikhethang tsa meetlo kapa lihlopha tse nyane tsa batho ba Khoekhoe) ho ile ha kenya letsoho ho hlakoleng boitsebiso le meetlo ea batho ba Khoekhoe—e leng ntho eo batho ba kajeno ba Khoekhoe ba ntseng ba leka ho e lokisa.[1]

Kamora nako ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), baitseki ba sechaba sa Khoekhoe ba sebelitse ho tsosolosa setso sa bona se neng se lahlehile le ho tiisa kamano ea bona le naha. Lihlopha tsa Khoekhoe le Khoisan li ile tsa isa litaba makhotleng li batla matšeliso bakeng sa 'ho felisoa ha setso le khethollo khahlanong le sechaba sa Khoisan', hammoho le litokelo tsa mobu le ho khutlisoa ha litopo tsa batho ba Khoesan tse neng li bolokiloe limusiamong tsa Europe.

== Botjhaba ==

=== Tumelo ===
Ditšōmong tsa bolumedi ba ditso tse buang puo ya Khoe, Kgwedi e nkuwa e le ya bohlokwa haholo, mme mohlomong e ne e nkuwa e le pontšo e bonahalang ya Mmopi e moholo ya amanang le lehodimo. Thiǁoab (eo ditšōmong tsa Nama a tsejwang e le Tsui'goab, ha ditšōmong tsa Damara e le ǁGamab) o boetse o dumelwa ho ba Mmopi le mohlokomedi wa bophelo bo botle, athe ǁGaunab haholo-holo ke sebopuoa se sebe se bakang maloetse kapa lefu.[1] Batho ba bangata ba buang puo ya Khoe ba sokolohetse Bokreste, mme Mamosleme a morabe wa Nama a etsa karolo e kgolo ya Mamosleme a Namibia.[2]

=== Lefa la lefatshe ===
UNESCO e ile ea ananela setso sa batho ba buang puo ea Khoe ka ho ngolisa Richtersveld e le Sebaka sa Lefatše sa Bohlokoa ba Histori le Setso (World Heritage Site). Sebaka sena sa bohlokoa ke sona feela moo mekhoa ea ho falla le mehlape (transhumance) e amanang le setso seo e ntseng e tsoela pele ka tekanyo e kholo.
[[File:Hottentotdrawing.jpg|thumb|Khoekhoe ka moaparo wa bona o kgabileng]]
Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Boleng ba Lipatlisiso tsa Sepakapaka (International Astronomical Union) o ile oa reha karolo e kholo ea linaleli tse peli tse kopaneng tsa Mu¹ Scorpii lebitso la setso la puo ea KhoeKhoe la *Xami di mûra* ('mahlo a tau').&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044453/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1707/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Letoto la mabitso a batho ba MaKhoekhoe ==
Karolo ea lihlopha tsa batho ba Khoekhoe e ka aroloa ka kakaretso likarolong tse peli: Khoekhoe ea Leboea le Khoekhoe ea Boroa (Cape Khoe).

=== Khoekhoe ea Leboea ===
[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|alt=Khoisan language map|thumb|Ho itjalatjala ha puo tsa puo tsa Makhoi. ka bokgubedu]]
Baahi ba Khoekhoe ba ka Leboea ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli, e leng Nama le Damara, kapa ǂNūkhoen. Sehlopha ka seng sa tsena tse peli se boetse se arotsoe ka meloko e mengata. Meloko ea Nama ke ena:

* Khaiǁkhaun (Sechaba se Sefubelu) se Hoachanas, e leng sehlopha se seholo le leloko la khale ka ho fetisisa la Nama naheng ea Namibia[1]
* Ba-ǀKhowesen (litloholo tse tobileng tsa Molaoli Hendrik Witbooi) ba ileng ba bolaoa ntoeng khahlanong le Majeremane ka la 29 Mphalane 1905. Ba-ǀKhowesen ba lula sebakeng sa kajeno sa Gibeon tlas'a boetapele ba Ismael Hendrik Witbooi, e leng Gaob (ho bolelang molaoli) oa borobong oa Ba-ǀKhowesen ba Gibeon—sebaka se fumanehang lik'hilomithara tse 72 ka boroa ho Mariental le lik'hilomithara tse 176 ka leboea ho Keetmanshoop haufi le tsela ea B1—seo qalong se neng se tsejoa ka lebitso la Khaxa-tsûs. Se ile sa reoa lebitso leo ho tsoa ho Kido Witbooi, e leng Molaoli oa pele oa Ba-ǀKhowesen.
* '''ǃGamiǂnun''' (Bondelswarts) ba Warmbad
* '''ǂAonin''' (Southern Topnaars) ba Rooibank
* '''ǃGomen''' (Northern Topnaars) ba Sesfontein
* Sehlopha sa ǃKharakhoen (Fransman Nama) se ne se le Gochas. Ka mor'a ho hloloa ke sesole sa Jeremane (Schutztruppe) Ntoeng ea Swartfontein ka la 15 Pherekhong 1905, sehlopha sena sa Nama se ile sa arohana likarolo tse peli. Karolo e 'ngoe ea ǃKharakhoen e ile ea balehela Lokgwabe, Botswana, 'me ea lula moo ka ho sa feleng; karolo e ileng ea sala naheng ea South West Africa e ile ea fallesetsa setsi sa eona sa morabe Amper-Bo. Ka 2016, David Hanse o ile a hlomamisoa e le moetapele oa morabe oo.
* '''ǁHawoben''' (Veldschoendragers) ba Koës
* '''!Amanba''' Bethanie ba eteletsweng pele ke Cornelius Frederick
* '''ǁOgain''' (Groot Doden) ba Schlip
* '''ǁKhauǀgoan''' (Swartbooi Nama) ba Rehoboth, eo e seng ele Salem, Ameib,le Franzfontein
* '''Kharoǃoan''' (Keetmanshoop Nama) ka tlasa keta pele ya Hendrik Tseib&lt;ref name=&quot;Keetmanshoop&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|access-date=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba tswang ho Red Nation ka Hlakola selemong sa  1850 mme ba dulaKeetmanshoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDNama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|newspaper=Klaus Dierks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The_uncivilized_races_of_men_in_all_countries_of_the_world_-_being_a_comprehensive_account_of_their_manners_and_customs,_and_of_their_physical,_social,_mental,_moral_and_religious_characteristics_(14793148393).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Matlo a MaKhoekhoe]]
Har'a batho ba Nama ho boetse ho na le Ma-Oorlams, e leng sechaba sa boroa sa Khoekhoe se nang le tšimoloho e tsoakiloeng; ba ile ba falla ba lebile leboea ba tšela Noka ea Orange 'me ba kenngoa ka har'a sechaba se seholo sa Nama. Ma-Oorlams ka bobona a entsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano tse nyane:

* '''ǀAixaǀaen''' (Orlam Afrikaners) e ne e le sehlopha sa pele se kenang Namibia le ho lula moo ka ho sa feleng. Moetapele oa bona, Klaas Afrikaner, o ile a tloha Cape Colony hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1770. Qalong, leloko lena le ile la haha ​​qhobosheane ea '''ǁKhauxaǃnas''', la ntan'o fallela Blydeverwacht, 'me qetellong la lula Windhoek.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
* se senyenyane sa ǃAman (Bethanie Orlam) se ile sa lula Bethanie ngaka ea lekholo la bo-18 la lilemo.
* Sehlopha se senyenyane sa '''Kaiǀkhauan''' (Khauas Nama) se ile sa thehoa lilemong tsa bo-1830, ha leloko la Vlermuis le kopana le lelapa la Amraal.[1] Sebaka sa bona sa bolulo e ile ea e-ba Naosanabis (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Leonardville), moo ba ileng ba lula ho tloha ka 1840 ho ea pele.[2] Sehlopha sena se ile sa qetella se felile ka mor’a ho hloloa ntoeng ke mabotho a Imperial German Schutztruppe ka 1894 le 1896.[3]
* Sehlopha se senyenyane sa ǀHaiǀkhauan (Berseba Orlam) se ile sa thehoa ka 1850, ha malapa a Tibot le Goliath a arohana le sehlopha sa ǃAman ho ea theha Berseba.[1]
* Sehlopha sa merabe sa ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Orlam) e ne e le sona sa ho qetela ho hloma metse Namibia. Ba ne ba tsoa Pella, ka boroa ho Noka ea Orange. Motse oa habo bona e ile ea e-ba Gibeon.[1]

Batho bana ba Nama ba lula sebakeng sa Great Namaqualand naheng ea Namibia. Ho boetse ho na le lihlopha tse nyane tsa Nama tse lulang libakeng tsa Little Namaqualand, ka boroa ho Noka ea Orange karolong e ka leboea-bophirima ea Afrika Boroa.

=== MaKhoekhoe a Borwa (''Cape Khoe'') ===
[[File:Khoikhoi-nedersetting_-_1711.png|thumb|Sebaka sa bodulo sa MaKhoekhoe Table Bay, jwalo ka ha e takilwe ke Abraham Bogaert ho ''Historische Reizen'', ka selemo sa 1711]]
Merabe ea Khoekhoe e ka boroa (eo ka linako tse ling e bitsoang &quot;Cape Khoe&quot; ka phoso ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba Cape of Good Hope) e lula liprofinseng tsa Western Cape le Eastern Cape, libakeng tse lebopong le ka boroa-bophirima ho Afrika Boroa. E arotsoe ka lihlopha tse nyane tse nne: Eastern Cape Khoe, Central Cape Khoe, Western Cape Khoe le Peninsular Cape Khoe.[1] Sehlopha ka seng sa tsena se boetse se arotsoe ka lichaba le merabe e menyane e etsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso ea puso ea Khoekhoe.

=== Makhoekhe a Kapa Botjhabela ===

* Hoengeyqua
* [[Damasonqua]]
* Gonaqua

* Inqua (hape ba bitswa ''&quot;Humcumqua&quot;'')[[File:Naaukeurige_en_uitvoerige_beschryving_van_kaap_de_Goede_Hoop_(Pl._28)_(8741433968).jpg|thumb|312x312px|Lesaka la MaKhoekhoe , 1727]]
* Houtunqua
* Gamtobaqua (e ka nna ya eba karolo ya ''Houtunqua'')
* Attaqua
* Gouriqua
* Chamaqua

=== Makhoekhoe a leboya ===

* Chainouoqua
* Hawequa (hape ba bitswa ''&quot;Obiqua&quot;.'')
* Cochoqua
* Hessequa
* Chairiguriqua

=== Peninsular Cape Khoe ===
Goringhaiqua: Ba-Goringhaiqua ke puso e le 'ngoe ea morabe e entsoeng ka matlo a mabeli a Ba-Goringhaikona le Ba-Gorachouqua.

== Menahano ea pele ea batho ba Europe mabapi le tšimoloho ea batho ba Khoekhoe. ==
Buka ea melao ea puo le buka ea mantsoe a puo ea Sezulu, tse ileng tsa hatisoa ka 1859 ka mor’a ho laeloa hore li ngoloe, li ile tsa hlahisa khopolo ea hore batho bana ba tsoa Egepita—e leng khopolo e neng e bonahala e tumme ka nako eo. Mabaka a neng a fanoa bakeng sa sena a ne a kenyelletsa likarolo tse itseng tsa ponahalo ea batho ba Khoekhoe tse neng li nkoa li tšoana le tsa batho ba morabe o mosweu (Caucasian), tloaelo ea bona ea &quot;ho rapela khoeli&quot;, ho tšoana ho bonahalang le lintho tsa khale tsa Egepita ea mehleng ea khale, hammoho le ho ba le &quot;puo e fapaneng haholo&quot; le ea baahisani ba bona. Buka eo ea melao ea puo e bolela hore &quot;litsebi tse hloahloa tsa puo tsa mehleng ena ... li bona ho tšoana ho hlakileng pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli&quot;.

== Bona hape ==

* Polao e selhoho ya  Heroro ke ma Nama
* BaNam
* San 
* [[Coloureds|Bammala]]
* MaGriqua
* Nalane ya Aforika Borwa
* Khoisan
* [[Sarah Baartman]] (1789–1815),

== Dinoutsu ==
 

== Mehlodi ==

== Ho bala ho ya pele ==

* P. Kolben, ''Present State of the Cape of Good Hope'' (London, 1731–38);
* A. Sparman, ''Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope'' (Perth, 1786);
* Sir John Barrow, ''Travels into the Interior of South Africa'' (London, 1801);
* Bleek, Wilhelm, ''Reynard the Fox in South Africa; or Hottentot Fables and Tales'' (London, 1864);
* Emil Holub, ''[[wikisource:Seven Years in South Africa|Seven Years in South Africa]]'' (English translation, Boston, 1881);
* G. W. Stow, ''Native Races of South Africa'' (New York, 1905);
* A. R. Colquhoun, ''Africander Land'' (New York, 1906);
* L. Schultze, ''Aus Namaland und Kalahari'' (Jena, 1907);
* Meinhof, Carl, ''Die Sprachen der Hamiten'' (Hamburg, 1912);
* Richard Elphick, ''Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa'' (London, 1977)

== Dihokelo tsa ka ntle ==

* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/lessons/lesson7/lesson7.php?s=0 Cultural Contact in Southern Africa] by Anne Good for the [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh Women in World History website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404033826/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/august/khoi.htm An article on the history of the Khoikhoi]
* [https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan-identity Khoisan Identity on South African History Online]</text>
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{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |MaKhoekhoe &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Khoekhoen
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Dipalopalo
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |333,400
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Malemo (Puo)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Khoekhoegowab]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Bodumedi
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Bokreste, [[Traditional African religions|Tumelo tsa Maafrika]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;&quot; |Merabe e manang
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[San people|San]], [[Basters|Mabastere]], [[Coloured people|BaMmala]], [[Tswana people|Batswana]], [[Xhosa people|MaXhosa]]
|}
 
Batho ba Khoikhoi (kapa Khoekhoe) ke baahi ba matswallwa a [[Borwa ba Afrika]] bao setso sa bona e leng sa ho phela ba ntse ba falla le mehlape ea bona. Hangata ba amahanngwa le batho ba San (bao e leng batho ba phelang ka ho tsoma le ho bokella dijo naheng), mme lentswe le sebedisoang ho akaretsa dihlopha tsena ka bobeli ke Khoisan. &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;Lebitso &quot;Khoikhoi&quot; ha e le hantle ke lentswe la thoriso kapa tlhompho, eseng lebitso leo batho bana ba ipitsang ka lona ho latela morabe oa bona; leha ho le joalo, dingoliloeng di le sebedisitse ho hlalosa merabe e buang puo ya Khoe e ka Borwa ba Afrika, haholo-holo dihlopha tse ruileng mehlape tse kang Inqua, Griqua, Gonaqua, Nama, Damaqua le Attequa. Nakong e fetileng, batho ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba bitswa &quot;Hottentots,&quot; e leng lentsoe leo hajoale le nkoang e le le nyelisang.

Ho nahanoa hore batho ba Khoekhoe ba ile ba arohana le batho ba bang lilemong tse pakeng tsa 100,000 le 200,000 tse fetileng. Lekgolong la bo-17 la dilemo, batho ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba rua mehlape e meholo ea dikgomo tsa mofuta oa Nguni sebakeng sa Kapa. Ba ile ba siea mokgwa wa ho falla le mehlape ea bona haholo-holo pakeng tsa lekholo la bo-19 le la bo-20 la lilemo.

Puo ea Khoekhoe e amana le lipuo tse ling tse buuoang ke batho ba San ba Kalahari ba phelang ka ho bokella dijo naheng (jwalo ka ba Khwe le Tshwa), e leng se etsang hore li be karolo ea lelapa la lipuo tsa Khoe. Kajeno, dihlopha tse ka tlase ho Khoekhoe li kenyelletsa batho ba Nama ba [[Namibia]], Botswana le Afrika Boroa (ba nang le meloko e mengata), ba Damara ba Namibia, meloko ea Orana ea Afrika Boroa (joalo ka Nama kapa Ngqosini), sechaba sa Khoemana kapa Griqua sa Afrika Borwa, hammoho le meloko ea Gqunukhwebe kapa Gona e welang tlasa dihlopha tsa batho ba buang se[[Xhosa]].

Meloko ea Xirikua (Griqua) e ile ya theha boitsebiso ba eona bo ikgethang ba morabe lekholong la bo-19 la dilemo mme ya dula sebakeng sa Griqualand West. Hamorao, ba ile ba theha naha e nngwe e ikemetseng KwaZulu-Natal e bitswang Griqualand East, eo hamorao e ileng ea kenngoa tlasa puso ya Mmuso wa Brithani ka mora dilemo tse ka bang leshome. Ba amana le dihlopha tse tshwanang tsa meloko le ya Rehoboth Basters, bao le bona ba ka nkoang e le batho ba &quot;Khoekhoe&quot;.

== Nalane ==
[[File:Hombre_khoikhoi.jpg|thumb|Monna wa Mokgothu]]
[[File:Samuel_Daniell_-_Kora-Khokhoi_preparing_to_move_-_1805.jpg|thumb|Bakgothu ba ya falla, ka Samuel Daniell (1805)]]

=== Nalane ya pele ===
Lebitso le akaretsang la morabe la &quot;Khoekhoen&quot; le bolela batho ba neng ba phela ka mokgowa wa ho rua diphoofolo mme ba e-na le puo e tshwanang, ba neng ba fumaneha hohle karolong e ka borwa ea Afrika. Mellet, a qotsa Ehlpick,o bolela hore sechaba seo a se bitsang &quot;proto-Khoe&quot; se ile sa hlaha pakeng tsa selemo sa 400 BCE le 100 CE ka boroa ho Zimbabwe; sena se ile sa etsahala ka lebaka la ho kopana ha batho ba pele ba sebaka seo—e leng San (haholo-holo lihlopha tsa Tshua le Khwe)—le batho ba ruang diphoofolo ba neng ba fallela moo butle-butle ba tsoa Afrika Bochabela.  O boetse o re ho kopana hona le ho tsoakana ha merabe ho ile ha etsahala hape ka leboya ho Botswana, haufi le Noka ea Limpopo hammoho le dikarolong tse ka leboya tsa naha eo kajeno e tsejwang e le Afrika Boroa.  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 200 BCE le 300 CE, dihlopha tse nyane tse neng li phela ka mekhoa e fapaneng—ho kenyeletsoa ho tsoma, ho rua liphoofolo le temo—li ile tsa hola tsa fetoha lichaba tse kholo tsa barui ba liphoofolo (qalong e ne e le linku, hamorao eaba likhomo), haufi le batho ba Bantu ba neng ba lema. Ka selemo sa 500 CE, lihlopha tsena tsa barui ba liphoofolo li ile tsa qala ho ata butle-butle li lebile ka boroa. Ho na le likhang har'a litsebi tsa kahisano mabapi le lebelo le litsela tseo ba ileng ba falla ka tsona, empa ho ea ka Sadr, ha ho na bopaki ba hore ho ne ho e-na le libaka tse kholo tseo batho ba Khoekhoe ba neng ba dula ho tsona, kapa bongata ba linku kapa likhomo, ka borwa ho Noka ea Orange pele ho selemo sa 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546641&lt;/ref&gt; Lihlopha tsa &quot;Khoekhoe&quot; li kenyelletsa ǀAwakhoen (ka bophirima), ǀKx'abakhoena (ba Afrika Boroa le karolong e bohareng e ka boroa ea naha hammoho le Eastern Cape). Mabitso ana ka bobeli a bolela &quot;Batho ba Bofubelu&quot;, 'me a tšoana le lentsoe la SeXhosa le reng &quot;amaqaba&quot;. Ho rua linku, lipōli le likhomo tse neng li fula liphuleng tse nonneng sebakeng seo ho ile ha fana ka lijo tse lekaneng le tse phetseng hantle, ha ba lumella ho ata le ho theha lihlopha tse kholoanyane libakeng tseo pele li neng li luloa ke batho ba neng ba phela ka temo le ho tsoma bakeng sa tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi feela.

Ho nahanwa hore setso sa batho ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu se kene sebakeng sena lekholong la boraro la lilemo (AD), se qobella barui ba liphoofolo ho ea libakeng tsa Bophirima. Mohlala oa kamano e haufi lipakeng tsa ǃUriǁ'aes (leloko le phahameng), e leng sechaba se ruang likhomo, le !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (bana ba leloko le phahameng), e leng sechaba se lulang sebakeng se le seng 'me se iphelisa ka ho bokella lijo le ho tsoma (se tsejoang hape e le &quot;Strandlopers&quot;)—bao ka bobeli ba neng ba dula sebakeng sa ǁHuiǃgaeb—o bontsha hore karohano e tiileng pakeng tsa mekhoa ena e mmedi ya bophelo ha e na motheo o tiileng, hammoho le lihlopha tsa merabe tse thehiloeng ho eona. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba iphelisang ka ho bokella lijo le ho tsoma, bao filosofi ea bona ea sechaba e behang bohlokoa tabeng ea ho se bokelle maruo a mangata, ba ka nkwa ba fapane; empa liphapang tse pakeng tsa &quot;barui ba diphoofolo ba Ma-Khoekhoe&quot;, &quot;batsomi le babokelli ba dijo ba Ma-San&quot; le &quot;balemi ba Ma-Bantu&quot; ha li eme hantle ha di hlahlojwa ka botlalo, mme di bonahala e le tsela e nolofalitsoeng haholo ya ho hlalosa histori.

Leha ho na le dikgopolo tse fapaneng mabapi le batho ba Damara le kamano ea bona le lihlopha tse ding tsa batho ba Khoekhoe, ho ke ke ha latoloa hore e ne e le bona baahi ba pele ba Namibia hammoho le batho ba San; ka lebaka leo, ho ka bolelwa hore batho ba Nama le ba Damara ka bobeli ba ile ba kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha puo ya Khoekhoe ha e ntse e ata ho ya ka borwa. Kamora ho fihla ha dihlopha tsa batho ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu, tse kang ba-Herero, batho ba Damara ba ile ba tloswa dibakeng tsa bona mme ba hasana dikarolong tsohle tsa naha eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Namibia; taba ena e bonahala lentsoeng leo batho ba Damara ba le sebelisang ha ba bua ka naha eo.

=== Ho fihla ha makgowa ===
Bafuputsi le bahoebi ba Mapotoketsi ke bona ba ileng ba qala ho ngola ka likopano tsa bona le baahi ba moo, nakong ea lilemo tse makholo a 15 le a 16 (A.D.). Hangata likopano tsena li ne li tsamaea ka diketso tsa pefo. Ka selemo sa 1510, Ntweng ya Salt River, Francisco de Almeida le banna ba hae ba mashome a mahlano ba ile ba bolaoa 'me sehlopha sa hae sa hloloa ke batho ba neng ba palame likhomo, e leng sechaba sa !Uriǁ'aekua (seo Dutch e neng e se bitsa &quot;Goringhaiqua&quot;). Ena e ne e le e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa batho ba buang puo ea Khoekhoe sebakeng seo—dihlopha tse neng li boetse li kenyelletsa !Uriǁ'aeǀ'ona (kapa &quot;Goringhaicona&quot;, ba neng ba boetse ba tsejwa e le &quot;Strandlopers&quot;)—bao ho boleloang hore ke baholo-holo ba sechaba sa kajeno sa !Ora. Qetellong ea lekholo la bo-16 la lilemo, dikepe tsa dinaha tse kang Portugal, Fora, Denmark, Netherlands le Engelane—haholo-holo tsa Portugal—li ile tsa tsoela pele ho emisa khafetsa koung ya Table Bay ha di ntse di le tseleng e eang India Bochabela (Indies). Di ne ld rekisana ka kwae, koporo le tshepe le dihlopha tsa batho ba buang Khoekhoe sebakeng seo, di li fapanyetsana le nama e foreshe.

Baahi ba moo ba ile ba fokotseha ka mora hore mafu a sekholopane a namele ka lebaka la ho kopana ha batho ba Europe.  Meloko e buang Sekhoe e ile ea shwa haholo ka lebaka la ho hloka tshireletso ea mmele khahlanong le lefu lena. Sena se ile sa eketseha, e le ntwa ea sesole ka lebaka la ho matlafala ha katoloso ya bokolone ya United East India Company e ileng ea qala ho koalla makgulo a setso bakeng sa mapolasi. Dilemong tse lekgolo tse latelang, batho ba buang Sekhoe ba ile ba lelekoa naheng ea bona butle-butle, e leng se ileng sa fella ka ho falla ho hongata ho ea leboya, le ho nchafatsoa ha lichaba le meloko e mengata, hammoho le ho qhalana ha meaho e mengata ya setso.

Ho latela baprofesa Robert K. Hitchcock le Wayne A. Babchuk, &quot;Nakong ea mekgahlelo ea pele ea bolokolohi ba Europe ba ho hapa le ho busa libaka (colonization), batho ba likete-kete ba merabe ea Khoekhoe le San ba ile ba lahlehelwa ke bophelo ka lebaka la polao e hlophisitsweng ea morabe (genocide), polao e tloaelehileng, tshwaro e mpe ya mmele, le mafu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=2nBx83jMc48C&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt; Nakong ya dipatlisiso mabapi le lihlopha tse neng di tsoma batho ba San le ditlhaselo tse reretsoeng ho felisa morabe oo, Louis Anthing o ile a re: &quot;Hona jwale ke fumana hore liketso tsena di pharaletse ho feta kamoo li neng li bonahala kateng qalong. Ke nahana hore ho ka etsahala hore re fumane hore hoo e ka bang lihoai tsohle tse dulang haufi le moeli ona li ameha diketsong tse tshwanang ... Hajoale ke utloile feela ka lihoai tsa batho ba mebala e tswakaneng (tse tsejwang e le 'Bastards') hore li ameha litabeng tsena.&lt;ref&gt;Anthing, Louis (1 April 1862), ''CA, CO 4414: Louis Anthing – Colonial Secretary'', pp.&amp;#x20;10–11&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka hona, sebopeho sa sechaba sa MaKhoekhoe se ile sa senyeha haholo ka lebaka la katoloso ea bokolone le ho amohuoa ha naha ho tloha bofelong ba lekholo la bo-17 la lilemo ho ea pele. Ha mekhoa ea ho hlophiseha ha sechaba e ntse e putlama, MaKhoekhoe a mangata a ile a lula mapolasing 'me a fetoha makhoba kapa basebetsi ba mapolasi; a mang a ile a kenngoa lihlopheng tsa meloko e neng e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba teng. Georg Schmidt, e leng setho sa kereke ea Moravian se tsoang Herrnhut, Saxony (eo hajoale e leng Jeremane), o ile a theha Genadendal ka 1738—e leng setsi sa pele sa boromuoa karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika—har'a batho ba buang puo ea Khoe sebakeng sa Baviaanskloof, lithabeng tsa Riviersonderend.
[[File:Adam_Kok_III_-_Griqua_Captain_-_1848.jpg|right|thumb|Adam Kok, Moetapele waMaGriqua]]
Lebitso la &quot;Baasters&quot; le ileng la sebelisoa nakong ea bokolone le ne le supa lihlopha tsa batho tse neng li e-na le tšimoloho ea Europe karolong e itseng 'me li ile tsa amohela mekhoa e itseng ea setso sa Bophirimela. Leha hamorao lihlopha tsena li ile tsa tsejoa e le MaGriqua (kapa Xirikua/Griekwa), ka nako eo li ne li tsejoa e le &quot;Baasters&quot; 'me maemong a mang li ntse li bitsoa joalo, mohlala, ke Ma-Bosluis Basters a sebaka sa Richtersveld le sechaba sa Ma-Baster sa Rehoboth, Namibia, se boletsoeng ka holimo.

Mohlomong ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea baromuoa ba Kereke, mebuso ea Griqualand Bophirima le Griqualand Bochabela e ile ea theooa ke leloko la borena la Kok; hamorao mebuso ena e ile ea kenngoa tlas'a taolo ea Cape Colony ea 'Muso oa Brithani. 

Ho qala mafelong a lekholo la bo-18 la lilemo, lichaba tsa Ma-Oorlam li ile tsa falla ho tloha Cape Colony ho ea ka leboea ho ea Namaqualand. Li ile tsa lula libakeng tse neng li se li ntse li ahiloe ke batho ba Nama. Li ile tsa falla ka mabaka a fapaneng: ho baleha ho qobelloa ho kena sesoleng ke bokolone ba Madache, ho ea hapa thepa le ho etsa khoebo, hammoho le ho batla mafulo a liphoofolo.[1] Tse ling tsa lihlopha tsena tsa Ma-Oorlam (ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopha se neng se etelletsoe pele ke monna ea neng a batloa ke molao, Jager Afrikaner, le mora oa hae Jonker Afrikaner sebakeng sa Transgariep) li ile tsa boloka likamano le lichaba tsa Ma-Oorlam tse neng li le ka hare kapa haufi le meeli ea Cape Colony. Ha Ma-Boer a ntse a atolosa libaka tsa ona butle-butle, eaba hamorao a etsa phallo e kholo a balehela puso ea Brithani Cape, Jonker Afrikaner o ile a isa batho ba hae Namaqualand bohareng ba lekholo la bo-19 la lilemo; moo a ileng a fetoha moetapele oa matla a maholo a ileng a thusa Ma-Oorlam ho busa batho ba Nama le ho loantša sechaba sa Herero (se buang puo ea sehlopha sa Bantu) ka nako e itseng.[2]

=== Sebaka sa bolulo sa Kat River (1829–1856) le batho ba Khoena Colony ea Kapa ===
[[File:Kat_River_Khoi_-_Cape_Colony_1800s.jpg|alt=|thumb|Boradithunya ba Khoekua ba bapetse karolo e kgolo ntswe tsa Kapa tsa Meedi Xhosa Wars.]]
 Qalong ea lilemo tsa bo-1800, batho ba neng ba ntse ba bua puo ea Khoe sebakeng sa Cape Colony ba ile ba tobana le lithibelo litokelo tsa bona tsa sechaba hammoho le melao e khethollang mabapi le ho ba beng ba mobu. Ka lebaka lena, Komishinara e Moholo ea matla oa Libaka tsa Bochabela, Andries Stockenstrom, o ile a thusa ho theoa ha sebaka sa bolulo sa batho ba Khoe se bitsoang &quot;Kat River&quot; haufi le moeli o ka bochabela oa Cape Colony. Mohlomong sepheo se patiloeng e ne e le ho theha sebaka se sireletsang moeli oa Cape, empa mobu o moholo o nonneng sebakeng seo o ile oa lumella batho ho ba beng ba mobu le ho haha ​​lichaba ka khotso. Libaka tsena tsa bolulo li ile tsa atleha le ho hola, 'me kapele Kat River ea e-ba sebaka se seholo le se atlehileng sa Cape se neng se iphelisa ka boikemelo bo boholo. Batho ba neng ba lula moo haholo-holo e ne e le ba morabe oa !Gonakua ba buang Afrikaans, empa sebaka seo sa bolulo se ile sa boela sa hohela lihlopha tse ling tse fapaneng tsa batho.

MaKhoekua a ne a tsebahala ka nako eo ka ho ba batshwai ba hlwahlwa haholo, mme hangata e ne e le balekane ba bohlokwa ba Kolone ya Kapa dintwang tsa yona tse ka thoko le dipolotiki tsa boahisani tsa Maxhosa. Ntoeng ea Bosupa ea Frontier War (1846–1847) khahlanong le Gcaleka, banna ba lithunya ba Khoekua ba tsoang Kat River ba ile ba ikhetholla tlas’a moetapele oa bona Andries Botha tlhaselong ea &quot;Amatola fastnesses&quot;. (Mohlankana John Molteno, eo hamorao e ileng ea e-ba Tona-Kholo, o ile a etella pele sehlopha sa masole a kopaneng tlhaselong eo, 'me hamorao a rorisa MaKhoekua a re ba na le sebete le boikitlaetso bo bongata ho feta boholo ba masole a hae a makhooa.)

Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha tsoeloa pele ho kengoa tšebetsong melao e thata profinseng ea Eastern Cape, e le ho khothaletsa batho ba Khoena ho tloha masimong a bona sebakeng sa Noka ea Kat le ho ea sebetsa e le basebetsi mapolasing a batho ba basoeu. Bohale bo neng bo ntse bo hola bo ile ba qhomoha ka 1850. Ha batho ba Xhosa ba fetohela 'Muso oa Cape, palo e kholo ea batho ba Khoena e ile ea ikopanya le marabele a Xhosa ka lekhetlo la pele.[1] Kamora ho hloloa ha borabele le ho fanoa ka tsamaiso ea 'muso o emelang batho ho Colony ea Cape ka 1853, 'Muso o mocha oa Cape o ile oa leka ho fa batho ba Khoena litokelo tsa lipolotiki ho thibela ho se khotsofale ha merabe nakong e tlang. Mochochisi e Moholo William Porter o ile a tsebahala ka mantsoe a reng &quot;o ne a ka khetha ho kopana le motho oa Khoena (eo ka nako eo a neng a bitsoa Hottentot) libakeng tsa likhetho, a voutela moemeli oa hae, ho e-na le ho kopana le eena naheng a jere sethunya lehetleng la hae&quot;.[2] Kahoo, 'muso o ile oa theha molao oa litokelo tsa ho vouta Cape ka 1853, o neng o laela hore baahi bohle ba banna ba fihlelang maemo a tlase a ho ba le thepa—ho sa tsotelehe 'mala oa letlalo—ba be le tokelo ea ho vouta le ea ho emela likhetho Paramenteng. Leha ho le joalo, molao-motheo ona o sa khetholleng ka 'mala o ile oa fokolisoa bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1880 ka tlhlhoko ea bokhoni ba ho bala le ho ngola, 'me hamorao oa hlakoloa ke 'Muso oa Apartheid.[3]
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-157-15,_Deutsch-Südwestafrika,_Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|Batshwaruwa ba maKhoekhoe ho la German South-West Africa, eo e leng Namibia kajeno, ka selemo sa 1904]]

=== Dipolao tse sehloho tsa German South-West Africa (Namibia) ===
Ho tloha ka 1904 ho isa ho 1907, Majeremane a ile a sechaba sechaba sa MaKhoekhoe le sa MaHerero o ngola tse neng li ka araba ka nako eo e le Jeremane South-West Africa. Ho hakanyetsoa hore batho ba bang ba fetang 10,000 ba sechaba sa Nama—e karolo e ka bang karolo e fapaneng ea palo ea palo ea batho ba Nama ka nako eo—ba ile ba shoela ntoeng ena. Ena e bile e kholo ka kholo ka palo eo batho ba MaKhoekhoe ba bang ba e bona. Ntle le ts'ebeliso ea bophelo ea batho ba Nama le MaHero, batho ba MaDamara le bona e bile bahlaseluoa ba morero ena e neng e felisa ho felisa sechaba, 'me ba ile ba sebetsa ke hoo e ka bang 57% ea palo ea bona.[3]

=== Kgethollo ya merabe ===
Jwalo ka batho ba matsoalloa a Afrika, batho ba Khoekhoe le dihlopha tse ding tsa matsoalloa a letlalo le lefifi ba ile ba hatellwa le ho laolwa ka thata ke puso ya Apartheid e neng e kgothaletsa boemo bo phahameng ba batho ba basweu. Haholo-holo, ba bang ba nka hore batho ba Khoekhoe le merabe e amanang le bona e ne e le e meng ya dihlopha tse neng di qheletswwe ka thoko haholo nakong ya puso ya Apartheid, jwalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke mopresidente wa mehleng wa Afrika Borwa, Jacob Zuma, puong ya hae ya boemo ba naha ka 2012.[1]

Ba bang ba batho ba Khoekhoe ba Afrika Borwa ba ile ba khetholloa e le &quot;Coloured&quot; (Batho ba Mebala e Kopaneng) tlas'a puso ea Apartheid. Leha boemo bona bo ne bo bolela hore ba na le litokelo tse ling tseo batho ba nkoang e le &quot;batšo&quot; ba neng ba sa li fumane (joalo ka ho se hloke ho jara buka ea boitsebiso kapa &quot;passbook&quot;), ba ne ba ntse ba tobane le khethollo, karohano le mefuta e meng ea khatello. Sena se ne se kenyelletsa ho fallisoa ka qobello ho latela Molao oa Libaka tsa Merabe (Group Areas Act), o ileng oa qhalakanya malapa le lichaba. Ho senngoa ha lichaba tsa khale le ho ba lebitso la &quot;coloured&quot; feela (ntle le ho ela hloko liphapang tse ikhethang tsa meetlo kapa lihlopha tse nyane tsa batho ba Khoekhoe) ho ile ha kenya letsoho ho hlakoleng boitsebiso le meetlo ea batho ba Khoekhoe—e leng ntho eo batho ba kajeno ba Khoekhoe ba ntseng ba leka ho e lokisa.[1]

Kamora nako ea khethollo ea morabe (apartheid), baitseki ba sechaba sa Khoekhoe ba sebelitse ho tsosolosa setso sa bona se neng se lahlehile le ho tiisa kamano ea bona le naha. Lihlopha tsa Khoekhoe le Khoisan li ile tsa isa litaba makhotleng li batla matšeliso bakeng sa 'ho felisoa ha setso le khethollo khahlanong le sechaba sa Khoisan', hammoho le litokelo tsa mobu le ho khutlisoa ha litopo tsa batho ba Khoesan tse neng li bolokiloe limusiamong tsa Europe.

== Botjhaba ==

=== Tumelo ===
Ditšōmong tsa bolumedi ba ditso tse buang puo ya Khoe, Kgwedi e nkuwa e le ya bohlokwa haholo, mme mohlomong e ne e nkuwa e le pontšo e bonahalang ya Mmopi e moholo ya amanang le lehodimo. Thiǁoab (eo ditšōmong tsa Nama a tsejwang e le Tsui'goab, ha ditšōmong tsa Damara e le ǁGamab) o boetse o dumelwa ho ba Mmopi le mohlokomedi wa bophelo bo botle, athe ǁGaunab haholo-holo ke sebopuoa se sebe se bakang maloetse kapa lefu.[1] Batho ba bangata ba buang puo ya Khoe ba sokolohetse Bokreste, mme Mamosleme a morabe wa Nama a etsa karolo e kgolo ya Mamosleme a Namibia.[2]

=== Lefa la lefatshe ===
UNESCO e ile ea ananela setso sa batho ba buang puo ea Khoe ka ho ngolisa Richtersveld e le Sebaka sa Lefatše sa Bohlokoa ba Histori le Setso (World Heritage Site). Sebaka sena sa bohlokoa ke sona feela moo mekhoa ea ho falla le mehlape (transhumance) e amanang le setso seo e ntseng e tsoela pele ka tekanyo e kholo.
[[File:Hottentotdrawing.jpg|thumb|Khoekhoe ka moaparo wa bona o kgabileng]]
Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Boleng ba Lipatlisiso tsa Sepakapaka (International Astronomical Union) o ile oa reha karolo e kholo ea linaleli tse peli tse kopaneng tsa Mu¹ Scorpii lebitso la setso la puo ea KhoeKhoe la *Xami di mûra* ('mahlo a tau').&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044453/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1707/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Letoto la mabitso a batho ba MaKhoekhoe ==
Karolo ea lihlopha tsa batho ba Khoekhoe e ka aroloa ka kakaretso likarolong tse peli: Khoekhoe ea Leboea le Khoekhoe ea Boroa (Cape Khoe).

=== Khoekhoe ea Leboea ===
[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|alt=Khoisan language map|thumb|Ho itjalatjala ha puo tsa puo tsa Makhoi. ka bokgubedu]]
Baahi ba Khoekhoe ba ka Leboea ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli, e leng Nama le Damara, kapa ǂNūkhoen. Sehlopha ka seng sa tsena tse peli se boetse se arotsoe ka meloko e mengata. Meloko ea Nama ke ena:

* Khaiǁkhaun (Sechaba se Sefubelu) se Hoachanas, e leng sehlopha se seholo le leloko la khale ka ho fetisisa la Nama naheng ea Namibia[1]
* Ba-ǀKhowesen (litloholo tse tobileng tsa Molaoli Hendrik Witbooi) ba ileng ba bolaoa ntoeng khahlanong le Majeremane ka la 29 Mphalane 1905. Ba-ǀKhowesen ba lula sebakeng sa kajeno sa Gibeon tlas'a boetapele ba Ismael Hendrik Witbooi, e leng Gaob (ho bolelang molaoli) oa borobong oa Ba-ǀKhowesen ba Gibeon—sebaka se fumanehang lik'hilomithara tse 72 ka boroa ho Mariental le lik'hilomithara tse 176 ka leboea ho Keetmanshoop haufi le tsela ea B1—seo qalong se neng se tsejoa ka lebitso la Khaxa-tsûs. Se ile sa reoa lebitso leo ho tsoa ho Kido Witbooi, e leng Molaoli oa pele oa Ba-ǀKhowesen.
* '''ǃGamiǂnun''' (Bondelswarts) ba Warmbad
* '''ǂAonin''' (Southern Topnaars) ba Rooibank
* '''ǃGomen''' (Northern Topnaars) ba Sesfontein
* Sehlopha sa ǃKharakhoen (Fransman Nama) se ne se le Gochas. Ka mor'a ho hloloa ke sesole sa Jeremane (Schutztruppe) Ntoeng ea Swartfontein ka la 15 Pherekhong 1905, sehlopha sena sa Nama se ile sa arohana likarolo tse peli. Karolo e 'ngoe ea ǃKharakhoen e ile ea balehela Lokgwabe, Botswana, 'me ea lula moo ka ho sa feleng; karolo e ileng ea sala naheng ea South West Africa e ile ea fallesetsa setsi sa eona sa morabe Amper-Bo. Ka 2016, David Hanse o ile a hlomamisoa e le moetapele oa morabe oo.
* '''ǁHawoben''' (Veldschoendragers) ba Koës
* '''!Amanba''' Bethanie ba eteletsweng pele ke Cornelius Frederick
* '''ǁOgain''' (Groot Doden) ba Schlip
* '''ǁKhauǀgoan''' (Swartbooi Nama) ba Rehoboth, eo e seng ele Salem, Ameib,le Franzfontein
* '''Kharoǃoan''' (Keetmanshoop Nama) ka tlasa keta pele ya Hendrik Tseib&lt;ref name=&quot;Keetmanshoop&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|access-date=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba tswang ho Red Nation ka Hlakola selemong sa  1850 mme ba dulaKeetmanshoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDNama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|newspaper=Klaus Dierks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The_uncivilized_races_of_men_in_all_countries_of_the_world_-_being_a_comprehensive_account_of_their_manners_and_customs,_and_of_their_physical,_social,_mental,_moral_and_religious_characteristics_(14793148393).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Matlo a MaKhoekhoe]]
Har'a batho ba Nama ho boetse ho na le Ma-Oorlams, e leng sechaba sa boroa sa Khoekhoe se nang le tšimoloho e tsoakiloeng; ba ile ba falla ba lebile leboea ba tšela Noka ea Orange 'me ba kenngoa ka har'a sechaba se seholo sa Nama. Ma-Oorlams ka bobona a entsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano tse nyane:

* '''ǀAixaǀaen''' (Orlam Afrikaners) e ne e le sehlopha sa pele se kenang Namibia le ho lula moo ka ho sa feleng. Moetapele oa bona, Klaas Afrikaner, o ile a tloha Cape Colony hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1770. Qalong, leloko lena le ile la haha ​​qhobosheane ea '''ǁKhauxaǃnas''', la ntan'o fallela Blydeverwacht, 'me qetellong la lula Windhoek.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
* se senyenyane sa ǃAman (Bethanie Orlam) se ile sa lula Bethanie ngaka ea lekholo la bo-18 la lilemo.
* Sehlopha se senyenyane sa '''Kaiǀkhauan''' (Khauas Nama) se ile sa thehoa lilemong tsa bo-1830, ha leloko la Vlermuis le kopana le lelapa la Amraal.[1] Sebaka sa bona sa bolulo e ile ea e-ba Naosanabis (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Leonardville), moo ba ileng ba lula ho tloha ka 1840 ho ea pele.[2] Sehlopha sena se ile sa qetella se felile ka mor’a ho hloloa ntoeng ke mabotho a Imperial German Schutztruppe ka 1894 le 1896.[3]
* Sehlopha se senyenyane sa ǀHaiǀkhauan (Berseba Orlam) se ile sa thehoa ka 1850, ha malapa a Tibot le Goliath a arohana le sehlopha sa ǃAman ho ea theha Berseba.[1]
* Sehlopha sa merabe sa ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Orlam) e ne e le sona sa ho qetela ho hloma metse Namibia. Ba ne ba tsoa Pella, ka boroa ho Noka ea Orange. Motse oa habo bona e ile ea e-ba Gibeon.[1]

Batho bana ba Nama ba lula sebakeng sa Great Namaqualand naheng ea Namibia. Ho boetse ho na le lihlopha tse nyane tsa Nama tse lulang libakeng tsa Little Namaqualand, ka boroa ho Noka ea Orange karolong e ka leboea-bophirima ea Afrika Boroa.

