Tarumanagara

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="su">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>suwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Média</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Husus</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Obrolan</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Pamaké</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Obrolan pamaké</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Obrolan Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Gambar</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Obrolan gambar</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MédiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Obrolan MédiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Citakan</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Obrolan citakan</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Pitulung</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Obrolan pitulung</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Kategori</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Obrolan kategori</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Obrolan portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Pembicaraan Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Acara</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Pembicaraan Acara</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Tarumanagara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709343</id>
      <parentid>704376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T13:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sajarah */</comment>
      <origin>709343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16764" sha1="0gw5k24cy9be5o0h22d2kcosplf9tfu" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Tarumanagara su.svg|thumb|350px|Wilayah karajaan Tarumanagara]]

'''Tarumanagara''' atawa '''Taruma''' mangrupa salah sahiji karajaan munggaran di [[Nusantara]], diadegkeun ku Rajadirajaguru Jayasingawarman dina taun [[358]] M di wewengkon [[Bekasi]] ayeuna.&lt;ref name=”Pra”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cGaEClsMFLQC&amp;pg=PA8&amp;dq=Jayasingawarman&amp;hl=id&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjQ6o6Sh9KAAxVxTGwGHRqtBecQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Jayasingawarman&amp;f=false| title =Mengenal Kerajaan-Kerajaan NusantaraPrasetyo| last =Prasetyo| first =Deni | publisher =Pustaka Widyatama| location =Indonésia | year =2009|ISBN=9789796103096|pages =7}} Disungsi10 Juli 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Raja nu kadua satutasna Jayasingawarman pupus nyéta Dharmayawarman ([[382]] - [[395]] M) nu salajéngna diteraskeun ku Purnawarman (395 - [[434]] M). Dina taun [[397]] Purnawarman ngalihkeun puseur pamaréntahan ka [[Sundapura]] nu leuwih deukeut ka basisir.&lt;ref name=””&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vgQlEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT269&amp;dq=Jayasingawarman&amp;hl=id&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiBi_zem9OAAxWhumMGHSueBvQQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=Jayasingawarman&amp;f=false| title =Anak Hebat Indonesia| last =| first =Miftakhuddin| publisher =Pustaka Widyatama| location =Indonésia | year =2019|ISBN=9786232447646|pages =269}} Disungsi11 Juli 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Cet. 1|title=Sundakala : cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah &quot;Panitia Wangsakerta&quot; Cirebon|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70921040|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|date=2005|location=Jakarta|isbn=979-419-330-5|oclc=70921040|last=Ayatrohaedi, 1939-2006.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Sajarah ==
Tarumanagara diadegkeun ku Rajadirajaguru Jayasingawarman dina taun [[358]], nu lajéng diganti ku putrana, Dharmayawarman ([[382]]-[[395]]). Jayasingawarman dikuburkeun di sisi walungan [[Gomati]], sedeng putrana di sisi [[Candrabaga]].&lt;ref name=”Gar”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ftZKDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA140&amp;dq=SUNDA&amp;hl=id&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiIgNalocaHAxWASWwGHXoECyIQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=SUNDA&amp;f=false| title =Kuliner Sunda Nikmat Sedap MelegendaGardjito, Heni Pridia Rukmini Sari, Marosimy Millaty| last =Gardjito, Heni Pridia Rukmini Sari, Marosimy Millaty| first =Murdijati | publisher =UGM PRESS| location =Jakarta| year =2024|ISBN=9786023863556|pages =7}} Disungsi 27 Juli 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

Purnawarman mangrupa raja Tarumanagara nu katilu (395-434 M). Anjeunna ngawangun puseur karajaan anyar dina taun [[397]] deukeut ka basisir, dingaranan Sundapura—munggaran dipakéna ngaran &quot;Sunda&quot;. Dina taun [[417]], anjeunna maréntahkeun ngali walungan [[Gomati]] jeung [[Candrabaga]] nu panjangna 6112 [[tumbak]] (kurang leuwih 11&amp;nbsp;km). Sanggeus réngsé, anjeunna ngayakeun salametan ku ngabagikeun saréwu [[sapi]] ka para [[brahmana]].
{{Sundakala}}
Prasasti Pasir Muara nu nyaritakeun dipulangkeunana pamaréntahan ka Raja Sunda téh dijieun taun [[536]] M. Dina taun éta nu jadi pamingpin Tarumanagara nyaéta Suryawarman ([[535]] - [[561]]), Raja Tarumanagara ka-7. ''Pustaka Jawadwipa'', parwa I, sarga 1 (kaca 80-81) méré katrangan yén dina mangsa Candrawarman (515-535 M), ramana Suryawarman, loba pangawasa nu narima deui kakawasaan pamaréntahan di wewengkonna séwang-séwangan ku satiana ka Tarumanagara. Ditilik tina jihat ieu, Suryawarman milampah nu sarupa jeung kawijakan pulitik ramana.

Rakeyan Juru Pangambat nu kasebut dina prasasti Pasir Muara sigana mah mangrupa saurang pupuhu di Tarumanagara nu ngawakilan raja di wewengkon éta. Nu can puguh mah nu jadi sabab ayana éta prasasti di dinya? Naha wewengkon éta téh puseur Karajaan Sunda, atawa ukur tempat petingan nu kaasup wewengkon Sunda?

Boh sumber-sumber prasasti ogé sumber-sumber Cirebon ngajéntrékeun yén Purnawarman geus hasil meruhkeun musuh-musuhna. [[Prasasti Munjul]] di [[Pandéglang]] nunjukkeun yén kakawasaanana ngawengku ogé basisir [[Selat Sunda]]. Pustaka Nusantara, parwa II sarga 3 (kaca 159-162) nyebutkeun yén Purnawarman ngabawah 48 raja nu ngawasa daérah ti Salakanagara atawa Rajatapura (di daérah Teluk Lada Pandéglang) nepi ka Purwalingga (ayeuna Purbolinggo) di [[Jawa Tengah]]. Sacara tradisional, Cipamali (Kali Brebes, Kali Pemali) dianggap mangrupa wates kakawasaan raja-raja nu ngawasa wewengkon Jawa Kulon mangsa ka tukang.

Ayana prasasti Purnawarman di Pasir Muara, nu nyaritakeun Raja Sunda taun 536, mangrupa totondén yén puseur Sundapura geus robah status jadi karajaan daérah. Hal ieu ngandung harti yén puseur pamaréntahan Tarumanagara geus ngised ka wewengkon séjén. Conto nu sarupa bisa katitén ogé nalika Rajatapura atawa Salakanagara (kota Pérak), nu disebut ''Argyre'' ku [[Ptolemeus]] taun 150. Kota ieu, nepi ka taun 362, jadi puseur pamaréntahan raja-raja Déwawarman (ti Déwawarman I nepi ka VIII).

Nalika puseur pamaréntahan pindah ti Rajatapura ka Tarumanagara, Salakanagara robah statusna jadi karajaan daérah. Jayasingawarman nu ngadegkeun Tarumanagara téh minantu Déwawarman VIII, Maharesi ti Salankayana di India nu ngungsi ka Nusantara alatan daérahna dirurug Maharaja Samudragupta ti Karajaan Magada.

Suryawarman teu ukur neruskeun kawijakan pulitik ramana nu leuwih loba méré kapercayaan ka raja daérah pikeun ngokolakeun pamaréntahanana, tapi ogé mindahkeun perhatianana ka wewengkon wétan. Taun 526 misalna, Manikmaya, minantu Suryawarman, ngadegkeun karajaan anyar di Kendan, wewengkon [[Nagrég]] kiwari (antara [[Bandung]] jeung [[Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Limbangan]], [[Garut]]). Putra Manikmaya matuh jeung akina di puseur Tarumangara, nu lajéng jadi Panglima Angkatan Perang Tarumanagara. Wewengkon wétan beuki maju deui nalika [[bao]] Manikmaya ngadegkeun [[Galuh]] taun [[612]].

Salila ngadeg, Tarumanagara ngalaman dipingpin ku dua welas raja. Taun 669, ku sabab teu boga anak lalaki, Linggawarman diganti ku minantuna, Tarusbawa. Linggawarman kagungan dua putri, cikalna Manasih jadi istri Tarusbawa ti Sunda, ari nu bungsu Sobakancana jadi istri Dapuntahyang Sri Jayanasa nu ngadegkeun [[Sriwijaya|Karajaan Sriwijaya]]. Sacara otomatis, tahta kakawasaan Tarumanagara ragrag ka minantu ti istrina nu cikal, nyaéta [[Tarusbawa]].

Kakawasaan Tarumanagara wekasan ku pindahna tahta karajaan ka Tarusbawa, sabab Tarusbawa pribadi milih mulang ka karajaanana sorangan, nyaéta [[karajaan Sunda|Sunda]] nu saméméhna aya dina kakawaasan Tarumanagara. Pindahna kakawasaan Tarumanagara ka Sunda ieu, ngan [[Galuh]] nu teu sapuk, sarta mutuskeun misah ti Sunda nu kawarisan Tarumanagara.&lt;ref&gt;Saléh Danasasmita, 2003, ''Nyukcruk sajarah Pakuan Pajajaran jeung Prabu Siliwangi''. Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanggeus Tarumanagara ===
Nurutkeun naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956, saatos Tarumanagara ragrag, wewengkon Lakbok janten bagian tina Karajaan Bandjarpatroman. Naskah ieu nyaritakeun perang sadulur antara Ratu Inggeung Buana jeung Ratu Agung Tambakbaja di Pataruman.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Raja-raja Tarumanagara==
[[Gambar:Vishnu Cibuaya Tarumanagara.JPG|thumb|right|Dua arca Wisnu kapanggih ti Cibuaya, Karawang. Tarumanagara abad ka-7 Masehi. Mahkotana nu siga tabung sarupi gaya seni Khmer Kamboja.]]

#[[Jayasingawarman]]     [[358]]-[[382]]
#[[Dharmayawarman]]      [[382]]-[[395]]
#[[Purnawarman]]         [[395]]-[[434]]
#[[Wisnuwarman]]         [[434]]-[[455]]
#[[Indrawarman]]         [[455]]-[[515]]
#[[Candrawarman]]        [[515]]-[[535]]
#[[Suryawarman]]         [[535]]-[[561]]
#[[Kertawarman]]         [[561]]-[[628]]
#[[Sudhawarman]]         [[628]]-[[639]]
#[[Hariwangsawarman]]   [[639]]-[[640]]
#[[Nagajayawarman]]     [[640]]-[[666]]
#[[Linggawarman]]       [[666]]-[[669]]

==Prasasti nu patali jeung Tarumanagara==
Sahanteuna aya tujuh prasasti (nu geus kapanggih jeung katalungtik) nu dianggap patali jeung ayana karajaan Tarumanagara, di antarana:
*[[Prasasti Tugu]], kapanggih di kampung Tugu, deukeut Cilincing, [[Jakarta Wétan]].
*[[Prasasti Ciaruteun]], kapanggih di sisi [[walungan Ciaruteun]], Kampung Muara, [[Kabupatén Bogor]]
*[[Prasasti Cibadak]] ([[Sanghyang Tapak]]), kapanggih di [[Cibadak, Sukabumi|Cibadak]], [[Sukabumi]].
*[[Prasasti Kawali]] (aya sababaraha prasasti), di situs [[Astana Gedé]], [[Kawali, Ciamis|Kawali]], [[Ciamis]].
*[[Prasasti Batutulis]], kapanggih di wewengkon [[Batutulis]], [[Bogor]].
*[[Prasasti Kabantenan]] (aya sababaraha prasasti, [[Bekasi]]).&lt;ref&gt;Yoséph Iskandar, 1997, ''Sejarah Jawa Barat: yuganing rajakawasa''. Bandung: Geger Sunten. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Agama ==
Masarakat Tarumanagara ngagem agama Hindu aliran [[Wisnu]] nu némbongkeun anasir kapercayaan [[Wéda]] jeung muja déwa [[Mitha Surya]], agama Buda, jeung agama nu diagem saméméhna (FaHsien nyebutna agama kotor). Agama Hindu diagem ku masarakat [[bangsawan]], agama Buda ngan saeutik nu ngagemna, ari agama masarakat pribumi, nyaéta muja [[arwah]] karuhun mah panglobana nu ngagemna. Ari dina situs [[Batujaya]] mah nu kapanggih téh mangrupa gambaran agama Buda lantaran mangrupa kompléks percandian agama Buda.
* Dumasar data mangsa Tarumanagara kagambarkeun ayana dua golongan masarakat, nyaéta kelas luhur aya di lingkungan karaton, ngagem agama Budha. Ari golongan séjénna budaya asli;
* Ayana ngali walungan [[Candrabaga]] jeung Gomati dibarengan ku hadiah sarébu [[sapi]] nu disebut dina [[Prasasti Tugu]], némbongkeun ayana kapercayaan [[Veda]];
* Dina [[Prasasti Ciaruteun]] aya gambar suku nu mangrupa [[simbol]] sampéan [[Raja Purnawarman]] nu disaruakeun jeung tapak suku Déwa Wisnu. Kecap vikmnta dihubungkeun jeung trivikrama, tilu léngkah Wisnu ngurilingan dunya;
* Dina [[Prasasti Pasir Koléangkak]], Purnawarman disaruakeun jeung [[Déwa Indra]]. Dumasar éta katerangan bisa kagambar ayana anasir Veda jeung muja Déwa Surya.

Kehadiran agama Weda dun agama Buddha yang relatif bersamaan waktunya di wilayah kerajaan Tarumanagara, khususnya di daérah pantai utara dan Baratt, seperti ditunjukkan oleh kehadiran dun kompleks percandian yang berbeda latar keagamaannya yaitu di Cibuaya dan di Batujaya. Selama ini hanya dikenal agama Weda, yang mengutamakan pemujaan kepada Dewa Wisnu, yang berkembang di kerajaan Tarumanagara seperti yang disiratkan dalam inskripsi-inskripsinya, dan kompleks percandian di Cibuaya dengan temuan tiga buah [[arca]] Wisnu di dekatnya. Déwa Wisnu téh salah sahiji déwa tina tilu déwa nu pangluhurna nurutkeun agama Hindu, di sagigireun Brahma jeung Siwa. Pancén Brahma nyaéta nyiptakeun [[alam]], Siwa ngaruksak alam, jeung Wisnu nu miara alam. Déwa diwujudkeun mangrupa Pamng, nyembahna pangéranna téh ngaliwatan patung. Data ti iaman ieu kapanggih di Cibuaya (Pedes, Karawang), mangrupa dua Patung Déwa Wisnu. Dina prasasti Ciaruteun, tapak dampal sampéan Raja Purnawarman dianggap minangka tapak dampal sampéan Dewa Wisnu. Anggapan kitu téh dumasar kana konsép kultus déwaraja, ngeunaan kalungguhan raja nurutkeun ajaran agama Hindu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sajarah Sunda samemeh taun 1945|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/708356930|publisher=JPBD FPBS UPI|date=[2010]|location=[Bandung]|isbn=978-602-8460-09-5|oclc=708356930|last=Ruhaliah.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Budaya ==
Kabudayaan masarakat Tarumanagara nyaéta budaya [[India]] corak [[Hindu]]. Contona [[aksara Palawa]] jeung basa [[Sansekerta]]. Ku ayana pangaweruh ngeunaan aksara sarta kagiatan [[nulis]] jeung [[maca]], masarakat Tatar [[Sunda]] jaman Tarumanagara jadi paham kana konsép [[nagara]], konsep [[agama]], jeung konsép kamasarakatan anu leuwih jembar struktur, wawasan, jeung ambahanana. Anu tadina ukur maké konsép padukuhan ([[désa]]) satuluyna maké konsép karajaan minangka wangunan nagarana. Anu tadina ukur ngagem kapercayaan ka lelembut [[karuhun]] ([[animismeu]]) jeung kakuatan [[goib]] nu mangkuk dina barang ([[dinamismeu]]), tuluy ngagem agama Hindu. Anu tadina Sistim masarakatna basajan, tuluy loba unak-anikna (kompleks). Eta pangaweruh anyar téh hasil tina hubungan atawa campur gaul jeung urang India katut kabudayaanana. Dumasar hasil panalungtikan ngeunaan Batujaya kapanggih sawatara hal ngeunaan ieu karajaan, nyaéta:  

* Tempat nganjrekna mangrupa pakampungan, pangkolotna ti 3.000 taun saméméh Maséhi. 
* Tina segi téknologina kaasup mangsa perundagian.
* Pakampunganana ayana di deukeut ka [[basisir]].
* Pakasabanana nyaéta [[dagang]], [[tani]], jeung [[ngala lauk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Pakasaban ==
Pakasaban masarakat Tarumanagara nyaéta [[moro]] [[sato]] anu dagingna didahar jeung bisa dijual, di antarana [[badak]], [[gajah]], [[penyu]], miara sasatoan, [[tani]], miara [[lauk]], [[dagang]], [[pamayang]], jeung pertambangan ([[emas]], [[perak]], [[perunggu]]). Dina prasasti Tugu disebutkeun aya kagiatan rongkah pikeun alam harita, nyaéta nyieun saluran [[cai]] ([[walungan]]) anu panjangna kurang leuwih 12 kilométer. Eta walungan téh ngaliwat ka palebah karaton éyangna di puseur dayeuh sarta brasna nepi ka [[laut]] (nu ayeuna disebut [[Laut Jawa]]). Tina éta katerangan, bisa digambarkeun yén pakasaban masarakat Tarumanagara téh tatanén, moro, ngingu sasatoan, buniaga, jeung balayar. Hari[[béas]], [[gula]] [[kawung]], [[cula badak]], [[gading gajah]], jeung [[kulit]] penyu geus jadi barang dagangan. Kapanggihna huut badag nu dijadikeun campuran pikeun nyieun [[Batu]] [[bata]] dina Candi Batujaya jadi gambaran yén melak [[paré]] geus ti [[alam]] harita kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Titinggal ==
Titinggal mangsa ieu nyaéta prasasti, candi jeung barang-barang séjénna. Situs ieung artefak nu kapanggihna di antarana:
* Kampung Muara: [[ménhir]] (3), batu dakon (2), area batu nu teu huluan, struktur batu walungan, [[kuburan]] (heubeul).
* Ciampéa: arca gajah (batu) tapi geus ruksak pisan.
* [[Gunung Cibodas]]: arca tina batu [[kapur]], tilu arca nu keur diuk, arca raksasa, arca déwa, arca Dwarapala, arca Brahma diuk dina luhur [[soang]] (Wahana Hamsa) jeung dilengkepan ku padmasana, Arca (nangtung), jeung Arca singa (perunggu) (Mus.Nas.no.771).
* Tanjung Barat: Arca Siwa (diuk) perunggu (Mus.Nas.no.514a).
* Tanjungpriok: Arca Durga-Kali Batu granit (MusNas. no.296a).
* Cilincing: sesemplékan.
* Buni: perhiasan emas dina [[pariuk]], [[baliung]], [[logam]] [[perunggu]], logam [[beusi]], [[geulang]] [[kaca]], manik-manik tina batu jeung kaca, tulang-taléng manusa, jeung gagarabah.
* Batujaya: rupa-rupa candi, arca, rorongkong, bekel kubur perhiasan, gagarabah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Organisasi sosial ==
Dina jaman prasajarah mah sistim [[organisasi]] [[sosial]] téh masih kénéh basajan, wujudna samar-samar. Tapi dina mangsa Karajaan Tarumanagara mah geus ngaganggélék jadi karajaan anu wewengkonna leuwih lega, anggota masarakatna leuwih loba, jeung susunan organisasina leuwih loba unak-anikna (kompléks). Kitu deui pamingpinna geus jinek kalungguhan, pancén, wewenang, hak, jeung cara milihna. Pamingpinna disebut raja ari organisasi sosialna disebut karajaan. Hiji anggota masarakat disebut raja ku lantaran kaunggulan dirina, boh kapinteranana, kakuatanana, kakayaanana, pangalamanana, boh loba nu nganutna. Tapi sanggeus jadi raja, turunanana terus nyekel kalungguhan raja. Jadi, saterusna sistim gunta-ganti raja dumasar konsép turunan.
Ti harita muncul puseur dayeuh minangka puseur nagara (karajaan), puseur [[pamaréntah]]an. Raja tetep-tumetep di puseur dayeuh, nyicingan hiji wangunan nu dianggap [[lambang]] puseur nagara. Eta wangunan disebut [[karaton]]. Eta anggapan téh dumasar kana konsép yén karajaan téh mangrupa [[mikrokosmos]] tina makrokosmos buana pancatengah, puseur dayeuh mangrupa mikrokosmos tina makrokosmos karajaan, sarta karaton mangrupa mikrokosmos tina makrokosmos puseur dayeuh karajaan.
Lantaran aya tingkatan sosial tangtu aya hancengan pagawéan di masing-masing anggota masarakatna. Lian ti éta aya ogé stratifikasi sosial dumasar luhur-handapna kalungguhan jeung pagawéanana, nyaéta nu disebut [[kasta]]. Antara kasta téh henteu bisa pacampur hirup kumbuhna. Eta kasta téh nyaéta:
* Kasta [[brahmana]] anu ngawengku kaom agama anu hirup kumbuhna sagemblengna pikeun kapentingan katut anu aya patalina jeung kahirupan agama;
* Kasta [[ksatria]], anu nyekel tur ngatur kakawasaan atawa pamaréntahan;
* Kasta [[wésya]], anu ngawengku rayat nu miboga pacabakan nu mandiri, jeung
* Kasta [[sudra]], anu henteu miboga hak hirup sacara wajar tegesna masarakat butitina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==  
{{Reflist}}

== Tempo ogé ==
*[[sajarah Sunda]]
*[[budaya Sunda]]

{{Sunda}}
{{Pondok}}
{{Karajaan di Jawa}}

[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan di Jawa Kulon|Tarumanagara]]</text>
      <sha1>0gw5k24cy9be5o0h22d2kcosplf9tfu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gula</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709375</id>
      <parentid>703703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T04:49:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27311" sha1="h7a5k8g10y6jpg3qhk1cmzamwbsblki" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Scan of ordinary sugar crystals.jpg|ka|bingkai|250px|Kristal gula réfinasi]]
Dina pamakéan sacara umum, '''gula''' nujul ka [[sukrosa]], atawa &quot;gula bodas&quot;, [[disakarida]] [[kristal]]in warna bodas. Gula bodas ieu mangrupa nu pangmindengna dipaké pikeun ngarobah rasa jeung sipat katuangan. Gula bodas ieu sacara komersil dijieun tina [[tiwu]] atawa [[bit]]. Aya ogé gula tradisional nu dijieun tina cai kawung.

Gula &quot;basajan&quot;, atawa monosakarida, kayaning [[glukosa]], mangrupa gudang [[énérgi poténsial|énérgi]] anu dipaké ku [[sél (biologi)|sél]].

Pikeun iber lianna ngeunaan gula, baca [[monosakarida]] jeung [[disakarida]].

== Produksi ==
Gula téh munggaran diproduksi di [[India]]. Nu marengan [[Iskandar Agung]] nyebutkeun ayana &quot;madu nu dihasilkeun tanpa bantuan [[éngang]]&quot;; salajengna mah gula téh dipopulérkeun ku urang Arab nu ngabudidayakeun tutuwuhan gula di Sisilia jeung Spanyol. Najan kitu, gula kakara nyaingan madu di Éropa sanggeusna [[Perang Salib]]. Bangsa Spanyol mimiti melak tiwu di Hindia Kulon taun 1506 jeung di Kuba taun 1523. Di [[Brazil]] mah tiwu téh mimiti dipelak ku bangsa Portugis taun 1532.

[[Gambar:Gula_kalapa_&amp;_kawung.JPG|jmpl|250px|ka|Gula beureum tina kalapa (kénca) jeung kawung (katuhu)]]
Gula bodas atawa sukrosa téh diékstraksi tina sumber tutuwuhan, nu utama mah nyaéta [[tiwu]] (''Saccharum spp.'') jeung [[bit]] (''Beta vulgaris''), nu ngandung gula 12%–20% tina beurat garingna. Sababaraha sumber lianna, di antarana [[korma]] (''Phoenix dactylifera''), [[sorgum]] (''Sorghum vulgare''), jeung [[kawung]] (''Arengga pinnata''). Dina taun finansial [[2001]]/[[2002]], produksi gula di sakuliah dunya téh nepi ka 134,1 juta ton.

Produsén utama gula tiwu nyaéta nu boga iklim haneut, kayaning [[Brazil]], [[India]], [[Cina]], jeung [[Australia]]. daérah nu panglobana ngahasilkeun gula nyaéta [[Amérika Latin]], [[Amérika Serikat|AS]], jeung bangsa-bangsa [[Karibia]]. Ieu béda jeung produksi gula bit, nu lolobana dihasilkeun di wewengkon nu iklimna leuwih tiis: Éropa kalér-ngulon jeung wétan, Jepang kalér, sarta sababaraha daérah di AS, misalna Kalifornia.

=== Gula tiwu ===
Sanggeus dikumpulkeun, batang tiwu diancurkeun pikeun diala cairanana bari disaring. Cairan ieu lajeng diolah pikeun miceun kokotor (biasana maké kapur ([[kalsium oksida]]), lajeng dinétralkeun maké [[sulfur dioksida]]. Cairan ieu lajeng digolakkeun, antukna kokotorna (nu ngendap jeung busana) bisa dipiceun. Salajengna, cairan ieu ditiiskeun (biasana bari dikocék) sangkan gulana ngakristal.

=== Gula kawung &amp; kalapa ===
Sacara tradisional, masarakat Nusantara geus mikawanoh gula, nyaéta anu dijieun tina lahang [[kawung]] atawa [[kalapa]]. '''Gula beureum''' ieu dijieun ku cara nu méh sarua, nyaéta ku cara manaskeun éta lahang nepi ka kuled pisan, anu salajengna dicitak jadi bentuk ganduan.

=== Gula bit ===
Bit nu geus dikumbah disiksik, lajeng gulana diékstraksi ku cai panas. Kokotorna diendapkeun maké alkali [[kalsium oksida|kapur]] jeung [[karbon dioksida]]. Sanggeus disaring, jusna dipekatkeun ku jalan dipanaskeun nepi ka padetanana 70%-an. Gulana diékstrak maké cara kristalisasi nu dikontrol, ngahasilkeun kristal gula anu dipisahkeun maké [[séntrifusa]]. Cairan anu geus teu bisa diala gulana, disebut molaseu, ilaharna dipaké pikeun maraban [[sapi]].
&lt;!--
=== Tiwu vs. bit ===
There is little perceptible difference between sugar produced from beet and that from cane. Testing for impurities can distinguish the two, and these have been developed to reduce fraudulent abuse of EU subsidies, and also aid detection of adulteration of fruit juice.

The residues of sugar production differ substantially and from place to place. While cane [[molasses]] can be used as an ingredient, molasses from sugar beet is unpalatable and generally used for industrial fermentation or as animal feedstuff. Both can be dried and burnt as fuel.

=== Types of culinary sugar ===
'''Raw sugars''' are yellow to brown sugars made from clarified cane juice  boiled down to a crystalline solid with minimal chemical processing. Raw sugars are produced in the processing of  sugar beet juice but only as intermediates en route to white sugar. Types of raw sugar available as a specialty item outside the tropics include ''[[Demerara_(sugar)|demerara]]'', ''[[muscovado]]'', and ''[[turbinado]]''.  [[Mauritius]] and [[Malawi]] are significant exporters of such specialty sugars.  Raw sugar is sometimes prepared as loaves rather than as a crystalline powder: in this technique, sugar and [[molasses]] are poured together into molds and allowed to dry.  The resulting sugar cakes or loaves are called ''jaggery'' or ''gur'' in India, ''pingbian tong'' in China, and ''panela'', ''panocha'', ''pile'', and ''piloncillo'' in various parts of Latin America.

'''Mill white sugar''', also called '''plantation white''', '''crystal sugar''', or '''superior sugar''', is raw sugar whose colored impurities have not been removed, but rather bleached white by exposure to [[sulfur dioxide]].  This is the most common form of sugar in sugarcane growing areas, but does not store or ship well; after a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping.

'''Blanco directo''' is a white sugar common in [[India]] and other south Asian countries.  In producing blanco directo, many impurities are precipitated out of the cane juice by using ''phosphatation'' a treatment with [[phosphoric acid]] and [[calcium hydroxide]] similar to the carbonatation technique used in beet sugar refining.  In terms of sucrose purity, blanco directo is more pure than mill white, but less pure than white refined sugar.

'''White refined sugar''' is the most common form of sugar in [[North America]] and [[Europe]].  Refined sugar can be made by dissolving raw sugar and purifying it with a phosphoric acid method similar to that used for blanco directo,  a [[carbonatation]] process involving calcium hydroxide and [[carbon dioxide]], or by various filtration strategies.  It is then further decolorized by filtration through a bed of [[activated carbon]] or [[bone char]] depending on where the processing takes place. Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage.  White refined sugar is typically sold as ''granulated sugar,'' which has been dried to prevent clumping.

Granulated sugar is available in various crystal sizes, for home and industrial use depending on the application:

*Coarse-grained sugars, such as ''sanding sugar'' (''nibbed sugar'' or ''sugar nibs'') are favored for decorating [[cookie]]s (biscuits) and other desserts.
*Normal granulated for table use is typically around 0.5 mm across
*Finer grades are produced by selectively sieving the granulated sugar. 
** ''caster''  (0.35 mm) which is commonly used in baking 
** ''superfine'' sugar, and are favored for sweetening drinks or preparing [[meringue]].
*Finest grades
**''[[Powdered sugar]]'', ''confectioner's sugar'' (0.060 mm), or ''icing sugar'' (0.024 mm), are produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder. A small amount of anti-caking agent to prevent clumping may be added, this is either [[cornstarch]] (1%-3%) or tri-[[calcium phosphate]].

There are also sugar cubes for convenient consumption of a normal amount.

'''[[Brown sugars]]''' are obtained in the late stages of sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant [[molasses]] content, or by coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses [[syrup]].  Their color and taste become stronger with increasing molasses content, as does their moisture retaining properties. They are also prone to hardening if exposed to the atmosphere although this is reversible.--&gt;

== Kimia ==
[[Gambar:Saccharose.png|bingkai|Sukrosa téh disakarida [[glukosa]] (kénca) jeung [[fruktosa]], molekul penting dina awak urang.]]
Dina [[biokimia]], '''gula''' mangrupa [[molekul]] pang basajanna nu bisa diidéntifikasi salaku [[karbohidrat]], nu ngawengku [[monosakarida]] jeung [[disakarida]], trisakarida jeung oligosakarida, nyaéta gula nu diwangun ku hiji, dua, tilu unit atawa leuwih. Gula ngandung gugus [[aldehid]] (-CHO) atawa [[keton]] (C=O), nu duanana ngandung beungkeut ganda karbon-oksigén, antukna gula téh réaktif. Gula lolobana nedunan rumus (CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; , nu n-na antara 3 jeung 7. Nu teu cocog, di antarana [[déoksiribosa]], nu ngaranna nunjukkeun &quot;leungit&quot;na hiji oksigén. Lian ti dikelompokkeun dumasar gugus réaktifna, gula ogé dikelompokkeun dumasar jumlah karbon nu dikandungna. Turunan triosa (C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) mangrupa antara dina [[glikolisis]]. Pentosa (gula 5 karbon) nu ngawengku [[ribosa]] jeung [[déoksiribosa]], aya dina [[asam nukléat]]. Ribosa ogé mangrupa komponén sababaraha bahan kimia nu penting dina prosés [[métabolisme]], kayaning [[NADH]] jeung [[Adénosin tripospat|ATP]]. Héksosa (gula 6 karbon), di antarana [[glukosa]] nu mangrupa substrat universal pikeun ngahasilkeun énérgi dina bentuk ATP. Dina [[potosintésis]], tutuwuhan ngahaslikeun glukosa nu lajeng dirobah pikeun simpenan salaku cadangan énérgi dina bentuk karbohidrat lianna kayaning [[aci]], atawa salaku sukrosa dina tiwu jeung bit.

Pentosa jeung héksosa loba nu bisa ngabentuk struktur cingcin. Dina bentuk nutup modél kieu, gugus aldehida atawa ketonna jadi teu bébas, sahingga loba réaksi nu jadi ciri gugus-gugus ieu teu bisa metu. Glukosa dina leyuran lolobana aya dina bentuk cingcin dina [[kasatimbangan kimia|kasatimbangan]], nu ngandung molekul ranté-muka kurang ti 0,1%.

Monosakarida dina bentuk ranté-nutup bisa ngabentuk beungkeut [[glikosida]] jeung monosakarida lianna, ngabentuk disakarida, samisal sukrosa, jeung polisakarida, samisal aci. Saméméh dipaké dina métabolisme, beungkeut glikosida ieu kudu [[hidrolisis|dihidrolisis]] atawa dipegatkeun ku [[énzim]] nu tangtu. Sanggeus dicerna sarta diserep, monosakarida utama nu aya dina getih jeung jaringan jero, nyaéta glukosa, fruktosa, jeung galaktosa.

Istilah &quot;gliko-&quot; nunjukkeun ayana gula dina zat non-karbohidrat, contona [[glikoprotéin]]: protéin ngabeungkeut gula.

Nu kaasup gula basajan, di antarana sukrosa, [[fruktosa]], [[glukosa]], [[galaktosa]], [[maltosa]], [[laktosa]], jeung [[mannosa]]. Golongan disakarida nu paling ilahar téh sukrosa (gula tiwu atawa bit - diwangun ku hiji glukosa jeung hiji fruktosa), laktosa (gula susu - diwangun ku hiji glukosa jeung hiji galaktosa), jeung maltosa (diwangun ku dua glukosa). Rumus disakarida ieu nyaéta C&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;.

Sukrosa bisa dirobah ku dihidrolisis jadi sirop fruktosa jeung glukosa, ngahasilkeun naon nu disebut ''invert sugar''. Sirop ieu leuwih amis batan sukrosa aslina, sarta leuwih kapaké di industri pangan, sabab teu gampang ngalaman kristalisasi antukna produk ahirna leuwih lemes.

== Sajarah ==
Nyieun gula ku cara nguapkeun jus tiwu dikembangkeun di India, kira 500 MM. Tiwu téh jukut tropis, nu sigana mah pituin [[Guinéa Anyar]]. Dina mangsa prasajarah, budayana sumebar ka [[Kapuloan Pasipik]] jeung [[India]]. Kira taun [[200-an MM|200 MM]], tiwu geus dipelak di [[Cina]]. Urang Kulon kakara wanoh jeung tiwu dina mangsa ékspédisi militér ka India. [[Nearchos]], salah saurang komandan [[Iskandar Agung]], ngagambarkeun tiwu salaku &quot;jukut nu ngahasilkeun madu tanpa nyiruan.&quot;
&lt;!--
Originally, the cane was chewed raw to extract its sweetness.  Sugar refining was developed in the [[Middle East]], India and China, where it became a staple of cooking and [[dessert]]s.  In early refining methods, the cane was ground or pounded to extract the juice, and the juice then boiled down or dried in the sun to yield sugary solids that resembled gravel.  The [[Sanskrit]] word for sugar (''sharkara''), also means gravel. Similarly, the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] term for table sugar is &quot;gravel sugar&quot; ([[Traditional Chinese]]:砂糖)。

Later sugar spread to other areas of the world through trade. It arrived in [[Europe]] with the arrival of the [[Moors]]. [[Crusade]]rs also brought sugar home with them after their campaigns in the [[Holy Land]], as there they encountered caravans carrying this &quot;sweet salt&quot; as it was called. While sugar cane could not be grown in northern Europe, sugar could be extracted from certain beets and these began to be widely cultivated around [[1801]], after the British control of the seas during the [[Napoleonic wars]] isolated mainland Europe from the [[Caribbean]].

===The history of sugar in the West===
In the [[1390s]], a better press, which doubled the juice obtained from the cane, was developed. This permitted economic expansion of sugar plantations to [[Andalusia]] and the [[Algarve]]. In the [[1420s]], sugar was carried to the [[Canary Islands]], [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]].

In [[1493]], [[Christopher Columbus]] stopped at [[Gomera]] in the [[Canary Islands]], for wine and water, intending to stay only four days. He became romantically involved with the Governor of the Island, Beatrice, and stayed a month. When he finally sailed she gave him cuttings of sugarcane, the first to reach the New World.

The Portuguese took sugar to [[History of Brazil|Brazil]]. [[Hans Staden]], published in [[1555]], writes that by [[1540]] there were 800 sugar mills on [[Santa Catalina]] Island and another 2000 up the north coast of Brazil, Demarara and [[Surinam]]. Approximately 3000 small mills built before [[1550]] in the New World created an unprecedented demand for [[cast iron]] [[gear]]s, levers, axles and other implements. Specialist trades in mold making and iron casting were inevitably created in Europe by the expansion of sugar. Sugar mill construction is the missing link of the technological skills needed for the [[Industrial Revolution]] that is recognized as beginning in the first part of the [[1600s]].

After [[1625]], the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] carried sugarcane from South America to the Caribbean islands from [[Barbados]] to the [[Virgin Islands]]. In the years [[1625]] to [[1750]], sugar was worth its weight in gold. Price declined slowly as production became multi-sourced especially through British colonial policy. Sugar production also increased in the American Colonies, Cuba, and Brazil.  African [[Slavery|slave]]s became the dominant plantation worker as they were resistant to the diseases of [[malaria]] and [[yellow fever]]. European [[indentured servant]]s were in shorter supply, susceptible to disease and a less economic investment. Local [[Native American (Americas)|Native American]]s had been reduced by European diseases like [[smallpox]].

With the [[European colonization of the Americas]], the [[History_of_the_Caribbean|Caribbean]] became the world's largest source of sugar. Sugar cane could be grown on these islands using [[Slavery|slave]] labour at vastly lower prices than cane sugar imported from the East. Thus the economies of entire islands such as [[Guadaloupe]] and [[History of Barbados|Barbados]] were based on sugar production.  The largest sugar producer in the world, by [[1750]], was the French colony known as [[Saint-Domingue]], which is today the independent country of [[History of Haiti|Haiti]]. [[History of Jamaica|Jamaica]] was another major producer in the [[1700s]].

During the eighteenth century, sugar became enormously popular and went through a series of booms.  The main reason for the heightened demand and production of sugar was a great change in the eating habits of many Europeans.  For example, they began consuming jams, candy, tea, coffee, cocoa, processed foods, and other sweet victuals in much greater numbers.  Reacting to this increasing craze, the islands took advantage of the situation and began harvesting sugar in extreme amounts.  In fact, they produced up to ninety percent of the sugar that the western Europeans consumed.  Of course some islands were more successful than others when it came to producing the product.  For instance, Barbados and the British Leewards can be said to have been the most successful in the production of sugar because it counted for 93% and 97% respectively of each island’s exports.

Planters later began developing ways to boost production even more.  For example, they began using more animal [[manure]] when growing their crops.  They also developed more advanced mills and began using better types of sugar cane.  Despite these and other improvements, the prices of sugar reached soaring heights, especially during events such as the revolt against the Dutch and the Napoleonic wars.  Sugar was a highly desired product, and the islands knew exactly how to take advantage of the situation.

As Europeans established sugar plantations on these larger Caribbean islands, prices fell, especially in [[Britain]]. What had previously been a luxury good began, by the [[eighteenth century]], to be commonly consumed by all levels of society. At first most sugar in Britain was used in tea, but later [[candy|candies]] and [[chocolate]]s became extremely popular. Sugar was commonly sold in solid cones and required a sugar nip, a pliers-like tool, to break off pieces.

Sugar cane quickly exhausts the [[soil]] and larger islands with fresher soil were pressed into production in the nineteenth century. For example, it was in this century that Cuba rose as the richest land in the Caribbean (with sugar being its dominant crop) because it was the only major island that was free of mountainous terrain.  Instead, nearly three-quarters of its land formed a rolling plain which was ideal for planting crops.  Cuba also prospered above other islands because they used better methods when harvesting the sugar crops.  They had been introduced to modern milling methods such as water mills, enclosed furnaces, steam engines, and vacuum pans.  All these things increased their production and production rate.

After the world's [[Haitian Revolution|only successful slave revolution]] established the independent nation of [[Haiti]], sugar production in that country declined and [[History_of_Cuba|Cuba]] replaced Saint-Domingue as the world's largest producer. 
Production spread to [[South America]] as well as to new European colonies in [[Africa]] and the Pacific.

=== The rise of beet ===
In [[1747]] the German chemist [[Andreas Sigismund Marggraf|Andreas Marggraf]] identified sucrose in [[beet]] root.  This discovery remained a mere curiosity for some time, but eventually his student [[Franz Carl Achard|Franz Achard]] built a sugarbeet processing factory at [[Cunern]] in [[Silesia]], under the patronage of [[Frederick William III of Prussia]].  While never profitable, this plant operated from 1801 until being destroyed during the [[Napoleonic War]]s.

[[Napoleon]], cut off from Caribbean imports by a British blockade and at any rate not wanting to fund British merchants, banned sugar imports in [[1813]].  The beet sugar industry that emerged in its place grew, and today, beet sugar enjoys approximately 30% of world sugar production.

While it is no longer grown by slaves, sugar growing in developing countries continues to this day to be associated with workers earning minimal wages and living in extreme poverty. [[Cuba]] was a large producer of sugar in the 20th century until the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] took away their export market and the industry collapsed.

In the developed countries, the sugar industry is machine reliant, with a low requirement for manpower. A large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24-hour production.

=== Mechanization ===
Beginning in the late 18th century, sugar production became increasingly mechanized.  The [[steam engine]] was first used to power a sugar mill in [[Jamaica]] in [[1768]], and soon thereafter, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat.

In [[1813]], the [[Great Britain|British]] chemist [[Edward Charles Howard]] invented a sugar refining method in which the cane juice was boiled not in an open kettle, but in a closed vessel heated by steam and held under partial vacuum.  At reduced pressure, water boils at a lower temperature, and this development both saved fuel and reduced the amount of sugar lost through caramelization.  Further gains in fuel efficiency were achieved through the [[multiple-effect evaporator]], designed by the [[African-American]] engineer [[Norbert Rillieux]] perhaps as early as the 1820s, although the first working model was not built until [[1845]].  This system consisted of a series of vacuum pans, each held at a lower pressure than the previous.  The vapors from each pan were used to heat the next, and little heat wasted.  Today, multiple-effect evaporators are employed widely in many industries for evaporating water.

The process of separating the sugar from the molasses also received mechanical attention: the [[centrifuge]] was first applied to this task by David Weston in [[Hawaii]] in [[1852]].--&gt;

== Kaséhatan ==
Taun [[2003]], aya laporan ti opat agén [[UN]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]] jeung [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], nu dirumuskeun ku 30 urang ahli internasional. Laporan ieu nyebutkeun yén konsumsi gula ulah leuwih ti 10%. Tapi, Asosiasi Gula [http://www.sugar.org/] di AS keukeuh yén saparapat ti dahareun jeung inuman urang téh ngandung gula, sarta teu ngabalukarkeun naon-naon.
&lt;!--
=== Gula jeung hiperaktivitas ===
There is common belief among the general public, in the [[U.S.]] at least, that eating too much sugar (not only sucrose, but other varieties such as glucose) will cause some children to become [[hyperactive]]—giving rise to the term &quot;sugar high&quot; or &quot;sugar buzz&quot;. Recent studies have not shown a link between the consumption of sugar and hyperactivity levels, even when the researchers focused on children with a presumed &quot;sugar-sensitivity&quot; [http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/?quid=241]. The belief in the possibility of a sugar-high among parents and teachers may cause them to perceive children being more energetic and excited after consumption of sweets and sugary beverages through [[observer bias]].

Others believe that the hyperactive effects of sugar can be seen equally in children and adults. On average Americans eat or drink 5 pounds of sugar a month, drastically higher than 10 years ago due to the fact that sugar is in many foods under many different names.{{fact}}

== Sugar economics ==

In many industrialized countries, sugar is among the most heavily subsidized agricultural products.  The [[European Union]], the [[United States]], and [[Japan]] all maintain elevated [[price floor]]s for sugar through subsidizing domestic production and imposing high tariffs on imports.  In recent years, sugar prices in these countries have been three times the price on the international market.

In international trade bodies, especially the [[World Trade Organization]], the &quot;G20&quot; countries led by Brazil have argued that because their cane sugar exports are essentially excluded from these sugar markets, they receive lower prices than they would under [[free trade]].  While both the European Union and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and least-developed countries (LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade regimes have complained that these arrangements violate the &quot;[[most favored nation]]&quot; principle of international trade.

In [[2004]], the [[WTO]] sided with a group of cane sugar exporting nations led by [[Brazil]], and ruled that the EU sugar regime and the accompanying ACP-EU Sugar Protocol, whereby a group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries are given preferential access to the European sugar market, are illegal.  In response, the European Commission proposed on 22 June 2005 to radically reform the EU sugar regime, cutting prices by 39% and eliminating all EU sugar exports.  The African, Caribbean, Pacific and [[Least developed country]] sugar exporters have reacted with dismay to the EU sugar proposals, arguing for a fairer reform of the EU regime which would be pro-development and meaningful towards the achievement of the [[Millennium Development Goals]].

Small quantities of sugar, especially speciality grades of sugar, are sold as '[[fair trade]]' commodities; these products are produced and sold with the understanding that a larger-than-usual fraction of the revenue supports small farmers in the developing world.--&gt;

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Gula beureum]]
* [[Sirop jagong]]
* [[Gula beureum alami]]

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Sugar|Sugar]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (17 April 2006)
* A C Hannah, ''The International Sugar Trade'', ISBN 1-85573-069-3

== Tumbu kaluar ==
=== Sajarah &amp; budaya ===
* [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/sugar_cane_landing.html Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of sugar cane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504015738/http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/sugar_cane_landing.html |date=2006-05-04 }}
* [http://www.zucker.prv.pl/ The word &quot;sugar&quot; in more than 250 languages.]

=== Pangan ===
* [http://www.foodsubs.com/Sweeten.html Cook's Thesaurus: Sugar (www.foodsubs.com)]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

=== Kaséhatan ===
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr20/en/ Expert Report on diet and chronic disease (WHO/FAO)]
* [http://www.joyfulaging.com/Sugar.htm Sugar Accelerates Aging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219060112/http://www.joyfulaging.com/Sugar.htm |date=2005-12-19 }}

=== Dagang ===
* [http://www.sugar.ca/index.htm Wide range of information about sugars, from the Canadian Sugar Institute, a non-profit trade association of Canada's refined sugar manufacturers.]
* [http://www.ldcsugar.org/ Least Developed Countries sugar site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060102234434/http://www.ldcsugar.org/ |date=2006-01-02 }}
* [http://www.acpsugar.org/ African, Caribbean and Pacific sugar exporters]
* [http://www.sugartraders.co.uk/ Sugar Traders Association of the UK]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/sugar/index_en.htm European Union sugar regime proposals]
* [http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm#265 WTO ruling on EU sugar regime]
* [http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/imports/ussugar.asp US Sugar Import Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322125930/http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/imports/ussugar.asp |date=2009-03-22 }}
* [http://www.illovo.co.za/worldofsugar/internationalSugarStats.htm Sugar statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427103348/http://www.illovo.co.za/worldofsugar/internationalSugarStats.htm |date=2006-04-27 }}

=== Gula jeung hiperaktivitas ===
* [http://www.webmd.com/content/pages/13/67341.htm &quot;Sugar Buzz, Fiber Know-How&quot; article from WebMD]
* [http://www.skepticism.net/articles/2002/000005.html &quot;The Myth of the Sugar Buzz&quot; article from Skepticism.Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209023127/http://www.skepticism.net/articles/2002/000005.html |date=2006-02-09 }}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Karbohidrat]]
[[Kategori:Bungbu]]</text>
      <sha1>h7a5k8g10y6jpg3qhk1cmzamwbsblki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kawasén, Banjarsari, Ciamis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709419</id>
      <parentid>499905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T11:29:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngembangkeun artikel: tambah bagian Sajarah, Situs Sajarah, Tradisi, Kondisi Kiwari, sareng 6 rujukan</comment>
      <origin>709419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4654" sha1="pj6shgssm7t1yfm1tvw336kxqp53ejl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox permukiman
| nami = Kawasen
| jinis = Désa
| nagara = Indonésia
| propinsi = Jawa Barat
| kabupatén = Ciamis
| kacamatan = Banjarsari
| kode pos = 46383
}}

'''Kawasén''' nyaéta hiji désa anu aya di [[Kacamatan Banjarsari]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Désa ieu dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji wewengkon anu boga nilai sajarah jeung budaya Sunda, khususna patali jeung peninggalan [[Karajaan Galuh]].

== Sajarah ==
Dina abad ka-17, wewengkon ieu dipikawanoh salaku '''Kadaleman Kawasen''', hiji pamaréntahan lokal anu dipingpin ku saurang Dalem. Sistem Kadaleman méré wewenang ka Dalem pikeun ngatur pajeg, ngatur tanaga kerja, sarta ngatur masyarakat lokal.

Numutkeun panalungtikan Dimas Haryanto dkk (2024), Kawasen mangrupikeun cikal bakal '''Karajaan Galuh Kawasen''' anu aya dina masa Hindu-Buddha di Tatar Galuh Ciamis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/J-KIP/article/view/8872 | title=Pemanfaatan Situs Prabu Sanghyang Permana Balaniksa sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah | publisher=Jurnal UNIGAL | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayana karajaan ieu ogé disinggung dina naskah sastra kuno, sapertos dina buku Kedaleman anu ditulis kira-kira taun 1600 anu ngabahas sajarah Kerajaan Kawasen sareng ngawengku peta wilayah éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/buku-kuno-ini-ungkap-harta-karun-batu-akik-di-kawasen-banjarsari-ciamis/ | title=Buku Kuno ini Ungkap 'Harta Karun' Batu Akik di Kawasen Banjarsari Ciamis | publisher=Harapan Rakyat | date=22 Pébruari 2015 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tradisi lisan Sunda, Kawasen disebut dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''' pupuh 6: &quot;''silih sered di Kawasen''&quot;, anu nunjukkeun ayana kagiatan atawa kajadian penting di wewengkon ieu.

== Situs Sajarah ==
Di Désa Kawasen aya sababaraha situs peninggalan sajarah:

* '''Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa''': Ayana di Dusun Bojongmengger, Désa Cijengjing. Di situs ieu aya makam Sanghyang Permana Balaniksa sareng masih dilaksanakeun tradisi upacara adat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://nuansapost.id/2024/03/06/upacara-adat-tradisi-budaya-nyekar-mapag-romadhon-di-situs-sanghiyang-balaniksa-kawasen/ | title=Upacara Adat Tradisi Budaya Nyekar Mapag Romadhon di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa Kawasen | publisher=Nuansa Post | date=6 Maret 2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Situs Batu Ngampar''': Ayana di Pasir Goong Cibadak, Banjarsari. Situs ieu kapanggih taun 2016 sarta mangrupikeun hamparan batu anu bentukna rapih siga puzzle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4423843/baru-dari-ciamis-ada-situs-bebatuan-puzzle | title=Baru dari Ciamis, Ada Situs Bebatuan Puzzle | publisher=DetikTravel | date=11 Pébruari 2019 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Candi Ronggeng''': Situs candi anu aya di wewengkon Banjarsari.

== Tradisi Budaya ==
Masyarakat Désa Bojongmengger, Cijengjing, Ciamis rutin ngalaksanakeun upacara adat '''Nyekar Mapag Romadhon''' di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa unggal taun saméméh bulan Ramadhan datang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://nuansapost.id/2024/03/06/upacara-adat-tradisi-budaya-nyekar-mapag-romadhon-di-situs-sanghiyang-balaniksa-kawasen/ | title=Upacara Adat Tradisi Budaya Nyekar Mapag Romadhon di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa Kawasen | publisher=Nuansa Post | date=6 Maret 2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kondisi Kiwari ==
Désa Kawasen kiwari janten lokasi kagiatan pelestarian budaya jeung edukasi. Taun 2024, siswa SMPN 1 Banjarsari ngalaksanakeun kagiatan Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5) di wewengkon Kawasen pikeun ngenalkeun sajarah lokal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://galuhnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/ciamis/pr-5566966775/awas-sesar-lempengan-smpn-1-banjarsari-kunjungi-situs-pusaka-bangunan-pengilon-di-kawasen-untuk-belajar-ini | title=SMPN 1 Banjarsari Kunjungi Situs Pusaka Bangunan Pengilon di Kawasen | publisher=Pikiran Rakyat Ciamis | date=2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 18 Maret 2025, Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat Erwan Setiawan ngalaksanakeun panen perdana padi varietas &quot;Cikawasen&quot; di Désa Kawasen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://bappeda.jabarprov.go.id/wagub-jabar-erwan-setiawan-panen-padi-cikawasen/ | title=Wagub Jabar Erwan Setiawan Panen Padi Cikawasen | publisher=Bappeda Jabar | date=18 Maret 2025 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamaréntahan ==
Désa Kawasen dibagi kana 4 dusun, nyaéta Batukurung, Karangwangkai, Panamun, jeung Sumanding. Kacamatan Banjarsari sacara administratif boga kode pos 46383.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Banjarsari, Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]</text>
      <sha1>pj6shgssm7t1yfm1tvw336kxqp53ejl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709420</id>
      <parentid>709419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T11:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rapihkeun rujukan: gabungkeun rujukan Nuansa Post anu duplikat nganggo named reference</comment>
      <origin>709420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4373" sha1="98mj5oy542l09o7u92v93kh6297zov2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox permukiman
| nami = Kawasen
| jinis = Désa
| nagara = Indonésia
| propinsi = Jawa Barat
| kabupatén = Ciamis
| kacamatan = Banjarsari
| kode pos = 46383
}}

'''Kawasén''' nyaéta hiji désa anu aya di [[Kacamatan Banjarsari]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Désa ieu dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji wewengkon anu boga nilai sajarah jeung budaya Sunda, khususna patali jeung peninggalan [[Karajaan Galuh]].

== Sajarah ==
Dina abad ka-17, wewengkon ieu dipikawanoh salaku '''Kadaleman Kawasen''', hiji pamaréntahan lokal anu dipingpin ku saurang Dalem. Sistem Kadaleman méré wewenang ka Dalem pikeun ngatur pajeg, ngatur tanaga kerja, sarta ngatur masyarakat lokal.

Numutkeun panalungtikan Dimas Haryanto dkk (2024), Kawasen mangrupikeun cikal bakal '''Karajaan Galuh Kawasen''' anu aya dina masa Hindu-Buddha di Tatar Galuh Ciamis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/J-KIP/article/view/8872 | title=Pemanfaatan Situs Prabu Sanghyang Permana Balaniksa sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah | publisher=Jurnal UNIGAL | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayana karajaan ieu ogé disinggung dina naskah sastra kuno, sapertos dina buku Kedaleman anu ditulis kira-kira taun 1600 anu ngabahas sajarah Kerajaan Kawasen sareng ngawengku peta wilayah éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/buku-kuno-ini-ungkap-harta-karun-batu-akik-di-kawasen-banjarsari-ciamis/ | title=Buku Kuno ini Ungkap 'Harta Karun' Batu Akik di Kawasen Banjarsari Ciamis | publisher=Harapan Rakyat | date=22 Pébruari 2015 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tradisi lisan Sunda, Kawasen disebut dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''' pupuh 6: &quot;''silih sered di Kawasen''&quot;, anu nunjukkeun ayana kagiatan atawa kajadian penting di wewengkon ieu.

== Situs Sajarah ==
Di Désa Kawasen aya sababaraha situs peninggalan sajarah:

* '''Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa''': Ayana di Dusun Bojongmengger, Désa Cijengjing. Di situs ieu aya makam Sanghyang Permana Balaniksa sareng masih dilaksanakeun tradisi upacara adat.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyekar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://nuansapost.id/2024/03/06/upacara-adat-tradisi-budaya-nyekar-mapag-romadhon-di-situs-sanghiyang-balaniksa-kawasen/ | title=Upacara Adat Tradisi Budaya Nyekar Mapag Romadhon di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa Kawasen | publisher=Nuansa Post | date=6 Maret 2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Situs Batu Ngampar''': Ayana di Pasir Goong Cibadak, Banjarsari. Situs ieu kapanggih taun 2016 sarta mangrupikeun hamparan batu anu bentukna rapih siga puzzle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4423843/baru-dari-ciamis-ada-situs-bebatuan-puzzle | title=Baru dari Ciamis, Ada Situs Bebatuan Puzzle | publisher=DetikTravel | date=11 Pébruari 2019 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Candi Ronggeng''': Situs candi anu aya di wewengkon Banjarsari.

== Tradisi Budaya ==
Masyarakat Désa Bojongmengger, Cijengjing, Ciamis rutin ngalaksanakeun upacara adat '''Nyekar Mapag Romadhon''' di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa unggal taun saméméh bulan Ramadhan datang.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyekar&quot; /&gt;

== Kondisi Kiwari ==
Désa Kawasen kiwari janten lokasi kagiatan pelestarian budaya jeung edukasi. Taun 2024, siswa SMPN 1 Banjarsari ngalaksanakeun kagiatan Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5) di wewengkon Kawasen pikeun ngenalkeun sajarah lokal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://galuhnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/ciamis/pr-5566966775/awas-sesar-lempengan-smpn-1-banjarsari-kunjungi-situs-pusaka-bangunan-pengilon-di-kawasen-untuk-belajar-ini | title=SMPN 1 Banjarsari Kunjungi Situs Pusaka Bangunan Pengilon di Kawasen | publisher=Pikiran Rakyat Ciamis | date=2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 18 Maret 2025, Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat Erwan Setiawan ngalaksanakeun panen perdana padi varietas &quot;Cikawasen&quot; di Désa Kawasen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://bappeda.jabarprov.go.id/wagub-jabar-erwan-setiawan-panen-padi-cikawasen/ | title=Wagub Jabar Erwan Setiawan Panen Padi Cikawasen | publisher=Bappeda Jabar | date=18 Maret 2025 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamaréntahan ==
Désa Kawasen dibagi kana 4 dusun, nyaéta Batukurung, Karangwangkai, Panamun, jeung Sumanding. Kacamatan Banjarsari sacara administratif boga kode pos 46383.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Banjarsari, Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]</text>
      <sha1>98mj5oy542l09o7u92v93kh6297zov2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galaksi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709373</id>
      <parentid>708873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T04:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28078" sha1="oevgpswzhoz1bf6j4xf39onpn88pjbd" xml:space="preserve">{{otheruses}}
[[Gambar:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|thumb|280px|'''[[NGC 4414]]''', galaksi spiral tipikal dina [[konstélasi]] [[Coma Berenices]], diaméterna kurang leuwih 56,000 taun cahaya sarta jarakna kurang leuwih 60 yuta taun cahaya.]]
'''Galaksi''' nyaéta hiji sistem nu kabeungkeut ku [[gravitasi]] nu kacida gedéna, diwangun ku [[béntang|perbéntangan]], [[média antarbéntang|gas jeung kekebul antarbéntang]], [[plasma (fisika)|plasma]], sarta (meureun) [[bahan poék]] anu teu katingali (''unseen dark matter'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galaksi umumna ngandung sapuluh juta nepi ka samiliar ($10^7$ nepi ka $10^{12}$) béntang, anu sakabéhna ngorbit kana hiji [[puseur gravitasi]] anu sarua. Salian ti béntang tunggal jeung média antarbéntang anu ipis, sabagian badag galaksi ogé ngandung réa [[Sistem béntang#Sistem béntang ganda|sistem béntang ganda]] sarta [[gugus béntang]] (''star clusters''), kitu ogé rupa-rupa jenis [[nebula]]. Lolobana galaksi miboga diaméter ti sababaraha rébu nepi ka ratusan rébu [[taun cahaya]], sarta biasana papisah antara hiji jeung nu lianna ku jarak anu jauhna nepi ka jutaan taun cahaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galaxy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/galaxy |access-date=2026-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap ''galaxy'' asalna tina istilah basa [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun galaksi urang sorangan, nyaéta '''galaxias''' (''γαλαξίας'') atawa ''kyklos galaktikos'' anu hartina &quot;lingkaran susu&quot;, dumasar kana rupa éta sistem dina langit peuting. Dina [[Mitologi Yunani]], Déwa [[Zeus]] neundeun anakna ti saurang awéwé manusa biasa, nyaéta orok [[Hércules]], dina dada Déwi [[Hera]] nalika anjeunna nuju kulem, supados éta orok tiasa ngaleueut cisusu déwa sarta janten mahluk abadi. Nalika keur nyusuan, Hera nyaring sarta sadar yén anjeunna nuju nyusuan orok anu teu dipikawanoh: anjeunna tuluy nyuntrungkeun éta orok, nepi ka ciritan cisusuna nyemprot sarta ngabentuk gugusan cahaya di langit peuting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Waller |first=W.H. |title=The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691122243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika para astronom boga spekulasi yén sawatara objék anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku nebula spiral téh sabenerna mangrupa kumpulan béntang anu kacida legana, hal ieu disebut &quot;[[téori alam semesta pulo]]&quot; (''island universe theory''). Nanging, istilah ieu téh tétéla kurang merenah (''misnomer''), jalaran istilah [[alam semesta]] mah hartina téh ngawengku sagala rupa anu aya. Ku kituna, istilah ieu lila-lila ditinggalkeun, sarta diganti ku istilah galaksi anu dilarapkeun sacara umum pikeun sakabéh éta kumpulan béntang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/island.htm |title=The Island Universe Theory |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2026-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah observasi ==
Ieu pedaran ngeunaan sajarah panalungtikan galaksi urang sorangan sarta galaksi séjénna téh sawaréh badag dicutat tina buku karya James Binney jeung Michael Merrifield anu judulna: ''Galactic astronomy''.&lt;ref&gt;James Binney and Michael Merrifield: ''Galactic astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1998&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] ngagunakeun teleskop pikeun nalungtik jalur caang di langit peuting anu katelah [[Bima Sakti]] (''Milky Way''), sarta manggihan yén éta téh tétéla diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang anu remeng-remeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=Galileo |title=Sidereus Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) |year=1610 |publisher=University of Chicago Press (1989 translation)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina hiji risalah taun 1755, [[Immanuel Kant]], dumasar kana karya saméméhna ti [[Thomas Wright]], miboga spékulasi (anu tétéla bener) yén Galaksi téh mangrupa hiji sistem anu muter sarta diwangun ku sajumlah badag béntang, anu kabeungkeut ku [[Gaya gravitasi|gaya gravitasi]] sarupa jeung [[tata surya]] tapi dina skala anu jauh leuwih badag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens) |year=1755}}&lt;/ref&gt; Piringan béntang anu dihasilkeun bakal katémbong salaku jalur caang di langit tina jihat sawangan urang anu aya di jero éta piringan. Kant ogé nyieun duga-duga yén sawatara [[nebula]] anu katémbong di langit peuting téh bisa jadi mangrupa galaksi anu kapisah.