=== MaKhoekhoe a Borwa (''Cape Khoe'') ===
[[File:Khoikhoi-nedersetting_-_1711.png|thumb|Sebaka sa bodulo sa MaKhoekhoe Table Bay, jwalo ka ha e takilwe ke Abraham Bogaert ho ''Historische Reizen'', ka selemo sa 1711]]
Merabe ea Khoekhoe e ka boroa (eo ka linako tse ling e bitsoang &quot;Cape Khoe&quot; ka phoso ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba Cape of Good Hope) e lula liprofinseng tsa Western Cape le Eastern Cape, libakeng tse lebopong le ka boroa-bophirima ho Afrika Boroa. E arotsoe ka lihlopha tse nyane tse nne: Eastern Cape Khoe, Central Cape Khoe, Western Cape Khoe le Peninsular Cape Khoe.[1] Sehlopha ka seng sa tsena se boetse se arotsoe ka lichaba le merabe e menyane e etsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso ea puso ea Khoekhoe.

=== Makhoekhe a Kapa Botjhabela ===

* Hoengeyqua
* [[Damasonqua]]
* Gonaqua

* Inqua (hape ba bitswa ''&quot;Humcumqua&quot;'')[[File:Naaukeurige_en_uitvoerige_beschryving_van_kaap_de_Goede_Hoop_(Pl._28)_(8741433968).jpg|thumb|312x312px|Lesaka la MaKhoekhoe , 1727]]
* Houtunqua
* Gamtobaqua (e ka nna ya eba karolo ya ''Houtunqua'')
* Attaqua
* Gouriqua
* Chamaqua

=== Makhoekhoe a leboya ===

* Chainouoqua
* Hawequa (hape ba bitswa ''&quot;Obiqua&quot;.'')
* Cochoqua
* Hessequa
* Chairiguriqua

=== Peninsular Cape Khoe ===
Goringhaiqua: Ba-Goringhaiqua ke puso e le 'ngoe ea morabe e entsoeng ka matlo a mabeli a Ba-Goringhaikona le Ba-Gorachouqua.

== Menahano ea pele ea batho ba Europe mabapi le tšimoloho ea batho ba Khoekhoe. ==
Buka ea melao ea puo le buka ea mantsoe a puo ea Sezulu, tse ileng tsa hatisoa ka 1859 ka mor’a ho laeloa hore li ngoloe, li ile tsa hlahisa khopolo ea hore batho bana ba tsoa Egepita—e leng khopolo e neng e bonahala e tumme ka nako eo. Mabaka a neng a fanoa bakeng sa sena a ne a kenyelletsa likarolo tse itseng tsa ponahalo ea batho ba Khoekhoe tse neng li nkoa li tšoana le tsa batho ba morabe o mosweu (Caucasian), tloaelo ea bona ea &quot;ho rapela khoeli&quot;, ho tšoana ho bonahalang le lintho tsa khale tsa Egepita ea mehleng ea khale, hammoho le ho ba le &quot;puo e fapaneng haholo&quot; le ea baahisani ba bona. Buka eo ea melao ea puo e bolela hore &quot;litsebi tse hloahloa tsa puo tsa mehleng ena ... li bona ho tšoana ho hlakileng pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli&quot;.

== Bona hape ==

* Polao e selhoho ya  Heroro ke ma Nama
* BaNam
* San 
* [[Coloureds|Bammala]]
* MaGriqua
* Nalane ya Aforika Borwa
* Khoisan
* [[Sarah Baartman]] (1789–1815),

== Dinoutsu ==
 

== Mehlodi ==

== Ho bala ho ya pele ==

* P. Kolben, ''Present State of the Cape of Good Hope'' (London, 1731–38);
* A. Sparman, ''Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope'' (Perth, 1786);
* Sir John Barrow, ''Travels into the Interior of South Africa'' (London, 1801);
* Bleek, Wilhelm, ''Reynard the Fox in South Africa; or Hottentot Fables and Tales'' (London, 1864);
* Emil Holub, ''[[wikisource:Seven Years in South Africa|Seven Years in South Africa]]'' (English translation, Boston, 1881);
* G. W. Stow, ''Native Races of South Africa'' (New York, 1905);
* A. R. Colquhoun, ''Africander Land'' (New York, 1906);
* L. Schultze, ''Aus Namaland und Kalahari'' (Jena, 1907);
* Meinhof, Carl, ''Die Sprachen der Hamiten'' (Hamburg, 1912);
* Richard Elphick, ''Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa'' (London, 1977)

== Dihokelo tsa ka ntle ==

* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/lessons/lesson7/lesson7.php?s=0 Cultural Contact in Southern Africa] by Anne Good for the [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh Women in World History website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404033826/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/august/khoi.htm An article on the history of the Khoikhoi]
* [https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan-identity Khoisan Identity on South African History Online]</text>
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'''Helen Beatrice Joseph''' OMSG ( ''née'' '''Fennell''' ) (8 Mmesa 1905 - 25 Tshitwe 1992) e ne e le moitseki wa kgahlanong le [[Kgethollo ya merabe|kgethollo ya morabe]] wa Afrika Borwa.  Helen, ea hlahetseng Sussex, Engelane, o ile a fumana lengolo la Senyesemane Univesithing ya London ka 1927 yaba o ya India, moo a ileng a ruta teng ka dilemo tse tharo Sekolong sa Mahbubia sa banana se Hyderabad. Hoo e ka bang ka 1930 o ile a tloha India a ya Engelane ka Afrika Borwa. Leha ho le jwalo, o ile a dula [[Thekong|Durban]], moo a ileng a kopana le ngaka ya meno, Billie Joseph, mme a nyalana le yena, eo hamorao a ileng a mo hlala.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-helen-joseph-1565649.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bophelo ba bonyaneng ==
Helen Joseph o hlahile e le Helen leruoe May Fennell ka 1905 Easebourne haufi le Midhurst, West Sussex, [[Engelane]], e le moradi wa ofisiri ya mmuso ya lekgetlo le thekiso ya thepa, Samuel Fennell.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)&lt;/ref&gt; Josefa o ne a tswa lelapeng la basweu ba maemo a mahareng.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/26/world/helen-joseph-dies-in-south-africa-early-foe-of-apartheid-was-87.html&lt;/ref&gt; O holetse lelapeng le nang le kgethollo ya morabe.&lt;ref&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259811&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=575–590}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 1923 Helen o ile a kena [[Yunivesiti ya Kapa|Univesithing ya Cape Town]] ho ya ithuta Sezulu le Setswana, a fumana mangolo King's College London ka 1927. Kamora ho ruta Amerika ka dilemo tse hlano, o ne a ikemiseditse ho kgutlela hae ka Engelane . Motseng o koung wa Sussex, o ile a tlwaelana le Dorothy Stubbs, mosuwe wa Sekolo sa Clifton (Durban), eo ntatae Harry Stubbs e neng e le hlooho ya sekolo. Ha Mofumahatsana Stubbs a tloha sekolong ho ya nyalana, ba ile ba fa Helen Joseph sebaka se se nang motho. O rutile sekolong ka 1930–1931.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cliftonschool.co.za/&lt;/ref&gt;  Ha a le Durban o kopane mme ka 1931 a nyalana le Billie Joseph, ngaka ya meno ya Mojuda e neng e mo feta ka dilemo tse 17.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)&lt;/ref&gt; O sebeleditse Lebothong la Moeeng la Basadi nakong ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe e le ofisiri ya tlhahisoleseding le boiketlo. Kamora ntwa, o ile a hlala Billie Joseph. O ile a kwetliswa e le mosebeletsi wa setjhaba mme a qala ho sebetsa setsing sa setjhaba sebakeng sa Mabala (merabe e tswakilweng) sa Cape Town.

== Bophelo ba morao ==
Ka 1951 Helen o kopane le Solly Sachs ka lekgetlo la pele ha a ne a etsa kopo ya mosebetsi wa Mokgatlo. Ka nako eo, Sachs e ne e le hlooho wa Mokgatlo wa Basebetsi ba Diaparo.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86852-196-5&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=249}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tshositsw ke maemo a batho ba batsho ba Afrika Borwa, o ile a loana le baitseki ho ba fumanela litokelo tse kholoanyane, tse kang tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, tokoloho ya puo, tekano ya merabe le litokelo tsa basadi.&lt;ref&gt;https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/09/africa/south-african-womens-day/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;E ne e le setho sa mothehi wa Congress of Democrats, mme e le e mong wa baetapele ba ileng ba bala dipehelo tsa [[Molao wa Tokoloho|Tokoloho Charter]] Kopanong ya Batho Kliptown ka 1955. A tshohile ka mahlomola a basadi ba batsho, o ile a bapala karolo ya bohlokwa, hammoho le [[Lillian Ngoyi]], ho thehweng ha Federation ya Basadi ba Afrika Borwa  . Ka boetapele ba yona, o ile a etella pele Mokoloko wa basadi ba 20,000 ka la 9 Phato 1956, ho ya Union Buildings e Pretoria ho ya ipelaetsa kgahlanong le melao ya dipasa . Letsatsi lena le ntse le ketekoa e le Letsatsi la Basadi la Naha la Afrika Borwa. 

=== Nyewe ya bohlabani le ho kwallwa ha ntlo ===
Khanyetso ya Joseph kgahlanong le Mmuso e ne e sa hlokomeloe mme e ne e le moqosuwa Nyeweng ya Phetohelo ya 1956. Moahlodi Rumpff o itse, &quot;Bopaking bohle bo hlahisitsweng lekgotleng lena le diphihlellong tsa rona tsa nnete, ho ke ke ha kgoneha hore lekgotla lena le fihlele qeto ya hore African National Congress e fumane kapa e nkile leano la ho diha mmuso ka dikgoka, ke hore, ka kutlwisiso ya hore bongata bo ne bo lokela ho itokisetsa kapa ho lokisetswa ho etsa diketso tse tobileng tsa dikgoka kgahlanong le mmuso.&quot;

Leha ho le jwalo, Joseph o ile a tshwarwa ka qoso ya ho phethola mmuso ka Tshitwe 1956 ka lebaka la boipelaetso ba hae kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe. Ka 1957, Joseph o ile a thibelwa ho hanyetsa mmuso phatlalatsa ka puo le boipelaetso ba hae.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/26/world/helen-joseph-dies-in-south-africa-early-foe-of-apartheid-was-87.html&lt;/ref&gt; Nyewe ya boipelaetso e ile ya nka dilemo tse nne mme a lokollwa ka 1961. Josefa e ne e le e mong oa basadi ba tsheletseng ba Bajuda ba neng ba qoswa, ba bang e le [[Ruth First]], [[Yetta Barenblatt]], Sonia Bunting, Dorothy Shanley le Jacqueline Arenstein . &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)&lt;/ref&gt;Ha a ntse a le nyeweng ya ho phethola mmuso, Joseph o ile a utlwa hore mmuso o qobella batho ho tswa naheng eo le ho ya libakeng tse hōle haeba ho ne ho nahanwa hore ba tlotse melao ya kgethollo ya morabe. &lt;ref&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259811&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 1962, Joseph o ile a fumana boholo ba batho ba lelekilweng naheng eo yaba o ba kopanya le malapa a bona mme a ba fa dintho tse hlokahalang. &lt;ref&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070802259811&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ho sa tsotellehe ho lokollwa ha hae molatong, Helen Joseph e bile motho wa pele ya ileng a kenngwa tjhankaneng  ya ntlo ka la 13 Mphalane 1962 tlasa Molao wa Sabotage o hlahisitsweng ke mmuso [[Kgethollo ya merabe|wa khethollo ya morabe]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation&lt;/ref&gt;O ile a phonyoha lefu ka lesoba la nale ka makhetlo a fetang a le mong, a pholoha likulo tse thunngoeng ka kamoreng ea hae ea ho robala le bomo e ileng ea hokellwa hekeng ya hae e ka pele. Ka Motsheanong, 1971, o ile a lokollwa nakwana teronkong ea hae ya Norwood, toropo e ka thoko ya Johannesburg, e le hore a ka etswa opereishene ea kankere sepetlele Johannesburg . Ka nako eo o ne a qetile matsatsi a 3,145 a latellanang a le hae, leha a ne a eso ka a ahloleloa tlolo ya molao, &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/3145day-house-arrest-lifted-by-south-africans.html&lt;/ref&gt;Taelo ya hae ya ho qetela ya thibelo e ile ea tlosoa ka 1985 ha a le lilemo li 80 mme a qetile dilemo tse 23 a le teronkong.

Ha a nehelana ka lengolo ho Khomishene ya Nnete le Poelano, Paul Erasmus, mothusi wa tshebeletso ya sephiri, o boletse hore ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 1978 ho fihlela bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1980, yena le basebetsi mmoho le yena ba ne ba sentse thepa ya Mofumahadi Joseph ka makgetlo a mangata ka ho lahlela majwe ka difensetere tsa ntlo ya hae, ba etsa ditshoso tsa mohala, ba thunya ntlo empa ba ne ba sa ikemisetsa ho lematsa motho ofe kapa ofe, ba laela mme ba etsa hore dintho tse sa batleheng di tliswe ntlong ya hae, mme ba tshela setlolo sa pente hodima koloi ya hae, hammoho le koloi ya Ann Hughes, ha ya morao a mo etela.

Tshabo ya mmuso wa apartheid ho yena e ne e makatsa: &quot;Ngwanana ya kgathetseng, motho ya sa rateng jwaloka na a ka ba tšokelo joang ts'ireletsong ea mmuso feela eo ba ka e buang?&quot; Ho qotsoa hore Josefa o itse.&lt;ref&gt;http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/hearing.php?id=59512&amp;t=&amp;tab=hearings&lt;/ref&gt; Ho tloha bofelong ba dilemo tsa bo-1970, Letsatsi la Keresemese e ne e le &quot;Letsatsi le Bulehileng&quot; ntlong ya Helen Joseph bakeng sa ba amehang ntweng e kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe. Metswalle yohle e ile ya tlisa dijo mme ka hora ya leshome le metso e mmedi motsheare e mong le e mong a phahamisa digalase tsa hae ho ba neng ba kentswe teronkong ya Robben Island. (Ho bonahala baahi ba Robben Island ba ne ba tseba ka moetlo.) Ka la 25 Tshitwe 1992, Joseph o ne a le sepetlele mme sebaka seo se ile sa fallela 11 Plantation Road, The Gardens. Batshwaruwa ba Robben Island ba ne ba lokollotswe, mme ba neng ba le teng ba ile ba phahamisa dikgalase tsa bona ho Helen, ya ileng a hlokahala nakwana ka mora moo.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/helen-joseph&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/treason-trial-1956-1961&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bophelo ba botho ==
[[File:Helen_Joseph_Avalon.jpg|thumb| Lebitla la Helen Joseph mabitleng Avalon]]
&quot;Ka la 31 Tshitwe 1956, ke ile ka fallela ntlong ya ka e nyenyane e nang le difate tse telele, ke thabetse ho ba le lehae la ka....&quot; – Joseph o qotsitse a rialo ka 1986. Ntlo ena e ne e le 35 Fanny Avenue, mme ho kena ho yona ka Tshitwe 1956 e ne e le ketso ya tumelo le tshepo, kaha Helen o ne a tshwerwe matsatsi a seng makae pele ho moo, a qoswa ka ho phethola mmuso, mme a tobana le nyewe ka dilemo tse nne. Hoa hohela ho nahana hore Helen Joseph o kgethile ho dula Norwood hobane metswalle ya hae e mmedi, Bram Fischer wa Oaklands, le Violet Weinberg wa The Gardens, ba ne ba lula haufi. Ho sa tsotelehe lebaka la kgetho ya hae, o ne a tla tsamaisa ntwa ya hae kgahlanong le ho hloka toka ho tloha puong ena ho fihlela lefung la hae ka 1992. Nakong eo o ile a thibeloa ka makhetlo a mane, a kwallwa teronkong ka makgetlo a mane, me a bona bophelo ba hae bo fetoha pale e telele ya mahloriso a mapolesa, boholo ba nako a e qeta a tshwerwe ka tlung.

Helen o ne a se na bana ba hae, empa hangata o ne a emela bana ba metsoalle ya hae teronkong kapa ba lelekilwe naheng. O ne a tadingwa e le mme mahlong a baitseki ba bangata, mme ka dilemo tse ngata, ba ne ba mo keteka ka Letsatsi la Bo-mme . &lt;ref&gt;https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/&lt;/ref&gt;Hara bana ba ileng ba qeta nako ba mo hlokomela e ne e le barali ba Winnie le Nelson Mandela – Zinzi le Zenani – le morali oa Bram Fischer, Ilsa.

== Lefa le tlhompho ==
Helen Joseph o hlokahetse ka la 25 Tshitwe 1992 a le lilemo li 87, &lt;ref&gt;https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/helen-joseph&lt;/ref&gt;ka mor'a ho amohelwa Order of Simon of Cyrene ka 1992, e leng tlhompho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa eo Kereke ea Anglican ea Afrika Boroa e e fang ditho tsa kereke tse fanang ka tshebeletso e ikhethang.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/?inventory/U/collections&amp;c=A1985/R/6114&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a fuwa Kgau ya Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe ke ANC selemong sona seo.

Sekolo sa Clifton (Durban) se rehile laeborari lebitso la Helen Joseph, ea neng a ruta moo ha a qala ho tla Afrika Borwa. Laeborari e na le setshwantsho se laetsoeng ka ho khetheha.&lt;ref&gt;https://bereamail.co.za/189426/struggle-legend-honoured-2/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Libaka tse reheletsoeng ka Helen Joseph li kenyelletsa Tsela ea khale ea Davenport e Glenwood, KwaZulu-Natal, Sepetlele sa Helen Joseph Johannesburg, bolulo ba baithuti Univesithing ea Rhodes, [[Grahamstown]], le litsela tse Rustenburg le Johannesburg.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ru.ac.za/helenjosephhouse/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/deeper-look-johannesburgs-new-street-names&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20200911150036/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/joburg-cbd-streets-renamed&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ka la 8 Mmesa, 2021, Google e ketekile letsatsi la yona la tswalo la bo116 ka Google Doodle . &lt;ref&gt;https://doodles.google/doodle/helen-josephs-116th-birthday/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diteboho ==

* Sepetlele sa Helen Joseph Brixton
* Seterata sa Helen Joseph, karolo ya tsela ya R104 Pretoria

== Mesebetsi e phatlaladitsweng ==

*  
*  
*  
* ''[https://www.amazon.com/Helen-Joseph-Grade-Fought-Freedom/dp/0636022404 Helen Joseph]''. Johannesburg: Maskew Miller Longman. 1995.  .

== Bona hape ==

* Lethathamo la batho ba tlasa ditaelo tsa thibelo tlasa kgethollo ya morabe

== Dintlha le Ditshupiso ==

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'''Mabitla a Avalon''' ke e nngwe ea mabitla a maholo ka ho fetisisa [[Afrika Borwa]]  . E butswe ka 1972, &lt;ref&gt;http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/04/30/avalon-cemetery-has-become-a-crime-hotspot&lt;/ref&gt;nakong ya sehlohlolo sa [[Kgethollo ya merabe|khethollo ya morabe]], e le mabitla a batho ba batsho feela. Katoloso e kgolo e ile ya bulwa semmuso ka la 9 Hlakola ke Matshidiso Mfikoe, eo ka nako eo e neng e le setho sa komiti ya ramotse bakeng sa ditshebeletso tsa tikoloho le tsa dikhamphani. Pele Avalon e bulwa, batho ba Sowetan ba ile ba patwa mabitleng a Nancefield (Klipspruit). Sebaka seo sa lepato se ile sa buloa ka 1912 empa hona jwale se tletse ntle le lepato la bobedi kapa la boraro.

Ka nqane ho monyako, ka letsohong le letshehadi, ho na le Dihopotso tse nehetsweng balwanedi ba ntwa Lilian Ngoyi le Helen Joseph. Nakong ea Khoeli ea Basali ka Phato 2010, mabitla a Ngoyi, Joseph le Maxeke a ile a phatlalatsoa e le Libaka tsa Bohlokwa tsa Naha. (Lebitla le na le dihopotso tsa bahale ba bang hape.)

Ka Leboya, haufi le Seteishene sa Terene, ho na le Sehopotso sa Mendi . Mabitleng ho na le mabitla a Joe Slovo le Hector Pieterson.

Mabitla a batho ba tswang Lenasia, Soweto le dibakeng tse haufi a fihlile palong e kgolo ka la 21 Mphalane 2022.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.citizen.co.za/news/lenasia-avalon-cemetery-reaches-capacity-october-2022/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Setso ==
Tekanyetso ya mapato a maholo setsong sa batho ba batsho sa Afrika Borwa e behilow dilemong tsa bo-1970 le bo-1980, nakong ya ntwa e kgahlanong le khethollo ya morabe . Baithuti ba dikete ba ile ba kwetela sekolo, ba amohela lepetjo le reng &quot;tokoloho pele ho thuto&quot; mme ba kena diterateng ho ipelaetsa. Ba ile ba thulana le mapolesa ka mokgwa o ke keng oa qojwa, mme palo ya ba shwang e ne e eketseha beke le beke. Mapato a bahlaseluwa e ile ya eba e nngwe ea dipontsho tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa ho hanyetsa 'muso oa kgethollo ya morabe. Batho ba fetang 10,000, ba bang ba apere meaparo ya sesole mme ba hlometse ka dithunya tsa lehong, ba ne ba tla phallela mabitleng ho bontsha bonngwe ba bona ntweng. Ha ho ne ho se na dibese tse lekaneng ho ba isa mabitleng, baipelaetsi ba ile ba emisa bakhanni mme ba qobella bakhanni ho ba palamisa. Qetellong ya letsatsi, mapato a ne a atisa ho hlahisa bahlaseluwa ba bacha ba ntoa hore ba patwe bekeng e latelang.

== Mapato a tummeng ==
Lebitla la Avalon le tsebahala ka batho ba bangata ba tummeng ba patilweng mabaleng a lona. Tse tsebahalang di kenyelletsa: [[Zolile Hector Pieterson|Hector Pieterson]], [[Hastings Ndlovu]], Joe Slovo, Laloo Chiba, [[Lillian Ngoyi|Lilian Ngoyi]], [[Helen Joseph]], Zephania Mothopeng, Abu Baker Asvat, le [[Teboho MacDonald Mashinini|Tsietsi Mashinini]] . &lt;ref&gt;http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/cemeteries-contents-61&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Yossel Mashel &quot;Joe&quot; Slovo''' (23 Motsheanong 1926)&amp;nbsp;– 6 Pherekhong 1995) e ne e le radipolotiki wa [[Afrika Borwa]] , mohanyetsi wa kgethollo ya morabe, le mofetohedi. Kaha e ne e le Marxist-Leninist, e ne e le moetapele le setsebi sa thuto ya bodumedi sa nako e telele sa South African Communist Party (SACP), setho se ka sehloohong sa [[African National Congress]] (ANC), le molaodi wa lepheo la sesole la ANC, uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK).

Slovo e ne e le moemedi wa Kopano ya Batho ba merabe e mengata ya Phuptjane 1955 e ileng ya qapa Tokomane ya Tokoloho . O ile a kwallwa teronkong dikgwedi tse tsheletseng ka 1960, mme a hlahella e le moetapele oa Mkhonto we Sizwe selemong se latelang. O phetse botlamuoeng ho tloha ka 1963 ho isa ho 1990, a etsa mesebetsi e kgahlanong le puso ya khethollo ya morabe ho tswa United Kingdom, Angola, Mozambique le Zambia .

Ka 1990, o ile a kgutlela Afrika Borwa, mme a nka karolo dipuisanong tse ileng tsa fedisa kgethollo ya morabe. O ile a tsebahala ka ho hlahisa &quot;melao ya ho dikela ha letsatsi&quot; e akaretsang dilemo tse hlano tse latelang khetho ya demokrasi, ho kenyeletsoa le ditiisetso le ditumello ho mahlakore ohle, &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180512200247/http://www.sacp.org.za/people/slovo/negotiations.html&lt;/ref&gt;le boemo ba hae bo matla ba ho se kgetholle morabe . Kamora dikgetho tsa 1994, e ile ya ba letona la Matlo mmusong wa Nelson Mandela . Slovo o hlokahetse ka lebaka la kankere ka 1995. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/07/obituaries/joe-slovo-anti-apartheid-stalinist-dies-at-68.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|newspaper=Bill Keller}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bophelo ba botho le ba dipolotiki ==

=== Lelapa, dikamano le thuto ===
Slovo o hlahile ka la 23 Motsheanong 1926 Obeliai, Lithuania, lelapeng la Bajuda le ileng la fallela Kopanong ya Afrika Borwa ha a le dilemo di  robedi. Ntate wa hae o ne a sebetsa e le mokhanni wa diterata tsa Johannesburg . Leha lelapa la hae le ne le rata bolumeli, o ile a fetoha mokgelohi ya ileng a dula a hlompha &quot;dikarolo tse ntle tsa setso sa Sejuda &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-joe-slovo-1566935.html&lt;/ref&gt;Slovo o rutehile Sekolong sa King Edward VII  mme a tlohela sekolo ka 1941 mme a fumana mosebetsi wa ho ba tlelereke ya dispatch. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_African_Political_Economy&lt;/ref&gt;O ile a kenela Mokgatlo wa Naha wa Basebetsi ba Kabo mme, jwalo ka molebedi wa mabenkele, o ne a ameha ho hlophiseng seteraeke.

Pakeng tsa 1946 le 1950, o qetile lengolo la molao Univesithing ya Witswatersrand mme e ne e le moithuti ya lwanelang ditokelo tsa molao. O ne a le sehlopheng se le seng le Nelson Mandela le Harry Schwarz . Ka 1949, Slovo o ile a nyala Ruth First, mohanyetsi e mong ya tummeng wa Mojuda kgahlanong le khethollo ya morabe le moradi oa mohlokomedi wa matlotlo wa SACP Julius First. Ba ne ba ena le barali ba bararo, Shawn, [[Gillian Slovo|Gillian]] le [[Robyn Slovo|Robyn]] . Ruth First o ile a bolaoa ka 1982 Maputo, ka taelo ea Craig Williamson, eo e neng e le molaodi wa Sepolesa sa Afrika Boroa . &lt;ref&gt;http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=qw959878501885B236&lt;/ref&gt;

Slovo e ne e le mohlahlobisisi ya matla wa Iseraele, eo a neng a e nka e le naha ea kgethollo ya morabe, mme o hlalositswe hara &quot;batho ba batlang ho bona toka dintweng hohle moo di lwanoang teng&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67257862&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ho nka karolo Mokgahlelong wa Bokomonisi wa Afrika Borwa (SACP) ===
Slovo o ile a ikopanya le Mokga wa Makomonisi wa Afrika Borwa ka 1942. Ka lebaka la ho susumetsoa ke dintwa tsa Lebotho le Lefubelu kgahlanong le Jeremane ya Bonazi ka Botjhabela ba Ntwa ya II ya Lefatshe, Slovo o ile a ithaopela ho lwana ntweng. O sebeleditse e le Moemedi wa Letshwao mesebetsing ya ntwa bakeng sa mabotho a Afrika Borwa Afrika Leboya le Italy, mme ha a kgutlela Afrika Borwa o ile a ikopanya le Springbok Legion, mokgatlo wa masole a mehleng a mehleng a nang le ditso tse ngata a ratang ntwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875284-95-5&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ka 1950, SACP e ile ea thibeloa mme First le Slovo ka bobedi li ne di thathamisitsweng e le Makomonisi tlasa Molao wa Kgatello ya Bokomonisi 'me di ne di ke ke tsa qotswa kapa tsa ya dibakeng tsa setjhaba Afrika Borwa. O ile a qala ho ba mafolofolo Kopanong ya Mademokrate ya Afrika Borwa (molekane wa ANC jwalo ka karolo ya Kopano ya Kopano ) mme e ne e le moemedi Kopanong ya Batho ya Phuptjane 1955 e neng e hlophisitswe ke ANC le mekgatlo ya Maindia, Makhalate le masweu Kliptown haufi le Johannesburg, e ileng ya etsa [[Molao wa Tokoloho|Tokoloho ya Tokoloho]] . O ile a tšoaroa 'me a koalloa likhoeli tse peli nakong ea Nyewe ya Bofetohedi ea 1956. Liqoso tse khahlanong le yena di ile tsa hlakoloa ka 1958. Hamorao o ile a tshwarwa dikgwedi tse tsheletseng nakong ya phatlalatso ya naha ya tshohanyetso kamora polao ya Sharpeville ka 1960.

Ka 1961, Slovo le Abongz Mbede ba ile ba hlaha e le baetapele ba babedi ba Mkhonto we Sizwe (MK), lepheo la sesole la ANC, le thehilweng ka selekane pakeng tsa ANC le SACP.

Ka 1984, o ile a kgethwa ho ba mongoli kakaretso wa SACP Lusaka, Zambia, mme ka 1985, e ile ya ba setho sa pele sa lekgowa sa phethahatso ya naha ya ANC.
 

=== Nako ya botlamuwa le ho kgutla ===
[[File:Yasser_Arafat_and_Joe_Slovo_(1986).jpg|thumb| Slovo le Yasser Arafat lepatong la mopresidente wa Mozambique Samora Machel, 1986]]
Ka 1963, o ile a ya botlamuweng mme a dula [[United Kingdom|Brithani]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambiki|Mozambique]] le [[Zambia]] . Boemong ba hae jwalo ka mookamedi wa basebetsi ba MK, o ile a ngola mesebetsi ya yona ka molao, jwalo ka ho phatloha ha bomo ya Church Street ka 1983.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9705/s970512a.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Ka 1982, mosadi wa Slovo, [[Ruth First]], o ile a bolawa Maputo, Mozambique, moo banyalani bao ba neng ba lula botlamuweng. Ka 1984, Slovo, setho sa ANC le SACP, o ile a qobellwa ho tloha Mozambique ho latela Tumellano ya Nkomati pakeng tsa Rephaboliki ya Batho ba Marxist ya Mozambique le Afrika Boroa ea khethollo ya morabe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=130–131}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Motsheanong 1990, kamora dilemo tse 27 tsa botlamuwa,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/17/world/old-marxist-returns-with-hope-for-south-africa.html&lt;/ref&gt; Slovo o ile a kgutlela naheng eo ho ya nka karolo &quot;dipuisanong tsa pele mabapi le dipuisano&quot; pakeng tsa mmuso le ANC. Kaha o ne a kula, o ile a itokolla mosebetsing jwalo ka mongodi kakaretso wa SACP ka 1991 mme a fuwa boemo ba sehlooho ba ho ba modulasetulo wa SACP. Slovo o ile a hlahlangwa ke Chris Hani, ya ileng a bolaoa lilemo tse pedi hamorao ke lesole le lesweu le letona. Slovo e ne e le motho ya neng a ena le modemona ka nako e telele setjhabeng sa batho ba basweu ba Afrika Borwa, a hlaloswa hampe haholo e le kolonele wa KGB kapa moemedi wa lekunutu oa Russia, 'me a hohela boraditaba ba bangata kamora ho kgutla ha hae. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=134–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ho fediswa ha kgethollo ya morabe Afrika Borwa (&quot;Dikarolwana tsa Letsatsi la ho Timela&quot;) ===
Ka 1992, Slovo e ile ya fumana katleho e kgolo dipuisanong tsa ho felisa kgethollo ya morabe Afrika Borwa  ka ho hlahisa &quot;di-clause tsa ho dikela ha letsatsi&quot; tse ntlafaditsweng ke boetapele ba ANC/SACP: mmuso wa kopanelo ka dilemo tse hlano kamora dikgetho tsa demokrasi, ditiisetso bakeng sa basebetsi ba mmuso, ho kenyeletswa le mahae le mabotho a hlometseng, le tshebetso ea tshwarelo. Tsena di ne di reretswe ho thibela diphetoho tsa mmuso tsa lepheo le letona le ho se tsitse ha mmuso. Leha ho le jwalo, Slovo o hanne ka ho toba tumellano efe kapa efe mabapi le puso e felletseng ya bongata, le tumellano efe kapa efe e &quot;thibileng ka molaotheo ka ho sa feleng&quot; mmuso o motjha &quot;ho kenella ka katleho ho ntshetsa pele tshebetso ya ho lokisa ho se leka-lekane ho bokelletsweng ka merabe maemong ohle a bophelo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180512200247/http://www.sacp.org.za/people/slovo/negotiations.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Teko ya polao ===
Mathwasong a 1993, sehlopha sa batho ba feteletseng se ile sa rera boiteko ba ho bolaya Slovo, empa Jacques Pauw, moqolotsi wa ditaba wa koranta ''ya The Star'', a mo tsebisa ka seo, ho fapana le mapolesa, a neng a tseba ka tlhaselo e rerilweng matsatsing a fetileng.

Slovo o ile a bua ka matshwenyeho a hae mabapi le karolo ya mapolesa ka ho re: &quot;Ho etsa hore motho a ipotse hore na ke mang eo motho a ka mo tšepang sepoleseng&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/police-foil-plot-to-murder-slovo-communist-party-leader-says-assassination-plan-points-to-rightwing-desperation-over-progress-towards-multiracial-state-2322367.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Slovo o ne a le dilemo di 67 ka nako eo banna ba bahlano ba neng ba hokahanya boiteko ba polao ka ntle ho ntlo ya hae Johannesburg pakeng tsa la 15 Motsheanong le la 21 Motsheanong 1993.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/police-foil-plot-to-murder-slovo-communist-party-leader-says-assassination-plan-points-to-rightwing-desperation-over-progress-towards-multiracial-state-2322367.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Bophelo le lefu hamorao ===
[[File:Ruth_First_and_Joe_Slovo_(5021266886).jpg|thumb| Letlapa le mane Camden Town]]
Kamora dikgetho tsa 1994, Slovo e ile ea eba Letona la matlo mmusong wa [[Nelson Mandela]], ho fihlela lefung la hae ka 1995 ka lebaka la kankere .&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/dated-event/joe-slovo-dies&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lepato la hae le ne le etetsoe ke balaodi bohle ba phahameng ba ANC, le boholo ba bahlanka ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa naheng, ho kenyeletsoa le Nelson Mandela le [[Thabo Mbeki]], mme o ile a patwa [[Serapa sa mabitleng sa Avalon|Avalon Cemetery]], [[Soweto]], e leng ntho e neng e sa tsejwe ke motho e mosweu wa Afrika Borwa.

Ketsahalo ena e ne e ena le batho ba 50,000, hoo e ka bang bohle e le batho ba batsho. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAR&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dingodilweng tse ding, ditlotla le mosebetsi wa ho bapala ==

=== Ditlhompho tsa setjhaba le tse tshwanang le tsona ===
[[File:Joe_Slovo_Grave,_Avalon_Cemetery,_Soweto.jpg|thumb|356x356px| Lebitla la Joe Slovo [[Serapa sa mabitleng sa Avalon|mabitleng a Avalon]], [[Soweto]]]]
Ka 2004, Slovo e ile a kgethwa ya bo47 ho Maafrika Borwa a 100 a Hlwahlwa  .

Metse ya mekhukhu e hahilweng hodima mesebetsi ya mobu Durban le Cape Town e ile ya rehellwa ka Joe Slovo ke bathehi ba yona.

Tsela ya Harrow e Johannesburg le Field Street e Durban Central di ile tsa rehwa lebitso la Joe Slovo Drive le Joe Slovo Street ka ho latellana. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102327/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Government/street_renaming/Biographies/Pages/Joe-Slovo.aspx&lt;/ref&gt; Moaho o sa tswa hahuwa wa Bodulo Univesithing ya Rhodes e [[Grahamstown]], Afrika Borwa, o rehilwe lebitso la &quot;Joe Slovo&quot; ho tlotla monna eo.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070856/http://www.ru.ac.za/admissiongateway/campuslife/hallsofresidence/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Congress of South African Trade Unions, e leng federation e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ya mekgatlo ya basebetsi Afrika Borwa, le motswalle wa ANC le SACP, e thusa ho hlophisa Thuto ya Sehopotso sa Joe Slovo ya selemo le selemo&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012414/http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=310&lt;/ref&gt; mme hangata e ntsha polelo ka sehopotso sa lefu la hae.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193635/http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=12286&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka 2024, dijong tsa mantsibuya tsa mokete wa sehopotso sa bo120 sa Boto ya Badeputi ba Bajuda ba Afrika Borwa  (SABJD), o ile a hlomphuwa hara Maafrika Borwa a 100 a ikgethang a Bajuda a kentseng letsoho ho thusa Afrika Borwa. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jorzdQVRhI&lt;/ref&gt;Mokete ona o ne o kenyelletsa lipuo tsa Moruti e Moholo Ephraim Mirvis, mme Slovo o ile a hlomphuwa ka baitseki ba bang ba kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe, Helen Suzman, Rusty Bernstein, Arthur Goldreich le [[Ruth First]] .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jorzdQVRhI&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sajr.co.za/story-of-tenacity-board-honours-great-south-africans/&lt;/ref&gt;

Slovo o ne a ratwa haholo ho pholletsa le Afrika e ka Borwa, mme makasine e ka sehloohong ya Zimbabwe, ''Southern African Political and Economic Monthly'' e ne e phatlalatsa tokollo e kgethehileng ka lefu la hae, mme e hlalosa Slovo sebokeng sa lefu la hae e le &quot;mohale ya ntwa ya tokoloho&quot; le &quot;motho wa Afrika ya ratang naha&quot; ya qwetseng ka botlalo ntoeng ya tokoloho ea batho ba batšo. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAR&quot; /&gt;

=== Cinema le mmino ===
Joe Slovo o hlaha e le sebapali difiliming tse pedi tseo moradi wa hae Shawn Slovo a ngotseng filimi ya hae ho tsona. Filiming e hapileng dikgau ya 1988 ''ya A World Apart'', o hlahiswa e le &quot;Gus Roth&quot; (e bapaloang ke Jeroen Krabbé ). O bapalwa ke Malcolm Purkey filiming ya 2006 ''ya Catch A Fire'' .

== Ditshupiso ==

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'''Mmuso wa Mapungubwe''' e ne e le naha ya kgale e neng e le sebakeng seo ka dinoka tsa Shashe le Limpopo di kopanang teng, naheng eo kajeno e tsejwang e le Afrika Borwa, ka boroa ho Great Zimbabwe. Palo ea baahi ba motse-moholo e ne e le 5,000 ka selemo sa 1250, 'me ho ka etsahala hore naha eo e ne e akaretsa sebaka se ka bang 30,000 km² (12,000 sq mi).

Hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1000 CE, batho ba bang ba setso sa Leopard's Kopje ba ile ba tšela noka ea Limpopo ho ea Bambandyanalo, moo ba neng ba phela ka temo le ho rua liphoofolo; ba ne ba isa mehlape e meholo ea likhomo libakeng tsa ho fula tsa lichaba tse ling—e leng se ileng sa matlafatsa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki—ha ba ntse ba nka karolo khoebong ea Leoatle la India ka litoropo-naha tsa Swahili tse lebopong la Bochabela ba Afrika. Ha nako e ntse e feta, keketseho ea leruo har'a baahi ba neng ba ntse ba eketseha e ile ea baka ho se lekane hoo moralo oa sebaka sa Bambandyanalo o neng o sa lokelang maemo ao a macha.

Haufi le selemo sa 1220, nakong eo ho neng ho e-na le komello, batho ba maemo a holimo ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba fallela tlhōrōng ea Thaba ea Mapungubwe, 'me ba lateloa ke baahi ba bang ba ileng ba lula sebakeng se ka tlase ho eona. Hangata lithaba li ne li sebelisoa e le libaka tsa ho etsa meetlo ea ho kopa pula, 'me Thaba ea Mapungubwe e ile ea e-ba sebaka se ikhethang sa mofuta ona; ho lula ha moeta-pele moo ho ile ha bapala karolo e kholo nts'etsopele ea khopolo ea borena bo halalelang. Leruo le lengata le ile la bokelloa ka lekhetho le mefuta e meng ea litefiso, haholo-holo ka lebaka la hore sebaka seo noka ea Limpopo le ea Shashe li kopanang ho sona e ne e le setsi sa khoebo, moo manaka a litlou le khauta li neng li romelloa libakeng tsa lebopo la leoatle le ka bochabela. Ka mor'a liketsahalo tse sa tsejoeng le phetoho ea litsela tsa khoebo ho ea ka leboea hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1300, baahi ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba falla ba ea libakeng tse ling. Mehleng ea kajeno, hangata ba amahanngoa le batho ba merabe ea Kalanga (Shona) le Venda.

Leha baahi ba moo ba ne ba tseba ka sebaka sena se halalelang, Mapungubwe e ile ea sibolloa hape ke sechaba sa bo-rasaense le mmuso oa bokolone ka selemo sa 1933. Pokello ea lintho tsa khale tse fumanoeng sebakeng sena sa lipatlisiso tsa histori (Mapungubwe Collection) e bolokiloe Musiamong oa Mapungubwe o Pretoria. Sebaka sena se fumaneha Phakeng ya Setjhaba ea Mapungubwe (Mapungubwe National Park) Afrika Boroa, moeling o arolang naha ena le Zimbabwe hammoho le Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215987&lt;/ref&gt; Leha ho ne ho nahanoa hore e bile mmuso oa pele oa mofuta oa oona karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng sebakeng se haufi sa Mapela Hill li senola bopaki ba hore ho ne ho e-na le tsamaiso ea borena bo amanang le bolumeli (sacral kingship) lilemong tse ka bang 200 pele ho moo.&lt;ref&gt;https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Lebitso la yona la pele ha le tsejwe. Sebaka sena se ile sa rehwa lebitso la Mapungubwe ho latela melao ya ho reha mabitso e sebediswang ke baithuti ba tsa histori ya mehleng ya kgale (ba-archaeologist), mme lebitso lena la sebediswa le bakeng sa mmuso oo kaofela.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; Lebitso la Mapungubwe le bolela &quot;sebaka sa diphukubje (tse ngata)&quot;. Dipuong tse fapaneng tsa Se-Bantu, lentsoe &quot;-pungubwe&quot; le bolela diphukubje. Lentsoe &quot;jackal&quot; (phukubje) ke *phunguwe* ka puo ya Sevenda, ha ka puo ya Sesotho sa Leboya e le *phukubje*.&lt;ref&gt;http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jokrafi ==
Sebaka se potolohileng Mapungubwe, haufi le Noka ea Limpopo, kajeno se omme 'me se fumana pula e fokolang. Se entsoe ka maralla a majoe a lehlabathe (sandstone), lehlabathe la Kalahari, le naha e koahetsoeng ke lihlahla.  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1000 le 1200 CE, sebaka sena se ile sa fumana pula e ngata, e ileng ea thusa ho hola ha limela; sena sa hohela liphoofolo tse kang likolobe tsa naha (warthogs), likhomo tsa naha (wildebeests) le linare (buffalo)—hammoho le likokoanyana tsa tsetse. Likhohola tse tsoang Nokeng ea Limpopo li ile tsa hasa limatlafatsi sebakeng se ka thoko ho noka, ho kenyeletsoa le Phuleng ea Mapungubwe moo mobu o neng o fapana ho tloha ho o nang le lehlabathe ho ea ho o nang le letsopa; sena se ne se bolela hore temo e ka etsoa selemo ho pota.

== Nalane ==

=== Tshimoloho ===
Sebaka sena se seholo se ne se ahiloe ke batho ba San ka nako e ka bang lilemo tse 100,000. Sechaba sa pele sa San se ile sa siea lefa le ruileng la litšoantšo tse pentiloeng mahaeng ho pholletsa le Borwa ba Afrika.[1]: 11–2  Batho ba buang lipuo tsa Bantu ba ile ba aha sebakeng sa Phula ea Shashe-Limpopo pakeng tsa selemo sa 350 le 450 CE.&lt;ref&gt;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469605311417364&lt;/ref&gt; Tšimoloho ea 'Muso oa Mapungubwe e fumaneha ho Leopard's Kopje, e leng setso sa khale se sibolotsoeng ke baepolli ba lintho tsa khale naheng ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno.&lt;ref&gt;http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Schroda (900–1000) ====

==== K2 (1000–1220) ====
Haufi le selemo sa 1000, batho ba bang ba setso sa Leopard's Kopje ba ile ba falla ba lebile ka boroa ho ea lula sebakeng sa Bambandyanalo (se tsejoang hape e le K2, se ka tlas'a Thaba ea Bambandyanalo), ha batho ba setso sa Zhizo bona ba ne ba falla ba lebile bophirima ho ea lula Toutswe, naheng eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Botswana. Litsebi tse ling li lumela hore likamano tsa bona li ne li tletse bora le likhohlano tsa sesole, leha ho le joalo tse ling li phehella ka hore likamano tseo li ne li rarahane haholoanyane, ebang ke ka tsela ea sechaba kapa ea lipolotiki. &lt;ref&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006796925891&lt;/ref&gt;Ho fihla ha bona ho ile ha tsamaisana le ho qala ha nako ea pula e ngata, e leng se ileng sa eketsa haholo chai ea lijalo. Batho ba Leopard's Kopje ba ne ba bua mofuta oa pele oa puo ea Se-Shona, mohlomong e ne e le Se-Kalanga (Se-Shona sa bophirima). K2 e ne e le motse-moholo, mme ho ka etsahala hore e ne e arotsoe ka libaka tsa bolulo tse neng li laoloa ke hlooho ea lelapa, ha morena eena a ne a e-na le sebaka se seholo ka ho fetisisa. Basali ba ne ba sebetsa koporo, ha banna bona ba ne ba sebetsa tshepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba ne ba lema mabele, mahangu, finger millet, linaoa tsa fatše le dinawa tsa mofuta wa cowpea. E le ho sebelisa mobu ka katleho e kholoanyane, mehlape ea likhomo e ne e isoa hole le motse-moholo 'me e lumelloa ho fula mobung oa lichaba tse ling; sena se ne se matlafatsa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki le lichaba tseo, hape se lumella ho ba le mehlape e meholoanyane. Palo ea baahi e ile ea eketseha, 'me ka selemo sa 1200, sebaka sa K2 se ne se na le baahi ba ka bang 1,500. Mekhoa ea ho kopa pula e ne e atile, 'me ka linako tse ling moetapele o ne a hira batho ba tsoang kantle—ba kang batho ba San—bao ho neng ho lumeloa hore ba na le likamano tse khethehileng le meea ea naha ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha bona sebakeng seo nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba bang ba sechaba sa Zhizo ba neng ba setse Leokwe (e leng sebaka seo ho ka etsahalang hore se ne se le tlas'a taolo ea K2) ba ne ba ipabola litabeng tsa meetlo le mekete ea setso, hape ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha bona sebakeng seo nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas Huffman o ngotse hore leruo le leholo le hlahisitsoeng ke khoebo ea Leoatle la India le ile la baka ho se lekane ho sa kang ha e-ba teng pele, ha sechaba se ntse se fetoha ho tloha ho hlophisoang ho latela maemo a sechaba ho ea ho lihlopha tsa sechaba, 'me ha hlaha phapang e kholo ea boemo pakeng tsa sehlopha se busang le batho ba tloaelehileng. Ka lebaka leo, tlhophiso ea sebaka sa K2 e ile ea se ke ea hlola e tšoanela tsoelo-pele ena.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt; Leha ho le joalo, Mark Horton o ile a pheha khang ea hore libaka tsa kahare tsa Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa rua molemo o fokolang haholo khoebong ea sebaka se selelele ha ho bapisoa le litoropo-naha tsa lebopong la leoatle tsa Baswahili (mohlomong ka lebaka la taolo e felletseng ea khoebo ke Baswahili), 'me Shadreck Chirikure le ba bang ba supile hore moruo (le mohlomong tumello ea puso ea babusi) o ne o thehiloe temong le ho ruuoeng ha liphoofolo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, litsebi Nam Kim le Chapurukha Kusimba li hlalositse hore ts'ebetso ena ea ho theoa ha mmuso e bakiloe ke mekhoa e mecha ea temo, ho bokellana ha likhomo, le tšebeliso ea matla a amanang le meetlo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389424&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thaba ya Mapungubwe (1220–1300) ===
[[File:ZimbabweStatesAndTrade.svg|thumb|Mmapa wa ditsi tsa kgwebo  Zimbabwean Plateau]]
Haufi le selemo sa 1200, nako ea pula e ngata e ile ea fela. Nakong ea komello e matla eo ho ka etsahalang hore e ile ea ama sechaba hampe, baetapele ba borena ba ile ba fallesetsa motse-moholo oa bona Mapungubwe (sebaka sa khale sa meetlo ea ho kopa pula) 'me ba aha holim'a tlhōrō ea oona e bataletseng hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1220, ha batho ba bangata ba ne ba lula botlaaseng ba Thaba ea Mapungubwe.  Ho ka etsahala hore motse oa khale o ile oa chesoa e le hore ho buloe tsela bakeng sa o mocha. &lt;ref&gt;https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html&lt;/ref&gt;Thaba ea Mapungubwe e ile ea fetoha sebaka se ikhethang sa meetlo ea ho kopa pula, 'me ho lula ha moetapele moo ho ile ha totobatsa kamano pakeng tsa hae le taba ea ho kopa pula—e leng ntho ea bohlokoa haholo nts'etsopelong ea tsamaiso ea borena bo amanang le litaba tsa moea le bolumeli. Pele ho moo, thaba ena e ne e luloa ke batho ba San, 'me lehaheng le ka lehlakoreng le ka bochabela ho ne ho e-na le litšoantšo tsa bona.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

Morena oa pele (&quot;Shiriyadenga&quot; ho latela litloaelo tse ling tsa molomo tsa Venda)[1] o ne a qeta boholo ba nako ea hae a le thoko bakeng sa litšebeletso tsa moetlo, 'me ntlo-khōlō ea hae e ne e le karolong e ka bophirima ea leralla; e ne e kenyelletsa kamore eo morena a neng a ka amohela baeti ho eona, le e 'ngoe moo baeti ba neng ba hlahlojoa teng, hammoho le ntlo ea sengaka sa morena se khethehileng. Ka selemo sa 1250, Mapungubwe e ne e e-na le baahi ba ka bang 5000, ba lulang libakeng tse potolohileng leralla, ba etsa selikalikoe se fanang ka tšireletso. Morena oa bobeli (&quot;Tshidziwelele&quot; ho latela litloaelo tse ling tsa Venda)[1] o ne a e-na le ntlo-khōlō ea hae bohareng ba leralla, a e-na le litokisetso tse tšoanang le tsa eo a mo hlahlamang, leha ho le joalo kamore ea hae ea baeti e ne e arotsoe e le hore baeti ba arohanngoe le morena, eo a neng a buisana le bona ka mohlanka ea sebetsang e le molaoli oa puisano. Marena a ne a e-na le basali ba bangata, 'me ba bang ba bona ba ne ba lula ka ntle ho motse-moholo ho thusa ho boloka maqhama a bonngoe le litšebelisano-mmoho.[2][3]: 38–51  Tsamaiso le sebopeho sa 'muso ha li hlake hantle, leha litsebi li nahana hore li ne li tšoana le tsa 'Muso oa Bapedi.[2]: 71

Moruo o ne o thehiloe temong, 'me mehlape ea likhomo e ne e lisoa hole le motse-moholo e lumelloa ho fula masimong a lichaba tse ling; sena se ile sa thusa ho haha ​​likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki hammoho le ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea Mapungubwe. Leruo le lengata le ile la bokelloa ka mokhoa oa lekhetho kapa menehelo e neng e lefuoa ka lijalo, liphoofolo, le ka linako tse ling ka thepa e sa fumaneheng habonolo.[1][2]: 163  Koporo, khauta le *tin* li ne li sa fumanehe sebakeng sa Phula ea Limpopo-Shashe, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe Mapungubwe a ile a li fumana ka lekhetho kapa khoebong, kaha sebaka seo linōka tsa Limpopo le Shashe li kopanang ho sona e ne e le setsi sa khoebo.[3]: 20, 22  Ha ho hlake hore na qobello le likhohlano li ile tsa bapala karolo e kae kholong le matla a puso ea Mapungubwe, kaha lintho tsena li thata ho li bona ka lipatlisiso tsa lintho tsa khale (archaeology). Le hoja mabota a majoe a ne a e-na le morero oa ho khetholla batho ba maemo a holimo ho ba tloaelehileng, a ka 'na a boetse a ile a sebelisoa bakeng sa tšireletso, e leng se bontšang hore ntoa e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng.[4] Kim le Kusimba, hammoho le Simon Hall, ba boletse hore qobello le pefo li ne li tla ba tsa bohlokoa ho boloka matla a puso.[3]: 92  Mapungubwe a ne a etsa khoebo le libaka tse haufi tse kang Toutswe le Eiland, har'a tse ling, 'me khauta le manaka a litlou li ne li romelloa khoebong ea Leoatle la India ka Sofala.

Ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na ke eng e bakileng ho putlama ha Mapungubwe.[c] Elizabeth Anne Voigt o ile a fana ka maikutlo a hore likhomo li ka 'na tsa be li bakile ho senyeha ha mobu nakong ea komello, ha David Killick le Christopher Ehret bona ba re lekholong la bo-13 la lilemo, Kilwa le Mogadishu li ile tsa nka sebaka sa Manda le Shanga e le likou tse kholo tsa khoebo. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea Kilwa, Sofala e ile ea fetoha setsi sa khoebo ea khauta 'me ea ba le monyetla oa ho fihlella ka kotloloho Sebakeng se Phahameng sa Zimbabwe (Zimbabwean Plateau) moo ho neng ho hlahisoa khauta teng, e leng se ileng sa siea Mapungubwe ka thoko khoebong eo.[1]: 96  Chirikure le ba bang ba re litsela tsa khoebo li ile tsa fetela ka leboea ha bahoebi ba ntse ba tsamaea ho ea libakeng tsa kahare moo ho neng ho hlahisoa khauta teng, e leng se ileng sa ama moruo oa Mapungubwe hampe haholo. Ka lebaka leo, ho haella ha thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ho ka 'na ha be ho bakile ho putlama ha likamano tsa lipolotiki tsa Mapungubwe, tseo li neng li itšetlehile ka phapanyetsano ea thepa le litšebeletso bakeng sa naha ea ho alosa liphoofolo. Ba hakanya hore batho ba ile ba lahleheloa ke tšepo ho baetapele ba bona ka lebaka la ho hola ha lekhalo la maemo a bophelo le la moea lipakeng tsa batho ba tloaelehileng le morena (hammoho le litlhoko tse boima tsa lekhetho), e leng se ileng sa baka ho fela ha sepheo se le seng har'a batho le ho etsa hore ba khethe ho tloha sebakeng seo.[1]: 32–3, 98  Sebaka seo sa khohlo se ile sa siuoa ha batho ba ntse ba hasana ho ea ka leboea-bophirima le ka boroa. Ha baa ka ba hlola ba kopana hape. Ka leboea, Great Zimbabwe—e neng e le moeling oa naha ea Mapungubwe 'me e e-na le baahi ba fapaneng—e ile ea phahama ho ba mohlahlami oa eona, ea amohela mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho hlophisa sebaka ho latela maemo a sechaba le tsamaiso ea boetapele bo nkoang bo halalela.

== Moetlo le Setjhaba ==
[[File:Stone_game_board_on_Mapungubwe_Hill,_Limpopo,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Papadi ya mufuvha (mancala) morabaraba wa Mapungubwe.]]
Nakong eo ba neng ba lula K2, sechaba sa bona se ile sa fetoha ho tloha ho se hlophisitsoeng ho latela maemo a batho ho ea ho se hlophisitsoeng ho latela lihlopha tsa sechaba; e ne e le o mong oa mekhoa ea pele ea ho hlophisa sechaba ka lihlopha le mohlala oa puso ea borena e amanang le bolumeli (sacral kingship) karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika. Moetapele le batho ba maemo a holimo ba ne ba lula tlhōrōng ea leralla, ha baahi ba bang kaofela ba lula ka tlase.  Ho ne ho e-na le litsela tse nne tse nyolohelang lerallong, 'me e kholo ka ho fetisisa e ne e lebeloa ke masole a neng a bitsoa &quot;leihlo&quot; la morena.  Libaka tsa bolulo li ne li arotsoe ho ea ka lihlopha tse laoloang ke lihlooho tsa malapa, 'me li ne li potolohile leralla, li etsa selikalikoe se fanang ka tšireletso.  Ho ka etsahala hore ebe 'muso o ne o arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mehlano ea bolaoli ka lebaka la ho ata ha baahi sebakeng se seholo; mekhahlelo eo e ne e kenyelletsa lihlooho tsa malapa, lihlooho tsa metse, marena a manyane, marena a phahameng, le morena ka boeena.

Morena o ne a robala ka tlung e nyane ea lepolanka, sebakeng seo ho neng ho nahanoa hore ke sa sephiri. Baeti ba ne ba sa lumelloa ho kopana le morena. Sehlopha sa hae se ne se kenyelletsa masole le libini tse binang lithoriso, hammoho le libini tse letsang liletsa tse kang *mbira* le *xylophone*. Liketso tsa hae li ne li latela meetlo e khethehileng; mohlala, ha a ne a ethimola, sebini se binang lithoriso se ne se tsebisa bohle. Basali ba ne ba nkoa e le tsela ea ho fihlela katleho le boemo bo phahameng, kahoo morena o ne a e-na le basali ba bangata, 'me mosali e moholo a ba okametse. Basali ba bang ba ne ba lula ka ntle ho motse-moholo e le ho thusa ho boloka maqhama a tšebelisano-'moho.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba badilengbai nkile mesebetsing ya lichaba tse ling tsa Afrika Boroa pele ho bokolone 'me li totobatsa monyetla oa tsitsipano ea meloko e fapaneng, ka lebaka la bacha ba imetsoeng ke boholo ba mosebetsi, leha ba ne ba sa khone ho ba le likhomo kapa naha ho fihlela lenyalong. Ke banna ba maemo a holimo feela ba neng ba lumelloa ho qhibilihisa le ho sebetsa koporo le khauta. Litšepe tsena li ne li amahanngoa le matla, leruo le monono, 'me ke batho ba maemo a holimo feela ba neng ba ka ba le khauta. Leha boholo ba bona ba ne ba e-na le phihlello ea lisebelisoa tsa tšepe, balemi ba futsanehileng ba ne ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa majoe le masapo. Banna ba ne ba patoa ka har'a masaka, ha basali ba ne ba patoa ka ntle ho 'ona.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;: 21, 29, 78

Batho ba maemo a temong oo ba ne ba patoa maralleng. Basali ba morena ba ne ba lula sebakeng sa bona, ba le morena. Banna ba matlo ba ne ba e-na le matlo a majabajaba mathōkong a motse-moholo. Mokhoa ona oa ho arola libaka o ile oa qala ho hlaha Mapungubwe, hamorao oa boela oa arabang oa arabang ea Butua le Rozwi. Ho ha palo ea boraro Mapungubwe ho ka ’na ha ba ha ba ha baka ho be le batho ba sebetsa ka sebeletsang ka tlotleng e neng e phahameng, haholo-holo ea ho etsa lijana tsa lipuisano. Lintho tse ling tse ka khauta li ile tsa nkutloa mabitleng a batho ba maemo a holimo a neng a leralleng la borena.

Ho etsa pula, kapa ho laola pula, e ne e le mokhoa o reretsoeng ho susumetsa ho na ha pula le ho thibela komello hammoho le likhohola. Sena se ne se thehiloe tumelong ea hore batho ba ka susumetsa tlhaho, meea, kapa baholo-holo ba neng ba ka thibela kapa ba tlisa pula. Batho ba San, bao ho neng ho lumeloa hore ba na le kamano e haufi le meea ea khale ea naha, hangata ba ne ba batloa ke lichaba tse ling ho tla etsa meetlo ea pula. Lingaka tsa San li ne li kena boemong ba ho iphetola kelello (trance) 'me li kena lefats'eng la meea ho ea ts'oara liphoofolo tse amanang le pula. Sechaba sa K2 se ile sa khetha batho ba San ho e-na le ba Zhizo—bao e neng e le bahlolisani ba bona ba lipolotiki—hobane batho ba San ba ne ba sa lumele ho baholo-holo; ka ho se elelloe baholo-holo ba batho ba Zhizo, ba ne ba ke ke ba laoloa kapa ho qobelloa ke bona. Litlhōrō tsa maralla a nang le melatsoana botlaaseng ba 'ona li ne li sebelisoa e le libaka tsa ho etsa meetlo ea pula, ho kenyeletsoa le sebaka se bitsoang Ratho Kroonkop. Ha sechaba se ntse se tsoela pele ho rarahana, matlo le libaka tse halalelang li ile tsa hahuoa maralleng, 'me mokhoa ona oa fetoha o hlophisitsoeng le ho amoheloa ka molao. Sebakeng sa Mapungubwe, batho ba maemong a holimo ba ile ba leka ho fetola sebaka sa ho etsa meetlo ho tloha sehlopheng sa maralla ho ea ho leralla le le leng—e leng Leralla la Mapungubwe—moo lelapa la borena le neng le etsa mesebetsi ea meetlo, e leng se neng se bontša phetoho e tlohang karolong eo baholo-holo ba neng ba e bapala.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;: 30–1

== Moruo ==
Moruo oa Mapungubwe o ne o ipapisitse haholo le temo le ho rua liphoofolo. Kaha sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo, se ne se sa lokela hantle temo; sena se ile sa etsa hore ho hlokahale hore likhomo li lisoe hole le masimo nakong ea ho lema le ho hola ha lijalo (leha li ne li le bohlokoa haholo sechabeng). Mokhoa ona o ile oa fokotsa khatello mobung 'me oa lumella ho ruuoa ha mehlape e meholoanyane, e leng se ileng sa eketsa tlhahiso. Ho fetoha-fetoha ha pula le hona ho ile ha baka mathata ao ba ileng ba a hlola. Ho ile ha hlahisoa masela le lijana tsa letsopa Mapungubwe,[1][2] hammoho le lintho tse entsoeng ka manaka a litlou tse kang lipetja, ha K2 eona e ne e hlahisa masela le lifaha tsa khalase. Indasteri ea tšepe (e ileng ea ntlafatsoa sebakeng seo) e ne e kenyelletsa ho qhibilihisa le ho bopa tšepe, koporo, khauta, brass le bronze. Boholo ba litšepe bo ne bo tsoa libakeng tse haufi, ebang ke ka lekhetho kapa khoebo (ho ka etsahala hore khauta e ne e tsoa libakeng tsa merafo ea khauta ea Tati naheng ea Botswana ea kajeno le karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno). Lintho tse neng li hlahisoa li ne li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse kang li-chisel, li-adze, lilepe le lipheletsong tsa metsu, hammoho le mabenyane.[3]: 20–2, 33, 89, 106

Moruo oa Mapungubwe o ne o ipapisitse haholo le temo le ho rua liphoofolo. Kaha sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo, se ne se sa lokela hantle temo; sena se ile sa etsa hore ho hlokahale hore likhomo li lisoe hole le masimo nakong ea ho lema le ho hola ha lijalo (leha li ne li le bohlokoa haholo sechabeng). Mokhoa ona o ile oa fokotsa khatello mobung 'me oa lumella ho ruuoa ha mehlape e meholoanyane, e leng se ileng sa eketsa tlhahiso. Ho fetoha-fetoha ha pula le hona ho ile ha baka mathata ao ba ileng ba a hlola. Ho ile ha hlahisoa masela le lijana tsa letsopa Mapungubwe,[1][2] hammoho le lintho tse entsoeng ka manaka a litlou tse kang lipetja, ha K2 eona e ne e hlahisa masela le lifaha tsa khalase. Indasteri ea tšepe (e ileng ea ntlafatsoa sebakeng seo) e ne e kenyelletsa ho qhibilihisa le ho bopa tšepe, koporo, khauta, brass le bronze. Boholo ba litšepe bo ne bo tsoa libakeng tse haufi, ebang ke ka lekhetho kapa khoebo (ho ka etsahala hore khauta e ne e tsoa libakeng tsa merafo ea khauta ea Tati naheng ea Botswana ea kajeno le karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno). Lintho tse neng li hlahisoa li ne li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse kang li-chisel, li-adze, lilepe le lipheletsong tsa metsu, hammoho le mabenyane.[3]: 20–2, 33, 89, 106

Phello ea khoebo ho Mapungubwe ha e hlake hantle; litsebi tse kang Thomas Huffman li re ho theoa ha mmuso oo ho bakiloe ke khoebo ea libaka tse hole—e leng ntho e ileng ea baka phapang e kholo ea boemo pakeng tsa ba boholong le batho ba tloaelehileng—leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba kang Shadreck Chirikure le ba bang ba bontša hore moruo (le mohlomong tumello ea puso ea baetapele) o ne o thehiloe temong le ho ruuoeng ha liphoofolo. Litsebi tse kang Richard Pearson li sebelisitse khopolo ea ho itšetleha ka ba bang (dependency theory) 'me tsa pheha khang ea hore ho romelloa ha lisebelisoa tse sa sebetsoang ho ne ho tla sitisa tsoelo-pele ea Mapungubwe; litsebi tse ling tse kang David Killick li boletse hore ha ho na lintlha tse lekaneng tsa ho tseba hore na ho bile le phapanyetsano e sa lekanang kapa ho itšetleha ka ba bang kapa che. Mark Horton le ba bang ba phehile khang ea hore libaka tsa kahare tsa Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa rua molemo o monyane haholo khoebong ea libaka tse hole ha ho bapisoa le litoropo-mmuso tsa lebopong la leoatle tsa Baswahili, mohlomong ka lebaka la taolo e felletseng ea khoebo eo Baswahili ba neng ba e-na le eona.

== Ho sebetsa ka lejwe ==
Tlhophiso ea sebaka Mapungubwe—e tsejoang e le *dzimbahwe* ka puo ea Se-Shona—e ne e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea mabota a majoe ho arola libaka tsa bohlokoa, ho bontša phapang ea maemo a sechaba le ho fa morena sebaka sa boinotši bakeng sa litšebeletso tsa meetlo.  &lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;Ho ne ho e-na le ntlo e hahiloeng ka mabota a majoe eo ho nahanoang hore e ne e luloa ke moeletsi e moholo. Majoe le lehong li ne li sebelisoa hammoho. Hape ho ne ho e-na le lerako la likutu tsa lifate le pota-potileng Thaba ea Mapungubwe. Bongata ba baahi ba motse-moholo bona ba ne ba lula ka hare ho lerako la lehlakoreng la bophirima.

== Mabitla a marana ==
[[File:Mapungubwe,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(20356187550).jpg|thumb| Tshukudu Gauta ya Mapungubwe]]
[[File:Mapungubwe_gold_beads_and_jewellery_-_Museum_of_Gems_and_Jewellery.jpg|thumb|Difaha tsa Gauta le mabenyane a Mapungubwe]]
Lilemong tsa bo-1930, mabitla a maholo a ile a sibolloa haufi le ntlo ea borena, e neng e e-na le mabitla a 23. Bongata ba ’ona a ile a patoa a e-na le lisebelisoa tse fokolang kapa a se na tsona, ’me boholo ba batho ba baholo ba ne ba patiloe ka lifaha tsa khalase, leha ho le joalo tse tharo li ne li fapane. Ea pele, e tsejoang e le lepato la khauta la pele, e ne e patiloe ka hlooho ea lepolanka le lintho tse tharo tse entsoeng ka lepolanka tse koahetsoeng ka foil ea khauta; sekotlolo sa ho noha, lere la borena (mohlomong le koto), le tšukulu.[d] Ea bobeli, mohlomong mosali, e ne e patiloe e shebile bophirimela ka li-bangle tsa khauta tse fetang 100, lifaha tsa khauta tse 12 000, le lifaha tsa khalase tse 26 000. Ea boraro, mohlomong monna e molelele oa lilemo tse mahareng, le eena o ne a patiloe a shebile bophirimela, ’me a e-na le sefaha sa lifaha tsa khauta le likhetla tsa cowrie, le lintho tse fapaneng tse koahetsoeng ka foil ea khauta, ho kenyeletsoa le koena.

Ka 2007, Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa fana ka tumello ya hore masalla a masapo a ileng a epollwa ka 1933 a bolokwe hape Thabeng ya Mapungubwe moketeng o neng o tshwerwe ka la 20 Pudungwana 2007.

== Baahi ==

=== Phepo le bophelo ===
Ho entsoe tlhahlobo ea masapo a batho ba Mapungubwe ho ithuta ka boemo ba bona ba bophelo le mokhoa oa bona oa ho phela. Liphetho li bontša hore baahi ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba ba le litekanyetso tsa lefu tse neng li lebelletsoe ho batho ba phelang pele ho nako ea indasteri (tse tšoanang le tsa batho ba Europe ba mehleng eo); ho ne ho e-na le palo e phahameng ea mafu har'a bacha, empa ha motho a se a holile, o ne a ka lebelloa ho phela lilemo tse pakeng tsa 35 le 40.[1] Taba e 'ngoe e fumanoeng ke hore batho ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba hola hantle, ba sa hlaheloa khafetsa ke mafu a sa foleng, leha ka linako tse ling bana ba ne ba fumanoa ba e-na le khaello ea mali (anaemia).&lt;ref&gt;Steyn, Maryana (1997). &quot;A Reassessment of the Human Skeletons from K2 and Mapungubwe (South Africa)&quot;. ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''52''' (165): 14–20. doi:10.2307/3888972. JSTOR&amp;#x20;3888972.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamano ya merabe ===
Ho nahanoa hore baahi ba Mapungubwe ke baholo-holo ba batho ba Kalanga (sehlopha se ka tlase sa batho ba Shona).&lt;ref&gt;https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-290&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebaka sena se boleloa e le sa batho ba Vhavenda, haholo-holo meloko ea Tshivhula ea Sembola le Machete (boitsebiso ba Venda bo ile ba thehoa pakeng tsa lekholo la bo-15 le la bo-17 la lilemo ka ho kopana ha merabe ea Kalanga, Shona le Sotho).[1][2][3] Leha ka bobeli ba na le likhokahano tsa nalane sebakeng sena, Mokoko Piet Sebola o ngola hore mohlomong ba susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea ho batla litokelo tsa mobu e qalisitsoeng ke 'muso oa Afrika Boroa, e leng ts'ebetso e bakileng hore lihlopha tse fapaneng li ipolele mobu ka tsela e sa tšepahaleng. O phethela ka hore ha ho na bopaki bo lekaneng ba ho tiisa likhokahano tsa baholo-holo sebakeng sena bakeng sa leha e le efe ea lihlopha tsena, kapa bakeng sa meloko e meng.[4]

==== Genetiki ====
Tshekatsheko ya marapo a dibopego tsa craniometric (ke gore: dinonofo tse di mo lehatang) di dirisitswe go tshwaya kamano ya dijini magareng ga batho ba Mapungubwe le baagi ba bangwe. Tlhahlobo ea pele ea Galloway, 1939/1957 e ile ea bona likamano pakeng tsa batho ba Mapungubwe le lisampole tse nkiloeng ho 'Khoisanid' disampole, 'me kahoo ba arola batho ba Mapungubwe e le 'racially Boskop' (Khoisan),[1] mohlomong le ka 'Caucasoid' ea tlatsetso.[2] Sena se ile sa baka likhang, haholo hobane (joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ka holimo), moetlo oa thepa o fumanoang sebakeng sena o lumellana haholo le mekhoa e tsebahalang ea mehleng ea Iron Age Bantu. Ho thata ho hlahloba mesaletsa ea Galloway ka lebaka la ho se bolokehe ha hantle holim'a lehata la hae, [2] empa tlhahlobo e ileng ea latela ho liphuputso tse ling e bontšitse hore boholo ba lisampole tse tsoang Mapungubwe tse sa kang tsa senngoa ke polokelo e fokolang kapa tse kotsing ea ho senyeha li oela ka har'a mefuta e mengata e lokelang ho lebelloa ho lihlopha tsa &quot;Bantu&quot;. Tshekatsheko ya Rightmire 1970 e fumane hore, ho metha bolelele ba cranial, glabella protrusion, nasion-basion (nose bridge) bolelele, alveolare-basion length, le palo ya ditsobotsi tse ding (35 ka kakaretso), tse tsheletseng &quot;K2 Crania&quot; (Rightmire e tshwara K2 hammoho le Bambandyanalo le Mapungumanbwe) kaofela ka ho hlaka hore &quot;Sansh Falls&quot; (Sansh Falls) ka ho hlaka ka ntle ho disampole ho tsoa mefuteng ea lisampole tsa &quot;Hottentot&quot;. Tse peli ka thoko, &quot;ba bang kaofela ba tiile ka har'a mefuta e lebelletsoeng ea mefuta ea mehleng ea Bantu...&quot;.Ha a phethela, o fana ka maikutlo a hore:
 
Tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke Steyn ka 1997 e ile ea fumana hore lisampole tsa meno (e leng mofuta o ka sehloohong oa lisampole tse neng li ithutoa mosebetsing oa hae) li ne li tšoana haholo le lisampole tse tsoang K2—tse neng li khethollotsoe e le tsa sehlopha sa &quot;Southern African Negro&quot;—ho feta kamoo li neng li tšoana kateng le lisampole tsa batho ba San.[1]

Ho na le mabaka a mangata a bakang pherekano ena. Taba ea pele, boholo bo bonyenyane haholo ba sampole e fumanehang bo bolela hore liphetho li ka 'na tsa ba le phoso e bakoang ke menyetla kapa liketsahalo tsa tšohanyetso (ke hore: sehlopha se ikhethang sa batho se nkoa e le sona se emelang baahi bohle).[1] Taba ea bobeli, tlhahlobo ea litekanyo tsa hlooho (craniometric analysis) hangata e na le mathata a amanang le mokhoa oa ho lekanya le ho toloka lintlha; ho tsejoa esale khale hore ho latela litekanyetso tse sebelisoang le lihlopha tsa batho tse amehang, motho a ka 'na a bona litšobotsi tsa sehlopha se seng ho se seng.[2] Taba ea boraro, litsebi tse ngata li hlokomela hore khopolo ea hore ho na le phapang e hlakileng le e ts'oanang pakeng tsa batho ba Khoisan le ba Bantu ha ho shejoa litšobotsi tsa 'mele, e rarahane ka lebaka la hore ho tsejoa esale khale hore batho ba Borwa ba Afrika ba na le litšobotsi tse tsoakiloeng[3] le hore ba ile ba sebelisana,[2] hape hobane, joalokaha Steyn a bolela, &quot;mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka mefuta e itseng (typological approach)—moo motho a hlalosoang ka ho bapisoa le motho ea 'phethahetseng' ea nang le litšobotsi tsohle tsa mantlha tsa morabe o itseng—o se o siiloe ke nako ka ho feletseng.&quot;[1] Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se bolele hore ho ke ke ha khoneha ho fumana le ho sebetsa ka liphapang tse kholo tsa lihlopha; Rightmire (1970) o ile a pheha khang ea hore ho na le litekanyetso tse lekaneng tse ka khethollang—ka boemo bo phahameng ba bonnete—lipakeng tsa lisampole tsa Khoisan le tsa &quot;Southern African Negro&quot; tseo a neng a li hlahloba,[4] 'me khang e tšoanang e ile ea hlahisoa ke Franklin le Freedman (2006).[5] Esita le tabeng ena, Rightmire le Merwe (1976) ba bontša hore ha ho etsoa liphapang tse joalo, ho ka 'na ha fumanoa lintho tse sa lebelloang; tlhahlobo ea bona e ile ea bontša hore e 'ngoe ea litopo tse peli tse neng li hlahlojoa bakeng sa pampiri eo e ne e lumellana haholoanyane le sehlopha sa &quot;Hottentots&quot; ho feta sa &quot;Bantus&quot;, 'me sehlopha sa Bantu se neng se atamelane haholo le eona e ne e le lisampole tsa bona tsa Venda. Maemong 'ohle, tlhahlobo ea 'nete ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (genetic analysis) ea lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng—ho fapana le tlhahlobo ea 'mele e neng e hakanya likamano tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso—e tšehetsa taba ea hore ho bile le motsoako o hlokomelehang, 'me ka linako tse ling o moholo haholo,pakeng tsa batho ba Khoisan le ba Bantu ba Borwa ba Afrika nakong e fetileng; motsoako ona o bonahala ho batho ba kajeno ba Khoisan le ba Bantu. Qetellong, ho na le khopolo ea hore tlhahlobo ea sebopeho sa hlooho (craniometric) kapa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (genetic) e ka khona ka boyona ho supa ka nepo boitsebiso ba morabe le puo hammoho le meeli ea batho ba mehleng ea khale; taba eo Brothwell (1963) a ileng a e nka e le e bakang mathata hangata, kaha ho na le lihlopha tsa batho ba Khoisan tse nang le tšimoloho e batlang e sa amaneng le ea batho ba Khoisan ho hang,[9] hape mehlala e meng ea batho ba Xhosa e ne e bonahala e e-na le tšimoloho e kholo e sa amaneng le ea batho ba Xhosa.

== Ho sibolloa hape le historiografi ==
Baahi ba moo ba ne ba tseba ka sebaka sena ka lipale tsa bona tsa molomo, 'me ba ne ba se nka e le sebaka se halalelang se nang le matla le boteng ba marena a khale a baholo-holo; meetlo ea bona e ne e ba lemosa hore ba se ke ba etela kapa hona ho supa thaba eo ka monoana. Lekholong la bo-19 la lilemo, Frans Lotrie (ea tsoang leloko la Majeremane kapa la Madache) o ile a etela sebaka seo se seholo sa naha 'me a tsejoa e le &quot;Wild Lottering&quot;, hamorao a ea lula haufi le noka ea Limpopo. Qalong ea lekholo la bo-20 la lilemo, lelapa la Van Graan, e leng balemi ba neng ba lula Seterekeng sa Mopane, ba ile ba utloa pale e reng ho na le &quot;monna e mosoeu ea ileng a phela bophelo ba ho ipatela batho ka hare ho lehaha mabopong a noka ea Limpopo&quot; le hore o ile a &quot;hloa thaba e halalelang 'me a fumana lintho moo&quot;. Ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa ba ntse ba batla letlotlo leo, ka 1933 ba ile ba qobella motho e mong oa sebakeng seo (moeta-pele oa lehae) hore a ba bontše tsela, 'me ba tloha hape le sehlopha sa batho. Ho ea ka setsebi sa lintho tsa khale se ileng sa ngola ka 1937, moeta-pele eo oa lehae &quot;o ne a thothomela ke tšabo 'me a ile a tlameha ho tšoaroa ka matla pele a ka bontša tsela e patiloeng e nyolohelang thabeng&quot;. Ba ile ba fumana likotoana tsa lipitsa tsa letsopa le lintho tse entsoeng ka koporo, khalase le khauta, hammoho le sebaka seo ho sona ho neng ho patiloe motho ea neng a e-na le mekhabiso e mengata haholo.[1][2][3]

Lelapa la ha Van Graan ha lea ka la bolela ka lintho tsohle tseo le li fumaneng. Van Graan e monyane, eo e neng e le seithuti sa Univesithi ea Pretoria, o ile a tlalehela setsebi sa tsa khale (archaeologist) se boletsoeng pejana ka seo ba se fumaneng.[1] Univesithi ea Pretoria—eo ka nako eo e neng e le setsi sa batho ba buang Seafrikaans feela—e ile ea fumana litokelo tsa letlotlo leo, 'me 'muso oa Hertzog oa laola sebaka seo ka ho feletseng. Tšibollo ena e ile ea hanyetsa tšōmo ea hore batho ba basoeu ba phahametse ba bang, e reng Afrika e ne e le kontinenteng e 'lefifi' le e 'saletseng morao' e hlokang ho 'pholosoa', hammoho le tumelo ea hore batho ba buang Seafrikaans e ne e le &quot;baetapele ba tsoelopele&quot;. Joalokaha ho ile ha etsahala ka Great Zimbabwe, 'muso o ile oa leka ho pata, ho nyenyefatsa le ho ' sireletsa' sebaka seo.

Sebaka sena se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le sehopotso sa naha lilemong tsa bo-1980.[1] Phuputso le tlhaloso ea Mapungubwe nakong eohle ea lekholo la bo-20 la lilemo li ile tsa qhelela ka thoko haholo sechaba sa sebaka seo, ho fihlela nakong ea kamora khethollo ea morabe, moo litloholo le baahi ba sebaka seo ba qalileng ho nka karolo haholoanyane mesebetsing ea Mapungubwe.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Wide image/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Tulo tse tshireleditsweng ==
Sebaka sena joale ke karolo ea Phaka ea Sechaba ea Mapungubwe, e leng karolo ea Sebaka sa Setso sa UNESCO sa Mapungubwe le Sebaka se Seholo sa Paballo sa Meeli e Kopaneng sa Mapungubwe.

Sebaka sa Setso sa Mapungubwe se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatše sa UNESCO ka la 3 Phupu 2003.[1]

== Phaposi ya pontsho ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Mapungubwe_National_Park_sign_in_2005.jpg|Makeno Sertapeng sa Mapungubwe , Limpopo, Aforika Borwa
File:LSConfluence.jpg|Setshwantsho se nkilwe ka lehlakoreng la Botswana le Zimbabwe,noka ya  Shashe e ka bonwa.
File:MNPSandstone.jpg|Lejwe le leholo 
File:TreetopWalk.jpg|Tsamao ya ba tsamayang ka kolotsana tse sututswang
File:Mapungubwe_hill_limpopo.jpg|Thaba ya Mapungubwe 
File:Bateleur_Eagle_with_Kill.jpg|Letlaka Bateleur eagle
File:Excavations.jpg|Sehlopha sa baepi Mapungubwe.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Tse ding tse kgahlisang Aforika Borwa
** Blaauboschkraal e [[Mpumalanga]]
** Machadodorp baKoni  Mpumalanga
** [[Kaditshwene]] e [[Leboya Bophirimela (Afrika Borwa)|North West province]]
** Kweneng' Ruins e [[Gauteng]]
** Sedan Beehive stone tse [[Foreisetata|Free State]]
** Tlokwe Ruins tse [[Gauteng]]
** Thulamela e Kruger National Park, Limpopo
* Tse tswanang ka ntle ho naha ya Aforkia Borwa
** Bumbusi e Zimbabwe
** Danangombe e Zimbabwe
** Engaruka e Tanzania
** Khami e Zimbabwe
** Manyikeni e Mozambique
** Naletale e Zimbabwe
** Thimlich Ohinga stone ruins e Kenya
** Ziwa e Zimbabwe
* Mapungubwe Collection
* Order ya Mapungubwe

== Dinoutsu ==
 

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'''Mmuso wa Mapungubwe''' e ne e le naha ya kgale e neng e le sebakeng seo ka dinoka tsa Shashe le Limpopo di kopanang teng, naheng eo kajeno e tsejwang e le [[Afrika Borwa]], ka boroa ho Great Zimbabwe. Palo ea baahi ba motse-moholo e ne e le 5,000 ka selemo sa 1250, 'me ho ka etsahala hore naha eo e ne e akaretsa sebaka se ka bang 30,000 km² (12,000 sq mi).

Hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1000 CE, batho ba bang ba setso sa Leopard's Kopje ba ile ba tšela noka ea Limpopo ho ea Bambandyanalo, moo ba neng ba phela ka temo le ho rua liphoofolo; ba ne ba isa mehlape e meholo ea likhomo libakeng tsa ho fula tsa lichaba tse ling—e leng se ileng sa matlafatsa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki—ha ba ntse ba nka karolo khoebong ea Leoatle la India ka litoropo-naha tsa Swahili tse lebopong la Bochabela ba Afrika. Ha nako e ntse e feta, keketseho ea leruo har'a baahi ba neng ba ntse ba eketseha e ile ea baka ho se lekane hoo moralo oa sebaka sa Bambandyanalo o neng o sa lokelang maemo ao a macha.

Haufi le selemo sa 1220, nakong eo ho neng ho e-na le komello, batho ba maemo a holimo ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba fallela tlhōrōng ea Thaba ea Mapungubwe, 'me ba lateloa ke baahi ba bang ba ileng ba lula sebakeng se ka tlase ho eona. Hangata lithaba li ne li sebelisoa e le libaka tsa ho etsa meetlo ea ho kopa pula, 'me Thaba ea Mapungubwe e ile ea e-ba sebaka se ikhethang sa mofuta ona; ho lula ha moeta-pele moo ho ile ha bapala karolo e kholo nts'etsopele ea khopolo ea borena bo halalelang. Leruo le lengata le ile la bokelloa ka lekhetho le mefuta e meng ea litefiso, haholo-holo ka lebaka la hore sebaka seo noka ea Limpopo le ea Shashe li kopanang ho sona e ne e le setsi sa khoebo, moo manaka a litlou le khauta li neng li romelloa libakeng tsa lebopo la leoatle le ka bochabela. Ka mor'a liketsahalo tse sa tsejoeng le phetoho ea litsela tsa khoebo ho ea ka leboea hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1300, baahi ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba falla ba ea libakeng tse ling. Mehleng ea kajeno, hangata ba amahanngoa le batho ba merabe ea Kalanga (Shona) le Venda.