[[Gambar:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Sketch of the [[Whirlpool Galaxy]] by [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] in 1845]]
Towards Dina ahir abad ka-18, [[Charles Messier]] nyusun hiji [[Objék Messier|katalog]] anu ngandung 109 nebula anu pangcaangna, anu saterusna dituluykeun ku katalog anu leuwih badag ngawengku lima rébu nebula ku [[William Herschel]]. Dina taun 1845, [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|Lord Rosse]] ngawangun hiji [[teleskop]] anyar sarta mampuh ngabédakeun antara nebula elips jeung nebula spiral. Anjeunna ogé hasil ngaidentipikasi sumber titik individu (béntang) dina sawatara ieu nebula, anu nguatkeun duga-duga Kant saméméhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/xtra/history/rosse.html |title=William Parsons, Lord Rosse |publisher=Students for the Exploration and Development of Space |access-date=2026-05-04 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nanging, nebula-nebula éta téh can sapinuhna ditarima salaku galaksi anu kapisah nepi ka tuntasna pasualan ieu ku [[Edwin Hubble]] dina awal taun 1920-an ngagunakeun [[teleskop]] anyar. Anjeunna mampuh nétélakeun yén bagian luar sawatara nebula spiral téh mangrupa kumpulan béntang individu sarta ngaidentipikasi sawatara [[Variabel Cepheid]], anu ngamungkinkeun anjeunna naksir jarakna: tétéla éta nebula téh jauh pisan sarta lain bagian tina Bima Sakti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=1929 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1936, Hubble nyusun sistem klasifikasi pikeun galaksi anu masih dipaké nepi ka kiwari, nyaéta [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Usaha munggaran pikeun ngajelaskeun rupa Bima Sakti sarta posisi [[Panonpoé|Sol]] di jerona dilakukeun ku [[William Herschel]] dina taun 1785 ku cara ngetang kalayan taliti jumlah béntang di rupa-rupa wewengkon langit. Ngagunakeun pamarekan anu leuwih rapih, [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] dina taun 1920 ngahasilkeun gambaran galaksi nu mangrupa elipsoid leutik (diaméter ~15 kiloparsec) kalayan Sol aya di deukeut puseurna. Métode séjén anu dilakukeun ku [[Harlow Shapley]] dumasar kana katalog [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') ngahasilkeun gambaran anu kacida bédana: piringan datar kalayan diaméter ~70 kiloparsec sarta Sol jauh ti puseur galaksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shapley |first=H. |title=Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. Twelfth paper: Remarks on the arrangement of the sidereal system |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1919 |volume=49 |pages=311–336}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Duanana analisis éta téh gagal margi teu merhatikeun [[Ekstingsi (astronomi)|nyerepna cahaya]] ku kekebul antarbéntang anu aya dina [[widang galaksi]]. Sanggeus [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] hasil ngukur pangaruh ieu dina taun 1930 ku cara nalungtik [[gugus muka]] (''open clusters''), kakara mecenghul gambaran galaksi urang anu ayeuna sakumaha anu parantos dijelaskeun di luhur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Trumpler |first=R. J. |title=Absorption of Light in the Galactic System |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1930 |volume=42 |issue=248 |pages=214–227}}&lt;/ref&gt;emerged.

Dina taun 1944, [[Hendrik van de Hulst]] mangkirakeun ayana radiasi [[gelombang mikro]] dina [[garis hidrogén|panjang gelombang 21 cm]], anu dihasilkeun tina gas [[hidrogén]] atomik antarbéntang; ieu radiasi kakara bisa ditalungtik dina taun 1951. Ieu radiasi téh kacida ngabantuna pikeun nalungtik Galaksi urang kalayan leuwih jero, jalaran henteu kapangaruhan ku panyerepan kekebul sarta [[panyimpangan Doppler]]-na bisa dipaké pikeun méréta gerak gas dina Galaksi. Ieu observasi ngabalukarkeun mecenghulna duga-duga ngeunaan ayana struktur [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|palang (bar)]] anu muter di puseur Galaksi. Kalayan bantuan téleskop radio anu leuwih canggih, gas hidrogén ogé bisa dipaluruh di galaksi séjén. Dina taun 1970-an, tina panalungtikan [[Vera Rubin]] ngeunaan [[kurva rotasi|laju rotasi]] gas dina galaksi, kapanggih yén sakabéh massa anu kaciri (tina béntang jeung gas) tétéla teu saluyu jeung laju muterna gas. Ieu [[masalah rotasi galaksi]] téh dianggap bisa dipedar ku ayana sajumlah badag [[bahan poék]] (''dark matter'') anu teu katingali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rubin |first=V. C. |last2=Ford |first2=W. K. J. |title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1970 |volume=159 |pages=379}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200808/history.cfm |title=Vera Rubin and Dark Matter |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ti mimiti taun 1990-an, [[Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]] ngahasilkeun observasi anu jauh leuwih hadé. Di antarana, Hubble hasil mastikeun yén bahan poék anu leungit dina galaksi urang téh tétéla lain ngan saukur diwangun ku béntang-béntang leutik anu remeng-remeng. ''[[Hubble Deep Field]]'', hiji paparan cahaya anu kacida lilana dina bagian langit anu kaciri kosong, méré bukti yén aya kira-kira saratus tujuh puluh lima miliar galaksi di alam semesta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1996/news-1996-01.html |title=Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamajuan téknologi dina néwak spéktrum anu teu kaciri ku mata manusa ([[téleskop radio]], kaméra infra-beureum, [[téleskop sinar-X]]), ngamungkinkeun dipaluruhna galaksi-galaksi séjén anu teu kaciri ku Hubble. Utamana, survéy galaksi dina [[zona pamiceunan]] (''zone of avoidance'', nyaéta wewengkon langit anu kahalangan ku Bima Sakti) parantos némbongkeun sajumlah galaksi anyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kraan-Korteweg |first=R. C. |last2=Lahav |first2=O. |title=The Universe behind the Milky Way |journal=Scientific American |year=1998 |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=50–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Rupa-rupa galaksi ==
{{utama|Klasifikasi galaksi}}

[[Gambar:Hubble sequence photo.png|thumb|300px|Rupa-rupa galaxi]]
Galaksi sacara umum kabagi kana tilu jenis utama: [[Galaksi elips|elips]], [[Galaksi spiral|spiral]], sarta [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan|teu miboga aturan (irregular)]]. Pedaran anu leuwih jangkep ngeunaan rupa-rupa galaksi dumasar kana wangunna dijébréngkeun dina [[Klasifikasi galaksi|Urutan Hubble]]. Jalaran Urutan Hubble mah sagemblengna dumasar kana rupa fisik (morfologi), ieu klasifikasi téh bisa jadi teu némbongkeun sawatara ciri penting séjénna, sapertos laju [[pembentukan béntang]] (dina [[Galaksi starburst]]) atanapi aktivitas dina puseur galaksi (dina [[Galaksi aktif]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hubble |first=E. P. |title=The Realm of the Nebulae |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1936}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies1.html |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Galaksi urang sorangan, [[Bima Sakti]], anu sakapeung mah ngan saukur disebut ''Galaksi'' (ngagunakeun aksara badag), mangrupa hiji galaksi [[galaksi spiral miboga palang|spiral miboga palang]] anu bentukna siga piringan badag, diaméterna kira-kira [[1 E20 m|30 kiloparsec]] atawa saratus rébu taun cahaya, sarta kandelna tilu rébu taun cahaya. Ieu galaksi ngandung kira-kira $3 \times 10^{11}$ (tilu ratus miliar) béntang sarta miboga total massa kira-kira $6 \times 10^{11}$ (genep ratus miliar) kali lipat tina massa [[Panonpoé|Sol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/milky-way/faq/ |title=The Milky Way Galaxy |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina galaksi spiral, leungeun-leungeun spiralna miboga wangun anu ampir sarua jeung [[spiral logaritmik]], hiji pola anu sacara téori mangrupa hasil tina ayana gangguan dina massa béntang anu muter sacara sagemblengna. Siga béntang-béntangna, leungeun spiral ogé muter ngurilingan puseur galaksi, nanging muterna téh kalayan [[laju sudut]] (''angular velocity'') anu tetep. Hal ieu hartina béntang-béntang téh bisa asup jeung kaluar tina éta leungeun spiral. Leungeun spiral dianggap salaku wewengkon anu miboga kapadetan luhur atawa disebut [[gelombang kapadetan]] (''density waves''). Nalika béntang-béntang asup ka jero hiji leungeun spiral, gerakna jadi laun, sahingga nyieun kapadetan anu leuwih luhur; hal ieu sarupa jeung &quot;gelombang&quot; kamacétan dina jalan tol anu pinuh ku mobil. Éta leungeun spiral téh katémbong pisan margi kapadetan anu luhur ngagampangkeun [[pembentukan béntang]], sahingga di dinya loba béntang-béntang ngora anu kacida caangna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/diff_rot.htm |title=Spiral Structure |publisher=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-05 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan galaksi elips jeung spiral anu badag téh katémbongna dominan, sabagian badag galaksi di alam semesta tétéla mangrupa [[galaksi kerdil]]. Ieu galaksi-galaksi leutik téh ukuranana kira-kira saratus kali leuwih leutik batan Bima Sakti, sarta ngan ngandung sababaraha miliar béntang. Réa galaksi kerdil anu ngorbit ka hiji galaksi anu leuwih badag; Bima Sakti sorangan miboga sahenteuna dua belas galaksi satelit saperti kitu. Galaksi kerdil ogé bisa digolongkeun salaku elips, spiral, atawa teu miboga aturan (''irregular''). Jalaran galaksi kerdil elips miboga rupa anu rada béda jeung galaksi elips badag, maranéhna mindeng disebut ogé salaku [[galaksi sferoidal kerdil]] (''dwarf spheroidal galaxies'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/galaxies2.html |title=Types of Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Galaksi aktif ===
{{utama|Nukleus galaksi aktif}}
Sabagian galaksi anu tiasa ditalungtik ku urang téh digolongkeun salaku galaksi aktif. Hartina, sabagian badag énergi anu dikaluarkeun ku éta galaksi téh asalna tina sumber séjén, lain tina béntang, kekebul, atawa [[média antarbéntang]]. Modél standar pikeun [[nukleus galaksi aktif]] kawas kieu téh dumasar kana énergi anu dihasilkeun tina ayana matéri anu ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di wewengkon puseurna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies1.html |title=Active Galaxies |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Galaksi anu ngaluarkeun radiasi énergi luhur dina wangun [[sinar-X]] digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi Seyfert]], [[kuasar]], sarta [[blazar]]. Galaksi aktif anu ngaluarkeun frékuénsi radio tina [[jét rélativistik]] anu muncrat tina puseurna digolongkeun salaku [[Galaksi radio]]. Hiji modél hasil ngahijikeun (''unified model'') tina rupa-rupa galaksi aktif ieu ngécéskeun yén bédana téh sabenerna mah ngan saukur dumasar kana jihat sawangan (sudut pandang) urang anu niténanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Urry |first=C. M. |last2=Padovani |first2=P. |title=Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1995 |volume=107 |pages=803}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur skala gedé ==

Kacida saeutikna galaksi anu hirup nyalira; galaksi kawas kitu téh katelah salaku ''galaksi lapangan'' (''field galaxies''). Kalolobaan galaksi mah kabeungkeut ku gaya gravitasi ka sajumlah galaksi séjénna. Struktur anu ngandung nepi ka 50 galaksi disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|kelompok galaksi]] (''groups of galaxies''), sarta struktur anu leuwih badag anu ngandung mangrébu-rébu galaksi dina wewengkon anu legana sababaraha [[megaparsec]] disebut [[Gugus jeung kelompok galaksi|gugus galaksi]] (''clusters''). Gugus galaksi mindeng didominasi ku hiji galaksi [[galaksi elips|elips]] raksasa tunggal, anu lila-kalila sacara gravitasi ngancurkeun galaksi-galaksi satelitna sarta nambahan massa éta galaksi kana dirina sorangan. [[Supergugus]] (''superclusters'') mangrupa kumpulan raksasa anu ngandung puluhan rébu galaksi, anu aya dina wangun gugus, kelompok, atawa sakapeung mah nyalira; dina skala supergugus, galaksi-galaksi téh disusun janten [[Tembok Gedé (astronomi)|lambaran]] sarta [[filamén (astronomi)|filamén]] anu ngurilingan [[lowong (astronomi)|lowongan]] (''voids'') kosong anu kacida legana. Di luhureun skala ieu, alam semesta téh katémbong [[isotropi|isotropik]] sarta [[homogén (astronomi)|homogén]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/clusters1.html |title=Galaxy Groups and Clusters |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=2026-05-05 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Galaksi urang téh mangrupa anggota tina [[Kelompok Lokal]], anu didominasi ku Bima Sakti babarengan jeung [[Galaksi Andromeda]]; sacara gembleng, Kelompok Lokal téh ngandung kira-kira tilu puluh galaksi dina rohangan anu legana kira-kira [[1 E22 m|hiji megaparsec]]. Kelompok Lokal ieu mangrupa bagian tina [[Supergugus Virgo]], anu didominasi ku [[Gugus Virgo]] (anu mana galaksi urang mah lain mangrupa anggotana).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/galaxies/ |title=Galaxies |publisher=NASA Science |access-date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi ==
{{utama|Formasi jeung évolusi galaksi}}
Panalungtikan ngeunaan formasi jeung évolusi galaksi téh mangrupa usaha pikeun ngajawab patarosan ngeunaan kumaha galaksi kawangun sarta kumaha jalanna évolusi éta galaksi sapanjang sajarah alam semesta. Sababaraha tiori dina widang ieu ayeuna parantos ditarima sacara lega ku para ahli, nanging ieu widang téh masih kénéh janten widang panalungtikan anu kacida aktifna dina dunya astrofisika.

=== Formasi ===
Prosés kawangunna galaksi mangrupa salasahiji patarosan utama dina widang astronomi. Tiori-tiori anu aya bisa dibagi kana dua kategori: ''top-down'' (ti luhur ka handap) jeung ''bottom-up'' (ti handap ka luhur). Dina tiori ''top-down'', saperti modél Eggen–Lynden-Bell–Sandage (ELS), [[protogalaksi]] kawangun tina runtuhna matéri skala badag sacara babarengan anu lilana kira-kira saratus juta taun.&lt;ref&gt;Eggen, O. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.; Sandage, A. R. Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed. Astrophysical Journal, vol. 136, p. 748, 1962&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tiori ''bottom-up'', saperti modél Searle-Zinn (SZ), [[gugus bal]] (''globular clusters'') kawangun ti heula, saterusna sajumlah objék ieu ngahiji (akresi) pikeun ngawangun galaksi anu leuwih badag. Tiori modéren ayeuna kudu diropéa pikeun ngasupkeun pangaruh tina ayana halo [[bahan poék]] anu kacida badagna. Ieu di handap mangrupa gambaran ringkes ngeunaan modél formasi galaksi:

Teu lila sanggeus mangsa rékombinasi, matéri [[baryon]] mimiti ngumpul sarta mengket di sabudeureun halo bahan poék anu tiis. Béntang-béntang halo anu miboga laju luhur sarta enol [[Logam (astronomi)|kandungan logam]] (disebut [[Béntang Populasi III]]) mangrupa béntang anu pangheulana kawangun nalika protogalaksi mimiti mengker. Ieu béntang-béntang raksasa téh gancang pisan jadi [[supernova]], anu saterusna ngaleupaskeun unsur-unsur beurat ka [[média antarbéntang]]. Dina jero samiliar taun saterusna, [[gugus bal]], [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, sarta [[puseur galaksi]] (''bulge'') anu diwangun ku [[Béntang Populasi II]] nu miskin logam mimiti kawangun. Dina waktu dua miliar taun, sésa matéri séjénna mimiti matuh sarta ngabentuk [[piringan galaksi]]. Galaksi bakal terus nyerep matéri anu asup tina [[awan laju luhur]] sarta [[galaksi kerdil]] sapanjang hirupna; siklus lahir jeung paéhna béntang bakal nambahan jumlah unsur beurat, anu tungtungna ngamungkinkeun kawangunna [[planét]].

[[Gambar:Pr3 400galaxypix.jpg|225px|thumb|Galaxy Abell 1835 IR1916 is seen as a tiny dot in this photo of distant galaxies. Image courtesy of [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].|pra=Special:FilePath/Pr3_400galaxypix.jpg]]

Galaksi pangkolotna anu kungsi kapanggih nepi ka ayeuna, nyaéta [[IOK-1]], dipaluruh dina Séptémber 2006 ku Masanori Iye ti Observatorium Astronomi Nasional Jepang ngagunakeun Téleskop Subaru di Hawaii. Pancaran radiasi Lyman-alpha ti ieu galaksi miboga [[géséran beureum]] (''redshift'') 6,96, anu hartina umurna geus tilu belas miliar taun. Sanajan sawatara élmuwan kungsi ngaklaim ayana objék séjén (saperti Abell 1835 IR1916) anu dianggap leuwih kolot, umur jeung komposisi IOK-1 mah geus bisa dibuktikeun kalayan leuwih kapercaya.&lt;ref&gt;McMahon, R. (2006). ''Journey to the birth of the Universe''. [[NATURE]]: vol. 443, issue of September 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayana protogalaksi anu kacida kolotna kieu méré gambaran yén éta galaksi téh pastina tumuwuh dina mangsa anu disebut &quot;Zaman Kadalapan&quot; (''Dark Ages'', saméméh generasi béntang munggaran aya) tina kateupapakan [[anisotropi]] anu aya dina éra [[rékombinasi]], kira-kira tilu ratus rébu taun sanggeus [[Big Bang]]. Kateupapakan dina skala anu merenah kieu hasil ditalungtik ngagunakeun [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) dina taun 2003.

Bukti séjén pikeun modél formasi galaksi ieu asalna tina kapanggihna [[Béntang Populasi III]] anu kacida kunona. Béntang raksasa, [[HE0107-5240]], anu kapanggih dina taun 2002 ku para panalungtik di [[Universitas Hamburg]], dipercaya salaku béntang pangkolotna anu kungsi dipaluruh di Bima Sakti, jalaran béda jeung béntang anu leuwih ngora, ieu béntang téh bener-bener beresih tina kandungan logam (''metal-free''). Sanggeus éta, béntang-béntang séjén anu sarua kolotna (saperti HE 1327) ogé parantos hasil dipaluruh.

=== Évolusi ===
Sajumlah panalungtikan némbongkeun yén [[Galaksi Bima Sakti]] nuju usik ngadeukeutan [[Galaksi Andromeda]] kalayan laju kira-kira 130 km/s, sarta dumasar kana gerak gurat sisi (lateral), duanana bisa waé tabrakan dina jangka waktu lima nepi ka genep miliar taun ka hareup. Tabrakan galaksi saperti kitu téh mangrupa hal anu lumrah lumangsung. Jalaran jarak antar béntang anu kacida jauhna, sabagian badag sistem béntang dina galaksi anu tabrakan moal loba kapangaruhan. Nanging, tarikan gravitasi kana [[gas antarbéntang]] sarta kekebul anu ngabentuk leungeun spiral bakal ngahasilkeun untuyan béntang anu panjang, sarupa jeung anu katémbong dina NGC 250 atawa [[Galaksi Anténa]].

Sanajan Bima Sakti tacan kungsi tabrakan jeung galaksi anu sagedé Andromeda, bukti-bukti ngeunaan tabrakan Bima Sakti jeung [[galaksi kerdil]] anu leuwih leutik di mangsa katukang téh beuki loba kapanggih.

[[Galaksi spiral]], saperti Bima Sakti, ngan bisa ngahasilkeun generasi béntang anyar salila maranéhna miboga [[awan molekul]] [[hidrogén]] antarbéntang anu padet dina leungeun spiralna. [[Galaksi elips]] mah tétéla geus teu miboga ieu gas, sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk béntang anyar. Nanging, pasokan bahan pikeun ngabentuk béntang téh aya watesna; nalika béntang-béntang ngarobah hidrogén jadi unsur anu leuwih beurat, mangka jumlah béntang anu kawangun bakal beuki saeutik.

Saatos lekasanana mangsa pembentukan béntang dina waktu kurang ti saratus miliar taun, &quot;zaman béntang&quot; bakal bérés dina waktu sakitar sapuluh triliun nepi ka saratus triliun taun ($10^{13}$–$10^{14}$ taun), nalika béntang pangleutikna anu umurna pangpanjangna, nyaéta [[katai beureum]], mimiti pareum. Dina tungtung zaman béntang, galaksi-galaksi ngan bakal diwangun ku [[objék kompak]]: [[katai cokelat]], [[katai hideung]], [[katai bodas]] anu mendingan, [[béntang neutron]], sarta [[liang hideung]]. Ahirna, balukar tina [[waktu rélaksasi|rélaksasi gravitasi]], sakabéh béntang bakal ragrag kana [[liang hideung supermasif]] di puseur galaksi, atawa dialungkeun ka jero rohangan antargalaksi anu kacida jerona balukar tina tabrakan-tabrakan.

== Biologi galaktik ==
{{utama|Kahirupan di saluareun bumi}}

[[Biologi]] sakumaha anu dipikanyaho ku urang ayeuna, dianggap ngan bisa aya di sabudeureun béntang [[Klasifikasi béntang|tipe-G]] generasi katilu anu aya di wewengkon tengah leungeun spiral [[galaksi spiral]], saperti [[Panonpoé]]. [[Galaksi elips]], anu dihasilkeun tina loba pisan [[tabrakan galaksi]], gancang pisan kaleungitan awan [[média antarbéntang|gas hidrogén antarbéntangna]], sahingga teu bisa deui ngabentuk generasi béntang anyar. [[Galaksi teu miboga aturan]] miboga saeutik pisan béntang kolot, sahingga katingalna miboga konséntrasi unsur beurat anu saeutik, padahal éta unsur téh kacida diperlukeunana pikeun biologi kawas di Bumi. Malah di jero galaksi spiral ogé, biologi téh sigana diwatesanan ngan di wewengkon tengah leungeun spiral hungkul; jalaran dina [[sferoid galaksi]] (halo) atawa bagian luar leungeun spiral mah unsur beurat téh kacida saeutikna. Sabalikna, dina awan gas di sabudeureun puseur galaksi, konséntrasi unsur beuratna luhur teuing, sarta interaksi antarbéntang mindeng teuing kajadian, sahingga hésé pikeun planét sagedé Bumi kawangun dina orbit bunder anu stabil di sabudeureun béntangna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lineweaver |first=C. H. |last2=Fenner |first2=Y. |last3=Gibson |first3=B. K. |title=The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age of Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way |journal=Science |year=2004 |volume=303 |issue=5654 |pages=59–62}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==

* [[Active galaxy]]
* [[Barred spiral galaxy]]
* [[Dwarf galaxy]]
* [[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]]
* [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]]
* [[Elliptical galaxy]]
* [[Galaxy classification]]
* [[Galaxy formation and evolution]]
* [[Groups and clusters of galaxies]]
* [[Interacting galaxy]]
* [[Irregular galaxy]]
* [[Lenticular galaxy]]
* [[List of galaxies]]
* [[List of nearest galaxies]]
* [[Radio galaxy]]
* [[Ring galaxy]]
* [[Spiral galaxy]]
* [[Starburst galaxy]]
* [[Seyfert galaxy]]
* [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]]

== Référénsi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* Terence Dickinson: ''The Universe and Beyond (Fourth Edition)'', Firefly Books Ltd. 2004, 2004

{{commons|Category:Galaksi}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* [http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages]
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of The Universe]
* [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies Galaxies - Information and amateur observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912191650/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies/ |date=2015-09-12 }}
* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm |date=2006-04-11 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2381935.stm The Oldest Star found in the Galaxy]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060629.shtml Galaxies - discussed on BBC Radio 4's &quot;In Our Time&quot; programme]

[[Kategori:Galaksi| ]]
[[Kategori:Struktur kosmos skala gedé]]</text>
      <sha1>oevgpswzhoz1bf6j4xf39onpn88pjbd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709401</id>
      <parentid>708734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Etimologi */</comment>
      <origin>709401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7291" sha1="9822miw6y5wjynguhqibcbdlcwg0hgc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]]

'''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;arifin&quot;&gt;Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].&lt;ref name=&quot;arifin&quot;/&gt; Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).&lt;ref name=&quot;arifin&quot;/&gt; 

Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain).&quot;''

— &lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Etimologi ==
Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.&lt;ref&gt;K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukum solat ==
Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]].
Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal.
* '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''&quot;Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman&quot;'' (QS. An-Nisa: 103).&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.&lt;ref&gt;Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu:

* Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta:
** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki).
Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]].

** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman.

* Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta:
** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF.
** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]).

== Sarat-sarat solat ==
Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta  hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun.

# Ngageman Islam
# Balégh
# Séhat akalna
# Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]]
# Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]]
# Apal waktosna solat
# Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat

== Rukun Solat ==
Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;arifin2&quot;&gt;Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Niat]].
# [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram.
# Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup.
# Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]].
# [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah.
# [[I'tidal]] kalayan thuma'ninah.
# [[Sujud]] dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah.
# Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah.
# Diuk [[tahiyat]] ahir.
# Maca tahiyat ahir.
# Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir.
# Salam anu munggaran.
# Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan).

=== Sunah-sunah dina Solat ===
Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:&lt;ref&gt;K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh.
# '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua.

==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ====
Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:&lt;ref&gt;K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal.
# '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal.
# '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah.
# '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah.
# '''Maca &quot;Amin&quot;:''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah.
# '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah.
# '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca &quot;Allahu Akbar&quot; nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana &quot;Sami'allahu liman hamidah&quot;).
# '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''&quot;Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih&quot;'' nalika ruku sarta ''&quot;Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih&quot;'' nalika sujud.
# '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.'''
# '''Maca salam anu kadua.'''
# '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.'''
# '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca.
# '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh.

{{Islam-pondok}}

=== Rujukan ===
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Ibadah]]
[[Kategori:Rukun Islam]]
[[Kategori:Solat| ]]
[[Kategori:Rukun Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>9822miw6y5wjynguhqibcbdlcwg0hgc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>DVB</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709368</id>
      <parentid>650244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T03:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11830" sha1="79ez4ga78zpyemse5obokl0phbey6y8" xml:space="preserve">'''DVB''', singgetan tina '''Digital Vidéo Broadcasting''', nyaéta hiji ''suite'' [[standar bébas]] nu ditarima sacara internasional keur [[televisi digital]]. Standar DVB diropéa ku ''DVB Project'', hiji konsorsium industri nu anggotana leuwih ti 270, tur dipublikasikeun ku hiji ''Joint Technical Committee'' (JTC) antara [[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]] (ETSI), [[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization]] (CENELEC) jeung [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU).
Interaksi sub-standar DVB dijéntrékeun dina ''DVB Cookbook'' ('''DVB-Cook''').

== Transmisi ==

Sistim DVB nyebarkeun data maké sababaraha cara, kaasup ngaliwatan '''[[televisi satelit|satelit]]''' ([[DVB-S]], [[DVB-S2]] katut [[DVB-H|DVB-SH]]; ogé [[DVB-SMATV]] keur distribusi ngaliwatan [[SMATV]]); '''[[televisi kabel|kabel]]''' ([[DVB-C]]); '''[[televisi téréstrial digital|televisi téréstrial]]''' ([[DVB-T]]) jeung televisi téréstrial digital keur ''[[handheld]]'' ([[DVB-H]]); sarta ngaliwatan '''[[gelombang mikro]]''' maké [[televisi téréstrial digital|DTT]] ([[DVB-MT]]), [[MMDS]] ([[DVB-MC]]), jeung/atawa standar [[MVDS]] ([[DVB-MS]])
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
These standards define the [[physical layer]] and [[data link layer]] of the distribution system. Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel interface (SPI), synchronous serial interface (SSI), or asynchronous serial interface (ASI). All data is transmitted in [[MPEG-2]] [[transport stream]]s with some additional constraints ('''DVB-MPEG'''). A standard for temporally compressed distribution to mobile devices ('''DVB-H''') was published in November 2004.

These distribution systems differ mainly in the [[modulation]] schemes used, due to the different technical constraints. DVB-S ([[SHF]]) uses [[QPSK]], 8PSK or 16-QAM. DVB-S2 uses QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK or 32APSK, at the broadcasters decision. QPSK and 8PSK are the only versions regularly used. DVB-C ([[VHF]]/[[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]) uses [[Quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM]]: 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM or 256-QAM. Lastly, DVB-T (VHF/UHF) uses 16-QAM or 64-QAM (or QPSK) in combination with [[COFDM]] and [[hierarchical modulation]]

== Eusi ==
Besides audio and vidéo transmission, DVB also defines data connections ('''DVB-DATA''' - [[EN]] 301 192) with [[return channel]]s ('''DVB-RC''') for several media ([[Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications|DECT]], [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]], [[Public Switched Telephone Network|PSTN]]/[[Integrated Services Digital Network|ISDN]], [[satellite]] etc.) and protocols ('''[[DVB-IPTV]]''': [[Internet Protocol]]; '''DVB-NPI''': network protocol independent).

Older technologies such as [[teletext]] ('''DVB-TXT''') and [[vertical blanking interval]] data ('''DVB-VBI''') are also supported by the standards to éase conversion. However for many applications more advanced alternatives like '''DVB-SUB''' for sub-titling are available.

== Enkripsi jeung metadata ==

The [[conditional access]] system ('''DVB-CA''') defines a common scrambling algorithm ('''DVB-CSA''') and a physical Common Interface ('''DVB-CI''') for accessing [[scramble]]d content. DVB-CA providers develop their wholly proprietary conditional access systems with reference to these specifications. Multiple simultanéous CA systems can be assigned to a scrambled DVB program stréam providing operational and commercial flexibility for the service provider.

DVB is also developing a Content Protection and Copy Management system for protecting content after it has been received ('''[[DVB-CPCM]]'''), which is intended to allow flexible use of recorded content on a home network or beyond, while preventing unconstrained sharing on the Internet. DVB-CPCM has been the source of much controversy in the popular press and
it's said that CPCM is the DVB's answer to the failed American Broadcast Flag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_critique.php |title=Europe's Broadcast Flag |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |date=September 29, 2005 |accessdate=2007-08-15 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20051013061942/www.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_critique.php |archivedate=2005-10-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013061942/http://www.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_critique.php |date=2005-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

DVB transports include [[metadata]] called Service Information ('''DVB-SI''', ETSI EN 300 468, ETSI TR 101 211) that links the various elementary stréams into coherent programs and provides human-réadable descriptions for [[electronic program guide]]s as well as for automatic séarching and filtering.

Recently, DVB has adopted a profile of the metadata defined by the [[TV-Anytime]] Forum ('''DVB-TVA''', ETSI TS 102323). This is an XML Schema based technology and the DVB profile is tailored for enhanced [[digital video recorder|Personal Digital Recorders]]. DVB lately also started an activity to develop a solution for [[IPTV]] ('''DVB-IPI''', ETSI TR 102033, ETSI TS 102034, ETSI TS 102814) which also includes metadata definitions for a broadband content guide ('''DVB-BCG''', ETSI publication expected December 2006).

== Software platform ==
The [[Multimedia Home Platform|DVB Multimedia Home Platform]] ('''DVB-MHP''') defines a [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based platform for the development of consumer vidéo system applications. In addition to providing abstractions for many DVB and MPEG-2 concepts, it provides interfaces for other féatures like network card control, application download, and layered graphics.

List of other [[Interactive television#User Interaction|user interaction software platforms]].

== Saluran keur balik deui (return channel) ==
DVB has standardised a number of return channels that work together with DVB(-S/T/C) to créate [[bi-directional]] communication. RCS is short for [[Return Channel Satellite]], and specifies return channels in [[C band|C]], [[Ku band|K&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;]] and [[Ka band|K&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;]] frequency bands with return bandwidth of up to 2 [[Mbit]]/s. DVB-RCT is short for [[Return Channel Terrestrial]], specified by ETSI EN 301958

== Adopsi ==

DVB-S and DVB-C were ratified in 1994. DVB-T was ratified in éarly 1997. The first commercial DVB-T broadcasts were performed by the [[United Kingdom]]'s [http://www.dtg.org.uk/ Digital TV Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124090756/http://www.dtg.org.uk/ |date=2008-01-24 }} (DTG) in late 1998. In 2003 [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] was the first aréa to completely stop broadcasting analog TV signals. Many Européan countries aim to be fully covered with digital television by [[2010]] and switch off [[PAL]]/[[SECAM]] services by then.

In its origin [[Europe]], in [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[India]] DVB is used throughout the aréas it covers or is at léast decided to be. This also holds true for cable and satellite in most [[Asia]]n, [[Africa]]n and many [[South America]]n countries. Many of these have not yet selected a format for digital terrestrial broadcasts (DTTV) and a few (Canada, Mexico and [[South Korea]]) chose [[Advanced Television Systems Committee|ATSC]] instéad of DVB-T.

In [[Malaysia]], a new Pay-TV station [http://www.mitv.com.my/ MiTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723222702/http://www.mitv.com.my/ |date=2008-07-23 }} began service in September 2005 using [[IPTV]] over [[DVB-T]] technology while lone satellite programming provider [[Astro (satellite TV)|ASTRO]] has been transmitting in DVB-S since its inception in 1996. Free-to-air DVB-T trials began in late 2006 with a simulcast of both RTM1 and RTM2 plus a new channel called RTM3/RTMi. In April 2007, RTM announced that the outcome of the test is favorable and expects DVB-T to go public by the end of 2007. Analog shut-off date is also announced to be sometime in 2015.

With the exception of [[Sky PerfecTV!]], [[Japan]] uses different formats in all aréas ([[Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting|ISDB]]), which are however quite similar to their DVB counterparts. SkyPerfect is a satellite provider using DVB on their 124 and 128 degrees éast satellites. Their satellite at 110 degrees éast does not use DVB, however.

In [[North America]], DVB-S is often used in signal compression and encoding of digital satellite communications alongside [[Hughes DSS]]. Unlike [[Motorola]]'s [[DigiCipher 2]] standard, DVB has a wider adoption in terms of the number of manufacturers of receivers. Cable operators either use DVB-C or [[OpenCable]]. Terrestrial HDTV broadcasts use ATSC digital encoding with [[8VSB]] modulation instéad of DVB-T's COFDM.

In [[Hong Kong]], several cable TV operators such as [[TVB Pay Vision]] and [[Cable TV Hong Kong|Cable TV]] have alréady started using DVB-S or DVB-C. The government has decided digital terrestrial broadcasting will start not later than 2007, and it is up to the broadcasters to decide which system to use. Originally it was thought that [[mainland China]] would adopt DVB-T, but instéad they have decided to créate their own digital television standard, the [[DMB-T/H]] standard, made in collaboration of two Chinese universities.

As of 2005, DVB-T television sets are not significantly more expensive than analog television sets.  Most popular in Europe are the set-top boxes that enable DVB-T to be received through an ordinary analogue television, with the price dropping remarkably in the last yéar.

In [[New Zealand]], DVB broadcasting is marketed under the [[Freeview (New Zealand)|Freeview]] brand name.  DVB-S broadcasts via satellite began on [[2 May]] [[2007]] and DVB-T (terrestrial) broadcasts are scheduled to begin in éarly 2008.  Initially, consumers will be required to purchase set-top boxes, as DVB-capable TV sets are not yet available in New Zéaland.

== Produk nu cocog jeung DVB ==

Companies that manufacture a product that is compliant to one or more DVB standards have the option of régistering a Declaration of Conformity for that product.  Wherever the DVB trademark is used in relation to a product – be it a broadcast, a service, an application or equipment – the product must be régistered with the DVB Project Office.

{{Wireless video}}
== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Standar ATSC]]
* [[DVB-C]] (Digital Vidéo Broadcasting - Cable)
* [[Digital terrestrial television]] (DTT atawa DTTV)
* [[Digital audio broadcasting]] (DAB)
* [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM)
* [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting]] (DMB)
* [[DVB-CPCM]] - Content Protection and Content Management
* [[ETSI Satellite Digital Radio]] (SDR)
* [[FTA Receiver]]
* [[IPTV]]
* [[List of digital television deployments by country]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* [http://www.dvb.org/ DVB Project]
* [http://www.dvb.org/technology/fact_sheets/ DVB Fact Sheets] including an introduction to the DVB Project
* [http://www.dvb-h.org/ Official DVB-H Information]
* [http://www.dvbservices.org/ DVB Services Sarl, MHP PKI Root Certificate Authority]
* [http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/dvbt/ DVB-T broadcasting with Linux]
* [http://www.dvbowners.com DVBOwners News Bites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117145304/http://www.dvbowners.com/ |date=2013-01-17 }}
* [http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/ DVB Worldwide]
* [http://www.dvb.org/technology/dvb-cpcm/ Information on DVB-CPCM from the DVB Project] including a Fact Sheet and FAQ
* [http://www.evd.ir DVB resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212151525/http://evd.ir/ |date=2020-02-12 }} DVB history, technical information and resources
* [http://www.dvb.org/graphics/internal/Adoption-Map_DVB-T.jpg DVB Adoption Map], DVB.org

{{Video formats}}

[[Kategori:Televisi digital]]
[[Kategori:High-definition television]]
[[Kategori:Standar bébas]]</text>
      <sha1>79ez4ga78zpyemse5obokl0phbey6y8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cakram Blu-ray</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709367</id>
      <parentid>709089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T02:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="80966" sha1="s14bztkgmcsqj2zqrqjmgijpmqn4dee" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox media
| name = Blu-ray Disc
| logo = 
| image = [[Gambar:BluRayDiscBack.png|200px|Reverse side of a Blu-ray Disc]]
| caption =
| type = High-density [[optical disc]]
| encoding = [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264|MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)]], and [[VC-1]]
| capacity = 
25 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single layer),  
50&amp;nbsp;GB (dual layer)
| read = 1x@36&amp;nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] &amp; 2x@72&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s
| write =
| standard =
| owner = [[Blu-ray Disc Association]]
| use = Data storage, [[High-definition video]] and [[PlayStation 3]] Games
| extended from =
| extended to =
}}
'''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]].

Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&amp;nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&amp;nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&amp;nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&amp;nbsp;GB.

Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html
|title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release)
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Seán Byrne
|date = 2007-02-23
|work = cdrfreaks.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |date=2007-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}&lt;/ref&gt; pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/ |date=2008-08-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]].

Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray  [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&amp;nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&amp;nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]].

== Sajarah ==
{{Optical disc authoring}}
[[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]]
Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asal ===
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar.

The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html
|title =  Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|date=  2000-10-11
|work = cdrinfo.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html
|title = Replacement for DVD unveiled
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Barry Fox
|date=  2002-02-19
|work = newscientist.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members.

The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062709/https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |date=2017-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray  standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs.

=== Kompetisi jeung HD DVD ===

The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&amp;PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&amp;PageNum=2 |date=2007-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070621131847/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |date=2007-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html |date=2007-08-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray |date=2009-06-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |date=2007-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25&quot; [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |date=2007-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Attempts to avoid a format war ====

The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's &quot;iHD&quot; (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalemate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html |date=2008-01-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to &quot;work more smoothly with personal computers&quot;.  The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;DaggersDrawn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards,  Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html|archivedate=2008-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumours surfaced that an &quot;unnamed partner&quot; had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalemate&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DaggersDrawn&quot;/&gt; At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |date=2009-07-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray  adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray|archivedate=2005-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd|archivedate=2007-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun ===

The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html
|title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge
|accessyear = 2007-10-17
|author = Martyn Williams
|date=  2004-08-05
|work = pcworld.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped.
The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/
|title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Tony Smith
|date=  2006-01-06
|work = theregister.co.uk
}}&lt;/ref&gt; AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yVZZ|archivedate=2012-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html 
|title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan
|accessdate=2007-10-17 
|author=
|date= 2006-03-31
|work= foxnews.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp
|title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player
|accessdate= 2007-10-17
|author= Dan Costa
|date= 2006-06-15
|work= pcmag.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |date=2007-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt; The first movies using dual layer discs (50&amp;nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html
| title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review
| accessdate = 2007-09-15
| date = 2006-10-10
| last = Bracke
| first = Peter M.
| work = HighDefDigest.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html |date=2007-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699.

HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales   |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disc structure ==
=== Laser and optics ===

Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a &quot;blue&quot; (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&amp;nbsp;nm and 780&amp;nbsp;nm respectively.

The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&amp;nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum &quot;[[spatial resolution|spot size]]&quot; on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.)

=== Hard-coating technology ===
Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary.

[[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.

== Software standards ==
=== Codecs ===
[[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques.

The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed.

The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&amp;nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;

For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Java software support ===
{{utama|BD-J}}
At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard.

=== Kode wewengkon ===
[[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html
 | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video
 | language =
 | accessdate = 2007-01-14
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Region code !! Aréa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392
 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control?
 | language = 
 | accessdate = 2006-08-29
 | year = 2006
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629073810/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 |date=2012-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]].
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]].
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]].
|-
|}

This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are &quot;ALL&quot; region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe.

=== Digital rights management ('''DRM''') ===
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dellbd-romprotection&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |date=2007-03-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They have been at léast partially circumvented.

'''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]].

Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

'''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html&lt;/ref&gt;  BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:&lt;ref name=&quot;dellbd-romprotection&quot;/&gt;
* examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
* verify that the player's keys have not been changed.
* execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.
* transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it.

If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases.

The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website].

BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |date=2007-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.

When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them.

== Player profiles ==
The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |date=2007-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Féature&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |date=2007-10-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0)
! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1)
! BD-Live (Profile 2)
|-
| Built-in persistent memory
| 64 KB
| 64 KB
| 64 KB
|-
| Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}}
| –
| 256 MB
| 1 GB
|-
| Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]])
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}}
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| [[Virtual file system]]
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| Internet connection capability
| No
| No
| Mandatory
|}
{{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory.

{{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary

On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by &quot;Bonus View&quot; as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.&lt;ref name=&quot;BonusView&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html |date=2008-12-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.&lt;ref&gt;[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]&lt;/ref&gt; On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on &quot;Bonus View&quot; hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186 |date=2007-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Backward compatibility ==
While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]].

== List of Blu-ray devices ==
&lt;!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource:
http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
! Device name
! Manufacturer
! Type of device
! Release date
! Approximate price
|-
| [[PlayStation 3]]
| [[Sony]]
| [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1)
| [[November 11]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]399&lt;ref name=&quot;PS3price&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&amp;STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&amp;EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;/499$
|-
| [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]]
| [[Panasonic]]
| Stand-alone player
| 2006
| [[United States dollar|US$]]599
|-
| DMP-BD30
| [[Panasonic]]
| Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1)
| 2007
| [[United States dollar|US$]]500
|-
| [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]]
| [[Sony]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[December 4]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]1000
|-
| BD-P1200
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[January 8]], [[2007]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]799
|-
| BD-P1000
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[June 20th]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]450 
|-
| [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]]
| [[Sony]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]499
|-
| [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }}
| [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| 
|-
| BD-P1400
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]499
|-
| BDP-LX70
| [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. )
|-
| BDP-LX80
| Pioneer
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HP1
| [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-AV1
| Sharp
| BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-AV10
| Sharp
| BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HDW15
| Sharp
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| December 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HDW20
| Sharp
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| December 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DMR-E700BD
| [[Panasonic]]
| Blu-ray/DVD Recorder
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW200
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BR100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html
 | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback
 | accessdate = 2006-10-13
 | year = 2006
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html |date=2006-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }}
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW800
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW900
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-V7
| [[Sony]] 
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-V9
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-T50
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-T70
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-L70
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-X90
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX]
| [[VidaBox]]
| [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
| 
| 
|-
| BH-100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml
 | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive
 | accessdate = 2007-04-15
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[LG Electronics]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
|  [[January 7]], [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BH-200
| [[LG Electronics]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
|  [[October]], [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BD-UP5000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109
 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive
 | accessdate = 2007-04-15
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
| 
| 
|-
| [[VAIO]] AR Series
| [[Sony]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2006
|
|-
| [[VAIO]] FZ Series
| [[Sony]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2007
|  
|-
| XPS M1710
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| December 2006
| [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599
|-
| XPS M1730
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
|
|
|-
| XPS M2010
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| Pavilion Desktop
| [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive)
| [[9 May]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| TravelMate 8215WLMi&lt;ref name=&quot;travelmate_blu-ray&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |date=2007-12-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Acer]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2006
| 
|-
| ASUS Lamborghini VX2&lt;ref name=&quot;travelmate_blu-ray&quot;/&gt;
| [[ASUSTek]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| ASUS Lamborghini W2W&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&amp;model=1834&amp;l1=5&amp;l2=22&amp;l3=192&amp;l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[ASUSTek]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| BDC-2202
| [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
| PC drive
| [[May 2]], [[2007]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]299&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html
 | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release
 | accessdate = 2007-05-04
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html |date=2007-05-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| DH-401S&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=about:blank
 | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive
 | accessdate = 2007-10-31
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[LiteOn]]
| PC drive
| [[31 October]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BC-1205PT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php
 | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive
 | accessdate = 2007-09-09
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[ASUS]]
| PC drive
| [[9 September]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BWU-100A
| [[ASUS]]
| Recordable PC drive
| [[July 18]] [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]699 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html
 | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive
 | accessdate = 2007-05-04
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html |date=2009-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| DZ-BD7A&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]]
| Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]]
| 
|
|-
| DZ-BD7HA&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA,  Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]]
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder
| 
|  
|-
| Lite-On DH-4O1S&lt;ref name=&quot;cheap-199-player&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |date=2008-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]]
| Read Only PC Drive
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]199&lt;ref name=&quot;cheap-199-player&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --&gt;
Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corporate support ==

{{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}}
[[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]]

Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/
 | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format &quot;Blu-ray Disc&quot; Established
 | publisher=SONY Press Release
 | language =
 | date=  February 19, 2002
 | accessdate = 2007-08-31
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]].

Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe.  Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDOutsideUS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]&lt;/ref&gt;

It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]].  [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray |date=2008-11-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958 |date=2007-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats.

It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}&lt;/ref&gt; including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&amp;page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important.

Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs.  They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&amp;item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&amp;item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html
 | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format
 | accessdate = 2007-06-17
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html |date=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&amp;ResLibraryID=20345&amp;Category=1027
 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores
 | accessdate = 2007-06-17
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about 
 | title = About Netflix 
 | accessdate = 2007-12-13
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/
 | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray 
 | accessdate = 2007-12-13
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726&lt;/ref&gt; While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html
 | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format
 | accessdate = 2007-07-29
 | year = 2007
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html|archivedate=2007-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a &quot;jaw-dropping&quot; sum for the end cap displays.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&amp;ctrack=5&amp;cset=true
 | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion
 | accessdate = 2007-09-10
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format.  Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD.  Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm
 | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs
 | accessdate = 2007-08-20
 | year = 2007
 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html
 | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg)
 | accessdate = 2007-08-20
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html
 | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray
 | accessdate = 2007-08-21
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&amp;en=fe619b851abc0231&amp;ei=5124&amp;partner=permalink&amp;exprod=permalink 
 | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival 
 | accessdate = 2007-08-21
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&amp;cs=1 
 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg 
 | accessdate = 2007-09-19
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison ==
{{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}}
{{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}}
The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&amp;nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&amp;nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;tripleApproved&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943
| title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All
| accessdate = 2007-09-15
| date=  2007-09-13
| last = Fulton III
| first = Scott M.
| work = BetaNews
| language = English
}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&amp;nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&amp;nbsp;GB disc&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;&gt;[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]&lt;/ref&gt; while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&amp;nbsp;GB dual layer format.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt;

In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt;

In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&amp;nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).&lt;ref name=&quot;DDplus_whitepaper&quot;&gt;[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com&lt;/ref&gt; Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]].

As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt; which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.&lt;ref name=&quot;BDaudio_support&quot;&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt; In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with &quot;repeat field flags&quot;). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}}

There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region.

Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |date=2007-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ongoing development ==
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&amp;nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics (&quot;Hitachi used a standard drive.&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=3
 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY
 | language = 
 | accessdate = 2007-09-27
 | year = 2005
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=3 |date=2007-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493
 | title =  Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback
}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K).  Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&amp;nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&amp;nbsp;GB data layers.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDK200GB_announcement&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=127
 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&amp;nbsp;GB CAPACITY
 | publisher = TDK
 | accessdate = 2006-11-27
 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]]
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=127 |date=2006-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&amp;nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&amp;nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656
| title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow
| accessdate = 2007-04-24
| date=  2007-01-10
| last = Yam
| first = Marcus
| work = DailyTech
| language = English
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html
 | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology
 | accessdate = 2006-05-30
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt; This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure.

[[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&amp;nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&amp;nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&amp;nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]&lt;/ref&gt;  TDK has also produced a 200&amp;nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDK200GB_announcement&quot;/&gt;

== Variants ==
=== BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc ===
BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s.
These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html
| title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring
| accessdate = 2007-08-19
| format = HTML
| work = 
| language = English
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html |date=2008-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]]

=== AVCREC ===
AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD.

=== Blu-ray Disc recordable ===
{{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}}
[[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]].

=== HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs ===
Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[List of Blu-ray Movies]]
* [[Blu-ray Disc Association]]
* [[Format war]]
* [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA)
* [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]]
* [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals
* [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries
* [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]]

=== Tehnologi cakram alternatif ===
* [[HD DVD]]
* [[AVCHD]]
* [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]]
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD)
* [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format
* [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]]
* [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&amp;nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008
* [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs
* [[PH-DVD]]
* [[Protein-coated disc]]
* [[Tapestry Media]]
* [[Ultra Density Optical]]
* [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]]
* [[LS-R]] – a &quot;layer selection&quot; technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}}
{{Portal|Blu-ray}}
* [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association]
* [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site]
* [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA]
* [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }}
* [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology]
* [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories]
* [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS]
* [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing]
* [http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629073810/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 |date=2012-06-29 }} by Hugh Bennett
* [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD...
* [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray]

=== Warta ===
* [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]].
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]].
* [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&amp;nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]].
* [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]].
* [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]].
* [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]].
* [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&amp;&amp;article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&amp;&amp;article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]].
* [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles]
{{Home_video}}

{{HighDefinitionMedia}}

[[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]]
[[Kategori:Platform Java]]
[[Kategori:High-definition television]]
[[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]]
[[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]]
[[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]]
[[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]]
[[Kategori:DVD]]
[[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]]</text>
      <sha1>s14bztkgmcsqj2zqrqjmgijpmqn4dee</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709359</id>
      <parentid>709158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T00:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Harti */</comment>
      <origin>709359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28649" sha1="rfhu7opug1mys0net1jwcck7qhqer39" xml:space="preserve">{{islam}}
'''Haji''' nyaéta [[rukun]] (tihang ageman) [[Islam]] anu kalima sanggeus [[sahadat]], solat, [[zakat]] sarta [[Saum|puasa]]. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji mangrupikeun ritual taunan [[kaum muslim]] sa-dunya anu mampuh (boh sacara matérial, fisik, sarta élmuna) ku cara nganjang sarta ngalaksanakeun runtuyan kagiatan di sababaraha tempat di [[Arab Saudi]] dina wanci anu ditangtoskeun nyaéta usum haji (bulan Dzulhijjah).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hajj |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hajj |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Hal ieu béda sareng [[Umroh|ibadah umroh]] anu bisa dilaksanakeun sawaktu-waktu. Kagiatan inti ibadah haji dimimitian dina tanggal 8 Dzulhijjah nalika umat Islam mondok atanapi mabit di [[Mina]], diteraskeun ku [[Wukuf]] (cicing) di [[Arafah|Padang Arafah]] dina tanggal 9 Dzulhijjah, sarta lekasan sanggeus ngabalangkeun [[jumrah]] (ngabalangkeun batu simbolisasi sétan) dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah. Masarakat [[Indonésia]] ilaharna ogé nyebutna lebaran Haji/ [[Idul Adha]] minangka Poé raya haji jalaran waktosna sareng puncak dilaksanakeunna ibadah Haji ieu.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qurthubi. ''Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Qur'an'', Tafsir Surah Al-Hajj.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Harti==
Sacara ''lughawi'', haji hartosna ngadon atawa nuju sarta ngadatangan. Nurutkeun étimologi [[basa Arab]], kecap haji miboga harti ''qashd'', nyaéta tujuan, maksud, sarta ngadon. Nurutkeun istilah syara', haji téh nuju ka [[Ka'bah|Baitullah]] sarta tempat-tempat nu tangtu pikeun ngalaksanakeun amalan-amalan [[ibadah]] nu tangtu ogé. Anu dimaksud kalawan temat-tempat nu tangtu dina définisi diluhur, sajaba [[Ka'bah]] sarta [[Sa'i|Mas'a]] (tempat sa'i), ogé [[Arafah]], [[Muzdalifah]], sarta [[Mina]]. Anu dimaksud jeung waktu nu tangtu tayalian bulan-bulan haji anu dimimitian ti [[Syawal]] nepi ka sapuluh poé kahiji bulan [[Dzulhijjah]]. Sedengkeun amal ibadah nu tangtu tayalian [[thawaf]], [[sa'i]], [[Wukuf]], [[Mabit|mazbit]] di [[Muzdalifah]], [[jumrah]], mabit di Mina, sarta séjén-séjén.

== Hakékat Haji ==
Salaku ibadah anu jangkep, haji miboga hakékat batiniah anu kacida jerona salian ti runtuyan gerakan fisikna:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumiddin'', Kitab al-Asrar al-Hajj. Dar al-Minhaj.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Simbol Mulang:''' Nganjang ka [[Kabah|Baitullah]] mangrupikeun hakékat &quot;mulangna&quot; hiji hamba ka &quot;imah&quot; asalna, nyaéta mulang ka Gusti Allah SWT (''simbolisasi'' maot sateuacan maot).
* '''Kamanunggalan:''' Wukuf di [[Arafah|Padang Arafah]] nyaéta gambaran [[Padang Mahsyar]], di mana sakabéh manusa ngumpul dina derajat anu sarua, teu ditingal pangkatna, hartana, atanapi sukuna.
* '''Ngalawan Nafsu:''' Ngabalangkeun [[jumrah]] hakékatna sanés mung malédog tugu, tapi simbol ngalawan sarta miceun hawa nafsu sétan anu aya dina diri manusa.
* '''Ihram:''' Ngagunakeun lawon bodas (ihram) hakékatna nyaéta ngaleupaskeun sagala rupa ''atribut'' kadunyaan supados manusa sadar yén nalika maot, taya harta anu dibawa iwal ti amal ibadah.
==Filosofi ==
Ibadah haji sanés ngan saukur ritual fisik, tapi mangrupa perjalanan spiritual anu jero. Ali Syariati dina bukuna ''Makna Haji'' ngagambarkeun yén haji téh prosés manusa ngaleupaskeun &quot;ego&quot; nuju ka jati diri anu murni. 

Hiji cutatan anu kasohor ngeunaan beuratna ieu perjalanan ruhani nyaéta:
{{Quote|text=''Kutanya dia bagaimana telah menempuh? Perjalanan yang sangat sulit dan menakutkan ini'&quot;.|person=[[Ali Syariati]]|source=''Makna Haji''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Syariati&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Syariati |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Syariati |title=Makna Haji |translator=Anas Mahyuddin |publisher=Pustaka |location=Bandung |year=1984 |isbn= |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawatara éta, [[Imam al-Ghazali]] dina kitab ''[[Ihya Ulumuddin]]'' nekenkeun yén hakekat haji téh nyaéta &quot;Ziarah ka Pangéran&quot;. Nurutkeun anjeunna, unggal tahapan haji (saperti Wukuf sarta Tawaf) mangrupa simbol tina kaayaan manusa di poé ahérat engké.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 1, Bab Rahasia-rahasia Haji.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah==
Ibadah haji mangrupikeun syariat anu parantos aya ti jaman [[Nabi Ibrahim]] as. nalika anjeunna dipasihan paréntah ku [[Allah SWT]] pikeun ngawangun deui [[Ka'bah|Baitullah]].&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Abdul Ghani, Sejarah Haji &amp; Manasik, (2004), kaca 15. ISBN 978-9960-944-40-1.&lt;/ref&gt; Peristiwa penting anu janten dadasar manasik haji modéren di antarana nyaéta pangurbanan Nabi Ismail as. sareng perjuangan Siti Hajar nalika milarian cai antara pasir Shafa sareng Marwah.&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Sirah Nabawiyah, (2012), kaca 450. ISBN 978-602-7635-39-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jalma-jalma [[Arab]] dina [[jaman jahiliah]] geus mikawanoh ibadah haji ieu anu diwariskeun ti karuhun maranéhanana warisi kalawan ngalakonan parobahan diditu-didieu. Tapi, wangun umum palaksanaanana masih tetep aya, kawas ''thawaf'', ''sa'i'', ''[[Wukuf]]'', sarta malédog jumrah. Ngan waé dina prakna réa anu henteu luyu deui jeung saréat anu sabenerna.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqih Sunnah, Jilid 3, (2013), kaca 25. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Syariat haji nembé disampurnakeun sacara gembleng dina taun ka-10 Hijriah nalika Rasulullah saw. ngalaksanakeun Haji Wada' salaku conto manasik anu sah dugi ka dinten kiamat.&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Sirah Nabawiyah, (2012), kaca 458.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ku kituna, [[Islam]] datang sarta ngabenerkeun lebah-lebah anu salah sarta tetep ngajalankeun naon-naon anu geus luyu kalawan pituduh syara' (saréat), sakumaha anu diatur dina al-qur'an sarta [[sunnah]] [[Rasul|rosul]]. Kasang tukang ibadah haji ieu ogé didasarkan dina ibadah sarupa anu dilaksanakeun ku nabi-nabi dina ageman Islam, utamana [[Nabi Ibrahim]] (nabina ageman Tauhid). Ritual thawaf didasarkan dina ibadah sarupa anu dilaksanakeun ku umat-umat saméméh nabi Ibarahim. Ritual sa'i, nyaéta lumpat antara [[pasir]] Shafa sarta Marwah (wewengkon rada luhur di kira-kira Ka'bah anu geus jadi hiji kahijian [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjid Al Haram]], [[Makkah]]), ogé  pikeun miéling ritual pamajikan kadua nabi Ibrahim sabot néangan susu pikeun anakna anu tayalian [[Nabi Ismail]. Samentara [[Wukuf]] di Arafah nyaéta ritual pikeun miéling tempat paamprokna nabi [[Adam]] sarta [[Siti Hawa]] di alam dunya, nyaéta asal mula ti gumelarna sakumna umat manusa di dunya.

== Dasar Hukum ==
Paréntah haji dumasar kana dawuhan Allah SWT dina Al-Qur'an:
&lt;blockquote&gt;وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ حِجُّ ٱلْبَيْتِ مَنِ ٱسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Sarta (ngalaksanakeun) haji téh mangrupikeun kawajiban manusa ka Allah, nyaéta pikeun jalma anu mampuh ngayakeun perjalanan ka Baitullah...&quot; ([[Surah Ali Imran|QS. Ali Imran]]: 97).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Surah Ali 'Imran - 97 |url=https://quran.com/3/97 |website=Quran.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Sarta dumasar kana dawuhan Rasulullah SAW ngeunaan tatacara (manasik) haji:
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; padding: 0.5em 1.5em; border-left: 4px solid #006400; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
&quot;Candak ku aranjeun tina conto manasik haji sim kuring (Rasulullah SAW), sabab sim kuring teu terang naha sim kuring bakal haji deui saatos taun ieu.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;— '''[[Hadits]] Riwayat Muslim no. 1297'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sahih Muslim - The Book of Hajj |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/15/346 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
Salian ti ayat Al-Qur'an, kawajiban haji ogé dumasar kana hadits [[Nabi Muhammad]] SAW. Salah sahijina nyaéta hadits anu diriwayatkeun ku Imam Ahmad sarta Imam Muslim:

{{quote|text=&quot;Ti Abu Hurairah r.a., anjeunna nyarios: Rasulullah SAW kantos khutbah di payuneun urang sadaya, dawuhna: 'Wahai manusa, saéstuna Allah parantos ngawajibkeun haji ka aranjeun, mangka pék geura maridamel haji!'. Aya saurang lalaki naros: 'Naha unggal taun, ya Rasulullah?'. Rasulullah SAW cicing sakedap, nepi ka éta lalaki nanya deui nepi ka tilu kali. Tuluy Rasulullah SAW dawuh: 'Upami sim kuring nyebat 'enya', mangka haji bakal janten wajib unggal taun, sarta aranjeun moal bakal sanggup...'&quot;|sign=Hadits Riwayat Muslim (no. 1337) sarta Ahmad (no. 10636).&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Syarh Shahih Muslim''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Dina riwayat séjénna ti Imam Ahmad, ditegeskeun ogé yén haji téh ngan wajib sakali saumur hirup:
{{quote|text=&quot;Haji téh sakali, sarta sing saha anu nambahan (leuwih ti sakali), mangka éta téh mangrupa (ibadah) sunnah.&quot;|sign=Hadits Riwayat Ahmad.&lt;ref&gt;Musnad Ahmad, no. 2239.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Syarat Haji (Istitha'ah) ==
Kecap ''Istitha'ah'' hartosna kamampuh. Jalma anu wajib haji téh nyaéta anu:
* Mampuh sacara '''ékonomi''' pikeun bekel indit, mulang, sarta nafkah kulawarga anu ditinggalkeun.
* Sehat sacara '''fisik''' sarta '''méntal''' pikeun ngalakukeun ''aktivitas'' ibadah anu beurat.
* Aman dina perjalanan (''kaamanan'').

==Jenis ibadah haji==
[[Gambar:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|300px|thumb|top|left|Ritual haji, rukun Islam anu pamungkas.]]
Saban [[jamaah]] bébas pikeun milih jenis ibadah haji anu hayang dilaksanakeunana. [[Muhammad|Rasulullah SAW]] mikeun kabébasan dina hal éta, sakumaha katémbong dina [[hadis]] katut.

[[Aisyah]] RA ngomong: Kami indit ibadah babarengan [[Muhammad|Rasulullah SAW]] dina taunhajjatul wada. di antara kami aya anu ihram, pikeun haji sarta [[umroh]] sarta aya ogé anu berihram pikeun haji. Jelema anu berihram pikeun umroh ber-[[Tahallul]] sabot geus aya di [[Kabah|Baitullah]]. Keur jelema anu berihram pikeun haji lamun manéhna ngumpulkeun haji sarta [[umroh]]. Mangka manéhna henteu ngalakonan [[Tahallul]] nepi ka kalawan réngsé ti nahar.

Katut nyaéta jenis sarta pengertian haji anu dimaksud.

* '''Haji ifrad''', hartosna nyorangan. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji disebut ifrad lamun salahsaurang boga maksud nyorangan, boh nyorangan haji boh nyorangan [[umroh]]. Dina hal ieu, anu diheulakeun nyaéta ibadah haji. Hartina, sabot maké pakéan ihram di miqat-na, jelema kasebut boga niat ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji heula. Lamun ibadah haji geus réngsé, mangka jelema kasebut maké ihram deui pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[umroh]].
* '''Haji tamattu''', miboga harti senang-senang atawa nyalsé kalawan ngalakonan umroh leuwih tiheula di bulan-bulah haji, tuluy [[Tahallul]]. Saterusna maké pakéan ihram deui pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji, ditaun anu sarua. Tamattu' bisa ogé hartosna ngalaksanakeun ibadah sajeroning bulan-bulan sarta dina taunanu sarua, henteu leuwih tiheula balik ka nagari asal.
* '''Haji qiran''', ngandung harti ngagabungkeun, ngahijikeun atawa nyakaliguskeun. Anu dimaksud didieu nyaéta ngahijikeun atawa nyakaliguskeun ihramna pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji sarta umroh. Haji qiran dipigawé kalawan tetep maké ihram saprak miqat ''makani'' sarta ngalaksanakeun kabéh rukun sarta wajib haji nepi ka réngsé, sanajan meureun baris méakeun waktu lila. Nurutkeun [[Abu Hanifah]], ngalaksanakeun haji qiran, hartosna ngalakonan dua thawaf sarta dua sa'i.

==Kagiatan ibadah haji==

Katut nyaéta kagiatan utama dina ibadah haji dumasar urutan waktu:

* Saméméh 8 Dzulhijjah, [[umat Islam]] ti sakumna [[dunya]] mimiti ngaleut pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[Thawaf]] Haji di Masjid Al Haram, Makkah.
* 8 Dzulhijjah, jamaah haji kudu meuting di [[Mina]]. Saméméhnana dina isuk-isuk 8 Dzulhijjah, kabéh umat Islam maké pakéan [[Ihram]] (dua lembar lawon bodas henteu aya kaputan minangka pakéan haji), saterusna boga niat haji, sarta maca bacaan Talbiyah. Isuk-isuk poé tanggal 8 Dzulhijjah, jamaah nuju Mina. Peuting poéna, kabéh jamaah haji kudu meuting di Mina.
* 9 Dzulhijjah, isuk-isuk poéna kabéh jamaah haji indit ka [[Arafah]]. Saterusna jamaah ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Wukuf]], nyaéta cicing sarta ngadua di padang lega ieu nepi ka cunduk Magrib. Saméméh peuting datang, jamaah geura-giru nuju sarta meuting di [[Muzdalifah]].
* 10 Dzulhijjah, sanggeus isuk-isuk di [[Muzdalifah]], jamaah geura-giru nuju [[Mina]] pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Jumrah Aqabah]], nyaéta malédogkeun batu saloba tujuh kali ka tugu kahiji minangka perlambang ngusir sétan. Sanggeus mencukur buuk atawa sawaréh buuk, jamaah bisa Thawaf Haji (ngabéréskeun Haji), atawa bermalam di Mina sarta ngalaksanakeun jumrah sambungan (Ula sarta Wustha).
* 11 Dzulhijjah, malédog jumrah sambungan (Ula) di tugu kahiji, tugu kadua, sarta tugu katilu.
* 12 Dzulhijjah, maledohkeun jumrah sambungan (Ula) di tugu kahiji, tugu kadua, sarta tugu katilu.
* Saméméh balik ka nagara séwang-séwangan, jamaah ngalaksanakeun [[Tawaf Wada']] (thawaf paturay tineung).

==Rukun Haji==
[[File:Public Domain Mecca Maps 38.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Katerangan gambar di dieu (contona: Peta Mekah dina mangsa harita)]]
Amalan- amalan anu teu meunang henteu kudu dilaksanakeun nalika ibadah haji, umpamana ieu amalan diliwat atawa henteu dipigawé tinangtu hajina henteu sah alias batal.&lt;ref name=Guz&gt;{{Cite book | title =Peta Perjalanan Haji Dan Umrah| first =Guz | last =Arifin| publisher =Elex Media Komputindo| location =Jakarta| year =2004| pages =25|ISBN=9789792776614|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DsYqOKK3IdUC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgJEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;Numutkeun istilah fikih rukun hartina sagala anu baris nyieun hiji hal henteu bisa ngawujud mun henteu aya inyana. Kitu deui dina ibadah haji, rukun téh sagala rupa hal anu ngabalukarkeun ibadah haji jadi teu sah atawa batal lamun aya hal anu geus tangtu teu dipigawé.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Ihram]]'': Nyaéta mimitina lumaku kaharama-kaharaman dina ibadah haji dimimitian, kayaning ngawinkeun kitu ogé kawin, sapatemon, maéhan sasatoan, neukteuk kuku jeung buuk, maké minyak seungit, maké baju anu dikaput pikeun lalaki, nutupan beungeut tur dampal leungeun pikeun awéwé.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt; Larangan atawa kaharaman  ieu lumaku salila ngalaksanakeun haji kurang leuwih lima poé, lamun seug éta larangan dirumpak maka baris meunang denda (dam)/kudu mayar denada.&lt;ref name=Ahm&gt;{{Cite book | title =Ensiklopedia Fikih Indonesia: Haji &amp; Umrah| first =Ahmad | last =Sarwat, Lc, M.A| publisher =Gramedia Pustaka| location =Jakarta| year =2019| pages =25|ISBN=9786020382975|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P3yMDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgLEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ''[[Wukuf]] Di Arafah'' : Ieu téh rukun anu paling utama malahan bakat ku pentingna saupama ieu rukun teu dilaksanakeun tinangtu sakabéh rukun hajina baris batal atawa teu sah sarta hajina kudu dibalikan deui taun hareupna. [[Wukuf]] téh dipigawé ngan satuan sakali nyaéta tanggal 9 Zulhijah wungkul.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Tawaf Ifadah|Thawaf Ifadhah]]'': Tayalian dilaksanakeun samulangna ti Arafah sarta meuting di Muzdalifah, jamaah haji leumpang ngurilingan kabah lobana tujuh kuriling dimimitian ti hajar aswad nepika tepung deui di hajar aswad éta disebut sakuriling. Ibadah ieu teumeunang diwakilkeun kanu séjén, lamun teu dipigawé tangtuna hajina teu sah atawa batal.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Sa'i]] Antara Shafa Jeung Marwa'': Tayalian leumpang ti mimiti [[pasir]] Shafa nepi kan [[pasir]] Marwa diitung sakali/sabalik anu lobana nepika 7 balikan kudu noron dipigawena teumeunang kaselang ku amalan séjén, dilaksanakeunna sabada thawaf ifadhah.&lt;ref name= KH&gt;{{Cite book | title =Inti Fiqih Haji dan 'Umrah: Terjemah Kitab al-Manasik al-Shughra li Qashid Umm al-Qura karya KH. Hasyim Asy'ari| first = KH. Muhammad  | last =Hasyim Asy'ari| publisher =Genius Media Malang| location =Malang| year =2004| pages =25|ISBN=9786021442111|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=C2zsDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgIEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Tahallul|Tahalul]]'': Nyaéta neukteuk buuk dina sirah urang sakurang-kurangna tilu lambar, teu meunang neukteuk buuk tina bagéan awak anu séjéna. Tahalul ogé sok disebut al-halqu wa at-taqshir anu pihartieuna ngadugulan buuk sirah atawa neukteuk [[buuk]] [[sirah]] sawaréh.&lt;ref name= KH/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# Tartib : Maksudna migawé rukun Haji kudu luyu jeung katangtuanna teu meunang di aclogan tina rukun ka hiji tuluy migawé rukun ka lima atawa rukun séjéna salian ti rukun ka dua. Jadi dina prakna kudu merenah éntépanna kahiji, ka dua, ka tilu, jeung saterusna.&lt;ref name= KH/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
{{clear|left}}

==Wajib Haji==
Jamaah haji kudu migawé katangtuan wajib haji, umpamana henteu kapigawé alatan aya halangan bisa diganti kujalan mayar denda (Dam) sanajan kitu hajina tetep sah.&lt;ref name= H./&gt; Tapi umpama teu migawé wajib haji ieu alatan ngahaja sok komo bari nyapirakeun, ieumah baris ngadatangkeun dosa sarta kudu meuncit kurban. Sakumaha anu diunggel dina hadist riwayat  Malik '''&quot;Singsaha waé anu ninggalkeun hiji ibadah wajib dina Haji atawa poho, mangka anjeuna kudu meuncit kurban&quot;''.&lt;ref name= H./&gt; Wajib haji téh aya lima, kayaning:
# ''[[Mabit]]'': Meuting di [[Muzdalifah]] dina peuting tangga 10 Dzulhijah
# ''Mabit'': Maeting di Mina dina peuting tanggal 11-13 Dzulhijah
# ''[[Jumrah Aqabah|Jumrah Aqobah]]'' : Maledogkeun batu kana patok anu geus disayagikeun lobana 7 kali dina poé  10 Dzulhijah
# ''[[Jumrah Ula]], [[Jumrah Wustha|Wustha]], Aqabah : Malédogkeun batu kana unggal tihang éta anu lobana 7 kali dina  unggal tihang
# ''[[Tawaf Wada'|Thawaf Wada]]'' : Thawaf paturay tineung saméméh jamaah haji kaluar ti kota [[Mekah]]&lt;ref name= H.&gt;{{Cite book | title =The Journey To Arafah : Kisah Perjalanan Spiritual| first = H. Wahyudi| last =ST., M.Eng.| publisher =PT Adab Indonesia| location =Indramayu| year =2019| pages =32|ISBN=9786238776429|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QcExEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37&amp;dq=Arafah&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiFl4Or75mSAxXI7jgGHQU4JzYQ6AF6BAgEEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=Arafah&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  21  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pantangan Dina Ibadah Haji==
Aya genep perkara anu dipantang dina waktu ngajalankeun [[ibadah]] haji jeung [[umrah]] tayalian:
# Maké [[kaméja]], [[calana]], '''muzah''' (sapatu kulit), jeung [[sorban]]. Pikeun kaum [[lalaki]] tambahan ku teu meunang nutupan [[sirah]]na, alatan ihramna lalaki nya dina sirah. Pikeun kaum [[awéwé]]mah meunang maké [[baju]] beunang [[ngaput]] tapi teumeunang nutupan [[beungeut]]na, alatan ihramna awéwémah dina beungeutna.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Teumeunang maké seuseungitan saperti minyak seungit jeung sajabana, sarta ngajauhan sagala rupa anu seungit-seungit. Umpama pantangan ieu dirumpak, hukumna kudu mayar dengda (dam) kujalan meuncit [[domba]].
# Neukteuk [[buuk]] ogé neukteuk kuku ieu téh dipantang pisan nalika ihram,lamun dirumpak hukumana sarua kudu meuncit domba.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# [[Sapatemon]], ngupat batur, paréa-réa omong, ieu pagawéan baris ngaruksak haji lamun seug dipigawé saméméh tahalul. Lamun seug dirumpak ieu pantangan kudu mayar dam dina palebah dieu ku [[onta]] [[bikang]], [[sapi]], atawa 7 [[domba]]. Tapi lamun dibigawéna sabada [[[[Tahallul|tahalul]]]] wajib hukumna meuncit onta bikang sangkan hajina henteu ruksak.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Ngalakukeun pagawéan, omongan, atawa rindat anu matak ngadatangkeun napsu/birahi pikeun sapatemon ieu dipantang pisan, Lamun seug dirumpak baris meunang hukuman kudu mayar hiji domba. Kitu deui kawin atawa ngawinkeun ieu hukumna henteu sah, sagigireun ti éta kudu mayar dam ogé.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Teumeunang maéhan [[sato]] darat, [[moro]] jeung sajabana. Lamun dirumpak ieu pantangan, kudu ngaganti sato anu paéh éta ku sato anu sarua kalawan beurat jeung ukuran anu sarua.&lt;ref name=Al-&gt;{{Cite book | title =Rahasia Haji dan Umrah| first =Al-Ghazali| last =Imam| publisher =Turos| location =Jakarta| year =2017| pages =69|ISBN=9786021583487|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43449800-rahasia-haji-umrah|accessdate=(disungsi –  22  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Lokasi utama dina ibadah haji==

===Makkah Al Mukaromah===

Di dayeuh ieu pisan nangtung puseur ibadah umat Islam sadunya, [[Ka'bah]], anu aya di puseur [[Masjidil Haram]]. Dina ritual haji, [[Makkah]] jadi tempat bubuka sarta panutup ibadah ieu sabot jamaah diwajibkeun ngalaksanakeun niat sarta thawaf haji.

===Arafah===

Dayeuh di palebah wétan Makkah ieu ogé dipikawanoh minangka tempat puseurna haji, tayalian tempat [[Wukuf]] dilaksanakeun. Wewengkon ngawangun padang lega ieu téh tempat ngariungna kira-kira dua juta jamaah haji ti sakuliah dunya. Di luar usum haji, wewengkon ieu henteu dipaké.

===Mina===

Tempat nangtungna tugu [[jumrah]], nyaéta tempat palaksanaan kagiatan melontarkan batu ka tugu jumrah minangka simbolisasi tindakan [[Nabi Ibrahim]] sabot ngusir setan. Dimasing-maising tempat éta nangtung tugu anu dipaké pikeun palaksanaan: [[Jumrah Aqabah]], [[Jumrah Ula]], sarta [[Jumrah Wustha]]. Di tempat ieu jamaah ogé diwajibkeun pikeun menginap hiji peuting.

===Muzdalifah===

Tempat di deukeut Mina sarta Arafah, dipikawanoh minangka tempat jamaah haji ngalakonan Mabit (Bermalam) sarta ngumpulkeun batu-batu pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah jumrah di Mina.

===Madinah===

Nyaéta dayeuh suci kadua umat Islam. Di tempat ieu pisan panutan umat Islam, [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad SAW]] dimakamkan di [[Masjid Nabawi]]. Tempat ieu sabenerna henteu asup ka dina ritual ibadah haji, tapi jamaah haji ti sakumna dunya biasana menyempatkan diri nganjang ka dayeuh anu tempatna kurang leuwih 200&amp;nbsp;km kalér [[Makkah]] ieu pikeun berziarah sarta ngalaksanakeun [[solat|sholat]] di masjid Nabi.

==Waktu Jeung Tempat Ibadah Haji==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border: 1px solid black; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color: #2e8b57; color: white; text-align: center;&quot;
! Kaping !! Waktos !! Kagiatan &amp; Tempat !! Detil Ritual !! Rujukan Arab &amp; Hartosna
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''8'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Tarwiyah]])&lt;/small&gt; || 08.00 - Isya || '''Niat &amp; Mabit'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Nganggo [[ihram]] sarta nginep di Mina. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَأَهَلُّوا بِالْحَجِّ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...maka maranéhna ngamimitian ihram pikeun haji.&quot; (HR. Muslim 1218)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''9'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arafah)&lt;/small&gt; || 12.00 - 18.00 || '''[[Wukuf]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Arafah]] || Puncak haji: Dzikir sarta ngadu'a. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Maka nalika aranjeun parantos angkat ti Arafat...&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 198)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''9-10''' || 19.00 - Subuh || '''Mabit'''&lt;br&gt;[[Muzdalifah]] || Nginep sakedap sarta mulung krikil. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...kudu nyebut Allah di Masy'aril Haram.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 198)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''10'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Nahr)&lt;/small&gt; || 06.00 - 11.00 || '''[[Jumrah Aqabah]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Ngalémpar 7 krikil sarta '''Tahallul'''. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''يَرْمِي الْجَمْرَةَ يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Nabi ngalémpar jumrah dina dinten Nahr.&quot; (HR. Bukhari 1745)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''10''' || 12.00 - Isya || '''[[Tawaf Ifadah]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Masjidil Haram]] || Muteran [[[[Kabah|Baitullah]]]] (Ka'bah) 7 kali. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...sarta kudu tawaf maranéhna di Baitul Atiq.&quot; (QS. Al-Hajj: 29)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''11-12'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tasyrik)&lt;/small&gt; || Saatos Duhur || '''Lémpar 3 Jumrah'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Ula, Wustha, Aqabah (@7 krikil). || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 203)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''13'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tasyrik)&lt;/small&gt; || Saatos Duhur || '''Nafar Tsani'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Husus pikeun anu netep sapeuting deui. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَمَنْ تَعَجَّلَ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sing saha nu gura-giru (mulang) dina dua poé, maka euweuh dosa.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 203)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''Ahir''' || Sateuacan Mulang || '''[[Tawaf Wada']]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Masjidil Haram]] || Tawaf pamitan (perpisahan). || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''يَكُونَ آخِرُ عَهْدِهِمْ بِالْبَيْتِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...sangkan (tawaf) jadi ahir lalampahan maranéhna.&quot; (HR. Muslim 1327)&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==Catetan kacilakaan ibadah haji==

* [[Désémber]] [[1975]]: 200 jamaah palastra di deukeut dayeuh Makkah sanggeus hiji pipa gas ngajelegur sarta ngaduruk sapuluh tenda.
* [[4 Désémber]] [[1979]]: 153 jamaah palastra sarta 560 séjénna tatu sanggeus patugas kaamanan Arab Saudi anu dibantuan patugas [[Perancis]] mecakan membébaskan Masjidil Haram anu disandera sajumplukan militan salila dua minggu.
* [[31 Juli]] [[1987]]: 402 jamaah palastra, 275 di antarana ti Iran, sanggeus rébuan jamaah Iran anu ngalakonan demonstrasi meunang lalawanan fisik ti kaamanan Arab Saudi. Alatan ti insiden éta Arab Saudi megatkeun hubungan diplomatik jeung Iran, anu ahirna henteu ngirimkeun jamaahna ka Makkah nepi ka taun1991.
* [[10 Juli]] [[1989]]: hiji jamaah palastra sarta 16 tatu alatan penembakan didalam Masjidil Haram. Balukarna 16 urang Kuwait anu ngalakonan penyerangan dihukum tembak mati.
* [[15 Juli]] [[1989]]: lima jamaah asal Pakistan palastra sarta 34 séjénna tatu alatan insiden penembakan ku sajumplukan jelema nyekel pakarang di padumukan maranéhanana di Makkah.
* [[2 Juli]] [[1990]]: 1.426 jamaah palastra lolobana ti Asia alatan terperangkap didalam torowongan Mina.
* [[24 Méi]] [[1994]]: 270 jamaah palastra alatan silih dorong sarta injak di Mina.
* [[7 Méi]] [[1995]]: tilu jamaah palastra alatan kebakaran di Mina.
* 15 April [[1997]]: 343 jamaah palastra sarta 1.500 séjénna tatu alatan kehabisan nafas alatan terjebak didalam kebakaran tenda di Mina.
* [[9 April]] [[1998]]: 118 jamaah palastra alatan berdésak–désakkan waktu palaksanaan lontar jumroh.
* [[5 Maret]] [[2001]]: 35 jamaah palastra sarta puluhan séjénna tatu – tatu alatan berdésak – désakan di Jammarat.
* [[11 Pebruari]] [[2003]]: 14 jamaah palastra di Jumrotul Mina – genep di antarana wanoja.
* [[1 Pebruari]] [[2004]]: Saloba 251 jamaah palastra salila palaksanaan lontar jumrah.
* [[23 Januari]] [[2005]]: 29 jamaah palastra alatan caah panggoréngna dina 20 taunpamungkas di Madinah.
* [[5 Januari]] [[2006]]: Saloba 76 palastra alatan runtuhnya hiji penginapan al-rayahin di jalan Gaza, kira-kira 200 méter palebah kulon Masjidil Haram.
* [[12 Jan]] [[2006]]: Saeutikna 345 jamaah palastra di Jammarat salila palaksanaan lontar jumrah. Insiden ieu lumangsung dina jam 15.30 waktu satempat réngsé solat dzuhur, sanggeus jutaan jamaah silih berdésak–désakkan di panto asup palebah kalér lanté dua Jammarat.

== Rujukan ==
* {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}}
* Khan, Qaisra, &quot;Hajj &amp; 'Umra&quot;, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&amp;nbsp;239–245.
* {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/ |date=2022-12-30 }}
* {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}}

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Rukun islam]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}</text>
      <sha1>rfhu7opug1mys0net1jwcck7qhqer39</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709365</id>
      <parentid>709359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T01:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Waktu Jeung Tempat Ibadah Haji */</comment>
      <origin>709365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28645" sha1="o9t54ttawtc60y779o07pbzymqnn2l2" xml:space="preserve">{{islam}}
'''Haji''' nyaéta [[rukun]] (tihang ageman) [[Islam]] anu kalima sanggeus [[sahadat]], solat, [[zakat]] sarta [[Saum|puasa]]. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji mangrupikeun ritual taunan [[kaum muslim]] sa-dunya anu mampuh (boh sacara matérial, fisik, sarta élmuna) ku cara nganjang sarta ngalaksanakeun runtuyan kagiatan di sababaraha tempat di [[Arab Saudi]] dina wanci anu ditangtoskeun nyaéta usum haji (bulan Dzulhijjah).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hajj |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hajj |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Hal ieu béda sareng [[Umroh|ibadah umroh]] anu bisa dilaksanakeun sawaktu-waktu. Kagiatan inti ibadah haji dimimitian dina tanggal 8 Dzulhijjah nalika umat Islam mondok atanapi mabit di [[Mina]], diteraskeun ku [[Wukuf]] (cicing) di [[Arafah|Padang Arafah]] dina tanggal 9 Dzulhijjah, sarta lekasan sanggeus ngabalangkeun [[jumrah]] (ngabalangkeun batu simbolisasi sétan) dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah. Masarakat [[Indonésia]] ilaharna ogé nyebutna lebaran Haji/ [[Idul Adha]] minangka Poé raya haji jalaran waktosna sareng puncak dilaksanakeunna ibadah Haji ieu.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qurthubi. ''Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Qur'an'', Tafsir Surah Al-Hajj.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Harti==
Sacara ''lughawi'', haji hartosna ngadon atawa nuju sarta ngadatangan. Nurutkeun étimologi [[basa Arab]], kecap haji miboga harti ''qashd'', nyaéta tujuan, maksud, sarta ngadon. Nurutkeun istilah syara', haji téh nuju ka [[Ka'bah|Baitullah]] sarta tempat-tempat nu tangtu pikeun ngalaksanakeun amalan-amalan [[ibadah]] nu tangtu ogé. Anu dimaksud kalawan temat-tempat nu tangtu dina définisi diluhur, sajaba [[Ka'bah]] sarta [[Sa'i|Mas'a]] (tempat sa'i), ogé [[Arafah]], [[Muzdalifah]], sarta [[Mina]]. Anu dimaksud jeung waktu nu tangtu tayalian bulan-bulan haji anu dimimitian ti [[Syawal]] nepi ka sapuluh poé kahiji bulan [[Dzulhijjah]]. Sedengkeun amal ibadah nu tangtu tayalian [[thawaf]], [[sa'i]], [[Wukuf]], [[Mabit|mazbit]] di [[Muzdalifah]], [[jumrah]], mabit di Mina, sarta séjén-séjén.

== Hakékat Haji ==
Salaku ibadah anu jangkep, haji miboga hakékat batiniah anu kacida jerona salian ti runtuyan gerakan fisikna:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumiddin'', Kitab al-Asrar al-Hajj. Dar al-Minhaj.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Simbol Mulang:''' Nganjang ka [[Kabah|Baitullah]] mangrupikeun hakékat &quot;mulangna&quot; hiji hamba ka &quot;imah&quot; asalna, nyaéta mulang ka Gusti Allah SWT (''simbolisasi'' maot sateuacan maot).
* '''Kamanunggalan:''' Wukuf di [[Arafah|Padang Arafah]] nyaéta gambaran [[Padang Mahsyar]], di mana sakabéh manusa ngumpul dina derajat anu sarua, teu ditingal pangkatna, hartana, atanapi sukuna.
* '''Ngalawan Nafsu:''' Ngabalangkeun [[jumrah]] hakékatna sanés mung malédog tugu, tapi simbol ngalawan sarta miceun hawa nafsu sétan anu aya dina diri manusa.
* '''Ihram:''' Ngagunakeun lawon bodas (ihram) hakékatna nyaéta ngaleupaskeun sagala rupa ''atribut'' kadunyaan supados manusa sadar yén nalika maot, taya harta anu dibawa iwal ti amal ibadah.
==Filosofi ==
Ibadah haji sanés ngan saukur ritual fisik, tapi mangrupa perjalanan spiritual anu jero. Ali Syariati dina bukuna ''Makna Haji'' ngagambarkeun yén haji téh prosés manusa ngaleupaskeun &quot;ego&quot; nuju ka jati diri anu murni. 

Hiji cutatan anu kasohor ngeunaan beuratna ieu perjalanan ruhani nyaéta:
{{Quote|text=''Kutanya dia bagaimana telah menempuh? Perjalanan yang sangat sulit dan menakutkan ini'&quot;.|person=[[Ali Syariati]]|source=''Makna Haji''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Syariati&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Syariati |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Syariati |title=Makna Haji |translator=Anas Mahyuddin |publisher=Pustaka |location=Bandung |year=1984 |isbn= |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawatara éta, [[Imam al-Ghazali]] dina kitab ''[[Ihya Ulumuddin]]'' nekenkeun yén hakekat haji téh nyaéta &quot;Ziarah ka Pangéran&quot;. Nurutkeun anjeunna, unggal tahapan haji (saperti Wukuf sarta Tawaf) mangrupa simbol tina kaayaan manusa di poé ahérat engké.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 1, Bab Rahasia-rahasia Haji.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah==
Ibadah haji mangrupikeun syariat anu parantos aya ti jaman [[Nabi Ibrahim]] as. nalika anjeunna dipasihan paréntah ku [[Allah SWT]] pikeun ngawangun deui [[Ka'bah|Baitullah]].&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Abdul Ghani, Sejarah Haji &amp; Manasik, (2004), kaca 15. ISBN 978-9960-944-40-1.&lt;/ref&gt; Peristiwa penting anu janten dadasar manasik haji modéren di antarana nyaéta pangurbanan Nabi Ismail as. sareng perjuangan Siti Hajar nalika milarian cai antara pasir Shafa sareng Marwah.&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Sirah Nabawiyah, (2012), kaca 450. ISBN 978-602-7635-39-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jalma-jalma [[Arab]] dina [[jaman jahiliah]] geus mikawanoh ibadah haji ieu anu diwariskeun ti karuhun maranéhanana warisi kalawan ngalakonan parobahan diditu-didieu. Tapi, wangun umum palaksanaanana masih tetep aya, kawas ''thawaf'', ''sa'i'', ''[[Wukuf]]'', sarta malédog jumrah. Ngan waé dina prakna réa anu henteu luyu deui jeung saréat anu sabenerna.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqih Sunnah, Jilid 3, (2013), kaca 25. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Syariat haji nembé disampurnakeun sacara gembleng dina taun ka-10 Hijriah nalika Rasulullah saw. ngalaksanakeun Haji Wada' salaku conto manasik anu sah dugi ka dinten kiamat.&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Sirah Nabawiyah, (2012), kaca 458.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ku kituna, [[Islam]] datang sarta ngabenerkeun lebah-lebah anu salah sarta tetep ngajalankeun naon-naon anu geus luyu kalawan pituduh syara' (saréat), sakumaha anu diatur dina al-qur'an sarta [[sunnah]] [[Rasul|rosul]]. Kasang tukang ibadah haji ieu ogé didasarkan dina ibadah sarupa anu dilaksanakeun ku nabi-nabi dina ageman Islam, utamana [[Nabi Ibrahim]] (nabina ageman Tauhid). Ritual thawaf didasarkan dina ibadah sarupa anu dilaksanakeun ku umat-umat saméméh nabi Ibarahim. Ritual sa'i, nyaéta lumpat antara [[pasir]] Shafa sarta Marwah (wewengkon rada luhur di kira-kira Ka'bah anu geus jadi hiji kahijian [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjid Al Haram]], [[Makkah]]), ogé  pikeun miéling ritual pamajikan kadua nabi Ibrahim sabot néangan susu pikeun anakna anu tayalian [[Nabi Ismail]. Samentara [[Wukuf]] di Arafah nyaéta ritual pikeun miéling tempat paamprokna nabi [[Adam]] sarta [[Siti Hawa]] di alam dunya, nyaéta asal mula ti gumelarna sakumna umat manusa di dunya.

== Dasar Hukum ==
Paréntah haji dumasar kana dawuhan Allah SWT dina Al-Qur'an:
&lt;blockquote&gt;وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ حِجُّ ٱلْبَيْتِ مَنِ ٱسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Sarta (ngalaksanakeun) haji téh mangrupikeun kawajiban manusa ka Allah, nyaéta pikeun jalma anu mampuh ngayakeun perjalanan ka Baitullah...&quot; ([[Surah Ali Imran|QS. Ali Imran]]: 97).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Surah Ali 'Imran - 97 |url=https://quran.com/3/97 |website=Quran.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Sarta dumasar kana dawuhan Rasulullah SAW ngeunaan tatacara (manasik) haji:
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; padding: 0.5em 1.5em; border-left: 4px solid #006400; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
&quot;Candak ku aranjeun tina conto manasik haji sim kuring (Rasulullah SAW), sabab sim kuring teu terang naha sim kuring bakal haji deui saatos taun ieu.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;— '''[[Hadits]] Riwayat Muslim no. 1297'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sahih Muslim - The Book of Hajj |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/15/346 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
Salian ti ayat Al-Qur'an, kawajiban haji ogé dumasar kana hadits [[Nabi Muhammad]] SAW. Salah sahijina nyaéta hadits anu diriwayatkeun ku Imam Ahmad sarta Imam Muslim:

{{quote|text=&quot;Ti Abu Hurairah r.a., anjeunna nyarios: Rasulullah SAW kantos khutbah di payuneun urang sadaya, dawuhna: 'Wahai manusa, saéstuna Allah parantos ngawajibkeun haji ka aranjeun, mangka pék geura maridamel haji!'. Aya saurang lalaki naros: 'Naha unggal taun, ya Rasulullah?'. Rasulullah SAW cicing sakedap, nepi ka éta lalaki nanya deui nepi ka tilu kali. Tuluy Rasulullah SAW dawuh: 'Upami sim kuring nyebat 'enya', mangka haji bakal janten wajib unggal taun, sarta aranjeun moal bakal sanggup...'&quot;|sign=Hadits Riwayat Muslim (no. 1337) sarta Ahmad (no. 10636).&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Syarh Shahih Muslim''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Dina riwayat séjénna ti Imam Ahmad, ditegeskeun ogé yén haji téh ngan wajib sakali saumur hirup:
{{quote|text=&quot;Haji téh sakali, sarta sing saha anu nambahan (leuwih ti sakali), mangka éta téh mangrupa (ibadah) sunnah.&quot;|sign=Hadits Riwayat Ahmad.&lt;ref&gt;Musnad Ahmad, no. 2239.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Syarat Haji (Istitha'ah) ==
Kecap ''Istitha'ah'' hartosna kamampuh. Jalma anu wajib haji téh nyaéta anu:
* Mampuh sacara '''ékonomi''' pikeun bekel indit, mulang, sarta nafkah kulawarga anu ditinggalkeun.
* Sehat sacara '''fisik''' sarta '''méntal''' pikeun ngalakukeun ''aktivitas'' ibadah anu beurat.
* Aman dina perjalanan (''kaamanan'').

==Jenis ibadah haji==
[[Gambar:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|300px|thumb|top|left|Ritual haji, rukun Islam anu pamungkas.]]
Saban [[jamaah]] bébas pikeun milih jenis ibadah haji anu hayang dilaksanakeunana. [[Muhammad|Rasulullah SAW]] mikeun kabébasan dina hal éta, sakumaha katémbong dina [[hadis]] katut.

[[Aisyah]] RA ngomong: Kami indit ibadah babarengan [[Muhammad|Rasulullah SAW]] dina taunhajjatul wada. di antara kami aya anu ihram, pikeun haji sarta [[umroh]] sarta aya ogé anu berihram pikeun haji. Jelema anu berihram pikeun umroh ber-[[Tahallul]] sabot geus aya di [[Kabah|Baitullah]]. Keur jelema anu berihram pikeun haji lamun manéhna ngumpulkeun haji sarta [[umroh]]. Mangka manéhna henteu ngalakonan [[Tahallul]] nepi ka kalawan réngsé ti nahar.

Katut nyaéta jenis sarta pengertian haji anu dimaksud.

* '''Haji ifrad''', hartosna nyorangan. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji disebut ifrad lamun salahsaurang boga maksud nyorangan, boh nyorangan haji boh nyorangan [[umroh]]. Dina hal ieu, anu diheulakeun nyaéta ibadah haji. Hartina, sabot maké pakéan ihram di miqat-na, jelema kasebut boga niat ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji heula. Lamun ibadah haji geus réngsé, mangka jelema kasebut maké ihram deui pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[umroh]].
* '''Haji tamattu''', miboga harti senang-senang atawa nyalsé kalawan ngalakonan umroh leuwih tiheula di bulan-bulah haji, tuluy [[Tahallul]]. Saterusna maké pakéan ihram deui pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji, ditaun anu sarua. Tamattu' bisa ogé hartosna ngalaksanakeun ibadah sajeroning bulan-bulan sarta dina taunanu sarua, henteu leuwih tiheula balik ka nagari asal.
* '''Haji qiran''', ngandung harti ngagabungkeun, ngahijikeun atawa nyakaliguskeun. Anu dimaksud didieu nyaéta ngahijikeun atawa nyakaliguskeun ihramna pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji sarta umroh. Haji qiran dipigawé kalawan tetep maké ihram saprak miqat ''makani'' sarta ngalaksanakeun kabéh rukun sarta wajib haji nepi ka réngsé, sanajan meureun baris méakeun waktu lila. Nurutkeun [[Abu Hanifah]], ngalaksanakeun haji qiran, hartosna ngalakonan dua thawaf sarta dua sa'i.

==Kagiatan ibadah haji==

Katut nyaéta kagiatan utama dina ibadah haji dumasar urutan waktu:

* Saméméh 8 Dzulhijjah, [[umat Islam]] ti sakumna [[dunya]] mimiti ngaleut pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[Thawaf]] Haji di Masjid Al Haram, Makkah.
* 8 Dzulhijjah, jamaah haji kudu meuting di [[Mina]]. Saméméhnana dina isuk-isuk 8 Dzulhijjah, kabéh umat Islam maké pakéan [[Ihram]] (dua lembar lawon bodas henteu aya kaputan minangka pakéan haji), saterusna boga niat haji, sarta maca bacaan Talbiyah. Isuk-isuk poé tanggal 8 Dzulhijjah, jamaah nuju Mina. Peuting poéna, kabéh jamaah haji kudu meuting di Mina.
* 9 Dzulhijjah, isuk-isuk poéna kabéh jamaah haji indit ka [[Arafah]]. Saterusna jamaah ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Wukuf]], nyaéta cicing sarta ngadua di padang lega ieu nepi ka cunduk Magrib. Saméméh peuting datang, jamaah geura-giru nuju sarta meuting di [[Muzdalifah]].
* 10 Dzulhijjah, sanggeus isuk-isuk di [[Muzdalifah]], jamaah geura-giru nuju [[Mina]] pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Jumrah Aqabah]], nyaéta malédogkeun batu saloba tujuh kali ka tugu kahiji minangka perlambang ngusir sétan. Sanggeus mencukur buuk atawa sawaréh buuk, jamaah bisa Thawaf Haji (ngabéréskeun Haji), atawa bermalam di Mina sarta ngalaksanakeun jumrah sambungan (Ula sarta Wustha).
* 11 Dzulhijjah, malédog jumrah sambungan (Ula) di tugu kahiji, tugu kadua, sarta tugu katilu.
* 12 Dzulhijjah, maledohkeun jumrah sambungan (Ula) di tugu kahiji, tugu kadua, sarta tugu katilu.
* Saméméh balik ka nagara séwang-séwangan, jamaah ngalaksanakeun [[Tawaf Wada']] (thawaf paturay tineung).

==Rukun Haji==
[[File:Public Domain Mecca Maps 38.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Katerangan gambar di dieu (contona: Peta Mekah dina mangsa harita)]]
Amalan- amalan anu teu meunang henteu kudu dilaksanakeun nalika ibadah haji, umpamana ieu amalan diliwat atawa henteu dipigawé tinangtu hajina henteu sah alias batal.&lt;ref name=Guz&gt;{{Cite book | title =Peta Perjalanan Haji Dan Umrah| first =Guz | last =Arifin| publisher =Elex Media Komputindo| location =Jakarta| year =2004| pages =25|ISBN=9789792776614|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DsYqOKK3IdUC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgJEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;Numutkeun istilah fikih rukun hartina sagala anu baris nyieun hiji hal henteu bisa ngawujud mun henteu aya inyana. Kitu deui dina ibadah haji, rukun téh sagala rupa hal anu ngabalukarkeun ibadah haji jadi teu sah atawa batal lamun aya hal anu geus tangtu teu dipigawé.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Ihram]]'': Nyaéta mimitina lumaku kaharama-kaharaman dina ibadah haji dimimitian, kayaning ngawinkeun kitu ogé kawin, sapatemon, maéhan sasatoan, neukteuk kuku jeung buuk, maké minyak seungit, maké baju anu dikaput pikeun lalaki, nutupan beungeut tur dampal leungeun pikeun awéwé.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt; Larangan atawa kaharaman  ieu lumaku salila ngalaksanakeun haji kurang leuwih lima poé, lamun seug éta larangan dirumpak maka baris meunang denda (dam)/kudu mayar denada.&lt;ref name=Ahm&gt;{{Cite book | title =Ensiklopedia Fikih Indonesia: Haji &amp; Umrah| first =Ahmad | last =Sarwat, Lc, M.A| publisher =Gramedia Pustaka| location =Jakarta| year =2019| pages =25|ISBN=9786020382975|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P3yMDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgLEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ''[[Wukuf]] Di Arafah'' : Ieu téh rukun anu paling utama malahan bakat ku pentingna saupama ieu rukun teu dilaksanakeun tinangtu sakabéh rukun hajina baris batal atawa teu sah sarta hajina kudu dibalikan deui taun hareupna. [[Wukuf]] téh dipigawé ngan satuan sakali nyaéta tanggal 9 Zulhijah wungkul.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Tawaf Ifadah|Thawaf Ifadhah]]'': Tayalian dilaksanakeun samulangna ti Arafah sarta meuting di Muzdalifah, jamaah haji leumpang ngurilingan kabah lobana tujuh kuriling dimimitian ti hajar aswad nepika tepung deui di hajar aswad éta disebut sakuriling. Ibadah ieu teumeunang diwakilkeun kanu séjén, lamun teu dipigawé tangtuna hajina teu sah atawa batal.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Sa'i]] Antara Shafa Jeung Marwa'': Tayalian leumpang ti mimiti [[pasir]] Shafa nepi kan [[pasir]] Marwa diitung sakali/sabalik anu lobana nepika 7 balikan kudu noron dipigawena teumeunang kaselang ku amalan séjén, dilaksanakeunna sabada thawaf ifadhah.&lt;ref name= KH&gt;{{Cite book | title =Inti Fiqih Haji dan 'Umrah: Terjemah Kitab al-Manasik al-Shughra li Qashid Umm al-Qura karya KH. Hasyim Asy'ari| first = KH. Muhammad  | last =Hasyim Asy'ari| publisher =Genius Media Malang| location =Malang| year =2004| pages =25|ISBN=9786021442111|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=C2zsDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgIEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Tahallul|Tahalul]]'': Nyaéta neukteuk buuk dina sirah urang sakurang-kurangna tilu lambar, teu meunang neukteuk buuk tina bagéan awak anu séjéna. Tahalul ogé sok disebut al-halqu wa at-taqshir anu pihartieuna ngadugulan buuk sirah atawa neukteuk [[buuk]] [[sirah]] sawaréh.&lt;ref name= KH/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# Tartib : Maksudna migawé rukun Haji kudu luyu jeung katangtuanna teu meunang di aclogan tina rukun ka hiji tuluy migawé rukun ka lima atawa rukun séjéna salian ti rukun ka dua. Jadi dina prakna kudu merenah éntépanna kahiji, ka dua, ka tilu, jeung saterusna.&lt;ref name= KH/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
{{clear|left}}

==Wajib Haji==
Jamaah haji kudu migawé katangtuan wajib haji, umpamana henteu kapigawé alatan aya halangan bisa diganti kujalan mayar denda (Dam) sanajan kitu hajina tetep sah.&lt;ref name= H./&gt; Tapi umpama teu migawé wajib haji ieu alatan ngahaja sok komo bari nyapirakeun, ieumah baris ngadatangkeun dosa sarta kudu meuncit kurban. Sakumaha anu diunggel dina hadist riwayat  Malik '''&quot;Singsaha waé anu ninggalkeun hiji ibadah wajib dina Haji atawa poho, mangka anjeuna kudu meuncit kurban&quot;''.&lt;ref name= H./&gt; Wajib haji téh aya lima, kayaning:
# ''[[Mabit]]'': Meuting di [[Muzdalifah]] dina peuting tangga 10 Dzulhijah
# ''Mabit'': Maeting di Mina dina peuting tanggal 11-13 Dzulhijah
# ''[[Jumrah Aqabah|Jumrah Aqobah]]'' : Maledogkeun batu kana patok anu geus disayagikeun lobana 7 kali dina poé  10 Dzulhijah
# ''[[Jumrah Ula]], [[Jumrah Wustha|Wustha]], Aqabah : Malédogkeun batu kana unggal tihang éta anu lobana 7 kali dina  unggal tihang
# ''[[Tawaf Wada'|Thawaf Wada]]'' : Thawaf paturay tineung saméméh jamaah haji kaluar ti kota [[Mekah]]&lt;ref name= H.&gt;{{Cite book | title =The Journey To Arafah : Kisah Perjalanan Spiritual| first = H. Wahyudi| last =ST., M.Eng.| publisher =PT Adab Indonesia| location =Indramayu| year =2019| pages =32|ISBN=9786238776429|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QcExEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37&amp;dq=Arafah&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiFl4Or75mSAxXI7jgGHQU4JzYQ6AF6BAgEEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=Arafah&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  21  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pantangan Dina Ibadah Haji==
Aya genep perkara anu dipantang dina waktu ngajalankeun [[ibadah]] haji jeung [[umrah]] tayalian:
# Maké [[kaméja]], [[calana]], '''muzah''' (sapatu kulit), jeung [[sorban]]. Pikeun kaum [[lalaki]] tambahan ku teu meunang nutupan [[sirah]]na, alatan ihramna lalaki nya dina sirah. Pikeun kaum [[awéwé]]mah meunang maké [[baju]] beunang [[ngaput]] tapi teumeunang nutupan [[beungeut]]na, alatan ihramna awéwémah dina beungeutna.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Teumeunang maké seuseungitan saperti minyak seungit jeung sajabana, sarta ngajauhan sagala rupa anu seungit-seungit. Umpama pantangan ieu dirumpak, hukumna kudu mayar dengda (dam) kujalan meuncit [[domba]].
# Neukteuk [[buuk]] ogé neukteuk kuku ieu téh dipantang pisan nalika ihram,lamun dirumpak hukumana sarua kudu meuncit domba.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# [[Sapatemon]], ngupat batur, paréa-réa omong, ieu pagawéan baris ngaruksak haji lamun seug dipigawé saméméh tahalul. Lamun seug dirumpak ieu pantangan kudu mayar dam dina palebah dieu ku [[onta]] [[bikang]], [[sapi]], atawa 7 [[domba]]. Tapi lamun dibigawéna sabada [[[[Tahallul|tahalul]]]] wajib hukumna meuncit onta bikang sangkan hajina henteu ruksak.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Ngalakukeun pagawéan, omongan, atawa rindat anu matak ngadatangkeun napsu/birahi pikeun sapatemon ieu dipantang pisan, Lamun seug dirumpak baris meunang hukuman kudu mayar hiji domba. Kitu deui kawin atawa ngawinkeun ieu hukumna henteu sah, sagigireun ti éta kudu mayar dam ogé.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Teumeunang maéhan [[sato]] darat, [[moro]] jeung sajabana. Lamun dirumpak ieu pantangan, kudu ngaganti sato anu paéh éta ku sato anu sarua kalawan beurat jeung ukuran anu sarua.&lt;ref name=Al-&gt;{{Cite book | title =Rahasia Haji dan Umrah| first =Al-Ghazali| last =Imam| publisher =Turos| location =Jakarta| year =2017| pages =69|ISBN=9786021583487|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43449800-rahasia-haji-umrah|accessdate=(disungsi –  22  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Lokasi utama dina ibadah haji==

===Makkah Al Mukaromah===

Di dayeuh ieu pisan nangtung puseur ibadah umat Islam sadunya, [[Ka'bah]], anu aya di puseur [[Masjidil Haram]]. Dina ritual haji, [[Makkah]] jadi tempat bubuka sarta panutup ibadah ieu sabot jamaah diwajibkeun ngalaksanakeun niat sarta thawaf haji.

===Arafah===

Dayeuh di palebah wétan Makkah ieu ogé dipikawanoh minangka tempat puseurna haji, tayalian tempat [[Wukuf]] dilaksanakeun. Wewengkon ngawangun padang lega ieu téh tempat ngariungna kira-kira dua juta jamaah haji ti sakuliah dunya. Di luar usum haji, wewengkon ieu henteu dipaké.

===Mina===

Tempat nangtungna tugu [[jumrah]], nyaéta tempat palaksanaan kagiatan melontarkan batu ka tugu jumrah minangka simbolisasi tindakan [[Nabi Ibrahim]] sabot ngusir setan. Dimasing-maising tempat éta nangtung tugu anu dipaké pikeun palaksanaan: [[Jumrah Aqabah]], [[Jumrah Ula]], sarta [[Jumrah Wustha]]. Di tempat ieu jamaah ogé diwajibkeun pikeun menginap hiji peuting.

===Muzdalifah===

Tempat di deukeut Mina sarta Arafah, dipikawanoh minangka tempat jamaah haji ngalakonan Mabit (Bermalam) sarta ngumpulkeun batu-batu pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah jumrah di Mina.

===Madinah===

Nyaéta dayeuh suci kadua umat Islam. Di tempat ieu pisan panutan umat Islam, [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad SAW]] dimakamkan di [[Masjid Nabawi]]. Tempat ieu sabenerna henteu asup ka dina ritual ibadah haji, tapi jamaah haji ti sakumna dunya biasana menyempatkan diri nganjang ka dayeuh anu tempatna kurang leuwih 200&amp;nbsp;km kalér [[Makkah]] ieu pikeun berziarah sarta ngalaksanakeun [[solat|sholat]] di masjid Nabi.

==Waktu Jeung Tempat Ibadah Haji==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border: 1px solid black; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color: #2e8b57; color: white; text-align: center;&quot;
! Kaping !! Waktos !! Kagiatan &amp; Tempat !! Detil Ritual !! Rujukan Arab &amp; Hartosna
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''8'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Tarwiyah]])&lt;/small&gt; || 08.00 - Isya || '''Niat &amp; Mabit'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Nganggo [[ihram]] sarta nginep di Mina. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَأَهَلُّوا بِالْحَجِّ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...maka maranéhna ngamimitian ihram pikeun haji.&quot; (HR. Muslim 1218)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''9'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arafah)&lt;/small&gt; || 12.00 - 18.00 || '''[[Wukuf]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Arafah]] || Puncak haji: Dzikir sarta ngadu'a. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Maka nalika aranjeun parantos angkat ti Arafat...&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 198)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''9-10''' || 19.00 - Subuh || '''Mabit'''&lt;br&gt;[[Muzdalifah]] || Nginep sakedap sarta mulung krikil. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...kudu nyebut Allah di Masy'aril Haram.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 198)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''10'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Nahr)&lt;/small&gt; || 06.00 - 11.00 || '''[[Jumrah Aqabah]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Ngalémpar 7 krikil sarta '''Tahallul'''. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''يَرْمِي الْجَمْرَةَ يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Nabi ngalémpar jumrah dina dinten Nahr.&quot; (HR. Bukhari 1745)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''10''' || 12.00 - Isya || '''[[Tawaf Ifadah]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Masjidil Haram]] || Muteran [[Kabah|Baitullah]] (Ka'bah) 7 kali. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...sarta kudu tawaf maranéhna di Baitul Atiq.&quot; (QS. Al-Hajj: 29)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''11-12'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tasyrik)&lt;/small&gt; || Saatos Duhur || '''Lémpar 3 Jumrah'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Ula, Wustha, Aqabah (@7 krikil). || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 203)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''13'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tasyrik)&lt;/small&gt; || Saatos Duhur || '''Nafar Tsani'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Husus pikeun anu netep sapeuting deui. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَمَنْ تَعَجَّلَ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sing saha nu gura-giru (mulang) dina dua poé, maka euweuh dosa.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 203)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''Ahir''' || Sateuacan Mulang || '''[[Tawaf Wada']]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Masjidil Haram]] || Tawaf pamitan (perpisahan). || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''يَكُونَ آخِرُ عَهْدِهِمْ بِالْبَيْتِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...sangkan (tawaf) jadi ahir lalampahan maranéhna.&quot; (HR. Muslim 1327)&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==Catetan kacilakaan ibadah haji==

* [[Désémber]] [[1975]]: 200 jamaah palastra di deukeut dayeuh Makkah sanggeus hiji pipa gas ngajelegur sarta ngaduruk sapuluh tenda.
* [[4 Désémber]] [[1979]]: 153 jamaah palastra sarta 560 séjénna tatu sanggeus patugas kaamanan Arab Saudi anu dibantuan patugas [[Perancis]] mecakan membébaskan Masjidil Haram anu disandera sajumplukan militan salila dua minggu.
* [[31 Juli]] [[1987]]: 402 jamaah palastra, 275 di antarana ti Iran, sanggeus rébuan jamaah Iran anu ngalakonan demonstrasi meunang lalawanan fisik ti kaamanan Arab Saudi. Alatan ti insiden éta Arab Saudi megatkeun hubungan diplomatik jeung Iran, anu ahirna henteu ngirimkeun jamaahna ka Makkah nepi ka taun1991.
* [[10 Juli]] [[1989]]: hiji jamaah palastra sarta 16 tatu alatan penembakan didalam Masjidil Haram. Balukarna 16 urang Kuwait anu ngalakonan penyerangan dihukum tembak mati.
* [[15 Juli]] [[1989]]: lima jamaah asal Pakistan palastra sarta 34 séjénna tatu alatan insiden penembakan ku sajumplukan jelema nyekel pakarang di padumukan maranéhanana di Makkah.
* [[2 Juli]] [[1990]]: 1.426 jamaah palastra lolobana ti Asia alatan terperangkap didalam torowongan Mina.
* [[24 Méi]] [[1994]]: 270 jamaah palastra alatan silih dorong sarta injak di Mina.
* [[7 Méi]] [[1995]]: tilu jamaah palastra alatan kebakaran di Mina.
* 15 April [[1997]]: 343 jamaah palastra sarta 1.500 séjénna tatu alatan kehabisan nafas alatan terjebak didalam kebakaran tenda di Mina.
* [[9 April]] [[1998]]: 118 jamaah palastra alatan berdésak–désakkan waktu palaksanaan lontar jumroh.
* [[5 Maret]] [[2001]]: 35 jamaah palastra sarta puluhan séjénna tatu – tatu alatan berdésak – désakan di Jammarat.
* [[11 Pebruari]] [[2003]]: 14 jamaah palastra di Jumrotul Mina – genep di antarana wanoja.
* [[1 Pebruari]] [[2004]]: Saloba 251 jamaah palastra salila palaksanaan lontar jumrah.
* [[23 Januari]] [[2005]]: 29 jamaah palastra alatan caah panggoréngna dina 20 taunpamungkas di Madinah.
* [[5 Januari]] [[2006]]: Saloba 76 palastra alatan runtuhnya hiji penginapan al-rayahin di jalan Gaza, kira-kira 200 méter palebah kulon Masjidil Haram.
* [[12 Jan]] [[2006]]: Saeutikna 345 jamaah palastra di Jammarat salila palaksanaan lontar jumrah. Insiden ieu lumangsung dina jam 15.30 waktu satempat réngsé solat dzuhur, sanggeus jutaan jamaah silih berdésak–désakkan di panto asup palebah kalér lanté dua Jammarat.

== Rujukan ==
* {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}}
* Khan, Qaisra, &quot;Hajj &amp; 'Umra&quot;, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&amp;nbsp;239–245.
* {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/ |date=2022-12-30 }}
* {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}}

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Rukun islam]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}</text>
      <sha1>o9t54ttawtc60y779o07pbzymqnn2l2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709402</id>
      <parentid>709365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:41:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28681" sha1="1mrfskhuz2vitc1jpwrjbfhqqodg18w" xml:space="preserve">{{islam}}
'''Haji''' nyaéta [[rukun]] (tihang ageman) [[Islam]] anu kalima sanggeus [[sahadat]], solat, [[zakat]] sarta [[Saum|puasa]]. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji mangrupikeun ritual taunan [[kaum muslim]] sa-dunya anu mampuh (boh sacara matérial, fisik, sarta élmuna) ku cara nganjang sarta ngalaksanakeun runtuyan kagiatan di sababaraha tempat di [[Arab Saudi]] dina wanci anu ditangtoskeun nyaéta usum haji (bulan Dzulhijjah).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hajj |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hajj |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Hal ieu béda sareng [[Umroh|ibadah umroh]] anu bisa dilaksanakeun sawaktu-waktu. Kagiatan inti ibadah haji dimimitian dina tanggal 8 Dzulhijjah nalika umat Islam mondok atanapi mabit di [[Mina]], diteraskeun ku [[Wukuf]] (cicing) di [[Arafah|Padang Arafah]] dina tanggal 9 Dzulhijjah, sarta lekasan sanggeus ngabalangkeun [[jumrah]] (ngabalangkeun batu simbolisasi sétan) dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah. Masarakat [[Indonésia]] ilaharna ogé nyebutna lebaran Haji/ [[Idul Adha]] minangka Poé raya haji jalaran waktosna sareng puncak dilaksanakeunna ibadah Haji ieu.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qurthubi. ''Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Qur'an'', Tafsir Surah Al-Hajj.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Harti==
Sacara ''lughawi'', haji hartosna ngadon atawa nuju sarta ngadatangan. Nurutkeun étimologi [[basa Arab]], kecap haji miboga harti ''qashd'', nyaéta tujuan, maksud, sarta ngadon. Nurutkeun istilah syara', haji téh nuju ka [[Ka'bah|Baitullah]] sarta tempat-tempat nu tangtu pikeun ngalaksanakeun amalan-amalan [[ibadah]] nu tangtu ogé. Anu dimaksud kalawan temat-tempat nu tangtu dina définisi diluhur, sajaba [[Ka'bah]] sarta [[Sa'i|Mas'a]] (tempat sa'i), ogé [[Arafah]], [[Muzdalifah]], sarta [[Mina]]. Anu dimaksud jeung waktu nu tangtu tayalian bulan-bulan haji anu dimimitian ti [[Syawal]] nepi ka sapuluh poé kahiji bulan [[Dzulhijjah]]. Sedengkeun amal ibadah nu tangtu tayalian [[thawaf]], [[sa'i]], [[Wukuf]], [[Mabit|mazbit]] di [[Muzdalifah]], [[jumrah]], mabit di Mina, sarta séjén-séjén.

== Hakékat Haji ==
Salaku ibadah anu jangkep, haji miboga hakékat batiniah anu kacida jerona salian ti runtuyan gerakan fisikna:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumiddin'', Kitab al-Asrar al-Hajj. Dar al-Minhaj.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Simbol Mulang:''' Nganjang ka [[Kabah|Baitullah]] mangrupikeun hakékat &quot;mulangna&quot; hiji hamba ka &quot;imah&quot; asalna, nyaéta mulang ka Gusti Allah SWT (''simbolisasi'' maot sateuacan maot).
* '''Kamanunggalan:''' Wukuf di [[Arafah|Padang Arafah]] nyaéta gambaran [[Padang Mahsyar]], di mana sakabéh manusa ngumpul dina derajat anu sarua, teu ditingal pangkatna, hartana, atanapi sukuna.
* '''Ngalawan Nafsu:''' Ngabalangkeun [[jumrah]] hakékatna sanés mung malédog tugu, tapi simbol ngalawan sarta miceun hawa nafsu sétan anu aya dina diri manusa.
* '''Ihram:''' Ngagunakeun lawon bodas (ihram) hakékatna nyaéta ngaleupaskeun sagala rupa ''atribut'' kadunyaan supados manusa sadar yén nalika maot, taya harta anu dibawa iwal ti amal ibadah.
==Filosofi ==
Ibadah haji sanés ngan saukur ritual fisik, tapi mangrupa perjalanan spiritual anu jero. Ali Syariati dina bukuna ''Makna Haji'' ngagambarkeun yén haji téh prosés manusa ngaleupaskeun &quot;ego&quot; nuju ka jati diri anu murni. 

Hiji cutatan anu kasohor ngeunaan beuratna ieu perjalanan ruhani nyaéta:
{{Quote|text=''Kutanya dia bagaimana telah menempuh? Perjalanan yang sangat sulit dan menakutkan ini'&quot;.|person=[[Ali Syariati]]|source=''Makna Haji''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Syariati&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Syariati |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Syariati |title=Makna Haji |translator=Anas Mahyuddin |publisher=Pustaka |location=Bandung |year=1984 |isbn= |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawatara éta, [[Imam al-Ghazali]] dina kitab ''[[Ihya Ulumuddin]]'' nekenkeun yén hakekat haji téh nyaéta &quot;Ziarah ka Pangéran&quot;. Nurutkeun anjeunna, unggal tahapan haji (saperti Wukuf sarta Tawaf) mangrupa simbol tina kaayaan manusa di poé ahérat engké.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''. Jilid 1, Bab Rahasia-rahasia Haji.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah==
Ibadah haji mangrupikeun syariat anu parantos aya ti jaman [[Nabi Ibrahim]] as. nalika anjeunna dipasihan paréntah ku [[Allah SWT]] pikeun ngawangun deui [[Ka'bah|Baitullah]].&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Abdul Ghani, Sejarah Haji &amp; Manasik, (2004), kaca 15. ISBN 978-9960-944-40-1.&lt;/ref&gt; Peristiwa penting anu janten dadasar manasik haji modéren di antarana nyaéta pangurbanan Nabi Ismail as. sareng perjuangan Siti Hajar nalika milarian cai antara pasir Shafa sareng Marwah.&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Sirah Nabawiyah, (2012), kaca 450. ISBN 978-602-7635-39-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jalma-jalma [[Arab]] dina [[jaman jahiliah]] geus mikawanoh ibadah haji ieu anu diwariskeun ti karuhun maranéhanana warisi kalawan ngalakonan parobahan diditu-didieu. Tapi, wangun umum palaksanaanana masih tetep aya, kawas ''thawaf'', ''sa'i'', ''[[Wukuf]]'', sarta malédog jumrah. Ngan waé dina prakna réa anu henteu luyu deui jeung saréat anu sabenerna.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqih Sunnah, Jilid 3, (2013), kaca 25. ISBN 978-979-3210-44-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Syariat haji nembé disampurnakeun sacara gembleng dina taun ka-10 Hijriah nalika Rasulullah saw. ngalaksanakeun Haji Wada' salaku conto manasik anu sah dugi ka dinten kiamat.&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Sirah Nabawiyah, (2012), kaca 458.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ku kituna, [[Islam]] datang sarta ngabenerkeun lebah-lebah anu salah sarta tetep ngajalankeun naon-naon anu geus luyu kalawan pituduh syara' (saréat), sakumaha anu diatur dina al-qur'an sarta [[sunnah]] [[Rasul|rosul]]. Kasang tukang ibadah haji ieu ogé didasarkan dina ibadah sarupa anu dilaksanakeun ku nabi-nabi dina ageman Islam, utamana [[Nabi Ibrahim]] (nabina ageman Tauhid). Ritual thawaf didasarkan dina ibadah sarupa anu dilaksanakeun ku umat-umat saméméh nabi Ibarahim. Ritual sa'i, nyaéta lumpat antara [[pasir]] Shafa sarta Marwah (wewengkon rada luhur di kira-kira Ka'bah anu geus jadi hiji kahijian [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjid Al Haram]], [[Makkah]]), ogé  pikeun miéling ritual pamajikan kadua nabi Ibrahim sabot néangan susu pikeun anakna anu tayalian [[Nabi Ismail]. Samentara [[Wukuf]] di Arafah nyaéta ritual pikeun miéling tempat paamprokna nabi [[Adam]] sarta [[Siti Hawa]] di alam dunya, nyaéta asal mula ti gumelarna sakumna umat manusa di dunya.