Leha baahi ba moo ba ne ba tseba ka sebaka sena se halalelang, Mapungubwe e ile ea sibolloa hape ke sechaba sa bo-rasaense le mmuso oa bokolone ka selemo sa 1933. Pokello ea lintho tsa khale tse fumanoeng sebakeng sena sa lipatlisiso tsa histori (Mapungubwe Collection) e bolokiloe Musiamong oa Mapungubwe o Pretoria. Sebaka sena se fumaneha Phakeng ya Setjhaba ea Mapungubwe (Mapungubwe National Park) Afrika Boroa, moeling o arolang naha ena le Zimbabwe hammoho le Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215987&lt;/ref&gt; Leha ho ne ho nahanoa hore e bile mmuso oa pele oa mofuta oa oona karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng sebakeng se haufi sa Mapela Hill li senola bopaki ba hore ho ne ho e-na le tsamaiso ea borena bo amanang le bolumeli (sacral kingship) lilemong tse ka bang 200 pele ho moo.&lt;ref&gt;https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Lebitso la yona la pele ha le tsejwe. Sebaka sena se ile sa rehwa lebitso la Mapungubwe ho latela melao ya ho reha mabitso e sebediswang ke baithuti ba tsa histori ya mehleng ya kgale (ba-archaeologist), mme lebitso lena la sebediswa le bakeng sa mmuso oo kaofela.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; Lebitso la Mapungubwe le bolela &quot;sebaka sa diphukubje (tse ngata)&quot;. Dipuong tse fapaneng tsa Se-Bantu, lentsoe &quot;-pungubwe&quot; le bolela diphukubje. Lentsoe &quot;jackal&quot; (phukubje) ke *phunguwe* ka puo ya Sevenda, ha ka puo ya Sesotho sa Leboya e le *phukubje*.&lt;ref&gt;http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jokrafi ==
Sebaka se potolohileng Mapungubwe, haufi le Noka ea Limpopo, kajeno se omme 'me se fumana pula e fokolang. Se entsoe ka maralla a majoe a lehlabathe (sandstone), lehlabathe la Kalahari, le naha e koahetsoeng ke lihlahla.  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1000 le 1200 CE, sebaka sena se ile sa fumana pula e ngata, e ileng ea thusa ho hola ha limela; sena sa hohela liphoofolo tse kang likolobe tsa naha (warthogs), likhomo tsa naha (wildebeests) le linare (buffalo)—hammoho le likokoanyana tsa tsetse. Likhohola tse tsoang Nokeng ea Limpopo li ile tsa hasa limatlafatsi sebakeng se ka thoko ho noka, ho kenyeletsoa le Phuleng ea Mapungubwe moo mobu o neng o fapana ho tloha ho o nang le lehlabathe ho ea ho o nang le letsopa; sena se ne se bolela hore temo e ka etsoa selemo ho pota.

== Nalane ==

=== Tshimoloho ===
Sebaka sena se seholo se ne se ahiloe ke batho ba San ka nako e ka bang lilemo tse 100,000. Sechaba sa pele sa San se ile sa siea lefa le ruileng la litšoantšo tse pentiloeng mahaeng ho pholletsa le Borwa ba Afrika.[1]: 11–2  Batho ba buang lipuo tsa Bantu ba ile ba aha sebakeng sa Phula ea Shashe-Limpopo pakeng tsa selemo sa 350 le 450 CE.&lt;ref&gt;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469605311417364&lt;/ref&gt; Tšimoloho ea 'Muso oa Mapungubwe e fumaneha ho Leopard's Kopje, e leng setso sa khale se sibolotsoeng ke baepolli ba lintho tsa khale naheng ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno.&lt;ref&gt;http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Schroda (900–1000) ====

==== K2 (1000–1220) ====
Haufi le selemo sa 1000, batho ba bang ba setso sa Leopard's Kopje ba ile ba falla ba lebile ka boroa ho ea lula sebakeng sa Bambandyanalo (se tsejoang hape e le K2, se ka tlas'a Thaba ea Bambandyanalo), ha batho ba setso sa Zhizo bona ba ne ba falla ba lebile bophirima ho ea lula Toutswe, naheng eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Botswana. Litsebi tse ling li lumela hore likamano tsa bona li ne li tletse bora le likhohlano tsa sesole, leha ho le joalo tse ling li phehella ka hore likamano tseo li ne li rarahane haholoanyane, ebang ke ka tsela ea sechaba kapa ea lipolotiki. &lt;ref&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006796925891&lt;/ref&gt;Ho fihla ha bona ho ile ha tsamaisana le ho qala ha nako ea pula e ngata, e leng se ileng sa eketsa haholo chai ea lijalo. Batho ba Leopard's Kopje ba ne ba bua mofuta oa pele oa puo ea Se-Shona, mohlomong e ne e le Se-Kalanga (Se-Shona sa bophirima). K2 e ne e le motse-moholo, mme ho ka etsahala hore e ne e arotsoe ka libaka tsa bolulo tse neng li laoloa ke hlooho ea lelapa, ha morena eena a ne a e-na le sebaka se seholo ka ho fetisisa. Basali ba ne ba sebetsa koporo, ha banna bona ba ne ba sebetsa tshepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba ne ba lema mabele, mahangu, finger millet, linaoa tsa fatše le dinawa tsa mofuta wa cowpea. E le ho sebelisa mobu ka katleho e kholoanyane, mehlape ea likhomo e ne e isoa hole le motse-moholo 'me e lumelloa ho fula mobung oa lichaba tse ling; sena se ne se matlafatsa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki le lichaba tseo, hape se lumella ho ba le mehlape e meholoanyane. Palo ea baahi e ile ea eketseha, 'me ka selemo sa 1200, sebaka sa K2 se ne se na le baahi ba ka bang 1,500. Mekhoa ea ho kopa pula e ne e atile, 'me ka linako tse ling moetapele o ne a hira batho ba tsoang kantle—ba kang batho ba San—bao ho neng ho lumeloa hore ba na le likamano tse khethehileng le meea ea naha ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha bona sebakeng seo nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba bang ba sechaba sa Zhizo ba neng ba setse Leokwe (e leng sebaka seo ho ka etsahalang hore se ne se le tlas'a taolo ea K2) ba ne ba ipabola litabeng tsa meetlo le mekete ea setso, hape ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha bona sebakeng seo nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas Huffman o ngotse hore leruo le leholo le hlahisitsoeng ke khoebo ea Leoatle la India le ile la baka ho se lekane ho sa kang ha e-ba teng pele, ha sechaba se ntse se fetoha ho tloha ho hlophisoang ho latela maemo a sechaba ho ea ho lihlopha tsa sechaba, 'me ha hlaha phapang e kholo ea boemo pakeng tsa sehlopha se busang le batho ba tloaelehileng. Ka lebaka leo, tlhophiso ea sebaka sa K2 e ile ea se ke ea hlola e tšoanela tsoelo-pele ena.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt; Leha ho le joalo, Mark Horton o ile a pheha khang ea hore libaka tsa kahare tsa Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa rua molemo o fokolang haholo khoebong ea sebaka se selelele ha ho bapisoa le litoropo-naha tsa lebopong la leoatle tsa Baswahili (mohlomong ka lebaka la taolo e felletseng ea khoebo ke Baswahili), 'me Shadreck Chirikure le ba bang ba supile hore moruo (le mohlomong tumello ea puso ea babusi) o ne o thehiloe temong le ho ruuoeng ha liphoofolo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, litsebi Nam Kim le Chapurukha Kusimba li hlalositse hore ts'ebetso ena ea ho theoa ha mmuso e bakiloe ke mekhoa e mecha ea temo, ho bokellana ha likhomo, le tšebeliso ea matla a amanang le meetlo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389424&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thaba ya Mapungubwe (1220–1300) ===
[[File:ZimbabweStatesAndTrade.svg|thumb|Mmapa wa ditsi tsa kgwebo  Zimbabwean Plateau]]
Haufi le selemo sa 1200, nako ea pula e ngata e ile ea fela. Nakong ea komello e matla eo ho ka etsahalang hore e ile ea ama sechaba hampe, baetapele ba borena ba ile ba fallesetsa motse-moholo oa bona Mapungubwe (sebaka sa khale sa meetlo ea ho kopa pula) 'me ba aha holim'a tlhōrō ea oona e bataletseng hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1220, ha batho ba bangata ba ne ba lula botlaaseng ba Thaba ea Mapungubwe.  Ho ka etsahala hore motse oa khale o ile oa chesoa e le hore ho buloe tsela bakeng sa o mocha. &lt;ref&gt;https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html&lt;/ref&gt;Thaba ea Mapungubwe e ile ea fetoha sebaka se ikhethang sa meetlo ea ho kopa pula, 'me ho lula ha moetapele moo ho ile ha totobatsa kamano pakeng tsa hae le taba ea ho kopa pula—e leng ntho ea bohlokoa haholo nts'etsopelong ea tsamaiso ea borena bo amanang le litaba tsa moea le bolumeli. Pele ho moo, thaba ena e ne e luloa ke batho ba San, 'me lehaheng le ka lehlakoreng le ka bochabela ho ne ho e-na le litšoantšo tsa bona.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

Morena oa pele (&quot;Shiriyadenga&quot; ho latela litloaelo tse ling tsa molomo tsa Venda)[1] o ne a qeta boholo ba nako ea hae a le thoko bakeng sa litšebeletso tsa moetlo, 'me ntlo-khōlō ea hae e ne e le karolong e ka bophirima ea leralla; e ne e kenyelletsa kamore eo morena a neng a ka amohela baeti ho eona, le e 'ngoe moo baeti ba neng ba hlahlojoa teng, hammoho le ntlo ea sengaka sa morena se khethehileng. Ka selemo sa 1250, Mapungubwe e ne e e-na le baahi ba ka bang 5000, ba lulang libakeng tse potolohileng leralla, ba etsa selikalikoe se fanang ka tšireletso. Morena oa bobeli (&quot;Tshidziwelele&quot; ho latela litloaelo tse ling tsa Venda)[1] o ne a e-na le ntlo-khōlō ea hae bohareng ba leralla, a e-na le litokisetso tse tšoanang le tsa eo a mo hlahlamang, leha ho le joalo kamore ea hae ea baeti e ne e arotsoe e le hore baeti ba arohanngoe le morena, eo a neng a buisana le bona ka mohlanka ea sebetsang e le molaoli oa puisano. Marena a ne a e-na le basali ba bangata, 'me ba bang ba bona ba ne ba lula ka ntle ho motse-moholo ho thusa ho boloka maqhama a bonngoe le litšebelisano-mmoho.[2][3]: 38–51  Tsamaiso le sebopeho sa 'muso ha li hlake hantle, leha litsebi li nahana hore li ne li tšoana le tsa 'Muso oa Bapedi.[2]: 71

Moruo o ne o thehiloe temong, 'me mehlape ea likhomo e ne e lisoa hole le motse-moholo e lumelloa ho fula masimong a lichaba tse ling; sena se ile sa thusa ho haha ​​likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki hammoho le ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea Mapungubwe. Leruo le lengata le ile la bokelloa ka mokhoa oa lekhetho kapa menehelo e neng e lefuoa ka lijalo, liphoofolo, le ka linako tse ling ka thepa e sa fumaneheng habonolo.[1][2]: 163  Koporo, khauta le *tin* li ne li sa fumanehe sebakeng sa Phula ea Limpopo-Shashe, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe Mapungubwe a ile a li fumana ka lekhetho kapa khoebong, kaha sebaka seo linōka tsa Limpopo le Shashe li kopanang ho sona e ne e le setsi sa khoebo.[3]: 20, 22  Ha ho hlake hore na qobello le likhohlano li ile tsa bapala karolo e kae kholong le matla a puso ea Mapungubwe, kaha lintho tsena li thata ho li bona ka lipatlisiso tsa lintho tsa khale (archaeology). Le hoja mabota a majoe a ne a e-na le morero oa ho khetholla batho ba maemo a holimo ho ba tloaelehileng, a ka 'na a boetse a ile a sebelisoa bakeng sa tšireletso, e leng se bontšang hore ntoa e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng.[4] Kim le Kusimba, hammoho le Simon Hall, ba boletse hore qobello le pefo li ne li tla ba tsa bohlokoa ho boloka matla a puso.[3]: 92  Mapungubwe a ne a etsa khoebo le libaka tse haufi tse kang Toutswe le Eiland, har'a tse ling, 'me khauta le manaka a litlou li ne li romelloa khoebong ea Leoatle la India ka Sofala.

Ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na ke eng e bakileng ho putlama ha Mapungubwe.[c] Elizabeth Anne Voigt o ile a fana ka maikutlo a hore likhomo li ka 'na tsa be li bakile ho senyeha ha mobu nakong ea komello, ha David Killick le Christopher Ehret bona ba re lekholong la bo-13 la lilemo, Kilwa le Mogadishu li ile tsa nka sebaka sa Manda le Shanga e le likou tse kholo tsa khoebo. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea Kilwa, Sofala e ile ea fetoha setsi sa khoebo ea khauta 'me ea ba le monyetla oa ho fihlella ka kotloloho Sebakeng se Phahameng sa Zimbabwe (Zimbabwean Plateau) moo ho neng ho hlahisoa khauta teng, e leng se ileng sa siea Mapungubwe ka thoko khoebong eo.[1]: 96  Chirikure le ba bang ba re litsela tsa khoebo li ile tsa fetela ka leboea ha bahoebi ba ntse ba tsamaea ho ea libakeng tsa kahare moo ho neng ho hlahisoa khauta teng, e leng se ileng sa ama moruo oa Mapungubwe hampe haholo. Ka lebaka leo, ho haella ha thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ho ka 'na ha be ho bakile ho putlama ha likamano tsa lipolotiki tsa Mapungubwe, tseo li neng li itšetlehile ka phapanyetsano ea thepa le litšebeletso bakeng sa naha ea ho alosa liphoofolo. Ba hakanya hore batho ba ile ba lahleheloa ke tšepo ho baetapele ba bona ka lebaka la ho hola ha lekhalo la maemo a bophelo le la moea lipakeng tsa batho ba tloaelehileng le morena (hammoho le litlhoko tse boima tsa lekhetho), e leng se ileng sa baka ho fela ha sepheo se le seng har'a batho le ho etsa hore ba khethe ho tloha sebakeng seo.[1]: 32–3, 98  Sebaka seo sa khohlo se ile sa siuoa ha batho ba ntse ba hasana ho ea ka leboea-bophirima le ka boroa. Ha baa ka ba hlola ba kopana hape. Ka leboea, Great Zimbabwe—e neng e le moeling oa naha ea Mapungubwe 'me e e-na le baahi ba fapaneng—e ile ea phahama ho ba mohlahlami oa eona, ea amohela mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho hlophisa sebaka ho latela maemo a sechaba le tsamaiso ea boetapele bo nkoang bo halalela.

== Moetlo le Setjhaba ==
[[File:Stone_game_board_on_Mapungubwe_Hill,_Limpopo,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Papadi ya mufuvha (mancala) morabaraba wa Mapungubwe.]]
Nakong eo ba neng ba lula K2, sechaba sa bona se ile sa fetoha ho tloha ho se hlophisitsoeng ho latela maemo a batho ho ea ho se hlophisitsoeng ho latela lihlopha tsa sechaba; e ne e le o mong oa mekhoa ea pele ea ho hlophisa sechaba ka lihlopha le mohlala oa puso ea borena e amanang le bolumeli (sacral kingship) karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika. Moetapele le batho ba maemo a holimo ba ne ba lula tlhōrōng ea leralla, ha baahi ba bang kaofela ba lula ka tlase.  Ho ne ho e-na le litsela tse nne tse nyolohelang lerallong, 'me e kholo ka ho fetisisa e ne e lebeloa ke masole a neng a bitsoa &quot;leihlo&quot; la morena.  Libaka tsa bolulo li ne li arotsoe ho ea ka lihlopha tse laoloang ke lihlooho tsa malapa, 'me li ne li potolohile leralla, li etsa selikalikoe se fanang ka tšireletso.  Ho ka etsahala hore ebe 'muso o ne o arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mehlano ea bolaoli ka lebaka la ho ata ha baahi sebakeng se seholo; mekhahlelo eo e ne e kenyelletsa lihlooho tsa malapa, lihlooho tsa metse, marena a manyane, marena a phahameng, le morena ka boeena.

Morena o ne a robala ka tlung e nyane ea lepolanka, sebakeng seo ho neng ho nahanoa hore ke sa sephiri. Baeti ba ne ba sa lumelloa ho kopana le morena. Sehlopha sa hae se ne se kenyelletsa masole le libini tse binang lithoriso, hammoho le libini tse letsang liletsa tse kang *mbira* le *xylophone*. Liketso tsa hae li ne li latela meetlo e khethehileng; mohlala, ha a ne a ethimola, sebini se binang lithoriso se ne se tsebisa bohle. Basali ba ne ba nkoa e le tsela ea ho fihlela katleho le boemo bo phahameng, kahoo morena o ne a e-na le basali ba bangata, 'me mosali e moholo a ba okametse. Basali ba bang ba ne ba lula ka ntle ho motse-moholo e le ho thusa ho boloka maqhama a tšebelisano-'moho.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba badilengbai nkile mesebetsing ya lichaba tse ling tsa Afrika Boroa pele ho bokolone 'me li totobatsa monyetla oa tsitsipano ea meloko e fapaneng, ka lebaka la bacha ba imetsoeng ke boholo ba mosebetsi, leha ba ne ba sa khone ho ba le likhomo kapa naha ho fihlela lenyalong. Ke banna ba maemo a holimo feela ba neng ba lumelloa ho qhibilihisa le ho sebetsa koporo le khauta. Litšepe tsena li ne li amahanngoa le matla, leruo le monono, 'me ke batho ba maemo a holimo feela ba neng ba ka ba le khauta. Leha boholo ba bona ba ne ba e-na le phihlello ea lisebelisoa tsa tšepe, balemi ba futsanehileng ba ne ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa majoe le masapo. Banna ba ne ba patoa ka har'a masaka, ha basali ba ne ba patoa ka ntle ho 'ona.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;: 21, 29, 78

Batho ba maemo a temong oo ba ne ba patoa maralleng. Basali ba morena ba ne ba lula sebakeng sa bona, ba le morena. Banna ba matlo ba ne ba e-na le matlo a majabajaba mathōkong a motse-moholo. Mokhoa ona oa ho arola libaka o ile oa qala ho hlaha Mapungubwe, hamorao oa boela oa arabang oa arabang ea Butua le Rozwi. Ho ha palo ea boraro Mapungubwe ho ka ’na ha ba ha ba ha baka ho be le batho ba sebetsa ka sebeletsang ka tlotleng e neng e phahameng, haholo-holo ea ho etsa lijana tsa lipuisano. Lintho tse ling tse ka khauta li ile tsa nkutloa mabitleng a batho ba maemo a holimo a neng a leralleng la borena.

Ho etsa pula, kapa ho laola pula, e ne e le mokhoa o reretsoeng ho susumetsa ho na ha pula le ho thibela komello hammoho le likhohola. Sena se ne se thehiloe tumelong ea hore batho ba ka susumetsa tlhaho, meea, kapa baholo-holo ba neng ba ka thibela kapa ba tlisa pula. Batho ba San, bao ho neng ho lumeloa hore ba na le kamano e haufi le meea ea khale ea naha, hangata ba ne ba batloa ke lichaba tse ling ho tla etsa meetlo ea pula. Lingaka tsa San li ne li kena boemong ba ho iphetola kelello (trance) 'me li kena lefats'eng la meea ho ea ts'oara liphoofolo tse amanang le pula. Sechaba sa K2 se ile sa khetha batho ba San ho e-na le ba Zhizo—bao e neng e le bahlolisani ba bona ba lipolotiki—hobane batho ba San ba ne ba sa lumele ho baholo-holo; ka ho se elelloe baholo-holo ba batho ba Zhizo, ba ne ba ke ke ba laoloa kapa ho qobelloa ke bona. Litlhōrō tsa maralla a nang le melatsoana botlaaseng ba 'ona li ne li sebelisoa e le libaka tsa ho etsa meetlo ea pula, ho kenyeletsoa le sebaka se bitsoang Ratho Kroonkop. Ha sechaba se ntse se tsoela pele ho rarahana, matlo le libaka tse halalelang li ile tsa hahuoa maralleng, 'me mokhoa ona oa fetoha o hlophisitsoeng le ho amoheloa ka molao. Sebakeng sa Mapungubwe, batho ba maemong a holimo ba ile ba leka ho fetola sebaka sa ho etsa meetlo ho tloha sehlopheng sa maralla ho ea ho leralla le le leng—e leng Leralla la Mapungubwe—moo lelapa la borena le neng le etsa mesebetsi ea meetlo, e leng se neng se bontša phetoho e tlohang karolong eo baholo-holo ba neng ba e bapala.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;: 30–1

== Moruo ==
Moruo oa Mapungubwe o ne o ipapisitse haholo le temo le ho rua liphoofolo. Kaha sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo, se ne se sa lokela hantle temo; sena se ile sa etsa hore ho hlokahale hore likhomo li lisoe hole le masimo nakong ea ho lema le ho hola ha lijalo (leha li ne li le bohlokoa haholo sechabeng). Mokhoa ona o ile oa fokotsa khatello mobung 'me oa lumella ho ruuoa ha mehlape e meholoanyane, e leng se ileng sa eketsa tlhahiso. Ho fetoha-fetoha ha pula le hona ho ile ha baka mathata ao ba ileng ba a hlola. Ho ile ha hlahisoa masela le lijana tsa letsopa Mapungubwe,[1][2] hammoho le lintho tse entsoeng ka manaka a litlou tse kang lipetja, ha K2 eona e ne e hlahisa masela le lifaha tsa khalase. Indasteri ea tšepe (e ileng ea ntlafatsoa sebakeng seo) e ne e kenyelletsa ho qhibilihisa le ho bopa tšepe, koporo, khauta, brass le bronze. Boholo ba litšepe bo ne bo tsoa libakeng tse haufi, ebang ke ka lekhetho kapa khoebo (ho ka etsahala hore khauta e ne e tsoa libakeng tsa merafo ea khauta ea Tati naheng ea Botswana ea kajeno le karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno). Lintho tse neng li hlahisoa li ne li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse kang li-chisel, li-adze, lilepe le lipheletsong tsa metsu, hammoho le mabenyane.[3]: 20–2, 33, 89, 106

Moruo oa Mapungubwe o ne o ipapisitse haholo le temo le ho rua liphoofolo. Kaha sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo, se ne se sa lokela hantle temo; sena se ile sa etsa hore ho hlokahale hore likhomo li lisoe hole le masimo nakong ea ho lema le ho hola ha lijalo (leha li ne li le bohlokoa haholo sechabeng). Mokhoa ona o ile oa fokotsa khatello mobung 'me oa lumella ho ruuoa ha mehlape e meholoanyane, e leng se ileng sa eketsa tlhahiso. Ho fetoha-fetoha ha pula le hona ho ile ha baka mathata ao ba ileng ba a hlola. Ho ile ha hlahisoa masela le lijana tsa letsopa Mapungubwe,[1][2] hammoho le lintho tse entsoeng ka manaka a litlou tse kang lipetja, ha K2 eona e ne e hlahisa masela le lifaha tsa khalase. Indasteri ea tšepe (e ileng ea ntlafatsoa sebakeng seo) e ne e kenyelletsa ho qhibilihisa le ho bopa tšepe, koporo, khauta, brass le bronze. Boholo ba litšepe bo ne bo tsoa libakeng tse haufi, ebang ke ka lekhetho kapa khoebo (ho ka etsahala hore khauta e ne e tsoa libakeng tsa merafo ea khauta ea Tati naheng ea Botswana ea kajeno le karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno). Lintho tse neng li hlahisoa li ne li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse kang li-chisel, li-adze, lilepe le lipheletsong tsa metsu, hammoho le mabenyane.[3]: 20–2, 33, 89, 106

Phello ea khoebo ho Mapungubwe ha e hlake hantle; litsebi tse kang Thomas Huffman li re ho theoa ha mmuso oo ho bakiloe ke khoebo ea libaka tse hole—e leng ntho e ileng ea baka phapang e kholo ea boemo pakeng tsa ba boholong le batho ba tloaelehileng—leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba kang Shadreck Chirikure le ba bang ba bontša hore moruo (le mohlomong tumello ea puso ea baetapele) o ne o thehiloe temong le ho ruuoeng ha liphoofolo. Litsebi tse kang Richard Pearson li sebelisitse khopolo ea ho itšetleha ka ba bang (dependency theory) 'me tsa pheha khang ea hore ho romelloa ha lisebelisoa tse sa sebetsoang ho ne ho tla sitisa tsoelo-pele ea Mapungubwe; litsebi tse ling tse kang David Killick li boletse hore ha ho na lintlha tse lekaneng tsa ho tseba hore na ho bile le phapanyetsano e sa lekanang kapa ho itšetleha ka ba bang kapa che. Mark Horton le ba bang ba phehile khang ea hore libaka tsa kahare tsa Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa rua molemo o monyane haholo khoebong ea libaka tse hole ha ho bapisoa le litoropo-mmuso tsa lebopong la leoatle tsa Baswahili, mohlomong ka lebaka la taolo e felletseng ea khoebo eo Baswahili ba neng ba e-na le eona.

== Ho sebetsa ka lejwe ==
Tlhophiso ea sebaka Mapungubwe—e tsejoang e le *dzimbahwe* ka puo ea Se-Shona—e ne e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea mabota a majoe ho arola libaka tsa bohlokoa, ho bontša phapang ea maemo a sechaba le ho fa morena sebaka sa boinotši bakeng sa litšebeletso tsa meetlo.  &lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;Ho ne ho e-na le ntlo e hahiloeng ka mabota a majoe eo ho nahanoang hore e ne e luloa ke moeletsi e moholo. Majoe le lehong li ne li sebelisoa hammoho. Hape ho ne ho e-na le lerako la likutu tsa lifate le pota-potileng Thaba ea Mapungubwe. Bongata ba baahi ba motse-moholo bona ba ne ba lula ka hare ho lerako la lehlakoreng la bophirima.

== Mabitla a marana ==
[[File:Mapungubwe,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(20356187550).jpg|thumb| Tshukudu Gauta ya Mapungubwe]]
[[File:Mapungubwe_gold_beads_and_jewellery_-_Museum_of_Gems_and_Jewellery.jpg|thumb|Difaha tsa Gauta le mabenyane a Mapungubwe]]
Lilemong tsa bo-1930, mabitla a maholo a ile a sibolloa haufi le ntlo ea borena, e neng e e-na le mabitla a 23. Bongata ba ’ona a ile a patoa a e-na le lisebelisoa tse fokolang kapa a se na tsona, ’me boholo ba batho ba baholo ba ne ba patiloe ka lifaha tsa khalase, leha ho le joalo tse tharo li ne li fapane. Ea pele, e tsejoang e le lepato la khauta la pele, e ne e patiloe ka hlooho ea lepolanka le lintho tse tharo tse entsoeng ka lepolanka tse koahetsoeng ka foil ea khauta; sekotlolo sa ho noha, lere la borena (mohlomong le koto), le tšukulu.[d] Ea bobeli, mohlomong mosali, e ne e patiloe e shebile bophirimela ka li-bangle tsa khauta tse fetang 100, lifaha tsa khauta tse 12 000, le lifaha tsa khalase tse 26 000. Ea boraro, mohlomong monna e molelele oa lilemo tse mahareng, le eena o ne a patiloe a shebile bophirimela, ’me a e-na le sefaha sa lifaha tsa khauta le likhetla tsa cowrie, le lintho tse fapaneng tse koahetsoeng ka foil ea khauta, ho kenyeletsoa le koena.

Ka 2007, Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa fana ka tumello ya hore masalla a masapo a ileng a epollwa ka 1933 a bolokwe hape Thabeng ya Mapungubwe moketeng o neng o tshwerwe ka la 20 Pudungwana 2007.

== Baahi ==

=== Phepo le bophelo ===
Ho entsoe tlhahlobo ea masapo a batho ba Mapungubwe ho ithuta ka boemo ba bona ba bophelo le mokhoa oa bona oa ho phela. Liphetho li bontša hore baahi ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba ba le litekanyetso tsa lefu tse neng li lebelletsoe ho batho ba phelang pele ho nako ea indasteri (tse tšoanang le tsa batho ba Europe ba mehleng eo); ho ne ho e-na le palo e phahameng ea mafu har'a bacha, empa ha motho a se a holile, o ne a ka lebelloa ho phela lilemo tse pakeng tsa 35 le 40.[1] Taba e 'ngoe e fumanoeng ke hore batho ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba hola hantle, ba sa hlaheloa khafetsa ke mafu a sa foleng, leha ka linako tse ling bana ba ne ba fumanoa ba e-na le khaello ea mali (anaemia).&lt;ref&gt;Steyn, Maryana (1997). &quot;A Reassessment of the Human Skeletons from K2 and Mapungubwe (South Africa)&quot;. ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''52''' (165): 14–20. doi:10.2307/3888972. JSTOR&amp;#x20;3888972.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamano ya merabe ===
Ho nahanoa hore baahi ba Mapungubwe ke baholo-holo ba batho ba Kalanga (sehlopha se ka tlase sa batho ba Shona).&lt;ref&gt;https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-290&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebaka sena se boleloa e le sa batho ba Vhavenda, haholo-holo meloko ea Tshivhula ea Sembola le Machete (boitsebiso ba Venda bo ile ba thehoa pakeng tsa lekholo la bo-15 le la bo-17 la lilemo ka ho kopana ha merabe ea Kalanga, Shona le Sotho).[1][2][3] Leha ka bobeli ba na le likhokahano tsa nalane sebakeng sena, Mokoko Piet Sebola o ngola hore mohlomong ba susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea ho batla litokelo tsa mobu e qalisitsoeng ke 'muso oa Afrika Boroa, e leng ts'ebetso e bakileng hore lihlopha tse fapaneng li ipolele mobu ka tsela e sa tšepahaleng. O phethela ka hore ha ho na bopaki bo lekaneng ba ho tiisa likhokahano tsa baholo-holo sebakeng sena bakeng sa leha e le efe ea lihlopha tsena, kapa bakeng sa meloko e meng.[4]

==== Genetiki ====
Tshekatsheko ya marapo a dibopego tsa craniometric (ke gore: dinonofo tse di mo lehatang) di dirisitswe go tshwaya kamano ya dijini magareng ga batho ba Mapungubwe le baagi ba bangwe. Tlhahlobo ea pele ea Galloway, 1939/1957 e ile ea bona likamano pakeng tsa batho ba Mapungubwe le lisampole tse nkiloeng ho 'Khoisanid' disampole, 'me kahoo ba arola batho ba Mapungubwe e le 'racially Boskop' (Khoisan),[1] mohlomong le ka 'Caucasoid' ea tlatsetso.[2] Sena se ile sa baka likhang, haholo hobane (joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ka holimo), moetlo oa thepa o fumanoang sebakeng sena o lumellana haholo le mekhoa e tsebahalang ea mehleng ea Iron Age Bantu. Ho thata ho hlahloba mesaletsa ea Galloway ka lebaka la ho se bolokehe ha hantle holim'a lehata la hae, [2] empa tlhahlobo e ileng ea latela ho liphuputso tse ling e bontšitse hore boholo ba lisampole tse tsoang Mapungubwe tse sa kang tsa senngoa ke polokelo e fokolang kapa tse kotsing ea ho senyeha li oela ka har'a mefuta e mengata e lokelang ho lebelloa ho lihlopha tsa &quot;Bantu&quot;. Tshekatsheko ya Rightmire 1970 e fumane hore, ho metha bolelele ba cranial, glabella protrusion, nasion-basion (nose bridge) bolelele, alveolare-basion length, le palo ya ditsobotsi tse ding (35 ka kakaretso), tse tsheletseng &quot;K2 Crania&quot; (Rightmire e tshwara K2 hammoho le Bambandyanalo le Mapungumanbwe) kaofela ka ho hlaka hore &quot;Sansh Falls&quot; (Sansh Falls) ka ho hlaka ka ntle ho disampole ho tsoa mefuteng ea lisampole tsa &quot;Hottentot&quot;. Tse peli ka thoko, &quot;ba bang kaofela ba tiile ka har'a mefuta e lebelletsoeng ea mefuta ea mehleng ea Bantu...&quot;.Ha a phethela, o fana ka maikutlo a hore:
 
Tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke Steyn ka 1997 e ile ea fumana hore lisampole tsa meno (e leng mofuta o ka sehloohong oa lisampole tse neng li ithutoa mosebetsing oa hae) li ne li tšoana haholo le lisampole tse tsoang K2—tse neng li khethollotsoe e le tsa sehlopha sa &quot;Southern African Negro&quot;—ho feta kamoo li neng li tšoana kateng le lisampole tsa batho ba San.[1]

Ho na le mabaka a mangata a bakang pherekano ena. Taba ea pele, boholo bo bonyenyane haholo ba sampole e fumanehang bo bolela hore liphetho li ka 'na tsa ba le phoso e bakoang ke menyetla kapa liketsahalo tsa tšohanyetso (ke hore: sehlopha se ikhethang sa batho se nkoa e le sona se emelang baahi bohle).[1] Taba ea bobeli, tlhahlobo ea litekanyo tsa hlooho (craniometric analysis) hangata e na le mathata a amanang le mokhoa oa ho lekanya le ho toloka lintlha; ho tsejoa esale khale hore ho latela litekanyetso tse sebelisoang le lihlopha tsa batho tse amehang, motho a ka 'na a bona litšobotsi tsa sehlopha se seng ho se seng.[2] Taba ea boraro, litsebi tse ngata li hlokomela hore khopolo ea hore ho na le phapang e hlakileng le e ts'oanang pakeng tsa batho ba Khoisan le ba Bantu ha ho shejoa litšobotsi tsa 'mele, e rarahane ka lebaka la hore ho tsejoa esale khale hore batho ba Borwa ba Afrika ba na le litšobotsi tse tsoakiloeng[3] le hore ba ile ba sebelisana,[2] hape hobane, joalokaha Steyn a bolela, &quot;mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka mefuta e itseng (typological approach)—moo motho a hlalosoang ka ho bapisoa le motho ea 'phethahetseng' ea nang le litšobotsi tsohle tsa mantlha tsa morabe o itseng—o se o siiloe ke nako ka ho feletseng.&quot;[1] Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se bolele hore ho ke ke ha khoneha ho fumana le ho sebetsa ka liphapang tse kholo tsa lihlopha; Rightmire (1970) o ile a pheha khang ea hore ho na le litekanyetso tse lekaneng tse ka khethollang—ka boemo bo phahameng ba bonnete—lipakeng tsa lisampole tsa Khoisan le tsa &quot;Southern African Negro&quot; tseo a neng a li hlahloba,[4] 'me khang e tšoanang e ile ea hlahisoa ke Franklin le Freedman (2006).[5] Esita le tabeng ena, Rightmire le Merwe (1976) ba bontša hore ha ho etsoa liphapang tse joalo, ho ka 'na ha fumanoa lintho tse sa lebelloang; tlhahlobo ea bona e ile ea bontša hore e 'ngoe ea litopo tse peli tse neng li hlahlojoa bakeng sa pampiri eo e ne e lumellana haholoanyane le sehlopha sa &quot;Hottentots&quot; ho feta sa &quot;Bantus&quot;, 'me sehlopha sa Bantu se neng se atamelane haholo le eona e ne e le lisampole tsa bona tsa Venda. Maemong 'ohle, tlhahlobo ea 'nete ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (genetic analysis) ea lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng—ho fapana le tlhahlobo ea 'mele e neng e hakanya likamano tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso—e tšehetsa taba ea hore ho bile le motsoako o hlokomelehang, 'me ka linako tse ling o moholo haholo,pakeng tsa batho ba Khoisan le ba Bantu ba Borwa ba Afrika nakong e fetileng; motsoako ona o bonahala ho batho ba kajeno ba Khoisan le ba Bantu. Qetellong, ho na le khopolo ea hore tlhahlobo ea sebopeho sa hlooho (craniometric) kapa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (genetic) e ka khona ka boyona ho supa ka nepo boitsebiso ba morabe le puo hammoho le meeli ea batho ba mehleng ea khale; taba eo Brothwell (1963) a ileng a e nka e le e bakang mathata hangata, kaha ho na le lihlopha tsa batho ba Khoisan tse nang le tšimoloho e batlang e sa amaneng le ea batho ba Khoisan ho hang,[9] hape mehlala e meng ea batho ba Xhosa e ne e bonahala e e-na le tšimoloho e kholo e sa amaneng le ea batho ba Xhosa.

== Ho sibolloa hape le historiografi ==
Baahi ba moo ba ne ba tseba ka sebaka sena ka lipale tsa bona tsa molomo, 'me ba ne ba se nka e le sebaka se halalelang se nang le matla le boteng ba marena a khale a baholo-holo; meetlo ea bona e ne e ba lemosa hore ba se ke ba etela kapa hona ho supa thaba eo ka monoana. Lekholong la bo-19 la lilemo, Frans Lotrie (ea tsoang leloko la Majeremane kapa la Madache) o ile a etela sebaka seo se seholo sa naha 'me a tsejoa e le &quot;Wild Lottering&quot;, hamorao a ea lula haufi le noka ea Limpopo. Qalong ea lekholo la bo-20 la lilemo, lelapa la Van Graan, e leng balemi ba neng ba lula Seterekeng sa Mopane, ba ile ba utloa pale e reng ho na le &quot;monna e mosoeu ea ileng a phela bophelo ba ho ipatela batho ka hare ho lehaha mabopong a noka ea Limpopo&quot; le hore o ile a &quot;hloa thaba e halalelang 'me a fumana lintho moo&quot;. Ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa ba ntse ba batla letlotlo leo, ka 1933 ba ile ba qobella motho e mong oa sebakeng seo (moeta-pele oa lehae) hore a ba bontše tsela, 'me ba tloha hape le sehlopha sa batho. Ho ea ka setsebi sa lintho tsa khale se ileng sa ngola ka 1937, moeta-pele eo oa lehae &quot;o ne a thothomela ke tšabo 'me a ile a tlameha ho tšoaroa ka matla pele a ka bontša tsela e patiloeng e nyolohelang thabeng&quot;. Ba ile ba fumana likotoana tsa lipitsa tsa letsopa le lintho tse entsoeng ka koporo, khalase le khauta, hammoho le sebaka seo ho sona ho neng ho patiloe motho ea neng a e-na le mekhabiso e mengata haholo.[1][2][3]

Lelapa la ha Van Graan ha lea ka la bolela ka lintho tsohle tseo le li fumaneng. Van Graan e monyane, eo e neng e le seithuti sa Univesithi ea Pretoria, o ile a tlalehela setsebi sa tsa khale (archaeologist) se boletsoeng pejana ka seo ba se fumaneng.[1] Univesithi ea Pretoria—eo ka nako eo e neng e le setsi sa batho ba buang Seafrikaans feela—e ile ea fumana litokelo tsa letlotlo leo, 'me 'muso oa Hertzog oa laola sebaka seo ka ho feletseng. Tšibollo ena e ile ea hanyetsa tšōmo ea hore batho ba basoeu ba phahametse ba bang, e reng Afrika e ne e le kontinenteng e 'lefifi' le e 'saletseng morao' e hlokang ho 'pholosoa', hammoho le tumelo ea hore batho ba buang Seafrikaans e ne e le &quot;baetapele ba tsoelopele&quot;. Joalokaha ho ile ha etsahala ka Great Zimbabwe, 'muso o ile oa leka ho pata, ho nyenyefatsa le ho ' sireletsa' sebaka seo.

Sebaka sena se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le sehopotso sa naha lilemong tsa bo-1980.[1] Phuputso le tlhaloso ea Mapungubwe nakong eohle ea lekholo la bo-20 la lilemo li ile tsa qhelela ka thoko haholo sechaba sa sebaka seo, ho fihlela nakong ea kamora khethollo ea morabe, moo litloholo le baahi ba sebaka seo ba qalileng ho nka karolo haholoanyane mesebetsing ea Mapungubwe.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Wide image/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Tulo tse tshireleditsweng ==
Sebaka sena joale ke karolo ea Phaka ea Sechaba ea Mapungubwe, e leng karolo ea Sebaka sa Setso sa UNESCO sa Mapungubwe le Sebaka se Seholo sa Paballo sa Meeli e Kopaneng sa Mapungubwe.

Sebaka sa Setso sa Mapungubwe se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatše sa UNESCO ka la 3 Phupu 2003.[1]

== Phaposi ya pontsho ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Mapungubwe_National_Park_sign_in_2005.jpg|Makeno Sertapeng sa Mapungubwe , Limpopo, Aforika Borwa
File:LSConfluence.jpg|Setshwantsho se nkilwe ka lehlakoreng la Botswana le Zimbabwe,noka ya  Shashe e ka bonwa.
File:MNPSandstone.jpg|Lejwe le leholo 
File:TreetopWalk.jpg|Tsamao ya ba tsamayang ka kolotsana tse sututswang
File:Mapungubwe_hill_limpopo.jpg|Thaba ya Mapungubwe 
File:Bateleur_Eagle_with_Kill.jpg|Letlaka Bateleur eagle
File:Excavations.jpg|Sehlopha sa baepi Mapungubwe.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Tse ding tse kgahlisang Aforika Borwa
** Blaauboschkraal e [[Mpumalanga]]
** Machadodorp baKoni  Mpumalanga
** [[Kaditshwene]] e [[Leboya Bophirimela (Afrika Borwa)|North West province]]
** Kweneng' Ruins e [[Gauteng]]
** Sedan Beehive stone tse [[Foreisetata|Free State]]
** Tlokwe Ruins tse [[Gauteng]]
** Thulamela e Kruger National Park, Limpopo
* Tse tswanang ka ntle ho naha ya Aforkia Borwa
** Bumbusi e Zimbabwe
** Danangombe e Zimbabwe
** Engaruka e Tanzania
** Khami e Zimbabwe
** Manyikeni e Mozambique
** Naletale e Zimbabwe
** Thimlich Ohinga stone ruins e Kenya
** Ziwa e Zimbabwe
* Mapungubwe Collection
* Order ya Mapungubwe

== Dinoutsu ==
 

== Mehlodi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="37381" sha1="ct54cehl3hmhy19ss9klnp2gdpx8aps" xml:space="preserve">'''Mmuso wa Mapungubwe''' e ne e le naha ya kgale e neng e le sebakeng seo ka dinoka tsa Shashe le Limpopo di kopanang teng, naheng eo kajeno e tsejwang e le [[Afrika Borwa]], ka boroa ho Great Zimbabwe. Palo ea baahi ba motse-moholo e ne e le 5,000 ka selemo sa 1250, 'me ho ka etsahala hore naha eo e ne e akaretsa sebaka se ka bang 30,000 km² (12,000 sq mi).

Hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1000 CE, batho ba bang ba setso sa Leopard's Kopje ba ile ba tšela noka ea Limpopo ho ea Bambandyanalo, moo ba neng ba phela ka temo le ho rua liphoofolo; ba ne ba isa mehlape e meholo ea likhomo libakeng tsa ho fula tsa lichaba tse ling—e leng se ileng sa matlafatsa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki—ha ba ntse ba nka karolo khoebong ea Leoatle la India ka litoropo-naha tsa Swahili tse lebopong la Bochabela ba Afrika. Ha nako e ntse e feta, keketseho ea leruo har'a baahi ba neng ba ntse ba eketseha e ile ea baka ho se lekane hoo moralo oa sebaka sa Bambandyanalo o neng o sa lokelang maemo ao a macha.

Haufi le selemo sa 1220, nakong eo ho neng ho e-na le komello, batho ba maemo a holimo ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba fallela tlhōrōng ea Thaba ea Mapungubwe, 'me ba lateloa ke baahi ba bang ba ileng ba lula sebakeng se ka tlase ho eona. Hangata lithaba li ne li sebelisoa e le libaka tsa ho etsa meetlo ea ho kopa pula, 'me Thaba ea Mapungubwe e ile ea e-ba sebaka se ikhethang sa mofuta ona; ho lula ha moeta-pele moo ho ile ha bapala karolo e kholo nts'etsopele ea khopolo ea borena bo halalelang. Leruo le lengata le ile la bokelloa ka lekhetho le mefuta e meng ea litefiso, haholo-holo ka lebaka la hore sebaka seo noka ea Limpopo le ea Shashe li kopanang ho sona e ne e le setsi sa khoebo, moo manaka a litlou le khauta li neng li romelloa libakeng tsa lebopo la leoatle le ka bochabela. Ka mor'a liketsahalo tse sa tsejoeng le phetoho ea litsela tsa khoebo ho ea ka leboea hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1300, baahi ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba falla ba ea libakeng tse ling. Mehleng ea kajeno, hangata ba amahanngoa le batho ba merabe ea Kalanga (Shona) le Venda.