== Dasar Hukum ==
Paréntah haji dumasar kana dawuhan Allah SWT dina Al-Qur'an:
&lt;blockquote&gt;وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ حِجُّ ٱلْبَيْتِ مَنِ ٱسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Sarta (ngalaksanakeun) haji téh mangrupikeun kawajiban manusa ka Allah, nyaéta pikeun jalma anu mampuh ngayakeun perjalanan ka Baitullah...&quot; ([[Surah Ali Imran|QS. Ali Imran]]: 97).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Surah Ali 'Imran - 97 |url=https://quran.com/3/97 |website=Quran.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Sarta dumasar kana dawuhan Rasulullah SAW ngeunaan tatacara (manasik) haji:
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 1em 0; padding: 0.5em 1.5em; border-left: 4px solid #006400; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6;&quot;&gt;
&quot;Candak ku aranjeun tina conto manasik haji sim kuring (Rasulullah SAW), sabab sim kuring teu terang naha sim kuring bakal haji deui saatos taun ieu.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;— '''[[Hadits]] Riwayat Muslim no. 1297'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sahih Muslim - The Book of Hajj |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim/15/346 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=27 Maret 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
Salian ti ayat Al-Qur'an, kawajiban haji ogé dumasar kana hadits [[Nabi Muhammad]] SAW. Salah sahijina nyaéta hadits anu diriwayatkeun ku Imam Ahmad sarta Imam Muslim:

{{quote|text=&quot;Ti Abu Hurairah r.a., anjeunna nyarios: Rasulullah SAW kantos khutbah di payuneun urang sadaya, dawuhna: 'Wahai manusa, saéstuna Allah parantos ngawajibkeun haji ka aranjeun, mangka pék geura maridamel haji!'. Aya saurang lalaki naros: 'Naha unggal taun, ya Rasulullah?'. Rasulullah SAW cicing sakedap, nepi ka éta lalaki nanya deui nepi ka tilu kali. Tuluy Rasulullah SAW dawuh: 'Upami sim kuring nyebat 'enya', mangka haji bakal janten wajib unggal taun, sarta aranjeun moal bakal sanggup...'&quot;|sign=Hadits Riwayat Muslim (no. 1337) sarta Ahmad (no. 10636).&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Syarh Shahih Muslim''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Dina riwayat séjénna ti Imam Ahmad, ditegeskeun ogé yén haji téh ngan wajib sakali saumur hirup:
{{quote|text=&quot;Haji téh sakali, sarta sing saha anu nambahan (leuwih ti sakali), mangka éta téh mangrupa (ibadah) sunnah.&quot;|sign=Hadits Riwayat Ahmad.&lt;ref&gt;Musnad Ahmad, no. 2239.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Syarat Haji (Istitha'ah) ==
Kecap ''Istitha'ah'' hartosna kamampuh. Jalma anu wajib haji téh nyaéta anu:
* Mampuh sacara '''ékonomi''' pikeun bekel indit, mulang, sarta nafkah kulawarga anu ditinggalkeun.
* Sehat sacara '''fisik''' sarta '''méntal''' pikeun ngalakukeun ''aktivitas'' ibadah anu beurat.
* Aman dina perjalanan (''kaamanan'').

==Jenis ibadah haji==
[[Gambar:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|300px|thumb|top|left|Ritual haji, rukun Islam anu pamungkas.]]
Saban [[jamaah]] bébas pikeun milih jenis ibadah haji anu hayang dilaksanakeunana. [[Muhammad|Rasulullah SAW]] mikeun kabébasan dina hal éta, sakumaha katémbong dina [[hadis]] katut.

[[Aisyah]] RA ngomong: Kami indit ibadah babarengan [[Muhammad|Rasulullah SAW]] dina taunhajjatul wada. di antara kami aya anu ihram, pikeun haji sarta [[umroh]] sarta aya ogé anu berihram pikeun haji. Jelema anu berihram pikeun umroh ber-[[Tahallul]] sabot geus aya di [[Kabah|Baitullah]]. Keur jelema anu berihram pikeun haji lamun manéhna ngumpulkeun haji sarta [[umroh]]. Mangka manéhna henteu ngalakonan [[Tahallul]] nepi ka kalawan réngsé ti nahar.

Katut nyaéta jenis sarta pengertian haji anu dimaksud.

* '''Haji ifrad''', hartosna nyorangan. Ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji disebut ifrad lamun salahsaurang boga maksud nyorangan, boh nyorangan haji boh nyorangan [[umroh]]. Dina hal ieu, anu diheulakeun nyaéta ibadah haji. Hartina, sabot maké pakéan ihram di miqat-na, jelema kasebut boga niat ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji heula. Lamun ibadah haji geus réngsé, mangka jelema kasebut maké ihram deui pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[umroh]].
* '''Haji tamattu''', miboga harti senang-senang atawa nyalsé kalawan ngalakonan umroh leuwih tiheula di bulan-bulah haji, tuluy [[Tahallul]]. Saterusna maké pakéan ihram deui pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji, ditaun anu sarua. Tamattu' bisa ogé hartosna ngalaksanakeun ibadah sajeroning bulan-bulan sarta dina taunanu sarua, henteu leuwih tiheula balik ka nagari asal.
* '''Haji qiran''', ngandung harti ngagabungkeun, ngahijikeun atawa nyakaliguskeun. Anu dimaksud didieu nyaéta ngahijikeun atawa nyakaliguskeun ihramna pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji sarta umroh. Haji qiran dipigawé kalawan tetep maké ihram saprak miqat ''makani'' sarta ngalaksanakeun kabéh rukun sarta wajib haji nepi ka réngsé, sanajan meureun baris méakeun waktu lila. Nurutkeun [[Abu Hanifah]], ngalaksanakeun haji qiran, hartosna ngalakonan dua thawaf sarta dua sa'i.

==Kagiatan ibadah haji==

Katut nyaéta kagiatan utama dina ibadah haji dumasar urutan waktu:

* Saméméh 8 Dzulhijjah, [[umat Islam]] ti sakumna [[dunya]] mimiti ngaleut pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[Thawaf]] Haji di Masjid Al Haram, Makkah.
* 8 Dzulhijjah, jamaah haji kudu meuting di [[Mina]]. Saméméhnana dina isuk-isuk 8 Dzulhijjah, kabéh umat Islam maké pakéan [[Ihram]] (dua lembar lawon bodas henteu aya kaputan minangka pakéan haji), saterusna boga niat haji, sarta maca bacaan Talbiyah. Isuk-isuk poé tanggal 8 Dzulhijjah, jamaah nuju Mina. Peuting poéna, kabéh jamaah haji kudu meuting di Mina.
* 9 Dzulhijjah, isuk-isuk poéna kabéh jamaah haji indit ka [[Arafah]]. Saterusna jamaah ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Wukuf]], nyaéta cicing sarta ngadua di padang lega ieu nepi ka cunduk Magrib. Saméméh peuting datang, jamaah geura-giru nuju sarta meuting di [[Muzdalifah]].
* 10 Dzulhijjah, sanggeus isuk-isuk di [[Muzdalifah]], jamaah geura-giru nuju [[Mina]] pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Jumrah Aqabah]], nyaéta malédogkeun batu saloba tujuh kali ka tugu kahiji minangka perlambang ngusir sétan. Sanggeus mencukur buuk atawa sawaréh buuk, jamaah bisa Thawaf Haji (ngabéréskeun Haji), atawa bermalam di Mina sarta ngalaksanakeun jumrah sambungan (Ula sarta Wustha).
* 11 Dzulhijjah, malédog jumrah sambungan (Ula) di tugu kahiji, tugu kadua, sarta tugu katilu.
* 12 Dzulhijjah, maledohkeun jumrah sambungan (Ula) di tugu kahiji, tugu kadua, sarta tugu katilu.
* Saméméh balik ka nagara séwang-séwangan, jamaah ngalaksanakeun [[Tawaf Wada']] (thawaf paturay tineung).

==Rukun Haji==
[[File:Public Domain Mecca Maps 38.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Katerangan gambar di dieu (contona: Peta Mekah dina mangsa harita)]]
Amalan- amalan anu teu meunang henteu kudu dilaksanakeun nalika ibadah haji, umpamana ieu amalan diliwat atawa henteu dipigawé tinangtu hajina henteu sah alias batal.&lt;ref name=Guz&gt;{{Cite book | title =Peta Perjalanan Haji Dan Umrah| first =Guz | last =Arifin| publisher =Elex Media Komputindo| location =Jakarta| year =2004| pages =25|ISBN=9789792776614|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DsYqOKK3IdUC&amp;pg=PA25&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgJEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;Numutkeun istilah fikih rukun hartina sagala anu baris nyieun hiji hal henteu bisa ngawujud mun henteu aya inyana. Kitu deui dina ibadah haji, rukun téh sagala rupa hal anu ngabalukarkeun ibadah haji jadi teu sah atawa batal lamun aya hal anu geus tangtu teu dipigawé.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Ihram]]'': Nyaéta mimitina lumaku kaharama-kaharaman dina ibadah haji dimimitian, kayaning ngawinkeun kitu ogé kawin, sapatemon, maéhan sasatoan, neukteuk kuku jeung buuk, maké minyak seungit, maké baju anu dikaput pikeun lalaki, nutupan beungeut tur dampal leungeun pikeun awéwé.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt; Larangan atawa kaharaman  ieu lumaku salila ngalaksanakeun haji kurang leuwih lima poé, lamun seug éta larangan dirumpak maka baris meunang denda (dam)/kudu mayar denada.&lt;ref name=Ahm&gt;{{Cite book | title =Ensiklopedia Fikih Indonesia: Haji &amp; Umrah| first =Ahmad | last =Sarwat, Lc, M.A| publisher =Gramedia Pustaka| location =Jakarta| year =2019| pages =25|ISBN=9786020382975|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P3yMDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA86&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgLEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ''[[Wukuf]] Di Arafah'' : Ieu téh rukun anu paling utama malahan bakat ku pentingna saupama ieu rukun teu dilaksanakeun tinangtu sakabéh rukun hajina baris batal atawa teu sah sarta hajina kudu dibalikan deui taun hareupna. [[Wukuf]] téh dipigawé ngan satuan sakali nyaéta tanggal 9 Zulhijah wungkul.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Tawaf Ifadah|Thawaf Ifadhah]]'': Tayalian dilaksanakeun samulangna ti Arafah sarta meuting di Muzdalifah, jamaah haji leumpang ngurilingan kabah lobana tujuh kuriling dimimitian ti hajar aswad nepika tepung deui di hajar aswad éta disebut sakuriling. Ibadah ieu teumeunang diwakilkeun kanu séjén, lamun teu dipigawé tangtuna hajina teu sah atawa batal.&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Sa'i]] Antara Shafa Jeung Marwa'': Tayalian leumpang ti mimiti [[pasir]] Shafa nepi kan [[pasir]] Marwa diitung sakali/sabalik anu lobana nepika 7 balikan kudu noron dipigawena teumeunang kaselang ku amalan séjén, dilaksanakeunna sabada thawaf ifadhah.&lt;ref name= KH&gt;{{Cite book | title =Inti Fiqih Haji dan 'Umrah: Terjemah Kitab al-Manasik al-Shughra li Qashid Umm al-Qura karya KH. Hasyim Asy'ari| first = KH. Muhammad  | last =Hasyim Asy'ari| publisher =Genius Media Malang| location =Malang| year =2004| pages =25|ISBN=9786021442111|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=C2zsDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA26&amp;dq=rukun+haji&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj179jGj5mSAxX4zjgGHZ-SIk0Q6AF6BAgIEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=rukun%20haji&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  20  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# ''[[Tahallul|Tahalul]]'': Nyaéta neukteuk buuk dina sirah urang sakurang-kurangna tilu lambar, teu meunang neukteuk buuk tina bagéan awak anu séjéna. Tahalul ogé sok disebut al-halqu wa at-taqshir anu pihartieuna ngadugulan buuk sirah atawa neukteuk [[buuk]] [[sirah]] sawaréh.&lt;ref name= KH/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
# Tartib : Maksudna migawé rukun Haji kudu luyu jeung katangtuanna teu meunang di aclogan tina rukun ka hiji tuluy migawé rukun ka lima atawa rukun séjéna salian ti rukun ka dua. Jadi dina prakna kudu merenah éntépanna kahiji, ka dua, ka tilu, jeung saterusna.&lt;ref name= KH/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ahm/&gt;
{{clear|left}}

==Wajib Haji==
Jamaah haji kudu migawé katangtuan wajib haji, umpamana henteu kapigawé alatan aya halangan bisa diganti kujalan mayar denda (Dam) sanajan kitu hajina tetep sah.&lt;ref name= H./&gt; Tapi umpama teu migawé wajib haji ieu alatan ngahaja sok komo bari nyapirakeun, ieumah baris ngadatangkeun dosa sarta kudu meuncit kurban. Sakumaha anu diunggel dina hadist riwayat  Malik '''&quot;Singsaha waé anu ninggalkeun hiji ibadah wajib dina Haji atawa poho, mangka anjeuna kudu meuncit kurban&quot;''.&lt;ref name= H./&gt; Wajib haji téh aya lima, kayaning:
# ''[[Mabit]]'': Meuting di [[Muzdalifah]] dina peuting tangga 10 Dzulhijah
# ''Mabit'': Maeting di Mina dina peuting tanggal 11-13 Dzulhijah
# ''[[Jumrah Aqabah|Jumrah Aqobah]]'' : Maledogkeun batu kana patok anu geus disayagikeun lobana 7 kali dina poé  10 Dzulhijah
# ''[[Jumrah Ula]], [[Jumrah Wustha|Wustha]], Aqabah : Malédogkeun batu kana unggal tihang éta anu lobana 7 kali dina  unggal tihang
# ''[[Tawaf Wada'|Thawaf Wada]]'' : Thawaf paturay tineung saméméh jamaah haji kaluar ti kota [[Mekah]]&lt;ref name= H.&gt;{{Cite book | title =The Journey To Arafah : Kisah Perjalanan Spiritual| first = H. Wahyudi| last =ST., M.Eng.| publisher =PT Adab Indonesia| location =Indramayu| year =2019| pages =32|ISBN=9786238776429|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QcExEQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37&amp;dq=Arafah&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiFl4Or75mSAxXI7jgGHQU4JzYQ6AF6BAgEEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=Arafah&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  21  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pantangan Dina Ibadah Haji==
Aya genep perkara anu dipantang dina waktu ngajalankeun [[ibadah]] haji jeung [[umrah]] tayalian:
# Maké [[kaméja]], [[calana]], '''muzah''' (sapatu kulit), jeung [[sorban]]. Pikeun kaum [[lalaki]] tambahan ku teu meunang nutupan [[sirah]]na, alatan ihramna lalaki nya dina sirah. Pikeun kaum [[awéwé]]mah meunang maké [[baju]] beunang [[ngaput]] tapi teumeunang nutupan [[beungeut]]na, alatan ihramna awéwémah dina beungeutna.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Teumeunang maké seuseungitan saperti minyak seungit jeung sajabana, sarta ngajauhan sagala rupa anu seungit-seungit. Umpama pantangan ieu dirumpak, hukumna kudu mayar dengda (dam) kujalan meuncit [[domba]].
# Neukteuk [[buuk]] ogé neukteuk kuku ieu téh dipantang pisan nalika ihram,lamun dirumpak hukumana sarua kudu meuncit domba.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# [[Sapatemon]], ngupat batur, paréa-réa omong, ieu pagawéan baris ngaruksak haji lamun seug dipigawé saméméh tahalul. Lamun seug dirumpak ieu pantangan kudu mayar dam dina palebah dieu ku [[onta]] [[bikang]], [[sapi]], atawa 7 [[domba]]. Tapi lamun dibigawéna sabada [[[[Tahallul|tahalul]]]] wajib hukumna meuncit onta bikang sangkan hajina henteu ruksak.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Ngalakukeun pagawéan, omongan, atawa rindat anu matak ngadatangkeun napsu/birahi pikeun sapatemon ieu dipantang pisan, Lamun seug dirumpak baris meunang hukuman kudu mayar hiji domba. Kitu deui kawin atawa ngawinkeun ieu hukumna henteu sah, sagigireun ti éta kudu mayar dam ogé.&lt;ref name=Al-/&gt;
# Teumeunang maéhan [[sato]] darat, [[moro]] jeung sajabana. Lamun dirumpak ieu pantangan, kudu ngaganti sato anu paéh éta ku sato anu sarua kalawan beurat jeung ukuran anu sarua.&lt;ref name=Al-&gt;{{Cite book | title =Rahasia Haji dan Umrah| first =Al-Ghazali| last =Imam| publisher =Turos| location =Jakarta| year =2017| pages =69|ISBN=9786021583487|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43449800-rahasia-haji-umrah|accessdate=(disungsi –  22  Januari  2026)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Lokasi utama dina ibadah haji==

===Makkah Al Mukaromah===

Di dayeuh ieu pisan nangtung puseur ibadah umat Islam sadunya, [[Ka'bah]], anu aya di puseur [[Masjidil Haram]]. Dina ritual haji, [[Makkah]] jadi tempat bubuka sarta panutup ibadah ieu sabot jamaah diwajibkeun ngalaksanakeun niat sarta thawaf haji.

===Arafah===

Dayeuh di palebah wétan Makkah ieu ogé dipikawanoh minangka tempat puseurna haji, tayalian tempat [[Wukuf]] dilaksanakeun. Wewengkon ngawangun padang lega ieu téh tempat ngariungna kira-kira dua juta jamaah haji ti sakuliah dunya. Di luar usum haji, wewengkon ieu henteu dipaké.

===Mina===

Tempat nangtungna tugu [[jumrah]], nyaéta tempat palaksanaan kagiatan melontarkan batu ka tugu jumrah minangka simbolisasi tindakan [[Nabi Ibrahim]] sabot ngusir setan. Dimasing-maising tempat éta nangtung tugu anu dipaké pikeun palaksanaan: [[Jumrah Aqabah]], [[Jumrah Ula]], sarta [[Jumrah Wustha]]. Di tempat ieu jamaah ogé diwajibkeun pikeun menginap hiji peuting.

===Muzdalifah===

Tempat di deukeut Mina sarta Arafah, dipikawanoh minangka tempat jamaah haji ngalakonan Mabit (Bermalam) sarta ngumpulkeun batu-batu pikeun ngalaksanakeun ibadah jumrah di Mina.

===Madinah===

Nyaéta dayeuh suci kadua umat Islam. Di tempat ieu pisan panutan umat Islam, [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad SAW]] dimakamkan di [[Masjid Nabawi]]. Tempat ieu sabenerna henteu asup ka dina ritual ibadah haji, tapi jamaah haji ti sakumna dunya biasana menyempatkan diri nganjang ka dayeuh anu tempatna kurang leuwih 200&amp;nbsp;km kalér [[Makkah]] ieu pikeun berziarah sarta ngalaksanakeun [[solat|sholat]] di masjid Nabi.

==Waktu Jeung Tempat Ibadah Haji==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; border: 1px solid black; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color: #2e8b57; color: white; text-align: center;&quot;
! Kaping !! Waktos !! Kagiatan &amp; Tempat !! Detil Ritual !! Rujukan Arab &amp; Hartosna
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''8'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Tarwiyah]])&lt;/small&gt; || 08.00 - Isya || '''Niat &amp; Mabit'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Nganggo [[ihram]] sarta nginep di Mina. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَأَهَلُّوا بِالْحَجِّ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...maka maranéhna ngamimitian ihram pikeun haji.&quot; (HR. Muslim 1218)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''9'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Arafah)&lt;/small&gt; || 12.00 - 18.00 || '''[[Wukuf]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Arafah]] || Puncak haji: Dzikir sarta ngadu'a. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Maka nalika aranjeun parantos angkat ti Arafat...&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 198)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''9-10''' || 19.00 - Subuh || '''Mabit'''&lt;br&gt;[[Muzdalifah]] || Nginep sakedap sarta mulung krikil. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...kudu nyebut Allah di Masy'aril Haram.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 198)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''10'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Nahr)&lt;/small&gt; || 06.00 - 11.00 || '''[[Jumrah Aqabah]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Ngalémpar 7 krikil sarta '''Tahallul'''. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''يَرْمِي الْجَمْرَةَ يَوْمَ النَّحْرِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Nabi ngalémpar jumrah dina dinten Nahr.&quot; (HR. Bukhari 1745)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''10''' || 12.00 - Isya || '''[[Tawaf Ifadah]]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Masjidil Haram]] || Muteran [[Kabah|Baitullah]] (Ka'bah) 7 kali. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...sarta kudu tawaf maranéhna di Baitul Atiq.&quot; (QS. Al-Hajj: 29)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''11-12'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tasyrik)&lt;/small&gt; || Saatos Duhur || '''Lémpar 3 Jumrah'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Ula, Wustha, Aqabah (@7 krikil). || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sarta kudu dzikir ka Allah dina poé nu geus ditangtukeun.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 203)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''13'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Tasyrik)&lt;/small&gt; || Saatos Duhur || '''Nafar Tsani'''&lt;br&gt;[[Mina]] || Husus pikeun anu netep sapeuting deui. || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''فَمَنْ تَعَجَّلَ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ فَلَا إِثْمَ عَلَيْهِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sing saha nu gura-giru (mulang) dina dua poé, maka euweuh dosa.&quot; (QS. Al-Baqarah: 203)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | '''Ahir''' || Sateuacan Mulang || '''[[Tawaf Wada']]'''&lt;br&gt;[[Masjidil Haram]] || Tawaf pamitan (perpisahan). || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | '''يَكُونَ آخِرُ عَهْدِهِمْ بِالْبَيْتِ'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;...sangkan (tawaf) jadi ahir lalampahan maranéhna.&quot; (HR. Muslim 1327)&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==Catetan kacilakaan ibadah haji==

* [[Désémber]] [[1975]]: 200 jamaah palastra di deukeut dayeuh Makkah sanggeus hiji pipa gas ngajelegur sarta ngaduruk sapuluh tenda.
* [[4 Désémber]] [[1979]]: 153 jamaah palastra sarta 560 séjénna tatu sanggeus patugas kaamanan Arab Saudi anu dibantuan patugas [[Perancis]] mecakan membébaskan Masjidil Haram anu disandera sajumplukan militan salila dua minggu.
* [[31 Juli]] [[1987]]: 402 jamaah palastra, 275 di antarana ti Iran, sanggeus rébuan jamaah Iran anu ngalakonan demonstrasi meunang lalawanan fisik ti kaamanan Arab Saudi. Alatan ti insiden éta Arab Saudi megatkeun hubungan diplomatik jeung Iran, anu ahirna henteu ngirimkeun jamaahna ka Makkah nepi ka taun1991.
* [[10 Juli]] [[1989]]: hiji jamaah palastra sarta 16 tatu alatan penembakan didalam Masjidil Haram. Balukarna 16 urang Kuwait anu ngalakonan penyerangan dihukum tembak mati.
* [[15 Juli]] [[1989]]: lima jamaah asal Pakistan palastra sarta 34 séjénna tatu alatan insiden penembakan ku sajumplukan jelema nyekel pakarang di padumukan maranéhanana di Makkah.
* [[2 Juli]] [[1990]]: 1.426 jamaah palastra lolobana ti Asia alatan terperangkap didalam torowongan Mina.
* [[24 Méi]] [[1994]]: 270 jamaah palastra alatan silih dorong sarta injak di Mina.
* [[7 Méi]] [[1995]]: tilu jamaah palastra alatan kebakaran di Mina.
* 15 April [[1997]]: 343 jamaah palastra sarta 1.500 séjénna tatu alatan kehabisan nafas alatan terjebak didalam kebakaran tenda di Mina.
* [[9 April]] [[1998]]: 118 jamaah palastra alatan berdésak–désakkan waktu palaksanaan lontar jumroh.
* [[5 Maret]] [[2001]]: 35 jamaah palastra sarta puluhan séjénna tatu – tatu alatan berdésak – désakan di Jammarat.
* [[11 Pebruari]] [[2003]]: 14 jamaah palastra di Jumrotul Mina – genep di antarana wanoja.
* [[1 Pebruari]] [[2004]]: Saloba 251 jamaah palastra salila palaksanaan lontar jumrah.
* [[23 Januari]] [[2005]]: 29 jamaah palastra alatan caah panggoréngna dina 20 taunpamungkas di Madinah.
* [[5 Januari]] [[2006]]: Saloba 76 palastra alatan runtuhnya hiji penginapan al-rayahin di jalan Gaza, kira-kira 200 méter palebah kulon Masjidil Haram.
* [[12 Jan]] [[2006]]: Saeutikna 345 jamaah palastra di Jammarat salila palaksanaan lontar jumrah. Insiden ieu lumangsung dina jam 15.30 waktu satempat réngsé solat dzuhur, sanggeus jutaan jamaah silih berdésak–désakkan di panto asup palebah kalér lanté dua Jammarat.

== Rujukan ==
* {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}}
* Khan, Qaisra, &quot;Hajj &amp; 'Umra&quot;, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&amp;nbsp;239–245.
* {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/ |date=2022-12-30 }}
* {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}}
{{Islam-pondok}}
==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:ibadah]]
[[Kategori:Rukun islam]]
{{Ibadah Haji}}</text>
      <sha1>1mrfskhuz2vitc1jpwrjbfhqqodg18w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2008</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709355</id>
      <parentid>707731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T23:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81472" sha1="e1v6qzmxug2834k6glipjubjvsjdtw6" xml:space="preserve">{{year nav|2008}}
{{C21YearInTopic}}
'''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]].
{{Calendar}}
2008 kasebut minangka:
* [[Taun Basa Internasional]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, &quot;General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding&quot; GA/10592]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013555/http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html |date=2020-11-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111051/http://www.potato2008.org/ |date=2007-09-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019013414/http://esa.un.org/iys/ |date=2007-10-19 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221062234/http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 |date=2007-12-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030658/http://www.yearofreading.org.uk/ |date=2008-05-16 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430073926/http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm |date=2008-04-30 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;;

Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[Indonésia]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa adalah ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[29 Pébruari]].

== Kajadian ==
&lt;!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --&gt;
=== Januari ===
{{MonthR_31_Sal|Januari}}
* [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat.
* [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130041939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 |date=2009-01-30 }}, EurActiv&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706103838/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ |date=2009-07-06 }}, EUbusiness&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/http://www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF).
* [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. 
* [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend.
* [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30.
* [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. 
* [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election
* [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]].
* [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. 
* [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&amp;nbsp;°F).
* [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. 
* [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
* [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. 
* [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference.
* [[January 7]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. 
* [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker.
* [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]].
* [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]].
* [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money.
* [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name &quot;[[Panasonic]]&quot;, announced to change the company name to &quot;Panasonic Corporation&quot; from [[October 1]], 2008.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&amp;newsid=6289887 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171140/http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&amp;newsid=6289887 |date=2008-02-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500).
* [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes.
* [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.&lt;ref&gt;http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.&lt;ref&gt;http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064211/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 |date=2008-01-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland.
* [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]].
* [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]].
* [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling.
* [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned &quot;unlawful or illegal activity&quot; conducted by two activists.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120174830/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html |date=2008-01-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.&lt;ref&gt;http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122053205/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 |date=2008-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds.
* [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]].
* [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]].
* [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]].
* [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]].
* [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community.
* [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. 
* [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%.
&lt;!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --&gt;
* [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died.
* [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]].
* [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]].
* [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar.
* [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]].
* [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223234051/http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html |date=2008-02-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]].
* [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&amp;sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&amp;refer=home&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]].
* [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].&lt;ref&gt;http://wsf2008.net/eng/home {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219214350/http://wsf2008.net/eng/home |date=2009-02-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]].
* [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]].
* [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes.
* [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611001053/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]].
* [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race.

=== Pébruari ===
{{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}}
[[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]]
* [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket&quot;, Associated Press&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year&quot;, Associated Press&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&amp;P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points.
* [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]].
* [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]].
* [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]].
* [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&amp;sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&amp;refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html &quot;Rudd says sorry&quot;], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg |date=2008-09-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&amp;sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&amp;refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24.
* [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918153755/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow |date=2008-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]].
* [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis.
* [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew.
* [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]].
{{-}}

=== March ===
{{Month3|3|5|year=2008}}
[[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]]
* March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]].
* [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005.
* [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed.
* [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]].
* [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]].
* [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. 
* [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc.
* [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament%26navi%3DMONDE &quot;Bhutan votes for status quo&quot;], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&amp;nbsp;mi.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk.
* [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]].
* [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== April ===
{{Month3|4|1|year=2008}}
* [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008&lt;/ref&gt; and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408094450/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html |date=2008-04-08 }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205104/http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 |date=2008-06-26 }}, ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]].
* [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]].
* [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients.
* [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News&lt;/ref&gt;

=== May ===
{{Month3|5|3|year=2008}}
[[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]]
* [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]].
* [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]].
* [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&amp;nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]].
* [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]].
* [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]]
* [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100.
* [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]].
* [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries.
* [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228000225/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/ |date=2008-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]].

=== June ===
{{Month3|6|6|year=2008}}
* [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. 
* [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested.
* [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44.
* [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched.
* [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]].
* [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty.
* [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400.
* [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''&quot;Water and sustainable development&quot;''.
* [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing.
* [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]].
* [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== July ===
{{Month3|7|1|year=2008}}
[[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]]
* [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces.
* [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150.
* [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]].
* [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes.
* [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]].
* [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople.
* [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]].
* [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yahooiraq&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk 
|first= Selcan
|last= Hacaoglu
|date= 28-07-2008 
|publisher= AP}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620203845/http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp |date=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== August ===
{{Month3|8|4|year=2008}}
[[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]]
* [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918165415/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html |date=2008-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400.
* [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected
|first= 
|last= 
|url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm
|date= 08-04-2008
|accessdate= 2008-08-04
|publisher= Xinhua}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title= Chinese border assault kills 16
|first= 
|last= 
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm
|date= 08-04-2008
|accessdate= 2008-08-04
|publisher= BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]].
* [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. 
* [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827101849/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html |date=2008-08-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM
|first= 
|last= 
|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html
|date= 08-15-2008
|accessdate= 2008-08-15
|publisher= CNN
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817040145/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date=2008-08-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash
|first= 
|last= 
|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm
|date= 08-20-2008
|accessdate= 2008-08-20
|publisher= BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]].
* [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&amp;catid=25:security-measures&amp;Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044758/http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&amp;catid=25:security-measures&amp;Itemid=38 |date=2011-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114055640/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html |date=2009-11-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== September ===
{{Month3|9|0|year=2008}}

* [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531200023/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece |date=2010-05-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]].
* [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&amp;A: Cyprus peace process}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024021253/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html |date=2008-10-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} 
&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80 |date=2008-09-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106223640/http://press.web.cern.ch/Press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html |date=2009-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025034123/http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/ |date=2008-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]].
* [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry.
* [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929061212/http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html |date=2008-09-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725225434/http://www.spacex.com/F1-004.php |date=2011-07-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[September 29]]-[[September 30]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October Eid ul-Fitr holiday [[2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of [[2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones &amp; Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010175253/http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918 |date=2008-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== October ===
{{Month3|10|2|year=2008}}
* [[October 1]]-[[October 2]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Eid ul-Fitr]][[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.&lt;ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'&gt;Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028183632/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 |date=2008-10-28 }} ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 3]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]] Eid ul-Fitr holiday.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726074656/http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670 |date=2011-07-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028110556/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf |date=2009-10-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 4]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].&lt;ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'&gt;Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011064650/http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 |date=2008-10-11 }} ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 5]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&amp;NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&amp;NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190747/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/ |date=2008-10-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 8]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&amp;NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014153056/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&amp;NewsID=340 |date=2008-10-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012012716/http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K%2F133944%2FPR%2F200810%2F1258139.xml |date=2008-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Landsbanki]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&amp;NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042852/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&amp;NewsID=331 |date=2012-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&amp;NewsID=13284&amp;y=0&amp;p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043000/http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&amp;NewsID=13284&amp;y=0&amp;p=1 |date=April 7, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&amp;NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217043011/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&amp;NewsID=337 |date=2012-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081014121006/http://www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir%27s_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[October 28]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[Diwali]] [[May 21]], [[2003]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== November ===
{{Month3|11|5|year=2008}}
* [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]].
* [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class).
* [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island.
* [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date.
* [[November 20]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203172349/http://www.fifa.com./u20womenworldcup/index.html |date=2008-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]].
* [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]].
* [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]].
&lt;!-- DO NOT ADD &quot;HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE&quot; -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --&gt;

== Prediksi ==
=== December ===
{{Month3|12|0|year=2008}}
* [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.&lt;ref name=&quot;endofNA&quot;&gt;{{cite news 
 |first = 
 |last = 
 |author = Staff reporter
 |coauthors =
 |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles
 |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp
 |format = HTML
 |work = 
 |publisher = Government.nl
 |pages = 
 |page = 
 |date = [[2007-02-13]]
 |accessdate = 2007-02-24
 |language = english
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007.
* [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]].

=== Unknown dates ===
* The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031231022/http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 |date=2006-10-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html&lt;/ref&gt; This process has alréady begun.
* New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open.
* The &quot;Simón Bolívar&quot; [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&amp;language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304072012/http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&amp;language=EN |date=2008-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218153926/http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 |date=2008-02-18 }} Navy to shoot down dead satellite&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ongoing events ===
* [[Iraq War]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]
* [[Conflict in Darfur]]
* [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]
* [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]]
&lt;center&gt;'''[[List of centuries|Abad]]:''' [[Abad ka-20]] • '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' • [[Abad ka-22]]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''[[List of decades|Dekade]]:''' [[1990-an]] • '''[[2000-an]]''' • [[2010-an]]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''Taun:''' [[2005|◄]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010]] • [[2011|►]]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''Dumasar nagara:''' [[2008 dina India|India]] • [[2008 dina Jepang|Jepang]]&lt;/center&gt;

== Deaths ==
{{utama|Deaths in 2008}}
=== January ===
* [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]])
* [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]])
* [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]])
* [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]])
* [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]])
* [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]])
* [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]])
* [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]])
* [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]])
* [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]])
* [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]])
* [[January 7]] - [[Edward &quot;Buddy&quot; LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]])
* [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]])
* [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]])
* [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]])
* [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]])
* [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]])
* [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]])
* [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]])
* [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]])
* [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]])
* [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]])
* [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]])
* [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]])
* [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]])
* [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]])
* [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]])
* [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]])
* [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]])
* [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) 
* [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]])
* [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]])
* [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]])
* [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) 
* [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]])
* [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]])
* [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]])
* [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]])
* [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]])
* [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]])
* [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]])
* [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]])
* [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]])
* [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]])

=== February ===
* [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]])
* [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]])
* [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]])
* [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]])
* [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]])
* [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]])
* [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]])
* [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]])
* [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]])
* [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]])
* [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]])
* [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]])
* [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]])
* [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]])
* [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]])
* [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]])
* [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]])
* [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]])
* [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]])
* [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]])
* [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]])
* [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]])
* [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]])
* [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]])

== Major religious holidays ==
* [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]]
* [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims
* [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]])
* [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins
* [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival)
* [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]]
* [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format=|work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121836/http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html |date=2007-09-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;)
* [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]]
* [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] 
* [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]]
* [[March 25]] - [[Holi]]
* [[April 20]] - [[Passover]]
* [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]]
* [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]]
* [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]]
* [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]]
* [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]]
* [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]]
* [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]]
* [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]]
* [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]]
* [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]]
* [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]]
* [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]]
* [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]]
* [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]]
* [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar
* [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day
* [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]]
* [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]]
* [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown
* [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]]
* [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]]
&lt;!-- ==Births== --&gt;

== 2008 in fiction ==
=== Books ===
* [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the &quot;most representative citizen&quot;.
* [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike.
* [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008.
* The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008.
* In Francis Anderson's 1992 book &quot;Future Undetermined&quot; the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29.
* [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s &quot;Chaga Saga&quot; (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space.
* [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri.
* ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008.
* ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia.

=== Computer and video games ===
Set in 2008:
* ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces.
* ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover.
* ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. 
* ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]''
* ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]''

=== Film ===
&lt;!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --&gt;
* ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. 
* ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008.
* ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008.
* Set in 2008:
** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971)
** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007)
** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004)
&lt;!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --&gt;

=== Television ===
* ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life.
* ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode &quot;[[Space Pilot 3000]]&quot;): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented.
* The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008.
* The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa.
* ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008.
* ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated.
{{Events by month}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project
{{Navbox
| name =  DekadeJeungTaun1
| title = [[Dekade|Dekade]] jeung [[Taun|taun]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| tracking = no
| list1 = {{DekadeJeungTaun1|21}}
{{Abad}}
}}
[[Kategori:2008| ]]</text>
      <sha1>e1v6qzmxug2834k6glipjubjvsjdtw6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>HSPA+</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709378</id>
      <parentid>653519</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T05:06:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3080" sha1="8u45ofg02wcjq71eguz2dpwzaqqc9jg" xml:space="preserve">{{Table Mobile phone standards}}
'''Evolved HSPA''' (anu dipikawanoh ogé ku sebutan: ''HSPA Evolution'', HSPA+, I-HSPA atawa ''Internet HSPA'') mangrupa standar pitalega tanpa kabel [[W-CDMA]] anu ditetepkeun ku [[3GPP]] kaluaran ka-7 (reléase 7) jeung kaluaran ka-8 (reléase 8). Evolved HSPA nawarkeun laju data nepi ka 42 Mbit/s dina mangsa [[Tumbu telekomunikasi#Tumbu ka handap (Downlink)|downlink]] jeung 11 Mbit/s dina mangsa [[Tumbu telekomunikasi#Tumbu ka luhur (Uplink)|uplink]] (per 5&amp;nbsp;MHz [[gelombang pamawa]]) kalayan [[téknologi]] nu réa input, réa output (MIMO) sarta modulasi tingkatan nu leuwih luhur.

== Tempo ogé ==

== Rujukan ==
# [http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/global/InnovationTechnology/SuccessStories.htm#InternetHigh-SpeedPacketAccess(I-HSPA) Internet High-Speed Packet Access (I-HSPA), Nokia Siemens Networks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515135402/http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/global/InnovationTechnology/SuccessStories.htm#InternetHigh-SpeedPacketAccess(I-HSPA) |date=2008-05-15 }}
# [http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/press/releases/20080610-1226569.shtml Ericsson world-first in delivering innovative 3G technology to Telstra - Press Release&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]
# [http://www.itwire.com/content/view/22150/127/ World’s first 21 Mbit/s eHSPA/HSPA+ data “call” made in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411182506/http://www.itwire.com/content/view/22150/127 |date=2009-04-11 }}
# [http://www.sierrawireless.com/resources/documents/solutions/Netcomm_Final-Sierra_Wireless_3G_Empowered1.pdf Moving Beyond Borders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930060825/http://www.sierrawireless.com/resources/documents/solutions/Netcomm_Final-Sierra_Wireless_3G_Empowered1.pdf |date=2009-09-30 }}

== Tumbu ka luar ==
* [http://www.3gpp.org/ 3GPP]
* Free download of 3GPP standards available at
** [http://www.3gpp.org/specs/specs.htm 3GPP Specifications Home Page]
** [http://webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp ETSI GSM UMTS 3GPP Numbering Cross Reference]
* [http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=1888232 Public HSPA Discussion Forum]
* [http://www.nokia.com/NOKIA_COM_1/Operators/Downloads/Nokia_Radio_Access_Networks/Nokia%20HSPA%20Solution.pdf Nokia HSPA]
* [http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/file_11064/1MA121_01E.pdf Rohde &amp; Schwarz HSPA+ Technology Introduction and Application Note] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327022059/http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/file_11064/1MA121_01E.pdf |date=2009-03-27 }}
* [http://www.3gamericas.org/documents/2006_Rysavy_Data_Paper_FINAL_09.15.06.pdf EDGE, HSPA &amp; LTE]
* [http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2007/070212_deliver_28_mbps.html QUALCOMM to Deliver 28 Mbps Mobile Broadband with HSPA+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716125438/http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2007/070212_deliver_28_mbps.html |date=2007-07-16 }}
* [http://www.huawei.com/radio_access_network/hspa/HSPA.do?card=1 Huawei HSPA+]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
&lt;br /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8u45ofg02wcjq71eguz2dpwzaqqc9jg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aksai Chin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709357</id>
      <parentid>703620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T00:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3653" sha1="nb7l8rzqhi480x866vhgd6m1p3cudpp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:China India western border 88.jpg|thumb|right|Wates kulon [[India]]-[[Tiongkok]] nu nunjukkeun lokasi wewengkon Aksai Chin.]]
[[File:Aksai Chin Sino-Indian border map.svg|thumb|Peta nunjukkeun klaim India sareng Cina ngeunaan wates di daérah Aksai Chin, garis Macartney-MacDonald, Jalur Kantor Luar Negeri, ogé kamajuan pasukan Tionghoa nalika aranjeunna nguasaan daérah nalika Perang Sino-India.]]
'''Aksai Chin''' ([[Basa Tionghoa]]: 阿克赛钦, Ākésàiqīn) nyaéta wewengkon nu aya di antara [[Tiongkok]], [[Pakistan]], jeung [[India]]. Wewengkon ieu legana kira-kira 1/5 ti [[Jammu jeung Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/
|title=Aksai Chin: China's disputed slice of Kashmir
|publisher=CNN.com
|accessdate=2007-07-23
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308230139/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/ |date=2012-03-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkon ieu dikawasaan ku [[Tiongkok]] jeung diklaim ku India. Aksai Chin nyaéta salah sahiji ti 2 perkawis papaséaan wewengkon antara India jeung Tiongkok. Wewengkon lianna nyaéta  [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Aksai Chin teu boga padumukan permanén.

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1101845 China, India, and the fruits of Nehru's folly] by Venkatesan Vembu, [[Daily News &amp; Analysis]], June 6, 2007
* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2319/stories/20061006006512300.htm Facing the truth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813183252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2319/stories/20061006006512300.htm |date=2009-08-13 }} Pakistan has solved its border problem with China, but India is caught in a prolonged dispute.
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/20spec.htm The Great China-India Game] An informative history of the always-ambiguous China-India border in Aksai Chin.
* [http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/ Aksai Chin: China's disputed slice of Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308230139/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/05/24/aksai.chin/ |date=2012-03-08 }}
* [http://maps.google.de/?ie=UTF8&amp;t=k&amp;om=1&amp;ll=35.980307,79.191148&amp;spn=0.005305,0.009881 Detailed satellite image of Dahonglutian, the largest truck stop place in Aksai Chin]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California, Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110214218/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html |date=2017-11-10 }}
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;hl=en&amp;q=yinchuan,+china&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=k&amp;om=1&amp;ll=38.26568,105.953865&amp;spn=0.014489,0.042915 Satellite image of large scale terrain model of Aksai Chin]
* [http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books%20-%201998/Military%20Geography%20March%2098/mgmap49.gif Diagram explaining the situation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903204352/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books%20-%201998/Military%20Geography%20March%2098/mgmap49.gif |date=2009-09-03 }}
* [http://kewang2.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!836449133D1FE13D!654.entry Photos from Google Earth]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1096493 Why China is playing hardball in Arunachal] by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News &amp; Analysis, May 13, 2007

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Papaséaan wewengkon Républik Rahayat Cina]]
[[Kategori:Papaséaan wewengkon India]]


{{geo-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>nb7l8rzqhi480x866vhgd6m1p3cudpp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kakaisaran Romawi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709396</id>
      <parentid>681385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T07:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12893" sha1="quz10nbr2kios3w70hxwrb0zyrwh3tq" xml:space="preserve">{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = {{aut|Senatus PopulusQue Romanus ([[SPQR]])}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Sénat jeung Rahayat Roma&quot; &lt;/small&gt;{{#tag:ref|Since classical and modern concepts of state do not coincide, other possibilities include ''Res publica Romana'', ''Imperium Romanum'' or ''Romanorum'' (also in Greek: {{Polytonic|Βασιλείᾱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων – ''Basileíā tôn Rhōmaíōn''}} – [&quot;Dominion (Literally 'kingdom') of the Romans&quot;]) and ''Romania''. ''Res publica'', as a term denoting the Roman &quot;commonwealth&quot; in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while ''Imperium Romanum'' (or, sometimes, ''Romanorum'') is used to refer to the territorial extent of Roman authority. ''Populus Romanus'', &quot;the Roman people&quot;, is often used for the Roman state dealing with other nations. The term ''Romania'', initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as the collectivity of its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward and was eventually carried over to the [[Byzantine Empire]]. (See Wolff, R.L. &quot;Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople&quot;. In: ''Speculum'', 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 (pp. 2–3).)|group=nb}}
|conventional_long_name = Kakaisaran Romawi 
|common_name = Kakaisaran Romawi
|national_motto =
|era = Kuna klasik
|status = '''Kakaisaran'''
|continent = Afroeurasia
|region = Méditérania
|government_type = [[Otokrasi]]
|p1 = Républik Romawi
|flag_p1 = Spqrstone.jpg
|s1 = Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon
|flag_s1 = Labarum.svg
|s2 = Kakaisaran Bizantium
|flag_s2 = Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg
|event_start = [[Augustus|Octavia]] nyatakeun [[Augustus (gelar)|Augustus]]
|year_start = 27 SM
|event_end = Turunna Kaisar Kulon [[Romulus Augustus]]/[[Labuhna Konstantinopel]] *
|year_end = 476/1453 M
|event_pre = [[Patempuran Actium]]
|date_pre = 2 Séptémber 31 SM
|event1 = [[Diocletian]] misahkeun adminstrasi kakaisaran antawsi Wétan jeung Kulon
|date_event1 = 285
|event2 = [[Konstiantin I|Konstantin nu Ageung]] ngadegkeun [[Konstantinopel]] salaku ibu kota kakaisaran nu anyar
|date_event2 = 330
|event3 = Pupusna [[Theodosius nu Ageung]], diteraskeun ku dibagina kakaisaran kana wétan jeung kulon
|date_event3 = 395
|event_post =
|date_post =
|image_coat = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg
|symbol_type = [[Vexillum]] kalawan [[Aquila (Romawi)|aquila]] sarta inisial kanagaraan Romawi
|coa_size = 120px
|image_map = RomanEmpireTrajan117AD.png
|image_map_caption = Kakawasaan maksimum Kakaisaran Romawi dina 117 M.&lt;ref&gt;Bennett, J. ''Trajan: Optimus Princeps''. 1997. Fig. 1&lt;/ref&gt;
|capital = &lt;small&gt;[[Roma]] nyaéta ibu kota pulitis nepi ka 286&amp;nbsp;M&lt;br /&gt;Aya sababaraha puseur pulitis nalika [[Katétraan]] samentawis Roma tetep jadi ibu kota nominal, budaya, jeung idéologis.&lt;br /&gt;[[Konstantin I|Konstantin]] ngadegkeun sarta ngawangun ulang kota [[Konstantinopel]] salaku ibu kota kakaisaran nu anyar dina 330.&lt;ref name=&quot;Constantine I 306 - 337 AD&quot;&gt;[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm Konstantin&amp;nbsp;I (306–337 M)] ku Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Written 2004-1-8. Retrieved 2007-3-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Mediolanum]] (Milan) mangrupa batur gawéna nalika babagian Wétan/Kulon ningkat remenna. Pangadilan kakaisaran kulon teras dipindahkeun ka [[Ravenna]].
|common_languages = [[Latin]], [[Basa Yunani Kuna|Yunani]]
|[[Agama di Romawi kuna|religion]] = [[Agama di Romawi kuna|agama Romawi tradisional]], [[panyembahan kakaisaran (Romawi kuna)|Panyembahan kakaisaran]], [[Agama Yunani|Kapercayaan Yunani]]&lt;small&gt; (nepi ka 380)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kristen&lt;small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(ti 380)
|currency = (a) 27 SM – 212 M: 1 emas ''[[aureus]]'' (1/40 lb. emas, dirobah ka 1/50 lb. dina 212) = 25 pérak ''[[denarii]]'' = 100 perunggu ''[[sesterces]]'' = 400 tambaga ''[[As (koin Romawi)|asses]]''.&lt;br /&gt; (b) 294–312: 1 emas ''[[solidus (koin)|aureus solidus]]'' (1/60 lb. emas) = 10 pérak ''[[argenteus|argentei]]'' = 40 perunggu ''[[folles]]'' = 1.000 logam nu diturunkeun ''denarii''&lt;br /&gt;(c) 312 ka hareup: 1 emas ''[[solidus (koin)|solidus]]'' (1/72 lb.) = 24 pérak ''[[siliqua]]e'' = 180 perunggu ''folles''
|leader1 = [[Augustus]]
|leader2 = [[Theodosius I]]
|leader3 = [[Romulus Augustus]] / [[Konstantin&amp;nbsp;XI]]
|year_leader1 = 27 SM – 14 M
|year_leader2 = 378–395
|year_leader3 = 475–476 / 1449–1453
|title_leader = [[Kaisar Romawi|Kaisar]]
|title_representative = [[Konsul Romawi|Konsul]]
|representative1 =
|representative2 =
|year_representative1 =
|year_representative2 =
|legislature = [[Sénat Kakaisaran Romawi|Sénat Romawi]]
||stat_year1 = 25 SM&lt;ref name=size&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600&amp;nbsp;B.C. to 600&amp;nbsp;A.D. |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125 |doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John D. Durand, ''Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation'', 1977, pp. 253–296.&lt;/ref&gt;
|stat_area1 = 2750000
|stat_year2 = 50&lt;ref name=size/&gt;
|stat_pop1 = 56800000
|stat_area2 = 4200000
|stat_year3 = 117&lt;ref name=size/&gt;
|stat_area3 = 6500000
|stat_pop3 = 88000000
|stat_year4 = 390 &lt;ref name=size/&gt;
|stat_area4 = 4400000
|footnotes = * Kajadia-kajadian ieu nandaan ahirna [[Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon]] (286–476)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507739/Roman-Empire|title=Roman Empire – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2008-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Kakisaran Bizantium|Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan]] (330–1453).
|today = Tingali artikel
}}
'''Kakaisaran Romawi''' ({{lang-la|Imperium Romanum}}) nyaéta jaman pasca-[[Républik Romawi|Républik]] ti [[Romawi Kuna|peradaban Romawi kuna]], dicirian ku wangun pamaréntahan [[otokrasi]] sarta kakawasaan wewengkon nu lega di Éropa jeung sadeukeuteun Méditérania.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Roman Empire&quot;, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina ahir abad ka-3 Maséhi, [[Diocletian]] ngadegkeun sarta mraktékkeun babagian kakawasaan antawis 4 kaisar (kawanoh salaku [[katétraan]]) sangkan leuwih alus ngamankeun wewengkonna nu lega, ngahirkeun [[Krisis Abad KAtilu]]. Nalika dékade sanggeusna, Kakaisaran remen dibagi kana poros Wétan/Kulon. Sanggeus pupusna [[Theodosius&amp;nbsp;I]] dina 395, kakaisaran dibagi pikeun nu pangahirna.&lt;ref&gt;Chester G. Starr, ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press, 1974. pp. 670–678.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon]] ngahir dina 476 basa [[Romulus Augustulus|Romulus Augustus]] dipaksa turn tahta pikeun raja perang [[urang Jérmanik|Jérmanik]], [[Odoacer]].&lt;ref&gt;Isaac Asimov. ''Asimov's Chronology of the World.'' Harper Collins, 1989. p. 110.&lt;/ref&gt; Romawi Wétan atanapi [[Kakaisaran Bizantium]] ngahir dina 1453 nalika pupusna [[Konstantin XI Palaiologos|Konstantin&amp;nbsp;XI]] sarta [[labuhna Konstantinopel]] ka [[Mehmed II]], pamingpin [[Turki Ottoman]].&lt;ref&gt;Asimov, p. 198.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiwari ==
Wewengkon Kakaisaran Romawi ayeuna mangrupa bagian ti nagara:

{{col|3}}
* {{flag|Albania}}
* {{flag|Aljazair}}
* {{flag|Andorra}}
* {{flag|Arab Saudi}}
* {{flag|Arménia}}
* {{flag|Austria}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
* {{flag|Bélgia}}
* {{flag|Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina}}
* {{flag|Britania Raya}}
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}
* {{flag|Géorgia}}
* {{flag|Hungaria}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Irak}}
* {{flag|Israél}}
* {{flag|Italia}}
* {{flag|Jérman}}
* {{flag|Kosovo}}{{ref label|status|a|}}
* {{flag|Kroasia}}
* {{flag|Kuwait}}
* {{flag|Libanon}}
* {{flag|Liechtenstéin}}
* {{flag|Libya}}
* {{flag|Luksemburg}}
* {{flag|Makédonia}}
* {{flag|Malta}}
* {{flag|Maroko}}
* {{flag|Mesir}}
* {{flag|Moldova}}
* {{flag|Monako}}
* {{flag|Monténégro}}
* {{flag|Otoritas Paléstina|name=Wewengkon Paléstina}}
* {{flag|Perancis}}
* {{flag|Portugal}}
* {{flag|Romania}}
* {{flag|Rusia}}
* {{flag|San Marino}}
* {{flag|Sérbia}}
* {{flag|Siprus}}
* {{flag|Slovénia}}
* {{flag|Spanyol}}
* {{flag|Suis}}
* {{flag|Suriah}}
* {{flag|Tunisia}}
* {{flag|Turki}}
* {{flag|Ukraina}}
* {{flag|Kota Vatikan}}
* {{flag|Walanda}}
* {{flag|Yordania}}
* {{flag|Yunani}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Catean jeung rujukan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot;/&gt;
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book|author=Frank Frost Abbott|year=1901|title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions|publisher=Elibron Classics|isbn=0-543-92749-0|authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}}
* [[John Bagnell Bury]], ''A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius'', 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5
* [[Winston Churchill]], ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304-34912-7
* [[J. A. Crook]], ''Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212'', 1967, ISBN 0-8014-9273-4
* [[Donald R. Dudley]], ''The Civilization of Rome'', 2nd ed., 1985, ISBN 0-452-01016-0
* [[Arther Ferrill]], ''The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation'', [[Thames and Hudson]], 1988, ISBN 0-500-27495-9
* {{cite book
|last=Freeman
|first=Charles
|title=The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
|publisher=Penguin
|location=New York
|year=1999
|isbn=0-670-88515-0}}
* [[Edward Gibbon]], ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', 1776–1789
* [[Adrian Goldsworthy|Goldsworthy, Adrian]]. ''The Punic Wars'', Cassell &amp; Co, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35284-5
* Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire'', Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3
* Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''The Complete Roman Army'', [[Thames and Hudson]], 2003, ISBN 0-500-05124-0
* [[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], ''The History of Rome'', [[Faber and Faber]], 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X
* [[Benjamin Isaac]], &quot;The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East&quot; [[Oxford University Press]], 1992, ISBN 0-19-814926-3
* [[Andrew Lintott]], ''Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration'', 1993, ISBN 0-415-09375-9
* [[Edward Luttwak]], ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], ISBN 0-8018-2158-4
* {{cite journal
| first=T. R.
| last=Reid
| title=The World According to Rome
| journal=National Geographic
| volume=192
| issue=2
| pages=54–83
| year=1997
| url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211153712/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ |date=2007-12-11 }}
* [[Antonio Santosuosso]], ''Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire'', Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X
{{Refend}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Sister project links}}
* Adena, L. [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/How+the+Jesus+Cult+Captured+the+Roman+State The 'Jesus Cult' and the Roman State in the Third Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104073248/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/How+the+Jesus+Cult+Captured+the+Roman+State |date=2015-01-04 }}, Clio History Journal, 2008.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100708232311/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i11rv1ezJ_9hlqSjJfzxr1A5wryQ Roman battlefield unearthed deep inside Germany]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans BBC Romans for Children]
* [http://classicsunveiled.com/romeh/ Classics Unveiled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305213059/http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romeh/ |date=2012-03-05 }}
* [http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0100.html Complete map of the Roman Empire in year 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519172508/http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0100.html |date=2010-05-19 }}
* [http://roman-empire.info/ Detailed history of the Roman Empire]
* [http://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm Historical Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801171701/http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm |date=2015-08-01 }} (Swedish)
* [http://romancoins.info/ Roman Numismatic Gallery ]
* [http://resourcesforhistory.com/ The Celts and Romans]
* [http://roman-empire.net/ The Roman Empire]
* [http://pbs.org/empires/romans/index.html The Roman Empire in the First Century] from PBS
* [http://www.unrv.com/ UNRV Roman History]
* [http://www.knowtheromans.co.uk The Romans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415030316/http://knowtheromans.co.uk/ |date=2012-04-15 }}

{{Ancient Rome topics|state=autocollapse}}
{{Roman history by territory}}
{{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation &amp; presence}}
{{Ancient Greek and Roman Wars|state=autocollapse}}
{{Empires}}
{{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romawi}}
[[Kategori:Nu bubar taun 476]]
[[Kategori:Nu bubar taun 1453]]
[[Kategori:Urut nagara di Samenanjung Italia]]
[[Kategori:Kakaisaran Romawi| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara Romawi]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 27 SM]]


{{sajarah-stub}}

[[cs:Starověký Řím#Císařství]]</text>
      <sha1>quz10nbr2kios3w70hxwrb0zyrwh3tq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Honda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709380</id>
      <parentid>708717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T05:27:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="77982" sha1="mlwta4gsa5nqiiyrwncr0ptqjvq7elg" xml:space="preserve">{{about|the multinational corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Honda Motor Company, Ltd.
|native_name= 本田技研工業株式会社&lt;br&gt;''Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha''
| logo = [[File:Honda-logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.35]]
| caption =
| type = [[Public company]]
| traded_as = {{tyo|7267}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nyse|HMC}}
| foundation = [[Hamamatsu]], Japan ({{Start date|1948|09|24}})
| founder = [[Soichiro Honda]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Takeo Fujisawa]]
| location = [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan
| key_people = [[Takanobu Ito]] ([[President]], [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and Representative Director)
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Automotive]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Aviation]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Telematics]]
| products = [[Automobile]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Motorcycle]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Electrical generator]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Water pumps]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Landscape maintenance|Lawn and garden equipment]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Rotary tiller|Tiller]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Outboard motor]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Robotics]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jet aircraft]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Jet engine]]s&lt;br /&gt;[[Thin-film solar cell]]s&lt;br/&gt;[[Internavi]]
| divisions = [[List of Honda vehicles|Honda]]&lt;br/&gt;[[List of Honda motorcycles|Honda Motorcycles]]
| subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List|
'''Transportation'''
* [[American Honda Motor Company]]
** [[Acura]]
** [[Honda Aircraft Company]]
** [[Honda Performance Development|HPD]]
* [[Honda Automobile (China) Company]](50%)
** [[Guangqi Honda Automobile]](50%)
*** Li Nian ([[Everus]])
* [[Honda India|Honda Seil Cars India]]
** [[Hero MotoCorp]]
** [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]]
* [[Dongfeng Honda]](50%)
'''Air Transportation'''
* [[Honda Airport|Honda Airways]]
'''Sports'''
* [[Honda Racing F1]]
* [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda Racing]]
'''Engines'''
* [[GE Honda Aero Engines]](50%)
International
* [[Honda Atlas|Honda Pakistan]]
* [[Honda Canada Inc.]]
* [[Honda Taiwan]]
* [[Honda of the UK Manufacturing|Honda UK ltd.]]}}
| revenue = {{loss}} {{yen|7.948 trillion|link=yes}} (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;FY2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:HMC&amp;fstype=ii|title=FY2012 Consolidated Financial Results: Toyota Motor Company |accessdate=15 June 2011 |year=2011 |month=May}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
| operating_income = {{loss}} {{yen|231.36 billion}} (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;FY2012&quot; /&gt;
| net_income = {{loss}} {{yen|211.48 billion}} (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;FY2012&quot; /&gt; 
| aum = &lt;!-- Only used with financial services companies --&gt;
| assets = {{gain}} {{yen|11.780 trillion}} (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;FY2012&quot; /&gt;
| equity = {{loss}} {{yen|4.402 trillion}} (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;FY2012&quot; /&gt;
|num_employees = 179,060 (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=HMC&amp;page=quotesearch
 |title=Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC) |accessdate=29 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| homepage = {{URL|http://world.honda.com/}}
}}

{{nihongo|'''Honda Motor Company, Ltd.'''|本田技研工業株式会社|Honda Giken Kōgyō [[Kabushiki gaisha|KK]]|{{IPA-ja|honꜜda|IPA|Honda_giken_kougyou.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|h|ɒ|n|d|ə}}}} nyaéta   [[pausahaan publik multinasional]]  Jepang utamana dipikawanoh minangka produsén [[mobil]] jeung [[motor]].

Honda geus jadi produsén sapédah motor pangbadagna di dunya saprak taun 1959,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Cases in contemporary strategy analysis |first1= Robert M. |last1= Grant |first2= Kent E. |edition= 3rd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-4051-1180-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XF7V9w8ByrcC&amp;pg=PA172 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |last2= Neupert |postscript=&lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt;{{inconsistent citations}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Six men who built the modern auto industry |first= Richard Alan |last= Johnson |publisher=[[MotorBooks International]] |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-7603-1958-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CArfq7tV0OIC&amp;pg=PA52 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |postscript= &lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt;{{inconsistent citations}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta  pangbadagna sadunya produsén  [[internal combustion engine]]s diukur dumasar volume, mroduksi leuwih ti 14 juta mesin pembakaran internal saban taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc., Marysville, Ohio - Press room&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174|title=FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD|last=Miller|first=Edward|date=18 April 2008|publisher=Honda.com|accessdate=28 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025434/http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174 |date=8 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Honda ngéléhkeun [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2001 pikeun jadi produsén mobil pangbadagna kadua di Jepang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=3266&amp;ref=archive |title=Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. – Latest Car News from 4Car |publisher=Channel4.com |accessdate=22 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |title=The History of Honda |publisher=Cars-directory.net |accessdate=22 November 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512075512/https://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |date=12 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|August 2008}} Agustus 2008, Honda ngéléhkeun [[Chrysler]] minangka produsén mobil pangbadagna kaopat di Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html |title=Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=1 January 2011 |date=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Honda nyaéta produsén mobil pangbadagna katujuh di dunya di tukangeun [[Toyota]], [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen AG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], ssarta [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2010.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Honda nyaéta produsén mobil kahiji Jepang pikeun ngarilis hiji mérek mentéréng berdedikasi, [[Acura]], taun 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Sajaba ti bisnis inti mobil sarta sapédah motor maranéhanana, Honda ogé mroduksi  parabot taman, mesin kalautan, parahu pribadi sarta pambangkit listrik. Saprak taun 1986, Honda geus kalibet kalayan kecerdasan jieunan / panalungtikan robotika sarta ngarilis robot [[ASIMO]] taun 2000. Maranéhanana ogé geus ngalalana ka rohang jomantara kalayan ngawangun [[GE Honda Aero Engines]] taun 2004 sarta [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet]], dijadwalkeun baris dirilis taun 2012. Honda berinvestasi kira-kira 5% tina pandapatan dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.&lt;ref name=&quot;America's Most Admired Companies: Honda&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Honda|last=Taylor|first=Alex III|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001034/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm |date=29 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}

Ti keur ngora, pangadeg Honda, [[Soichiro Honda]] (本田 宗一郎, ''Honda Sōichirō'') (17 Nopember 1906 – 5 Agustus 1991) mibanda minat kana mobil. Manéhna digawé minangka montir di bengkel Shokai Art, di mana manéhna ngahadéan mobil-mobil sarta maranéhanana diilukeun  dina balapan. Taun 1937, kalayan waragad ti saurang kawawuhan, Kato Shichirō, Honda ngawangun [[Tōkai region|Tōkai]] Seiki (éastern Séa Precision Machine Company) pikeun nyieun [[piston ring]]s sarta kaluar ti béngkél Art Shokai.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt; Sanggeus kagagalan mimiti, Tōkai Seiki meunang kontrak pikeun masok ring piston pikeun [[Toyota]], tapi kontrak dieureunkeun alatan goréngna kualitas produk maranéhanana.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt; Sanggeus ngaluuhan sakola téknik, teu junun, sarta ngadatangan pabrik-pabrik di sakumna Jepang pikeun leuwih nyurtian kualitas kontrol prosés Toyota, Honda mampuh, taun 1941, kalayan ngahasilkeun ''ring piston'' ditarima ku Toyota, ngagunakeun prosés otomatis anu bisa ngagawékeun buruh perang sanajan teu calakan .&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Frank2003/&gt;

Tōkai Seiki ditempatkeun di handapeun kadali [[Departemen Perdagangan sarta Industri]] (disebut Departemén Mesiu sanggeus 1943) dina mimiti Perang Dunya II, sarta Soichiro Honda diturunkeun ti présidén pikeun direktur manager sénior sanggeus Toyota meuli 40% saham ti pausahaan. .&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt; Honda ogé mantuan usaha perang kalayan mantuan pausahaan séjén dina ngaotomatisasi produksi kolécér pasawat militér.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt; Hubungan Honda dironjatkeun kalayan personil di Toyota. ''[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]'' sarta ''[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'' baris jadi instrumén dina période pascaperanng.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt; Serangan pasawat bomber ''US [[B-29]]''  ngancurkeun Yamashita nu Tōkai Seiki taun 1944, sarta pabrik Itawa runtuh ku [[gempa bumi Mikawa 1945]], sarta Soichiro Honda ngajual sésa-sésa pausahaan ka Toyota sanggeus perang saharga ¥450,000, sarta ngagunakeun hasilna pikeun ngadegkeun ''Honda Technical Research Institute'' bulan Oktober 1946.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Falloon2005/&gt; Kalayan staf 12 jelema anu digawé dina gubug legana {{convert|172|sqft|adj=on}} , maranéhanana ngawangun sarta ngajual [[sapédah motor]] improvisasi, ngagunakeun kiriman 500 mesin  [[two-stroke]] ''50&amp;nbsp;cc'' [[Tohatsu]] [[sésa perang]] radio ''[[Engine-generator|generator engines]]''.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Frank2003/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sakiya1982/&gt; Sabot mesin béak, Honda mimiti ngawangun salinan maranéhanana sorangan tina mesin Tohatsu, sarta masok para langganan pikeun ngilukeun sapédah maranéhanana.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sakiya1982/&gt; Ieu téh  [[Honda Model A]], katelahna ''Bata Bata'' pikeun sora mesin anu dijieun.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt; Sapédah motor kumplit kahiji, kalayan rangka alus sarta mesin anu dijieun ku Honda, taun 1949 [[Honda Model D|Model D]], Honda anu kahiji kalayan ngaran ''Dream'' .&lt;ref name=Falloon2005/&gt; Honda Motor Company tumuwuh dina waktu singget pikeun jadi produsén pangbadagna di dunya sapédah motor taun 1964.

Produksi mobil munggaran ti Honda nyaéta  [[Honda T360|T360]] Mini treuk, anu mimiti dijual dina bulan Agustus 1963..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1962autoproduction/text/05.html |title=Honda Worldwide, History |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=1 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirojong ku mesin bensin leutik 356 cc sagaris-4, éta diklasifikasikeun pajeg mobil murah ''[[Kei car]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/03/hondas-wild-9000-rpm-mid-engine-rwd-t360-pickup-of-1963/ |title=Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963 |date=30 March 2010 |author=Paul Niedermeyer  |publisher=The Truth about Cars }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Produksi mobil  sport munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda S500|S500]], anu dituturkeun ku produksi T360 dina bulan Oktober 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |title=Sporting Hondas – Classic Buyer’s Guide |date=21 September 2010 |author= |publisher=New Zealand Classic Car magazine }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205600/http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |date=6 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salila sawatara dékadeu ka hareup, Honda digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun lini produk sarta ékspor ka nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya.  Taun 1986, Honda suksés ngawanohkeun méré k [[Acura]] ka pasar Amérika dina usaha pikeun meunangkeun tempat di pasar [[kandaraan mentéréng]].  Taun 1991 Honda ngawanohkeun supercar [[Honda NSX]] , kandaraan ''monocoque'' munggaran anu sakabéh-aluminium anu ngagabungkeun V6 mid-engine kalayan timing variabel-valve .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1990thensx/text01/index.html|title=Let’s Build a Sportscar!|publisher=Honda|accessdate=1 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Saterusna, taun 1995 ngadegkeun ''[[Honda Aircraft Company]]'' kalayan tujuan mroduksi pasawat jét Honda .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/history-of-honda-motor-company/|title=The History of Honda Motor Company|date=18 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=1 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corporate profile and divisions ==
[[File:Honda aoyama.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Minato, Tokyo|Honda headquarters]] building in [[Minato, Tokyo]]]]
'''Honda''' is héadquartered in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]], as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], London, Paris and Switzerland.

The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zéaland, Malaysia, Indonésia, India, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan and Perú. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a yéar éarlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-yéar high against the dollar.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;/&gt;

'''Honda's Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Géographical Regions in 2007'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikinvest:stock/Honda Motor Company (HMC)/Breakdown Net Sales Other Operating Revenue Geographical Markets|Breakdown of net sales and other operating revenue by geographical markets from company 20Fs]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Géographic Region
! Total revenue (in millions of [[Japanese yen|¥]])
|-
| Japan || 1,681,190
|-
| North America || 5,980,876
|-
| Europe || 1,236,757
|-
| Asia || 1,283,154
|-
| Others || 905,163
|}

[[American Honda Motor Company]] is based in Torrance, California. [[Honda Canada Inc.]] is héadquartered in [[Markham, Ontario]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | last = Mangion | first = Patrick | title = Markham saves Honda deal | newspaper=Yorkregion.com | page = 1 | year = 2007 | date = 08-27 | url = http://www.yorkregion.com/article/44477 | postscript = &lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt; }} It was originally planned to be located in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], but delays led them to look elsewhere.&lt;/ref&gt; their manufacturing division, [[Honda of Canada Manufacturing]], is based in [[Alliston, Ontario]]. Honda has also créated joint ventures around the world, such as [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda Siel Cars]] and [[Hero Honda|Hero Honda Motorcycles]] in India,&lt;ref&gt;Share Manthan : http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429013427/http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda |date=29 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group|Guangzhou Honda]] and [[Dongfeng Honda]] in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and [[Honda Atlas]] in Pakistan.

Following the Japanese éarthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2 day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It's thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period.

== Leadership ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; | Name 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;70&quot; | Yéars 
|-
| [[Soichiro Honda]] || 1948–1973 
|-
| Kiyoshi Kawashima || 1973–1983 
|-
| Tadashi Kume || 1983–1990 
|-
| [[Nobuhiko Kawamoto]] || 1990–1998 
|-
| Hiroyuki Yoshino || 1998–2004 
|-
| [[Takeo Fukui]] || 2004–2009 
|-
| Takanobu Ito || 2009— 
|}

== Products ==

=== Automobiles ===
{{For|a list of vehicles|List of Honda vehicles}}
[[File:Hondajazzsport.JPG|thumb|right|2011 [[Honda Jazz]] (Indian rampart)]]
[[File:2008 Honda Accord.jpg|thumb|right|2008 [[Honda Accord]] (USA-Canada)]]
[[File:2006-2009 Honda Civic VTi sedan (2018-10-19) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Eighth Generation [[Honda Civic]] (Asian Version)]]
Honda's global lineup consists of the [[Honda Fit|Fit]], [[Honda Civic|Civic]], [[Honda Accord|Accord]], [[Honda Insight|Insight]], [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]], [[Honda Legend|Legend]] and two versions of the Odyssey, [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|one for North America]], and [[Honda Odyssey (international)|a smaller vehicle]] sold internationally. An éarly proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda's lineup varies by country and may féature vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] [[minivan]] and the [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]], Honda's first light-duty uni-body [[pickup truck]]. Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive modéls includes the [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)#Europe|Honda Civic five-door hatchback]] sold in Europe.

Honda's automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the [[Honda T360]], a [[kei car]] truck built for the Japanese market.&lt;ref name=tjra&gt;{{cite journal | editor-first = Jonathan | editor-last = Barr | title = 1965 Honda T500F Flat Bed Utility | journal = The Japanese Restorer in Australia | month = July/September | year = 2003 | issue = 4 | location = [[Bald Hills, Queensland]], Australia | page = 15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed by the two-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]], the [[Honda S500]] also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the [[Honda L700]]. Honda's first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered [[Honda 1300]] in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn't the first two-door hatchback built. That was the [[Honda N360]], another ''Kei car'' that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appéared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the [[Honda Life]] that was water-cooled.

The Honda Life represented Honda's efforts in competing in the ''kei'' car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The [[Honda Life#Life Step Van|Life StepVan]] had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appéars to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine,  a large cargo aréa with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain.

As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing after [[World War II]], where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had heritage before the war, it appéars that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic, have always employed [[front-wheel-drive]] powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the éarly 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the création of the first Japanese luxury chain [[Acura]], and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the [[Honda NSX]], which also introduced [[variable valve timing]] technology, Honda calls [[VTEC]].

The Civic is a line of [[compact car]]s developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the [[Toyota Corolla]], introduced in 1968, has been in production longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/our_history/product_history/pdf/corolla.pdf|title=Toyota Corolla History|work=Toyota Motor Corp}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Civic, along with the Accord and [[Honda Prelude|Prelude]], comprised Honda's vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the modél lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more [[upmarket]], and it currently slots between the [[Honda Fit|Fit]] and Accord.

Honda produces [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Civic hybrid]], a [[hybrid electric vehicle]] that competes with the [[Toyota Prius]], and also produces the [[Honda Insight|Insight]] and [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]].

In 2008, Honda incréased global production to meet demand for [[small car]]s and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrids]] in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer [[minivan]]s and [[sport utility vehicle]]s as [[light-truck|light truck]] sales fell.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20auto.html?_r=1|title=The Smaller the Better, Automakers Are Finding|last=Vlasic|first=Bill|coauthors=Bunkley, Nick|date=20 June 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Yéar from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of the Year]] from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors.

It is reported that Honda plans to incréase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal yéar 2011, from 14.8% in previous yéar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/honda-20101127.html |title=Report: Honda planning to double hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% next fiscal year |date=27 November 2010 |publisher=Green Car Congress }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Five of [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five modéls are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight ({{convert|53|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF ({{convert|46|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX ({{convert|43|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid ({{convert|42|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), and 2010– Honda Insight ({{convert|41|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined).&lt;ref&gt;Scott Doggett [http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/&quot;EPA Lists Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars From 1984 to Present&quot; Green car advisor – Edmunds, 10 June 2010. (mpg revised in accordance with 2008 regulation change)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020194846/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/ |date=20 October 2010 }}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|ACEEE]] has also rated the [[Honda Civic GX|Civic GX]] as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive yéars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |title=the greenest vehicles of 2008 |publisher=greenercars.org |accessdate=1 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |date=10 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Motorcycles ===
{{For|a list of motorcycle products|List of Honda motorcycles}}
Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt;
At its péak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.&lt;ref name=Alexander2008/&gt;

During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency [[Grey Advertising]], Honda créated an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan &quot;You meet the nicest people on a Honda.&quot; In contrast to the prevailing negative steréotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three yéars, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Aaron Frank|title=Honda Motorcycles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&amp;pg=PA42|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=12 July 2003|publisher=MotorBooks International|isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9|pages=41–43}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taking Honda's story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market alréady occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda's strategy and the réasons for their success.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richard P. Rumelt&quot;&gt;http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/HONDA&lt;/ref&gt;

The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from [[economies of scale]] and [[learning curve]] effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and [[economies of scope|scope]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MorrisonDivision1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Allen J. Morrison|author2=United Nations. Transnational Corporations and Management Division|title=Transnational corporations and business strategy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvQcQFFONzkC&amp;pg=PA64|accessdate=1 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-0-415-08537-3|pages=65–66}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:2004supercub.jpg|thumb|right|2004 [[Honda Super Cub]]]]
The second explanation was offered in 1984 by [[Richard Pascale]], who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm's entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of &quot;miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning&quot; – in other words, Honda's success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy.&lt;ref name=&quot;PascaleHondaEffect&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Transnational corporations and business strategy | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | author=Morrison, Allen J. | authorlink=Richard Pascale | pages=64–92 | isbn=0-415-08537-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Honda's initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300&amp;nbsp;cc. Honda's motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distanes of the US highways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2003&quot;/&gt; When the téam found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of [[San Francisco]] attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]] instéad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank2003&quot;/&gt;

The most recent school of thought on Honda's strategy was put forward by [[Gary Hamel]] and [[C. K. Prahalad]] in 1989. Créating the concept of [[core competency|core competencies]] with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda's success was due to its focus on léadership in the technology of internal combustion engines.&lt;ref name=&quot;HamelPrahalad1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gary Hamel|author2=C. K. Prahalad|title=Competing for the future|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PlML2w8dhJ0C&amp;pg=PA204|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=1 July 1994|publisher=Harvard Business Press|isbn=978-0-87584-416-9|page=204}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda's entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a [[case study]] for téaching introductory strategy at [[business school]]s worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarkeLamoreaux2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Sally H. Clarke|author2=Naomi R. Lamoreaux|author3=Steven W. Usselman|title=The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ho6hmHrCjCEC&amp;pg=PA223|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=10 March 2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5892-5|page=223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Power equipment ===
Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/power/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Timeline – Power Products |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Honda power equipment réached record sales in 2007 with 6,4&amp;nbsp;million units.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308002707/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf |date=8 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2010 &lt;small&gt;([[Fiscal year]] ended 31 March)&lt;/small&gt; this figure had decréased to 4,7&amp;nbsp;million units.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024549/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf |date=25 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/power/overview/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Power Products, Overview |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honda power equipment includes:
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Engine]]
*[[Tiller]]
* [[Lawn mower]]
* [[Lawn mower|Riding mower]]
* [[String trimmer|Trimmer]]
* [[Mower]]
* [[Leaf blower|Blower]]
* [[Sprayer]]
* [[Hedge trimmer]]
* [[Snowthrower]]
* [[Engine-generator|Generator]], [[welding power supply]]
* [[Honda pumps|Pumps]]
* [[Outboard engine]]
* [[Inflatable boat]]
* [[Mobility scooter|Electric 4-wheel Scooter]]
* Compact Household [[Cogeneration]] Unit
}}

=== Engines ===
{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}
[[File:Hondaoutboard.jpg|thumb|right|Honda [[Outboard motor]] on a [[pontoon boat]]]]

Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the [[2010 Indianapolis 500]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/about/engine.aspx |title=Honda Racing Engines |publisher=Racing.honda.com |accessdate=27 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INDY1&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway
|url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/
|title=Indy 500
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a [[V8 engine|V8]] for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American déalers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and [[Acura]]s), with American Honda reportedly sending one déaler a shipment of [[V8 (beverage)|V8 beverage]]s to silence them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=News |first=Automotive |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10064387-48.html |title=Green-car era poses test for Honda, The Car Tech blog – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=17 October 2008 |accessdate=22 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as réasons for the termination of this project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Honda S2000, CR-Z convertible follow Acura NSX and V8 to scrap heap |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/06/honda-s2000-cr-z-convertible-follow-acura-nsx-and-v8-to-scrap-h/ |accessdate=25 October 2010 |first= Sam |last= Abuelsamid |date= 6 January 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Robots ===
[[File:HONDA ASIMO.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[ASIMO]] at [[Expo 2005]]]]
[[ASIMO]] is the part of Honda's [http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/history/history.html Research &amp; Development robotics program]. It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with [[Honda E0]] moving through the ensuing [[Honda E series]] and the [[Honda P series]]. Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centiméters tall, ASIMO resembles a small [[astronaut]] wéaring a backpack, and can walk on [[biped|two feet]] in a manner resembling human [[Walking|locomotion]], at up to {{convert|6|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}. ASIMO is the world's only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently.&lt;ref&gt;Frequently asked questions about ASIMO [http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-faq.pdf]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase.

Honda's robot [[ASIMO]] (see below) as an R&amp;D project brings together expertise to créate a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps.
2010 marks the yéar Honda has developed a machine capable of réading a user's brainwaves to move [[ASIMO]]. The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and néar-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/1938/digital-life/japan-plans-mind-reading-devices&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aircraft ===
{{utama|Honda HA-420 HondaJet}}
Honda has also pioneered new technology in its [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet|HA-420 HondaJet]], manufactured by its subsidiary [[Honda Aircraft Company]], which allows new levels of reduced drag, incréased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

=== Solar cells ===
Honda's solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Héadquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; présidént and Céo: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of [[thin-film solar cells]] for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/news/2008/c081023Thin-Film-Solar-Cells |title=Honda Worldwide &amp;#124; October 23, 2008 &quot;Honda Soltec Begins Sales of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Public and Industrial Use&quot; |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mountain bikes ===
{{See also|Honda RN-01 G-cross}}
Honda has also built a [[Downhill mountain biking|downhill racing bicycle]] known as the Honda RN-01.  It is not available for sale to the public. The key féature of this bike is the géarbox, which replaces the standard [[Derailleur gears|derailleur]] found on most bikes.

Honda has hired several péople to pilot the bike, among them [[Greg Minnaar]].  The téam is known as Téam G Cross Honda.

=== ATV ===
{{See also|Honda Rincon}}
Honda also builds [[all-terrain vehicles]] (ATV).

== Motorsports ==
Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others.

=== Automobile ===
{{See also|Honda Racing F1}}
[[File:Rubens Barrichello 2006 Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rubens Barrichello]] driving for Honda]]
Honda entered [[Formula One]] as a constructor for the first time in the [[1964 Formula One season|1964 season]] at the [[1964 German Grand Prix|German Grand Prix]] with [[Ronnie Bucknum]] at the wheel. [[1965 Formula One season|1965]] saw the addition of [[Richie Ginther]] to the téam, who scored Honda's first point at the [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]], and Honda's first win at the [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexican Grand Prix]]. [[1967 Formula One season|1967]] saw their next win at the [[1967 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]] with [[John Surtees]] as their driver. In [[1968 Formula One season|1968]], [[Jo Schlesser]] was killed in a Honda RA302 at the [[1968 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]]. This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that yéar.

After a léarning yéar in 1965, Honda-powered [[Brabham]]s dominated the 1966 French [[Formula Two]] championship in the hands of [[Jack Brabham]] and [[Denny Hulme]]. As there was no Européan Championship that séason, this was the top F2 championship that yéar. In the éarly 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to [[Ron Tauranac]]'s [[Ralt]] téam. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their éarlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd's [[Judd (engine)|Engine Developments]] company produced a turbo &quot;Brabham-Honda&quot; engine for use in [[open wheel car|IndyCar]] racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for [[Bobby Rahal]] at Pocono.

Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the [[Spirit (racing team)|Spirit]] téam, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and éarly 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive [[Formula One]] Constructors Championships. [[WilliamsF1]] won the crown in [[1986 Formula One season|1986]] and [[1987 Formula One season|1987]]. Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Téam [[McLaren]] won the title in [[1988 Formula One season|1988]], [[1989 Formula One season|1989]], [[1990 Formula One season|1990]] and [[1991 Formula One season|1991]]. Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related [[Mugen-Honda]] company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]] and [[Jordan Grand Prix]].

Honda debuted in the [[Champ Car|CART IndyCar World Series]] as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival [[Indy Racing League|IRL]] [[IndyCar Series]]. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the [[Indianapolis 500]], and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers' Championship, Drivers' Championship and Rookie of the Yéar titles. In 2006, Honda became the sole engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the [[2006 Indianapolis 500]], for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/results/detail.aspx?date=2006_05_28|title=Last Lap Victory for Franchitti Seals 2007 IndyCar Title|accessdate=14 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own téam. The project was aborted after the déath of its technical director, [[Harvey Postlethwaite]]. Honda instéad came back as an official engine supplier to [[British American Racing]] (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR téam in 2004 before buying the téam outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix]] with driver [[Jenson Button]].

It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72322|title=Honda confirm immediate F1 pull out |accessdate=5 December 2008 | work=Autosport}}&lt;/ref&gt; The téam was sold to former téam principal [[Ross Brawn]], renamed [[Brawn GP]] and subsequently [[Mercedes GP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21227.html|title=Brawn GP arrives |accessdate=6 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honda became an official works téam in the [[British Touring Car Championship]] in 2010.

=== Motorcycles ===
{{utama|Honda Racing Corporation}}
[[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda RC212V]] raced by [[Dani Pedrosa]]]]
[[Honda Racing Corporation]] (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the création of léading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite téams, and rider education programs.

Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international [[motorsport]]. In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the [[Isle of Man TT]] race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow [[Mike Hailwood]] to claim their first [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] victories in the 125 and 250&amp;nbsp;[[Cubic centimetre|cc]] classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and [[1967 British motorcycle Grand Prix|1967]]. Honda's race bikes were known for their &quot;sleek &amp; stylish design&quot; and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000&amp;nbsp;rpm, 125&amp;nbsp;cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250&amp;nbsp;cc and 297&amp;nbsp;cc bikes.

In 1979, Honda returned to [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] with the [[monocoque]]-framed, [[four-stroke]] [[NR500]]. The [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 féatured non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, éach with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve aréa to compete with the dominant [[two-stroke]] racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 séason, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in [[1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1983]], Honda won their first 500&amp;nbsp;cc [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] World Championship with [[Freddie Spencer]]. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as [[Mick Doohan]] and [[Valentino Rossi]].

In the [[Motocross World Championship]], Honda has claimed six world championships. In the [[World Enduro Championship]], Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with [[Stefan Merriman]] in 2003 and with [[Mika Ahola]] from 2007 to 2010. In [[observed trials]], Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider [[Eddy Lejeune]].

== Electric and alternative fuel vehicles ==
[[File:2009 Honda Civic NGV--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2009 [[Honda Civic GX]] hooked up to Phill refueling system]]
[[File:Honda Civic Clean Models USA &amp; BRA.jpg|thumb|right|Top: Brazilian [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] [[Honda Civic]]. Below: U.S. [[Honda Civic Hybrid]].]]
&lt;!--[[File:HondaInsight.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (First generation).]]--&gt;
[[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (Second generation).]]
[[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[hydrogen]] [[fuel cell]] vehicle]]

=== Compressed natural gas ===
The [[Honda Civic GX]] is the only purpose-built [[natural gas vehicle]] (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |title=2008 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) Available |author=Christine Gable and Scott Gable |publisher=About.com: Hybrid Cars &amp; Alt Fuels |accessdate=18 October 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011214336/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |date=11 October 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/ |title=2009 Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Vehicle |publisher=Honda |accessdate=18 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Honda Civic GX first appéared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on [[compressed natural gas]]. The car looks and drives just like a contemporary [[Honda Civic]] LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cléanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/ozone/eac/pr051231_eac_tx_northeast.pdf &quot;Sixth Biannual Report On The Early Action Compact For Northeast Texas&quot;], p.5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ &quot;Natural Gas Myths&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150337/http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ |date=29 September 2011 }}, Myth 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

First léased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained déalers certified to service the GX. Before that, only [[fleet vehicles|fleets]] were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was reléased in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car.&lt;ref&gt;[http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=2006101966979 &quot;Honda Press Release&quot;], 19 October 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Home refueling is available for the GX with the addition of the [[Phill Home Refueling Appliance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080215084754/http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archivedate=15 February 2008 |title=FuelMaker Corporation – World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=15 February 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Flexible-fuel ===
Honda's Brazilian subsidiary launched [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] versions for the [[Honda Civic]] and [[Honda Fit]] in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these modéls run on any blend of [[hydrous]] ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]) and [[w:common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20-E25 gasoline]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HondaFlex&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&amp;ps=noticia&amp;ps2=carros&amp;id=1273 |author=Ricardo Ghigonetto |publisher=Honda (Brazil) |title=Honda apresenta tecnologia Flex |date=November 20061 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20081116122534/http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&amp;ps=noticia&amp;ps2=carros&amp;id=1273 |date=16 November 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4Rodas&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |author=Marcelo Moura |publisher=Revista Quatro Rodas |title=Testes: Honda Civic EXS Flex x Honda Civic EXS |date=January 2007 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220054457/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |date=20 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit modéls.&lt;ref name=&quot;HondaFlex&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;4Rodas&quot;/&gt; Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions.&lt;ref name=&quot;4Rodas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Testes_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=37317 |author=Luís Felipe Figueiredo  |publisher=WebMotors |title=Honda Fit LXL Flex, um japonês versátil|date=9 February 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/interpressmotor/noticias/item15731.shl |author=Alberto Polo Junior |publisher=Interpress Motor |title=Versão Flex do Honda Fit chega na sexta por R$ 46.340|date=12 December 2006|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the [[Honda City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/07/29/honda-starts-building-flex-fuel-city-sedan-in-brazil/|title=Honda starts building flex-fuel City sedan in Brazil|publisher=AutoblogGreen|date=29 July 2009|accessdate=3 August 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel modéls sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles,&lt;ref name=&quot;ANFAVEA06&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120104144/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales''.&lt;/ref&gt; jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;ANFAVEA07&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041043/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08''.&lt;/ref&gt; and réaching 93,361 in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANFAVEA08&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150754/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }} ''See Table 08''.&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the success of the flex versions, by éarly 2009 a hundred percent of Honda's automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANFAVEA09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html|title=Autoveículos – Produção em 2009|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813215230/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html |date=13 August 2006 }} ''Up to February 2009. See &quot;Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível &quot; Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009)''.&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the [[CG 150 Titan Mix]] is sold for around US$2,700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html |publisher=G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo |title=Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml |author=Agencia EFE |publisher=Folha Online |title=Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil  |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d|publisher=UNICA|title=Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo|date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629122624/http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7B5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7D |date=29 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hybrid electric ===
In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial [[hybrid electric car]] sold in the U.S. market, the [[Honda Insight]], just one month before the introduction of the [[Toyota Prius]], and initially sold for US$20,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;TwoBillion&quot;&gt;{{Cite document | last = Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages= 28, 64–65, and 168–168 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], New York | postscript = &lt;!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to &quot;.&quot; for the cite to end in a &quot;.&quot;, as necessary. --&gt; | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT2/&gt; The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of {{convert|70|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} for the EPA's highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;TwoBillion&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT2/&gt; Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles.&lt;ref name=NYT2&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Once and Future Mileage King |author=Jerry Garrett |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/automobiles/27HONDA.html?_r=1&amp;scp=1&amp;sq=The%20Once%20and%20Future%20Mileage%20King&amp;st=cse&amp;oref=slogin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in its home nation of Japan in February 2009, and reléased it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the léast expensive hybrid available in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Honda Insight: America's most affordable hybrid at $19,800|work=Honda|publisher=Motor Authority|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html|accessdate=21 March 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041609/http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html |date=14 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Honda expects to sell 200,000 of the vehicles éach yéar, with half of those sales in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=4510 |title=Honda Announces Additional Details on New Small Hybrid Vehicle – Honda – Press Releases |publisher=Corporate.honda.com |date=20 May 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the [[Honda Civic Hybrid]] (2003 modél) in the U.S. market,.&lt;ref name=&quot;TwoBillion&quot;/&gt; It was followed by the [[Honda Accord Hybrid]], offered in modél yéars 2005 through 2007. Sales of the [[Honda CR-Z]] began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.&lt;ref name=GCC0210&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/crz-20100227.html|title=Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=13 March 2010|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In an interview in éarly February 2011, a Honda executive disclosed that Honda produces around 200,000 hybrids a yéar in Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110202-703049.html |title=Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon |date=2 February 2011 |author=Yoshio Takahashi |publisher=Dow Jones newswire }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hydrogen fuel cell ===
In [[Takanezawa]], Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line [[Honda FCX Clarity|FCX Clarity]], a [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle]]. More efficient than a [[hybrid electric vehicle|gas-electric hybrid vehicle]], the FCX Clarity combines [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor.

The vehicle itself does not emit any [[pollutants]] and its only by products are héat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an [[internal combustion engine]] to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a [[lithium ion battery]] to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through [[regenerative braking]], thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17fuelcell.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin | title=Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum | author=Fackler, Martin |work=New York Times | date=17 June 2008 | accessdate=17 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Honda will reléase the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) granted $6.8&amp;nbsp;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7&amp;nbsp;million USD éach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19car-t.html?pagewanted=4&amp;ref=magazine| title=Batteries Not Included  |work=New York Times | author=Clive Thompson|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/08/carb-grants-6-8-billion-for-four-hydrogen-refueling-stations/| title=CARB grants $6.8&amp;nbsp;million for four hydrogen refueling stations| publisher=[[Autobloggreen]] | author=Sebastian Blanco|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=17 June 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marketing ==

=== Japan ===
[[File:Honda CLIO Japan Car dealership Saitama.jpg|thumb|right|Honda Clio ([[Saitama, Saitama]], Japan)]]
Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify their sales distribution channels, and créated '''Honda Verno''', which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature.&lt;ref name=&quot;n5&quot;&gt;[http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2005/c051214.html Honda　国内四輪　新販売チャネル施策と、アキュラブランド導入を発表] Honda公式サイト 2005年12月14日&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.honda.co.jp/guide/corporate-profile/global/japan/ Honda｜会社案内｜会社概要｜Hondaのグローバル展開｜日本] Honda公式サイト&lt;/ref&gt; The establishment of ''Honda Verno'' coincided with its new sports compact, called the [[Honda Prelude]]. Later, the [[Honda Vigor]], the [[Honda Ballade]], and the [[Honda Quint]] were added to ''Honda Verno'' stores.

As sales progressed, Honda créated two more sales channels, called '''Honda Clio''' in 1984, and '''Honda Primo''' in 1985. The ''Honda Clio'' chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda déalerships before 1978, like the [[Honda Accord]], and ''Honda Primo'' sold the [[Honda Civic]], [[kei cars]], such as the [[Honda Today]], [[supermini]]s like the [[Honda Capa]], along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, motorcycles, and scooters. A styling tradition was established when ''Honda Primo'' and ''Clio'' began operations, in that all ''Verno'' products had the réar license plate installed in the réar bumper, while ''Primo'' and ''Clio'' products had the réar license plate installed on the trunk lid or réar door for minivans.

As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese &quot;[[Japan &quot;bubble economy&quot;|bubble economy]]&quot;, &quot;supermini&quot; and &quot;kei&quot; vehicles that were specific to ''Honda Primo'' were &quot;[[badge engineered]]&quot; and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both ''Honda Verno'' and ''Honda Clio'' locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of ''Honda Cars'' déalerships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/japan/ |title=Honda Timeline |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called ''[[:ja:ホンダアクセス|Honda Access]]'' for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate &quot;[[keiretsu]]&quot; partner [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name [[:ja:ギャザズ|Gathers]], which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as [[Autobacs]]. Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called ''[[:ja:Auto Terrace|Honda Auto Terrace]].''

*All cars sold at [[:ja:ベルノ店|Honda Verno]]
[[Honda Prelude]], [[Honda Integra]], [[Honda CR-X]], [[Honda Vigor]], [[Honda Saber]], [[Honda Ballade]], [[Honda Quint]], [[Honda Crossroad]], [[Honda Element]], [[Honda NSX]], [[Honda HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio Spike]], [[Honda S2000]],  [[Honda CR-V]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda MDX]], [[Honda Rafaga]], [[Honda Capa]], and the [[Honda Torneo]]

*All cars sold at [[:ja:クリオ店|Honda Clio]]
[[Honda Accord]], [[Honda Legend]], [[Honda Inspire]], [[Honda Avancier]], [[Honda S-MX]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Lagreat]], [[Honda Stepwgn]],  [[Honda Elysion]], [[Honda Stream]], [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey (int'l)]], [[Honda Domani]], [[Honda Concerto]], [[Honda Accord Tourer]], [[Honda Logo]], [[Honda Fit]], [[Honda Insight]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda Mobilio]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |title=Honda Mobilio |publisher=PT Honda Prospect Motor |date= |accessdate=10 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and the [[Honda City]]

*All cars sold at [[:ja:プリモ店|Honda Primo]]
[[Honda Civic]], [[Honda Life]], [[Honda Acty]], [[Honda Vamos]], [[Honda Vamos|Honda Hobio]], [[Honda Ascot]], [[Honda Ascot#Ascot Innova (CB3/4)|Honda Ascot Innova]], [[Honda Torneo]], [[Honda Civic Ferio]], [[Honda Freed]], [[Honda Mobilio]], [[Honda Orthia]], [[Honda Capa]], [[Honda Today]], [[Honda Z]], and the [[Honda Beat]]
{{commons category|Honda dealerships}}

=== International efforts ===

In 2003, Honda reléased its ''[[Cog (television commercial)|Cog]]'' advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To maké the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a [[Rube Goldberg Machine]] made entirely out of car parts from a [[Honda Accord (Japan and Europe seventh generation)|Honda Accord Touring]]. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled [[Pre-production car|pre-production]] modéls of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and [[Garrison Keillor]] spéaking the tagline, &quot;Isn't it nice when things just... work?&quot; It took 606 takes to get it perfect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Honda 2003 UK Ad campaign&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Lights! Camera! Retake!|publisher=Telegraph |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080129213751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/13/nhonda13.xml&amp;sSheet=/news/2003/04/13/ixhome.html |accessdate=5 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2004, they produced the ''[[Grrr (advertisement)|Grrr]]'' advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 ''Impossible Dream'' advert.
[[File:MonctonHonda.JPG|thumb|A post 2005 style Honda dealership in [[Moncton]], Canada]]

In December 2005, Honda reléased ''[[Impossible Dream (Honda advert)|The Impossible Dream]]'' a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zéaland, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder's dréam to build performance vehicles. While singing the song &quot;[[The Impossible Dream (The Quest)|Impossible Dream]]&quot;, a man réaches for his racing helmet, léaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to réappéar piloting a [[hot air balloon]], with Garrison Keillor saying &quot;I couldn't have put it better myself&quot; as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical ''[[Man Of La Mancha]]'', sung by [[Andy Williams]].

In 2006, Honda reléased its ''Choir'' advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This féatured a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown.

In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during modél close-out sales for the current yéar before the start of the new [[model year]], Honda's advertising has féatured an [[animated character]] known simply as [[Mr. Opportunity]], voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]]. The casual looking man talked about various déals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase &quot;I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'&quot;, followed by him &quot;knocking&quot; on the television screen or &quot;thumping&quot; the spéaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as [[Tetris]] and [[Thomas The Tank Engine]].

In late 2006, Honda reléased an ad with [[ASIMO]] exploring a muséum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spréading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an [[astronaut]] suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: &quot;More forwards please&quot;.

Honda also sponsored [[ITV Sport|ITV's]] coverage of [[Formula One]] in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high.

In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as &quot;Hondamentalism&quot;. The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda reléased its [http://www.honda.co.uk/hondamentalism/?campaignid=CM059600W01G Hondamentalism] campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, &quot;An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey&quot;, while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a gréat light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics.

At the beginning of 2008, Honda reléased – the ''Problem Playground''. The advert outlines Honda's environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the [[FCX Clarity]], a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert féatures large scale puzzles, involving [[Rubik's Cube]]s, large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle.

On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with [[Channel 4]], broadcast a live advertisement. It showed [[skydivers]] jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. The next flight of one of the two planes involved resulted in a [[2008 Spain Pilatus PC-6 crash|fatal crash]] as the plane broke apart in mid-air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Mark Sweney |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/02/advertising.spain |title=Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 2 June 2008|accessdate=27 September 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, American Honda reléased the ''Dream the Impossible'' documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: ''The Secret to Success'', ''Kick Out the Ladder'' and ''Mobility 2088''. They féature Honda employees as well as [[Danica Patrick]], [[Christopher Guest]], [[Ben Bova]], Chee Péarlman, [[Joe Johnston]] and [[Orson Scott Card]]. The film series plays at dréams.honda.com.

=== Sports ===
In Australia, Honda advertised héavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel &quot;Ten&quot;. In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 [[Indy Racing League]] séason. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda's racing heritage, Honda claimed it &quot;built&quot; cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. Skeptics{{Who|date=July 2009}} have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda ''powered'' (engined) machines, wheréas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 téams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 téam have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. .{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}}

The late F1 driver [[Ayrton Senna]] stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda &quot;the greatest company in the world&quot;.{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}}

As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the [[National Hockey League]], the [[Anaheim Ducks]] of the NHL, and the arena named after it: [[Honda Center]]. Honda also sponsors [[The Honda Classic]] golf tournament and is a sponsor of [[Major League Soccer]]. The &quot;[[Honda Player of the Year]]&quot; award is presented in United States soccer. The &quot;[[Honda Sports Award]]&quot; is given to the best female athlete in éach of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], as &quot;Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year.&quot;

Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the [[Los Angeles Marathon]] since 2010 in a three-yéar sponsorship déal with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free [[Honda Accord]]. Since 1989, the [[Honda Campus All-Star Challenge]] has been a [[quizbowl]] tournament for [[Historically black colleges and universities]].

== Facilities (partial list) ==
{{utama|List of Honda facilities}}

== Mainstream models ==
{{See also|List of Honda motorcycles|List of Honda vehicles}}

== Sales ==
{{refimprove section|date=December 2011|reason=Only one year is referenced. If references are not supplied then the whole table should be deleted}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Calendar yéar
! Total US sales
|-
| 1999
| 1,076,893
|-
| 2000
| 1,158,860
|-
| 2001
| 1,207,639
|-
| 2002
| 1,247,834
|-
| 2003
| 1,349,847
|-
| 2004
| 1,394,398
|-
| 2005
| 1,462,472
|-
| 2006
| 1,509,358
|-
| 2007
| 1,551,542&lt;ref name=sales2008/&gt;
|-
| 2008
| 1,284,261&lt;ref name=sales2008&gt;[http://www.hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723041408/http://hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 |date=23 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2009
| 1,150,784&lt;ref name=sales2010&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |title=Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107094813/http://hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |date=7 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2010
| 1,230,480&lt;ref name=sales2010/&gt;
|-
| 2011
| 1,147,285
|-
| 2012
| 1,422,785
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japanese Car|Tokyo|Companies}}
*[[Comparison of Honda water-pumps]]
*[[Honda advanced technology]]
*[[Honda Airport]]
*[[Honda Battle of the Bands]]
*[[Honda F.C.]] (Football (soccer) club)
*[[Honda Heat]] (Rugby union club)
*[[Honda Type R]]
*[[List of Honda assembly plants]]
*[[List of Honda transmissions]]
*[[Internavi]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
&lt;ref name= Alexander2008&gt;{{Citation |title= Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History |first= Jeffrey W. |last= Alexander |publisher= UBC Press |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8248-3328-2 |pages= 112–116, 197–211 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Falloon2005&gt;{{Citation |first=Ian |last= Falloon |title= The Honda Story |publisher= Haynes |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-85960-966-X |pages= 9–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Sakiya1982&gt;{{Citation |title= Honda Motor: the men, the management, the machines |first= Tetsuo |last= Sakiya |editor-first= Timothy |editor-last= Porter |publisher= [[Kodansha]] |year= 1982 |isbn= 978-0-87011-522-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Frank2003&gt;{{cite book | title= Honda Motorcycles | first= Aaron | last= Frank | publisher= MotorBooks International | year= 2003 | page=42 | isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9  |accessdate=28 January 2012 |pages=19–21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== References ==
*&quot;Move Over, Volvo: Honda Sets New Safety Standard for Itself&quot;, an article in the &quot;News&quot; section of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]'', on [[page (paper)|page]] 32
*[http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html 2004 Annual Corporate Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502074402/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html |date=2 May 2010 }}
*The story of Honda's entry and growth in the American market is documented in [[Terry Sanders]]' film [[The Japan Project: Made in Japan]]. [http://www.honda.lv/ Honda]
*[http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&amp;nm=&amp;type=Publishing&amp;mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&amp;mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&amp;tier=4&amp;id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 Honda's Midlife Crisis: Honda's slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710033605/http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&amp;nm=&amp;type=Publishing&amp;mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&amp;mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&amp;tier=4&amp;id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 |date=10 July 2006 }}
*[http://corporate.honda.com/america/history.aspx Honda's Corporate History]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Honda}}
*[http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide site]
*[http://www.honda.co.jp/pressroom/library/ Honda Press Library] (Japanese, but with graphical timelines of car and bike modéls)
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Automobiles}}
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Motorcycles/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Motorcycles}}

{{Honda}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Honda Timeline}}
{{Honda motorcycles}}
{{Japanese Automobile Industry}}
{{Major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers}}
{{TOPIX 100}}
{{Nikkei 225}}
}}

[[Kategori:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Kategori:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]
[[Kategori:Honda| ]]
[[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Boat builders]]
[[Kategori:Car manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Companies based in Tokyo]]
[[Kategori:Companies established in 1948]]
[[Kategori:Lawn and garden tractors]]
[[Kategori:Moped manufacturers]]
[[Kategori:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]]
[[Kategori:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Scooter manufacturers]]
[[Kategori:Tractor manufacturers of Japan]]
[[Kategori:Truck manufacturers]]
[[Kategori:Marine engine manufacturers]]
[[Kategori:Indy Racing League engine manufacturers]]
[[Kategori:1948 establishments in Japan]]</text>
      <sha1>mlwta4gsa5nqiiyrwncr0ptqjvq7elg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Surah Al-Baqarah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709351</id>
      <parentid>708772</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11140" sha1="f2y88m5hvbn22u8heqw56l8jd0ki3t2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Sura
| name = Al Baqoroh &lt;br /&gt;&lt;big&gt;سورة البقرة&lt;/big&gt;
| gambar = 
| katerangan = 
| harti = ''Sapi Bikang''
| ngaran_séjén = '''Fusthotul Qur'an&lt;br /&gt;Alif Laam Miim &lt;br /&gt;Sanamul Quran&lt;br /&gt; Az-Zahrawaén''
| golongan = [[Madaniyyah]]  
| surah_ka = 2
| nomer_juz =  [[Juz 01]]
| waktu_turun_wahyu = 87 &lt;ref&gt;Mushaf al-Madinah an-Nabawiyah (bi-Riwayah Hafsh). Madinah: Mujamma' al-Malik Fahd li-Thiba'ah al-Mushaf asy-Syarif. Halaman Ba'&lt;/ref&gt;
| jumlah_ruku = 40 ruku'
| jumlah_ayat = 286 ayat
| jumlah_kecap = 6121
| jumlah_aksara = 25.500 &lt;ref&gt;Bashair Dzittamyiz Fi Lathaif al-Kitab al-Aziz, al-bab al-awwal at-thorf ats-tsany a-mawaqif, bashirat fi Alif Laam Miim dzalikal kitab, Mazdudin Fairuz Abadi Muhammad bin Ya’qub&lt;/ref&gt;
| ayat_sajdah = 
| Harf-e-Mukatta'at = 
}}

'''Surat Al Baqoroh''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: '''البقرة''', ''al-Baqarah'', &quot;Sapi Bikang&quot;) nyaéta surat ka-2 dina [[Qur'an|Al Qur'an]]. Surat ieu kawengku ti 286 ayat, 6.221 kecap, jeung 25.500 huruf jeung kaasup surat [[Madaniyah]]. Sabagéan gedé ayatna turun di awal [[Hijrah|hijrahna Nabi sa.w.]], iwal ti ayat [//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Al-Qur'an/Al-Baqarah#2:281 281] nu turun di Mina nalika Haji Wada'. Surah ieu pang panjangna dina [[Qur'an|Al Qur'an]]. Dingaranan ''Al-Baqoroh'' nu hartina ''Sapi Bikang'' dicandak tina carita [[Bani Israil|Bani Isroil]] nu diparéntah Allah meuncit sapi bikang  (ayat 67-74). Surat ieu ogé disebut ''Fusthotul Qur'an'' (Puncakna Al-Qur'an) lantaran eusina  aya hukum-hukum nu teu disebutkeun dina surat nu lian atawa surat ''Alif Lam Mim''  lantaran dimimitian ''Alif Lam dan Mim''. Turun sabada Surat 83 Al Muthoffifin.

== Asbabun Nuzul (Sabab Turunna) ==
Ti Ibnu Abbas r.a, saurna nalika turun dua siloka (مثلهم كمثل الذي استوقد نارا) hartina &quot;siloka maranéhna (urang munafék) lir ibarat jalma nu ngahurungkeun seuneu (tapi teu nyaangan maranéhna, teu nempo)...&quot;, jeung (أو كصيب من السماء) hartina: &quot;Atawa (urang munafék) lir ibarat hujan ngagebrét turun ti langit (bari poék peteng)..&quot; nu patali jeung urang munafék, pok maranéhna nyarita: ''Alloh leuwih luhung tibatan ieu dua siloka''. Alloh nurunkeun ayat (إن الله لا يستحيي أن يضرب مثلا) hartina: &quot;[[Alloh]] teu éra nyieun siloka (maké reungit)..&quot;.

== Fadhilah ieu surat ==
[[Muhammad|Rosululloh saw]], ngadawuh: (الآيتان من آخر سورة البقرة، من قرأهما في ليلة كفتاه) Dua ayat tina akhir surat Al-Baqoroh saha nu maca dina sapeuting nyukupan.&lt;ref&gt;H.R. Muslim ti riwayat sohabat Abdullah bin Mas'ud r.a.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayat jeung tarjamah ==
{{col|2}}
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-size:165%;&quot;&gt;''' الۤـمۤ '''&lt;/span&gt;
(1) ''Alif Laamiim''.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-size:165%;&quot;&gt;'''ذَلِكَ ٱلْكِتَابُ لاَ رَيْبَ فِيهِ هُدًى لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ'''&lt;/span&gt;
(2) ''Ieu kitab ([[Al Qur'an]]) teu sangsi deui di jerona, pituduh pikeun jalma-jalma nu takwa''.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-size:165%;&quot;&gt;'''ٱلَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِٱلْغَيْبِ وَيُقِيمُونَ ٱلصَّلٰوةَ وَممَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنْفِقُونَ'''&lt;/span&gt;
(3) ''(nyaéta) nu iman (percaya ku haté) kanu ghoib, nanjeurkeun solat, jeung infak ku sabagian rejeki''.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-size:165%;&quot;&gt;''' وٱلَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَآ أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ وَمَآ أُنْزِلَ مِن قَبْلِكَ وَبِٱلآخِرَةِ هُمْ يُوقِنُونَ'''&lt;/span&gt;
(4) ''Jeung jalma-jalma nu iman kana (wahyu) nu turun ka Anjeun (Nabi a.s) jeung kana (wahyu) nu turun saméméh Anjeun''
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue; font-size:165%;&quot;&gt;''' أُوْلَـٰئِكَ عَلَىٰ هُدًى مِّن رَّبِّهِمْ وَأُوْلَـٰئِكَ هُمُ ٱلْمُفْلِحُونَ'''&lt;/span&gt;
(5) ''Maranéhna éta jalma-jalma nu meunang pituduh ti Pangéran maranéhna tur maranéhna jalma-jalma nu aruntung''
{{EndDiv}}

== Pokok Eusina ==
{{refbegin}}
;Tilu Golongan Manusa dina [[Al Qur'an]] (1-20)
* Golongan [[Rukun Iman|Mukmin]] (1-5)
* Golongan [[Kafir]] (6-7)
* Golongan [[Munafék]] (8-20)
;Taohid jeung kakawasaan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (21-39)
* Paréntah nyembah [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] Nu Mahatunggal (21-22)
* [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] ka nu  [[Al-Qur'an]] jeung naraka (23-24)
* Wawales pikeun nu ariman (25)
* Siloka dina [[Al Qur'an]] jeung hikmahna (26-27)
* Bukti kakawasaan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (28-29)
* Diciptana manusa jeung kholifah di [[marcapada]] (30-39)
;Pépéling [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] ka [[[[Bani Israil|Bani Isroil]]]] (40-141)
* Paréntah jeung panyarék [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] ka Bani Isroil (40-48)
* Ni'mat-ni'mat [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] ka Bani Isroil (49-60)
* Wawales kana laku lampah [[Bani Israil|Bani Isroil]] (61)
* Pahla nu ariman (62)
* Wawales [[Bani Israil|Bani Isroil]] nu sulaya kana jangji jeung [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (63-66)
* Kisah/ Carita meuncit Sapi Bikang (67-74)
* Iman urang [[Yahudi]] hésé diharepkeun (75-82)
* [[Bani Israil|Bani Isroil]] nyulayaan jangjina jeung [[Alloh]] SWT. (83-86)
* Sikep Urang Yahudi ka para rosul jeung kitab-kitab nu turun ti [[Alloh]] SWT (87-91)
* Meuncit anak sapi ku Bangsa [[Yahudi]] minangka tanda ponténgna kana dunya barana (92-96)
* Musuh [[Malaékat]] Jibril A.S. hartina musuh [[Alloh]] SWT. nu ngutusna (97-101)
* Urang Yahudi nuduh ka [[[[Nabi Sulaiman|Nabi Sulaéman AS]].]] (102-103)
* Teu sopanna urang Yahudi ka [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad SAW.]] jeung sahabatna (104-105)
* Nganasakh hiji ayat éta urusan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (106-113)
* Ngahalang-halang [[ibadah]] (114-118)
* Larangan nuturkeun Yahudi jeung Nasroni (119-123)
* Patali jangji jeung [[Nabi Ibrahim|Nabi Ibrohim AS]]. (124-129)
* Agama Nabi Ibrohim AS. (130-141)
;[[Ka'bah]] nyaéta kiblat pikeun sakabéh umat [[Islam]] (142-214)
* Ngalih kiblat ka Ka'bah (142-152)
* Cocoba beurat dina nanjeurkeun bebeneran (153-157)
* Manasik [[Haji]] (158) 
* Laknat ka jalma nu nyumputkeun ayat-ayat [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (159-162)
* [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] Nu Kawasa dan Nu Nangtukeun (163-171)
* Kadaharan nu [[halal]] jeung nu [[haram]] (172-176)
* Poko-poko kahadéan (177)
* Qishos jeung hikmahna (178-179)
* Wasiat (180-182)
* [[Puasa]] (183-188)
* [[Jihad]] ku jiwa jeung harta banda di jalan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (189-195)
* [[Haji]] (196-203)
* Laku lampah [[munafék]] (204-210)
* Hikmah diutusna para [[rasul]] jeung cocoba ka umatna (211-214)
;Hukum Syaréat (215-252)
* Nu dibéré nafakah (215)
* Hukum [[perang]] dina [[Islam]] (216-218)
* Arak, judi, harta nu dinafakahkeun jeung ngurus budak yatim (219-220) 
* Poko hukum pernikahan, [[talak|pipirakan]], jeung nyusuan (221-237)
* Kewajiban migawé [[solat]] sanajan keur sieun (238-239)
* Wasiat keur bojo jeung Mu'tah (240-242)
* Wajibna jihad jeung harta di jalan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (243-252) 
;Tumali rosul-rosul jeung kakawasaan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (253-260)
* Utama jeung béda darajat [[Rasul|rosul]]-rosul (253)
* Anjuran nasorufkeun harta banda (254)
* [[Ayat]] Kursi (255)
* Taya paksaan asup agama [[Islam]] (256-257)
* Ngahudangkeun jalma nu paéh (258-260)
;Cara ngagunakeun harta jeung hukum-hukumna (261-286)
* Ngagunakeun harta di jalan [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] (261-274)
* Hukum [[Riba]] (275-281)
* Saksi dina jeung sasama (Muamalah) (282-283)
* [[Alloh|Alloh SWT.]] muji ka urang mukmin jeung du'a maranéhna (284-286)
{{refend}}

== Tadabbur &amp; Tadzakkur ==
Sa anjogna Kangjeng [[Muhammad|Nabi S.a.w]] sumping ka Madinah, ieu surat nu mimiti turun anu eusina di antarana ngécéskeun yén [[Al Qur'an]] mangrupa kitab pituduh pikeun anu tarakwa (muttaqin) kalayan sababaraha ciri, nyaéta iman kanu goib, migawé solat, méré infaq, iman kana kitab nu turun ka Nabi s.a.w. jeung nu saméméhna Nabi s.a.w, tur yakin kana poé ahérat. Rupa-rupa syaréat mimiti lumaku di masyarakat Islam.

=== Syaréat Puasa ===
Dina taun ka-2 (dua) hiriyah, disyaréatkeun puasa Romadhon. Turun surat ieu ayat ka-183 (يٰأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ). Kalimah (يا أيُّها الَّذين آمَنُوا ) ngandung harti hé jalma-jalma nu ariman ka [[Alloh]] jeung rosul-Na, ngabenerkeun duanana tur ikror (ku lisan ku maca syahadat). Makna (كُتِبَ عَلَـيْكُمُ الصّيامُ ) nyaéta difardukeun ka aranjeun hé nu ariman puasa. Kecap (الصيام) tina kecap (صمت عن كذا وكذ) atawa (أصوم عنه صوماً وصياماً) kuring nahan tina anu tur anu, maksudna nahan tina saniskara nu Alloh maréntahkeun pikeun nahan. Ogé boga makna makna nahan teu ngomong, dina carita Siti Maryam nalika, dawuhna: ( إِنِّي نَذَرْتُ لِلرَّحْمَـٰنِ صَوْماً ) &quot;Kuring nadar karana Nu Maha Welas puasa (ayeuna moal ngomong jeung saha ogé).&lt;ref&gt;Tafsir Jami'ul Bayan Fi Tafsiril Qur'an, At-Thobari (wafat 310), Suratul Baqoroh ayat 183:  (يعنـي الله تعالـى ذكره بقوله: { يا أيُّها الَّذين آمَنُوا } بـالله ورسوله، وصدّقوا بهما وأقرّوا)&lt;/ref&gt; ku kituna (صوماً وصياماً) bisa boga dua harti, nyaéta puasa (صياماً) nahan tina saban perkara atawa puasa ngomong (صَوْماً)&lt;ref&gt;Tafsir an-Nukat wal 'Uyun, Imam Al-Mawardy ( تفسير النكت والعيون/ الماوردي (ت 450 هـ)), Surotul Baqoroh ayat 183&lt;/ref&gt;. Ceuk syara puasa nyaéta (الإمساك عن المفطرات مع ٱقتران النية به من طلوع الفجر إلى غروب الشمس) ''Nahan tina nu ngabatalkeun dibarengan niat ti mimiti medalna fajar tepi ka surupna panon poé''. Jeung sampurnana ku (وتمامه وكماله بٱجتناب المحظورات وعدم الوقوع في المحرّمات), ninggalkeun nu dilarang jeung nyingkahan ti nu haram.&lt;ref&gt;Tafsir al-Jami' li Ahkamil Qur'an, Imam Al-Qurthuby (تفسير الجامع لاحكام القرآن/ القرطبي (ت 671 هـ)) QS 2:183: Nurutkeun basa hartina (لإمساك) nahan, boga harti ogé puasa ngomong (إمساك عن الكلام) QS 19 Maryam ayat 26: Jibril a.s. ngabeberah, saurna:''Mangga tuang, leueut, jeung haté guligah, mun papanggih jeung saurang manusa, omongkeun: Kuring nadar rék puasa moal ngomong jeung saha ogé''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tumbu Luar ==
{{Wikisource|Surat Al-Baqarah}}
* {{en}} [https://quran.com/2 Quran.com - Surat Al-Baqarah (Lengkep sareng Tarjamah sarta Audio)]
* {{id}} [https://quran.kemenag.go.id/surah/2 Kemenag RI - Al-Qur'an Digital Surat Al-Baqarah]
* [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Al-Baqarah Al-Qur'an Basa Sunda online]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://altafsir.com/ Altafsir.com]

{{SuratQuran|2|[[Al Fatihah]]|[[Ali Imron]]}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Surah dina Al-Qur'an]]</text>
      <sha1>f2y88m5hvbn22u8heqw56l8jd0ki3t2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2008 TC3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709346</id>
      <parentid>640341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:03:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>10699</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2113" sha1="ka6geg8wu2wdyh9zhespz2jaqcro8by" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:2008 TC&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;}}
{{Infobox Planet 
|minorplanet = yes 
|width = 25em 
|bgcolour = 
|apsis = 
|name = 2008 TC&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|symbol = 
|image = 
|caption = 
|discovery = yes 
|discovery_ref = 
|discoverer =Mt. Lemmon Survey
|discovery_site =G96
|discovered = 2008/10/06
|designations = yes
|mp_name = 
|alt_names = 
|mp_category = 
|orbit_ref = 
|epoch = 
|aphelion =1633
|perihelion =0.908
|semimajor =1271
|eccentricity =0.285
|period = 
|avg_speed = 
|inclination =2.3
|asc_node =194.1
|mean_anomaly =328.5
|arg_peri =234.0
|satellites = 
|physical_characteristics = yes 
|dimensions = 
|mass = 
|density = 
|surface_grav = 
|escape_velocity = 
|sidereal_day = 
|axial_tilt = 
|pole_ecliptic_lat = 
|pole_ecliptic_lon = 
|albedo = 
|temperatures= 
|temp_name1 = 
|mean_temp_1 = 
|max_temp_1 = 
|temp_name2 = 
|max_temp_2 = 
|spectral_type = 
|abs_magnitude =30.4
}}
Ari '''2008 TC&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;''' mangrupa hiji [[astéroid]]. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina [[astéroid Apollo]], anu nganjrek deukeut jeung [[marcapada]]. [[Ékséntrisitas orbit]] ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.285, sedengkeun [[magnitudo mutlak]]na 30.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�154214.

==Bebentukan==
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina [[nébula]] [[panonpoé]] primordial minangka beubeulahan [[planétisimal]], objék di [[nébula]] [[marcapada]] ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi [[planét]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=What Are Asteroids And Comets? | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast | work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ | publisher=[[NASA]] | accessdate=5/19/2010 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/ | archivedate=9/9/2010 | deadurl=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |date=2010-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
==Tutumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_apollos.html Daptar astéroid Apollo] - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center.
{{astéroid-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Astéroid]]
[[Kategori:Astéroid Apollo]]</text>
      <sha1>ka6geg8wu2wdyh9zhespz2jaqcro8by</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>(357439) 2004 BL86</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709344</id>
      <parentid>635793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T13:43:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>10699</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2149" sha1="86ghhtkrxhi8hbet42bt8l1748ibfti" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:(357439) 2004 BL&lt;sub&gt;86&lt;/sub&gt;}}
{{Infobox Planet 
|minorplanet = yes 
|width = 25em 
|bgcolour = 
|apsis = 
|name = (357439) 2004 BL&lt;sub&gt;86&lt;/sub&gt;
|symbol = 
|image = 
|caption = 
|discovery = yes 
|discovery_ref = 
|discoverer =LINEAR
|discovery_site =704
|discovered = 2004/01/30
|designations = yes
|mp_name = 
|alt_names = 
|mp_category = 
|orbit_ref = 
|epoch = 
|aphelion =2107
|perihelion =0.897
|semimajor =1502
|eccentricity =0.403
|period = 
|avg_speed = 
|inclination =23.8
|asc_node =126.7
|mean_anomaly =169.3
|arg_peri =311.4
|satellites = 
|physical_characteristics = yes 
|dimensions = 
|mass = 
|density = 
|surface_grav = 
|escape_velocity = 
|sidereal_day = 
|axial_tilt = 
|pole_ecliptic_lat = 
|pole_ecliptic_lon = 
|albedo = 
|temperatures= 
|temp_name1 = 
|mean_temp_1 = 
|max_temp_1 = 
|temp_name2 = 
|max_temp_2 = 
|spectral_type = 
|abs_magnitude =19.4
}}
Ari '''(357439) 2004 BL&lt;sub&gt;86&lt;/sub&gt;''' mangrupa hiji [[astéroid]]. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina [[astéroid Apollo]], anu nganjrek deukeut jeung [[marcapada]]. [[Ékséntrisitas orbit]] ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.403, sedengkeun [[magnitudo mutlak]]na 19.4. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO�408533.

==Bebentukan==
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina [[nébula]] [[panonpoé]] primordial minangka beubeulahan [[planétisimal]], objék di [[nébula]] [[marcapada]] ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi [[planét]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=What Are Asteroids And Comets? | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast | work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ | publisher=[[NASA]] | accessdate=5/19/2010 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/ | archivedate=9/9/2010 | deadurl=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909210213/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |date=2010-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tutumbu kaluar==
*[http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_apollos.html Daptar astéroid Apollo] - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center.