Leha baahi ba moo ba ne ba tseba ka sebaka sena se halalelang, Mapungubwe e ile ea sibolloa hape ke sechaba sa bo-rasaense le mmuso oa bokolone ka selemo sa 1933. Pokello ea lintho tsa khale tse fumanoeng sebakeng sena sa lipatlisiso tsa histori (Mapungubwe Collection) e bolokiloe Musiamong oa Mapungubwe o Pretoria. Sebaka sena se fumaneha Phakeng ya Setjhaba ea Mapungubwe (Mapungubwe National Park) Afrika Boroa, moeling o arolang naha ena le Zimbabwe hammoho le Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215987&lt;/ref&gt; Leha ho ne ho nahanoa hore e bile mmuso oa pele oa mofuta oa oona karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika, lipatlisiso tse entsoeng sebakeng se haufi sa Mapela Hill li senola bopaki ba hore ho ne ho e-na le tsamaiso ea borena bo amanang le bolumeli (sacral kingship) lilemong tse ka bang 200 pele ho moo.&lt;ref&gt;https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Lebitso la yona la pele ha le tsejwe. Sebaka sena se ile sa rehwa lebitso la Mapungubwe ho latela melao ya ho reha mabitso e sebediswang ke baithuti ba tsa histori ya mehleng ya kgale (ba-archaeologist), mme lebitso lena la sebediswa le bakeng sa mmuso oo kaofela.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; Lebitso la Mapungubwe le bolela &quot;sebaka sa diphukubje (tse ngata)&quot;. Dipuong tse fapaneng tsa Se-Bantu, lentsoe &quot;-pungubwe&quot; le bolela diphukubje. Lentsoe &quot;jackal&quot; (phukubje) ke *phunguwe* ka puo ya Sevenda, ha ka puo ya Sesotho sa Leboya e le *phukubje*.&lt;ref&gt;http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jokrafi ==
Sebaka se potolohileng Mapungubwe, haufi le Noka ea Limpopo, kajeno se omme 'me se fumana pula e fokolang. Se entsoe ka maralla a majoe a lehlabathe (sandstone), lehlabathe la Kalahari, le naha e koahetsoeng ke lihlahla.  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1000 le 1200 CE, sebaka sena se ile sa fumana pula e ngata, e ileng ea thusa ho hola ha limela; sena sa hohela liphoofolo tse kang likolobe tsa naha (warthogs), likhomo tsa naha (wildebeests) le linare (buffalo)—hammoho le likokoanyana tsa tsetse. Likhohola tse tsoang Nokeng ea Limpopo li ile tsa hasa limatlafatsi sebakeng se ka thoko ho noka, ho kenyeletsoa le Phuleng ea Mapungubwe moo mobu o neng o fapana ho tloha ho o nang le lehlabathe ho ea ho o nang le letsopa; sena se ne se bolela hore temo e ka etsoa selemo ho pota.

== Nalane ==

=== Tshimoloho ===
Sebaka sena se seholo se ne se ahiloe ke batho ba San ka nako e ka bang lilemo tse 100,000. Sechaba sa pele sa San se ile sa siea lefa le ruileng la litšoantšo tse pentiloeng mahaeng ho pholletsa le Borwa ba Afrika.[1]: 11–2  Batho ba buang lipuo tsa Bantu ba ile ba aha sebakeng sa Phula ea Shashe-Limpopo pakeng tsa selemo sa 350 le 450 CE.&lt;ref&gt;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469605311417364&lt;/ref&gt; Tšimoloho ea 'Muso oa Mapungubwe e fumaneha ho Leopard's Kopje, e leng setso sa khale se sibolotsoeng ke baepolli ba lintho tsa khale naheng ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno.&lt;ref&gt;http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Schroda (900–1000) ====

==== K2 (1000–1220) ====
Haufi le selemo sa 1000, batho ba bang ba setso sa Leopard's Kopje ba ile ba falla ba lebile ka boroa ho ea lula sebakeng sa Bambandyanalo (se tsejoang hape e le K2, se ka tlas'a Thaba ea Bambandyanalo), ha batho ba setso sa Zhizo bona ba ne ba falla ba lebile bophirima ho ea lula Toutswe, naheng eo kajeno e tsejoang e le Botswana. Litsebi tse ling li lumela hore likamano tsa bona li ne li tletse bora le likhohlano tsa sesole, leha ho le joalo tse ling li phehella ka hore likamano tseo li ne li rarahane haholoanyane, ebang ke ka tsela ea sechaba kapa ea lipolotiki. &lt;ref&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006796925891&lt;/ref&gt;Ho fihla ha bona ho ile ha tsamaisana le ho qala ha nako ea pula e ngata, e leng se ileng sa eketsa haholo chai ea lijalo. Batho ba Leopard's Kopje ba ne ba bua mofuta oa pele oa puo ea Se-Shona, mohlomong e ne e le Se-Kalanga (Se-Shona sa bophirima). K2 e ne e le motse-moholo, mme ho ka etsahala hore e ne e arotsoe ka libaka tsa bolulo tse neng li laoloa ke hlooho ea lelapa, ha morena eena a ne a e-na le sebaka se seholo ka ho fetisisa. Basali ba ne ba sebetsa koporo, ha banna bona ba ne ba sebetsa tshepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba ne ba lema mabele, mahangu, finger millet, linaoa tsa fatše le dinawa tsa mofuta wa cowpea. E le ho sebelisa mobu ka katleho e kholoanyane, mehlape ea likhomo e ne e isoa hole le motse-moholo 'me e lumelloa ho fula mobung oa lichaba tse ling; sena se ne se matlafatsa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki le lichaba tseo, hape se lumella ho ba le mehlape e meholoanyane. Palo ea baahi e ile ea eketseha, 'me ka selemo sa 1200, sebaka sa K2 se ne se na le baahi ba ka bang 1,500. Mekhoa ea ho kopa pula e ne e atile, 'me ka linako tse ling moetapele o ne a hira batho ba tsoang kantle—ba kang batho ba San—bao ho neng ho lumeloa hore ba na le likamano tse khethehileng le meea ea naha ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha bona sebakeng seo nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba bang ba sechaba sa Zhizo ba neng ba setse Leokwe (e leng sebaka seo ho ka etsahalang hore se ne se le tlas'a taolo ea K2) ba ne ba ipabola litabeng tsa meetlo le mekete ea setso, hape ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha bona sebakeng seo nako e telele.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas Huffman o ngotse hore leruo le leholo le hlahisitsoeng ke khoebo ea Leoatle la India le ile la baka ho se lekane ho sa kang ha e-ba teng pele, ha sechaba se ntse se fetoha ho tloha ho hlophisoang ho latela maemo a sechaba ho ea ho lihlopha tsa sechaba, 'me ha hlaha phapang e kholo ea boemo pakeng tsa sehlopha se busang le batho ba tloaelehileng. Ka lebaka leo, tlhophiso ea sebaka sa K2 e ile ea se ke ea hlola e tšoanela tsoelo-pele ena.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt; Leha ho le joalo, Mark Horton o ile a pheha khang ea hore libaka tsa kahare tsa Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa rua molemo o fokolang haholo khoebong ea sebaka se selelele ha ho bapisoa le litoropo-naha tsa lebopong la leoatle tsa Baswahili (mohlomong ka lebaka la taolo e felletseng ea khoebo ke Baswahili), 'me Shadreck Chirikure le ba bang ba supile hore moruo (le mohlomong tumello ea puso ea babusi) o ne o thehiloe temong le ho ruuoeng ha liphoofolo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, litsebi Nam Kim le Chapurukha Kusimba li hlalositse hore ts'ebetso ena ea ho theoa ha mmuso e bakiloe ke mekhoa e mecha ea temo, ho bokellana ha likhomo, le tšebeliso ea matla a amanang le meetlo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389424&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thaba ya Mapungubwe (1220–1300) ===
[[File:ZimbabweStatesAndTrade.svg|thumb|Mmapa wa ditsi tsa kgwebo  Zimbabwean Plateau]]
Haufi le selemo sa 1200, nako ea pula e ngata e ile ea fela. Nakong ea komello e matla eo ho ka etsahalang hore e ile ea ama sechaba hampe, baetapele ba borena ba ile ba fallesetsa motse-moholo oa bona Mapungubwe (sebaka sa khale sa meetlo ea ho kopa pula) 'me ba aha holim'a tlhōrō ea oona e bataletseng hoo e ka bang ka selemo sa 1220, ha batho ba bangata ba ne ba lula botlaaseng ba Thaba ea Mapungubwe.  Ho ka etsahala hore motse oa khale o ile oa chesoa e le hore ho buloe tsela bakeng sa o mocha. &lt;ref&gt;https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html&lt;/ref&gt;Thaba ea Mapungubwe e ile ea fetoha sebaka se ikhethang sa meetlo ea ho kopa pula, 'me ho lula ha moetapele moo ho ile ha totobatsa kamano pakeng tsa hae le taba ea ho kopa pula—e leng ntho ea bohlokoa haholo nts'etsopelong ea tsamaiso ea borena bo amanang le litaba tsa moea le bolumeli. Pele ho moo, thaba ena e ne e luloa ke batho ba San, 'me lehaheng le ka lehlakoreng le ka bochabela ho ne ho e-na le litšoantšo tsa bona.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

Morena oa pele (&quot;Shiriyadenga&quot; ho latela litloaelo tse ling tsa molomo tsa Venda)[1] o ne a qeta boholo ba nako ea hae a le thoko bakeng sa litšebeletso tsa moetlo, 'me ntlo-khōlō ea hae e ne e le karolong e ka bophirima ea leralla; e ne e kenyelletsa kamore eo morena a neng a ka amohela baeti ho eona, le e 'ngoe moo baeti ba neng ba hlahlojoa teng, hammoho le ntlo ea sengaka sa morena se khethehileng. Ka selemo sa 1250, Mapungubwe e ne e e-na le baahi ba ka bang 5000, ba lulang libakeng tse potolohileng leralla, ba etsa selikalikoe se fanang ka tšireletso. Morena oa bobeli (&quot;Tshidziwelele&quot; ho latela litloaelo tse ling tsa Venda)[1] o ne a e-na le ntlo-khōlō ea hae bohareng ba leralla, a e-na le litokisetso tse tšoanang le tsa eo a mo hlahlamang, leha ho le joalo kamore ea hae ea baeti e ne e arotsoe e le hore baeti ba arohanngoe le morena, eo a neng a buisana le bona ka mohlanka ea sebetsang e le molaoli oa puisano. Marena a ne a e-na le basali ba bangata, 'me ba bang ba bona ba ne ba lula ka ntle ho motse-moholo ho thusa ho boloka maqhama a bonngoe le litšebelisano-mmoho.[2][3]: 38–51  Tsamaiso le sebopeho sa 'muso ha li hlake hantle, leha litsebi li nahana hore li ne li tšoana le tsa 'Muso oa Bapedi.[2]: 71

Moruo o ne o thehiloe temong, 'me mehlape ea likhomo e ne e lisoa hole le motse-moholo e lumelloa ho fula masimong a lichaba tse ling; sena se ile sa thusa ho haha ​​likamano tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki hammoho le ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea Mapungubwe. Leruo le lengata le ile la bokelloa ka mokhoa oa lekhetho kapa menehelo e neng e lefuoa ka lijalo, liphoofolo, le ka linako tse ling ka thepa e sa fumaneheng habonolo.[1][2]: 163  Koporo, khauta le *tin* li ne li sa fumanehe sebakeng sa Phula ea Limpopo-Shashe, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe Mapungubwe a ile a li fumana ka lekhetho kapa khoebong, kaha sebaka seo linōka tsa Limpopo le Shashe li kopanang ho sona e ne e le setsi sa khoebo.[3]: 20, 22  Ha ho hlake hore na qobello le likhohlano li ile tsa bapala karolo e kae kholong le matla a puso ea Mapungubwe, kaha lintho tsena li thata ho li bona ka lipatlisiso tsa lintho tsa khale (archaeology). Le hoja mabota a majoe a ne a e-na le morero oa ho khetholla batho ba maemo a holimo ho ba tloaelehileng, a ka 'na a boetse a ile a sebelisoa bakeng sa tšireletso, e leng se bontšang hore ntoa e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng.[4] Kim le Kusimba, hammoho le Simon Hall, ba boletse hore qobello le pefo li ne li tla ba tsa bohlokoa ho boloka matla a puso.[3]: 92  Mapungubwe a ne a etsa khoebo le libaka tse haufi tse kang Toutswe le Eiland, har'a tse ling, 'me khauta le manaka a litlou li ne li romelloa khoebong ea Leoatle la India ka Sofala.

Ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na ke eng e bakileng ho putlama ha Mapungubwe.[c] Elizabeth Anne Voigt o ile a fana ka maikutlo a hore likhomo li ka 'na tsa be li bakile ho senyeha ha mobu nakong ea komello, ha David Killick le Christopher Ehret bona ba re lekholong la bo-13 la lilemo, Kilwa le Mogadishu li ile tsa nka sebaka sa Manda le Shanga e le likou tse kholo tsa khoebo. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea Kilwa, Sofala e ile ea fetoha setsi sa khoebo ea khauta 'me ea ba le monyetla oa ho fihlella ka kotloloho Sebakeng se Phahameng sa Zimbabwe (Zimbabwean Plateau) moo ho neng ho hlahisoa khauta teng, e leng se ileng sa siea Mapungubwe ka thoko khoebong eo.[1]: 96  Chirikure le ba bang ba re litsela tsa khoebo li ile tsa fetela ka leboea ha bahoebi ba ntse ba tsamaea ho ea libakeng tsa kahare moo ho neng ho hlahisoa khauta teng, e leng se ileng sa ama moruo oa Mapungubwe hampe haholo. Ka lebaka leo, ho haella ha thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ho ka 'na ha be ho bakile ho putlama ha likamano tsa lipolotiki tsa Mapungubwe, tseo li neng li itšetlehile ka phapanyetsano ea thepa le litšebeletso bakeng sa naha ea ho alosa liphoofolo. Ba hakanya hore batho ba ile ba lahleheloa ke tšepo ho baetapele ba bona ka lebaka la ho hola ha lekhalo la maemo a bophelo le la moea lipakeng tsa batho ba tloaelehileng le morena (hammoho le litlhoko tse boima tsa lekhetho), e leng se ileng sa baka ho fela ha sepheo se le seng har'a batho le ho etsa hore ba khethe ho tloha sebakeng seo.[1]: 32–3, 98  Sebaka seo sa khohlo se ile sa siuoa ha batho ba ntse ba hasana ho ea ka leboea-bophirima le ka boroa. Ha baa ka ba hlola ba kopana hape. Ka leboea, Great Zimbabwe—e neng e le moeling oa naha ea Mapungubwe 'me e e-na le baahi ba fapaneng—e ile ea phahama ho ba mohlahlami oa eona, ea amohela mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho hlophisa sebaka ho latela maemo a sechaba le tsamaiso ea boetapele bo nkoang bo halalela.

== Moetlo le Setjhaba ==
[[File:Stone_game_board_on_Mapungubwe_Hill,_Limpopo,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Papadi ya mufuvha (mancala) morabaraba wa Mapungubwe.]]
Nakong eo ba neng ba lula K2, sechaba sa bona se ile sa fetoha ho tloha ho se hlophisitsoeng ho latela maemo a batho ho ea ho se hlophisitsoeng ho latela lihlopha tsa sechaba; e ne e le o mong oa mekhoa ea pele ea ho hlophisa sechaba ka lihlopha le mohlala oa puso ea borena e amanang le bolumeli (sacral kingship) karolong e ka boroa ea Afrika. Moetapele le batho ba maemo a holimo ba ne ba lula tlhōrōng ea leralla, ha baahi ba bang kaofela ba lula ka tlase.  Ho ne ho e-na le litsela tse nne tse nyolohelang lerallong, 'me e kholo ka ho fetisisa e ne e lebeloa ke masole a neng a bitsoa &quot;leihlo&quot; la morena.  Libaka tsa bolulo li ne li arotsoe ho ea ka lihlopha tse laoloang ke lihlooho tsa malapa, 'me li ne li potolohile leralla, li etsa selikalikoe se fanang ka tšireletso.  Ho ka etsahala hore ebe 'muso o ne o arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mehlano ea bolaoli ka lebaka la ho ata ha baahi sebakeng se seholo; mekhahlelo eo e ne e kenyelletsa lihlooho tsa malapa, lihlooho tsa metse, marena a manyane, marena a phahameng, le morena ka boeena.

Morena o ne a robala ka tlung e nyane ea lepolanka, sebakeng seo ho neng ho nahanoa hore ke sa sephiri. Baeti ba ne ba sa lumelloa ho kopana le morena. Sehlopha sa hae se ne se kenyelletsa masole le libini tse binang lithoriso, hammoho le libini tse letsang liletsa tse kang *mbira* le *xylophone*. Liketso tsa hae li ne li latela meetlo e khethehileng; mohlala, ha a ne a ethimola, sebini se binang lithoriso se ne se tsebisa bohle. Basali ba ne ba nkoa e le tsela ea ho fihlela katleho le boemo bo phahameng, kahoo morena o ne a e-na le basali ba bangata, 'me mosali e moholo a ba okametse. Basali ba bang ba ne ba lula ka ntle ho motse-moholo e le ho thusa ho boloka maqhama a tšebelisano-'moho.&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba badilengbai nkile mesebetsing ya lichaba tse ling tsa Afrika Boroa pele ho bokolone 'me li totobatsa monyetla oa tsitsipano ea meloko e fapaneng, ka lebaka la bacha ba imetsoeng ke boholo ba mosebetsi, leha ba ne ba sa khone ho ba le likhomo kapa naha ho fihlela lenyalong. Ke banna ba maemo a holimo feela ba neng ba lumelloa ho qhibilihisa le ho sebetsa koporo le khauta. Litšepe tsena li ne li amahanngoa le matla, leruo le monono, 'me ke batho ba maemo a holimo feela ba neng ba ka ba le khauta. Leha boholo ba bona ba ne ba e-na le phihlello ea lisebelisoa tsa tšepe, balemi ba futsanehileng ba ne ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa majoe le masapo. Banna ba ne ba patoa ka har'a masaka, ha basali ba ne ba patoa ka ntle ho 'ona.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y&lt;/ref&gt;: 21, 29, 78

Batho ba maemo a temong oo ba ne ba patoa maralleng. Basali ba morena ba ne ba lula sebakeng sa bona, ba le morena. Banna ba matlo ba ne ba e-na le matlo a majabajaba mathōkong a motse-moholo. Mokhoa ona oa ho arola libaka o ile oa qala ho hlaha Mapungubwe, hamorao oa boela oa arabang oa arabang ea Butua le Rozwi. Ho ha palo ea boraro Mapungubwe ho ka ’na ha ba ha ba ha baka ho be le batho ba sebetsa ka sebeletsang ka tlotleng e neng e phahameng, haholo-holo ea ho etsa lijana tsa lipuisano. Lintho tse ling tse ka khauta li ile tsa nkutloa mabitleng a batho ba maemo a holimo a neng a leralleng la borena.

Ho etsa pula, kapa ho laola pula, e ne e le mokhoa o reretsoeng ho susumetsa ho na ha pula le ho thibela komello hammoho le likhohola. Sena se ne se thehiloe tumelong ea hore batho ba ka susumetsa tlhaho, meea, kapa baholo-holo ba neng ba ka thibela kapa ba tlisa pula. Batho ba San, bao ho neng ho lumeloa hore ba na le kamano e haufi le meea ea khale ea naha, hangata ba ne ba batloa ke lichaba tse ling ho tla etsa meetlo ea pula. Lingaka tsa San li ne li kena boemong ba ho iphetola kelello (trance) 'me li kena lefats'eng la meea ho ea ts'oara liphoofolo tse amanang le pula. Sechaba sa K2 se ile sa khetha batho ba San ho e-na le ba Zhizo—bao e neng e le bahlolisani ba bona ba lipolotiki—hobane batho ba San ba ne ba sa lumele ho baholo-holo; ka ho se elelloe baholo-holo ba batho ba Zhizo, ba ne ba ke ke ba laoloa kapa ho qobelloa ke bona. Litlhōrō tsa maralla a nang le melatsoana botlaaseng ba 'ona li ne li sebelisoa e le libaka tsa ho etsa meetlo ea pula, ho kenyeletsoa le sebaka se bitsoang Ratho Kroonkop. Ha sechaba se ntse se tsoela pele ho rarahana, matlo le libaka tse halalelang li ile tsa hahuoa maralleng, 'me mokhoa ona oa fetoha o hlophisitsoeng le ho amoheloa ka molao. Sebakeng sa Mapungubwe, batho ba maemong a holimo ba ile ba leka ho fetola sebaka sa ho etsa meetlo ho tloha sehlopheng sa maralla ho ea ho leralla le le leng—e leng Leralla la Mapungubwe—moo lelapa la borena le neng le etsa mesebetsi ea meetlo, e leng se neng se bontša phetoho e tlohang karolong eo baholo-holo ba neng ba e bapala.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.za/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&amp;pg=PT6&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;: 30–1

== Moruo ==
Moruo oa Mapungubwe o ne o ipapisitse haholo le temo le ho rua liphoofolo. Kaha sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo, se ne se sa lokela hantle temo; sena se ile sa etsa hore ho hlokahale hore likhomo li lisoe hole le masimo nakong ea ho lema le ho hola ha lijalo (leha li ne li le bohlokoa haholo sechabeng). Mokhoa ona o ile oa fokotsa khatello mobung 'me oa lumella ho ruuoa ha mehlape e meholoanyane, e leng se ileng sa eketsa tlhahiso. Ho fetoha-fetoha ha pula le hona ho ile ha baka mathata ao ba ileng ba a hlola. Ho ile ha hlahisoa masela le lijana tsa letsopa Mapungubwe,[1][2] hammoho le lintho tse entsoeng ka manaka a litlou tse kang lipetja, ha K2 eona e ne e hlahisa masela le lifaha tsa khalase. Indasteri ea tšepe (e ileng ea ntlafatsoa sebakeng seo) e ne e kenyelletsa ho qhibilihisa le ho bopa tšepe, koporo, khauta, brass le bronze. Boholo ba litšepe bo ne bo tsoa libakeng tse haufi, ebang ke ka lekhetho kapa khoebo (ho ka etsahala hore khauta e ne e tsoa libakeng tsa merafo ea khauta ea Tati naheng ea Botswana ea kajeno le karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno). Lintho tse neng li hlahisoa li ne li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse kang li-chisel, li-adze, lilepe le lipheletsong tsa metsu, hammoho le mabenyane.[3]: 20–2, 33, 89, 106

Moruo oa Mapungubwe o ne o ipapisitse haholo le temo le ho rua liphoofolo. Kaha sebaka seo se ne se omme haholo, se ne se sa lokela hantle temo; sena se ile sa etsa hore ho hlokahale hore likhomo li lisoe hole le masimo nakong ea ho lema le ho hola ha lijalo (leha li ne li le bohlokoa haholo sechabeng). Mokhoa ona o ile oa fokotsa khatello mobung 'me oa lumella ho ruuoa ha mehlape e meholoanyane, e leng se ileng sa eketsa tlhahiso. Ho fetoha-fetoha ha pula le hona ho ile ha baka mathata ao ba ileng ba a hlola. Ho ile ha hlahisoa masela le lijana tsa letsopa Mapungubwe,[1][2] hammoho le lintho tse entsoeng ka manaka a litlou tse kang lipetja, ha K2 eona e ne e hlahisa masela le lifaha tsa khalase. Indasteri ea tšepe (e ileng ea ntlafatsoa sebakeng seo) e ne e kenyelletsa ho qhibilihisa le ho bopa tšepe, koporo, khauta, brass le bronze. Boholo ba litšepe bo ne bo tsoa libakeng tse haufi, ebang ke ka lekhetho kapa khoebo (ho ka etsahala hore khauta e ne e tsoa libakeng tsa merafo ea khauta ea Tati naheng ea Botswana ea kajeno le karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Zimbabwe ea kajeno). Lintho tse neng li hlahisoa li ne li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tse kang li-chisel, li-adze, lilepe le lipheletsong tsa metsu, hammoho le mabenyane.[3]: 20–2, 33, 89, 106

Phello ea khoebo ho Mapungubwe ha e hlake hantle; litsebi tse kang Thomas Huffman li re ho theoa ha mmuso oo ho bakiloe ke khoebo ea libaka tse hole—e leng ntho e ileng ea baka phapang e kholo ea boemo pakeng tsa ba boholong le batho ba tloaelehileng—leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba kang Shadreck Chirikure le ba bang ba bontša hore moruo (le mohlomong tumello ea puso ea baetapele) o ne o thehiloe temong le ho ruuoeng ha liphoofolo. Litsebi tse kang Richard Pearson li sebelisitse khopolo ea ho itšetleha ka ba bang (dependency theory) 'me tsa pheha khang ea hore ho romelloa ha lisebelisoa tse sa sebetsoang ho ne ho tla sitisa tsoelo-pele ea Mapungubwe; litsebi tse ling tse kang David Killick li boletse hore ha ho na lintlha tse lekaneng tsa ho tseba hore na ho bile le phapanyetsano e sa lekanang kapa ho itšetleha ka ba bang kapa che. Mark Horton le ba bang ba phehile khang ea hore libaka tsa kahare tsa Afrika Bochabela li ile tsa rua molemo o monyane haholo khoebong ea libaka tse hole ha ho bapisoa le litoropo-mmuso tsa lebopong la leoatle tsa Baswahili, mohlomong ka lebaka la taolo e felletseng ea khoebo eo Baswahili ba neng ba e-na le eona.

== Ho sebetsa ka lejwe ==
Tlhophiso ea sebaka Mapungubwe—e tsejoang e le *dzimbahwe* ka puo ea Se-Shona—e ne e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea mabota a majoe ho arola libaka tsa bohlokoa, ho bontša phapang ea maemo a sechaba le ho fa morena sebaka sa boinotši bakeng sa litšebeletso tsa meetlo.  &lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater&lt;/ref&gt;Ho ne ho e-na le ntlo e hahiloeng ka mabota a majoe eo ho nahanoang hore e ne e luloa ke moeletsi e moholo. Majoe le lehong li ne li sebelisoa hammoho. Hape ho ne ho e-na le lerako la likutu tsa lifate le pota-potileng Thaba ea Mapungubwe. Bongata ba baahi ba motse-moholo bona ba ne ba lula ka hare ho lerako la lehlakoreng la bophirima.

== Mabitla a marana ==
[[File:Mapungubwe,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(20356187550).jpg|thumb| Tshukudu Gauta ya Mapungubwe]]
[[File:Mapungubwe_gold_beads_and_jewellery_-_Museum_of_Gems_and_Jewellery.jpg|thumb|Difaha tsa Gauta le mabenyane a Mapungubwe]]
Lilemong tsa bo-1930, mabitla a maholo a ile a sibolloa haufi le ntlo ea borena, e neng e e-na le mabitla a 23. Bongata ba ’ona a ile a patoa a e-na le lisebelisoa tse fokolang kapa a se na tsona, ’me boholo ba batho ba baholo ba ne ba patiloe ka lifaha tsa khalase, leha ho le joalo tse tharo li ne li fapane. Ea pele, e tsejoang e le lepato la khauta la pele, e ne e patiloe ka hlooho ea lepolanka le lintho tse tharo tse entsoeng ka lepolanka tse koahetsoeng ka foil ea khauta; sekotlolo sa ho noha, lere la borena (mohlomong le koto), le tšukulu.[d] Ea bobeli, mohlomong mosali, e ne e patiloe e shebile bophirimela ka li-bangle tsa khauta tse fetang 100, lifaha tsa khauta tse 12 000, le lifaha tsa khalase tse 26 000. Ea boraro, mohlomong monna e molelele oa lilemo tse mahareng, le eena o ne a patiloe a shebile bophirimela, ’me a e-na le sefaha sa lifaha tsa khauta le likhetla tsa cowrie, le lintho tse fapaneng tse koahetsoeng ka foil ea khauta, ho kenyeletsoa le koena.

Ka 2007, Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o ile wa fana ka tumello ya hore masalla a masapo a ileng a epollwa ka 1933 a bolokwe hape Thabeng ya Mapungubwe moketeng o neng o tshwerwe ka la 20 Pudungwana 2007.

== Baahi ==

=== Phepo le bophelo ===
Ho entsoe tlhahlobo ea masapo a batho ba Mapungubwe ho ithuta ka boemo ba bona ba bophelo le mokhoa oa bona oa ho phela. Liphetho li bontša hore baahi ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba ba le litekanyetso tsa lefu tse neng li lebelletsoe ho batho ba phelang pele ho nako ea indasteri (tse tšoanang le tsa batho ba Europe ba mehleng eo); ho ne ho e-na le palo e phahameng ea mafu har'a bacha, empa ha motho a se a holile, o ne a ka lebelloa ho phela lilemo tse pakeng tsa 35 le 40.[1] Taba e 'ngoe e fumanoeng ke hore batho ba Mapungubwe ba ile ba hola hantle, ba sa hlaheloa khafetsa ke mafu a sa foleng, leha ka linako tse ling bana ba ne ba fumanoa ba e-na le khaello ea mali (anaemia).&lt;ref&gt;Steyn, Maryana (1997). &quot;A Reassessment of the Human Skeletons from K2 and Mapungubwe (South Africa)&quot;. ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''52''' (165): 14–20. doi:10.2307/3888972. JSTOR&amp;#x20;3888972.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kamano ya merabe ===
Ho nahanoa hore baahi ba Mapungubwe ke baholo-holo ba batho ba Kalanga (sehlopha se ka tlase sa batho ba Shona).&lt;ref&gt;https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-290&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebaka sena se boleloa e le sa batho ba Vhavenda, haholo-holo meloko ea Tshivhula ea Sembola le Machete (boitsebiso ba Venda bo ile ba thehoa pakeng tsa lekholo la bo-15 le la bo-17 la lilemo ka ho kopana ha merabe ea Kalanga, Shona le Sotho).[1][2][3] Leha ka bobeli ba na le likhokahano tsa nalane sebakeng sena, Mokoko Piet Sebola o ngola hore mohlomong ba susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea ho batla litokelo tsa mobu e qalisitsoeng ke 'muso oa Afrika Boroa, e leng ts'ebetso e bakileng hore lihlopha tse fapaneng li ipolele mobu ka tsela e sa tšepahaleng. O phethela ka hore ha ho na bopaki bo lekaneng ba ho tiisa likhokahano tsa baholo-holo sebakeng sena bakeng sa leha e le efe ea lihlopha tsena, kapa bakeng sa meloko e meng.[4]

==== Genetiki ====
Tshekatsheko ya marapo a dibopego tsa craniometric (ke gore: dinonofo tse di mo lehatang) di dirisitswe go tshwaya kamano ya dijini magareng ga batho ba Mapungubwe le baagi ba bangwe. Tlhahlobo ea pele ea Galloway, 1939/1957 e ile ea bona likamano pakeng tsa batho ba Mapungubwe le lisampole tse nkiloeng ho 'Khoisanid' disampole, 'me kahoo ba arola batho ba Mapungubwe e le 'racially Boskop' (Khoisan),[1] mohlomong le ka 'Caucasoid' ea tlatsetso.[2] Sena se ile sa baka likhang, haholo hobane (joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ka holimo), moetlo oa thepa o fumanoang sebakeng sena o lumellana haholo le mekhoa e tsebahalang ea mehleng ea Iron Age Bantu. Ho thata ho hlahloba mesaletsa ea Galloway ka lebaka la ho se bolokehe ha hantle holim'a lehata la hae, [2] empa tlhahlobo e ileng ea latela ho liphuputso tse ling e bontšitse hore boholo ba lisampole tse tsoang Mapungubwe tse sa kang tsa senngoa ke polokelo e fokolang kapa tse kotsing ea ho senyeha li oela ka har'a mefuta e mengata e lokelang ho lebelloa ho lihlopha tsa &quot;Bantu&quot;. Tshekatsheko ya Rightmire 1970 e fumane hore, ho metha bolelele ba cranial, glabella protrusion, nasion-basion (nose bridge) bolelele, alveolare-basion length, le palo ya ditsobotsi tse ding (35 ka kakaretso), tse tsheletseng &quot;K2 Crania&quot; (Rightmire e tshwara K2 hammoho le Bambandyanalo le Mapungumanbwe) kaofela ka ho hlaka hore &quot;Sansh Falls&quot; (Sansh Falls) ka ho hlaka ka ntle ho disampole ho tsoa mefuteng ea lisampole tsa &quot;Hottentot&quot;. Tse peli ka thoko, &quot;ba bang kaofela ba tiile ka har'a mefuta e lebelletsoeng ea mefuta ea mehleng ea Bantu...&quot;.Ha a phethela, o fana ka maikutlo a hore:
 
Tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke Steyn ka 1997 e ile ea fumana hore lisampole tsa meno (e leng mofuta o ka sehloohong oa lisampole tse neng li ithutoa mosebetsing oa hae) li ne li tšoana haholo le lisampole tse tsoang K2—tse neng li khethollotsoe e le tsa sehlopha sa &quot;Southern African Negro&quot;—ho feta kamoo li neng li tšoana kateng le lisampole tsa batho ba San.[1]

Ho na le mabaka a mangata a bakang pherekano ena. Taba ea pele, boholo bo bonyenyane haholo ba sampole e fumanehang bo bolela hore liphetho li ka 'na tsa ba le phoso e bakoang ke menyetla kapa liketsahalo tsa tšohanyetso (ke hore: sehlopha se ikhethang sa batho se nkoa e le sona se emelang baahi bohle).[1] Taba ea bobeli, tlhahlobo ea litekanyo tsa hlooho (craniometric analysis) hangata e na le mathata a amanang le mokhoa oa ho lekanya le ho toloka lintlha; ho tsejoa esale khale hore ho latela litekanyetso tse sebelisoang le lihlopha tsa batho tse amehang, motho a ka 'na a bona litšobotsi tsa sehlopha se seng ho se seng.[2] Taba ea boraro, litsebi tse ngata li hlokomela hore khopolo ea hore ho na le phapang e hlakileng le e ts'oanang pakeng tsa batho ba Khoisan le ba Bantu ha ho shejoa litšobotsi tsa 'mele, e rarahane ka lebaka la hore ho tsejoa esale khale hore batho ba Borwa ba Afrika ba na le litšobotsi tse tsoakiloeng[3] le hore ba ile ba sebelisana,[2] hape hobane, joalokaha Steyn a bolela, &quot;mokhoa oa ho arola batho ka mefuta e itseng (typological approach)—moo motho a hlalosoang ka ho bapisoa le motho ea 'phethahetseng' ea nang le litšobotsi tsohle tsa mantlha tsa morabe o itseng—o se o siiloe ke nako ka ho feletseng.&quot;[1] Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se bolele hore ho ke ke ha khoneha ho fumana le ho sebetsa ka liphapang tse kholo tsa lihlopha; Rightmire (1970) o ile a pheha khang ea hore ho na le litekanyetso tse lekaneng tse ka khethollang—ka boemo bo phahameng ba bonnete—lipakeng tsa lisampole tsa Khoisan le tsa &quot;Southern African Negro&quot; tseo a neng a li hlahloba,[4] 'me khang e tšoanang e ile ea hlahisoa ke Franklin le Freedman (2006).[5] Esita le tabeng ena, Rightmire le Merwe (1976) ba bontša hore ha ho etsoa liphapang tse joalo, ho ka 'na ha fumanoa lintho tse sa lebelloang; tlhahlobo ea bona e ile ea bontša hore e 'ngoe ea litopo tse peli tse neng li hlahlojoa bakeng sa pampiri eo e ne e lumellana haholoanyane le sehlopha sa &quot;Hottentots&quot; ho feta sa &quot;Bantus&quot;, 'me sehlopha sa Bantu se neng se atamelane haholo le eona e ne e le lisampole tsa bona tsa Venda. Maemong 'ohle, tlhahlobo ea 'nete ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (genetic analysis) ea lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng—ho fapana le tlhahlobo ea 'mele e neng e hakanya likamano tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso—e tšehetsa taba ea hore ho bile le motsoako o hlokomelehang, 'me ka linako tse ling o moholo haholo,pakeng tsa batho ba Khoisan le ba Bantu ba Borwa ba Afrika nakong e fetileng; motsoako ona o bonahala ho batho ba kajeno ba Khoisan le ba Bantu. Qetellong, ho na le khopolo ea hore tlhahlobo ea sebopeho sa hlooho (craniometric) kapa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (genetic) e ka khona ka boyona ho supa ka nepo boitsebiso ba morabe le puo hammoho le meeli ea batho ba mehleng ea khale; taba eo Brothwell (1963) a ileng a e nka e le e bakang mathata hangata, kaha ho na le lihlopha tsa batho ba Khoisan tse nang le tšimoloho e batlang e sa amaneng le ea batho ba Khoisan ho hang,[9] hape mehlala e meng ea batho ba Xhosa e ne e bonahala e e-na le tšimoloho e kholo e sa amaneng le ea batho ba Xhosa.

== Ho sibolloa hape le historiografi ==
Baahi ba moo ba ne ba tseba ka sebaka sena ka lipale tsa bona tsa molomo, 'me ba ne ba se nka e le sebaka se halalelang se nang le matla le boteng ba marena a khale a baholo-holo; meetlo ea bona e ne e ba lemosa hore ba se ke ba etela kapa hona ho supa thaba eo ka monoana. Lekholong la bo-19 la lilemo, Frans Lotrie (ea tsoang leloko la Majeremane kapa la Madache) o ile a etela sebaka seo se seholo sa naha 'me a tsejoa e le &quot;Wild Lottering&quot;, hamorao a ea lula haufi le noka ea Limpopo. Qalong ea lekholo la bo-20 la lilemo, lelapa la Van Graan, e leng balemi ba neng ba lula Seterekeng sa Mopane, ba ile ba utloa pale e reng ho na le &quot;monna e mosoeu ea ileng a phela bophelo ba ho ipatela batho ka hare ho lehaha mabopong a noka ea Limpopo&quot; le hore o ile a &quot;hloa thaba e halalelang 'me a fumana lintho moo&quot;. Ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa ba ntse ba batla letlotlo leo, ka 1933 ba ile ba qobella motho e mong oa sebakeng seo (moeta-pele oa lehae) hore a ba bontše tsela, 'me ba tloha hape le sehlopha sa batho. Ho ea ka setsebi sa lintho tsa khale se ileng sa ngola ka 1937, moeta-pele eo oa lehae &quot;o ne a thothomela ke tšabo 'me a ile a tlameha ho tšoaroa ka matla pele a ka bontša tsela e patiloeng e nyolohelang thabeng&quot;. Ba ile ba fumana likotoana tsa lipitsa tsa letsopa le lintho tse entsoeng ka koporo, khalase le khauta, hammoho le sebaka seo ho sona ho neng ho patiloe motho ea neng a e-na le mekhabiso e mengata haholo.[1][2][3]

Lelapa la ha Van Graan ha lea ka la bolela ka lintho tsohle tseo le li fumaneng. Van Graan e monyane, eo e neng e le seithuti sa Univesithi ea Pretoria, o ile a tlalehela setsebi sa tsa khale (archaeologist) se boletsoeng pejana ka seo ba se fumaneng.[1] Univesithi ea Pretoria—eo ka nako eo e neng e le setsi sa batho ba buang Seafrikaans feela—e ile ea fumana litokelo tsa letlotlo leo, 'me 'muso oa Hertzog oa laola sebaka seo ka ho feletseng. Tšibollo ena e ile ea hanyetsa tšōmo ea hore batho ba basoeu ba phahametse ba bang, e reng Afrika e ne e le kontinenteng e 'lefifi' le e 'saletseng morao' e hlokang ho 'pholosoa', hammoho le tumelo ea hore batho ba buang Seafrikaans e ne e le &quot;baetapele ba tsoelopele&quot;. Joalokaha ho ile ha etsahala ka Great Zimbabwe, 'muso o ile oa leka ho pata, ho nyenyefatsa le ho ' sireletsa' sebaka seo.

Sebaka sena se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le sehopotso sa naha lilemong tsa bo-1980.[1] Phuputso le tlhaloso ea Mapungubwe nakong eohle ea lekholo la bo-20 la lilemo li ile tsa qhelela ka thoko haholo sechaba sa sebaka seo, ho fihlela nakong ea kamora khethollo ea morabe, moo litloholo le baahi ba sebaka seo ba qalileng ho nka karolo haholoanyane mesebetsing ea Mapungubwe.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Wide image/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Tulo tse tshireleditsweng ==
Sebaka sena joale ke karolo ea Phaka ea Sechaba ea Mapungubwe, e leng karolo ea Sebaka sa Setso sa UNESCO sa Mapungubwe le Sebaka se Seholo sa Paballo sa Meeli e Kopaneng sa Mapungubwe.

Sebaka sa Setso sa Mapungubwe se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatše sa UNESCO ka la 3 Phupu 2003.[1]

== Phaposi ya pontsho ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Mapungubwe_National_Park_sign_in_2005.jpg|Makeno Sertapeng sa Mapungubwe , Limpopo, Aforika Borwa
File:LSConfluence.jpg|Setshwantsho se nkilwe ka lehlakoreng la Botswana le Zimbabwe,noka ya  Shashe e ka bonwa.
File:MNPSandstone.jpg|Lejwe le leholo 
File:TreetopWalk.jpg|Tsamao ya ba tsamayang ka kolotsana tse sututswang
File:Mapungubwe_hill_limpopo.jpg|Thaba ya Mapungubwe 
File:Bateleur_Eagle_with_Kill.jpg|Letlaka Bateleur eagle
File:Excavations.jpg|Sehlopha sa baepi Mapungubwe.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Tse ding tse kgahlisang Aforika Borwa
** Blaauboschkraal e [[Mpumalanga]]
** Machadodorp baKoni  Mpumalanga
** [[Kaditshwene]] e [[Leboya Bophirimela (Afrika Borwa)|North West province]]
** Kweneng' Ruins e [[Gauteng]]
** Sedan Beehive stone tse [[Foreisetata|Free State]]
** Tlokwe Ruins tse [[Gauteng]]
** Thulamela e Kruger National Park, Limpopo
* Tse tswanang ka ntle ho naha ya Aforkia Borwa
** Bumbusi e Zimbabwe
** Danangombe e Zimbabwe
** Engaruka e Tanzania
** Khami e Zimbabwe
** Manyikeni e Mozambique
** Naletale e Zimbabwe
** Thimlich Ohinga stone ruins e Kenya
** Ziwa e Zimbabwe
* Mapungubwe Collection
* Order ya Mapungubwe

== Dinoutsu ==

== Mehlodi ==
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'''Polasi ya Boekenhoutfontein''' e ne e le polasi ya Paul Kruger, moetapele oa kganyetso wa Maburu wa lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le mopresidente wa Rephabliki ya Transvaal. E fumaneha Rustenburg, Profinseng ea Leboya-Bophirima, Afrika Borwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.krugerpark.co.za/Krugerpark_History-travel/paul-kruger-history.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sebaka ==


Boekenhoutfontein, moo ho leng Musiamo oa Paul Kruger Country House, e fumaneha hoo e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 20 ka leboea-bophirima ho Rustenburg, tseleng e kholo e eang Sun City/Pilanesberg (R565); sebaka sena se lutse phuleng e pota-potiloe ke maralla a koahetsoeng ke lihlahla tse teteaneng le tse tala. E ikotla ka se seng sa libaka tse fokolang tsa mokhoabo oa mofuta oa 'peat' profinseng ea Leboea-Bophirima, 'me e nkoa e le lehakoe la nalane sebakeng seo, kaha ke sebaka seo ho fumanoeng lintho tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tsa khale tse amanang le linako tse fapaneng tsa nalane.