{{astéroid-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Astéroid|357439]]
[[Kategori:Astéroid Apollo|357439]]</text>
      <sha1>86ghhtkrxhi8hbet42bt8l1748ibfti</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gunung Snowdon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709376</id>
      <parentid>707512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T04:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10718" sha1="cbzkc0pqxdrp0b92yzb772d8z3he2o5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gunung Snowdon
| native_name = ''Yr Wyddfa''
| native_name_lang = cy
| photo = Snowdon massif.jpg
| photo_caption = Puncak-puncak gunung Snowdon ditempo ti beulah wétan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;left to right&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Y Lliwedd]], [[Crib Goch]], Yr Wyddfa, Garnedd Ugain
| elevation_m = 1085
| elevation_ref = &amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Liz |url=http://www.grough.co.uk/magazine/2010/09/21/survey-puts-welsh-mountain-into-1000m-super-league?printview=1 |title=Survey puts Welsh mountain into 1,000m 'super league' |publisher=Grough |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prominence_m = 1039
| prominence_ref = &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[List of mountains of the British Isles by relative height|Ranked joint 3rd]] in [[British Isles]]&lt;/small&gt;
| parent_peak = [[Ben Nevis]] &lt;!-- This is correct. Please discuss on the talk page before moving it. --&gt;
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_size = 
| label_position 
| listing = [[Marilyn (pasir)|Marilyn]], [[Furth (gunung)|Furth]], [[Hewitt (pasir)|Hewitt]], [[Nuttall (pasir)|Nuttall]], [[Welsh 3000s]], [[List of Welsh principal areas by highest point|council top]], [[Ribu]]
| location = [[Gwynedd]], Wales
| range = [[Snowdonia]]
| coordinates= {{coord|53|4|6.59|N|4|4|34.43|W|region:GB-GWN_type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Edwardes |first=Simon |url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&amp;rf=1963 |title=Snowdon – Yr Wyddfa |work=The Mountains of England and Wales |accessdate=28 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| grid_ref_UK = SH6098954379
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 115, ''Explorer'' OL17
}}
'''Gunung Snowdon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|n|oʊ|d|ən}}; [[Basa Welsh]]: '''Yr Wyddfa''', diucapkeun: ər ˈwɪðva) nyaéta hiji gunung anu aya di [[Wales]], [[Britania Raya]]. Gunung ieu mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna di Wales kalawan tingkat kaluhuran 1.085 méter di luhureun beungeut sagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-40289447|title=Snowdon Partnership launch plan to 'safeguard' mountain|website=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.climb-snowdon.co.uk/about-yr-wyddfa|title=Climb Snowdon - About Yr Wyddfa|last=@ClimbSnowdon|website=www.climb-snowdon.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran asli Gunung Snowdon, ''Yr Wyddfa'', anu asalna tina [[basa Welsh]], miboga harti makam atawa monumén. Aya nu nyebut makam anu dimaksud nyaéta makam Rhita Gawr, hiji ''ogre'' anu rék nelasan raja sarta rék nyieun jubah tina janggutna. Cenah manéhna tilar dunya nalika Raja Arthur datang ka puncak Gunung Snowdon sarta nelasan manéhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainwalk.co.uk/snowdonfacts.html|title=Interesting Facts about Snowdon and its History|website=www.mountainwalk.co.uk|accessdate=2020-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202084158/https://www.mountainwalk.co.uk/snowdonfacts.html |date=2020-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Gunung Snowdon geus ditempatan ku jelema ti [[jaman prasajarah]], tuluy laju ka jaman [[Romawi]], jaman bangkitna agama [[Kristen]], jaman [[abad patengahan]], nepi ka kiwari. Bangsa anu kungsi ngeusian gunung ieu nyaéta [[Viking|bangsa Viking]], [[Anglo-Saxon]], sarta [[bangsa Norman]]. Sajarah ieu gunung teu bisa leupas ti sajarah '''[[Snowdonia]]'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitsnowdonia.info/history|title=History {{!}} Visit Snowdonia|website=www.visitsnowdonia.info|accessdate=2020-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di daérah sabudeureun ieu gunung, aya mangratus-ratus situs prasajarah, salah sahiji anu paling penting sarta anu pangkasohorna nyaéta Tre'r Ceiri (Kota Raksasa), padumukan jaman beusi anu ngadominasi Semenanjung Llŷn di tutugan Yr Eifl, kira-kira ti 134 [[méter]] di luhureun [[Laut Irlandia]]. Padumukan ieu eusina mangrupa sésa-sésa 150 imah batu sarta bénténg anu ukuranna gedé, anu diwangun kira-kira [[abad ka-2 saacan maséhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saenggeus ruhagna [[kakaisaran Romawi]], panjajah anu lianna, bisa ngaeréh daérah pagunungan ieu. Sanajan cara pikeun nepi ka ieu wewengkon téh hésé, tapi Urang-urang Viking, Anglo-Saxon, sarta Normandia bisa datang sarta ngaeréh ieu wewengkon. Hal ieu anu nyababkeun Pangéran Gwynedd ngawangun loba bénténg dina tarékah ngalindungan lemah cai maranéhna ti anu ngajajah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kastil Dolbadarn jeung Dolwyddelan diwangun di posisi anu stratégis di puseur Snowdonia pikeun ngendalikeun dua ruteu utama anu ngaliwatan pagunungan. Kastil Criccieth mangrupa conto lianna anu diwangun ku ''Llywelyn the Great'' sarta dilegakeun ku ''Llywelyn the Last.'' kastil y Bere, kastil Welsh asli lianna anu perenahna di kaléreun Abergynolwyn, ogé kamungkinan diwangun ku ''Llywelyn the Great'' kira-kira di taun [[1221]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanggeus ngarebut kastil asli, [[Edward I]] tuluy ngawangun cingcin kastil anu kuat di Wales Kalér. Situs Warisan Budaya Caernarfon Castle anu perenahna di sisieun Walungan Seiont jeung Selat Menai, éta ogé diwangun ku Edward I. Tempat éta, salian dijadikeun bénténg militér, ogé dijadikeun tempat panyicingan anu resmi di Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Pariwisata ==
[[File:Snowdon-P8060404.JPG|250px|thumb|Jalan ka puncak Gunung Snowdon]]
Gunung Snowdon miboga poténsi [[pariwisata]] anu hadé. Ku lantaran pamandanganna anu éndah sarta jauh ti hiruk-pikuk kota. Unggal taunna sok aya baé jelema anu naék ieu gunung. Aya kira-kira 400.000 jalma anu naék ieu gunung unggal taunna. Biasana, ti handap nepi ka puncak merlukeun watu antara 3 nepi ka 4 jam ku cara leumpang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.walkupsnowdon.co.uk/|title=Walk up Snowdon {{!}} The Online Guidebook for all the Walking Routes up Snowdon - Climb The highest mountain in Wales|website=Walk up Snowdon|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globaladventurechallenges.com/journal/how-long-will-it-take-climb-mount-snowdon|title=How Long Will It Take to Climb Mount Snowdon?|last=WPS|website=www.globaladventurechallenges.com|accessdate=2020-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, lamun naék [[karéta api]] mah ngan sajam baé nepi ka puncak téh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Jalur anu bisa ditempuh pikeun ka punclut ieu gunung aya genep, nyaéta jalur ''Llanberis'', jalur ''Pyg'', jalur ''Miners'', jalur ''Watkin'', jalur ''Rhyd-Ddu'', sarta jalur ''Snowdon Ranger''. Sajajalan, urang bisa nempo pamandangan anu éndah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitsnowdonia.info/snowdon-walking-routes|title=Snowdon - Your Ultimate Guide to the Six Walking Routes to the Summit {{!}} Visit Snowdonia|website=www.visitsnowdonia.info|accessdate=2020-02-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809031042/https://www.visitsnowdonia.info/snowdon-walking-routes |date=2020-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/adventure-and-activities/walking/walking-snowdon-wales-highest-mountain|title=Snowdon walks|website=VisitWales|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.llanberismountainrescue.co.uk/snowdon|title=Snowdon Information|website=Llanberis Mountain Rescue|accessdate=2020-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228020210/http://www.llanberismountainrescue.co.uk/snowdon |date=2019-12-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jalur anu bisa ditempuh ==

#'''Jalur Llanberis''' (14,5 km), jalur anu pangpanjangna ti genep jalur anu aya, tapi rada gampil. Di jalur ieu, urang bisa nempo pamandangan Cwm Brwynog, Llanberis, sarta Menai anu éndah. Jalur ieu mangrupa jalur anu pangkasohorna ku sabab panggampilna pikeun dipilampah dina kaayaan cuaca anu hadé. Sanajan kitu, nalika usum tiris, jalan satapak anu pangluhurna bisa jadi bahaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Pyg''' (11 km), jalur anu pangpondokna, tapi nanjak pisan. jalur ieu mangrupa jalur panghéséna ti genep jalur anu aya. Jalur ieu brasna ka pasir Crib Goch. Ruteu Crib Goch bahaya pisan sarta jelema anu kakaraeun mah teu meunang jalan dieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Miners''' (13 km), jalur ieu mimitina lébar, tuluy ngaliwatan Llyn Teyrn ka Llyn Llydaw, anu mana ruruntuhan tambang bisa katempo. Ti dinya, jalan nanjak pisan nepi ka Llyn Glaslyn, tuluy, jalur ieu bakal papangih jeung jalur Pyg, ti dinya, jalan jadi jig-jag ka Bwlch Glas, tuluy nepi di puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Rhyd Ddu''' (12 km), jalur anu paling tenang ti genep jalur nu aya. Di jalur ieu, urang bisa nempo pagunungan kalawan jelas pisan. Komopas di Moel Hebog jeung pasir Nantlle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Watkin''' (13 km), jalur anu rada hésé di Snowdon. Mimitina, jalan lébar tur rata, tapi ka dieunakeun jadi loba batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
#'''Jalur Snowdon Ranger''' (13 km), jalurna nanjak di deukeut Moel Cynghorion nepi ka Bwlch Cwm Brwynog. Tuluy nanjak di Clogwyn Du'r Arddu saacan nyambung jeung jalur Llanberis, tuluy nyambung deui jeung jalur Pyg jeung jalur Miners di Bwlch Glas, tuluy nepi di puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.walkupsnowdon.co.uk/snowdonia-walks/walk-up-snowdon-via-the-snowdon-ranger-path/|title=Snowdon Ranger Path {{!}} Walk up Snowdon from Snowdon Ranger|website=Walk up Snowdon|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jalur karéta api Snowdon ==
[[File:Snowdon Mountain train with engine 2.jpg|250px|thumb|Karéta api Snowdon]]
Salian ti ku cara leumpang, urang gé bisa nepi ka puncak gunung ku cara naék [[karéta api]]. Ieu layanan karéta api téh dikokolakeun ku ''Snowdon Railway.'' Jalur karéta api ieu diwangun di taun [[1896]] kalawan panjang 12,16 kilométer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ieu layanan karéta téh mimitina ti Stasion Llanberis, sarta langsung nganteur urang ka puncak dina waktu sajam. Stasion anu diliwatan di antarana Stasion Hebron, Stasion Halfway, Stasion Rocky Valley, Stasion Clogwyn, tuluy urang nepi di puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://snowdonrailway.co.uk/journey-to-the-summit/|title=Journey to the Summit|website=Snowdon Mountain Railway|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan kitu, ieu layanan karéta api biasana ditutup saheulaanan salila [[usum tiris]] sarta dibuka deui di bulan [[Maret]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Snowdon from Yr Aran.JPG|Gunung Snowdon
File:Harlech Castle with Snowdon.jpg|Kastil Harlech kalawan pamandangan gunung Snowdon
File:WHR Garratt K1 at Snowdon Ranger.jpg|Karéta api ''Snowdon railway''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
[[Gunung]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Gunung]]
[[Kategori:Gunung di Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Gunung di Éropa]]</text>
      <sha1>cbzkc0pqxdrp0b92yzb772d8z3he2o5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bill Gates</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709366</id>
      <parentid>625226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T02:02:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2489" sha1="b2yx1cz9w8nv5w9iiofu7hsqwabuqbp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name = Bill Gates
|image = Bill Gates 2018.jpg
|caption = Bill Gates, 2018
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1955|10|28}}
|birth_place = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (nagara bagian)|Washington]], Amerika Serikat
|birth_name = William Henry Gates III
|occupation = Kapala [[Microsoft]]&lt;br /&gt;Kapala [[Corbis]]&lt;br /&gt;Kapala Pandamping [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation]]&lt;br /&gt;Direktur [[Berkshire Hathaway]]&lt;br /&gt;CEO [[Cascade Investment]]
|years_active = 1975–ayeuna
|nationality = Amerika Serikat
|net_worth = US $105.6 juta (Mei 2020)
|religion = [[Katolik Roma]], dulu [[Kongregasionalisme]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/bill-gates-the-rolling-stone-interview-20140313?print=true |title = Bill Gates: The Rolling Stone Interview |date = 2014-03-13 |first = Jeff |last = Goodell |work = Rolling Stone }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Melinda Gates]]|1994}}
|children = 3
|residence = [[Medina, Washington|Medina]], Washington, Amerika Serikat
|alma_mater = [[Universitas Harvard]] (keluar)
|website = [http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/bio.mspx Bill Gates]
|signature = Bill Gates signature.svg
|parents = [[William H. Gates, Sr.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mary Maxwell Gates]]
}}

'''William Henry''' &quot;'''Bill'''&quot; '''Gates III''' ({{lahirmati|[[Seattle]], [[Washington]]|28|10|1955}}) mangrupi pabisnis, [[investor]], filantropis, [[nulis|panulis]] ti [[Amérika Serikat]], sareng tilas CEO anu ayeuna janten ketua [[Microsoft]], perusahaan perangkat lunak anu anjeunna didirikeun sareng [[Paul Allen]] Anjeunna rengking permanén diantawis [[daptar miliarder Forbes|jalma paling terkenal di dunya]] sareng rengking munggaran ti 1995 dugi 2009, teu kalebet taun 2008 nalika anjeunna murag ka tempat katilu.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
* {{en}} [http://www.thegatesnotes.com/ Situs web resmi Bill Gates]
* {{en}} [http://www.gatesfoundation.org/ Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation]
* {{en}} [http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/bio.mspx Profile] di [[Microsoft]]
* {{en}} [http://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates Profile] di [[Forbes]]
* {{IMDb name|0309540}}
* {{en}} [http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/30/news/newsmakers/gates_howiwork_fortune/index.htm How I Work: Bill Gates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915155246/https://money.cnn.com/2006/03/30/news/newsmakers/gates_howiwork_fortune/index.htm |date=2020-09-15 }}, ''Fortune'', 30 Maret 2006

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates, Bill}}</text>
      <sha1>b2yx1cz9w8nv5w9iiofu7hsqwabuqbp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jesse Eisenberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709389</id>
      <parentid>603396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1612" sha1="oikjne191u99ceguyh3b50uiny2gfzz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox actor
|name = Jesse Eisenberg
|image = Jesse Eisenberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|caption =
|birth_name = Jesse Adam Eisenberg
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|10|5|mf=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=CcVciO--PkgC&amp;pg=PA129&amp;dq=%22Jesse+Adam+Eisenberg%22&amp;hl=en |title=The New York Times Theatre Reviews 1999-2000 - New York Times Theater Reviews - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.ca |date= |accessdate=2020-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_place = [[Queens]], New York, Amerika Serikat
|occupation = Aktor
|years_active = 1999–ayeuna
|homepage = &lt;!-- Only add his official website (not www.jesse-eisenberg.org which is a fan website) --&gt;
}}

'''Jesse Adam Eisenberg''' ({{lahirmati||5|10|1983}}) mangrupikeun [[aktor]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Anjeunna maén dina sababaraha film sapertos ''[[The Squid and the Whale]]'', ''[[Adventureland (film)|Adventureland]]'' jeung ''[[Zombieland]]''. Akhir-akhirna, anjeunna nampi pujian sareng panghargaan pikeun Academy Award pikeun Aktor Pangalusna pikeun kalungguhanana salaku pencipta Facebook [[Mark Zuckerberg]] dina pilem ''[[The Social Network]]''.

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
* {{IMDb name|251986}}
* [http://www.oregonherald.com/reviews/mark-sells/interviews/jesse_eisenberg.html Interview in ''The Oregon Herald''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815185111/http://www.oregonherald.com/reviews/mark-sells/interviews/jesse_eisenberg.html |date=2009-08-15 }}
* [http://talkoffame.com/?p=1867 Jesse Eisenberg on Talk of Fame]
[[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
      <sha1>oikjne191u99ceguyh3b50uiny2gfzz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>105965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709395</id>
      <parentid>681258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T07:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709395</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36728" sha1="qj7trn56rukj5abm1oitlicvfxpz84h" xml:space="preserve">{{Dati2
|settlement_type = Kabupaten
|nama          = Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara
|translit_lang1_type = [[Surat Batak|Surat Batak Toba]]
|translit_lang1_info = {{btk|ᯖᯇᯉᯮᯞᯪ ᯥᯖᯒ}}
|nama_lain     = Taput
|propinsi      = [[Sumatera Utara]]
|foto          = {{multiple image|border= infobox|total_width= 300|image_style= border:1;
|perrow        = 2/2
|image1=Salib Kasih Siatas Barita.jpg
|image2=Halak_Batak.jpg
|image3=Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Sumatera Utara 04.jpg
|image4=HKBP Batu Nadua, Res. Gultom 02.jpg
}}
|caption       = '''Dari atas ke bawah''': [[Salib Kasih]], Pakaian tradisional [[Suku Batak Toba|Batak Toba]], Kantor bupati Tapanuli Utara, dan [[HKBP]] Batunadua Pangaribuan
|ibukota       = [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]]
|motto         = {{btk|ᯀᯒ᯲ᯎ ᯑᯬ ᯅᯬᯉ ᯉᯪ ᯇᯪᯉᯘ}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Arga do bona ni pinasa&lt;br&gt;{{lang icon|Batak Toba}} Kampung halaman itu berharga}}
|lambang       = Logo Pemkab Tapanuli Utara.png
|peta          = Lokasi Sumatera Utara Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara.svg
|hari jadi     = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|1945|10|5}}
|dasar hukum   = UU No. 22 Tahun 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;UU&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = 2024-07-02 | url = https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/177253/Salinan_UU_Nomor_22_Tahun_2024.pdf | title = Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2024 tentang Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara di Provinsi Sumatera Utara | publisher = Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia | access-date = 2024-07-15 | archive-date = 2024-07-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240715083542/https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/177253/Salinan_UU_Nomor_22_Tahun_2024.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715083542/https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/177253/Salinan_UU_Nomor_22_Tahun_2024.pdf |date=2024-07-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|tanggal       = [[24 November]] [[1956]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UU&quot;/&gt;
|koordinat     = 
|kecamatan     = 15
|kelurahan     = 11
|desa          = 241
|kepala daerah            = [[Bupati]]
|nama kepala daerah       = Dimposma Sihombing ([[Penjabat|Pj.]])
|wakil kepala daerah      = Wakil Bupati
|nama wakil kepala daerah = ''Lowong''
|sekretaris daerah        = Indra Sahat Simaremare
|ketua DPRD    = [[Arifin Rudi Nababan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.inimedan.com/arifin-rudi-nababan-dilantik-jadi-ketua-dprd-taput/|title=Arifin Rudi Nababan Dilantik Jadi Ketua DPRD Taput|website=www.inimedan.com|date=(2022)|accessdate=27 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|luas          = 3793,71
|luasref       = &lt;ref&gt;[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/1205.pdf Luas wilayah Menurut Hasil Pemetaan SP2010]&lt;/ref&gt;
|penduduk      = 329252
|penduduktahun = 30 Juni 2024
|pendudukref   = &lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2024|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=26 Juli 2024|format=Visual}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|kepadatan     = auto
|agama         = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; 
|{{Tree list}}
* 95,05% [[Kekristenan]]
** 90,28% [[Protestan]]
** 4,77% [[Katolik]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|4,90% [[Islam]] |0,04% [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]]  |0,01% [[Ugamo Malim|Parmalim]]&lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;/&gt;}}
|bahasa       = [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] (resmi), [[Bahasa Batak Toba|Batak Toba]] (dominan), [[Bahasa Batak Angkola|Batak Angkola]]
|IPM          = {{increase}} 76,86 ([[2023]])&lt;br&gt;{{fontcolor|#00726a|tinggi}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IPM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sumut.bps.go.id/indicator/26/750/1/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-umur-harapan-hidup-hasil-long-form-sp2020-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (Umur Harapan Hidup Hasil Long Form SP2020) 2021-2023|website=www.sumut.bps.go.id|accessdate=29 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|dau          = Rp 683.984.244.000,- ([[2020]])
|dauref       = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf |title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum  Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=16 Februari 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|flora        = [[Andaliman]]
|fauna        = [[Ikan mas]]
|kodepos      = 224xx
|kodearea     = 0633
|nomor_polisi = BB
|web          = {{URL|http://www.taputkab.go.id/}}
}}

'''Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér''' ([[Surat Batak|Surat Batak Toba]]: {{btk|ᯖᯇᯉᯮᯞᯪ ᯥᯖᯒ}}) nyaéta hiji  [[Kabupatén]] di [[propinsi]] [[Sumatera Kalér]], [[Indonésia]] anu puseur dayeuh na aya di kacamatan [[Tarutung]]. Jumlah pangeusi ieu Kabupatén dina pertengahan taun [[2024]] lobana 329.252 jiwa, kalawan kapadetan pangeusi 84 jiwa/km² kalayan Kabupatén ieu mangrupakeun  wewengkon anu mayoritas pangeusina étnis [[Suku Batak Toba|Batak Toba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TAPUT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tapanuliutarakab.bps.go.id/publication/2023/02/28/d6ef4cd53a15b9c69486c67a/kabupaten-tapanuli-utara-dalam-angka-2023.html||title=Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Dalam Angka 2023|website=www.tapanuliutarakab.bps.id|accessdate=16 Maret 2023|format=pdf|pages=53, 140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saméméh dimekarkeun, [[Kabupatén Dairi]], [[Kabupatén Toba]] (saméméhna disebut  Kabupatén Toba Samosir), sarta  [[Kabupatén Humbang Hasundutan]] tayalian bagéan ti Tapanuli Kalér.&lt;ref name=&quot;UU&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah ==
=== Mangsa Pamaréntahaan Hindia Walanda ===
Nalika  mangsa [[Hindia Walanda]], Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér ka asup  bagéan ti  [[Kabupatén Dairi]] jeung [[Toba Samosir]] anu kiwari asup ka jero  karésidénan [[Tapanuli]] anu dipingpin ku saurang Résidén bangsa [[Walanda]] anu perenahna di [[Sibolga]]. [[Karésidénan Tapanuli]] anu baheulana  disebut ''Résidéntie'' Tapanuli diwangun ku 4 ''Afdeling'' (Kabupatén) tayalian ''Afdeling'' [[Batak]] ''Landen'', ''Afdeling'' Padang Sidempuan, ''Afdeling'' Sibolga jeung ''Afdeling'' [[Nias]]. ''Afdeling'' Batak Landen dipingpin ku saurang Asistén Résidén anu puseur dayeuhna di Tarutung anu  mibanda  5 Onder ''Afdeling'' (Wilayah) yaitu:&lt;ref name=&quot;SEJARAH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://smartnewstapanuli.com/2018/04/21/sejarah-tapanuli-utara/|last=|first=|title=Sejarah Tapanuli Utara|website=www.smartnewstapanuli.com|accessdate=10 Februari 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Onder Afdeling'' Silindung (Wilayah [[Silindung]]) puseurna di [[Tarutung]].
* ''Onder Afdeling'' Hoovlakte Van Toba (Wilayah Humbang) puseurna di [[Siborongborong]].
* ''Onder Afdeling'' Toba (Wilayah Toba) puseurna di [[Balige]].
* ''Onder Afdeling'' Samosir (Wilayah [[Samosir]]) puseurna di  [[Pangururan]].
* ''Onder Afdeling'' Dairi Landen (Kabupatén Dairi kiwari) puseurna di [[Sidikalang]].

Unggal ''Onder Afdeling'' mibanda hiji  ''Distrik'' (Kawedanan) dipimpin ku saurang ''Distrikchoolfd'' bangsa [[Indonésia]] anu disebut Demang sarta ngaréksa sababaraha ''Onder Distrikten'' (Kacamatan) anu dipimpin ku saurang Asistén Demang. Sateuacan Perang Dunia II, ''distrik-distrik'' di sakabéh karésidenan Tapanuli dileungitkeun jeung sababaraha  Demang anu saméméhna mupuhuan distrik-distrik  ditugaskeun ka kantor ''Controleur'' masing-masing sarta disebut ngarana salaku Demang ''Terbeschingking''.

Ku kituna sakumna Asistén Demang anu aya di kantor Demang éta ditetepkeun ngajadi  Asistén Demang di ''Onder'' Distrikna. Kadieunakeun unggal Onder Distrik ngaréksa sababaraha negeri anu dipimpin ku saurang kapala Negeri anu disebut ''Negeri Hoofd''.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEJARAH&quot;/&gt; Dina waktos salajengna basa éta dirobah sarta pamilihan dilaksanakeun, tapi tetep nengetan asal-usulna.  Nagara-nagara ieu diwangun ku sababaraha désa, anu dipingpin ku kapala désa anu disebut Kampung ''Hoafd'' sarta diangkat ogé sarua jeung diangkatna Negeri Hoofd..&lt;ref name=&quot;SEJARAH&quot;/&gt;

Negeri jeung Kampung Hoofd statusna lain pagawé negeri, tapi pajabat-pajabat anu ngadeg sorangan di negeri atawa kampungna. Maranéhna teu  narima gaji ti pamaréntah tapi buruhna dicokot tina pajeg.

Nalika dicepeng ku tentara Jepang Taun [[1942]]-[[1945]] struktur pamaréntahan di Tapanuli Kalér ampir teu aya  parobahan, ngan ngarana anu  robah, saperti :&lt;ref name=&quot;SEJARAH&quot;/&gt;
* Asistént Résidént diganti ngarana  ''Gunseibu'' sarta ngaréksa sakabéh tanah batak jeung disebut Tanah Batak Sityotyo.
* Demang-demang ''Terbeschiking'' robah jadi  Guntyome anu mingpin  masing-masing wilayah anu disebut ''Gunyakusyo''.
* Asistén Demang tetep aya di posna séwangan - séwangan kalayan ngarana  Huku Guntyo jeung kacamatanna diganti ngarana ku Huku Gunyakusyo.
* Negeri jeung Kampung ''Hoofd'' tetep mingpin Negeri/Kampungna masing-masing kalayan dirobah ngarana ngajadi Kapala Negeri jeung Kapala kampung.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/MarganSibarani di Situs Resmi Pemkab Taput]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mangsa Pamaréntahan Républik Indonésia ===
[[File:Muara, Lake Toba, Tapanuli Utara, North Sumatra, Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|ki|220px|Wewengkon [[Muara, Tapanuli Utara|Muara]], hiji-hijina kacamatan di Tapanuli Kalér anu nyambung langsung ka [[Dano Toba]], sabada pamekaran sababaraha Kabupatén anyat.]]

Sanggeus kamerdékaan [[Républik]] [[Indonésia]] diproklamasikeun dina [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]], pamaréntahan mimiti ngawangun struktur pamaréntahan boh di puseur boh di daérah. Kalayan diangkatna Dr. [[Ferdinand Lumban Tobing]] salaku Warga Tapanuli, susunan pamaréntahan [[doméstik]] di Tapanuli hususna di Tapanuli Kalér disusun saperti kieu:
* Ngaran ''Afdeling'' Batak ''Landen'' diganti jadi Luhak Tanah Batak sarta Cornelis Sihombing diangkat jadi luhak munggaran.
* Ngaran ''Budrafdeling'' diganti jadi Urung dipingpin ku Kapala Urung, Para Demang dipingpin ''Onder Afdeling'' jadi Kapala Urung.
* Kacamatan ''Onder'' diganti jadi Urung Kecil jeung dipingpin ku Camat Urung Kecil nu biasa disebut ''Asistén'' Demang.

Saterasna, dina waktu sakeudeung aya parobahan, ngaran Luhak diganti jadi [[kacamatan]] anu dipingpin ku [[Bupati]], Urung jadi Daérah anu dipingpin ku Demang, jeung Urung Kecil jadi Kacamatan anu dipingpin ku Asistén Demang. Dina [[1946]] Kabupatén Tanah Batak diwangun ku 5 (lima) wewengkon, nyaéta Wewengkon ''Silindung'', Wewengkon ''Humbang'', Wewengkon ''Toba'', Wewengkon ''Samosir'' jeung Wewengkon ''Dairi'', nu masing-masing dipingpin ku saurang Demang. Kacamatan tetep nalika Jepang ninggalkeun aranjeunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah di Situs Resmi Pemkab Taput&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taputkab.go.id/page.php?wtmd_id=21|title=Sejarah di Situs Resmi Pemkab Taput|accessdate=5 Februari 2018|archive-date=2013-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808001926/http://taputkab.go.id/page.php?wtmd_id=21|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808001926/http://taputkab.go.id/page.php?wtmd_id=21 |date=2013-08-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina [[taun]] [[1947]] agrési munggaran Walanda lumangsung dimana [[Walanda]] mimiti nempatan wewengkon [[Sumatra Wétan,]] ku kituna dumasar kana tinimbangan strategis sarta pikeun nguatkeun pamaréntah sarta pertahanan, Kabupatén Tanah Batak dibagi jadi 4 (opat) kacamatan. Wewengkon jadi [[kacamatan]] jeung nambahan jumlah kacamatan. Dina [[1948]] lumangsung Agrési Kadua ku [[Walanda]], pikeun ngagampangkeun hubungan [[sipil]] jeung Tentara Républik, aparat Pamaréntahan ''Sipil dimiliterisasi'' ku kalungguhan Bupati Militer, Wedana Militer jeung Camat Militer. Pikeun ngagancangkeun hubungan jeung rahayat, kewedana dileungitkeun sarta camat langsung sacara ''administratif'' ka [[Bupati]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah di Situs Resmi Pemkab Taput&quot;/&gt;

Sanggeus Walanda ninggalkeun Indonésia dumasar ratifikasi kadaulatan, dina awal [[1950]] di Tapanuli kabupatén anyar dibentuk, nyaéta Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér (baheulana Kabupatén Batak), Kabupatén Tapanuli Kidul (baheulana Kabupatén Padang Sidempuan), Kabupatén Tapanuli Tengah. (baheulana Kabupatén Sibolga) jeung Kabupatén Nias. Ku ayana kabupatén ieu, kabupatén-kabupatén nu diwangun dina taun 1947 dibubarkeun. Salian ti éta, di unggal kacamatan diwangun hiji badan législatif Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Samentara anu anggotana anggota parpol lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah di Situs Resmi Pamaréntah Kabupatén Taput&quot;/&gt;

Mertimbangkeun legana wewengkon Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér ngawengku Dairi harita, pikeun ngaronjatkeun éféktivitas pamaréntahan, dina [[1956]] kabentuk Kabupatén Dairi anu misah ti Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér. Salah sahiji usaha pikeun ngagancangkeun laju pangwangunan utamana kamekaran ékonomi daérah, pamarataan hasil pangwangunan jeung stabilitas kaamanan nyaéta ku ékspansi daérah. Taun 1998 Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér dibagi jadi dua Kabupatén, nya éta Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér jeung Kabupatén Toba Samosir luyu jeung Undang-Undang Nomer 12 Taun 1998 ngeunaan Pembentukan Kabupatén Toba Samosir jeung Kabupatén Mandailing Natal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah di Situs Resmi. Pamaréntah Kabupatén Taput&quot;/&gt;

Saterusna dina taun [[2003]] Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér dibagi deui jadi dua kacamatan, nya éta Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér jeung Kabupatén Humbang Hasundutan luyu jeung UU No. 9 Taun 2003 ngeunaan ngadegna [[Kabupatén Nias Kidul|Kabupatén]] Nias Kidul, [[Kabupatén Pakpak Bharat]] Pakpak Bharat, jeung [[Humbang Hasundutan|Humbang]] [[Humbang Hasundutan|Hasundutan]] Kabupatén.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sajarah dina Situs Resmi Pamaréntah Kabupatén Taput&quot;/&gt;

Sanggeus Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér misah jeung Kabupatén Humbang Hasundutan, jumlah kacamatan di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér jadi 15 kacamatan. Kacamatan anu masih kénéh aya di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér nyaéta [[Kacamatan Parmonangan]], [[Kacamatan Adiankoting]], [[Kacamatan Sipoholon]], [[Kacamatan Tarutung]], [[Kacamatan Siatas Barita]], [[Kacamatan Pahae Jae ]], [[Kacamatan Purbatua]], [[Kacamatan Simangumban]], [[Kacamatan Pahae Julu]], [[Kacamatan Pangaribuan]], [[Kacamatan Garoga]], [[Kacamatan Sipahutar]], [ [Kacamatan Siborongborong ]], [[Kacamatan Pagaran]], [[Kacamatan Muara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sajarah dina Situs Resmi Pamaréntah Kabupatén Taput&quot;/&gt;

Sababaraha cai [[Danau Toba]] dipaké pikeun irigasi, pangwangunan perikanan jeung pembangkit listrik. Kaéndahan alam kalayan panorama, hususna Pulo Sibandang di [[Danau Toba|Danau]] wewengkon Toba Kacamatan Muara, sarta wisata spiritual [[Salib Cinta]]. Kabeungharan seni budaya asli mangrupa poténsi daérah dina usaha mekarkeun pariwisata nasional. Poténsi séjénna ngawengku rupa-rupa mineral, saperti kaolin, apu, walirang, beusi, mika, batubara, [[panas bumi|termal]] bumi, jeung sajabana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah di Situs Resmi Pemkab Taput&quot; /&gt;

== Pamaréntahan ==
=== Bupati dan Wakil ===
{{utama|Daftar Bupati Tapanuli Utara}}
[[File:Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Sumatera Utara 01.jpg|jmpl|center|220px|Kantor Bupati Tapanuli kalér di [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]]]]
Bupati Tapanuli Utara mangrupa pamingpin pangluhurna dina pamaréntahan Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér. Bupati Tapanuli Utara tanggung jawab ka [[Gubernur]] propinsi [[Sumut]]. Ayeuna, [[bupati]] atawa kapala daérah anu aya di Tapanuli Kalér nyaéta [[Nikson Nababan]], jeung wakil bupati [[Sarlandy Hutabarat]]. Aranjeunna meunang [[Pilkada Bupati Tapanuli Utara 2018]]. Nikson nyaéta bupati Tapanuli Kalér ka-21 sanggeus kamerdikaan, diresmikeun tanggal 23 April 2019 di [[Kota Medan]], sarta ieu mangrupa periode kadua Nikson jadi bupati.&lt;ref name=&quot;REGENCY&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https: //mediaindonesia.com/nusantara/231336/gubernur-lantik-bupati-dan-bangun-bupati-tapanuli-utara|title=Gubernur Lantik Bupati jeung Wakil Bupati Tapanuli Utara|tanggal=23 April 2019|website=www.mediaindonesia . com|accessdate=15 Januari 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!style=&quot;background: lavender;&quot;|No 
!style=&quot;background: lavender;&quot; colspan=2|Bupati
!style=&quot;background: lavender;&quot;|Mimiti ngajabat
!style=&quot;background: lavender;&quot;|Eureun ngajabat
!style=&quot;background: lavender;&quot;|Prd.
!style=&quot;background: lavender;&quot;colspan=2|Wakil Bupati
|-
|21
|[[file:Nikson Nababan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Nikson Nababan]]
|24 April 2019
|''petahana''
|22&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Pemilihan umum Bupati Tapanuli Utara 2018|2018]])
|[[file :Sharlandy Hutabarat 2019.png|100px]]
|Sarlandy Hutabarat
|}

=== Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat===
{{utama|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara}}
{{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara}}

=== Kacamatan ===
{{utama|Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara}}
[[File:(Peta Wilayah) Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara.svg|jmpl|250px|center| Wewengkon Kacamatan di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér]]

Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér ngawengku 15 kacamatan, 11 kacamatan jeung 241 désa. Dumasar data ti [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Kabupatén Tapanuli Utara taun 2019, kacatet yén kacamatan panglobana aya di [[Garoga, Tapanuli Utara|Kacamatan Garoga]] nya éta 510,64km² jeung populasi panglobana aya di [[Siborongborong, Tapanuli Utara|. Sedengkeun Kacamatan anu panglobana Kacamatan aya di Ibukota Kabupatén [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]] nyaéta 7 Kacamatan tina total 11 Kacamatan anu aya.&lt;ref name= &quot;TAPUT&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Pembagian Wilayah Kecamatan di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 2023
|-
! No
! Kecamatan
! Ibukota
! Luas
! Jarak ke&lt;br&gt; Ibukota
! Penduduk
! Desa
! Kelurahan
! IPM
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 1
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Adian Koting, Tapanuli Utara|Adiankoting]]
| [[Adian Koting, Adian Koting, Tapanuli Utara|Adiankoting]]
| 473,22
| 26
| 15.266
| 16
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 2
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Garoga, Tapanuli Utara|Garoga]]
| [[Garoga Sibargot, Garoga, Tapanuli Utara|Garoga Sibargot]]
| 510,64
| 68
| 19.025
| 13
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 3
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Muara, Tapanuli Utara|Muara]]
| [[Huta Nagodang, Muara, Tapanuli Utara|Huta Nagodang]]
| 73,97
| 43
| 15.437
| 15
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 4
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Pagaran, Tapanuli Utara|Pagaran]]
| [[Sipultak, Pagaran, Tapanuli Utara|Sipultak]]
| 112,57
| 26
| 19.737
| 14
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 5
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Pahae Jae, Tapanuli Utara|Pahae Jae]]
| [[Pasar Sarulla, Pahae Jae, Tapanuli Utara|Pasar Sarulla]]
| 207,30
| 42
| 12.162
| 12
| 1
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 6
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Pahae Julu, Tapanuli Utara|Pahae Julu]]
| [[Onan Hasang, Pahae Julu, Tapanuli Utara|Onan Hasang]]
| 164,67
| 22
| 13.979
| 18
| 1
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 7
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Pangaribuan, Tapanuli Utara|Pangaribuan]]
| [[Pakpahan, Pangaribuan, Tapanuli Utara|Pakpahan]]
| 462,39
| 48
| 31.046
| 26
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 8
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Parmonangan, Tapanuli Utara|Parmonangan]]
| [[Manalu, Parmonangan, Tapanuli Utara|Manalu]]
| 328,00
| 58
| 15.198
| 14
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 9
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Purba Tua, Tapanuli Utara|Purba Tua]]
| [[Parsaoran Janji Angkola, Purba Tua, Tapanuli Utara|Parsaoran Janji Angkola]]
| 198,93
| 52
| 8.464
| 11
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 10
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Siatas Barita, Tapanuli Utara|Siatas Barita]]
| [[Simorangkir Julu, Siatas Barita, Tapanuli Utara|Simorangkir Julu]]
| 94,20
| 4
| 15.311
| 12
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 11
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Siborongborong, Tapanuli Utara|Siborongborong]]
| [[Pasar Siborongborong, Siborongborong, Tapanuli Utara|Pasar Siborongborong]]
| 246,81
| 26
| 53.126
| 20
| 1
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 12
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Simangumban, Tapanuli Utara|Simangumban]]
| [[Simangumban Julu, Simangumban, Tapanuli Utara|Simangumban Julu]]
| 201.14
| 50
| 8.498
| 8
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 13
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Sipahutar, Tapanuli Utara|Sipahutar]]
| [[Sipahutar I, Sipahutar, Tapanuli Utara|Sipahutar]]
| 373,49
| 22
| 29.420
| 25
|–
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 14
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Sipoholon, Tapanuli Utara|Sipoholon]]
| [[Hutauruk, Sipoholon, Tapanuli Utara|Hutauruk]]
| 175,82
| 6
| 25.335
| 13
| 1
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| 15
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]]
| Tarutung
| 110,64
|–
| 44.193
| 24
| 7
| 
|- style=&quot;background:#9cef75;&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara
| [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]]
| 3.895,60
|–
| 326.197
| 241
| 11
| 0,729
|}

== Démografi ==
=== Suku bangsa ===
[[File:Rumah Bolon (Batak Traditional House).jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|[[Ruma Bolon]], imah adat [[Suku Batak Toba]].]]

Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér mangrupa imah [[Batak Toba]]. [[Kabupatén Humbang Hasundutan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zuska, F., dkk.|date=2012|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/21219/1/2012-Buku-Aspek%20kultural%20Pemekaran%20daerah%20Sumut.pdf|title=Aspek Kultural Pemekaran Daerah di Sumatera Utara|location=Banda Aceh|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Banda Aceh|isbn=978-602-9457-02-5|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Henteu aya data resmi ngeunaan jumlah etnis di Tapanuli Utara, tapi sacara umum didominasi ku suku Batak Toba. Salian ti éta, aya sajumlah leutik suku anu pangdeukeutna jeung Batak Toba, nyaéta [[Angkola Batak]], [[Batak Simalungun]], [[Batak Karo]], [[Suku Mandailing|Mandailing]] jeung [[Pakpak Batak]] . Aya ogé sajumlah leutik urang [[Jawa]], [[Minangkabau]] jeung [[Cina]], anu lolobana kapanggih di [[Tarutung]] jeung [[Siborongborong, Tapanuli Kalér|Siborongborong]], umumna jadi padagang, atawa palaku usaha pangan.

=== Agama ===
[[File:GKPA Huta Dolok, Res. Silantom.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|[[Gereja Kristen Protestan Angkola|GKPA]] Huta Dolok, Silantom Jae, Pangaribuan]]
[[File:HKBP Sipahutar, Res. Sipahutar 07.jpg|jmpl|ki|250px|[[HKBP|HKBP Sipahutar]].]]

Mayoritas penduduk Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara beragama Kristen, sebagian beragama Islam dan sebagian kecil beragama Budha. Suku pribumi di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér, nyaéta [[Batak Toba]], umumna nganut agama [[Kristen Protestan]] sarta aya anu nganut [[Katolik]], [[Islam]] jeung kapercayaan asli Suku Batak, nyaéta [[Parmalim]].

Dumasar data [[Kamentrian Dalam Negeri]] dina [[2024]] kacatet 95,05% penduduk Tapanuli Utara ngagem agama [[Kristen]], anu 90,28% [[Protestan]] jeung 4,77% [[Katolik]]. Saterusna bagian agama [[Islam]] séjénna, nya éta 4,90%, loba nu cicing di kacamatan [[Simangumban, Tapanuli Kalér|Simangumban]], wewengkon watesna [[Kabupatén Tapanuli Kidul]], loba saha [[Batak Angkola]] atawa Mandailing, kitu deui di [[Pahae Jae, Tapanuli Kalér|Pahae Jae]] jeung Tarutung. Sabagian leutik nganut agama [[Buddha]], nyaéta 0,04% tina etnis [[Cina-Indonesia|Cina]], umumna di Tarutung jeung Siborongborong sarta saloba 0,01% masih nganut kapercayaan Batak heubeul. [[Parmalim] ].&lt;ref name=&quot;DUKCAPIL&quot;/&gt;

Salah sahiji puseur garéja [[Kristen Protestan]] panggedéna di [[Indonesia]] nyaéta [[Huria Kristen Batak Protestan]] atawa HKBP, ayana di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér, tepatna di ibukota kacamatan, [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung. ] ]. HKBP ngabogaan jumlah jamaah anu cukup loba sarta sumebar ka sakuliah sababaraha propinsi di Indonesia malah di sababaraha nagara deungeun saperti [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia]], jeung [[Amerika Serikat]]. HKBP sorangan mangrupa organisasi katilu panggedéna di Indonésia sanggeus Nahdatul Ulama jeung Muhammadiyah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://batakgaul.com/batak-kali/hkbp-organisasi-keagamaan-terbesar-ketiga-di-indonesia-289-1.html|last=|first=|title=HKBP Organisasi Keagamaan Terbesar Ketiga di Indonesia|website=www.batakgaul.com|accessdate=10 Januari 2020|archive-date=2016-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211644/http://batakgaul.com/batak-kali/hkbp-organisasi-keagamaan-terbesar-ketiga-di-indonesia-289-1.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211644/http://batakgaul.com/batak-kali/hkbp-organisasi-keagamaan-terbesar-ketiga-di-indonesia-289-1.html |date=2016-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sarana ibadah anu aya di Tapanuli Utara, dumasar kana data ti [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Tapanuli Utara taun [[2021]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;TAPUT&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot;
|-
![[Kecamatan]] !! [[Gereja|Gereja Protestan]] !! [[Gereja|Gereja Katolik]] !! [[Masjid]] !! [[Langgar]] !!  [[Kuil]] !! [[Wihara]]
|-
| [[Adian Koting, Tapanuli Utara|Adian Koting]] || 40 || 9 || 2 ||  ||  || 
|-
| [[Garoga, Tapanuli Utara|Garoga]] || 87 || 6 || 7 || ||  || 
|-
| [[Muara, Tapanuli Utara|Muara]] || 55 || 6 || || ||  || 
|-
| [[Pagaran, Tapanuli Utara|Pagaran]] || 44 || 5 || || ||  || 
|-
| [[Pahae Jae, Tapanuli Utara|Pahae Jae]] || 21 || 1 || 6 || 7 ||  || 
|-
| [[Pahae Julu, Tapanuli Utara|Pahae Julu]] || 10 || 2 || 6 ||  ||  || 
|-
| [[Pangaribuan, Tapanuli Utara|Pangaribuan]]  || 110 || 8 || 11 || ||  || 
|-
| [[Parmonangan, Tapanuli Utara|Parmonangan]]  || 76 || 13 || || ||  || 
|-
| [[Purba Tua, Tapanuli Utara|Purba Tua]]  || 28 || 1 || 5 || 4 ||  || 
|-
| [[Siatas Barita, Tapanuli Utara|Siatas Barita]]  || 22 || 2 || 4 ||  ||  || 
|-
| [[Siborongborong, Tapanuli Utara|Siborongborong]]  || 155 || 12 || 1 || 1 || || 
|-
| [[Simangumban, Tapanuli Utara|Simangumban]]  || 18 ||  || 14 || 8 ||  || 
|-
| [[Sipahutar, Tapanuli Utara|Sipahutar]]   || 114 || 7 || 1 || ||  || 
|-
| [[Sipoholon, Tapanuli Utara|Sipoholon]]  || 49 || 6 || || ||  || 
|-
| [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]]   || 86 || 1 || 6 || 2 ||  || 
|-
|Jumlah || 915 || 79 || 63 || 22 || ||
|}

=== Bahasa ===
{{utama|Surat Batak}}
[[File:Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Sumatera Utara 09.jpg|jmpl|ki|200px|Tulisan [[Basa Batak Toba|Batak Toba]] di Kantor Bupati Tapanuli Utara]]

Suku Batak Toba, nu mangrupa suku asli jeung dominan di Tapanuli Kalér, mangaruhan kana basa komunikasi nu digunakeun dina kahirupan [[sosial]]. [[Basa Batak Toba]] nyaéta basa utama anu digunakeun ku warga Tapanuli Kalér, sajaba ti [[Basa Indonésia]] anu mangrupa basa resmi [[Indonésia]]. Samentara éta, di sababaraha wewengkon wates [[Kabupatén Tapanuli Kidul]], basa Batak Toba jeung [[Basa Batak Angkola]] mindeng campur gaul. Ieu bisa kapanggih di [[Pangaribuan, Tapanuli Kalér|Kacamatan Pangaribuan]], wewengkon ''Pahae'', jeung [[Garoga, Tapanuli Kalér|Kacamatan Garoga]]. Sanaos gaduh sababaraha kosakata anu béda-béda, dina dasarna urang Batak Toba sareng Angkola tiasa ngartos basa masing-masing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Tumpal. H, dkk|last=Dongoran|date=Februari 1997|url=https://labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id/files/upload/bbs_HZJMYSCT_1568256018.pdf|title=Fonologi Bahasa Angkola|pages=1-6|website=labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=23 September 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308205435/https://labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id/files/upload/bbs_HZJMYSCT_1568256018.pdf |date=8 March 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aksara dasar ('''''ina ni hurup''''') dina hurup Batak ngagambarkeun hiji suku kata jeung ''vokal'' inherent /a/. Aya 19 karakter dasar anu dipiboga ku sakabéh varian aksara Batak, sedengkeun sababaraha aksara dasar ngan dipaké dina ''varian'' nu tangtu. Bentukna tiasa ditingali sapertos kieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;uni&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3320.pdf|first=Michael|last=Everson| last2 = Kozok | first2 = Uli|title=Proposal for encoding the Batak script in the UCS|journal=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2|issue=N3320R|date=07-10-2008|publisher=Unicode|accessdate=25 Oktober 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|+ style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | ''Ina ni Surat''
|-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! a
! ha
! ka
! ba
! pa
! na
! wa
! ga
! ja
! da
! ra
! ma
! ta
! sa
! ya
! nga
! la
! nya
! i
! u
|- style=&quot;length:20%;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:20%; text-align:center;&quot; |Batak Toba
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ha]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ba-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Pa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Pa]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Na.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Wa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]]&lt;hr&gt;[[File:Batak Wa-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ga-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ga]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ja.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ja]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Da.svg|30px|link=|alt=Da]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ra-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ra]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ma-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ma]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ta-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]]&lt;hr&gt;[[File:Batak Ta-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Sa-1, Ca-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ya-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ya]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Nga.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nga]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak La-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=La]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak Ca-2, Nya.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nya]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak I.svg|30px|link=|alt=I]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Batak U.svg|30px|link=|alt=I]]
|}
Wanda-wanda di luhur mangrupa wangun umum, teu jarang naskah ngagunakeun ragam wangun aksara atawa gambar garis anu rada béda lamun dibandingkeun jeung basa Batak séjénna, nurutkeun wewengkon asal jeung média anu digunakeunana.{{sfn|Kozok|2009}}

Aksara i ({{btk|ᯤ}}) jeung u ({{btk|ᯥ}}) ngan dipaké pikeun suku kata muka, contona dina kecap jeung &lt;!--''paingot'' {{btk|ᯇᯤᯝᯬᯖ᯲}}--&gt;  ''ina'' {{btk|ᯤᯉ}} dan ''ulu'' {{btk|ᯥᯞᯮ}}. Pikeun suku kata katutup anu dimimitian ku sora i atawa u dipaké hurup a ({{btk|ᯀ}} atawa {{btk|ᯁ}}) dibarengan ku diatik pikeun unggal vokal, contona dina kecap ''indung'' {{btk|ᯀᯪᯉ᯲ᯑᯮᯰ}} jeung ''umpama'' {{btk|ᯀᯮᯔ᯲ᯇᯔ}}.{{sfn|Kozok|1999|pp=109}}

== Ékonomi==
=== Pariwisata ===
[[File:Salib Kasih (Letter).jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Kawasan wisata Rohani, [[Salib Kasih]] di [[Siatas Barita, Tapanuli Utara|Siatas Barita]] kecamatan.]]
[[File:Cagar Budaya dan Wisata Sumatera Utara 12.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Bukit Sembahyang di Huta Ginjang, [[Muara, Tapanuli Utara]] kecamatan.]]

Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér miboga sababaraha tempat wisata. Salah sahiji nu kawentar nyaéta [[Cross of Love]] tur. Salaku wewengkon anu mayoritas Kristen, wewengkon ieu mindeng dijadikeun wisata spiritual, boh ti wisatawan régional jeung mancanagara. Présidén Indonésia [[Joko Widodo]] dina kunjunganana ka Salib Cinta tanggal 30 Juli 2019 ogé ngaapresiasi daérah ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;KUNJUNGAN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/07/29/10173851/kunjungan-kerja-jokowi-ke-taput-datangi-salib-kasih-hingga-pasar |title=Kunjungan Kerja Jokowi ke Taput, Datangi Salib Kasih hingga Pasar Siborongborong|work=[[Kompas.com]]|accessdate=5 Februari 2020|editor-last=Purba|editor-first=David Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah Puseur ilubiung dina pangwangunan kawasan wisata Lintas Kasih anu bisa dironjatkeun, sabagé usaha pikeun ngaronjatkeun pariwisata di wewengkon [[Danau Toba]] katut sabudeureunana.&lt;ref name=&quot;KUNJUNGAN&quot;/&gt; Salib Kasih berada di [[Siatas Barita, Tapanuli Utara|kecamatan Siatas Barita]] tidak jauh dari ibukota kabupaten, [[Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|Tarutung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WISATA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pariwisatasumut.net/2014/11/7-tempat-wisata-di-tarutung-tapanuli.html|last=|first=|title=Tempat Wisata di Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara|website=www.pariwisatasumut.net|accessdate=5 Februari 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salian ti Palang Asih, aya ogé tempat wisata séjén anu pas di sisi [[Danau Toba]], nyaéta [[Panatapan Huta Ginjang]], anu perenahna di Huta Ginjang, [[Muara, Tapanuli Utara|Muara] ] kacamatan. Ti ieu tempat, wisatawan bisa ningali kaéndahan jeung sabudeureun Danau Toba. Masih di Kacamatan Muara oge aya Tugu Toga Aritonang sareng Tugu Bukit Doa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WISATA&quot;/&gt;

Aya ogé tempat wisata cinyusu panas. Tempat pamandian Cai Sirara Soda, anu disangka ngan ukur aya dua tempat wisata saperti kieu, nyaéta di Tarutung, Tapanuli Kalér jeung hiji deui di [[Venezuela]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WISATA&quot;/&gt; Obyek wisata séjénna anu jadi tempat wisata di Tapanuli Kalér nyaéta Sopo Partungkoan, nyaéta wangunan seni budaya Tapanuli Kalér.&lt;ref name=&quot;WISATA&quot;/&gt;

== Kaséhatan ==
=== Rumah sakit ===
{{utama|Daftar rumah sakit di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara}}
{{:Daftar rumah sakit di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara}}

== Transportasi ==
[[File:Silangitairport.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|[[Bandar Udara Internasional Silangit|Bandara Silangit]] di [[Siborongborong, Tapanuli Utara|Siborongborong]], Tapanuli Utara]]
[[File :Welcome gate to Tapanuli Utara, Sumatera Utara (Taput-Tobasa).jpg|jmpl|ki|250px|Gapura wilujeng sumping di Kabupatén Tapanuli Utara]]

Kabupaten Tapanuli Kalér mibanda [[Bandar Udara|bandara Internasional]] salaku sarana pintu asup ka tempat wisata di kawasan Dano Toba. [[Bandar Udara Internasional Silangit]] jadi alat transportasi penting pikeun ngaronjatkeun ékonomi di Tapanuli Kalér. Maskapai seperti [[Sriwijaya]] jeung [[Garuda Indonesia]] geus sayaga langsung ti [[Jakarta]]. Sedangkeun tujuan internasional, bandara Silangit ogé geus  mibanda tujuan ka [[Singapura]]. Sagigireun kapal udara, transportasi darat ogé tiasa kapendak di Tapanuli Utara, rupa-rupa taksi, beus antarkota jeung provinsi ogé loba  kapanggih di dieu, kalayan ongkos anu rupa-rupa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TRANSPORT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2016/08/26/120600127/Perlu.Taksi.dari.Bandara.Silangit.ke.Danau.Toba.Ini.Daftar.Harganya.|title=Perlu Taksi dari Bandara Silangit ke Danau Toba? Ini Daftar Harganya...|work=[[Kompas.com]]|accessdate=5 Februari 2020|editor-last=F|editor-first=Ni Luh Made Pertiwi|first=Wahyu Adityo|last=Prodjo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atikan ==
Saheunteuna aya 5 kampus Sakola Luhur atanapi Univérsitas di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér, tayalian  [[IAKN Tarutung|Institut Agama Kristen Negeri, Tarutung]] (IAKN Tarutung), [[Universitas Sisingamangaraja XII Tapanuli Utara]] di [[Siborongborong, Tapanuli Utara|Siborongborong]], [[Sekolah Pendeta HKBP]], [[Akademi Keperawatan Tarutung Pemerintah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara]] sarta [[Akademi Kebidanan Pemerintah Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara]].

IAKN Tarutung mibanda 5 program studi jenjang [[Diploma]] (D3) nepika Pasca Sarjana (S2), ngalimpudan  Atikan Agama Kristen (PAK), Téologi, Musik Gereja, Pastoral Konseling jaung Atikan Profési Guru (PPG). Sedangkeun Universitas Sisingamangaraja XII Siborongborong, mibanda 8 program studi jenjang [[Sarjana]] (S1), yakni Program studi Agroteknologi, Ilmu Hukum, Manajemén, Atikan Bahasa sareng Sastra Indonésia, Atikan Bahasa Inggris, Atikan Matématika, Atikan Pancasila jeung Kawarganagaraan, Téknik Industri jeung Téknik Sipil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ayokuliah.id/universitas/universitas-sisingamangaraja-xii-tapanuli-utara/|last=|first=|title=Universitas Sisingamangaraja XII Tapanuli Utara|website=www.ayokuliah.id|6=|accessdate=5 Februari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606071201/https://ayokuliah.id/universitas/universitas-sisingamangaraja-xii-tapanuli-utara/ |date=2023-06-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;width:70%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;background: #E0FFFF; color: #000080&quot; height=&quot;17&quot; | [[Atikan formal]]
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | [[sekolah dasar|SD]] atawa [[madrasah ibtidaiyah|MI]] negeri jeung swasta
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | [[sekolah menengah pertama|SMP]] atawa [[madrasah tsanawiyah|MTs]] negeri jeung swasta
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | [[sekolah menengah atas|SMA]], [[madrasah aliyah|MA]], [[sekolah menengah kejuruan|SMK]] negeri jeung swasta
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | [[Paguron luhur]]
|- Align=&quot;center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: #E0FFFF; color: #000080&quot; height=&quot;17&quot; | Jumlah satuan 
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | 386
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | 79
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | 49
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | 5
|-
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:90%;&quot;|&lt;small&gt;Data sakol di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kaler T.A 2020-2021&lt;br /&gt;'''Sumber:'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id/], Profil, peta lokasi, dan perbandingan sekolah tingkat paud, dasar, menengah, dan pendidikan masyarakat di 514 Kab/Kota, www.sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Gereja Suku Batak Toba]]
* [[Daftar marga Suku Batak]]

== Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka luar==
* [https://www.taputkab.go.id/utama/index Website resmi Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara]

{{Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara}}
{{sumut}}
{{Mayoritas Kristen Indonesia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tapanuli Utara, Kabupaten}}
[[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Babagian administratif di Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Tapanuli Kalér]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Sumatra Kalér]]</text>
      <sha1>qj7trn56rukj5abm1oitlicvfxpz84h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gedong Perjuangan Majalengka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>106634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709374</id>
      <parentid>698186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T04:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709374</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4167" sha1="72zpdkwbr0ftwshga5qs9307lo5klwu" xml:space="preserve">'''Gedong Perjuangan Majalengka''' ayana di Jalan KH Abdul Halim Jl. Letkol Abdul Gani No. 5, Majalengka Kulon, Kecamatan Majalengka, Kabupaten Majalengka, Jawa Barat.Gigireun Gedong DPRD Kabupaten Majalengka,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radarmajalengka.disway.id/read/656502/mengintip-gedung-juang-majalengka-yang-berusia-ratusan-tahun|title=Mengintip Gedung Juang Majalengka yang Berusia Ratusan Tahun|last=radarmajalengka.com|website=radarmajalengka.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gedong Perjuangan ayeuna  geus robah jadi museum mini. eusina aya fosil gajah Stegodon kuno nu kapanggih di daerah Majalengka. Aya ogé naskah kuno, pakakas tatanén kuno, jeung dokuméntasi sajarah perjuangan lokal, nu dikelola ku komunitas Grumala&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lingga.pikiran-rakyat.com/wisata/pr-3789364460/gedung-juang-majalengka-lokasi-tiket-masuk-dan-fakta-menariknya|title=Gedung Juang Majalengka: Lokasi, Tiket Masuk, dan Fakta Menariknya - Harian Lingga - Halaman 2|last=Husni|website=Harian Lingga|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Sajarah ==
Baheulana Gedong Perjuangan kasohor ngarana Gedong Asisten Residen (AR), baheulana gedong ieu dijadikeun puseur pamaréntahan kolonial Walanda di wewengkon Majalengka. Jalma Walanda anu mimiti dijadikeun Asisten Residen di ieu gedong nyaéta Meneer J.J Meider jeung Residen Cirebon waktu harita nyaéta Meneer H. Klein Van der Poll sarta dina waktu éta Bupati Majalengka nyaéta Kanjeng Bupati RAA Bahudenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/447690/kisah-gedung-juang-majalengka-yang-dulunya-kantor-asisten-residen-kolonial-belanda|title=timesindonesia}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726060423/https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/447690/kisah-gedung-juang-majalengka-yang-dulunya-kantor-asisten-residen-kolonial-belanda |date=2025-07-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1920-an pernah ngalaman posisi Asistén Residen di Majalengka teh kosong dina kajadian ngagabungna wewengkon administrasi Majalengka jeung Afdelling Indramayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1930 M. Scheltemma diangkat deui jadi Asisten Residen Majalengka, dibarengan ku saurang jeung dua Patih Afdelling (Bupati Afdelling). Salah sahiji patih anu pangpanjangna ngajabat dina waktos éta nyaéta Radén Mas Rangga Djajoesman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dina jaman kolonial, Gedong AR dijadikeun tempat ngaéksekusi masarakat pribumi anu dianggap boga dosa. Eksekusi ieu dilaksanakeun sacara umum minangka peringatan pikeun masarakat anu langkung ageung. Saterusna, wangunan ogé jadi saksi panyiksaan para pejuang kamerdékaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsmenit.com/gedung-juang-majalengka-saksi-bisu-hukuman-gantung-dahulu|title=Gedung Juang Majalengka: Saksi Bisu Hukuman Gantung Dahulu.|website=muhammadiyahgarut|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726060613/https://www.newsmenit.com/gedung-juang-majalengka-saksi-bisu-hukuman-gantung-dahulu |date=2025-07-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina mangsa penjajahan Jepang, Gedong AR ampir ancur ku serangan bom. Sanajan kitu, rencana gagal sabab bom teu ngabeledug. Sanggeus Indonésia merdéka taun 1945, Gedong AR dijadikeun kantor Panitia Nasional Indonésia Daérah (PNID), anu saterusna dimekarkeun jadi cikal bakal Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Arsitektur Gedung ==
Aya dalapan kamar. Gedong Juang lebarna kurang leuwih 18 méter jeung panjangna 21 méter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radarmajalengka.disway.id/read/656502/mengintip-gedung-juang-majalengka-yang-berusia-ratusan-tahun|title=Mengintip Gedung Juang Majalengka yang Berusia Ratusan Tahun|last=radarmajalengka.com|website=radarmajalengka.com|language=id|accessdate=2025-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangunan ieu oge ngagaduhan arsitéktur Éropa kalayan desain kolonial anu has tea nyaeta: jandéla ageung, pilar jangkung, sareng palataran anu lega. Teu heran aura jaman baheula masih kuat di dieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Referensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]]</text>
      <sha1>72zpdkwbr0ftwshga5qs9307lo5klwu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muzdalifah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709360</id>
      <parentid>707103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T00:58:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Palaksanaan Mabit */</comment>
      <origin>709360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5544" sha1="rcopml2pcivj4kqotkbmgpkn3vim3ne" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#2e8b57; color:white; padding:5px;&quot; | Muzdalifah
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Fajr in Muzdalifah.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Suasana jamaah haji di Muzdalifah nalika fajar (Subuh).''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ngaran Arab
| {{lang|ar|مزدلفة}} (''Muzdalifah'')
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Tempat nuju / Nyaketan
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Kagiatan Utama
| Mabit sarta milari batu [[Jumrah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Waktu
| Peuting 10 [[Dzulhijjah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Status
| Wajib Haji
|}

'''Muzdalifah''' (basa Arab: {{lang|ar|مزدلفة}}) nyaéta hiji daérah léngkob anu perenahna di antawis [[Arafah]] sarta [[Mina]] di wilayah [[Mekah]], [[Arab Saudi]]. Muzdalifah mangrupikeun tempat mabit (ngéndong sakedap) anu wajib dilaksanakeun ku jamaah haji saatos bérés ngalaksanakeun wukuf di Arafah sateuacan nuju ka Mina.&lt;ref&gt;Majelis Ulama Indonesia, ''Himpunan Hasil Ijtima Ulama Komisi Fatwa Se-Indonesia'', (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2011), kaca 165. ISBN 978-602-25-2345-1. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Himpunan_Hasil_Ijtima_Ulama_Komisi_Fatwa/k1QWEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Muzdalifah&amp;pg=PA165&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Palaksanaan Mabit ==
Mabit di Muzdalifah dilaksanakeun dina peuting kaping 10 [[Dzulhijjah]]. Jamaah haji datang ti Arafah saatos surup panonpoé (waktu Maghrib). Dumasar kana katangtuan fiqih, mabit di dieu statusna nyaéta '''wajib haji'''. Hartosna, jamaah kedah aya di Muzdalifah sahenteuna dugi ka liwat tengah peuting.&lt;ref&gt;A. Solihin dkk., ''Tuntunan Ibadah Haji dan Umrah'', (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2021), kaca 69. [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=J6i5EQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA69&amp;dq=Muzdalifah&amp;hl=id&amp;source=newbks_fb&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Muzdalifah&amp;f=false URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Upami jamaah ninggalkeun mabit tanpa alesan anu sah dumasar [[Syaréat Islam|syaréat]], maka hajina tetep sah nanging kedah mayar [[Dam]] (denda) mangrupa peuncitan domba.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2013), kaca 58.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagiatan Utama ==
Aya sababaraha ritual penting anu dilaksanakeun ku jamaah nalika aya di Muzdalifah:&lt;ref&gt;Siti Maemunah, ''Panduan Perjalanan Haji Untuk Perempuan'', (Jakarta: PT Lingkar Pena Kreativa, 2011), kaca 245. ISBN 978-602-843-652-5. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Panduan_Perjalanan_Haji_Untuk_Perempuan/WiVtDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kegiatan+haji+selama+di+muzdalifah&amp;pg=PA245&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Salat [[Jamak Takhir]]:''' Ngalaksanakeun [[[[Solat|salat]]]] Maghrib sarta Isya dihijikeun dina waktu Isya kalayan cara qashar (disingget).&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25 (Haji), Hadits nomer 1674. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1674 Sunnah.com].&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Milari Batu Jumrah:''' Ngumpulkeun batu-batu leutik (''kerikil'') saloba 7 siki pikeun Jumrah Aqabah, atanapi dugi ka 70 siki pikeun persiapan poé-poé [[Tasyrik]]. Ieu batu engkéna bakal dianggo pikeun ritual ngalungtik [[Jumrah]] di [[Mina]].&lt;ref&gt;H. Bobby Herwibowo &amp; Indriya R. Dani, ''Panduan Pintar Manasik Haji dan Umrah'', (WahyuMedia, 2013), kaca 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Dzikir sarta Du'a:''' Jamaah disunnahkeun loba dzikir sarta ngadu'a, khususna saatos salat Subuh di deukeut pasir Al-Masya'ir Al-Haram dugi ka langit katingali caang sateuacan panonpoé meleték.

== Mash'ar al-Haram ==
Di Muzdalifah aya hiji tempat anu kacida suci anu disebut '''Al-Masya'ir Al-Haram'''. Tempat ieu disebatkeun sacara husus dina [[Al-Qur'an]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|ar|فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ}}
''&quot;Maka nalika anjeun geus indit ti Arafah, kudu émut (dzikir) ka Allah di Mash'ar al-Haram.&quot;'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah]]: 198).&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, ''Sejarah Mekah'', (Jakarta: Darul Haq, 2015), kaca 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka Luar ==
* [https://haji.kemenag.go.id/ Loka Resmi Haji Kementrian Agama RI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162515/http://haji.kemenag.go.id/ |date=2014-02-28 }}
* [https://www.haj.gov.sa/ Kamentrian Haji sarta Umrah Arab Saudi]

[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Mekah]]


== Galéri Kagiatan ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Runtuyan Kagiatan Jamaah Haji di Muzdalifah&quot;&gt;
File:Before dawn, pilgrims begin heading back from Muzdalifah to Mina where they will spend three days. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jamaah nuju ngalaksanakeun [[salat]] jamak takhir Maghrib sarta Isya nalika nembé dugi.
File:Slipping out of Muzdalifah in the dead of night to get early start on 3rd day of Hajj - roads are packed - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Suasana jamaah anu nuju mabit (ngéndong) di alam kabuka handapeun langit Muzdalifah.
File:Meanwhile, some pilgrims begin to collect pebbles for the next day's rites. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jamaah nuju milari sarta ngumpulkeun batu [[Jumrah]] (kerikil) kanggo ritual di [[Mina]].
File:Fajr in Muzdalifah.jpg|Jamaah nuju ngadu'a sarta dzikir saatos salat Subuh di deukeut Masya'ir Al-Haram.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{Ibadah Haji}}
{{islam-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>rcopml2pcivj4kqotkbmgpkn3vim3ne</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709361</id>
      <parentid>709360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T00:58:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Kagiatan Utama */</comment>
      <origin>709361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5540" sha1="n9lokoipws47icx6negqjzcehl9krnh" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#2e8b57; color:white; padding:5px;&quot; | Muzdalifah
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Fajr in Muzdalifah.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Suasana jamaah haji di Muzdalifah nalika fajar (Subuh).''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ngaran Arab
| {{lang|ar|مزدلفة}} (''Muzdalifah'')
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Tempat nuju / Nyaketan
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Kagiatan Utama
| Mabit sarta milari batu [[Jumrah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Waktu
| Peuting 10 [[Dzulhijjah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Status
| Wajib Haji
|}

'''Muzdalifah''' (basa Arab: {{lang|ar|مزدلفة}}) nyaéta hiji daérah léngkob anu perenahna di antawis [[Arafah]] sarta [[Mina]] di wilayah [[Mekah]], [[Arab Saudi]]. Muzdalifah mangrupikeun tempat mabit (ngéndong sakedap) anu wajib dilaksanakeun ku jamaah haji saatos bérés ngalaksanakeun wukuf di Arafah sateuacan nuju ka Mina.&lt;ref&gt;Majelis Ulama Indonesia, ''Himpunan Hasil Ijtima Ulama Komisi Fatwa Se-Indonesia'', (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2011), kaca 165. ISBN 978-602-25-2345-1. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Himpunan_Hasil_Ijtima_Ulama_Komisi_Fatwa/k1QWEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Muzdalifah&amp;pg=PA165&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Palaksanaan Mabit ==
Mabit di Muzdalifah dilaksanakeun dina peuting kaping 10 [[Dzulhijjah]]. Jamaah haji datang ti Arafah saatos surup panonpoé (waktu Maghrib). Dumasar kana katangtuan fiqih, mabit di dieu statusna nyaéta '''wajib haji'''. Hartosna, jamaah kedah aya di Muzdalifah sahenteuna dugi ka liwat tengah peuting.&lt;ref&gt;A. Solihin dkk., ''Tuntunan Ibadah Haji dan Umrah'', (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2021), kaca 69. [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=J6i5EQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA69&amp;dq=Muzdalifah&amp;hl=id&amp;source=newbks_fb&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Muzdalifah&amp;f=false URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Upami jamaah ninggalkeun mabit tanpa alesan anu sah dumasar [[Syaréat Islam|syaréat]], maka hajina tetep sah nanging kedah mayar [[Dam]] (denda) mangrupa peuncitan domba.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2013), kaca 58.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagiatan Utama ==
Aya sababaraha ritual penting anu dilaksanakeun ku jamaah nalika aya di Muzdalifah:&lt;ref&gt;Siti Maemunah, ''Panduan Perjalanan Haji Untuk Perempuan'', (Jakarta: PT Lingkar Pena Kreativa, 2011), kaca 245. ISBN 978-602-843-652-5. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Panduan_Perjalanan_Haji_Untuk_Perempuan/WiVtDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kegiatan+haji+selama+di+muzdalifah&amp;pg=PA245&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Salat [[Jamak Takhir]]:''' Ngalaksanakeun [[Solat|salat]] Maghrib sarta Isya dihijikeun dina waktu Isya kalayan cara qashar (disingget).&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25 (Haji), Hadits nomer 1674. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1674 Sunnah.com].&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Milari Batu Jumrah:''' Ngumpulkeun batu-batu leutik (''kerikil'') saloba 7 siki pikeun Jumrah Aqabah, atanapi dugi ka 70 siki pikeun persiapan poé-poé [[Tasyrik]]. Ieu batu engkéna bakal dianggo pikeun ritual ngalungtik [[Jumrah]] di [[Mina]].&lt;ref&gt;H. Bobby Herwibowo &amp; Indriya R. Dani, ''Panduan Pintar Manasik Haji dan Umrah'', (WahyuMedia, 2013), kaca 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Dzikir sarta Du'a:''' Jamaah disunnahkeun loba dzikir sarta ngadu'a, khususna saatos salat Subuh di deukeut pasir Al-Masya'ir Al-Haram dugi ka langit katingali caang sateuacan panonpoé meleték.

== Mash'ar al-Haram ==
Di Muzdalifah aya hiji tempat anu kacida suci anu disebut '''Al-Masya'ir Al-Haram'''. Tempat ieu disebatkeun sacara husus dina [[Al-Qur'an]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|ar|فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ}}
''&quot;Maka nalika anjeun geus indit ti Arafah, kudu émut (dzikir) ka Allah di Mash'ar al-Haram.&quot;'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah]]: 198).&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, ''Sejarah Mekah'', (Jakarta: Darul Haq, 2015), kaca 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka Luar ==
* [https://haji.kemenag.go.id/ Loka Resmi Haji Kementrian Agama RI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162515/http://haji.kemenag.go.id/ |date=2014-02-28 }}
* [https://www.haj.gov.sa/ Kamentrian Haji sarta Umrah Arab Saudi]

[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Mekah]]


== Galéri Kagiatan ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Runtuyan Kagiatan Jamaah Haji di Muzdalifah&quot;&gt;
File:Before dawn, pilgrims begin heading back from Muzdalifah to Mina where they will spend three days. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jamaah nuju ngalaksanakeun [[salat]] jamak takhir Maghrib sarta Isya nalika nembé dugi.
File:Slipping out of Muzdalifah in the dead of night to get early start on 3rd day of Hajj - roads are packed - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Suasana jamaah anu nuju mabit (ngéndong) di alam kabuka handapeun langit Muzdalifah.
File:Meanwhile, some pilgrims begin to collect pebbles for the next day's rites. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jamaah nuju milari sarta ngumpulkeun batu [[Jumrah]] (kerikil) kanggo ritual di [[Mina]].
File:Fajr in Muzdalifah.jpg|Jamaah nuju ngadu'a sarta dzikir saatos salat Subuh di deukeut Masya'ir Al-Haram.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{Ibadah Haji}}
{{islam-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>n9lokoipws47icx6negqjzcehl9krnh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709363</id>
      <parentid>709361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T01:20:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Galéri Kagiatan */</comment>
      <origin>709363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5540" sha1="eeixrcgo8lydxf21fege33lplqga6oz" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#2e8b57; color:white; padding:5px;&quot; | Muzdalifah
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Fajr in Muzdalifah.jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Suasana jamaah haji di Muzdalifah nalika fajar (Subuh).''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ngaran Arab
| {{lang|ar|مزدلفة}} (''Muzdalifah'')
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Hartosna
| Tempat nuju / Nyaketan
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Kagiatan Utama
| Mabit sarta milari batu [[Jumrah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Waktu
| Peuting 10 [[Dzulhijjah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Status
| Wajib Haji
|}

'''Muzdalifah''' (basa Arab: {{lang|ar|مزدلفة}}) nyaéta hiji daérah léngkob anu perenahna di antawis [[Arafah]] sarta [[Mina]] di wilayah [[Mekah]], [[Arab Saudi]]. Muzdalifah mangrupikeun tempat mabit (ngéndong sakedap) anu wajib dilaksanakeun ku jamaah haji saatos bérés ngalaksanakeun wukuf di Arafah sateuacan nuju ka Mina.&lt;ref&gt;Majelis Ulama Indonesia, ''Himpunan Hasil Ijtima Ulama Komisi Fatwa Se-Indonesia'', (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2011), kaca 165. ISBN 978-602-25-2345-1. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Himpunan_Hasil_Ijtima_Ulama_Komisi_Fatwa/k1QWEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Muzdalifah&amp;pg=PA165&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Palaksanaan Mabit ==
Mabit di Muzdalifah dilaksanakeun dina peuting kaping 10 [[Dzulhijjah]]. Jamaah haji datang ti Arafah saatos surup panonpoé (waktu Maghrib). Dumasar kana katangtuan fiqih, mabit di dieu statusna nyaéta '''wajib haji'''. Hartosna, jamaah kedah aya di Muzdalifah sahenteuna dugi ka liwat tengah peuting.&lt;ref&gt;A. Solihin dkk., ''Tuntunan Ibadah Haji dan Umrah'', (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2021), kaca 69. [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=J6i5EQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA69&amp;dq=Muzdalifah&amp;hl=id&amp;source=newbks_fb&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Muzdalifah&amp;f=false URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Upami jamaah ninggalkeun mabit tanpa alesan anu sah dumasar [[Syaréat Islam|syaréat]], maka hajina tetep sah nanging kedah mayar [[Dam]] (denda) mangrupa peuncitan domba.&lt;ref&gt;Sayyid Sabiq, ''Fiqih Sunnah'', Jilid 3, (Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2013), kaca 58.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagiatan Utama ==
Aya sababaraha ritual penting anu dilaksanakeun ku jamaah nalika aya di Muzdalifah:&lt;ref&gt;Siti Maemunah, ''Panduan Perjalanan Haji Untuk Perempuan'', (Jakarta: PT Lingkar Pena Kreativa, 2011), kaca 245. ISBN 978-602-843-652-5. [https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Panduan_Perjalanan_Haji_Untuk_Perempuan/WiVtDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Kegiatan+haji+selama+di+muzdalifah&amp;pg=PA245&amp;printsec=frontcover URL Digital], diaksés 2 Pébruari 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Salat [[Jamak Takhir]]:''' Ngalaksanakeun [[Solat|salat]] Maghrib sarta Isya dihijikeun dina waktu Isya kalayan cara qashar (disingget).&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Bukhari'', Kitab ka-25 (Haji), Hadits nomer 1674. Diaksés tina [https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1674 Sunnah.com].&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Milari Batu Jumrah:''' Ngumpulkeun batu-batu leutik (''kerikil'') saloba 7 siki pikeun Jumrah Aqabah, atanapi dugi ka 70 siki pikeun persiapan poé-poé [[Tasyrik]]. Ieu batu engkéna bakal dianggo pikeun ritual ngalungtik [[Jumrah]] di [[Mina]].&lt;ref&gt;H. Bobby Herwibowo &amp; Indriya R. Dani, ''Panduan Pintar Manasik Haji dan Umrah'', (WahyuMedia, 2013), kaca 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Dzikir sarta Du'a:''' Jamaah disunnahkeun loba dzikir sarta ngadu'a, khususna saatos salat Subuh di deukeut pasir Al-Masya'ir Al-Haram dugi ka langit katingali caang sateuacan panonpoé meleték.

== Mash'ar al-Haram ==
Di Muzdalifah aya hiji tempat anu kacida suci anu disebut '''Al-Masya'ir Al-Haram'''. Tempat ieu disebatkeun sacara husus dina [[Al-Qur'an]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{lang|ar|فَإِذَا أَفَضْتُمْ مِنْ عَرَفَاتٍ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ عِنْدَ الْمَشْعَرِ الْحَرَامِ}}
''&quot;Maka nalika anjeun geus indit ti Arafah, kudu émut (dzikir) ka Allah di Mash'ar al-Haram.&quot;'' ([[Surah Al-Baqarah]]: 198).&lt;ref&gt;Syaikh Safiyurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, ''Sejarah Mekah'', (Jakarta: Darul Haq, 2015), kaca 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka Luar ==
* [https://haji.kemenag.go.id/ Loka Resmi Haji Kementrian Agama RI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162515/http://haji.kemenag.go.id/ |date=2014-02-28 }}
* [https://www.haj.gov.sa/ Kamentrian Haji sarta Umrah Arab Saudi]

[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Mekah]]


== Galéri Kagiatan ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Runtuyan Kagiatan Jamaah Haji di Muzdalifah&quot;&gt;
File:Before dawn, pilgrims begin heading back from Muzdalifah to Mina where they will spend three days. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jamaah nuju ngalaksanakeun [[salat]] jamak takhir Maghrib sarta Isya nalika nembé dugi.
File:Slipping out of Muzdalifah in the dead of night to get early start on 3rd day of Hajj - roads are packed - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Kaayaan jamaah anu nuju mabit (ngéndong) di alam kabuka handapeun langit Muzdalifah.
File:Meanwhile, some pilgrims begin to collect pebbles for the next day's rites. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jamaah nuju milari sarta ngumpulkeun batu [[Jumrah]] (kerikil) kanggo ritual di [[Mina]].
File:Fajr in Muzdalifah.jpg|Jamaah nuju ngadu'a sarta dzikir saatos salat Subuh di deukeut Masya'ir Al-Haram.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{Ibadah Haji}}
{{islam-pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>eeixrcgo8lydxf21fege33lplqga6oz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franklin Pierce</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709372</id>
      <parentid>705553</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T04:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="117372" sha1="7kvjb1hc9tyagicmtcd6wx03zahojat" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 300px; font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background: #ccddee; font-size: 110%; padding: 5px;&quot; | Franklin Pierce
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white;&quot; | [[Gambar:Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop (cropped)(2).jpg|250px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Franklin Pierce {{circa|1855–65}}''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #e7e7e7; text-align: center;&quot; | [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-14
|-
! Masa jabatan
| 4 Maret 1853 – 4 Maret 1857
|-
! Wakil Présidén
| [[William R. King]] (1853)&lt;br/&gt;''Kosong'' (1853–1857)
|-
! Ti payun
| [[Millard Fillmore]]
|-
! Ti pengker
| [[James Buchanan]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #e7e7e7; text-align: center;&quot; | Inpormasi Pribadi
|-
! Babar
| 23 Nopémber 1804&lt;br/&gt;[[Hillsborough, New Hampshire]], A.S.
|-
! Pupus
| 8 Oktober 1869 (yuswa 64)&lt;br/&gt;[[Concord, New Hampshire]], A.S.
|-
! Partéy pulitik
| [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]]
|-
! Garwa
| [[Jane Pierce|Jane Appleton]] (nikah 1834)
|-
! Atikan
| [[Bowdoin College]]
|-
! Padamelan
| Politikus, Ahli Hukum
|-
! Tanda tangan
| [[Gambar:Franklin Pierce Signature2.svg|120px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #e7e7e7; text-align: center;&quot; | Dinas Militer
|-
! Kasasatoan
| [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]]
|-
! Pangkat
| [[Brigadir Jéndral]]
|-
! Perang
| [[Perang Méksiko-Amérika]]
|}

'''Franklin Pierce''' (ᮖᮢᮀᮊᮣᮤᮔ᮪ ᮕᮤᮈᮁᮞᮨ; 23 Nopémber 1804{{spnd}}8 Oktober 1869) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] anu ka-14, anu ngajabat ti taun 1853 dugi ka 1857. Anjeunna téh tokoh ti [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]] ti wewengkon kalér anu gaduh kayakinan yén [[Abolisionisme di Amérika Sarikat|gerakan abolisionis]] (anti-perbudakan) mangrupa ancaman utama pikeun persatuan nasional. Ku sabab anjeunna nandatanganan [[Undang-undang Kansas–Nebraska]] sarta ngajalankeun [[Undang-undang Budak Buron]] (''Fugitive Slave Act''), anjeunna dikritik ku kelompok anti-perbudakan. Bangbaluh antawis Kalér sareng Kidul teras lumangsung sabada [[Masa présidén Franklin Pierce|masa jabatan Pierce]], sarta saatos [[Abraham Lincoln]] meunang dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1860]], [[Nagara Konpéderasi Amérika|nagara-nagara bagian di Kidul misahkeun diri]] (séksési), anu ngabalukarkeun pecahna [[Perang Sipil Amérika]].

Pierce dibabarkeun di [[New Hampshire]]; ramana nyaéta gubernur nagara bagian [[Benjamin Pierce (gubernur)|Benjamin Pierce]]. Anjeunna ngajabat dina [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat]] ti taun 1833 dugi ka kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]], dimana anjeunna ngajabat ti taun 1837 dugi ka pangunduran dirina dina taun 1842. Karirna salaku ahli hukum swasta kawilang suksés, sarta anjeunna diangkat janten [[Jaksa Amérika Sarikat kanggé Distrik New Hampshire]] dina taun 1845. Pierce ogé milu aub dina [[Perang Méksiko-Amérika]] kalayan pangkat [[Brigadir jéndral (Amérika Sarikat)|brigadir jéndral]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]]. Partéy Démokrat ningal anjeunna salaku kandidat kompromi anu tiasa ngahijikeun kapentingan Kalér sareng Kidul, lajeng nyalonkeun anjeunna janten présidén dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1852]]. Anjeunna sareng pasanganana, [[William R. King]], hasil ngéléhkeun pasangan ti [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Whig]], nyaéta [[Winfield Scott]] sareng [[William Alexander Graham]], dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1852]].

Salaku présidén, Pierce nyobi nerapkeun standar nétral dina dunya birokrasi, nanging dina waktos anu sasarengan anjeunna ogé nyobian nyugemakeun rupa-rupa elemen Partéy Démokrat ku cara méré jabatan (patronase), hiji tarékah anu tétéla gagal sarta matak malik janten kangéwa ti anggota partéyna sorangan. Anjeunna téh tokoh ékspansionis ti [[Gerakan Young America|Young America]] anu nandatanganan [[Pameselan Gadsden]] kanggé mésér lahan ti Méksiko, sarta mingpin tarékah anu gagal pikeun ngarebut Kuba ti Spanyol. Anjeunna ogé nandatanganan pajangjian dagang sareng Britania sarta Jepang, bari kabinétna ngalakukeun réformasi departemén sarta ngaronjatkeun akuntabilitas; nanging, riribugan pulitik dina mangsa jabatanna ngalelepkeun éta kasuksésan. Popularitas anjeunna nyirorot pisan di nagara-nagara bagian Kalér saatos anjeunna ngadukung [[Undang-undang Kansas–Nebraska]], anu ngabatalkeun [[Kompromi Missouri]], sedengkeun warga bule di Kidul mah tetep ngadukung anjeunna. Bijilna éta undang-undang ngabalukarkeun [[Bleeding Kansas|konplik getih]] ngeunaan perluasan perbudakan di Amérika Kulon. Pamaréntahan Pierce beuki ruksak nalika sababaraha diplomatna ngaluarkeun [[Manifésto Ostend]] anu ménta anéksasi Kuba, hiji dokumén anu dikritik béak-béakan. Anjeunna ngarep-ngarep Démokrat bakal nyalonkeun deui anjeunna dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1856]], nanging tarékahna téh gagal. Reputasi anjeunna di Kalér beuki ruksak nalika Perang Sipil Amérika jalaran anjeunna janten kritikus anu vokal ka Présidén Lincoln.

Sanaos Pierce téh jalma anu dipikaresep sarta gampang campur gaul, kahirupan kulawargana mah kawilang beurat; tilu putrana pupus nuju aralit kénéh, sarta garwana, [[Jane Pierce]], nandangan panyakit sarta déprési méh sapanjang hirupna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Jeffrey W. |last=Coker |title=Presidents from Taylor Through Grant, 1849–1877: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVCVFXG9mqkC&amp;pg=PA54 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood |page=54 |isbn=978-0-3133-1551-0 |access-date=2026-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Putra pamungkasna anu masih hirup pupus dina kacilakaan karéta api nalika kulawargana nuju dina perjalanan, sakedap sateuacan [[Pelantikan Franklin Pierce|pelantikan Pierce]]. Salaku jalma anu resep nginum alkohol méh sapanjang hirupna, Pierce pupus dina taun 1869 alatan [[sirosis]]. Jalaran dukunganna ka pihak Kidul, sarta kagagalanna dina ngajaga persatuan (Uni) dina mangsa riribugan, para sajarawan sareng sarjana umumna nempatkeun Pierce salaku salah sahiji [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|présidén anu panggoréngna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021 |title=Presidential Historians Survey 2021 |work=C-SPAN |url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=overall |access-date=2026-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta présidén anu paling sakedik diinget dina sajarah A.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franklin Pierce, the tragic president |url=https://www.chieftain.com/story/opinion/2017/11/25/franklin-pierce-tragic-president/9241087007/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Pueblo Chieftain }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan awal sareng kulawarga ==
=== Mangsa budak sareng atikan ===
[[File:Pierce Homestead.jpg|jmpl|kénca|[[Franklin Pierce Homestead]] di [[Hillsborough, New Hampshire]], tempat Pierce digedékeun, ayeuna janten [[National Historic Landmark|Titinggal Sajarah Nasional]].&lt;ref name=&quot;homestead&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=29&amp;ResourceType=Building |title=Pierce, Franklin, Homestead |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2014-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309001459/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=29&amp;ResourceType=Building |archive-date=2015-03-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna dibabarkeun di hiji [[saung log|imah panggung (log cabin)]] deukeut dinya nalika imahna nuju diréngsékeun.{{refn|group=note|Sababaraha catetan lokal nyebutkeun yén anjeunna dibabarkeun di Homestead. Nanging, [[National Register of Historic Places]] nyebutkeun yén imah panggung (log cabin) mangrupa tempat babar anu leuwih luyu,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000027_text |title=Nomination Form: Franklin Pierce |publisher=National Register of Historic Places |page=8 |date=1976 |access-date=2014-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta sajarawan Peter A. Wallner negeskeun yén hal ieu téh bener pisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}]]

Franklin Pierce dibabarkeun dina kaping 23 Nopémber 1804, di hiji [[saung log|imah panggung (log cabin)]] di [[Hillsborough, New Hampshire]]. Anjeunna mangrupa turunan kagenep ti Thomas Pierce, anu pindah ka [[Koloni Teluk Massachusetts]] ti [[Norwich, Norfolk]], Inggris, kira-kira dina taun 1634. Ramana, [[Benjamin Pierce (gubernur)|Benjamin]], mangrupa saurang léptnan dina [[Perang Révolusi Amérika]] anu pindah ti [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts]], ka Hillsborough saatos perang, kalayan mésér lahan saluas 50 ékar (20 héktar).

Pierce mangrupa putra kalima ti dalapan duduluran anu lahir ti Benjamin sareng garwa kaduana, Anna Kendrick; garwa kahijina, Elizabeth Andrews, pupus nalika ngalahirkeun sarta ninggalkeun saurang putri. Benjamin téh saurang tokoh penting ti [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik|Partéy Démokrat-Républik]], anggota législatif nagara bagian, patani, sarta nu gaduh kedai (tavern). Nalika Pierce masih budak, ramana aub pisan dina pulitik nagara bagian, sedengkeun dua lanceukna perang dina [[Perang 1812]]; ku kituna, urusan publik sarta militér méré pangaruh anu kacida gedéna dina awal kahirupanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=1–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ramana nempatkeun Pierce di hiji sakola di Hillsborough Center nalika keur leutik, sarta ngirim anjeunna ka sakola kota di [[Hancock, New Hampshire|Hancock]] nalika yuswana 12 taun.{{refn|group=note|Gedong sakola dua tingkat éta kahuruan sababaraha taun saatosna, sarta Hancock Academy diadegkeun dina taun 1836 kanggé ngagentosna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hurd |first1=D. Hamilton |title=History of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhillsbo00hurdd |date=1885 |publisher=J.W. Lewis &amp; Co. |location=Philadelphia |page=350}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Kusabab teu pati resep sakola, Pierce ngarasa sono ka bumi (''homesick'') sarta leumpang sajauh 12 mil (19 km) balik ka bumina dina hiji poé Minggu. Ramana masihan tuang siang, nanging saatosna anjeunna dijajapkeun nganggo kareta ngan satengah jalan, lajeng dipiwarang leumpang sésana di tengah hujan dordar gelap. Pierce di hareupna nyebutkeun yén ieu kajadian téh mangrupa &quot;titik balik dina hirup kuring&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;turning&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=10–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun éta kénéh, anjeunna pindah ka [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] kanggé nyiapkeun diri asup kuliah. Harita, anjeunna tos kawéntar salaku murid anu pikaresepeun, nanging sakali-kali sok bangor.&lt;ref name=&quot;turning&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Nathaniel Hawthorne.jpg|jmpl|upright=0.85|Pangarang novél [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], sobat dalit Pierce sapanjang hirupna, nyerat biografi ''Life of Franklin Pierce'' kanggé ngarojong kampanye présidén Pierce taun 1852.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=35–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Dina usum gugur taun 1820, Pierce asup ka [[Bowdoin College]] di [[Brunswick, Maine]], salah saurang ti 19 mahasiswa anyar. Anjeunna gabung sareng Athenian Society, hiji pakumpulan sastra progresif, babarengan sareng [[Jonathan Cilley]] (nu engkéna kapilih janten anggota Kongrés) sarta [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], anu janten sobat dalitna sapanjang hirup. Dina dua taun munggaran, peunteun Pierce téh panghandapna di kelasna, nanging anjeunna soson-soson ngalereskeun peunteunna dugi ka tiasa lulus di peringkat kalima dina taun 1824&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=16–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ti 14 lulusan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=229}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John P. Hale]] asup ka Bowdoin nalika Pierce nuju di tingkat tilu; anjeunna janten batur sapancakaki dina pulitik, nanging engkéna janten saingan utama.

Nalika di tingkat tilu, Pierce ngadegkeun sarta mingpin hiji unit milisi teu resmi anu dingaranan &quot;Bowdoin Cadets&quot;, anu anggotana kalebet Cilley sareng Hawthorne. Ieu unit sok ngayakeun latihan baris-berbaris di kampus deukeut imah réktor, dugi ka kaributanna matak réktor ménta éta kagiatan dieureunkeun. Para mahasiswa barontak sarta ngayakeun mogok (''strike''), hiji kajadian dimana Pierce disangka janten pamingpinna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wallner |first=Peter A. |date=Spring 2005 |title=Franklin Pierce and Bowdoin College Associates Hawthorne and Hale |url=https://www.nhhistory.org/publications/Revealing_RelationShips_Franklin_Pierce.pdf |journal=Historical New Hampshire |publisher=New Hampshire Historical Society |page=24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817151324/http://www.nhhistory.org/publications/Revealing_RelationShips_Franklin_Pierce.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817151324/http://www.nhhistory.org/publications/Revealing_RelationShips_Franklin_Pierce.pdf |date=2015-08-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun pamungkasna di Bowdoin, anjeunna méakkeun sababaraha bulan ngajar di [[Hebron Academy]] di padésaan [[Hebron, Maine]], dimana anjeunna kenging gajih munggaranana; salah sahiji muridna nyaéta [[John J. Perry]], anu engkéna janten anggota Kongrés.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Charles E. |date=March 7, 1918 |title=The Red Schoolhouse in Action |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzc6AQAAMAAJ |journal=The Journal of Education |volume=87–88 |issue=10 |page=265 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce [[diajar hukum]] sakedap sareng tilas Gubernur New Hampshire, [[Levi Woodbury]], anu mangrupa sobat kulawargana di [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=230}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saatos éta, anjeunna méakkeun saseméster di [[Sakola Hukum Northampton]] di [[Northampton, Massachusetts]], lajeng diteraskeun ku mangsa diajar dina taun 1826 sareng 1827 di handapeun Hakim Edmund Parker di [[Amherst, New Hampshire]]. Anjeunna resmi janten pengacara (''admitted to the bar'') di New Hampshire dina ahir taun 1827 sarta mimiti muka prakték hukum di Hillsborough.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=28–32}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanaos anjeunna kawon dina kasus munggaranana, Pierce tétéla sanggup ngabuktikeun kamampuhna salaku pengacara. Sanajan anjeunna sanés saurang sarjana hukum anu jero élmuna, kamampuhna dina nginget nami sarta raray jalma kacida ngabantuna, kitu ogé ku ayana sipatna anu pikaresepeun sarta sorana anu beurat (bass).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Hillsborough, batur sapraktekna nyaéta Albert Baker, anu kantos diajar hukum ka Pierce sarta mangrupa lanceuk ti [[Mary Baker Eddy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=56}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hillsborough sareng pulitik nagara bagian ===
Dina taun 1824, New Hampshire janten puseur riribugan partéy, kalayan inohong sapertos Woodbury sareng [[Isaac Hill]] anu neundeun dasar kanggé Partéy Démokrat pikeun ngadukung Jéndral [[Andrew Jackson]]. Aranjeunna nentang kelompok [[Partéy Péderalis|Péderalis]] (sareng panerusna, [[Partéy Républik Nasional]]), anu dipingpin ku Présidén [[John Quincy Adams]]. Hasil gawé Partéy Démokrat New Hampshire mimiti katingal dina Maret 1827, nalika calon anu pro-Jackson, Benjamin Pierce, kenging pangrojong ti faksi pro-Adams sarta kapilih janten gubernur New Hampshire tanpa aya lawan anu hartosna. Nalika Pierce ngora nuju ngawangun karirna salaku pengacara, anjeunna mimiti kabetot kana dunya pulitik nalika [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1828]] antawis Adams sareng Jackson beuki deukeut. Dina pamilihan nagara bagian Maret 1828, faksi Adams narik deui pangrojongna ka Benjamin Pierce sahingga anjeunna éléh jabatan,{{refn|group=note|Gubernur New Hampshire harita mah kapilihna unggal taun; tingali ogé [[Daptar gubernur New Hampshire]].}} nanging Franklin Pierce sorangan hasil meunang dina pamilihan munggaranana, nyaéta jabatan sataun salaku moderator [[Rapat kota|rapat kota]] (''town meeting moderator'') di Hillsborough, hiji jabatan anu dicepeng ku anjeunna dugi ka genep kali berturut-turut.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=28–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce aktip ngayakeun kampanye di distrikna kanggé ngadukung Jackson, anu tétéla unggul di distrik kasebut sarta di tingkat nasional kalayan sora anu kacida loba dina pamilihan Nopémber 1828, sanaos Jackson [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1828 di New Hampshire|kawon di New Hampshire]]. Ieu hasil beuki nguatkeun Partéy Démokrat, sarta Pierce kenging korsi législatif munggaranana dina taun saterusna, ngawakilan Hillsborough dina [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat New Hampshire]]. Ramana Pierce ogé kapilih deui janten gubernur, lajeng pangsiun saatos masa jabatan éta réngsé. Pierce ngora diangkat janten pupuhu Komisi Atikan Déwan dina taun 1829 sarta Komisi Kasundaan (''Committee on Towns'') dina taun saterusna. Dina taun 1831, Partéy Démokrat kenging mayoritas di législatif, sarta Pierce kapilih janten Spéker (Pupuhu) Déwan. Spéker ngora ieu ngagunakeun jabatanna kanggé nentang perluasan perbankan, ngajaga milisi nagara bagian, sarta méré pangrojong ka Partéy Démokrat nasional sarta tarékah kapilihna deui Jackson. Dina yuswa 27 taun, anjeunna parantos janten &quot;béntang&quot; dina Partéy Démokrat New Hampshire. Sanaos parantos kenging kasuksésan pulitik sarta profésional di yuswa ngora, dina serat-serat pribadina anjeunna tetep ngarasa sedih jalaran masih kénéh nyalira (léléngkan/bujangan) sarta mikahayang kahirupan anu langkung lega saluareun Hillsborough.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=33–43}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakumaha sakumna lalaki bule di New Hampshire anu yuswana antawis 18 dugi ka 45 taun, Pierce téh mangrupa anggota [[Milisi Nagara Bagian New Hampshire|milisi nagara bagian]], sarta diangkat janten [[aide-de-camp]] (ajudan) kanggé Gubernur [[Samuel Dinsmoor]] dina taun 1831. Anjeunna tetep janten anggota milisi dugi ka taun 1847, sarta kenging pangkat [[Kolonél (Amérika Sarikat)|kolonél]] sateuacan engkéna janten [[Brigadir Jéndral (Amérika Sarikat)|brigadir jéndral]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] nalika [[Perang Méksiko-Amérika]].&lt;ref&gt;John Farmer, G. Parker Lyon, éditor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0JEBAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA53 The New-Hampshire Annual Register, and United States Calendar], 1832, p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brian Matthew Jordan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YJULQZ47IBYC&amp;pg=PA31 Triumphant Mourner: The Tragic Dimension of Franklin Pierce], 2003, p. 31.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce kacida kabetotna kana tarékah ngahirupkeun deui sarta ngoméan (réformasi) milisi nagara bagian anu parantos lami teu aktip saatos [[Perang 1812]]. Kanggé ngawujudkeun hal éta, Pierce gawé bareng sareng [[Alden Partridge]], réktor [[Norwich University]] (hiji akadémis militer di [[Vermont]]), sarta [[Truman B. Ransom]] sareng [[Alonzo Jackman]] anu mangrupa dosén Norwich sakaligus perwira milisi. Aranjeunna babarengan ngaronjatkeun tarékah rékrutmen sarta ngaronjatkeun kualitas latihan sarta kasiapsiagaan pasukan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Betros |first= Lance |date= 2004 |title= West Point: Two Centuries and Beyond |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sp7bAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22militia+in+the+field%22 |publisher= McWhiney Foundation Press |page= 155 |isbn= 978-1-893114-47-0 |access-date= 2014-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Ellis |first= William Arba |date= 1911 |title= Norwich University, 1819–1911; Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, Volume 1 |url= https://archive.org/details/norwichuniversi00dodggoog |publisher= Capital City Press |pages= 87, 99 |access-date= 2014-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce ngajabat salaku wali amanat (''trustee'') Norwich University ti taun 1841 dugi ka 1859, sarta nampi [[Gelar kahormatan|gelar doktor kahormatan]] ([[Legum Doctor|LL.D.]]) ti Norwich dina taun 1853.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Ellis |first= William Arba |date= 1911 |title= Norwich University, 1819–1911; Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, Volume 2 |url= https://archive.org/details/norwichuniversit02elli |publisher= Capital City Press |pages= 14–16 |access-date= 2014-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina ahir taun 1832, konvénsi Partéy Démokrat nyalonkeun Pierce kanggé salah sahiji ti lima korsi New Hampshire dina [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat]]. Pencalonan ieu téh [[sarua jeung meunang]] (''tantamount to election'') kanggé ieu Démokrat ngora, jalaran kakuatan Partéy Républik Nasional parantos nyirorot, sedengkeun [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Whig]] tacan mimiti narik loba pangrojong. Kakuatan Démokrat di New Hampshire ogé beuki kuat ku ayana [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1832|kameunangan mutlak Jackson dina taun éta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;w44plus&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=44–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; New Hampshire anu tadina mangrupa nagara bagian anu kurang diperhitungkeun sacara pulitik, ti mimiti taun 1832 dugi ka pertengahan 1850-an janten nagara bagian anu paling satia ka Démokrat di [[Amérika Sarikat Kalér]], anu satuluyna ngangkat karir pulitik Pierce.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=273–300}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masa jabatan Pierce dimimitian dina Maret 1833, nanging anjeunna nembé disumpah nalika Kongrés ngayakeun sidang dina sasih Désémber, sahingga perhatianana harita mah nuju ka sanés tempat. Anjeunna nembé pisan papacangan sarta mésér bumi munggaranana di Hillsborough. Franklin sareng Benjamin Pierce mangrupa sababaraha tokoh penting anu ngabagéakeun Présidén Jackson nalika anjeunna nganjang ka éta nagara bagian dina pertengahan taun 1833.&lt;ref name=&quot;w44plus&quot; /&gt;

=== Pernikahan sareng putra-putra ===
[[File:Jane Means Appleton Pierce first lady of the USA.jpg|jmpl|upright=0.85|Salaku jalma anu alim sarta resep nyorangan, [[Jane Pierce]] téh sabalikna pisan tina sipat carogéna dina rupa-rupa hal.&lt;ref name=&quot;jane&quot;&gt;{{harvnb |Wallner|2004 | pp = 31–32, 77–78}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jane2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb |Gara|1991 | pp = 31–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |title=Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency |work=American President: An Online Reference Resource |publisher=University of Virginia |access-date=2019-01-16 |first=Jean H. |last=Baker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217140649/http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/2 |archive-date=2010-12-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Dina kaping 19 Nopémber 1834, Pierce nikah sareng [[Jane Pierce|Jane Means Appleton]], putra ti pendéta [[Géréja Kongrégasional|Kongrégasional]] [[Jesse Appleton]] sareng Elizabeth Means. Kulawarga Appleton téh inohong [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]], kontras pisan sareng kulawarga Pierce anu satia ka Démokrat. Jane Pierce téh saurang anu éraan, kacida taatna kana ageman, sarta ngadukung [[gerakan temperance]] (anti-alkohol); anjeunna sering ngajurung Pierce supados lirén nginum alkohol. Jane perawakanna rada kuru (langsir), sarta remen gering alatan [[tuberkulosis]] sarta gangguan psikologis. Anjeunna kacida mikangéwa dunya pulitik, utamana teu resep ka Washington, D.C., anu satuluyna nyiptakeun tegangan sapanjang karir pulitik Pierce.&lt;ref name=&quot;jane&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jane2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jane3&quot; /&gt;

Jane Pierce ogé teu resep cicing di Hillsborough, sahingga dina taun 1838, kulawarga Pierce pindah ka puseur dayeuh nagara bagian, nyaéta [[Concord, New Hampshire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=79–80}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aranjeunna gaduh tilu putra, nanging sadayana pupus nalika nuju alit kénéh. Franklin Jr. (2–5 Pébruari 1836) pupus nalika orok kénéh, sedengkeun Frank Robert (27 Agustus 1839 – 14 Nopémber 1843) pupus dina yuswa opat taun alatan [[tipus épidémik]]. Benjamin (13 April 1841 – 6 Januari 1853) pupus dina yuswa 11 taun alatan [[Kacilakaan karéta api Franklin Pierce|kacilakaan karéta api]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=241–244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika anggota DPR [[James Henry Hammond]] ti Carolina Kidul narékahan pikeun nyegah surat panyambat (petisi) anti-perbudakan supados teu asup ka sidang Déwan, Pierce mah sabalikna, anjeunna mihak ka hak para abolisionis pikeun ngintunkeun petisi. Sanajan kitu, Pierce ogé ngadukung aturan anu engkéna kawéntar salaku [[Aturan 21|aturan panyumpet]] (''gag rule''), anu ngidinan petisi kasebut ditarima, nanging teu meunang dibaca atanapi dipertimbangkeun. Ieu aturan ditarima ku Déwan dina taun 1836.&lt;ref name=&quot;wallner-i-57-59&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=57–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anjeunna ditarajang ku surat kabar anti-perbudakan ti New Hampshire, ''Herald of Freedom'', sarta dilandi salaku saurang &quot;**[[doughface]]**&quot;, hiji istilah anu mibanda dua harti: &quot;lalaki anu borangan&quot; sarta &quot;urang Kalér anu boga simpatik ka urang Kidul&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=59–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce kantos nyatakeun yén ti 500 warga New Hampshire, moal aya saurang-urang acan anu janten abolisionis; artikel dina ''Herald of Freedom'' lajeng ngétang jumlah tanda tangan dina petisi ti éta nagara bagian, dibagi ku jumlah nu nyicingan dumasar kana sénsus 1830, sarta nyimpulkeun yén jumlah sabenerna mah nyaéta hiji ti unggal 33 jalma.

Pierce kacida ambekna nalika Sénator Carolina Kidul, [[John C. Calhoun]], macakeun éta artikel dina sidang Sénat salaku &quot;bukti&quot; yén New Hampshire téh puseur abolisionisme. Calhoun tungtungna ménta hampura saatos Pierce ngawaler dina hiji biantara anu nyatakeun yén kalolobaan nu tanda tangan téh nyaéta kaum awéwé sareng barudak anu teu gaduh hak sora, sahingga angka hiji-tina-33 éta téh matak cangcaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=362–375}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sénat Amérika Sarikat ===
[[File:Franklin Pierce by Southworth &amp; Hawes c1852.png|jmpl|kénca|Pierce dina taun 1852]]
Pangunduran diri Sénator Isaac Hill dina sasih Méi 1836, jalaran anjeunna kapilih janten gubernur New Hampshire, nyababkeun ayana lowongan samentis dina Sénat anu kedah dieusi ku législatif nagara bagian. Kusabab masa jabatan Hill salaku sénator bakal réngsé dina Maret 1837, législatif ogé kedah milih jalma kanggé masa jabatan genep taun salajengna. Pencalonan Pierce kanggé Sénat dirojong ku anggota DPR nagara bagian, John P. Hale, réncangna di Athenian Society nalika di Bowdoin. Saatos debat anu panjang, législatif milih [[John Page (politikus New Hampshire)|John Page]] kanggé ngeusi sésa masa jabatan Hill. Dina Désémber 1836, Pierce kapilih kanggé masa jabatan pinuh anu dimimitian dina Maret 1837. Dina yuswa 32 taun, anjeunna harita janten salah sahiji anggota pangngorana dina sajarah Sénat. Ieu pamilihan téh sumping dina mangsa anu beurat kanggé Pierce, jalaran ramana, lanceukna, sarta adina nuju teu damang parna, sedengkeun garwana ogé teras-terasan nandangan kaséhatan anu buruk. Salaku sénator, anjeunna tiasa ngabantosan sobat lami na, Nathaniel Hawthorne, anu sering kasesek sacara ékonomi, ku cara mangnyiarankeun jabatan [[sinékur]] salaku pangukur batubara sareng uyah di Kantor Béa Cukai Boston, anu masihan waktos ka éta panulis pikeun neraskeun karyana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=64–69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce milih luyu sareng garis partéy dina kalolobaan pasualan sarta janten sénator anu parigel, nanging sanés anu punjul pisan; anjeunna kéléhkeun ku wibawa &quot;**[[Triumvirat Agung]]**&quot; anu diwangun ku Calhoun, [[Henry Clay]], sareng [[Daniel Webster]], anu ngadominasi Sénat harita.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=68, 91–92}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce asup ka Sénat dina mangsa krisis ékonomi, nalika [[Panik 1837]] dimimitian. Anjeunna nganggap yén déprési ieu téh mangrupa balukar tina kamekaran sistem perbankan anu gancang teuing, di tengah-tengah &quot;kaleuwihan dina dagang sarta spékulasi anu liar&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;w6972&quot; /&gt; Supados artos féderal henteu dianggo kanggé ngarojong injeuman bank anu spékulatif, anjeunna ngadukung présidén Démokrat anu nembé kapilih, [[Martin Van Buren]], sarta rencanana kanggé ngadegkeun [[Perbendaharaan Indepénden|perbendaharaan indepénden]], hiji usulan anu méré sela (pepecahan) dina Partéy Démokrat. Debat ngeunaan perbudakan teras lumangsung di Kongrés, sarta para abolisionis ngusulkeun supados perbudakan dilarang di Distrik Columbia, di mana Kongrés gaduh wewenang hukum. Pierce ngadukung résolusi ti Calhoun anu nentang ieu usulan, anu dianggap ku Pierce salaku léngkah bahaya anu tiasa nungtun kana émansipasi (pambébasan budak) di sakuliah nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;w6972&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=69–72}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samentis éta, kakuatan Partéy Whig di Kongrés beuki nguat, anu nyababkeun partéy Pierce ngan ukur gaduh mayoritas leutik dina ahir dékadé éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=80}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salah sahiji jejer anu kacida pentingna kanggé Pierce nyaéta widang militér. Anjeunna méré perhatian husus kana tunjangan (pansiun) militér, jalaran ningal lobana prakték curang (panylewengan) dina éta sistem. Satuluyna, anjeunna diangkat janten pupuhu Komisi Sénat ngeunaan Pansiun Militér dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-26]] (1839–1841). Dina jabatanna, anjeunna ngadesek ayana modérenisasi sarta perluasan Angkatan Darat, kalayan pokus kana milisi sarta mobilitas pasukan tinimbang ngawangun benténg-benténg di basisir anu dianggapna parantos katinggaleun jaman.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=78–84}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce ngayakeun kampanye anu kacida sumangetna di nagara bagian asalna kanggé ngarojong kapilihna deui Van Buren dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840]]. Van Buren mémang unggul di New Hampshire, nanging kawon dina pamilihan nasional ku kandidat ti Partéy Whig, nyaéta pahlawan militér [[William Henry Harrison]]. Partéy Whig hasil kenging mayoritas korsi dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-27]]. Harrison pupus saatos sabulan ngajabat, sarta Wakil Présidén [[John Tyler]] ngagentos anjeunna. Pierce sareng para Démokrat langsung nangtang pamaréntahan énggal kasebut, ku cara marios panyabutan jabatan para pajabat féderal sarta nentang rencana Whig kanggé ngadegkeun bank nasional.

Dina Désémber 1841, Pierce mutuskeun pikeun mundur tina Kongrés, hiji hal anu tos dirancanakeun ku anjeunna ti sateuacanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=84–90}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para Démokrat di New Hampshire negeskeun yén sénator A.S. ti nagara bagianna kedah diwatesanan mung sataun masa jabatan (genep taun), sahingga Pierce alit kamungkinanana kanggé kapilih deui. Salian ti éta, anjeunna ogé ngarasa frustasi janten anggota minoritas di législatif sarta hoyong nyéépkeun waktosna kanggé kulawarga sarta prakték hukum.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tindakan terakhirna di Sénat dina Pébruari 1842 nyaéta nentang undang-undang distribusi dana féderal ka nagara-nagara bagian—jalaran anjeunna yakin yén éta artos langkung saé dialokasikeun kanggé militér—sarta nangtang Partéy Whig supados muka hasil panalungtikanana ngeunaan Kantor Béa Cukai New York, di mana Whig parantos marios dugaan korupsi Démokrat salami méh sataun nanging teu mendakan bukti nanaon.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=91–92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamimpin partéy ==

=== Ahli hukum sareng politikus ===
[[File:Piercemanse.JPG|jmpl|upright=1.1|Imah di [[Concord, New Hampshire]] tempat Pierce matuh ti taun 1842 dugi ka 1848; ayeuna kawéntar salaku [[Pierce Manse]], ieu gedong parantos dirénovasi dina taun 1970-an sarta dijagi salaku objék wisata sajarah.&lt;ref name=&quot;manse&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.piercemanse.org/Learn.html |title=The Pierce Manse |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816064656/http://www.piercemanse.org/Learn.html |archive-date=2010-08-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Sanaos parantos mundur ti Sénat, Pierce tacan aya niat kanggé liren tina dunya publik. Pindahna ka Concord masihan anjeunna langkung seueur lolongkrang kanggé nanganan kasus-kasus hukum, sarta masihan kasempetan ka Jane Pierce kanggé hirup di lingkungan masarakat anu langkung merenah.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=79}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jane tetep matuh di Concord sareng putra alitna, Frank, sarta Benjamin anu nembé lahir nalika bagian ahir masa jabatan Pierce di Sénat; ieu papisahan téh mémang beurat karasana kanggé kulawarga. Samentis éta, Pierce parantos ngamimitian gawé bareng hukum anu nguntungkeun pisan sareng [[Asa Fowler]] nalika masa réhat (''recess'') Kongrés.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce mulang ka Concord dina awal taun 1842, sarta reputasina salaku pengacara teras nanjak. Kawéntar ku kapribadianana anu soméah, kaahlianana dina biantara, sarta daya émutna anu luar biasa, Pierce sering narik perhatian loba pamiarsa di pangadilan. Anjeunna ogé sering ngabéla masarakat miskin kalayan nampi bayaran anu sakedik atanapi malah haratis pisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=98–101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce tetep aub dina Partéy Démokrat nagara bagian anu nuju karepék ku sababaraha pasualan. Gubernur Hill, anu ngawakilan faksi komérsial sarta kota dina partéy, ngadukung pamakéan piagam pamaréntah kanggé ngarojong korporasi, méré hak husus sapertos tanggung jawab kawates (''limited liability'') sarta hak [[domain punjul]] kanggé ngawangun jalan karéta api. Faksi radikal &quot;**[[Locofocos|Locofoco]]**&quot; dina partéyna ngawakilan para patani sarta pamilih di padésaan, anu mikahayang perluasan program sosial sarta regulasi tanaga gawé, sarta pangwatesan kana hak husus korporasi. Budaya pulitik di éta nagara bagian janten kirang toleran ka bank sareng korporasi saatos Panik 1837, sahingga Hill tungtungna éléh dina pamilihan. Pierce sacara filosofis langkung caket ka faksi radikal, sarta kalayan asa-asa anjeunna kersa janten pengacara kanggé lawan Hill dina sengketa hukum ngeunaan kapamilikan hiji surat kabar—Hill kawon, lajeng ngadegkeun surat kabar sorangan anu sering ngajantenkeun Pierce salaku sasaran seranganna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=93–95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Juni 1842, Pierce diangkat janten pupuhu Komite Démokrat Nagara Bagian, sarta dina pamilihan nagara bagian taun saterusna, anjeunna ngabantosan faksi radikal kanggé ngawasa législatif nagara bagian. Partéy tetep karepék ku sababaraha pasualan, kalebet pangwangunan jalan karéta api sareng [[gerakan temperance]] (anti-alkohol), sarta Pierce nyepeng peran utama dina mantuan législatif nagara bagian kanggé ngaréngsékeun éta bédana pamandangan. Prioritas anjeunna nyaéta &quot;tartib, moderasi, kompromi, sareng kahijian partéy&quot;, anu ku anjeunna diusahakeun supados langkung diutamakeun tinimbang pamandangan pribadina ngeunaan pasualan pulitik.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=103–110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakumaha engkéna nalika janten présidén, Pierce kacida ngajénan pisan kana kahijian Partéy Démokrat, sarta ningal yén oposisi kana perbudakan téh mangrupa ancaman kanggé hal éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=431}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kameunangan [[James K. Polk]] anu teu disangka-sangka (''[[kuda hitam (pulitik)|dark horse]]'') dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1844]] mangrupa warta anu pikabagéakeun kanggé Pierce, anu parantos sosobatan sareng tilas [[Pupuhu Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|Pupuhu Déwan]] kasebut nalika duanana ngajabat di Kongrés. Pierce ngayakeun kampanye badag kanggé Polk salila pamilihan, sarta salaku balesanna, Polk ngangkat anjeunna janten [[Jaksa Amérika Sarikat kanggé Distrik New Hampshire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=131–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tujuan utama Polk anu pangnonjolna nyaéta [[aneksasi Texas]], hiji pasualan anu nyababkeun papaséaan kacida jero antawis Pierce sareng tilas batur sapancakakina, Hale, anu harita janten anggota DPR A.S. 

Hale kacida nentangna kana nambihan nagara bagian budak anyar, sahingga anjeunna nyerat serat kabuka ka konstituénna anu nétélakeun panolakanana kana éta léngkah.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wadleigh|1913|p=249}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce ngawaler ku cara ngayakeun deui konvénsi Démokrat nagara bagian kanggé ngabatalkeun pencalonan Hale dina masa jabatan Kongrés salajengna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wadleigh|1913|p=249}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu &quot;badai pulitik&quot; ngabalukarkeun Pierce megatkeun hubungan sareng sobat laminana, kitu ogé sareng batur sapraktekna dina hukum, Fowler, anu mangrupa pangrojong Hale.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=111–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hale nolak mundur, sarta kusabab diperyogikeun sora mayoritas kanggé kapilih di New Hampshire, peupeusna partéy ngabalukarkeun ''deadlock'' (jalan buntu) sarta korsi DPR janten kosong. Tungtungna, Partéy Whig sareng faksi [[Démokrat Indepénden]] Hale hasil ngawasa législatif, milih [[Anthony Colby]] ti Whig janten gubernur, sarta ngirim Hale ka Sénat, hiji hal anu matak ngambek pisan ka Pierce.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=447}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perang Méksiko-Amérika ===
[[File:Franklin Pierce - 1852.jpg|jmpl|upright|Pierce nganggo seragam brigadir jéndralna, {{Kira-kira|1852}}]]
Aub dina dunya militér téh mangrupa impian lami kanggé Pierce, anu saprak rumaja kacida mikareueusna kana jasa-jasa rama sarta para lanceukna, utamana lanceukna [[Benjamin Kendrick Pierce|Benjamin]], ogé [[John McNeil Jr.]], carogé ti lanceuk sabapana, Elizabeth. Salaku anggota législatif, anjeunna téh mangrupa pangrojong anu vokal kanggé milisi sukaréla. Salaku perwira milisi, anjeunna gaduh pangalaman dina ngumpulkeun sarta ngalatih pasukan. Nalika Kongrés ngumumkeun perang ngalawan Méksiko dina Méi 1846, Pierce langsung daptar janten sukarélawan, sanaos harita tacan aya régimén ti New England. Harepanana kanggé milu perang dina [[Perang Méksiko-Amérika]] mangrupa salah sahiji alesan anjeunna nolak tawaran ti Polk kanggé janten [[Jaksa Agung Amérika Sarikat]].