== Paul Kruger ==
Kajeno Kruger o hopoloa ka ntlo ea hae ea tsoalo e nchafalitsoeng haufi le Bulhoek, ntlo ea hae ea semmuso e Pretoria (eo joale e leng Musiamo oa Kruger), ntloana e bonolo e Waterval Onder (Mpumalanga) moo a neng a lula teng pele a ea botlamuoeng Europe, Serapa sa Sechaba sa Kruger se tummeng lefatšeng ka bophara, hammoho le lebitso la toropo ea Krugersdorp e Mogale City. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho moo lerato la hae bakeng sa naha le likamano tsa hae tse ntle le lichaba tsa batho ba batšo tse haufi li bonahalang hantle joaloka ha ho le joalo polasing ea Boekenhoutfontein, eo a e rekileng ka 1859. Polasi eo e ile ea lula e le ea hae ho fihlela a hlokahala, 'me ka mor'a moo ea aroloa har'a bana ba hae ba bararo. Ka 1971, e ile ea phatlalatsoa e le sehopotso sa sechaba.

Ka 1971, karolo ea mobu eo polasi e leng ho eona e ile ea rekoa ho lelapa la Kruger ke Mokhatlo oa Simon van der Stel Foundation, o ileng oa nka boiteko bo boholo ho tsosolosa meaho e fapaneng hore e boele e be ntle le ho ba le seriti joaloka pele.

Ha a hahiloe ka tatellano e hlophisehileng, meaho ena e paka kamoo a neng a rata taolo le botsitso kateng. Ho bonahala mekhoa le lisebelisoa tse bonolo tsa kaho, tse kang likotoana tse sa betloang hantle tsa lehong la *beech* tse behiloeng ka holim'a mamati le lifensetere, fatše le entsoeng ka motsoako oa bolokoe ba likhomo, likhetla tsa lipeo tsa liperekisi le mali, hammoho le mapolanka a marulelo a kopantsoeng ka lipekere tsa lehong le lithapo tsa letlalo. Thepa ea ka tlung le lipampiri tsa mabota (wallpaper) tsa setaele sa nako eo li entsoe bocha ke litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho Europe; sethunya sa Kruger sea bonahala – mohlomong ke sona seo a ileng a bolaea tau ka sona ha a le lilemo li 14 – hammoho le e 'ngoe ea Libibe tsa hae tse ngata le ogane (organ) e bapaloang ka moea, e neng e bapaloa ke mosali oa hae Gezina, hammoho le limpho tse ngata tseo a ileng a li fuoa ke baetapele ba linaha ba neng ba mo etetse. Kruger o ne a lula Ntlong ea Bronkhorst, e hahiloeng mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1840, ha a ntse a haha ​​ntlo ea hae ea pele sebakeng sa Boekenhoutfontein. Ho boleloa hore ke ntlo ea khale ka ho fetisisa e neng e le ea motho e mosoeu nakong eo ho neng ho e-na le naha ea *Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek*. Sebaka sena se haufi le sechaba sa Bafokeng; Kruger o ile a etsa setsoalle le bona 'me a ba khothaletsa ho ngolisa litokelo tsa bona tsa mobu, e leng se ileng sa lebisa leruong le leholo leo Bafokeng ba nang le lona kajeno le tsoang cheleteng e lefuoang ke merafo ea *platinum*.

Haufinyane le moo ho na le mabitla a lelapa, leralla leo Kruger a neng a atisa ho ea ho lona ho batla tataiso ea moea, hammoho le karolo e tlaase pakeng tsa maralla moo a neng a pata lipere tsa hae hore li se ke tsa fumanoa ke mabotho a Brithani. Kaho ea khale ea sekolo, e ileng ea sebelisetsoa merero e mengata ha nako e ntse e ea, e ka fetoloa kereke e bonolo le phaposi ea likopano. Matamo a hahiloeng ke Kruger le ’ona a se a lokisitsoe ’me kajeno a sebeletsa e le libaka tsa ho noa metsi bakeng sa mehlape ea liphoofolo tsa naha, tse ka bonoang li pota-pota sebaka sa tlhaho se sa anngoeng ke batho se haufi le moo.

Hoo e ka bang lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, beng ba Kedar Country Hotel, Conference Centre &amp; Spa ba ile ba qala ho reka mobu oa temo sebakeng seo; ba ile ba qala ka ho reka karolo e neng e le ea morali oa Kruger, e leng Gezina. Qalong, ho ile ha hahuoa matlo a mararo a menyenyane (chalets) moo baeti ba neng ba ka itšebeletsa ka lijo, a etselitsoeng ba batlang khotso le boinotši tikolohong ea tlhaho ea naha. Ha nako e ntse e ea, ho ile ha rekoa mobu o haufi le oo, hoo qetellong ho ileng ha kopanngoa sebaka se fetang lihekthere tse 600; sebaka sena se ile sa koalloa ka terata e loketseng liphoofolo tsa naha 'me sa tlatsoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo tseo, ho kenyeletsoa eland, blesbok, impala, bushbok, nyala, kudu, zebra, blue wildebeest, giraffe, pygmy hippos, 'me haufinyane ho tla kenyeletsoa sable le antelope.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/venue/kedar-heritage-lodge&lt;/ref&gt;

Lenaneo la Working for Water le entse mosebetsi oa bohlokoa haholo oa ho tlosa limela tse sa tsoaloang sebakeng seo le ho tsosolosa libaka tse mongobo, tse hohelang mefuta e mengata ea linonyana.

Ntlo e kholo ea Kruger, e leng musiamo o bontšang lintho tse ngata tse amanang le Kruger, e bolokile lintho tse ngata tsa bohlokoa ba nalane tse tsoang Musiamong oa Rustenburg.

Molaetseng oa hae oa ho qetela ho General Louis Botha, Mopresidente Kruger o itse: &quot;Batla linthong tse fetileng tsohle tse ntle le tse ntle haholo, u li etse sepheo sa hao 'me u etse hore li phethahale nakong e tlang.&quot;

== Bona hape ==

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'''Polasi ya Boekenhoutfontein''' e ne e le polasi ya Paul Kruger, moetapele wa kganyetso wa Maburu wa lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le mopresidente wa Rephabliki ya Transvaal. E fumaneha Rustenburg, Profinseng ya Leboya-Bophirima, Afrika Borwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.krugerpark.co.za/Krugerpark_History-travel/paul-kruger-history.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sebaka ==

Boekenhoutfontein, moo ho leng Musiamo wa Paul Kruger Country House, e fumaneha hoo e ka bang dikhilomithara tse 20 ka leboya-bophirima ho Rustenburg, tseleng e kgolo e yang Sun City/Pilanesberg (R565); sebaka sena se lutse phuleng e pota-potilwe ke maralla a kwahetsweng ke dihlahla tse teteaneng le tse tala. E ikotla ka se seng sa dibaka tse fokolang tsa mokgwabo wa mofuta wa 'peat' profinseng ya Leboya-Bophirima, mme e nkwa e le lehakwe la nalane sebakeng seo, kaha ke sebaka seo ho fumanoeng lintho tse ngata tsa bohlokwa tsa khale tse amanang le linako tse fapaneng tsa nalane.

== Paul Kruger ==
Kajeno Kruger o hopoloa ka ntlo ea hae ea tsoalo e nchafalitsoeng haufi le Bulhoek, ntlo ea hae ea semmuso e Pretoria (eo jwale e leng Musiamo oa Kruger), ntloana e bonolo e Waterval Onder (Mpumalanga) moo a neng a lula teng pele a ea botlamuoeng Europe, Serapa sa Sechaba sa Kruger se tummeng lefatšeng ka bophara, hammoho le lebitso la toropo ea Krugersdorp e Mogale City. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho moo lerato la hae bakeng sa naha le likamano tsa hae tse ntle le lichaba tsa batho ba batšo tse haufi li bonahalang hantle joaloka ha ho le joalo polasing ea Boekenhoutfontein, eo a e rekileng ka 1859. Polasi eo e ile ea lula e le ea hae ho fihlela a hlokahala, 'me ka mor'a moo ea aroloa har'a bana ba hae ba bararo. Ka selemo sa 1971, e ile ea phatlalatsoa e le sehopotso sa setjhaba.

Ka 1971, karolo ea mobu eo polasi e leng ho eona e ile ea rekoa ho lelapa la Kruger ke Mokhatlo oa Simon van der Stel Foundation, o ileng oa nka boiteko bo boholo ho tsosolosa meaho e fapaneng hore e boele e be ntle le ho ba le seriti joaloka pele.

Ha a hahiloe ka tatellano e hlophisehileng, meaho ena e paka kamoo a neng a rata taolo le botsitso kateng. Ho bonahala mekhoa le lisebelisoa tse bonolo tsa kaho, tse kang likotoana tse sa betloang hantle tsa lehong la *beech* tse behiloeng ka holim'a mamati le lifensetere, fatše le entsoeng ka motsoako oa bolokoe ba likhomo, likhetla tsa lipeo tsa liperekisi le mali, hammoho le mapolanka a marulelo a kopantsoeng ka lipekere tsa lehong le lithapo tsa letlalo. Thepa ea ka tlung le lipampiri tsa mabota (wallpaper) tsa setaele sa nako eo li entsoe bocha ke litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho Europe; sethunya sa Kruger sea bonahala – mohlomong ke sona seo a ileng a bolaea tau ka sona ha a le lilemo li 14 – hammoho le e 'ngoe ea Libibe tsa hae tse ngata le ogane (organ) e bapaloang ka moea, e neng e bapaloa ke mosali oa hae Gezina, hammoho le limpho tse ngata tseo a ileng a li fuoa ke baetapele ba linaha ba neng ba mo etetse. Kruger o ne a lula Ntlong ea Bronkhorst, e hahiloeng mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1840, ha a ntse a haha ​​ntlo ea hae ea pele sebakeng sa Boekenhoutfontein. Ho boleloa hore ke ntlo ea khale ka ho fetisisa e neng e le ea motho e mosoeu nakong eo ho neng ho e-na le naha ea *Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek*. Sebaka sena se haufi le sechaba sa Bafokeng; Kruger o ile a etsa setsoalle le bona 'me a ba khothaletsa ho ngolisa litokelo tsa bona tsa mobu, e leng se ileng sa lebisa leruong le leholo leo Bafokeng ba nang le lona kajeno le tsoang cheleteng e lefuoang ke merafo ea *platinum*.

Haufinyane le moo ho na le mabitla a lelapa, leralla leo Kruger a neng a atisa ho ea ho lona ho batla tataiso ea moea, hammoho le karolo e tlaase pakeng tsa maralla moo a neng a pata lipere tsa hae hore li se ke tsa fumanoa ke mabotho a Brithani. Kaho ea khale ea sekolo, e ileng ea sebelisetsoa merero e mengata ha nako e ntse e ea, e ka fetoloa kereke e bonolo le phaposi ea likopano. Matamo a hahiloeng ke Kruger le ’ona a se a lokisitsoe ’me kajeno a sebeletsa e le libaka tsa ho noa metsi bakeng sa mehlape ea liphoofolo tsa naha, tse ka bonoang li pota-pota sebaka sa tlhaho se sa anngoeng ke batho se haufi le moo.

Hoo e ka bang lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, beng ba Kedar Country Hotel, Conference Centre &amp; Spa ba ile ba qala ho reka mobu oa temo sebakeng seo; ba ile ba qala ka ho reka karolo e neng e le ea morali oa Kruger, e leng Gezina. Qalong, ho ile ha hahuoa matlo a mararo a menyenyane (chalets) moo baeti ba neng ba ka itšebeletsa ka lijo, a etselitsoeng ba batlang khotso le boinotši tikolohong ea tlhaho ea naha. Ha nako e ntse e ea, ho ile ha rekoa mobu o haufi le oo, hoo qetellong ho ileng ha kopanngoa sebaka se fetang lihekthere tse 600; sebaka sena se ile sa koalloa ka terata e loketseng liphoofolo tsa naha 'me sa tlatsoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo tseo, ho kenyeletsoa eland, blesbok, impala, bushbok, nyala, kudu, zebra, blue wildebeest, giraffe, pygmy hippos, 'me haufinyane ho tla kenyeletsoa sable le antelope.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/venue/kedar-heritage-lodge&lt;/ref&gt;

Lenaneo la Working for Water le entse mosebetsi oa bohlokoa haholo oa ho tlosa limela tse sa tsoaloang sebakeng seo le ho tsosolosa libaka tse mongobo, tse hohelang mefuta e mengata ea linonyana.

Ntlo e kholo ea Kruger, e leng musiamo o bontšang lintho tse ngata tse amanang le Kruger, e bolokile lintho tse ngata tsa bohlokoa ba nalane tse tsoang Musiamong oa Rustenburg.

Molaetseng oa hae oa ho qetela ho General Louis Botha, Mopresidente Kruger o itse: &quot;Batla linthong tse fetileng tsohle tse ntle le tse ntle haholo, u li etse sepheo sa hao 'me u etse hore li phethahale nakong e tlang.&quot;

== Bona hape ==

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Nandi kaBhebhe (c. 1760 – October 10, 1827) e ne e le moradi wa Bhebhe kaLanga, morena wa mehleng ya Mhlongo wa Elangeni le mme wa [[Shaka]] kaSenzangakhona, Morena wa [[Mazulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijhss/article/view/105742&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tswalo ==
Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o hlahile Melmoth ka 1760. Ntate wa hae e ne e le morena oa setjhaba sa haMhlongo sa Elangeni.

== Bophelo ba hae ==
Nandi kaBhebhe o ile a ima a sa nyaloa ke mora oa Jama kaNdaba, e leng Senzangakhona. Batho ba leloko la ha Mhlongo ba ile ba batla hore Senzangakhona a lefelle ketso ea hae e neng e sa latele meetlo. Bhebhe kaLanga o ile a ea ho Jama kaNdaba ho ea rarolla taba ena. Nandi o ne a le ka pele tabeng ena le lipuisanong tsena. Ka boeena o ile a batla likhomo tse 55 e le tefo ea lobola le matšeliso. Jama kaNdaba o ile a lumela ho lefa seo se neng se batloa ke Bhebhe kaLanga e le ho qoba ntoa. Senzangakhona le Nandi ba ile ba boela ba ba le morali ea ileng a latela Shaka, e leng Nomcuba. Kamora hore kamano ea hae le Senzangakhona e senyehe, o ile a qobelloa ho tloha motseng oo. Nandi o ile a khutlela ho batho ba habo, ba leloko la ha Mhlongo ba Elangeni, a siea Shaka moo. Bophelo ba Shaka motseng oa Senzangakhona bo ile ba ba kotsi, 'me qetellong malome oa hae Mudli a mo tlisa le khaitseli ea hae ho Nandi kwa Elangeni.[1] Nakong eo, Nandi o ile a tlameha ho sireletsa bana ba hae tlala le liketso tsa ho leka ho ba bolaea. Leha ho le joalo, ho lula ha Nandi kwa Elangeni le hona ho ile ha ba kotsi, kahoo a tloha le bana ba hae ho ea lula har'a batho ba ha Khondlo (Qwabe). Moo, o ile a kopana le Gendeyana, eo a ileng a mo nyala 'me ba ba le mora, Ngwadi. Ho lula ha Nandi har'a batho ba ha Qwabe ho ne ho sa thabise, e leng se ileng sa mo qobella ho tloha moo ho ea lula har'a batho ba ha Mthethwa ba neng ba busoa ke morena Dingiswayo ka Mohlatsane. Nandi o ile a amoheloa ka mofuthu ke batho ba ha Mthethwa. O ile a fumana e le sebaka se setle sa ho holisa bana ba hae Shaka, Nomcuba le Ngwadi. Mora oa hae Shaka o ile a kena sehlopheng sa sesole (ibutho) se neng se etelletsoe pele ke Bhuza. E ne e le har'a batho ba ha Mthethwa moo Shaka a ileng a qapa maqheka a hae a sesole.

== Lefu ==
Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o hlokahetse ka lebaka la lefu la letšollo la mali (dysentery) ka la 10 Mphalane 1827. Lebitla la hae le fumaneha kantle ho Eshowe, haufi le tsela ea khale e eang Empangeni. Lebitla le tšoailoe ka lebitso la Nandi. Ka la 11 Hlakubele 2011, Komiti ea ba-Mhlongo e ile ea kopana Eshowe le Ofisi ea Tonakholo ea KZN (KwaZulu-Natal) hammoho le mokhatlo oa Amafa ho phethela merero ea lebitla la Khosatsana Nandi haufi le Eshowe. Ho ile ha lumellanoa hore ho tla ba le letsatsi la semmuso la ho bula lebitla ka Mots'eanong 2011, kamora hore ho amoheloe meralo e sisintsoeng ke ba leloko la Mhlongo. Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o ne a tsoa lelokong la ba-Mhlongo, ka hona ho ile ha lumellanoa hore lebitso le tla ngoloa lebitleng e be &quot;Khosatsana Nandi Mhlongo, 'M'a Morena Shaka&quot;. Litloholo tsa 'm'a Morena Shaka, e leng Nandi, li bontšitse ho se khotsofale ha tsona ka boemo ba lebitla la hae le neng le sa hlokomeloa ka lilemo tse fetang 200.[1] Lelapa la borena la Mazulu le beha 'muso molato tabeng ena hobane, ho ea ka bona, mabitla a batho ba tummeng ke boikarabelo ba 'muso. Mokhatlo oa Amafa Heritage, o okametseng libaka le meaho e sirelelitsoeng profinseng, o tla haha ​​setšoantšo se emelang boemo ba Nandi hang ha ba leloko la Mhlongo le lelapa la borena ba se ba rarollotse liphapang tsa bona.

&lt;ref&gt;http://www.associatepublisher.com/e/n/na/nandi_(mother_of_shaka).htm&lt;/ref&gt;Ho sa tsotellehe mathata ao ba ileng ba a mamella hammoho, kapa mohlomong ka lebaka la ’ona, Shaka o ne a rata ’m’ae hoo a neng a batla a mo rapela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ho latela Donald Morris, Shaka o ile a laela hore ho se ke ha lengoa lijalo nakong ea selemo se latelang sa masoabi, hore ho se ke ha sebelisoa lebese (e leng motheo oa lijo tsa MaZulu ka nako eo), le hore mosali ofe kapa ofe ea emeng ka mpa a bolaoe hammoho le monna oa hae. Batho ba ka bang 7,000 ba ileng ba nkoa ba sa bontše masoabi a lekaneng ba ile ba bolaoa, leha ho le joalo polao eo e ne e sa felle feela ho batho: likhomo le tsona li ile tsa bolaoa e le hore manamane a tsona a tsebe hore na ho ikutloa joang ha motho a lahleheloa ke mmae.

Se boletsoeng ke Morris se tsoa mohopolong oa Henry Francis Fynn. Tlaleho ea Fynn e ile ea belaelloa, ha mehloli e meng e bolela hore litaba tsa hae li ne li feteletsoe kaha mohlomong o ne a e-na le merero e patiloeng.[1] Litlaleho tsa pele tsa Fynn ka linako tse ling li ne li sa nepahala ebile li feteletsoe, e leng se ileng sa ba le karolo ea bohlokoa khōlong ea litšōmo tsa Mazulu. Baahi ba bangata ba pele ba basoeu ba ne ba sa tsebe ho bala le ho ngola, ha e se ba seng bakae ba neng ba laola litlaleho tse ngotsoeng. Bangoli bana ba ile ba qosoa ka ho hlahisa Shaka e le motho ea se nang botho, e le letšoao la pefo le tšabo, e le hore ba ka pata merero ea bona ea bokolone.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Knight (2011), Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of iSandlwana and Rorke's Drift&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Carolyn Anne Hamilton, (1992) The Character and Objects of Chaka': A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as 'Mfecane' Motor, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 37-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries (2005), Lessons on Leadership by Terror: Finding Shaka Zulu in the Attic&lt;/ref&gt;Julian Cobbing le eena o pheha khang ea hore bangoli bana ba bokolone ba ne ba labalabela ho theha tšōmo e neng e tla &quot;pata&quot; liketso tsa bokolone tsa lekholong la bo-19 tsa lilemo tse kang ho hapa makhoba, ho betoa ha batho ho pholletsa le karolo e ka boroa ea Afrika, le ho lokafatsa ho haptjoa ha mobu.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Cobbing. &quot;The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo&quot;. Journal of African History, 29, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Nandi kaBhebhe''' (c. 1760 – October 10, 1827) e ne e le moradi wa Bhebhe kaLanga, morena wa mehleng ya Mhlongo wa Elangeni le mme wa [[Shaka]] kaSenzangakhona, Morena wa [[Mazulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijhss/article/view/105742&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tswalo ==
Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o hlahile Melmoth ka 1760. Ntate wa hae e ne e le morena wa setjhaba sa haMhlongo sa Elangeni.

== Bophelo ba hae ==
Nandi kaBhebhe o ile a ima a sa nyaloa ke mora wa Jama kaNdaba, e leng Senzangakhona. Batho ba leloko la ha Mhlongo ba ile ba batla hore Senzangakhona a lefelle ketso ea hae e neng e sa latele meetlo. Bhebhe kaLanga o ile a ya ho Jama kaNdaba ho ya rarolla taba ena. Nandi o ne a le ka pele tabeng ena le dipuisanong tsena. Ka boeena o ile a batla likhomo tse 55 e le tefo ya lobola le matshediso. Jama kaNdaba o ile a dumela ho lefa seo se neng se batlwa ke Bhebhe kaLanga e le ho qoba ntwa. Senzangakhona le Nandi ba ile ba boela ba ba le moradi ya ileng a latela Shaka, e leng Nomcuba. Kamora hore kamano ya hae le Senzangakhona e senyehe, o ile a qobellwa ho tloha motseng oo. Nandi o ile a kgutlela ho batho ba habo, ba leloko la ha Mhlongo ba Elangeni, a siya Shaka moo. Bophelo ba Shaka motseng wa Senzangakhona bo ile ba ba kotsi, mme qetellong malome wa hae Mudli a mo tlisa le kgaitseli ya hae ho Nandi kwa Elangeni. Nakong eo, Nandi o ile a tlameha ho sireletsa bana ba hae tlala le diketso tsa ho leka ho ba bolaya. Leha ho le joalo, ho dula ha Nandi kwa Elangeni le hona ho ile ha ba kotsi, kahoo a tloha le bana ba hae ho ea dula hara batho ba ha Khondlo (Qwabe). Moo, o ile a kopana le Gendeyana, eo a ileng a mo nyala mme ba ba le mora, Ngwadi. Ho dula ha Nandi hara batho ba ha Qwabe ho ne ho sa thabise, e leng se ileng sa mo qobella ho tloha moo ho ya dula hara batho ba ha Mthethwa ba neng ba buswa ke morena Dingiswayo ka Mohlatsane. Nandi o ile a amohelwa ka mofuthu ke batho ba ha Mthethwa. O ile a fumana e le sebaka se setle sa ho hodisa bana ba hae Shaka, Nomcuba le Ngwadi. Mora wa hae Shaka o ile a kena sehlopheng sa sesole (ibutho) se neng se etelletsoe pele ke Bhuza. E ne e le hara batho ba ha Mthethwa moo Shaka a ileng a qapa maqheka a hae a sesole.

== Lefu ==
Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o hlokahetse ka lebaka la lefu la letšollo la mali (dysentery) ka la 10 Mphalane seleomng sa 1827. Lebitla la hae le fumaneha kantle ho Eshowe, haufi le tsela ya kyale e yang Empangeni. Lebitla le tshwailwe ka lebitso la Nandi. Ka la 11 Hlakubele 2011, Komiti ea ba-Mhlongo e ile ya kopana Eshowe le Ofisi ya Tonakgolo ya KZN (KwaZulu-Natal) hammoho le mokhatlo oa Amafa ho phethela merero ya lebitla la Kgosatsana Nandi haufi le Eshowe. Ho ile ha dumellanwa hore ho tla ba le letsatsi la semmuso la ho bula lebitla ka Motssheanong 2011, kamora hore ho amoheloe meralo e sisintsweng ke ba leloko la Mhlongo. Mofumahadi Nandi kaBhebhe o ne a tswa lelokong la ba-Mhlongo, ka hona ho ile ha lumellanoa hore lebitso le tla ngolwa lebitleng e be &quot;Khosatsana Nandi Mhlongo, Mma Morena Shaka&quot;. Ditloholo tsa Mma Morena Shaka, e leng Nandi, li bontšitse ho se kgotsofale ha tsona ka boemo ba lebitla la hae le neng le sa hlokomelwa ka dilemo tse fetang 200. Lelapa la borena la Mazulu le beha mmuso molato tabeng ena hobane, ho ea ka bona, mabitla a batho ba tummeng ke boikarabelo ba mmuso. Mokgatlo wa Amafa Heritage, o okametseng dibaka le meaho e sireleditsweng profinseng, o tla haha ​​setshwantsho se emelang boemo ba Nandi hang ha ba leloko la Mhlongo le lelapa la borena ba se ba rarollotse diphapang tsa bona.

&lt;ref&gt;http://www.associatepublisher.com/e/n/na/nandi_(mother_of_shaka).htm&lt;/ref&gt;Ho sa tsotellehe mathata ao ba ileng ba a mamella hammoho, kapa mohlomong ka lebaka la ’ona, Shaka o ne a rata ’m’ae hoo a neng a batla a mo rapela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ho latela Donald Morris, Shaka o ile a laela hore ho se ke ha lengwa dijalo nakong ya selemo se latelang sa maswabi, hore ho se ke ha sebediswa lebese (e leng motheo wa dijo tsa MaZulu ka nako eo), le hore mosadi ofe kapa ofe ya emeng ka mpa a bolawe hammoho le monna wa hae. Batho ba ka bang 7,000 ba ileng ba nkwa ba sa bontshe maswabi a lekaneng ba ile ba bolaoa, leha ho le joalo polao eo e ne e sa felle feela ho batho: dikgomo le tsona li ile tsa bolawa e le hore manamane a tsona a tsebe hore na ho ikutloa joang ha motho a lahleheloa ke mmae.

Se boletsweng ke Morris se tswa mohopolong wa Henry Francis Fynn. Tlaleho ya Fynn e ile ya belaellwa, ha mehloli e meng e bolela hore litaba tsa hae li ne li feteletsoe kaha mohlomong o ne a e-na le merero e patilweng.Litlaleho tsa pele tsa Fynn ka linako tse ling li ne li sa nepahala ebile li feteletsoe, e leng se ileng sa ba le karolo ea bohlokoa khōlong ea litšōmo tsa Mazulu. Baahi ba bangata ba pele ba basoeu ba ne ba sa tsebe ho bala le ho ngola, ha e se ba seng bakae ba neng ba laola litlaleho tse ngotsoeng. Bangoli bana ba ile ba qosoa ka ho hlahisa Shaka e le motho ea se nang botho, e le letšoao la pefo le tšabo, e le hore ba ka pata merero ea bona ea bokolone.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Knight (2011), Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of iSandlwana and Rorke's Drift&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Carolyn Anne Hamilton, (1992) The Character and Objects of Chaka': A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as 'Mfecane' Motor, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 37-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries (2005), Lessons on Leadership by Terror: Finding Shaka Zulu in the Attic&lt;/ref&gt;Julian Cobbing le eena o pheha khang ea hore bangoli bana ba bokolone ba ne ba labalabela ho theha tšōmo e neng e tla &quot;pata&quot; liketso tsa bokolone tsa lekholong la bo-19 tsa lilemo tse kang ho hapa makhoba, ho betoa ha batho ho pholletsa le karolo e ka boroa ea Afrika, le ho lokafatsa ho haptjoa ha mobu.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Cobbing. &quot;The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo&quot;. Journal of African History, 29, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Nandi kaBhebhe''' (c. 1760 – October 10, 1827) e ne e le moradi wa Bhebhe kaLanga, morena wa mehleng ya Mhlongo wa Elangeni le mme wa [[Shaka]] kaSenzangakhona, Morena wa [[Mazulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijhss/article/view/105742&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tswalo ==
Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o hlahile Melmoth ka 1760. Ntate wa hae e ne e le morena wa setjhaba sa haMhlongo sa Elangeni.

== Bophelo ba hae ==
Nandi kaBhebhe o ile a ima a sa nyaloa ke mora wa Jama kaNdaba, e leng Senzangakhona. Batho ba leloko la ha Mhlongo ba ile ba batla hore Senzangakhona a lefelle ketso ea hae e neng e sa latele meetlo. Bhebhe kaLanga o ile a ya ho Jama kaNdaba ho ya rarolla taba ena. Nandi o ne a le ka pele tabeng ena le dipuisanong tsena. Ka boeena o ile a batla likhomo tse 55 e le tefo ya lobola le matshediso. Jama kaNdaba o ile a dumela ho lefa seo se neng se batlwa ke Bhebhe kaLanga e le ho qoba ntwa. Senzangakhona le Nandi ba ile ba boela ba ba le moradi ya ileng a latela Shaka, e leng Nomcuba. Kamora hore kamano ya hae le Senzangakhona e senyehe, o ile a qobellwa ho tloha motseng oo. Nandi o ile a kgutlela ho batho ba habo, ba leloko la ha Mhlongo ba Elangeni, a siya Shaka moo. Bophelo ba Shaka motseng wa Senzangakhona bo ile ba ba kotsi, mme qetellong malome wa hae Mudli a mo tlisa le kgaitseli ya hae ho Nandi kwa Elangeni. Nakong eo, Nandi o ile a tlameha ho sireletsa bana ba hae tlala le diketso tsa ho leka ho ba bolaya. Leha ho le jwalo, ho dula ha Nandi kwa Elangeni le hona ho ile ha ba kotsi, kahoo a tloha le bana ba hae ho ya dula hara batho ba ha Khondlo (Qwabe). Moo, o ile a kopana le Gendeyana, eo a ileng a mo nyala mme ba ba le mora, Ngwadi. Ho dula ha Nandi hara batho ba ha Qwabe ho ne ho sa thabise, e leng se ileng sa mo qobella ho tloha moo ho ya dula hara batho ba ha Mthethwa ba neng ba buswa ke morena Dingiswayo ka Mohlatsane. Nandi o ile a amohelwa ka mofuthu ke batho ba ha Mthethwa. O ile a fumana e le sebaka se setle sa ho hodisa bana ba hae Shaka, Nomcuba le Ngwadi. Mora wa hae Shaka o ile a kena sehlopheng sa sesole (ibutho) se neng se etelletswe pele ke Bhuza. E ne e le hara batho ba ha Mthethwa moo Shaka a ileng a qapa maqheka a hae a sesole.

== Lefu ==
Mofumahali Nandi kaBhebhe o hlokahetse ka lebaka la lefu la letšollo la mali (dysentery) ka la 10 Mphalane seleomng sa 1827. Lebitla la hae le fumaneha kantle ho Eshowe, haufi le tsela ya kgale e yang Empangeni. Lebitla le tshwailwe ka lebitso la Nandi. Ka la 11 Hlakubele 2011, Komiti ya ba-Mhlongo e ile ya kopana Eshowe le Ofisi ya Tonakgolo ya KZN ([[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]]) hammoho le mokhatlo oa Amafa ho phethela merero ya lebitla la Kgosatsana Nandi haufi le Eshowe. Ho ile ha dumellanwa hore ho tla ba le letsatsi la semmuso la ho bula lebitla ka Motssheanong 2011, kamora hore ho amohelwe meralo e sisintsweng ke ba leloko la Mhlongo. Mofumahadi Nandi kaBhebhe o ne a tswa lelokong la ba-Mhlongo, ka hona ho ile ha dumellanwa hore lebitso le tla ngolwa lebitleng e be &quot;Khosatsana Nandi Mhlongo, Mma Morena Shaka&quot;. Ditloholo tsa Mma Morena Shaka, e leng Nandi, di bontšitse ho se kgotsofale ha tsona ka boemo ba lebitla la hae le neng le sa hlokomelwa ka dilemo tse fetang 200. Lelapa la borena la Mazulu le beha mmuso molato tabeng ena hobane, ho ya ka bona, mabitla a batho ba tummeng ke boikarabelo ba mmuso. Mokgatlo wa Amafa Heritage, o okametseng dibaka le meaho e sireleditsweng profinseng, o tla haha ​​setshwantsho se emelang boemo ba Nandi hang ha ba leloko la Mhlongo le lelapa la borena ba se ba rarollotse diphapang tsa bona.

&lt;ref&gt;http://www.associatepublisher.com/e/n/na/nandi_(mother_of_shaka).htm&lt;/ref&gt;Ho sa tsotellehe mathata ao ba ileng ba a mamella hammoho, kapa mohlomong ka lebaka la ’ona, Shaka o ne a rata ’m’ae hoo a neng a batla a mo rapela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ho latela Donald Morris, Shaka o ile a laela hore ho se ke ha lengwa dijalo nakong ya selemo se latelang sa maswabi, hore ho se ke ha sebediswa lebese (e leng motheo wa dijo tsa MaZulu ka nako eo), le hore mosadi ofe kapa ofe ya emeng ka mpa a bolawe hammoho le monna wa hae. Batho ba ka bang 7,000 ba ileng ba nkwa ba sa bontshe maswabi a lekaneng ba ile ba bolaoa, leha ho le joalo polao eo e ne e sa felle feela ho batho: dikgomo le tsona di ile tsa bolawa e le hore manamane a tsona a tsebe hore na ho ikutlwa jwang ha motho a lahleheloa ke mmae.

Se boletsweng ke Morris se tswa mohopolong wa Henry Francis Fynn. Tlaleho ya Fynn e ile ya belaellwa, ha mehloli e meng e bolela hore ditaba tsa hae di ne di feteletswe kaha mohlomong o ne a e-na le merero e patilweng.Ditlaleho tsa pele tsa Fynn ka dinako tse ding di ne di sa nepahala ebile di feteletsoe, e leng se ileng sa ba le karolo ya bohlokwa kgolong ya ditshomo tsa Mazulu. Baahi ba bangata ba pele ba basoeu ba ne ba sa tsebe ho bala le ho ngola, ha e se ba seng bakae ba neng ba laola ditlaleho tse ngotsweng. Bangodi bana ba ile ba qosoa ka ho hlahisa Shaka e le motho ea se nang botho, e le letshwao la pefo le tshabo, e le hore ba ka pata merero ea bona ea bokolone.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Knight (2011), Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of iSandlwana and Rorke's Drift&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Carolyn Anne Hamilton, (1992) The Character and Objects of Chaka': A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as 'Mfecane' Motor, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 37-63.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries (2005), Lessons on Leadership by Terror: Finding Shaka Zulu in the Attic&lt;/ref&gt;Julian Cobbing le eena o pheha kgang ya hore bangoli bana ba bokolone ba ne ba labalabela ho theha tšōmo e neng e tla &quot;pata&quot; diketso tsa bokolone tsa lekgolong la bo-19 tsa dilemo tse kang ho hapa makhoba, ho betoa ha batho ho pholletsa le karolo e ka boroa ea Afrika, le ho lokafatsa ho haptjoa ha mobu.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Cobbing. &quot;The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo&quot;. Journal of African History, 29, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlhaloso ==</text>
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    <title>Bonono ba Afrika Borwa</title>
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      <text bytes="12447" sha1="hjdg0u8dp1r77ibxr0p47a8sk09dc6x" xml:space="preserve">Bonono ba Afrika bo akaretsa meetlo ea bonolo e hlophisitsoeng e thusa pele ka lilemo tse seng seboka seo kajeno se lumella e le Afrika Boroa . Sena sesebediso sa mafika ba mehleng ya kgale le tse kang tse kgabi tse sebeletsang, meetlo ya notlola ya ditjhaba tsa matswallwa, o ka motlo nakong nakong nakong ya bokolone le kgethollo ya morabe, hammoho le matla a sejwalejwale le ba mehleng ya Afrika Borwa.

Bopaki bo bong ba pele bo lumella hore ba rute ba batho ba mehleng ena ba ntlafatsa le ba bo fumanoe Afrika Boroa. Dintho tsa ho epolla tse kgale tsa kgale Lehaheng la Blombos Kapa Bophirima, hara tse ding, ding ding, dikotwana tsa ocher tse betlilweng, difaha tsa khetla le disebediswa tsa ho sebetsa le ocher. Tse ling tsa lintho tsena tse fumanoeng li fumanoeng li fumane hore tse ka bang 100,000 tse fetileng 'me ba fumana ba li amahanya le nts'etsopele ea khotsong o re otloi otloisisa le o fumane hore bo tla thusa batho hore ba fumane thuso. Likhetla tse le masoba tse ka bang lilemo tse 75,000, tseo li neng li rekoa li neng li neng li le nang le mokhabiso oa botho, le tsona li ile tsa ngola moo. Lintho tse ling tse sibolotsoeng li sebelisa karolo ea chelete e sebelisoang ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa lintho tse khale tsa nts'etsopele ea pele ea Homo sapiens Afrika Boroa.

MaSan le metse e meng ea MaKhoisan ba siile moetlo o ruileng haholo oa bonono ba mafika . Litšoantšo tse likete tsa majoe le litšoantšo tse betliloeng li fumanoa ho pholletsa le Afrika Boroa, 'me boholo ba tsona li fumaneha Lithabeng tsa Drakensberg, har'a tse ling.  Bonono bona bo bontsha batho, diphoofolo, diketsahalo tsa ho tsoma, le dihlooho tsa moetlo kapa tsa moya mme bo fana ka temohisiso ya bohlokwa mabapi le pono ya lefatshe le bophelo ba kahisano ba ditjhaba tsa pele tsa batsomi le ba bokellang. Ka ho theoa le ho atolosoa ha metse e buang Bantu Afrika Boroa, meetlo e meng ea bonono e ile ea ntlafala, ho kenyeletsoa le lipitsa tsa letsopa, mesebetsi ea tšepe, lifaha, ho betla lehong le meralo ea meaho .

Ho tloha nakong ea bolokolohi ba bokolone ho ea pele, bonono ba Afrika Boroa bo ile ba tsoela pele ho fetoha ka lebaka la tšebelisano lipakeng tsa meetlo ea sebaka seo le mekhoa ea bonono e tsoang Europe. Tšusumetso ea Madache le ea Borithane hamorao e ile ea bonahala likarolong tse kang ho taka, meralo ea meaho, ho etsa thepa ea ka tlung le bonono ba mokhabiso, ha bonono ba setso sa Ma-Afrikaner le meetlo e fapaneng ea bonono ba Afrika li ntse li tsoela pele ho hola ka litsela tsa tsona tse ikhethang.

Nakong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, indasteri, ho hola ha litoropo, le khethollo ea morabe li bile le litlamorao tse kholo ho baetsi ba litšoantšo ba Afrika Boroa le tlhahiso ea bonono. Mefuta e mecha ea bonono e ile ea hlaha metseng ea merafo le libakeng tsa bolulo tsa litoropo, har'a libaka tse ling, ha baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ntse ba hlahloba lihlooho tse kang boitsebahatso, morabe, khatello ea lipolotiki le phetoho ea sechaba. Litsebi tsa bonono li sebelisitse lisebelisoa tse fapaneng le mecha ea phatlalatso, ho tloha ho pente ea setso le litšoantšo tse betliloeng ho ea ho lifaha, mesebetsi ea terata, le thepa e fumanoeng kapa e sebelisitsoeng hape. Ho tloha pheletsong ea khethollo ea morabe, bonono ba Afrika Boroa bo 'nile ba tsoela pele ho fetoha lefatšeng la bonono la mehleng ena le kopaneng machabeng, ha lihlooho tse kang nalane, boitsebahatso, ho se lekane, naha, mohopolo le kamora bokolone li ntse li tsoela pele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa.

== Bonono ba lefika ba Paleolithic ==
[[Lêer:San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg|left|thumb| Ditshwantsho tsa majwe a San, polasing ya Perdekop, (Mossel Bay, Afrika Borwa).]]
Batho ba pele ho Bantu ba ileng ba fallela boroa ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 30,000 BC e ne e le batsomi ba bokana ba neng ba rata mahaha e le matlo. Pele ho hlaha ha batho ba Nguni mabopong a ka bochabela le a ka boroa le Afrika Bohareng, batsomi bana ba bokana ba ne ba atile haholo. Ho lumeloa hore ba kene Afrika Boroa bonyane lilemo tse 1,000 tse fetileng. Ba siile mesaletsa e mengata ea boteng ba bona, joalo ka mesebetsi ea bonono (litšoantšo tsa San) tse bontšang ho tsoma, bophelo ba lapeng, le lihlooho tse amanang le boloi.[1] Ho na le bonngoe ba setaele ho pholletsa le sebaka seo—le esita le ka bonono ba khale bo fumanoang sebakeng sa Tassili n'Ajjer sa Afrika Leboea le sebakeng seo hona joale e leng lehoatata la Chad, empa e kile ea e-ba sebaka se setle.

Lipalo tsena lia fetoha ebile li telele, 'me mebala (mohlomong e nkiloeng ho mebala ea lefats'e le ea limela, mohlomong le likokoanyana) e kopanya mebala e khubelu-ochre, e tšoeu, e putsoa, ​​​​e ntšo le e mofuthu haholo ho tloha ho e khubelu ho ea ho e mosehla oa mantlha. Lihlooho tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa ho tsoma—hangata ho bontša ka nepo liphoofolo tse kholo tse seng li sa lule sebakeng sena mehleng ea kajeno—ntoa pakeng tsa batho, motjeko, liketsahalo tsa lapeng, le litšoantšo tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa lithuhlo, mefuta e mengata ea li-antelope le linoha. Mesebetsi ea morao-rao ea mesebetsi ena e khahla litšoantšong tsa eona tsa batho ba baholo, ba lefifi esita le litsomi tse tšoeu tse palameng lipere—litšoantšo tseo qetellong li neng li tla tlosa batho ba San.

Bontši ba litšoantšo tse bontšang batho ba tantšang bo khabisitsoe ka meralo e ikhethang, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe ba apere limaske le liaparo tse ling tsa mekete. Litšoantšo tse ling, tse bontšang libopeho tse nang le mahlakore a mane le matšoao a mang, li na le moelelo o sa hlakang 'me mohlomong ha li emele ntho e itseng e tsebahalang. Matšoao a tšoanang le ana a fumanoa bonkwetong ba setso sa bo-ngaka ba meea (shamanistic art) lefats'eng ka bophara. Mokhoa ona oa bonkwetso o fumanoa libakeng tse pharaletseng, ho tloha Angola ka bophirima ho ea Mozambique le Kenya, ho pholletsa le Zimbabwe le Afrika Boroa, hammoho le Botswana, moo maemo a mahaheng a thusitseng hore litšoantšo tsena li bolokehe khahlanong le litlamorao tsa tlhaho.

== Bonono ba pele ho bokolone bo fetang bonono ba lefika ==
Setso sa pono le sa lintho tse bonahalang sa pele ho puso ea bokolone Afrika Boroa se ne se atoloha hole le bonono ba majoe 'me se ne se kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, mekhabiso ea 'mele, lifaha, liserame, mesebetsi ea tšepe, mesebetsi ea lehong le meralo ea meaho. Bongata ba lintho tsena li ne li phethahatsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa, ea sechaba, ea moetlo le ea botle ka nako e le 'ngoe; ka lebaka leo, ha se kamehla ho khonehang ho sebelisa liphapang tsa sejoale-joale lipakeng tsa bonono, mesebetsi ea matsoho le lintho tse thusang ho tsona. Lipokello tsa lintho tsa khale tse tsoang Afrika Boroa li kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, lintho tse khabisitsoeng ka masapo, lipente tsa khetla, lifaha tsa khetla ea lehe la ouster, liserame le lintho tse ling tse khabisitsoeng tse tsoang Mehleng ea Lejoe le Mehleng ea Tšepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/collection/archaeology/&lt;/ref&gt; Lipokello tsa setso tsa Musiamo oa Iziko li boetse li kenyelletsa liaparo tsa Khoisan, lifaha tsa matsoalloa, libaskete le liserame.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/museums/social-history-centre/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mekhabiso ya mmele e na le nalane e telele Afrika e ka boroa. Pele ho lifaha tsa khalase tsa Europe tse tlisoang ka bongata, lifaha li ne li etsoa ka thepa e kang khetla ea lehe la outch, lesapo, likhetla, lehong le lejoe. Lisebelisoa tsena li ne li sebelisoa bakeng sa lifaha, mabanta le mefuta e meng ea mekhabiso ea botho. Lilemong tse makholo tse latelang, lifaha tsa khalase le tsa letsopa tse tsoang linaheng tse ling li ile tsa eketsa lisebelisoa tsa lehae 'me qetellong tsa fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea meetlo e pharaletseng ea lifaha tsa lichaba tse kang libui tsa Nguni. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/314790&lt;/ref&gt;Ntle le mekgabiso feela, lifaha li ne li ka boela tsa bontša lilemo, bong, boemo le likarolo tse ling tsa boitsebahatso ba setjhaba.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318023&lt;/ref&gt;

Diserame di bopa e 'ngoe ea lipolelo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa setso sa thepa ea pele ho bokolone. Ho tloha sekete sa pele sa lilemo AD, metse ea temo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa e hlahisitse lipitsa tseo sebopeho sa tsona, qetello le mokhabiso o sehiloeng kapa o sehiloeng o neng o fapana ho ea ka libaka le linako. Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba sebelisa mekhoa ea letsopa ho ithuta likamano tsa setso, phetoho ea theknoloji, le ho ata ha lichaba, har'a lintho tse ling. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259633295_Ceramics_Ethnohistory_and_Ethnography_Locating_Meaning_in_Southern_African_Iron_Age_Ceramic_Assemblages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har'a lichaba tse buang [[Sesotho]] - [[Setswana|Tswana]] le Nguni, meetlo e ikhethang ea letsopa e ile ea ntlafala ho theosa le makholo a lilemo, ha mekhoa ea tlhahiso, thepa e tala le mekhabiso le tsona li ka fapana sebakeng se le seng sa setso. 

Ho tloha mehleng ea khale ea Tšepe (Iron Age), ho sebetsa ka tšepe ho ile ha fetoha mokhoa o mong oa bohlokoa oa ho bontša tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa. Libaka tsa liphuputso tsa lintho tsa khale tse kang Broederstroom, e ka bophirima ho Pretoria, li bontša hore tšepe e ne e se e ntse e etsoa moo pakeng tsa dilemo tse ka bang 550 le 700 AD.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/prehistory-pretoria-area&lt;/ref&gt; Ntle le lisebelisoa, koporo, tšepe, le hamorao khauta, li ne li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho etsa mabenyane, mekhabiso, le lintho tse amanang le boemo ba motho sechabeng. Ka mohlala, lichaba tsa pele tse buang Sesotho li ne li e-na le meetlo e tiileng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe, 'me bopaki ba sena bo fumanoe libakeng tse fapaneng Gauteng, North West le Limpopo.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/sotho-south-sotho-or-basotho&lt;/ref&gt;

Mohlala o hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa oa mosebetsi oa tšepe le bonono ba mokhabiso oa nako ea pele ho bolokolohi ba Afrika Boroa o tsoa Mapungubwe; sebaka sena se ile sa hola sa ba setsi sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa lipolotiki le khoebo ka hare ho naha ea Afrika Boroa pakeng tsa selemo sa 900 le 1300 CE. Sebakeng sena ho fumanoe lintho tse entsoeng ka khauta, koporo, tšepe, manaka a tlou le letsopa, hammoho le lifaha tsa khalase tse tsoang linaheng tse ling. Ntho e tsebahalang haholo ke Rhino ea Khauta ea Mapungubwe, e entsoeng ka lakane e tšesaane ea khauta e koahetseng motheo o betliloeng ka lehong. Lintho tse ling tsa khauta li kenyelletsa lifaha, masale a matsoho, terata, lipini, le litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo hammoho le lijana tse koahetsoeng ka khauta.[1][2] Tlhahiso ea lintho tsena e bontša tsebo e phahameng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe le tšebeliso ea lintho tse bonahalang ho bontša leruo, boemo bo phahameng sechabeng, le matla a lipolotiki.

Meaho le moralo oa bolulo le tsona e ne e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea setso sa pono sa pele ho bokolone. Ka mohlala, balisa ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba sebelisa matlo a nkehang habobebe, a bōpehileng joaloka dome a entsoeng ka meralo, materase a lehlaka le matlalo a liphoofolo, athe metse ea temo e buang Senguni e ne e haha ​​​​haholo-holo matlo a koahetsoeng ka joang, a bōpehileng joaloka dome. Har'a metse ea Sotho-Tswana, matlo a chitja kapa a cylindrical a nang le marulelo a khoune a ne a tloaelehile, 'me mabota a majoe a ne a sebelisoa haholo ho arola libaka tsa bolulo, likhoro tsa liphoofolo le libaka tse ling.&lt;ref&gt;https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1099/&lt;/ref&gt; Hoo e ka bang lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, moralo oa meaho oa Mapungubwe o ne o boetse o bontša maemo a sechaba a ntseng a eketseha, moo batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki ba neng ba lula ka thoko Leralleng la Mapungubwe ha boholo ba baahi ba ne ba lula lithoteng tse potolohileng.&lt;ref&gt;https://francofrescura.sahistory.org.za/architecture/indigenous/indiginous-preindustrial-tvl/&lt;/ref&gt;

Meetlo ena e fapaneng e bontša hore setso sa pono sa Afrika Borwa ea pele ho bolokolohi ba bokolone se ne se sa felle feela litšoantšong tsa mafikeng. Mokhoa oa ho hlahisa botle o ne o hokahane haufi-ufi le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, theknoloji, boitsebiso ba botho, khoebo, meetlo le bolaoli ba lipolotiki; sena se ne se bonahala ka mekhoa e fapaneng e kenyeletsang mekhabiso ea 'mele, lijana tsa letsopa tsa lapeng, meralo ea meaho hammoho le mesebetsi ea khauta ea mebuso e rarahaneng ya Mehla ea Tshepe.

== Mehlodi ==

[[Category:Afrika Borwa]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12388" sha1="38n0njg861p9kicno44cva430wq4gva" xml:space="preserve">'''Bonono ba Afrika Borwa''' bo akaretsa meetlo ya bonolo e hlophisitsweng e thusa pele ka dilemo tse seng seboka seo kajeno se dumella e le Afrika Borwa . Sena sesebediso sa mafika a mehleng ya kgale le tse kang tse kgabi tse sebeletsang, meetlo ya ya ditjhaba tsa matswallwa, nakong  ya bokolone le kgethollo ya morabe, hammoho le ya sejwalejwale le mehleng ya Afrika Borwa.

Bopaki bo bong ba pele bo dumella hore ba rute ba batho ba mehleng ena ba ntlafatsa le ba bo fumanwe Afrika Boroa. Dintho tsa ho epolla tsa kgale Lehaheng la Blombos Kapa Bophirima, hara tse ding, dikotwana tsa letsoku tse betlilweng, difaha tsa dikgeetla le disebediswa tsa ho sebetsa. Tse ding tsa dintho tsena tse fumanweng li fumanweng li fumane hore di ka ba dilemo tse 100,000 tse fetileng mme ba fumana ba di amahanya le ntshetsopele ya khotsong o re otloi otloisisa le o fumane hore bo tla thusa batho hore ba fumane thuso. Dikgetla  tse le masoba tse ka bang dilemo tse 75,000, tseo di neng di rekwa di neng dina le mokgabiso wa botho, le tsona di ile tsa ngola moo. Dintho tse ling tse sibolotsweng di sebedisa karolo ea chelete e sebediswang ho sebelisa disebeliswa tsa lintho tse kgale tsa ntshetsopele ya pele ea Homo sapiens Afrika Boroa.

MaSan le metse e meng ea MaKhoisan ba siile moetlo o ruileng haholo oa bonono ba mafika . Ditshwantsho tse likete tsa majoe le litšoantšo tse betliloeng li fumanoa ho pholletsa le Afrika Boroa, 'me boholo ba tsona li fumaneha Lithabeng tsa Drakensberg, har'a tse ling.  Bonono bona bo bontsha batho, diphoofolo, diketsahalo tsa ho tsoma, le dihlooho tsa moetlo kapa tsa moya mme bo fana ka temohisiso ya bohlokwa mabapi le pono ya lefatshe le bophelo ba kahisano ba ditjhaba tsa pele tsa batsomi le ba bokellang. Ka ho theoa le ho atolosoa ha metse e buang Bantu Afrika Boroa, meetlo e meng ea bonono e ile ea ntlafala, ho kenyeletsoa le lipitsa tsa letsopa, mesebetsi ea tšepe, lifaha, ho betla lehong le meralo ea meaho .

Ho tloha nakong ea bolokolohi ba bokolone ho ea pele, bonono ba Afrika Boroa bo ile ba tsoela pele ho fetoha ka lebaka la tšebelisano lipakeng tsa meetlo ea sebaka seo le mekhoa ea bonono e tsoang Europe. Tšusumetso ea Madache le ea Borithane hamorao e ile ea bonahala likarolong tse kang ho taka, meralo ea meaho, ho etsa thepa ea ka tlung le bonono ba mokhabiso, ha bonono ba setso sa Ma-Afrikaner le meetlo e fapaneng ea bonono ba Afrika li ntse li tsoela pele ho hola ka litsela tsa tsona tse ikhethang.

Nakong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, indasteri, ho hola ha litoropo, le khethollo ea morabe li bile le litlamorao tse kholo ho baetsi ba litšoantšo ba Afrika Boroa le tlhahiso ea bonono. Mefuta e mecha ea bonono e ile ea hlaha metseng ea merafo le libakeng tsa bolulo tsa litoropo, har'a libaka tse ling, ha baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ntse ba hlahloba lihlooho tse kang boitsebahatso, morabe, khatello ea lipolotiki le phetoho ea sechaba. Litsebi tsa bonono li sebelisitse lisebelisoa tse fapaneng le mecha ea phatlalatso, ho tloha ho pente ea setso le litšoantšo tse betliloeng ho ea ho lifaha, mesebetsi ea terata, le thepa e fumanoeng kapa e sebelisitsoeng hape. Ho tloha pheletsong ea khethollo ea morabe, bonono ba Afrika Boroa bo 'nile ba tsoela pele ho fetoha lefatšeng la bonono la mehleng ena le kopaneng machabeng, ha lihlooho tse kang nalane, boitsebahatso, ho se lekane, naha, mohopolo le kamora bokolone li ntse li tsoela pele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa.

== Bonono ba lefika ba Paleolithic ==
[[Lêer:San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg|left|thumb| Ditshwantsho tsa majwe a San, polasing ya Perdekop, (Mossel Bay, Afrika Borwa).]]
Batho ba pele ho Bantu ba ileng ba fallela boroa ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 30,000 BC e ne e le batsomi ba bokana ba neng ba rata mahaha e le matlo. Pele ho hlaha ha batho ba Nguni mabopong a ka bochabela le a ka boroa le Afrika Bohareng, batsomi bana ba bokana ba ne ba atile haholo. Ho lumeloa hore ba kene Afrika Boroa bonyane lilemo tse 1,000 tse fetileng. Ba siile mesaletsa e mengata ea boteng ba bona, joalo ka mesebetsi ea bonono (litšoantšo tsa San) tse bontšang ho tsoma, bophelo ba lapeng, le lihlooho tse amanang le boloi.[1] Ho na le bonngoe ba setaele ho pholletsa le sebaka seo—le esita le ka bonono ba khale bo fumanoang sebakeng sa Tassili n'Ajjer sa Afrika Leboea le sebakeng seo hona joale e leng lehoatata la Chad, empa e kile ea e-ba sebaka se setle.

Lipalo tsena lia fetoha ebile li telele, 'me mebala (mohlomong e nkiloeng ho mebala ea lefats'e le ea limela, mohlomong le likokoanyana) e kopanya mebala e khubelu-ochre, e tšoeu, e putsoa, ​​​​e ntšo le e mofuthu haholo ho tloha ho e khubelu ho ea ho e mosehla oa mantlha. Lihlooho tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa ho tsoma—hangata ho bontša ka nepo liphoofolo tse kholo tse seng li sa lule sebakeng sena mehleng ea kajeno—ntoa pakeng tsa batho, motjeko, liketsahalo tsa lapeng, le litšoantšo tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa lithuhlo, mefuta e mengata ea li-antelope le linoha. Mesebetsi ea morao-rao ea mesebetsi ena e khahla litšoantšong tsa eona tsa batho ba baholo, ba lefifi esita le litsomi tse tšoeu tse palameng lipere—litšoantšo tseo qetellong li neng li tla tlosa batho ba San.

Bontši ba litšoantšo tse bontšang batho ba tantšang bo khabisitsoe ka meralo e ikhethang, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe ba apere limaske le liaparo tse ling tsa mekete. Litšoantšo tse ling, tse bontšang libopeho tse nang le mahlakore a mane le matšoao a mang, li na le moelelo o sa hlakang 'me mohlomong ha li emele ntho e itseng e tsebahalang. Matšoao a tšoanang le ana a fumanoa bonkwetong ba setso sa bo-ngaka ba meea (shamanistic art) lefats'eng ka bophara. Mokhoa ona oa bonkwetso o fumanoa libakeng tse pharaletseng, ho tloha Angola ka bophirima ho ea Mozambique le Kenya, ho pholletsa le Zimbabwe le Afrika Boroa, hammoho le Botswana, moo maemo a mahaheng a thusitseng hore litšoantšo tsena li bolokehe khahlanong le litlamorao tsa tlhaho.

== Bonono ba pele ho bokolone bo fetang bonono ba lefika ==
Setso sa pono le sa lintho tse bonahalang sa pele ho puso ea bokolone Afrika Boroa se ne se atoloha hole le bonono ba majoe 'me se ne se kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, mekhabiso ea 'mele, lifaha, liserame, mesebetsi ea tšepe, mesebetsi ea lehong le meralo ea meaho. Bongata ba lintho tsena li ne li phethahatsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa, ea sechaba, ea moetlo le ea botle ka nako e le 'ngoe; ka lebaka leo, ha se kamehla ho khonehang ho sebelisa liphapang tsa sejoale-joale lipakeng tsa bonono, mesebetsi ea matsoho le lintho tse thusang ho tsona. Lipokello tsa lintho tsa khale tse tsoang Afrika Boroa li kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, lintho tse khabisitsoeng ka masapo, lipente tsa khetla, lifaha tsa khetla ea lehe la ouster, liserame le lintho tse ling tse khabisitsoeng tse tsoang Mehleng ea Lejoe le Mehleng ea Tšepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/collection/archaeology/&lt;/ref&gt; Lipokello tsa setso tsa Musiamo oa Iziko li boetse li kenyelletsa liaparo tsa Khoisan, lifaha tsa matsoalloa, libaskete le liserame.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/museums/social-history-centre/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mekhabiso ya mmele e na le nalane e telele Afrika e ka boroa. Pele ho lifaha tsa khalase tsa Europe tse tlisoang ka bongata, lifaha li ne li etsoa ka thepa e kang khetla ea lehe la outch, lesapo, likhetla, lehong le lejoe. Lisebelisoa tsena li ne li sebelisoa bakeng sa lifaha, mabanta le mefuta e meng ea mekhabiso ea botho. Lilemong tse makholo tse latelang, lifaha tsa khalase le tsa letsopa tse tsoang linaheng tse ling li ile tsa eketsa lisebelisoa tsa lehae 'me qetellong tsa fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea meetlo e pharaletseng ea lifaha tsa lichaba tse kang libui tsa Nguni. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/314790&lt;/ref&gt;Ntle le mekgabiso feela, lifaha li ne li ka boela tsa bontša lilemo, bong, boemo le likarolo tse ling tsa boitsebahatso ba setjhaba.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318023&lt;/ref&gt;

Diserame di bopa e 'ngoe ea lipolelo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa setso sa thepa ea pele ho bokolone. Ho tloha sekete sa pele sa lilemo AD, metse ea temo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa e hlahisitse lipitsa tseo sebopeho sa tsona, qetello le mokhabiso o sehiloeng kapa o sehiloeng o neng o fapana ho ea ka libaka le linako. Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba sebelisa mekhoa ea letsopa ho ithuta likamano tsa setso, phetoho ea theknoloji, le ho ata ha lichaba, har'a lintho tse ling. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259633295_Ceramics_Ethnohistory_and_Ethnography_Locating_Meaning_in_Southern_African_Iron_Age_Ceramic_Assemblages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har'a lichaba tse buang [[Sesotho]] - [[Setswana|Tswana]] le Nguni, meetlo e ikhethang ea letsopa e ile ea ntlafala ho theosa le makholo a lilemo, ha mekhoa ea tlhahiso, thepa e tala le mekhabiso le tsona li ka fapana sebakeng se le seng sa setso. 

Ho tloha mehleng ea khale ea Tšepe (Iron Age), ho sebetsa ka tšepe ho ile ha fetoha mokhoa o mong oa bohlokoa oa ho bontša tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa. Libaka tsa liphuputso tsa lintho tsa khale tse kang Broederstroom, e ka bophirima ho Pretoria, li bontša hore tšepe e ne e se e ntse e etsoa moo pakeng tsa dilemo tse ka bang 550 le 700 AD.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/prehistory-pretoria-area&lt;/ref&gt; Ntle le lisebelisoa, koporo, tšepe, le hamorao khauta, li ne li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho etsa mabenyane, mekhabiso, le lintho tse amanang le boemo ba motho sechabeng. Ka mohlala, lichaba tsa pele tse buang Sesotho li ne li e-na le meetlo e tiileng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe, 'me bopaki ba sena bo fumanoe libakeng tse fapaneng Gauteng, North West le Limpopo.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/sotho-south-sotho-or-basotho&lt;/ref&gt;

Mohlala o hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa oa mosebetsi oa tšepe le bonono ba mokhabiso oa nako ea pele ho bolokolohi ba Afrika Boroa o tsoa Mapungubwe; sebaka sena se ile sa hola sa ba setsi sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa lipolotiki le khoebo ka hare ho naha ea Afrika Boroa pakeng tsa selemo sa 900 le 1300 CE. Sebakeng sena ho fumanoe lintho tse entsoeng ka khauta, koporo, tšepe, manaka a tlou le letsopa, hammoho le lifaha tsa khalase tse tsoang linaheng tse ling. Ntho e tsebahalang haholo ke Rhino ea Khauta ea Mapungubwe, e entsoeng ka lakane e tšesaane ea khauta e koahetseng motheo o betliloeng ka lehong. Lintho tse ling tsa khauta li kenyelletsa lifaha, masale a matsoho, terata, lipini, le litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo hammoho le lijana tse koahetsoeng ka khauta.[1][2] Tlhahiso ea lintho tsena e bontša tsebo e phahameng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe le tšebeliso ea lintho tse bonahalang ho bontša leruo, boemo bo phahameng sechabeng, le matla a lipolotiki.

Meaho le moralo oa bolulo le tsona e ne e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea setso sa pono sa pele ho bokolone. Ka mohlala, balisa ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba sebelisa matlo a nkehang habobebe, a bōpehileng joaloka dome a entsoeng ka meralo, materase a lehlaka le matlalo a liphoofolo, athe metse ea temo e buang Senguni e ne e haha ​​​​haholo-holo matlo a koahetsoeng ka joang, a bōpehileng joaloka dome. Har'a metse ea Sotho-Tswana, matlo a chitja kapa a cylindrical a nang le marulelo a khoune a ne a tloaelehile, 'me mabota a majoe a ne a sebelisoa haholo ho arola libaka tsa bolulo, likhoro tsa liphoofolo le libaka tse ling.&lt;ref&gt;https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1099/&lt;/ref&gt; Hoo e ka bang lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, moralo oa meaho oa Mapungubwe o ne o boetse o bontša maemo a sechaba a ntseng a eketseha, moo batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki ba neng ba lula ka thoko Leralleng la Mapungubwe ha boholo ba baahi ba ne ba lula lithoteng tse potolohileng.&lt;ref&gt;https://francofrescura.sahistory.org.za/architecture/indigenous/indiginous-preindustrial-tvl/&lt;/ref&gt;

Meetlo ena e fapaneng e bontša hore setso sa pono sa Afrika Borwa ea pele ho bolokolohi ba bokolone se ne se sa felle feela litšoantšong tsa mafikeng. Mokhoa oa ho hlahisa botle o ne o hokahane haufi-ufi le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, theknoloji, boitsebiso ba botho, khoebo, meetlo le bolaoli ba lipolotiki; sena se ne se bonahala ka mekhoa e fapaneng e kenyeletsang mekhabiso ea 'mele, lijana tsa letsopa tsa lapeng, meralo ea meaho hammoho le mesebetsi ea khauta ea mebuso e rarahaneng ya Mehla ea Tshepe.

== Mehlodi ==

[[Category:Afrika Borwa]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12391" sha1="83hw6jxwu6y8crl0pz536r82fl30atf" xml:space="preserve">'''Bonono ba Afrika Borwa''' bo akaretsa meetlo ya bonolo e hlophisitsweng e thusa pele ka dilemo tse seng seboka seo kajeno se dumella e le Afrika Borwa . Sena sesebediso sa mafika a mehleng ya kgale le tse kang tse kgabi tse sebeletsang, meetlo ya ya ditjhaba tsa matswallwa, nakong  ya bokolone le kgethollo ya morabe, hammoho le ya sejwalejwale le mehleng ya Afrika Borwa.

Bopaki bo bong ba pele bo dumella hore ba rute ba batho ba mehleng ena ba ntlafatsa le ba bo fumanwe Afrika Boroa. Dintho tsa ho epolla tsa kgale Lehaheng la Blombos Kapa Bophirima, hara tse ding, dikotwana tsa letsoku tse betlilweng, difaha tsa dikgeetla le disebediswa tsa ho sebetsa. Tse ding tsa dintho tsena tse fumanweng di fumanweng di fumane hore di ka ba dilemo tse 100,000 tse fetileng mme ba fumana ba di amahanya le ntshetsopele ya khotsong o re otloi otloisisa le o fumane hore bo tla thusa batho hore ba fumane thuso. Dikgetla  tse le masoba tse ka bang dilemo tse 75,000, tseo di neng di rekwa di neng dina le mokgabiso wa botho, le tsona di ile tsa ngola moo. Dintho tse ling tse sibolotsweng di sebedisa karolo ea chelete e sebediswang ho sebelisa disebeliswa tsa lintho tse kgale tsa ntshetsopele ya pele ea Homo sapiens Afrika Boroa.

MaSan le metse e meng ya MaKhoisan ba siile moetlo o ruileng haholo oa bonono ba mafika . Ditshwantsho tse dikete tsa majoe le ditshwanantsho tse betlilweng di fumanwa ho pholletsa le Afrika Boroa, mme boholo ba tsona li fumaneha Dithabeng tsa Drakensberg, har'a tse ling.  Bonono bona bo bontsha batho, diphoofolo, diketsahalo tsa ho tsoma, le dihlooho tsa moetlo kapa tsa moya mme bo fana ka temohisiso ya bohlokwa mabapi le pono ya lefatshe le bophelo ba kahisano ba ditjhaba tsa pele tsa batsomi le ba bokellang. Ka ho theWa le ho atolosoa ha metse e buang Bantu Afrika Boroa, meetlo e meng ea bonono e ile ea ntlafala, ho kenyeletsoa le lipitsa tsa letsopa, mesebetsi ea tšepe, lifaha, ho betla lehong le meralo ya meaho .

Ho tloha nakong ya bolokolohi ba bokolone ho ya pele, bonono ba Afrika Borwa bo ile ba tswela pele ho fetoha ka lebaka la tshebedisano dipakeng tsa meetlo ya sebaka seo le mekhoa ea bonono e tswang Europe. Tshusumetso ea Madache le ea Borithane hamorao e ile ea bonahala dikarolong tse kang ho taka, meralo ya meaho, ho etsa thepa ya ka tlung le bonono ba mokhabiso, ha bonono ba setso sa Ma-Afrikaner le meetlo e fapaneng ea bonono ba Afrika di ntse di tswela pele ho hola ka litsela tsa tsona tse ikhethang.

Nakong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo, indasteri, ho hola ha ditoropo, le kgethollo ea morabe di bile le litlamorao tse kholo ho baetsi ba ditshwantsho ba Afrika Borwa le tlhahiso ya bonono. Mefuta e metjha ea bonono e ile ya hlaha metseng ya merafo le dibakeng tsa bodulo tsa ditoropo, hara dibaka tse ling, ha baetsi ba ditshwantsho ba ntse ba hlahloba dihlooho tse kang boitsebahatso, morabe, khatello ea dipolotiki le phetoho ya setjhaba. Ditsebi tsa bonono di sebedisitse disebeliswa tse fapaneng le mecha ya phatlalatso, ho tloha ho pente ya setso le ditshwantwo tse betlilweng ho ya ho difaha, mesebetsi ea terata, le thepa e fumanweng kapa e sebedisitsweng hape. Ho tloha pheletsong ya kgethollo ya morabe, bonono ba Afrika Borwa bo nnile ba tswela pele ho fetoha lefatsheng la bonono la mehleng ena le kopaneng matjhabeng, ha dihlooho tse kang nalane, boitsebahatso, ho se lekane, naha, mohopolo le kamora bokolone di ntse di tswela pele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokwa.

== Bonono ba lefika ba Paleolithic ==
[[Lêer:San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg|left|thumb| Ditshwantsho tsa majwe a San, polasing ya Perdekop, (Mossel Bay, Afrika Borwa).]]
Batho ba pele ho Bantu ba ileng ba fallela boroa ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 30,000 BC e ne e le batsomi ba bokana ba neng ba rata mahaha e le matlo. Pele ho hlaha ha batho ba Nguni mabopong a ka bochabela le a ka boroa le Afrika Bohareng, batsomi bana ba bokana ba ne ba atile haholo. Ho lumeloa hore ba kene Afrika Boroa bonyane lilemo tse 1,000 tse fetileng. Ba siile mesaletsa e mengata ea boteng ba bona, joalo ka mesebetsi ea bonono (litšoantšo tsa San) tse bontšang ho tsoma, bophelo ba lapeng, le lihlooho tse amanang le boloi.[1] Ho na le bonngoe ba setaele ho pholletsa le sebaka seo—le esita le ka bonono ba khale bo fumanoang sebakeng sa Tassili n'Ajjer sa Afrika Leboea le sebakeng seo hona joale e leng lehoatata la Chad, empa e kile ea e-ba sebaka se setle.

Lipalo tsena lia fetoha ebile li telele, 'me mebala (mohlomong e nkiloeng ho mebala ea lefats'e le ea limela, mohlomong le likokoanyana) e kopanya mebala e khubelu-ochre, e tšoeu, e putsoa, ​​​​e ntšo le e mofuthu haholo ho tloha ho e khubelu ho ea ho e mosehla oa mantlha. Lihlooho tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa ho tsoma—hangata ho bontša ka nepo liphoofolo tse kholo tse seng li sa lule sebakeng sena mehleng ea kajeno—ntoa pakeng tsa batho, motjeko, liketsahalo tsa lapeng, le litšoantšo tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa lithuhlo, mefuta e mengata ea li-antelope le linoha. Mesebetsi ea morao-rao ea mesebetsi ena e khahla litšoantšong tsa eona tsa batho ba baholo, ba lefifi esita le litsomi tse tšoeu tse palameng lipere—litšoantšo tseo qetellong li neng li tla tlosa batho ba San.

Bontši ba litšoantšo tse bontšang batho ba tantšang bo khabisitsoe ka meralo e ikhethang, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe ba apere limaske le liaparo tse ling tsa mekete. Litšoantšo tse ling, tse bontšang libopeho tse nang le mahlakore a mane le matšoao a mang, li na le moelelo o sa hlakang 'me mohlomong ha li emele ntho e itseng e tsebahalang. Matšoao a tšoanang le ana a fumanoa bonkwetong ba setso sa bo-ngaka ba meea (shamanistic art) lefats'eng ka bophara. Mokhoa ona oa bonkwetso o fumanoa libakeng tse pharaletseng, ho tloha Angola ka bophirima ho ea Mozambique le Kenya, ho pholletsa le Zimbabwe le Afrika Boroa, hammoho le Botswana, moo maemo a mahaheng a thusitseng hore litšoantšo tsena li bolokehe khahlanong le litlamorao tsa tlhaho.

== Bonono ba pele ho bokolone bo fetang bonono ba lefika ==
Setso sa pono le sa lintho tse bonahalang sa pele ho puso ea bokolone Afrika Boroa se ne se atoloha hole le bonono ba majoe 'me se ne se kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, mekhabiso ea 'mele, lifaha, liserame, mesebetsi ea tšepe, mesebetsi ea lehong le meralo ea meaho. Bongata ba lintho tsena li ne li phethahatsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa, ea sechaba, ea moetlo le ea botle ka nako e le 'ngoe; ka lebaka leo, ha se kamehla ho khonehang ho sebelisa liphapang tsa sejoale-joale lipakeng tsa bonono, mesebetsi ea matsoho le lintho tse thusang ho tsona. Lipokello tsa lintho tsa khale tse tsoang Afrika Boroa li kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, lintho tse khabisitsoeng ka masapo, lipente tsa khetla, lifaha tsa khetla ea lehe la ouster, liserame le lintho tse ling tse khabisitsoeng tse tsoang Mehleng ea Lejoe le Mehleng ea Tšepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/collection/archaeology/&lt;/ref&gt; Lipokello tsa setso tsa Musiamo oa Iziko li boetse li kenyelletsa liaparo tsa Khoisan, lifaha tsa matsoalloa, libaskete le liserame.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/museums/social-history-centre/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mekhabiso ya mmele e na le nalane e telele Afrika e ka boroa. Pele ho lifaha tsa khalase tsa Europe tse tlisoang ka bongata, lifaha li ne li etsoa ka thepa e kang khetla ea lehe la outch, lesapo, likhetla, lehong le lejoe. Lisebelisoa tsena li ne li sebelisoa bakeng sa lifaha, mabanta le mefuta e meng ea mekhabiso ea botho. Lilemong tse makholo tse latelang, lifaha tsa khalase le tsa letsopa tse tsoang linaheng tse ling li ile tsa eketsa lisebelisoa tsa lehae 'me qetellong tsa fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea meetlo e pharaletseng ea lifaha tsa lichaba tse kang libui tsa Nguni. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/314790&lt;/ref&gt;Ntle le mekgabiso feela, lifaha li ne li ka boela tsa bontša lilemo, bong, boemo le likarolo tse ling tsa boitsebahatso ba setjhaba.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318023&lt;/ref&gt;

Diserame di bopa e 'ngoe ea lipolelo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa setso sa thepa ea pele ho bokolone. Ho tloha sekete sa pele sa lilemo AD, metse ea temo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa e hlahisitse lipitsa tseo sebopeho sa tsona, qetello le mokhabiso o sehiloeng kapa o sehiloeng o neng o fapana ho ea ka libaka le linako. Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba sebelisa mekhoa ea letsopa ho ithuta likamano tsa setso, phetoho ea theknoloji, le ho ata ha lichaba, har'a lintho tse ling. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259633295_Ceramics_Ethnohistory_and_Ethnography_Locating_Meaning_in_Southern_African_Iron_Age_Ceramic_Assemblages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har'a lichaba tse buang [[Sesotho]] - [[Setswana|Tswana]] le Nguni, meetlo e ikhethang ea letsopa e ile ea ntlafala ho theosa le makholo a lilemo, ha mekhoa ea tlhahiso, thepa e tala le mekhabiso le tsona li ka fapana sebakeng se le seng sa setso. 

Ho tloha mehleng ea khale ea Tšepe (Iron Age), ho sebetsa ka tšepe ho ile ha fetoha mokhoa o mong oa bohlokoa oa ho bontša tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa. Libaka tsa liphuputso tsa lintho tsa khale tse kang Broederstroom, e ka bophirima ho Pretoria, li bontša hore tšepe e ne e se e ntse e etsoa moo pakeng tsa dilemo tse ka bang 550 le 700 AD.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/prehistory-pretoria-area&lt;/ref&gt; Ntle le lisebelisoa, koporo, tšepe, le hamorao khauta, li ne li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho etsa mabenyane, mekhabiso, le lintho tse amanang le boemo ba motho sechabeng. Ka mohlala, lichaba tsa pele tse buang Sesotho li ne li e-na le meetlo e tiileng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe, 'me bopaki ba sena bo fumanoe libakeng tse fapaneng Gauteng, North West le Limpopo.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/sotho-south-sotho-or-basotho&lt;/ref&gt;

Mohlala o hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa oa mosebetsi oa tšepe le bonono ba mokhabiso oa nako ea pele ho bolokolohi ba Afrika Boroa o tsoa Mapungubwe; sebaka sena se ile sa hola sa ba setsi sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa lipolotiki le khoebo ka hare ho naha ea Afrika Boroa pakeng tsa selemo sa 900 le 1300 CE. Sebakeng sena ho fumanoe lintho tse entsoeng ka khauta, koporo, tšepe, manaka a tlou le letsopa, hammoho le lifaha tsa khalase tse tsoang linaheng tse ling. Ntho e tsebahalang haholo ke Rhino ea Khauta ea Mapungubwe, e entsoeng ka lakane e tšesaane ea khauta e koahetseng motheo o betliloeng ka lehong. Lintho tse ling tsa khauta li kenyelletsa lifaha, masale a matsoho, terata, lipini, le litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo hammoho le lijana tse koahetsoeng ka khauta.[1][2] Tlhahiso ea lintho tsena e bontša tsebo e phahameng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe le tšebeliso ea lintho tse bonahalang ho bontša leruo, boemo bo phahameng sechabeng, le matla a lipolotiki.

Meaho le moralo oa bolulo le tsona e ne e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea setso sa pono sa pele ho bokolone. Ka mohlala, balisa ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba sebelisa matlo a nkehang habobebe, a bōpehileng joaloka dome a entsoeng ka meralo, materase a lehlaka le matlalo a liphoofolo, athe metse ea temo e buang Senguni e ne e haha ​​​​haholo-holo matlo a koahetsoeng ka joang, a bōpehileng joaloka dome. Har'a metse ea Sotho-Tswana, matlo a chitja kapa a cylindrical a nang le marulelo a khoune a ne a tloaelehile, 'me mabota a majoe a ne a sebelisoa haholo ho arola libaka tsa bolulo, likhoro tsa liphoofolo le libaka tse ling.&lt;ref&gt;https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1099/&lt;/ref&gt; Hoo e ka bang lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, moralo oa meaho oa Mapungubwe o ne o boetse o bontša maemo a sechaba a ntseng a eketseha, moo batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki ba neng ba lula ka thoko Leralleng la Mapungubwe ha boholo ba baahi ba ne ba lula lithoteng tse potolohileng.&lt;ref&gt;https://francofrescura.sahistory.org.za/architecture/indigenous/indiginous-preindustrial-tvl/&lt;/ref&gt;

Meetlo ena e fapaneng e bontša hore setso sa pono sa Afrika Borwa ea pele ho bolokolohi ba bokolone se ne se sa felle feela litšoantšong tsa mafikeng. Mokhoa oa ho hlahisa botle o ne o hokahane haufi-ufi le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, theknoloji, boitsebiso ba botho, khoebo, meetlo le bolaoli ba lipolotiki; sena se ne se bonahala ka mekhoa e fapaneng e kenyeletsang mekhabiso ea 'mele, lijana tsa letsopa tsa lapeng, meralo ea meaho hammoho le mesebetsi ea khauta ea mebuso e rarahaneng ya Mehla ea Tshepe.

== Mehlodi ==

[[Category:Afrika Borwa]]</text>
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      <id>41069</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-05T10:16:06Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>/* Bonono ba lefika ba Paleolithic */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12227" sha1="4z152amj8xzll5guc5oqbyk07wnf5dk" xml:space="preserve">'''Bonono ba Afrika Borwa''' bo akaretsa meetlo ya bonolo e hlophisitsweng e thusa pele ka dilemo tse seng seboka seo kajeno se dumella e le Afrika Borwa . Sena sesebediso sa mafika a mehleng ya kgale le tse kang tse kgabi tse sebeletsang, meetlo ya ya ditjhaba tsa matswallwa, nakong  ya bokolone le kgethollo ya morabe, hammoho le ya sejwalejwale le mehleng ya Afrika Borwa.

Bopaki bo bong ba pele bo dumella hore ba rute ba batho ba mehleng ena ba ntlafatsa le ba bo fumanwe Afrika Boroa. Dintho tsa ho epolla tsa kgale Lehaheng la Blombos Kapa Bophirima, hara tse ding, dikotwana tsa letsoku tse betlilweng, difaha tsa dikgeetla le disebediswa tsa ho sebetsa. Tse ding tsa dintho tsena tse fumanweng di fumanweng di fumane hore di ka ba dilemo tse 100,000 tse fetileng mme ba fumana ba di amahanya le ntshetsopele ya khotsong o re otloi otloisisa le o fumane hore bo tla thusa batho hore ba fumane thuso. Dikgetla  tse le masoba tse ka bang dilemo tse 75,000, tseo di neng di rekwa di neng dina le mokgabiso wa botho, le tsona di ile tsa ngola moo. Dintho tse ling tse sibolotsweng di sebedisa karolo ea chelete e sebediswang ho sebelisa disebeliswa tsa lintho tse kgale tsa ntshetsopele ya pele ea Homo sapiens Afrika Boroa.

MaSan le metse e meng ya MaKhoisan ba siile moetlo o ruileng haholo oa bonono ba mafika . Ditshwantsho tse dikete tsa majoe le ditshwanantsho tse betlilweng di fumanwa ho pholletsa le Afrika Boroa, mme boholo ba tsona li fumaneha Dithabeng tsa Drakensberg, har'a tse ling.  Bonono bona bo bontsha batho, diphoofolo, diketsahalo tsa ho tsoma, le dihlooho tsa moetlo kapa tsa moya mme bo fana ka temohisiso ya bohlokwa mabapi le pono ya lefatshe le bophelo ba kahisano ba ditjhaba tsa pele tsa batsomi le ba bokellang. Ka ho theWa le ho atolosoa ha metse e buang Bantu Afrika Boroa, meetlo e meng ea bonono e ile ea ntlafala, ho kenyeletsoa le lipitsa tsa letsopa, mesebetsi ea tšepe, lifaha, ho betla lehong le meralo ya meaho .

Ho tloha nakong ya bolokolohi ba bokolone ho ya pele, bonono ba Afrika Borwa bo ile ba tswela pele ho fetoha ka lebaka la tshebedisano dipakeng tsa meetlo ya sebaka seo le mekhoa ea bonono e tswang Europe. Tshusumetso ea Madache le ea Borithane hamorao e ile ea bonahala dikarolong tse kang ho taka, meralo ya meaho, ho etsa thepa ya ka tlung le bonono ba mokhabiso, ha bonono ba setso sa Ma-Afrikaner le meetlo e fapaneng ea bonono ba Afrika di ntse di tswela pele ho hola ka litsela tsa tsona tse ikhethang.

Nakong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo, indasteri, ho hola ha ditoropo, le kgethollo ea morabe di bile le litlamorao tse kholo ho baetsi ba ditshwantsho ba Afrika Borwa le tlhahiso ya bonono. Mefuta e metjha ea bonono e ile ya hlaha metseng ya merafo le dibakeng tsa bodulo tsa ditoropo, hara dibaka tse ling, ha baetsi ba ditshwantsho ba ntse ba hlahloba dihlooho tse kang boitsebahatso, morabe, khatello ea dipolotiki le phetoho ya setjhaba. Ditsebi tsa bonono di sebedisitse disebeliswa tse fapaneng le mecha ya phatlalatso, ho tloha ho pente ya setso le ditshwantwo tse betlilweng ho ya ho difaha, mesebetsi ea terata, le thepa e fumanweng kapa e sebedisitsweng hape. Ho tloha pheletsong ya kgethollo ya morabe, bonono ba Afrika Borwa bo nnile ba tswela pele ho fetoha lefatsheng la bonono la mehleng ena le kopaneng matjhabeng, ha dihlooho tse kang nalane, boitsebahatso, ho se lekane, naha, mohopolo le kamora bokolone di ntse di tswela pele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokwa.

== Bonono ba lefika ba Paleolithic ==
Batho ba pele ho Bantu ba ileng ba fallela boroa ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 30,000 BC e ne e le batsomi ba bokana ba neng ba rata mahaha e le matlo. Pele ho hlaha ha batho ba Nguni mabopong a ka bochabela le a ka borwa le Afrika Bohareng, batsomi bana ba bokana ba ne ba atile haholo. Ho lumeloa hore ba kene Afrika Borwa bonyane dilemo tse 1,000 tse fetileng. Ba siile mesaletsa e mengata ea boteng ba bona, joalo ka mesebetsi ya bonono (ditshwantsho tsa San) tse bontshang ho tsoma, bophelo ba lapeng, le dihlooho tse amanang le boloi. Ho na le bonngoe ba setaele ho pholletsa le sebaka seo—le esita le ka bonono ba khale bo fumanwang sebakeng sa Tassili n'Ajjer sa Afrika Leboea le sebakeng seo hona joale e leng lehoatata la Chad, empa e kile ya e-ba sebaka se setle.

Dipalo tsena dia fetoha ebile li telele, mme mebala (mohlomong e nkiloeng ho mebala ea lefatshe le ea dimela, mohlomong le dikokoanyana) e kopanya mebala e khubelu-ochre, e tshweu, e putswa, ​​​​e ntsho le e mofuthu haholo ho tloha ho e kgubedu ho ea ho e mosehla wa mantlha. Dihlooho tse tloaelehileng di kenyelletsa ho tsoma—hangata ho bontša ka nepo liphoofolo tse kholo tse seng li sa lule sebakeng sena mehleng ya kajeno—ntoa pakeng tsa batho, motjeko, diketsahalo tsa lapeng, le ditshwantsho tse fapaneng tsa diphoofolo, ho kenyeletswa dithuhlo, mefuta e mengata ya di-antelope le linoha. Mesebetsi ya morao-rao ya mesebetsi ena e kgahla diitshwantshong tsa eona tsa batho ba baholo, ba lefifi esita le ditsomi tse tšoeu tse palameng lipere—ditshwantho tseo qetellong di neng li tla tlosa batho ba San.

Bontši ba litšoantšo tse bontšang batho ba tantšang bo khabisitsoe ka meralo e ikhethang, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe ba apere limaske le liaparo tse ling tsa mekete. Litšoantšo tse ling, tse bontšang libopeho tse nang le mahlakore a mane le matšoao a mang, li na le moelelo o sa hlakang 'me mohlomong ha li emele ntho e itseng e tsebahalang. Matšoao a tšoanang le ana a fumanoa bonkwetong ba setso sa bo-ngaka ba meea (shamanistic art) lefats'eng ka bophara. Mokhoa ona oa bonkwetso o fumanoa libakeng tse pharaletseng, ho tloha Angola ka bophirima ho ea Mozambique le Kenya, ho pholletsa le Zimbabwe le Afrika Boroa, hammoho le Botswana, moo maemo a mahaheng a thusitseng hore litšoantšo tsena li bolokehe khahlanong le litlamorao tsa tlhaho.

== Bonono ba pele ho bokolone bo fetang bonono ba lefika ==
Setso sa pono le sa lintho tse bonahalang sa pele ho puso ea bokolone Afrika Boroa se ne se atoloha hole le bonono ba majoe 'me se ne se kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, mekhabiso ea 'mele, lifaha, liserame, mesebetsi ea tšepe, mesebetsi ea lehong le meralo ea meaho. Bongata ba lintho tsena li ne li phethahatsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa, ea sechaba, ea moetlo le ea botle ka nako e le 'ngoe; ka lebaka leo, ha se kamehla ho khonehang ho sebelisa liphapang tsa sejoale-joale lipakeng tsa bonono, mesebetsi ea matsoho le lintho tse thusang ho tsona. Lipokello tsa lintho tsa khale tse tsoang Afrika Boroa li kenyelletsa, har'a lintho tse ling, lintho tse khabisitsoeng ka masapo, lipente tsa khetla, lifaha tsa khetla ea lehe la ouster, liserame le lintho tse ling tse khabisitsoeng tse tsoang Mehleng ea Lejoe le Mehleng ea Tšepe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/collection/archaeology/&lt;/ref&gt; Lipokello tsa setso tsa Musiamo oa Iziko li boetse li kenyelletsa liaparo tsa Khoisan, lifaha tsa matsoalloa, libaskete le liserame.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.iziko.org.za/museums/social-history-centre/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mekhabiso ya mmele e na le nalane e telele Afrika e ka boroa. Pele ho lifaha tsa khalase tsa Europe tse tlisoang ka bongata, lifaha li ne li etsoa ka thepa e kang khetla ea lehe la outch, lesapo, likhetla, lehong le lejoe. Lisebelisoa tsena li ne li sebelisoa bakeng sa lifaha, mabanta le mefuta e meng ea mekhabiso ea botho. Lilemong tse makholo tse latelang, lifaha tsa khalase le tsa letsopa tse tsoang linaheng tse ling li ile tsa eketsa lisebelisoa tsa lehae 'me qetellong tsa fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea meetlo e pharaletseng ea lifaha tsa lichaba tse kang libui tsa Nguni. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/314790&lt;/ref&gt;Ntle le mekgabiso feela, lifaha li ne li ka boela tsa bontša lilemo, bong, boemo le likarolo tse ling tsa boitsebahatso ba setjhaba.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/318023&lt;/ref&gt;

Diserame di bopa e 'ngoe ea lipolelo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa setso sa thepa ea pele ho bokolone. Ho tloha sekete sa pele sa lilemo AD, metse ea temo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa Afrika Boroa e hlahisitse lipitsa tseo sebopeho sa tsona, qetello le mokhabiso o sehiloeng kapa o sehiloeng o neng o fapana ho ea ka libaka le linako. Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba sebelisa mekhoa ea letsopa ho ithuta likamano tsa setso, phetoho ea theknoloji, le ho ata ha lichaba, har'a lintho tse ling. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259633295_Ceramics_Ethnohistory_and_Ethnography_Locating_Meaning_in_Southern_African_Iron_Age_Ceramic_Assemblages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har'a lichaba tse buang [[Sesotho]] - [[Setswana|Tswana]] le Nguni, meetlo e ikhethang ea letsopa e ile ea ntlafala ho theosa le makholo a lilemo, ha mekhoa ea tlhahiso, thepa e tala le mekhabiso le tsona li ka fapana sebakeng se le seng sa setso. 

Ho tloha mehleng ea khale ea Tšepe (Iron Age), ho sebetsa ka tšepe ho ile ha fetoha mokhoa o mong oa bohlokoa oa ho bontša tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa. Libaka tsa liphuputso tsa lintho tsa khale tse kang Broederstroom, e ka bophirima ho Pretoria, li bontša hore tšepe e ne e se e ntse e etsoa moo pakeng tsa dilemo tse ka bang 550 le 700 AD.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/prehistory-pretoria-area&lt;/ref&gt; Ntle le lisebelisoa, koporo, tšepe, le hamorao khauta, li ne li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho etsa mabenyane, mekhabiso, le lintho tse amanang le boemo ba motho sechabeng. Ka mohlala, lichaba tsa pele tse buang Sesotho li ne li e-na le meetlo e tiileng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe, 'me bopaki ba sena bo fumanoe libakeng tse fapaneng Gauteng, North West le Limpopo.&lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/article/sotho-south-sotho-or-basotho&lt;/ref&gt;

Mohlala o hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa oa mosebetsi oa tšepe le bonono ba mokhabiso oa nako ea pele ho bolokolohi ba Afrika Boroa o tsoa Mapungubwe; sebaka sena se ile sa hola sa ba setsi sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa lipolotiki le khoebo ka hare ho naha ea Afrika Boroa pakeng tsa selemo sa 900 le 1300 CE. Sebakeng sena ho fumanoe lintho tse entsoeng ka khauta, koporo, tšepe, manaka a tlou le letsopa, hammoho le lifaha tsa khalase tse tsoang linaheng tse ling. Ntho e tsebahalang haholo ke Rhino ea Khauta ea Mapungubwe, e entsoeng ka lakane e tšesaane ea khauta e koahetseng motheo o betliloeng ka lehong. Lintho tse ling tsa khauta li kenyelletsa lifaha, masale a matsoho, terata, lipini, le litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo hammoho le lijana tse koahetsoeng ka khauta.[1][2] Tlhahiso ea lintho tsena e bontša tsebo e phahameng ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe le tšebeliso ea lintho tse bonahalang ho bontša leruo, boemo bo phahameng sechabeng, le matla a lipolotiki.

Meaho le moralo oa bolulo le tsona e ne e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea setso sa pono sa pele ho bokolone. Ka mohlala, balisa ba Khoekhoe ba ne ba sebelisa matlo a nkehang habobebe, a bōpehileng joaloka dome a entsoeng ka meralo, materase a lehlaka le matlalo a liphoofolo, athe metse ea temo e buang Senguni e ne e haha ​​​​haholo-holo matlo a koahetsoeng ka joang, a bōpehileng joaloka dome. Har'a metse ea Sotho-Tswana, matlo a chitja kapa a cylindrical a nang le marulelo a khoune a ne a tloaelehile, 'me mabota a majoe a ne a sebelisoa haholo ho arola libaka tsa bolulo, likhoro tsa liphoofolo le libaka tse ling.&lt;ref&gt;https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1099/&lt;/ref&gt; Hoo e ka bang lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, moralo oa meaho oa Mapungubwe o ne o boetse o bontša maemo a sechaba a ntseng a eketseha, moo batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki ba neng ba lula ka thoko Leralleng la Mapungubwe ha boholo ba baahi ba ne ba lula lithoteng tse potolohileng.&lt;ref&gt;https://francofrescura.sahistory.org.za/architecture/indigenous/indiginous-preindustrial-tvl/&lt;/ref&gt;

Meetlo ena e fapaneng e bontša hore setso sa pono sa Afrika Borwa ea pele ho bolokolohi ba bokolone se ne se sa felle feela litšoantšong tsa mafikeng. Mokhoa oa ho hlahisa botle o ne o hokahane haufi-ufi le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, theknoloji, boitsebiso ba botho, khoebo, meetlo le bolaoli ba lipolotiki; sena se ne se bonahala ka mekhoa e fapaneng e kenyeletsang mekhabiso ea 'mele, lijana tsa letsopa tsa lapeng, meralo ea meaho hammoho le mesebetsi ea khauta ea mebuso e rarahaneng ya Mehla ea Tshepe.

== Mehlodi ==

[[Category:Afrika Borwa]]</text>
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    <title>Ratho Kroonkop</title>
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'''Ratho Kroonkop''' ke sebaka sa baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale se fumanehang [[Afrika Borwa]] , haufi le moedi wa [[Botswana]] . Ke karolo wa dibaka tse ngata tse kenyeletsang Sebaka sa Kopano sa Shashe-Limpopo (SLCA), e leng sebaka seo Noka ea Shashe le [[Noka ya Limpopo|Limpopo]] di kopanang ho sona. E ne e hapilwe ke batho ba dulang metseng e kang Schroda, [[Mmuso wa Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]], Bambandyanalo ho tloha ka selemo sa 890 BCE ke batsomi ba bokellang ho fihlela ka selemo sa 1240 CE. Ratho Kroonkop le SLCA e pharaletseng di tsebahala ka nalane ea tsona ea taolo ya pula . Nakong ea komello, baahi ba sebaka seo ba ne ba etsa meetlo e rarahaneng e le ho khothalletsa pula ho na. Ratho Kroonkop ho na le ditanka tse nne tsa majwe, masoba a entsweng bohareng ba lefika ka lebaka la kgoholeho ya lejwe la lehlabathe le fokodisitsweng ke metsi, e neng e tshwere mehlala e kopaneng ya diphoofolo tse 33,903 e hlahlobilweng ke ditsebi tsa dintho tsa kgale tsa zoo .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://journals.uj.ac.za/&lt;/ref&gt;Bongata ba masalla ana a diphoofolo a amana le metsi ka thuto ya morabe, e leng se tshwayang sebaka sena e le sebaka sa taolo ya pula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://journals.uj.ac.za/&lt;/ref&gt; Haholo-holo, meetlo ea taolo ea pula e neng e etswa Ratho Kroonkop e bontsha hore tshebedisano-mmoho pakeng tsa batsomi le ba bokellang le balemi e thehile setso se ikhethang. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moelelo wa nalane ==
Batsomi ba ile ba fihla ka lekhetlo la pele SLCA ka 890 BCE 'me ba lateloa ke balemi ka 350 CE. &lt;ref&gt;https://journals.uj.ac.za/&lt;/ref&gt; Masalla a letsopa a bontsha hore ho ne ho ena le maqhubu a mabedi a balemi ba tswang dihlopheng tse fapaneng. Baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale ba dumela hore ho fihla ha balemi ho ne ho susumetswa ke takatso ea khoebo le batho ba lebopong le ka Botjhabela mme kgaello ya pula e ile ya ba sutumelletsa sebakeng sena. Kaha Lebōpo la Swahili le ne le le haufi, bajaki ba ile ba kgona ho sebedisa monyetla oa ho rekisa mme ba lema dijalo sebakeng se mongobo ho etsa jwalo. Motse o bitsoang Bambandyanalo, o tsejoang ka bokgutshwanyane e le K2, o thehilwe haufi le libaka tse 'maloa tse haufi tsa taolo ya pula tse kang Ratho Kroonkop. Nako ea ho ata ha K2 e ile ya tshwaya qalo ya setjhaba se rarahaneng sa temo se neng se rekisa haholo. Nako ya K2 (AD 1000-1220) qetellong e ile ya fella ka ho putlama mme ha hlaha sebaka se setjha se bitswang Mapungubwe (AD 1200-1300), se neng se le dikhilomithara tse 35 feela ho tloha Ratho Kroonkop. Motsamao o tswang Mapungubwe o bontsha ho tiya ha maemo a fapaneng a kahisano le mohopolo o motjha wa dipolotiki. Nakong ena eohle ea liphetoho tsa lipolotiki, balemi le batsomi ba ile ba lula sebakeng seo 'me ba sebetsa' moho bakeng sa morero oa ho baka pula. Ha balemi ba qetella ba tlohile Mapungubwe ka selemo sa 1300 CE, batsomi ba bokellang le bona ba ile ba tsamaya, ba tshehetsa polelo ya hore dihlopha tsena tse pedi di se di itshetlehile ka tse ding. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ho epollwa ==
Ratho Kroonkop e ile ya epolloa ka lekgetlo la pele ho tloha ka 2006 ke Alex Schoeman, Bronwen van Doornum, le baithuti ba Univesithi ya Pretoria le Univesithi ya Botswana . Ho fihlella sebaka seo ho ne ho le thata, kaha ho na le menyako e mmedi feela ka mokgwa wa dithanele tse entsoeng ke majoe a maholo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Hang ha ba le Ratho Kroonkop, baepolli ba ile ba fumana litanka tse nne tsa majwe, tseo ya pele (Tanka ya 1) e leng moeding o ka borwa-bophirima wa sebaka seo. Qalong baepolli ba dintho tsa kgale ba ile ba epolla sekwere sa teko sa 50 cm^2 feela, empa ka mor'a moo sa atolosoa ho ba mithara e le 'ngoe ea sekwere. Tanka ea bobeli ea lefika (Tanka ea 2) e ka lehlakoreng le ka leboea la sebaka seo 'me e ile ea epolloa ka har'a foro ya dimithara tse 1 ka 3. Mosebetsi wa bohloa o sentse lintho tse ling tse neng li le ka tankeng 'me o etsa hore ho be thata ho di kgetholla. Ditanka tsena ka bobedi tsa majwe li ne di ena le mesaletsa ya liphoofolo tse phelang tse tswang ho li-bovid, litlhapi, linonyana, lihahabi, liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing le li-mollusk. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=111–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka kakaretso, ho bile le disampole tse 33,903 tse tswang ditankeng tsa majwe, empa ke 13.7% feela ya tsena tse kgonneng ho hlwauwa ka ho hlaka haholoanyane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lintho tse ling tse entsoeng ka har'a litanka li kenyelletsa li-sherds tsa ceramic, li-helixes tsa tšepe, lifaha, likhetla le mashala . Ho tshwaya nako ha mashala ho bontsha hore ditanka tse fapaneng tsa majwe Ratho Kroonkop di ne di sebediswa ka dinako tse fapaneng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ha ho letho le leng le boletsweng ka masalla ana, ntle le hore a ile a fumanwa le dibakeng tse haufi tsa taolo ya pula. Litanka tsa 3 le 4, tse neng li le moeling o ka bophirima wa Ratho Kroonkop, li ne di se na mesaletsa ea liphoofolo tse hlaha kapa lintho tsa khale tse bonahalang. Pakeng tsa Ditanka tsa 1 le 2, baepolli ba ile ba boela ba fumana libaka tse 'ne tse bohareng tse nang le mesaletsa ea lintho tse bonahalang tse bitsoang Libaka tse Bohareng tsa A, B, C, le D. Bongata ba lintho tsa khale tse tsoang libakeng tsena li tsoa Sebakeng se Bohareng sa A. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Thuto ya dintho tsa kgale tsa diphoofolo ==
Leha ho ne ho e-na le palo e kholo ea liphoofolo tse phelang, karolo e nyane feela e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling ka lebaka la ho se bolokehe hantle. Bongata ba masalla a bontšitsoeng ke likotoana tsa masapo a boholo bo fapaneng. Tanka ea 1 e ne e e-na le masalla a bolokiloeng hamolemo ho feta Tanka ea 2.  Ho disampole tse hlwailweng, boholo ba tsona di ne di arotswe feela ho ya ka boholo ba tsona kapa taxa . Ho fumanoe li-taxa tse mashome a mane a metso e robong masalleng a liphoofolo, 'me tse ngata ka ho fetisisa e le litlhapi tse nyane le liphoofolo tse anyesang tse mahareng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tlhahlobo ea mesaletsa ea hona joale e bontša hore liphoofolo tse anyesang li bolailoe libakeng tse ling, 'me tse nyane li ile tsa khutlisoa li feletse ha likarolo tsa liphoofolo tse anyesang tse kholo feela li ne li isoa litankeng tsa majoe. Ho batla nako ho bontsha hore Rock Tank 1 e bile le nako e le nngwe ya tshebediso, ha Tank 2 e ne e sebediswa nakong tse tharo tse fapaneng. Diphoofolo tsohle tse emetsweng ke masalla a diphoofolo tse hlaha Ratho Krankoop di ne di amahanngwa ka tshwantshetso le pula ho pholletsa le Afrika mme tse ngata di hlaha kgafetsa ditshwantshisong tsa mafika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Diphoofolo tse anyesang ===
Ditshukudu, tse fumanwang masalleng a diphoofolo le ditshwantshisong tsa bonono, di nkwa li le matla haholo litsong tse potolohileng, e leng se etsang hore e be matšoao a matla le a maemo a holimo. Kudu, klipspringers, le dikhomo di na le kamano e tobileng le metsi ka meetlo ya pula. Batho ba Botswana ba tsoma kudu nakong ea komello ebe ba sila bolokoe ka mpeng ea bona ho ba phofo. Di-klipspringers le tsona li tsongoa nakong ea selemo se omileng. Batho ba ba hlatsoa ka moriana oa pula pele ba ba bolaea le ho chesa masapo a bona. Ho thoe setšoantšo sa masapo a ntshofetseng se etsa maru a pula a lefifi. Ha e le dikgomo, mpa ya kgomo e bewang lebitleng ho dumelwa hore e tlisa pula ditsong tse ding. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ho li-bovid tsena tse tharo, mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e entsoe haholo-holo ka likaroloana tsa masapo a tsoang litšobotsing tsa sefahleho, meno le maoto.  Qetellong, lithuhlo le liqoaha li amahanngoa le pula ka ponahalo le molumo oa tsona. Mohlape oa lithuhlo tse mathang o etsa lerata le kang la pula ka litlhako tsa tsona mme mela ya liqoaha e fumanoa metsing a meea ya malumedi a mang. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Dinonyana ===
Linonyana tse ngata li nkoa li halalela ho merabe ea Afrika 'me li jeoa ka seoelo. Lebaka le leng la sena ke tšōmo ea nonyana ea lehalima, e bolelang hore lehalima ke nonyana e otlang Lefatše ha e ntse e behela mahe. Ka ho khetheha, makhapetla a mahe a mpshe a nkoa a le matla haholo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ho Ratho Kroonkop, ho fumanwa dikotwana tsa mapheo a dinonyana, e leng ntho e hlahelletseng haholo mabapi le boleng ba tsona. 

=== Lihahabi ===
Tšōmo e 'ngoe e fumanoang litsong tse 'maloa tsa Afrika ke ea noha ea metsing. Linoha tse ngata li lula mekoting e metsi e tsosang mohopolo oa hore li tlameletsoe pōpong ea pula. Litlhapi li ne li nkoa e le mofuta oa noha, 'me likaroloana tsa masapo tse tsoang ho tsona li ngata haholo litankeng tsa majoe tsa Ratho Kroonkop. Mefuta e khethiloeng e kenyelletsa tlhapi ea smallmouth yellowfish, tlhapi ea catfish, li-squeakers le tlhapi ea yellowfish. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tlhaloso mabapi le taolo ea pula ==
E le ho utloisisa hamolemo morero oa litanka tsa majoe le moelelo oa mehlala e fapaneng ea liphoofolo tse hlaha, bafuputsi ba sheba mekhoa ea sejoale-joale sebakeng seo. Ka lebaka la hore lihlopha tse fapaneng li ne li lula SLCA, baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba sebelisa papiso ea ethnographic (motheo oa thuto ea lintho tsa khale ) ho bapisa lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa setso tse lulang Afrika Boroa, Botswana le [[Zimbabwe]] hona joale. Tse 'maloa tsa litso tsena li kenyelletsa San, Shona, /Xam, Pedi, le [[Mazulu|Zulu]], hammoho le tse ling tse 'maloa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mekhoa ena e sekasekiloe hanyane 'me hangata e ke ke ea etsa liqeto tse tobileng, e bontša feela litlhaloso tse ling tse ka bang 'nete.  Masala a mangata a Ratho Kroonkop a chesitsoe kapa a chesitsoe, mohlomong hobane ho chesoa ho nkoa e le sehlabelo sa tšoantšetso ho hohela tlhokomelo le kutloelo-bohloko ho tsoa ho ba matla a phahameng. Hape, liphoofolo tse 'maloa li amana haufi-ufi le metsi, hobane ho lumeloa hore ho li bolaea ho tla pholisa Lefatše.  Ho masalla a hlwailweng, tse ding tsa diphoofolo di na le kamano e haufi le metsi dipaleng tsa setso sa batho ba bokellang ditsomi ha tse ding di amana haufi le metsi ditjhabeng tsa temo. Hape, lihlopha tsena tse peli li fumanoa li kopantsoe hammoho sebakeng sena. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
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    <title>Leigh-Ann Mathys</title>
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'''Leigh-Ann Mathys''' ke Mmadipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa ya tswang mokgatlong wa [[Ba Lwanedi ba Tokoloho ya Moruo|Economic Freedom Fighters]] . Haufinyane o kgethilwe ho ba motlatsi wa mongodi kakaretso. Pele o ne a sebeletsa e le ramatlotlo-kakaretso wa Economic Freedom Fighters ho fihlela ka Tshitwe ka selemo sa 2019, ha a ne a hlahlangwa ke [[Omphile Maotwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2019-12-15-three-former-eff-top-6-leaders-snubbed-from-central-command-team/&lt;/ref&gt;O kgethilwe ho ba setho sa Palamente ya Afrika Borwa Leboya Bophirima dikgethong tsa Afrika Borwa tsa selemo sa 2014. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pa.org.za/person/leigh-ann-mathys/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Lethathamo la ditho tsa Seboka sa Naha tsa Palamente ya bo-26 ya Afrika Borwa

== Mehlodi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="877" sha1="o1ndm1p2utjnjdw7a3fs85k4jtgqjs0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:EFF Deputy Secretary-General Leigh-Ann Mathys.png|thumb|Leigh-Ann Mathys wa mokga wa EFF.]]
'''Leigh-Ann Mathys''' ke Mmadipolotiki wa [[Afrika Borwa]] ya tswang mokgatlong wa [[Ba Lwanedi ba Tokoloho ya Moruo|Economic Freedom Fighters]] . Haufinyane o kgethilwe ho ba motlatsi wa mongodi kakaretso. Pele o ne a sebeletsa e le ramatlotlo-kakaretso wa Economic Freedom Fighters ho fihlela ka Tshitwe ka selemo sa 2019, ha a ne a hlahlangwa ke [[Omphile Maotwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2019-12-15-three-former-eff-top-6-leaders-snubbed-from-central-command-team/&lt;/ref&gt;O kgethilwe ho ba setho sa Palamente ya Afrika Borwa Leboya Bophirima dikgethong tsa Afrika Borwa tsa selemo sa 2014. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pa.org.za/person/leigh-ann-mathys/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Lethathamo la ditho tsa Seboka sa Naha tsa Palamente ya bo-26 ya Afrika Borwa

== Mehlodi ==</text>
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    <title>Mozi Khoza</title>
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'''Muzi Khoza''' ke radipolotiki wa [[Afrika Borwa]] le setho sa Palamente (MP) sa [[Ba Lwanedi ba Tokoloho ya Moruo|Economic Freedom Front]] (EFF). &lt;ref&gt;https://static.pmg.org.za/240625_NA_MEMBERS_ALPHABETIC.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; O kgethilwe ho ba setho sa Seboka sa Naha sa Afrika Borwa dikgethong tsa Afrika Borwa tsa selemo sa 2024. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pa.org.za/person/muzi-khoza/&lt;/ref&gt; Khoza o na le lengolo la Katoloso ya Temo le Tsamaiso ya Disebediswa tsa Mahae Univesithing ya Mpumalanga . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ump.ac.za/System/Staff/K/Khoza&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Henry Gluckman''' (1893-1987) e ne e le radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa. O sebeditse e le Letona la Bophelo ho tloha ka selemo sa 1945 ho isa ka 1948. E ne e le letona la pele la kabinete la Bajuda naheng eo. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jta.org/archive/jewish-doctor-named-minister-of-health-in-south-africa-first-jew-in-cabinet&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a kgethwa la pele ho ba Palamenteng ka selem sa 1938, a emela Yeoville bakeng sa Mokga o Kopaneng . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jta.org/archive/first-jewish-woman-named-to-south-african-parliament-hertzog-party-leads&lt;/ref&gt; E le setho sa lepheo la tokoloho la mokga, Gluckman e ne e le motshehetsi wa tekano ya merabe le tshebediso e ngata ya tjhelete setjhabeng.  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1942 le 1944, o ile a etella pele Khomishene ya Ditshebeletso tsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Naha (NHS). O ile a sisinya hore ho fanwe ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka mahala ho Maafrika Borwa ohle. NHS e tla tshehetswa ka lekgetho la bophelo bo botle. Leha tlhahiso ya hae e sa ka ya amohelwa ke mmuso qetellong, e susumeditse leano la tlhokomelo ya bophelo bo botle naheng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=679–684}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a nyatsa mohlahlami wa hae AJ Stals, eo a neng a lumela hore o ile a laola Lefapha la matlo hampe, a baka kgaello ya bodulo bo lekaneng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|access-date=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Henry Gluckman''' (1893-1987) e ne e le radipolotiki wa [[Afrika Borwa]]. O sebeditse e le Letona la Bophelo ho tloha ka selemo sa 1945 ho isa ka 1948. E ne e le letona la pele la kabinete la Bajuda naheng eo. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jta.org/archive/jewish-doctor-named-minister-of-health-in-south-africa-first-jew-in-cabinet&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a kgethwa la pele ho ba Palamenteng ka selem sa 1938, a emela Yeoville bakeng sa Mokga o Kopaneng . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jta.org/archive/first-jewish-woman-named-to-south-african-parliament-hertzog-party-leads&lt;/ref&gt; E le setho sa lepheo la tokoloho la mokga, Gluckman e ne e le motshehetsi wa tekano ya merabe le tshebediso e ngata ya tjhelete setjhabeng.  Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1942 le 1944, o ile a etella pele Khomishene ya Ditshebeletso tsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Naha (NHS). O ile a sisinya hore ho fanwe ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka mahala ho Maafrika Borwa ohle. NHS e tla tshehetswa ka lekgetho la bophelo bo botle. Leha tlhahiso ya hae e sa ka ya amohelwa ke mmuso qetellong, e susumeditse leano la tlhokomelo ya bophelo bo botle naheng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=679–684}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a nyatsa mohlahlami wa hae AJ Stals, eo a neng a lumela hore o ile a laola Lefapha la matlo hampe, a baka kgaello ya bodulo bo lekaneng. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|access-date=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Coetzee Bester</title>
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    <id>10938</id>
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'''Ben Coetzee Bester''' ke setsebi sa thuto sa Afrika Boroa le radipolotiki wa mehleng ya neng a emetse [[Mokga wa dipolotiki (Aforika Borwa)|Mokga wa Setjhaba]] (NP) Sebokeng sa Naha ho tloha ka selemo sa 1994 ho isa ho 1999, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/19980628034746/http://www.parliament.gov.za/mps/mps.html&lt;/ref&gt; ka mora ho khethoa setulong sa hae dikgethong tse akaretsang tsa 1994. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/history/MINUTES/CA24054.PDF&lt;/ref&gt; Kamora moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa thuto ya mahlale a tlhahisoleseding .

Bester o ne a kile a qeta lengolo la pele la thuto ya batho, mme kamora ho tswa Palamenteng o ile a qeta lengolo la master ho saense ya tlhahisoleseding (ka 1999), le lengolo la doctorate ho saense ya tlhahisoleseding ho tswa Univesithing ya Pretoria (ka 2018). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.i-c-i-e.org/african-chapter&lt;/ref&gt; Hamorao o ile a sebeletsa e le motsamaisi oa Setsi sa Afrika sa Botle bakeng sa Boitshwaro ba Tlhahisoleseding Univesithing ya Pretoria mme a etella pele kgaolo ya Afrika Borwa ya Lenaneo la Tlhahisoleseding la UNESCO . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ke [[Seburu|Moafrikanse]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2014-04-24-jacob-zuma-s-koeksuster-diplomacy-kicks-in/&lt;/ref&gt;

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[[File:Philip_Kgosana_march_leader.jpg|right|thumb| Philip Kgosana o etelletse pele mokoloko o kgahlanong le dipasa Motse Kapa ka la 30 Hlakubele selemong sa 1960]]
'''Philip Ata Kgosana''' (O hlahetse Makapanstad hona jwale, Leboya-Bophirima, Afrika Borwa ka la 12 Mphalane selemo sa 1936 - la 19 Mmesa 2017) &lt;ref&gt; https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/former-pac-leader-philip-kgosana-dies-20170420&lt;/ref&gt; e ne e le moetapele wa Pan Africanist Congress [[Afrika Borwa]] . O tsebahala ka ho etella pele boipelaetso ha a le dilemo di 23 ka la 30 Hlakubele selemong sa 1960, moo baipelaetsi ba 30,000 ba neng ba hanyetsa melao ya dipasa tsa naha ba ileng ba tsamaya ho tloha Langa ho ya [[Motse Kapa]], e leng e nngwe ya dipontsho tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe tse ileng tsa etsahala Cape Town. &lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/people/philip-ata-kgosana&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-04-21-philip-kgosana-the-meaning-of-his-courage-today/#.WeDeqZ_RbqA&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgosana o hlokahetse ka lebaka la kankere ka la 19 Mmesa  selemong sa 2017.  Karolo ya tsela e potlakileng ya M3 e kenang Cape Town e ile ya rehwa lebitso la Philip Kgosana Drive ho mo hlompha, kaha sena e bile karolo ya leeto la hae la 1960. Pele e ne e tsejwa e le De Waal Drive, ka mora Nicolaas Frederic de Waal, eo e kileng ya e-ba Motsamaisi wa Profense ya Kapa yaileng a qala kaho ya yona mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1900. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-towns-de-waal-drive-renamed-in-honour-of-philip-kgosana-20170825&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Philip Ata Kgosana''' (O hlahetse Makapanstad hona jwale, Leboya-Bophirima, Afrika Borwa ka la 12 Mphalane selemo sa 1936 - la 19 Mmesa 2017) &lt;ref&gt; https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/former-pac-leader-philip-kgosana-dies-20170420&lt;/ref&gt; e ne e le moetapele wa Pan Africanist Congress [[Afrika Borwa]] . O tsebahala ka ho etella pele boipelaetso ha a le dilemo di 23 ka la 30 Hlakubele selemong sa 1960, moo baipelaetsi ba 30,000 ba neng ba hanyetsa melao ya dipasa tsa naha ba ileng ba tsamaya ho tloha Langa ho ya [[Motse Kapa]], e leng e nngwe ya dipontsho tse kgolo ka ho fetisisa kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe tse ileng tsa etsahala Cape Town. &lt;ref&gt;https://sahistory.org.za/people/philip-ata-kgosana&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-04-21-philip-kgosana-the-meaning-of-his-courage-today/#.WeDeqZ_RbqA&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgosana o hlokahetse ka lebaka la kankere ka la 19 Mmesa  selemong sa 2017.  Karolo ya tsela e potlakileng ya M3 e kenang Cape Town e ile ya rehwa lebitso la Philip Kgosana Drive ho mo hlompha, kaha sena e bile karolo ya leeto la hae la 1960. Pele e ne e tsejwa e le De Waal Drive, ka mora Nicolaas Frederic de Waal, eo e kileng ya e-ba Motsamaisi wa Profense ya Kapa yaileng a qala kaho ya yona mathwasong a dilemo tsa bo-1900. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-towns-de-waal-drive-renamed-in-honour-of-philip-kgosana-20170825&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Moss Chikane</title>
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'''Moses Mabokela &quot;Moss&quot; Chikane''' (1949 - 17 Mphalane 2018) &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20181026/281767040212890&lt;/ref&gt; e ne e le ralipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa le mohanyetsi wa kgethollo ya morabe ya neng a emetse mokga wa [[African National Congress]] (ANC) Sebokeng sa Naha . &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1994-09-23-moss-chikane-in-the-firing-line/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1994-09-23-exiles-committee-a-hotbed-of-corruption/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2012-06-07-activists-hide-as-udf-men-held/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-at-69/&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a fumanwa a le molato Nyeweng ya Delmas Treason .   

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'''Moses Mabokela &quot;Moss&quot; Chikane''' (1949 - 17 Mphalane 2018) &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20181026/281767040212890&lt;/ref&gt; e ne e le radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa le mohanyetsi wa kgethollo ya morabe ya neng a emetse mokga wa [[African National Congress]] (ANC) Sebokeng sa Naha . &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1994-09-23-moss-chikane-in-the-firing-line/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1994-09-23-exiles-committee-a-hotbed-of-corruption/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2012-06-07-activists-hide-as-udf-men-held/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-at-69/&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a fumanwa a le molato Nyeweng ya Delmas Treason .   

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'''Moses Mabokela &quot;Moss&quot; Chikane''' (1949 - 17 Mphalane 2018) &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20181026/281767040212890&lt;/ref&gt; e ne e le radipolotiki wa [[Afrika Borwa]] le mohanyetsi wa kgethollo ya morabe ya neng a emetse mokga wa [[African National Congress]] (ANC) Sebokeng sa Naha . &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1994-09-23-moss-chikane-in-the-firing-line/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1994-09-23-exiles-committee-a-hotbed-of-corruption/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2012-06-07-activists-hide-as-udf-men-held/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-at-69/&lt;/ref&gt; O ile a fumanwa a le molato Nyeweng ya Delmas Treason .   

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  <page>
    <title>Tarnia Baker</title>
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'''Tarnia Baker''' (1966/1967 - 6 Mphalane 2017) e ne e le mmadipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa. Ene e le letswallwa la [[Thekong|Durban]], mme hamorao o ile a fallela [[Mpumalanga]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;https://iol.co.za/ios/news/da-mp-tarnia-baker-dies-after-being-hit-by-truck-in-kzn-11509883/&lt;/ref&gt;

O ile a kgethwa ho ba setho sa Seboka sa Naha ka selemo sa 2014 e le setho sa mokga wa  Democratic Alliance . Baker o hlokahetse ka la 6 Mphalane selemong sa  2017, a le dilemo di 50, ka mora hore nthoronthorp e mo thule ha a leka ho tshela tsela,Park Rynie Lebopong le ka Borwa la [[KwaZulu-Natala]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot; /&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Lethathamo la ditho tsa Seboka sa Naha sa Afrika Borwa tse hlokahetseng di le ofising

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'''Tarnia Baker''' (1966/1967 - 6 Mphalane 2017) e ne e le mmadipolotiki wa [[Afrika Borwa]]. Ene e le letswallwa la [[Thekong|Durban]], mme hamorao o ile a fallela [[Mpumalanga]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot;&gt;https://iol.co.za/ios/news/da-mp-tarnia-baker-dies-after-being-hit-by-truck-in-kzn-11509883/&lt;/ref&gt;

O ile a kgethwa ho ba setho sa Seboka sa Naha ka selemo sa 2014 e le setho sa mokga wa  Democratic Alliance . Baker o hlokahetse ka la 6 Mphalane selemong sa  2017, a le dilemo di 50, ka mora hore nthoronthorp e mo thule ha a leka ho tshela tsela,Park Rynie Lebopong le ka Borwa la [[Kwazulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natala]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;death&quot; /&gt;

== Bona hape ==

* Lethathamo la ditho tsa Seboka sa Naha sa Afrika Borwa tse hlokahetseng di le ofising

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  <page>
    <title>Sisipho Jama</title>
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'''Sisipho Palomino Jama''' ke radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa eo e kileng ya e-ba Setho sa Palamente (MP) sa  mokga wa [[African National Congress]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pa.org.za/person/sisipho-palomino-jama/&lt;/ref&gt;

Jama ke motshehetsi wa basali ba ba batshehadi mme o buella ditokelo tsa LGBTQ. &lt;ref&gt;washingtonblade.com/2025/07/05/lesbian-feminist-becomes-south-african-mp/,%20https://www.washingtonblade.com/2025/07/05/lesbian-feminist-becomes-south-african-mp/&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Thalente Kubheka</title>
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'''Thalente Thuthukani Sakhike Khubeka''' (ya hlahileng ka la 21 Pulungwana 1982) &lt;ref&gt;https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/6127&lt;/ref&gt;ke radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa ebile ke setho sa Paramente (MP) bakeng sa [[UMkhonto weSizwe (mokha wa Dipolotiki)|Mokga wa uMkhonto weSizwe]] (MK). &lt;ref&gt;https://www.pa.org.za/person/thalente-thuthukani-sakhike-khubeka/&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Jabulani Chen Pereira</title>
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'''Jabulani Chen Pereira''' ke moitseki wa Afrika Borwa ya ratang dintho tsa kgale le motaki wa ditshwantsho.

== Thuto ==
Pereira o na le lengolo la Master of Arts ho Museum Studies ho tswa Univesithing ya New York le shebaneng le dimosiamo le ho nka lifoto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;http://glossary.mg-lj.si/narrators/jabulani-chen-pereira/59&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.asikoartschool.org/jabulani-chen-pereira/&lt;/ref&gt; Sengoloa sa bona se ne se bitsoang :''Museum Exhibitions, Mass Violence and Human Rights''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Boitseki ==
Ka selemo sa  2011, ha a ntse a sebetsa e le mohokahanyi wa lenaneo la Afrika bakeng sa Khomishene ya Litokelo tsa Botho ya Matjhaba ya Batho ba Basodoma , Pereira o ile a etsa polelo mabapi le ditokelo tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng naheng ya [[Nigeria]] :&lt;blockquote&gt;Re kgothalletsa Mopresidente wa Nigeria ho etella pele mmuso wa hae ka tsela e dumellanang ka ho hlaka le Molao wa Afrika wa Batho le Selekane sa Matjhaba sa Ditokelo tsa Botho le Dipolotiki. Tshusumetso ya qeto ya Senate ya Nigeria ya ho fetisa Bili ena, e tsejwang e le Bili ya Lenyalo la Batho ba Bong bo Tshwanang (Thibelo), 2011 e behile baahi ba ratanang le ba bong bo tshwanang, ba ratanang le ba bong bo tshwanang le ba sa lumellaneng le bong tshabong e kgolo bakeng sa polokeho le boiketlo ba bona. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Honduras-special-LGBT-unit/35362.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ka Pherekhong selemong sa 2012, Pereira o thehile Iranti, mokgatlo oo e seng wa mmuso o shebaneng le ditaba tsa ditokelo tsa batho ba bong bo tshwanang haholoholo ka metjha ya phatlalatso ya ditshwantsho. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000352/https://www.iranti.org.za/index.php/staff/&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000601/http://glossary.mg-lj.si/institutions/iranti-org&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bophelo ba botho ==
Pereira o sebedisa maemedi a he/yena/bona. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Dipontsho ==

* ''Critically Queer - discussed by Dr. Kylie Thomas in her book chapter The Transgressive Visions of Jabulani Chen Pereira..''  
* ''Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission'', [[Baye|Port Elizabeth]] 
* ''100 Years of Women in Law,'' travelling exhibition. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
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        <id>11493</id>
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      <comment>Ke lokisa diphoso</comment>
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'''Jabulani Chen Pereira''' ke moitseki wa [[Afrika Borwa]] ya ratang dintho tsa kgale le motaki wa ditshwantsho.

== Thuto ==
Pereira o na le lengolo la Master of Arts ho Museum Studies ho tswa Univesithing ya New York le shebaneng le dimosiamo le ho nka lifoto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;http://glossary.mg-lj.si/narrators/jabulani-chen-pereira/59&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.asikoartschool.org/jabulani-chen-pereira/&lt;/ref&gt; Sengolwa sa bona se ne se bitswang :''Museum Exhibitions, Mass Violence and Human Rights''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Boitseki ==
Ka selemo sa  2011, ha a ntse a sebetsa e le mohokahanyi wa lenaneo la Afrika bakeng sa Khomishene ya Ditokelo tsa Botho ya Matjhaba ya Batho ba Basodoma , Pereira o ile a etsa polelo mabapi le ditokelo tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng naheng ya [[Nigeria]] :&lt;blockquote&gt;Re kgothalletsa Mopresidente wa Nigeria ho etella pele mmuso wa hae ka tsela e dumellanang ka ho hlaka le Molao wa Afrika wa Batho le Selekane sa Matjhaba sa Ditokelo tsa Botho le Dipolotiki. Tshusumetso ya qeto ya Senate ya Nigeria ya ho fetisa Bili ena, e tsejwang e le Bili ya Lenyalo la Batho ba Bong bo Tshwanang (Thibelo), 2011 e behile baahi ba ratanang le ba bong bo tshwanang, ba ratanang le ba bong bo tshwanang le ba sa dumellaneng le bong tshabong e kgolo bakeng sa polokeho le boiketlo ba bona. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Honduras-special-LGBT-unit/35362.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ka Pherekhong selemong sa 2012, Pereira o thehile Iranti, mokgatlo oo e seng wa mmuso o shebaneng le ditaba tsa ditokelo tsa batho ba bong bo tshwanang haholoholo ka metjha ya phatlalatso ya ditshwantsho. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000352/https://www.iranti.org.za/index.php/staff/&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000601/http://glossary.mg-lj.si/institutions/iranti-org&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bophelo ba botho ==
Pereira o sebedisa maemedi a he/yena/bona. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Dipontsho ==

* ''Critically Queer - discussed by Dr. Kylie Thomas in her book chapter The Transgressive Visions of Jabulani Chen Pereira..''  
* ''Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission'', [[Baye|Port Elizabeth]] 
* ''100 Years of Women in Law,'' travelling exhibition. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Justice Mukheli</title>
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'''Justice Mukheli''' (ya hlahetseng Soweto) ke moetsi wa difilimi wa Afrika Borwa, mofotoli wa ditshwantsho, le rakgwebo ya nang le boqapi. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.marklives.com/2020/07/young-gifted-killing-it-justice-mukheli/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ft.com/content/c7c5b41b-147e-42d1-b477-138ae51fb0aa&lt;/ref&gt;O tsebahala ka ho theha bonono kapa filimi e shebaneng le phihlelo ea Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/05/24/african-voices-justice-mukheli-mariama-camara-spc-intl.cnn&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mosebetsi ==
Justice o ile a nka papatso bakeng sa jwala ba sekgowa,Ballantines ka selemo sa 2021 mabapi le letsholo la bona la ''Stay True: There's No Wrong Way'' . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/150441/ballantines-announces-the-launch-of-its-new-advert&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Mukheli o ile a hlahella kgatisong ya bone ya pontsho ya bonono ya mehleng ya kajeno ya A''lso Known As Africa'' ya Paris, naheng ya [[Fora]] ka selemo sa 2019 e le mofotodi wa ditshwantsho. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20191109-South-African-photographer-depicts-childrens-emotions-Paris-art-fair&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
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        <id>11493</id>
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'''Justice Mukheli''' (ya hlahetseng Soweto) ke moetsi wa difilimi wa [[Afrika Borwa]], mofotoli wa ditshwantsho, le rakgwebo ya nang le boqapi. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.marklives.com/2020/07/young-gifted-killing-it-justice-mukheli/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ft.com/content/c7c5b41b-147e-42d1-b477-138ae51fb0aa&lt;/ref&gt;O tsebahala ka ho theha bonono kapa filimi e shebaneng le phihlelo ya [[Afrika]]. &lt;ref&gt;cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/05/24/african-voices-justice-mukheli-mariama-camara-spc-intl.cnn&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mosebetsi ==
Justice o ile a nka papatso bakeng sa jwala ba sekgowa,Ballantines ka selemo sa 2021 mabapi le letsholo la bona la ''Stay True: There's No Wrong Way'' . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/150441/ballantines-announces-the-launch-of-its-new-advert&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Mukheli o ile a hlahella kgatisong ya bone ya pontsho ya bonono ya mehleng ya kajeno ya A''lso Known As Africa'' ya Paris, naheng ya [[Fora]] ka selemo sa 2019 e le mofotodi wa ditshwantsho. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20191109-South-African-photographer-depicts-childrens-emotions-Paris-art-fair&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditshupiso ==</text>
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