Gerakan maju Jéndral [[Zachary Taylor]] mimiti kendor di Méksiko kalér, sarta Jéndral [[Winfield Scott]] ngusulkeun kanggé ngarebut palabuan [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Vera Cruz]] sarta neruskeun perjalanan darat ka Kota Méksiko. Kongrés ngaluarkeun undang-undang anu ngidinan dibentukna sapuluh régimén, sarta Pierce diangkat janten komandan sarta kolonél [[Régimén Infanteri ka-9 (Amérika Sarikat)|Régimén Infanteri ka-9]] dina Pébruari 1847, kalayan Truman B. Ransom salaku [[Léptnan Kolonél (Amérika Sarikat)|léptnan kolonél]] sarta wakil komandanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=131–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:FrankP-mounted.jpg|jmpl|kénca|upright=0.9|Mangsa jabatan Pierce anu sakedap salaku [[perwira jéndral|jéndral]] dina Perang Méksiko-Amérika ningkatkeun citra publikna.&lt;ref name=&quot;war-reception&quot; /&gt;]]
Dina 3 Maret 1847, Pierce ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Brigadir jéndral (Amérika Sarikat)|brigadir jéndral]], sarta nyepeng paréntah pikeun hiji [[brigade]] pasukan tambahan kanggé angkatan darat Jéndral Scott, sedengkeun Ransom ngagentos anjeunna janten komandan régimén. Sabada méakkeun waktos kanggé ngumpulkeun brigadena, Pierce dugi ka palabuan Vera Cruz anu parantos ditéwak dina ahir Juni. Di dinya, anjeunna nyiapkeun perjalanan 2.500 pasukan anu ngawal logistik kanggé Scott. Perjalanan tilu minggu ka darat téh kacida bahayana, sarta pasukanna kedah sababaraha kali ngalawan serangan sateuacan tungtungna ngahiji sareng pasukan Scott dina awal Agustus, pas pisan nalika badé lumangsungna [[Pertempuran Contreras]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=490}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ieu pertempuran téh mangrupa musibah kanggé Pierce: kudana ujug-ujug reuwas nalika nuju narajang, anu ngabalukarkeun awakna kabetot sarta palangkakanana kagejret kana sela kuda. Éta kuda lajeng tikait kana sela batu sarta labuh, nu ngabalukarkeun Pierce kakeueum ku kudana sorangan sarta tuurna tatu parna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=144–147}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu kajadian ngajantenkeun anjeunna katingal sapertos anu kapiuhan, sahingga salah saurang prajurit ngagorowok menta batur kanggé nyepeng komando bari nyebutkeun, &quot;Jéndral Pierce téh saurang jalma borangan anu dibendo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;h505&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=505}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce mulang deui kanggé aksi dinten salajengna, nanging tuurna tatu deui sahingga anjeunna kedah luluncatan (pincang) nuturkeun pasukanna; nalika anjeunna dugi ka lokasi, pertempuran téh ampir réngsé.&lt;ref name=&quot;h505&quot; /&gt;

Nalika [[Pertempuran Churubusco]] beuki deukeut, Scott maréntahkeun Pierce supados ka tukang kanggé cageur heula (konvalésénsi). Anjeunna ngawaler, &quot;Demi Allah, Jéndral, ieu téh pertempuran badag anu terakhir, sarta kuring kedah mingpin brigade kuring.&quot; Scott tungtungna ngijinan, sarta Pierce asup ka médan perang bari awakna ditalian kana sela kuda, nanging kanyeri dina sukuna beuki parna sahingga anjeunna kapiuhan di lapangan. Amérika meunang dina éta pertempuran sarta Pierce mantuan rundayan gencatan sanjata. Anjeunna lajeng mulang deui nyepeng komando sarta mingpin brigadena sapanjang sésa kampanye, anu tungtungna aub dina [[Pertempuran kanggé Kota Méksiko|panéwakan Kota Méksiko]] dina pertengahan Séptémber, sanaos brigadena langkung seueur dijantenkeun cadangan salila pertempuran. Salila pertempuran Kota Méksiko, anjeunna langkung seueur cicing di tenda gering alatan nandangan diaré akut.&lt;ref name=&quot;h505&quot; /&gt; Pierce tetep nyepeng komando brigadena salila tilu sasih masa pendudukan kota; sanaos ngarasa frustasi ku macétna rundayan perdamaian, anjeunna ogé nyobian ngajaga jarak tina konplik anu terus-terusan lumangsung antawis Scott sareng para jéndral sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;w147plus&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=147–154}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce tungtungna diijinkeun kanggé mulang ka Concord dina ahir Désémber 1847. Anjeunna dibagakeun salaku pahlawan di nagara bagian asalna, sarta ngintunkeun serat pangunduran diri tina Angkatan Darat, anu satuluyna disatujuan dina kaping 20 Maret 1848. Jasa-jasa militérna ningkatkeun popularitas anjeunna di New Hampshire, nanging tatu sarta bangbaluh anu tumiba ka anjeunna di médan perang ngabalukarkeun ayana tuduhan &quot;borangan&quot; anu bakal terus ngabayang-bayang saumur hirupna. Anjeunna parantos némbongkeun kamampuh anu hadé salaku jéndral, utamana nalika mingpin perjalanan awal ti Vera Cruz, nanging mangsa jabatanna anu sakedap sarta tatu anu ditalandanganana nyababkeun para sajarawan teu gaduh seueur bahan kanggé meunteun kamampuhna salaku komandan militér.&lt;ref name=&quot;war-reception&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=154–157}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ulysses S. Grant]], anu gaduh kasempetan kanggé ningal langsung kinerja Pierce salila perang, nolak sagala tuduhan borangan kasebut dina mémoarna anu diserat sababaraha taun saatos Pierce pupus: &quot;Naon waé kualifikasi Jéndral Pierce kanggé kapersidénan, anjeunna téh saurang ''gentleman'' sarta jalma anu gaduh kawani. Kuring sanés pangrojong anjeunna sacara pulitik, nanging kuring terang ka anjeunna langkung jero tinimbang ka jéndral-jéndral sukaréla sanésna.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Ulysses S. |last=Grant |author-link=Ulysses S. Grant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxwTAAAAYAAJ |title=Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant |volume=1 |year=1892 |orig-year=1885 |pages=146–147 |publisher=C. L. Webster}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mulang ka New Hampshire ===

[[File:Frank-Pierce.jpg|jmpl|upright|Dina taun 1850-an, Pierce parantos janten pamimpin Partéy Démokrat New Hampshire.&lt;ref name=&quot;leadership&quot; /&gt;]]
Mulang ka Concord, Pierce neraskeun deui prakték hukumna; dina hiji kasus anu kawéntar, anjeunna ngabéla kabébasan ageman kelompok [[Shakers]], hiji sékte anu katutup sarta kaancam ku tindakan hukum alatan tuduhan panyiksaan. Nanging, peranna salaku pamimpin partéy tetep nyéépkeun kalolobaan perhatianana. Anjeunna terus riribugan sareng Hale, anu anti-perbudakan sarta nentang perang, sikep anu dianggap ku Pierce salaku provokasi anu teu perlu.&lt;ref name=&quot;leadership&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=157–161}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilayah [[Sési Méksiko]] anu kacida legana ngabagi AS sacara pulitik, kalayan loba pihak di Kalér anu negeskeun yén perbudakan teu meunang aya di dinya (sarta ngajukeun [[Wilmot Proviso]] kanggé mastikeunana), sedengkeun anu sanésna hoyong perbudakan dilarang di kalér garis [[Kompromi Missouri]] dina [[Paralel 36°30′ kalér|36°30′ N]]. Duanana usulan éta dianggap haram ku loba urang Kidul, sarta kontrovérsi ieu meulah Partéy Démokrat. Dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1848]], mayoritas nyalonkeun tilas sénator Michigan [[Lewis Cass]] janten présidén, sedengkeun minoritas misahkeun diri janten [[Partéy Free Soil]], anu ngadukung tilas présidén Van Buren. Partéy Whig milih Jéndral [[Zachary Taylor]], urang Louisiana, anu pamandanganana ngeunaan kalolobaan pasualan pulitik tacan kanyahoan. Sanaos sateuacanna ngadukung Van Buren, Pierce milih ngadukung Cass, sarta nolak tawaran cicingeun kanggé janten calon wakil présidén dina [[tikét (pulitik)|tikét]] Free Soil. Gawé Pierce kacida éféktifna sahingga Taylor, anu ahirna [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1848|kapilih janten présidén]], kenging perséntase sora panghandapna di New Hampshire dibandingkeun sareng nagara bagian sanésna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|pp=549–565}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sénator Henry Clay, saurang Whig, ngaharepkeun tiasa ngaréngsékeun pasualan perbudakan ku sababaraha usulan anu engkéna kawéntar salaku [[Kompromi 1850]]. Ieu kompromi bakal méré kameunangan boh ka Kalér boh ka Kidul, sarta kenging pangrojong ti sasama urang Whig, Webster. Nalika draf undang-undang éta macét di Sénat, Sénator Illinois [[Stephen A. Douglas]] mingpin tarékah anu hasil kanggé meulahna janten sababaraha bagian anu misah, supados unggal anggota législatif tiasa milih nolak bagian anu teu disatujuan ku nagara bagianna tanpa ngabahayakeun sakabéh pakét aturan éta. Éta undang-undang lulus sarta ditandatanganan ku Présidén [[Millard Fillmore]] (anu ngagentos Taylor saatos sang présidén pupus dina awal 1850).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=21–22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce kacida ngadukungna kana éta kompromi, sarta masihan biantara anu ditarima kalayan saé dina Désémber 1850, di mana anjeunna sumpah satia ka &quot;Uni! Uni Abadi!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=608}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina sasih anu sami, calon gubernur ti Démokrat, John Atwood, ngaluarkeun surat anu nentang éta Kompromi, sarta Pierce mantuan ngayakeun deui konvénsi nagara bagian kanggé ngabatalkeun pencalonan Atwood tina tikét partéy.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; Ieu kajadian ngaganggu pamilihan kanggé Démokrat, anu ahirna kawon dina sababaraha korsi; sanajan kitu, partéyna Pierce tetep nyepeng kadali ka éta nagara bagian, sarta aya dina posisi anu kuat kanggé pamilihan présidén anu badé sumping.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=173–180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pamilihan 1852 ==
{{Utama|Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1852|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1852}}
[[File:1852DemocraticCampaignPoster.png|jmpl|upright|Postér kampanye kanggé tikét Pierce/King]]
Nalika [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1852]] beuki deukeut, Partéy Démokrat nuju karepék ku pasualan perbudakan, sanaos kalolobaan kelompok &quot;**[[Barnburners sarta Hunkers#Barnburners|Barnburners]]**&quot; (faksi radikal) anu kantos ninggalkan partéy sareng Van Buren kanggé ngawangun Partéy Free Soil parantos mulang deui. Harita aya harepan yén [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1852]] bakal manggihan jalan buntu (''deadlock''), di mana moal aya calon anu sanggup kenging sora mayoritas dua per tilu sakumaha anu diperyogikeun. 

Para Démokrat New Hampshire, kalebet Pierce, tadina ngadukung tilas guruna, [[Levi Woodbury]], anu harita janten [[Hakim Agung Amérika Sarikat|Hakim Agung]], salaku calon kompromi. Nanging, pupusna Woodbury dina Séptémber 1851 muka lolongkrang kanggé sakutu-sakutu Pierce pikeun nampilkeun anjeunna salaku calon &quot;**[[kuda hitam (pulitik)|kuda hideung]]**&quot; (''dark horse'') nuturkeun tapak lacak Polk. Para Démokrat New Hampshire ngarasa yén, salaku nagara bagian anu paling konsistén méré kameunangan kanggé Partéy Démokrat, aranjeunna pantes nyadiakeun calon présidén. Tokoh sanésna anu dianggap bakal maju nyaéta Douglas, Cass, [[William Marcy]] ti New York, [[James Buchanan]] ti Pennsylvania, [[Sam Houston]] ti Texas, sarta [[Thomas Hart Benton (politikus)|Thomas Hart Benton]] ti Missouri.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=181–184}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=23–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanaos kenging pangrojong ti nagara bagian asalna, Pierce nyanghareupan rupa-rupa hahalang kanggé pencalonanana, jalaran anjeunna parantos sapuluh taun teu nyepeng jabatan publik sarta teu gaduh reputasi nasional sakumaha para calon utama sanésna. Anjeunna sacara kabuka nyatakeun yén pencalonan sapertos kitu bakal &quot;kacida nolakna kana karesep sarta kahayang kuring&quot;, nanging ningal kahayang para Démokrat New Hampshire kanggé ningal salah saurang wargana kapilih, anjeunna terang yén pangaruhna di mangsa payun gumantung kana kasadiaanana kanggé maju.&lt;ref name=&quot;w184plus&quot; /&gt; Ku kituna, anjeunna cicingeun ngidinan para pangrojongna kanggé ngayakeun lobi, kalayan pamahaman yén namina moal diasupkeun kana konvénsi kacipta upami parantos jelas yén taya sahiji calon utama anu tiasa meunang. Kanggé ngalegaan basis pangrojongna di Kidul, anjeunna nyerat serat anu negeskeun deui dukunganna kana Kompromi 1850, kalebet [[Undang-Undang Budak Buron]] anu kontrovérsial.&lt;ref name=&quot;w184plus&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=184–197}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=32–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Konvénsi dikumpulkeun dina 1 Juni di Baltimore, sarta sakumaha anu parantos duga, jalan buntu (''deadlock'') lumangsung. Dina sora munggaran (''ballot'') ti 288 delegasi dina 3 Juni, Cass kenging 116 sora, Buchanan 93, sarta sésana papencar, kalayan taya hiji sora ogé kanggé Pierce. 34 sora salajengna ogé liwat tanpa aya calon anu caket kana kameunangan, sarta tetep taya sora kanggé Pierce. Tim Buchanan lajeng maréntahkeun delegasina kanggé milih calon-calon leutik, kalebet Pierce, kanggé némbongkeun yén Buchanan téh moal tiasa dibendung sarta kanggé ngahijikeun konvénsi di tukangeunana. Ieu taktik anyar téh kalah janten pakéwuh (''backfired''); saatos sababaraha sora, Virginia, New Hampshire, sarta Maine kalah malik milih Pierce. Sésa kakuatan Buchanan mimiti pecah ka Marcy, sarta Pierce geuwat nempatan posisi katilu.

Saatos sora ka-48, anggota Kongrés ti Carolina Kalér [[James C. Dobbin]] masihan dukungan anu teu disangka-sangka sarta kacida sumangetna ka Pierce, anu satuluyna nyiptakeun gelombang pangrojong badag kanggé anjeunna. Dina sora ka-49, Pierce kenging ampir sakabéh sora (iwal genep sora), sahingga resmi janten calon présidén. Para delegasi milih Sénator Alabama [[William R. King]], saurang pangrojong Buchanan, salaku calon wakil présidén, sarta ngadopsi platform anu nolak &quot;riribugan&quot; salajengna ngeunaan perbudakan sarta ngadukung Kompromi 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=197–202}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika béja hasil konvénsi dugi ka New Hampshire, Pierce ampir teu percaya, sarta garwana dugi ka kapiuhan. Putra aranjeunna, Benjamin, nyerat serat ka ibuna bari ngaharepkeun yén Franklin moal hasil meunang dina pamilihan, jalaran anjeunna terang yén ibuna moal resepeun upami kedah matuh di Washington.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Scott vs Pierce campaign.jpg|jmpl|kénca|upright=1.3|Kartun pulitik anti-Pierce ieu ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku jalma anu lemah sarta borangan.]]
Calon ti Partéy Whig nyaéta Jéndral Scott, urut komandanna Pierce di Méksiko; pasanganana nyaéta [[Sekretaris Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat|Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]] [[William Alexander Graham]]. Partéy Whig teu bisa ngahijikeun faksi-faksina sakumaha anu dilakukeun ku Démokrat, sarta konvénsi maranéhna ngadopsi platform anu ampir teu aya bédana jeung Démokrat, kaasup pangrojong kana Kompromi 1850. Hal ieu nyababkeun faksi Free Soilers majukeun calon sorangan, Sénator Hale, anu satuluyna ngarugikeun sora Whig. Kurangna bédana pandangan pulitik ngajadikeun kampanye ieu ngan saukur paséa ngeunaan kapribadian anu pait sarta nyababkeun [[tingkat partisipasi pamilih]] turun ka tingkat panghandapna ti saprak [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|1836]]; nurutkeun biografer Peter A. Wallner, ieu téh &quot;salah sahiji kampanye anu paling teu matak gumbira dina sajarah kapersidénan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=210–213}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=36–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scott dirugikeun ku kurangna sumangat ti urang Whig kalér anu anti-perbudakan; éditor ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' [[Horace Greeley]] nyimpulkeun éta sikep nalika nyarita ngeunaan platform Whig, &quot;urang nentang, mikangéwa, sarta nyiduhan éta platform.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=724}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ElectoralCollege1852.svg|jmpl|upright=1.3|Peta éléktoral [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1852]]]]
Pierce milih cicingeun supados teu ngaganggu kahijian partéyna anu rapuh, sarta ngantepkeun para sakutuna anu ngajalankeun kampanye. Geus jadi adat harita yén calon présidén teu meunang katingal teuing ambisius néangan jabatan, sarta anjeunna mémang teu ngayakeun kampanye pribadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=231}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gara1991 p38&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=725}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lawan-lawan Pierce nyieun karikaturna salaku jalma borangan anu anti-Katolik sarta tukang mabok (&quot;pahlawan tina loba botol inuman&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;caricature&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=206}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gara1991 p38&quot;/&gt; Samentis éta, Scott ngan kenging pangrojong lemah ti urang Whig anu nuju peupeus ku platform pro-Kompromi, sarta Scott ogé dianggap orator publik anu parah sarta osok salah ucap (''gaffe-prone'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Gara1991 p38&quot;/&gt;

Para Démokrat kacida yakin meunangna; salah sahiji slogan anu kawéntar nyaéta yén para Démokrat &quot;bakal ''pierce'' (nubles) musuh-musuhna dina 1852 sakumaha maranéhna geus ''poked'' (nyundut/[[James K. Polk|Polked]]) musuhna dina 1844.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|p=203}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hal ieu kabuktian bener, Scott ngan bisa unggul di Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, jeung Vermont, kalayan kenging 42 sora éléktoral, sedengkeun Pierce kenging 254 sora. Kalayan total 3,2 juta sora anu asup, Pierce meunang sora rahayat (''popular vote''), 50,9% ngalawan 44,1%. Sakelompok badag Free Soilers milih rival Pierce ti nagara bagian anu sarua, Hale, anu kenging 4,9% sora rahayat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=229–230}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Partéy Démokrat ogé hasil ngawasa mayoritas badag di Kongrés.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kapersidénan (1853–1857) ==
{{Utama|Kapersidénan Franklin Pierce}}

=== Masa transisi sareng kacilakaan karéta api ===
{{Tempo ogé|Kacilakaan karéta api Franklin Pierce}}
[[File:First ladies-pierce.jpg|jmpl|upright|Jane Pierce sareng &quot;Benny&quot;, anu pupusna masihan kalangkang duka sapanjang masa jabatan Pierce.&lt;ref name=&quot;benny&quot; /&gt;]]

Pierce ngamimitian kapersidénanana dina kaayaan duka. Sababaraha minggu saatos pamilihan, dina kaping 6 Januari 1853, anjeunna sareng kulawargana nuju angkat ti Boston nganggo karéta api nalika gerbongna anjlog sarta ngaguling ka lamping deukeut [[Andover, Massachusetts]]. Franklin sareng Jane Pierce salamet, nanging putra tunggal aranjeunna anu yuswana 11 taun, Benjamin, pupus alatan kakeueum ku ruruntuhan gerbong, kalayan kaayaan mastaka anu ampir sapat. Pierce teu tiasa nyumputkeun éta tetempoan ti garwana. Duanana nandangan déprési anu kacida parna saatos éta kajadian, anu kamungkinan ageung mangaruhan kinerjana salaku présidén.&lt;ref name=&quot;benny&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=241–249}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=43–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jane Pierce sempet mikir naha éta kajadian téh mangrupa hukuman ti Gusti alatan salakina kacida ambisiusna ngudag sarta narima jabatan luhur. Anjeunna nyerat serat panjang anu eusina ménta hampura ka &quot;Benny&quot; alatan ngarasa gagal janten indung.&lt;ref name=&quot;benny&quot;/&gt; Jane nyingkahan rupa-rupa acara sosial salila ampir dua taun munggaranana salaku [[Ibu Nagara Amérika Sarikat]], sarta nembé némbongan deui ka publik dina acara resépsi taunan di Gedong Bodas dina Poé Taun Anyar 1855, anu harita nampi rasa simpati anu kacida gedéna ti masarakat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika Franklin Pierce angkat ti New Hampshire kanggé diidtrénan, Jane milih teu marengan. Pierce, anu harita janten lalaki pangngorana anu kapilih janten présidén, milih kanggé [[Ikrar (hukum)|ngikrarkeun]] (''affirm'') sumpah jabatanna dina buku hukum tinimbang dina Alkitab, sakumaha anu dilakukeun ku sakabéh présidén sateuacanna iwal John Quincy Adams.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|date=January 17, 2009|title=The Oath|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/weekinreview/18oath.html|access-date=2022-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna ogé janten présidén munggaran anu nepikeun biantara pelantikanana dumasar kana ingetan (tanpa téks).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hurja |first=Emil |date=1933 |title=History of Presidential Inaugurations |publisher=New York Democrat |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina biantara éta, anjeunna ngabagéakeun éra katengtreman sarta kamakmuran di jero nagara sarta ngadesek kanggé negeskeun kapentingan A.S. dina hubungan internasional, kalebet akuisisi wilayah-wilayah énggal anu &quot;kacida pentingna&quot;. &quot;Kawijakan Pamaréntahan kuring&quot;, saurna, &quot;moal bakal kendor ku ayana kasieun kana balukar buruk tina ékspansi.&quot; Bari nyingkahan kecap &quot;perbudakan&quot;, anjeunna negeskeun kahayangna kanggé ngaréngsékeun éta &quot;pasualan penting&quot; sarta ngajaga persatuan anu tengtrem. Anjeunna ogé nyabit ngeunaan tragédi pribadina, kalayan nyarios ka balaréa, &quot;Anjeun parantos manggil kuring dina mangsa kuring lemah, anjeun kedah ngarojong kuring ku kakuatan anjeun.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2004|pp=249–255}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pamaréntahan sareng papaséaan pulitik ===
{{Tempo ogé|Daptar hakim féderal anu diangkat ku Franklin Pierce}}
{{CSS image crop|Image=PIERCE, Franklin-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg |bSize=250|cWidth=170|cHeight=240|oTop=40|oLeft=40|Description=Potrét ukiran [[Biro Ukiran sarta Percetakan|BEP]] Pierce salaku présidén.}}

Dina nangtukeun pajabat [[Kabinet Amérika Sarikat|Kabinetna]], Pierce narékahan kanggé ngahijikeun partéy anu nuju paséa marebutkeun &quot;buah&quot; kameunangan. Kalolobaan anggota partéy mimitina mah teu ngadukung anjeunna dina pencalonan, malah sawatara aya anu kungsi sakutu sareng Partéy Free Soil kanggé kenging kameunangan dina pamilihan lokal. Pierce mutuskeun kanggé masihan jatah korsi ka unggal faksi partéy, kalebet faksi-faksi anu sateuacanna nentang Kompromi 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=767}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sénat kalayan sora buleud langsung nyatujuan sakabéh nominasi Kabinet Pierce.&lt;ref name=&quot;wall5plus&quot; /&gt; Pierce méakkeun sababaraha minggu munggaran jabatanna kanggé milih ratusan posisi féderal tingkat handap anu kedah dieusi. Ieu téh mangrupa pagawéan anu beurat, jalaran anjeunna hoyong ngawakilan sakabéh faksi partéy, nanging tungtungna teu aya sahiji ogé faksi anu sugema pinuh. Para pangrojong partéy ngarasa hésé kanggé ngamankeun posisi keur babaturanana, anu satuluyna ngajantenkeun Partéy Démokrat tegang sarta numbuhkeun rasa pait antawis faksi. Teu lami ti dinya, surat kabar di Kalér nuduh Pierce ngeusian pamaréntahanana ku jalma-jalma pro-perbudakan anu hoyong misahkeun diri (''secessionists''), sedengkeun surat kabar di Kidul nuduh anjeunna salaku abolisionis.&lt;ref name=&quot;wall5plus&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=5–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Papaséaan antawis Démokrat anu pro sarta anti-pamaréntahan beuki panas, utamana di jero Partéy Démokrat New York. Kelompok Démokrat &quot;Hardshell&quot; (''Hards'') anu langkung konsérvatif di New York kacida cangcayana ka administrasi Pierce, anu dianggap langkung raket sareng Marcy (anu janten Sekretaris Nagara) sarta faksi New York anu langkung moderat, nyaéta Démokrat &quot;Softshell&quot; (''Softs'').&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=15–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:William R. D. King Vice President.jpg|jmpl|kénca|upright=0.7|Wakil Présidén [[William R. King]] pupus sakedap saatos sabulan ngajabat, anu nyababkeun lowongan jabatan anu teu tiasa dieusi harita.]]
Buchanan kantos ngadesek Pierce supados konsultasi sareng Wakil Présidén terpilih, King, dina milih Kabinet, nanging Pierce teu ngalakukeun hal éta—Pierce sareng King mémang teu kantos ngayakeun komunikasi deui saprak dicalonkeun dina Juni 1852. Dina awal taun 1853, King nandangan panyakit tuberkulosis anu parna, sarta angkat ka Kuba kanggé tatamba. Kaayaanana beuki buruk, sahingga Kongrés ngaluarkeun undang-undang husus anu ngidinan anjeunna disumpah di payuneun konsul Amérika di Havana dina 24 Maret. Jalaran hoyong pupus di bumina sorangan, anjeunna mulang ka perkebunanana di Alabama dina 17 April sarta pupus dina dinten énjingna. Jabatan wakil présidén tetep kosong sapanjang sésa masa jabatan Pierce, jalaran Konstitusi harita tacan gaduh katangtuan kanggé ngeusi éta lowongan. Ieu kakosongan hartosna sapanjang kapersidénan Pierce, [[Présidén pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Présidén pro tempore Sénat]], anu mimitina dijabat ku [[David Atchison]] ti Missouri, janten jalma munggaran dina garis suksési kapersidénan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=21–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce narékahan kanggé ngajalankeun pamaréntahan anu langkung éfisién sarta akuntabel tinimbang para miheulaanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;wallner-20&quot; /&gt; Para anggota Kabinetna nerapkeun sistem awal ujian [[Layanan sipil féderal Amérika Sarikat|layanan sipil]], anu janten prékursor (mimitina) tina [[Undang-Undang Pendleton]] anu nembé lulus tilu dékadé saatosna, di mana posisi-posisi di pamaréntahan A.S. kedah dileler dumasar kana préstasi (''merit system''), sanés dumasar kana sistem ''patronase'' (balas jasa pulitik).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=35–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sékretaris [[Robert McClelland (pulitikus Amérika)|Robert McClelland]] ngayakeun réformasi dina [[Departemén Dalam Negeri Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Dalam Negeri]], ku cara nyistematiskeun operasina, ngalegaan panggunaan rékaman keretas (arsip), sarta merangan prakték curang (korupsi).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=36–39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Réformasi Pierce sanésna nyaéta ngalegaan peran jaksa agung A.S. dina nangtukeun hakim sarta jaksa féderal, hiji léngkah penting dina prosés kabentukna [[Departemén Kaadilan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Kaadilan]] di mangsa payun.&lt;ref name=&quot;wallner-20&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Harita aya lowongan di Mahkamah Agung—Fillmore, saatos gagal kenging konpirmasi ti Sénat kanggé calon-calonna, sempet nawarkeun éta posisi ka Sénator Louisiana anu nembé kapilih, [[Judah P. Benjamin]], nanging anjeunna nolak. Pierce ogé nawarkeun éta korsi ka Benjamin, nanging anjeunna tetep nolak.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Butler|1908|pp=118–119}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saatos éta, Pierce nyalonkeun [[John Archibald Campbell]], saurang pangrojong hak-hak nagara bagian (''states' rights''); ieu mangrupa hiji-hijina pajabat Mahkamah Agung anu diangkat ku Pierce sapanjang jabatanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kawijakan ékonomi sareng pangwangunan internal ===
[[File:Pierce Indian Peace Medal.jpg|jmpl|upright=0.7|[[Medali Perdaméan Indon|Medali Perdaméan Indian]] anu ngagambarkeun Pierce]]
Pierce nganitah [[Sekretaris Perbendaharaan Amérika Sarikat|Sekretaris Perbendaharaan]] [[James Guthrie (politikus Kentucky)|James Guthrie]] kanggé ngaropéa [[Departemén Perbendaharaan Amérika Sarikat|Perbendaharaan]], anu harita dikokolakeun sacara teu éfisién sarta mibanda seueur rekening anu tacan bérés. Guthrie ningkatkeun pangawasan ka para pagawé Perbendaharaan sarta para penagih tarif (béa), anu kalolobaanana nahan artos nagara kanggé kapentingan pribadi. Sanaos aya undang-undang anu ngawajibkeun dana nagara disimpen di Perbendaharaan, deposit anu kacida badagna masih kénéh nyangsang di bank-bank swasta salami pamaréntahan Whig sateuacanna. Guthrie narik deui éta dana sarta nyoba nungtut para pajabat anu korup sacara hukum, sanajan hasilna rupa-rupa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=32–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sekretaris Perang Amérika Sarikat|Sekretaris Perang]] [[Jefferson Davis]], dumasar kana paménta Pierce, mingpin survey ku [[Korps Insinyur Topografi]] kanggé milari ruteu jalan karéta api transkontinéntal (meulah buana) di sakuliah nagara. Partéy Démokrat mémang parantos lami nolak alokasi dana féderal kanggé pangwangunan internal, nanging Davis ngarasa yén proyék sapertos kitu tiasa dibenerkeun sacara Konstitusional salaku tujuan kaamanan nasional. Davis ogé ngeragkeun [[Korps Insinyur Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] kanggé ngawas proyék-proyék konstruksi di Distrik Columbia, kalebet perluasan [[Gedong Capitol Amérika Sarikat]] sarta pangwangunan [[Monumén Washington]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=40–41, 52}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urusan luar nagri sareng militér ===
Pamaréntahan Pierce sajalan sareng gerakan ékspansionis ''[[Young America movement|Young America]'', kalayan Marcy mingpin ieu gerakan salaku sekretaris nagara. Marcy narékahan kanggé némbongkeun citra républik Amérika anu béda ka dunya. Anjeunna ngaluarkeun surat édanan (sirkular) anu nyarankeun supados para diplomat A.S. nganggé &quot;papakéan saderhana warga nagara Amérika&quot; tinimbang [[seragam diplomatik]] anu méwah sakumaha anu dianggo di karajaan-karajaan Éropa, sarta nyarankeun supados aranjeunna mung ngerahkeun warga nagara Amérika kanggé damel di konsulat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=25–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marcy nampi pujian internasional alatan seratna anu panjangna 73 kaca kanggé ngabéla pangungsi [[Austria]] [[Martin Koszta]], anu ditéwak di luar nagri dina pertengahan 1853 ku pamaréntah Austria sanaos anjeunna parantos gaduh niat janten warga nagara A.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=61–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=128–129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salaku pangrojong ruteu transkontinéntal Kidul, Davis ngayakinkeun Pierce kanggé ngintunkeun pangusaha jalan karéta api [[James Gadsden]] ka Méksiko kanggé mésér lahan anu bakal dijantenkeun ruteu jalan karéta api. Gadsden ogé dititah kanggé ngayakeun rundayan deui ngeunaan katangtuan dina [[Perjangjian Guadalupe Hidalgo]], anu ngawajibkeun A.S. kanggé nyegah serangan sélér asli Amérika (Indian) ka Méksiko ti Wilayah New Mexico. Gadsden hasil ngayakeun perjangjian sareng Présidén Méksiko [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] dina Désémber 1853, kalayan mésér lahan anu kacida legana di kidul-kulon. Ieu rundayan téh ampir waé gagal alatan ékspédisi [[filibuster (militér)|tanpa idin]] [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]] ka Méksiko, sahingga hiji klausa diasupkeun kanggé merangan usaha-usaha sapertos kitu di mangsa payun.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=75–81}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gara 1991 pp.129–133&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=129–133}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kongrés ngirangan wilayah [[Pameselan Gadsden]] janten wilayah anu ayeuna ngawengku bagian kidul [[Arizona]] sarta sabagian kidul New Mexico; hargana ogé dipotong tina $15 juta janten $10 juta. Kongrés ogé ngasupkeun klausa panyalindungan kanggé saurang warga swasta, Albert G. Sloo, anu kapentinganana kasinggung ku éta pameselan. Pierce nentang panggunaan pamaréntah féderal kanggé nyokong industri swasta sarta henteu nyatujuan vérsi ahir tina éta perjangjian, nanging perjangjian kasebut tetep diratifikasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=106–108}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gara 1991 pp.129–133&quot; /&gt; Ieu akuisisi wilayah téh ngajantenkeun [[wilayah Amérika Sarikat anu ngahiji]] dugi ka wates-watesna anu ayeuna, iwal sababaraha panyaluyuan leutik di mangsa salajengna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|Name=Pierce
|President=Franklin Pierce
|President start=1853
|President end=1857
|Vice President=[[William R. King]]
|Vice President date=1853
|Vice President 2=''Teu aya''
|Vice President start 2=1853
|Vice President end 2=1857
|State=[[William L. Marcy]]
|State start=1853
|State end=1857
|Treasury=[[James Guthrie (politikus Kentucky)|James Guthrie]]
|Treasury start=1853
|Treasury end=1857
|War=[[Jefferson Davis]]
|War start=1853
|War end=1857
|Justice=[[Caleb Cushing]]
|Justice start=1853
|Justice end=1857
|Post=[[James Campbell (postmaster general)|James Campbell]]
|Post start=1853
|Post end=1857
|Navy=[[James C. Dobbin]]
|Navy start=1853
|Navy end=1857
|Interior=[[Robert McClelland (politikus Amérika)|Robert McClelland]]
|Interior start=1853
|Interior end=1857
}}

Hubungan sareng [[Britania Raya]] peryogi diréngsékeun, jalaran para pamayang Amérika ngarasa kaganggu ku beuki réképna  pangawasan [[Angkatan Laut Karajaan]] (Inggris) di wilayah [[perairan téréritorial]] Kanada. Marcy hasil ngaréngsékeun perjangjian timbal balik (''reciprocity'') padagangan sareng menteri Inggris kanggé Washington, [[Sir John Crampton, 2nd Baronet|John Crampton]], anu ngirangan kabutuhan pangawasan di basisir ku pihak Inggris. Buchanan diutus janten menteri ka London kanggé neken pamaréntah Inggris anu dianggap lambat dina ngarojong perjangjian énggal. Hiji perjangjian timbal balik anu nguntungkeun tungtungna diratifikasi dina Agustus 1854, anu ku Pierce dianggap salaku léngkah munggaran nuju anéksasi Kanada ku Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=27–30, 63–66, 125–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=133}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika pamaréntahanana ngayakeun rundayan sareng Inggris ngeunaan [[wates Kanada–Amérika Sarikat]], kapentingan A.S. ogé janten pasualan di Amérika Tengah, di mana [[Perjangjian Clayton–Bulwer]] taun 1850 gagal nyegah Inggris kanggé ngalegaan pangaruhna di éta wewengkon. Kénging kaunggulan tina Inggris di éta wilayah mangrupa bagian utama tina tujuan ékspansionis Pierce.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=26–27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=139–140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Para konsul Inggris di A.S. narékahan kanggé ngarékrut urang Amérika milu kana [[Perang Krimea]] dina taun 1854, anu mangrupa palanggaran kana undang-undang nétralitas. Pierce tungtungna ngusir Crampton sarta tilu konsul lianna. Pierce ngarasa héran jalaran Inggris henteu ngusir balik Buchanan salaku balesan. Dina talatah ''State of the Union'' Désémber 1855 ka Kongrés, Pierce nétélakeun argumén Amérika yén Inggris parantos ngalanggar Perjangjian Clayton-Bulwer. Nurutkeun Buchanan, pihak Inggris ngarasa katarik ku éta talatah sarta mimiti mikirkeun deui kawijakanana. Sanajan kitu, Buchanan tetep teu tiasa maksa maranéhna kanggé ninggalkeun wilayah jajahanana di Amérika Tengah. [[Perjangjian Timbal Balik Kanada-Amérika]] tungtungna diratifikasi ku Kongrés, parlemén Inggris, sarta législatif kolonial Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=902–917}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamaréntahan Pierce nimbulkeun kahariwang antar-wilayah (séksional) nalika tilu diplomat A.S. di Éropa nyusun usulan ka présidén kanggé mésér Kuba ti Spanyol kalayan harga $120 juta, sarta menerkeun tindakan &quot;ngarebut&quot; éta wilayah ti Spanyol upami éta tawaran ditolak. Publikasi [[Manifesto Ostend]], anu disusun dumasar kana pamenta Sekretaris Nagara Marcy, ngondang hinaan ti urang Kalér anu ningal éta hal salaku usaha kanggé nganéksasi wilayah nu gaduh budak demi nguatkeun kapentingan Kidul. Hal ieu milu ngaruksak kapercayaan kana kawijakan ékspansionis &quot;[[Manifest Destiny]]&quot; anu sering didukung ku Partéy Démokrat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=131–157}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=149–155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce milih ngarojong ékspansi sarta réorganisasi militér sacara badag. Sekretaris Perang Davis sarta Sekretaris Angkatan Laut James C. Dobbin manggihan kaayaan Angkatan Darat sarta Angkatan Laut anu kurang manceg, kalayan jumlah pasukan anu teu cekap, ayana rasa horéam kanggé ngadopsi téknologi anyar, sarta manajémén anu teu éfisién.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=40–43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Pierce, Komodor [[Matthew C. Perry]] [[Ékspédisi Perry|ngadatangan Jepang]] (hiji tarékah anu mimitina direncanakeun dina jaman Fillmore) dina raraga ngalegaan padagangan ka Wétan. Perry hoyong maksa asup ka Asia ku kakuatan militér, nanging Pierce sarta Dobbin ngadesek anjeunna supados tetep ngagunakeun jalur diplomatik. Perry tungtungna nandatanganan perjangjian padagangan anu saderhana sareng [[Shogun Tokugawa|Sogun Tokugawa]] Jepang anu hasil diratifikasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|p=172}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=134–135}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peluncuran [[USS Merrimack (1855)|USS ''Merrimac'']] dina taun 1856, salah sahiji tina genep [[frigat uap]] anu nembé dipesen, mangrupa salah sahiji dinten anu &quot;paling nyugemakeun sacara pribadi&quot; kanggé Pierce salila ngajabat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|p=256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bleeding Kansas (Getih di Kansas) ===
{{Utama|Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska|Bleeding Kansas}}
[[File:1855 Colton Map of Kansas and Nebraska (first edition) - Geographicus - NebraskaKansas-colton-1855.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.6|[[Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska]] ngatur wilayah [[Wilayah Kansas|Kansas]] (warna fink) sarta [[Wilayah Nebraska]] (konéng).]]

Tantangan pangbadagna pikeun kasaimbangan nagara salila pamaréntahan Pierce nyaéta lulusna [[Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska]]. [[Wilayah anu diatur|Ngaréngsékeun administrasi]] [[Wilayah Nebraska]] anu kalolobaanana tacan dicicingan—anu ngampar ti [[Missouri]] nepi ka [[Pagunungan Rocky]], sarta ti Texas kalér nepi ka wates Kanada–Amérika Sarikat ayeuna—mangrupa bagian penting tina rencana Douglas pikeun ékspansi ka kulon. Anjeunna hoyong jalan karéta api transkontinéntal anu nyambung ti Chicago ka California, ngaliwatan éta wilayah kulon anu lega. Pangaturan wilayah diperlukeun pisan pikeun pamukiman, jalaran éta lahan moal bisa ditalungtik (disurvey) atawa dijual nepi ka pamaréntahan wilayahna resmi dibentuk. 

Pihak-pihak ti nagara bagian nu gaduh budak tacan pernah sugema ku ayana watesan perbudakan di wilayah kulon. Aranjeunna ngarasa yén perbudakan kudu bisa dimekarkeun ka wilayah-wilayah anu dimeunangkeun ku &quot;getih sarta harta&quot; anu sabagianana asalna ti Kidul. Douglas sarta para sakutuna boga rencana pikeun ngatur éta wilayah sarta ngantepkeun para pamukim lokal [[Kadaulatan rahayat di Amérika Sarikat|nangtukeun sorangan naha bakal ngidinan perbudakan atawa henteu]]. Hal ieu sacara otomatis bakal ngabolaskeun Kompromi Missouri 1820, jalaran kalolobaan éta wilayah perenahna di kalér garis 36°30′ N anu ku Kompromi Missouri dinyatakeun salaku wilayah &quot;bébas&quot; (tanpa budak). Éta wilayah bakal dibagi jadi dua: bagian kalér (Nebraska) jeung bagian kidul ([[Wilayah Kansas|Kansas]]), kalayan harepan yén Kansas bakal ngidinan perbudakan sedengkeun Nebraska moal.&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=90–102, 119–122}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas 2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=88–100}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas 3&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=1097–1240}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nurutkeun pamandangan para politikus [[Amérika Sarikat bagian Kidul|Kidul]] anu pro-perbudakan, Kompromi 1850 sabenerna geus ngabatalkeun Kompromi Missouri ku cara narima nagara bagian California (kaasup wilayah di kiduleun garis kompromi) salaku nagara bagian bébas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Jefferson |title=The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government |date=1881 |isbn=978-0-306-80418-2 |page=25|title-link=The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government |publisher=Hachette Books }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce mimitina hoyong ngatur Wilayah Nebraska tanpa sacara éksplisit nyabit-nyabit sual perbudakan, nanging Douglas teu bisa meunangkeun cukup sora ti Kidul upami cara éta anu dianggo.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Etchison|2004|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce sorangan cangcaya kana éta rangkay undang-undang, sabab anjeunna terang yén hal éta bakal ngabalukarkeun oposisi anu pait ti Kalér. Sanajan kitu, Douglas jeung Davis hasil ngayakinkeun anjeunna pikeun tetep ngadukung éta undang-undang. 

Ieu aturan nampi panolakan keras ti tokoh-tokoh Kalér sapertos Sénator Ohio [[Salmon P. Chase]] jeung Sénator Massachusetts [[Charles Sumner]], anu ngagerakkeun opini publik di Kalér pikeun ngalawan éta undang-undang. Urang Kalér geus ti baheula curiga kana Pameselan Gadsden, usaha anéksasi Kuba, sarta pangaruh para menteri nu gaduh budak sapertos Davis. Maranéhna ningal undang-undang Nebraska ieu salaku bagian tina pola agrési urang Kidul. Hasilna nyaéta &quot;badai pulitik&quot; (''political firestorm'') anu ngabalukarkeun karuksakan badag kana kapersidénan Pierce.&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas 3&quot;/&gt;

Pierce sarta pamaréntahanana ngagunakeun rupa-rupa ancaman sarta jangji kanggé ngajaga supados kalolobaan urang Démokrat tetep satuju kana éta undang-undang. Partéy Whig peupeus dumasar kana wates wilayah (Kalér-Kidul); ieu konplik ngancurkeun maranéhna salaku partéy nasional. Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska lulus dina Méi 1854 sarta ahirna janten ciri utama kapersidénan Pierce. Karubuan pulitik saatos lulusna éta aturan nyababkeun naékna kakuatan saheulaanan ti Partéy Amérika anu nativis sarta anti-Katolik (sering disebut kelompok [[Know Nothing]]), sarta ngabalukarkeun ngadegna [[Sajarah Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kansas 3&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Forcing slavery down the throat of a freesoiler (1856) (cropped).tif|jmpl|kénca|upright|Urang Kalér mikangéwa tarékah Pierce kanggé ngalegaan perbudakan ngaliwatan Kansas–Nebraska sarta Kuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;resentment&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;resentment 2&quot;/&gt; Dina kartun taun 1856 ieu, saurang anggota [[Partéy Free Soil]] dicekelan ku Pierce, Buchanan, sarta Cass, sedengkeun Douglas maksa ngasupkeun &quot;Perbudakan&quot; (digambarkeun salaku urang kulit hideung) kana sungutna.]]
Nalika éta undang-undang nuju didebatkeun, para pamukim ti dua pihak (anu pro sarta anti-perbudakan) budal ka éta wilayah kanggé mastikeun hasil sora anu dipiharep. Lulusna éta aturan ngabalukarkeun kitu lobana kekerasan antawis kelompok sahingga éta wilayah katelah salaku **[[Bleeding Kansas]]** (Kansas Nu Ngagetih). Rébuan urang pro-perbudakan anu disebut [[Border Ruffians]] datang ti Missouri kanggé milih dina pamilihan wilayah sanaos maranéhna sanés warga asli Kansas, sahingga méré kameunangan ka faksi pro-perbudakan. 

Pierce ngadukung hasil éta pamilihan sanaos loba kajadian anu teu bérés (irégulér). Nalika kelompok [[Free-Stater (Kansas)|Free-Stater]] (anti-perbudakan) ngawangun pamaréntahan tandingan sarta nyusun [[Konstitusi Topeka]], Pierce nyebut tindakan maranéhna salaku pemberontakan. Présidén tetep ngaku ka législatif pro-perbudakan anu didominasi ku Démokrat, sanaos komisi panalungtik Kongrés manggihan yén pamilihanana henteu sah. Anjeunna ngeragkeun pasukan féderal kanggé ngabubarkeun rapat pamaréntahan Topeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=195–209}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=111–120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lulusna éta undang-undang ogé bareng sareng ditéwakna budak anu kabur, [[Anthony Burns]], di Boston. Urang Kalér ngahiji kanggé ngadukung Burns, nanging Pierce manceg kanggé ngajalankeun Undang-Undang Budak Buron sacara kaku, sarta ngeragkeun pasukan féderal kanggé mastikeun Burns mulang ka nu gaduhna di Virginia sanaos dihalangan ku balaréa anu ambek.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=122–125}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=107–109}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamilihan sela Kongrés taun 1854 sarta 1855 janten musibah kanggé Démokrat (ogé kanggé Partéy Whig anu ampir runtag). Démokrat kawon di ampir unggal nagara bagian di luar Kidul. Di New Hampshire, nagara bagian asalna Pierce anu tadina satia ka Démokrat, kelompok Know-Nothing hasil milih gubernur, sakabéh tilu wawakil, ngawasa législatif, sarta mulangkeun John P. Hale ka Sénat. Sumangat anti-imigran mawa kelompok Know-Nothing kenging sora panglobana, sarta sababaraha urang Kalér kapilih di handapeun bandéra Partéy Républik anu nembé diadegkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;resentment&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=158–167}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;resentment 2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=99–100}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pamilihan 1856 ===
{{Utama|Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1856}}

[[File:Southern Chivalry.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|upright=1.35|Kekerasan faksi sumebar ka Kongrés dina Méi 1856 nalika Sénator Free Soil [[Charles Sumner]] [[panyerangan ka Charles Sumner|digebug ku iteuk]] ku wawakil ti Démokrat [[Preston Brooks]] di jero rohangan Sénat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=120–121}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Pierce kacida ngaharepkeun kanggé dicalonkeun deui ku Partéy Démokrat. Nanging kanyataanana, lolongkrang anjeunna kanggé kenging pencalonan (komo deui kanggé meunang dina pamilihan umum) kacida ipisna. Pamaréntahanana dipikangéwa ku balaréa di Kalér alatan sikepna kana Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska, sarta para pamingpin Démokrat sadar yén Pierce kacida lemahna dina sora éléktoral. Sanajan kitu, para pangrojongna mimiti nyusun rencana kanggé beraliansi sareng Douglas supados James Buchanan teu kenging pencalonan. Buchanan gaduh koneksi pulitik anu kuat sarta &quot;aman&quot; di luar nagri sapanjang masa jabatan Pierce, sahingga anjeunna teu kakeueum ku karuksakan pulitik Kansas.&lt;ref name=&quot;1856-convention&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=266–270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1856-convention 2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=157–167}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1856-convention 3&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=1515–1558}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika pamilihan sora (''balloting'') dimimitian dina 5 Juni di konvénsi di [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], Pierce ngaharepkeun kenging sora mayoritas, atanapi sora dua per tilu anu diperyogikeun. Dina sora munggaran, anjeunna mung kenging 122 sora, anu kalolobaanana ti Kidul, sedengkeun Buchanan kenging 135 sora, sarta sésana ka Douglas sarta Cass. Nepi ka énjingna, opat belas kali pamilihan sora parantos réngsé, nanging taya sahiji tina tilu calon utama anu tiasa kenging dua per tilu sora. 


Pierce, anu pangrojongna beuki lami beuki ngurangan, tungtungna nitah para pangrojongna kanggé ngalih milih Douglas; anjeunna narik namina salaku tarékah pamungkas kanggé ngéléhkeun Buchanan. Douglas, anu harita nembé yuswa 43 taun, yakin yén anjeunna tiasa dicalonkeun dina taun 1860 upami ngantepkeun Buchanan anu langkung sepuh kanggé meunang ayeuna, sarta anjeunna nampi jaminan ti tim Buchanan yén hal éta bakal laksana. Saatos dua kali deui sora anu macét, tim Douglas narik namina, sahingga Buchanan janten juara anu jelas. Kanggé ngubaran kasedih Pierce, konvénsi ngaluarkeun résolusi &quot;aprobasi tanpa sarat&quot; kanggé muji pamaréntahanana sarta milih sakutu Pierce, tilas Wawakil Kentucky [[John C. Breckinridge]], salaku calon wakil présidén.&lt;ref name=&quot;1856-convention&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1856-convention 2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1856-convention 3&quot; /&gt; 

Kéléh deui ieu téh janten catetan munggaran dina sajarah A.S. di mana saurang présidén anu keur ngajabat sarta aktip nyalonkeun deui, kalah henteu dicalonkeun ku partéy pulitikna sorangan kanggé période kadua.{{refn|group=note|Opat présidén sanésna—John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, sarta Chester Arthur—gagal dicalonkeun deui ku partéyna masing-masing; nanging, masing-masing ti opat présidén éta téh mimitina mah kapilih salaku wakil présidén sarta janten présidén saatos miheulaanna pupus nalika nuju ngajabat.&lt;ref name=&quot;krudin&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;krudin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rudin|first1=Ken|title=When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/politicaljunkie/2009/07/a_president_denied_renominatio.html|access-date=2017-02-15|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=July 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce méré dukungan ka Buchanan, sanaos hubungan duanana tetep tiis; anjeunna ngaharepkeun tiasa ngabéréskeun kaayaan di Kansas dina bulan Novémber kanggé ningkatkeun lolongkrang kameunangan Démokrat dina pamilihan umum. Anjeunna ngangkat [[John W. Geary]] salaku gubernur wilayah, anu satuluyna ngondang amarah para législator pro-perbudakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;w272plus&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=272–280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Geary hasil mulangkeun katengtreman di Kansas, nanging karuksakan sacara éléktoral parantos lumangsung—Partéy Républik ngagunakeun slogan &quot;Bleeding Kansas&quot; sarta &quot;Bleeding Sumner&quot; (kajadian [[panyerangan ka Charles Sumner|Charles Sumner digebugan ku iteuk]] sacara brutal ku Perwakilan Carolina Kidul [[Preston Brooks]] di rohangan Sénat) salaku slogan kampanye.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=1610}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tikét Buchanan/Breckinridge ahirna kapilih, nanging perséntase sora rahayat Démokrat di Kalér anjlog tina 49,8 persén dina taun 1852 janten 41,4 dina taun 1856. Buchanan mung kenging kameunangan di lima tina genep belas nagara bagian bébas (sedengkeun Pierce kapungkur kenging opat belas); malah di tilu nagara bagian mah Buchanan tiasa meunang téh alatan ayana sora anu peupeus antawis calon Républik, tilas sénator California [[John C. Frémont]], sareng calon ti Know Nothing, tilas présidén Fillmore.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|2010|loc=1610–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pierce henteu ngalemahkeun rétorikana sanaos parantos gagal kenging pencalonan deui. Dina talatah pamungkasna ka Kongrés anu ditepikeun dina Désémber 1856, anjeunna sacara teuas nyerang urang Républik sarta para abolisionis. Anjeunna ngagunakeun éta kasempetan kanggé ngabéla catetan prestasina dina kawijakan fiskal sarta dina ngahontal hubungan anu tengtrem sareng nagara-nagara sanés.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=292–296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=177–179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina dinten-dinten terakhir pamaréntahan Pierce, Kongrés ngaluluskeun undang-undang kanggé naékeun gajih perwira angkatan darat sarta ngawangun kapal-kapal angkatan laut anyar, ogé nambahan jumlah pelaut anu diderék. Kongrés ogé ngaluluskeun undang-undang pangirangan tarif anu parantos lami dipiharep ku anjeunna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=303–304}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierce sareng kabinétna ninggalkan jabatan dina 4 Maret 1857, anu janten hiji-hijina sajarah di A.S. di mana sakabéh anggota kabinét asli tetep ngajabat sagemblengna salami opat taun masa jabatan.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|p=305}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pasca-kapersidénan (1857–1869) ==

[[File:George P.A. Healy - Franklin Pierce - Google Art Project.jpg|jmpl|upright=0.9|Potrét karya [[George Peter Alexander Healy]]. Pierce, anu katingal di dieu dina taun 1858, tetep janten tokoh pulitik anu vokal saatos masa jabatanna réngsé.&lt;ref name=&quot;postpres&quot; /&gt;]]

Saatos ninggalkan Gedong Bodas, kulawarga Pierce tetep cicing di Washington salami langkung ti dua bulan, matuh di bumi tilas Sekretaris Nagara [[William L. Marcy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buchanan ngarobah haluan ti pamaréntahan Pierce ku cara ngaganti sakabéh pajabat anu kungsi diangkat ku Pierce. Kulawarga Pierce ahirna ngalih ka Portsmouth, New Hampshire, di mana Pierce mimiti investasi dina widang properti. Kanggé milari hawa anu langkung haneut, anjeunna sarta Jane méakkeun tilu taun salajengna kanggé ngumbara, dimimitian ku cicing di [[Madeira]] sarta dituluykeun ku tur ka Éropa sarta [[Bahamas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;postpres&quot; /&gt; Di Roma, anjeunna nganjang ka Nathaniel Hawthorne; duanana méakkeun seueur waktos babarengan sarta Hawthorne ningal yén tilas présidén éta tetep sumanget sapertos biasana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|pp=55–56}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Pierce henteu kantos ngaleupaskeun paneuteupna tina dunya pulitik salami pangumbaraanana, anjeunna rutin méré koméntar ngeunaan konplik antar-wilayah (séksional) anu beuki rongkah. Anjeunna negeskeun yén para abolisionis Kalér kedah mundur supados nyegah Kidul misahkeun diri (séksési). Anjeunna nyerat yén pertumpahan getih tina perang sadulur &quot;moal mung lumangsung di sapanjang garis Mason sarta Dixon&quot;, nanging &quot;di jero wates urang sorangan, di jalan-jalan urang sorangan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;postpres&quot; /&gt; Anjeunna ogé nyempad para pendéta Protéstan New England, anu kalolobaanana ngarojong abolisi sarta calon-calon Républik, salaku tindakan &quot;bidah sarta hianat&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;postpres&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=309–327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naékna Partéy Républik maksa urang Démokrat kanggé ngabéla Pierce; salila [[Debat Lincoln-Douglas|debatna]] sareng calon Sénat Républik [[Abraham Lincoln]] dina taun 1858, Douglas nyebut tilas présidén éta salaku &quot;lalaki anu gaduh integritas sarta kahormatan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|pp=65–66}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika Konvénsi Démokrat 1860 beuki deukeut, sababaraha pihak ménta Pierce kanggé maju salaku calon kompromi anu tiasa ngahijikeun partéy anu nuju peupeus, nanging Pierce nolak. Nalika Douglas bajoang kanggé kenging pangrojong ti Kidul, Pierce ngadukung Cushing sarta Breckinridge salaku altérnatif, nanging prioritas utamana nyaéta kahijian Partéy Démokrat. Partéy Démokrat anu peupeus ahirna [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1860|éléh mutlak]] ku calon ti Républik, Lincoln. Dina bulan-bulan antawis kapilihna Lincoln sarta pelantikanana dina 4 Maret 1861, Pierce nyaksian sababaraha nagara bagian Kidul mimiti nyusun rencana kanggé misahkeun diri (séksési). Anjeunna dipénta ku Hakim Campbell kanggé angkat ka Alabama sarta nepikeun biantara dina konvénsi séksési di dinya. Alatan nuju teu damang anjeunna nolak, nanging anjeunna ngintunkeun serat anu ngajak rahayat Alabama supados tetep satia ka Uni (Sarekat), sarta méré waktu ka Kalér kanggé ngabatalkeun undang-undang anu ngarugikeun Kidul sarta milari jalan tengah.&lt;ref name=&quot;secede&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=327–338}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perang Sadulur ===
Saatos tarékah kanggé nyegah [[Perang Sadulur Amérika|Perang Sadulur]] gagal ku ayana serangan ka [[Benténg Sumter]], urang Démokrat Kalér, kalebet Douglas, ngarojong rencana Lincoln kanggé mawa deui nagara-nagara bagian Kidul ka Uni ku jalan kekerasan. Pierce hoyong nyingkahan perang ku cara naon waé, sarta nyerat ka Van Buren kanggé ngusulkeun ayana pasamoan tilas présidén A.S. kanggé ngaréngsékeun éta pasualan, nanging usulan ieu teu dipaliré. &quot;Kuring moal pernah menerkeun, ngarojong, atanapi ku cara naon waé sarta nepi ka tingkat mana waé ngabela ieu perang anu telenges, teu boga haté, teu boga tujuan, sarta teu perlu,&quot; serat Pierce ka garwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;secede&quot; /&gt; 

Pierce sacara kabuka nentang paréntah Présidén Lincoln kanggé nunda hulu (''suspension'') surat paréntah **[[habeas corpus di Amérika Sarikat|''habeas corpus'']]**, kalayan alesan yén sanajan dina mangsa perang, nagara teu meunang ninggalkan panyalindungan kana kabébasan sipil. Sikep ieu ngajantenkeun anjeunna dikagumi ku kelompok [[Copperheads (pulitik)|Démokrat Kalér anu Pro-Perdaméan]] (''Copperheads'') anu nuju mekar, nanging pihak sanés ningal éta sikep salaku bukti salajengna yén Pierce mémang condong ka Kidul.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=337–343}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Séptémber 1861, Pierce angkat ka Michigan, nganjang ka tilas Sekretaris Jero Nagara, McClelland, tilas sénator Cass, sarta tokoh sanésna. Saurang tukang buku di Detroit, J. A. Roys, ngirimkeun serat ka Sekretaris Nagara Lincoln, [[William H. Seward]], anu nuduh yén tilas présidén éta ngayakeun pasamoan sareng jalma-jalma anu teu satia, sarta nyarios yén anjeunna nguping aya rencana kanggé ngagulingkeun pamaréntahan sarta ngangkat Pierce janten présidén. Dina bulan anu sami, surat kabar pro-pamaréntah ''[[Detroit Tribune]]'' nyitak hiji tulisan anu nyebut Pierce salaku &quot;mata-mata hianat anu keur kukulampangan&quot;, sarta nyebutkeun yén anjeunna téh anggota kelompok pro-Konpédérasi, [[Knights of the Golden Circle]]. 

Sabenerna mah éta konspirasi téh teu aya, nanging saurang pangrojong Pierce, Guy S. Hopkins, ngirimkeun serat ka ''Tribune'' anu saolah-olah asalna ti anggota Knights of the Golden Circle, anu nyebutkeun yén &quot;Présidén P.&quot; mangrupa bagian tina rencana ngalawan Uni.&lt;ref name=&quot;michigan&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=341–343}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;michigan 2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|pp=85–100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mimitina Hopkins hoyong supados ''Tribune'' nyebarkeun éta tuduhan, anu satuluyna Hopkins bakal ngaku yén anjeunna anu nyeratna, kanggé némbongkeun yén éditor ''Tribune'' téh kacida partisan sarta babari dibobodo (''gullible''). 

Sabalikna, éditor ''Tribune'' kalah ngirimkeun éta serat Hopkins ka pajabat pamaréntahan. Seward satuluyna maréntahkeun kanggé néwak jalma-jalma anu dianggap &quot;tukang hianat&quot; di Michigan, kalebet Hopkins. Hopkins ahirna ngaku yén éta serat téh jieunanana sarta ngan saukur bobodoran (''hoax''), nanging sanaos kitu, Seward tetep nyerat ka Pierce kanggé naroskeun naha éta tuduhan téh leres. Pierce nolak sacara teuas, sarta Seward gancang-gancang narik deui ucapanna. Ti saprak harita, surat kabar Républik tetep nyitak éta serat Hopkins sanaos Hopkins parantos ngaku yén éta téh ''hoax'', sahingga Pierce mutuskeun yén anjeunna kedah ngabersihkeun namina sacara kabuka. Nalika Seward nolak kanggé nyebarkeun surat-suratan maranéhna ka publik, Pierce némbongkeun amarahna ku cara ménta sakutu Sénatna, [[Milton Latham]] ti California, kanggé macakeun surat-surat antawis Seward sarta Pierce kana catetan resmi Kongrés, anu satuluyna ngajantenkeun pamaréntahan Lincoln éra.&lt;ref name=&quot;michigan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;michigan 2&quot;/&gt;

Ayana kawijakan wajib militer (''draft'') sarta ditéwakna tokoh Démokrat anti-pamaréntahan [[Clement Vallandigham]] mingkin ngahurungkeun amarah Pierce. Dina bulan Juli 1863, anjeunna nepikeun biantara di payuneun urang Démokrat New Hampshire anu isina nyempad pisan ka Lincoln. &quot;Saha, kuring nanya, anu parantos méré kakawasaan ka Présidén kanggé ngatur saha waé di antawis urang ngeunaan iraha urang kedah atanapi meunang nyarita, atanapi kedah jempe kana sagala pasualan, utamana anu patalina sareng paripolah saurang palayan publik?&quot;, tanya anjeunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=343–357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;speech2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Boulard|2006|pp=109–123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koméntar Pierce ieu ditampa kalayan goréng di sabagian ageung wilayah Kalér, utamana jalaran kritikna ka Lincoln bareng sareng dua kameunangan Uni di [[Patempuran Gettysburg]] sarta [[Pengepungan Vicksburg]]. 

Reputasi Pierce di Kalér mingkin ruksak dina bulan salajengna nalika perkebunan Présidén Konpédérasi, Jefferson Davis, di Mississippi dikoas ku prajurit Uni. Surat-suratan Pierce sareng Davis (sakabéhna ti mangsa sateuacan perang) anu némbongkeun silaturahmi anu jero sarta ramalan yén perang sadulur bakal ngakibatkeun pemberontakan di Kalér, sumebar ka média massa. Ucapan Pierce ieu mingkin nguatkeun sentimén para abolisionis kanggé ngalawan anjeunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;speech2&quot;/&gt;

Jane Pierce pupus alatan tuberkulosis di Andover, Massachusetts dina Désémber 1863; anjeunna dikureubkeun di Makam Old North di Concord, New Hampshire. Pierce mingkin nandang duka nalika sahabatna, Nathaniel Hawthorne, pupus dina Méi 1864; Pierce nuju sareng Hawthorne nalika panyerat éta pupus sacara dadakan. Hawthorne sateuacanna parantos ngadédikasikeun buku terakhirna kanggé Pierce, hiji hal anu harita dianggap kontrovérsial. Sababaraha urang Démokrat nyobian deui ngajukeun nami Pierce kanggé dicalonkeun dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1864]], nanging anjeunna milih ngajaga jarak; Lincoln tungtungna kenging deui période kadua kalayan sora anu mutlak. 

Nalika warta ngeunaan [[Rajapati Abraham Lincoln]] sumebar dina April 1865, sakumpulan massa ngumpul di luar bumi Pierce di Concord, nungtut penjelasan naha anjeunna henteu masang bandéra salaku tanda duka publik. Pierce janten ambek, anjeunna nyatakeun rasa sedihna atas pupusna Lincoln nanging nolak yén anjeunna kedah némbongkeun sikep publik sapertos kitu. Anjeunna nyarios ka balaréa yén catetan sajarah jasa militér sarta jasa publikna parantos cukup ngabuktikeun rasa patriotismeuna, anu tungtungna tiasa ngajémpékeun éta massa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=357–362}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taun-taun terakhir sareng pupusna ===
[[File:Franklin Pierce Gravesite.jpg|jmpl|Tetengger makam Pierce di Makam Old North, di Concord, New Hampshire.]]
Kabiasaan nginum alkohol Pierce ngarusak kasehatanana dina taun-taun terakhirna, sarta anjeunna janten langkung religius. Anjeunna kungsi gaduh hubungan sakedap sareng saurang awéwé anu teu dipikanyaho dina pertengahan taun 1865. Salami mangsa ieu, anjeunna ngagunakeun pangaruhna kanggé ngaronjatkeun palayanan ka Davis, anu harita janten tahanan di [[Benténg Monroe]] di Virginia. Anjeunna ogé nawarkeun bantuan kauangan ka putra Hawthorne, [[Julian Hawthorne]], sarta ka para ponakanana sorangan. 

Dina pangéling-ngéling dua taun pupusna Jane, Pierce dibaptis kana kapercayaan garwana, nyaéta [[Géréja Épiskopal (Amérika Sarikat)|Épiskopal]] di Géréja St. Paul di Concord. Anjeunna ngarasa ieu géréja téh kurang pulitikna tinimbang dénominasi Kongrégasionalna anu kapungkur, anu dianggap parantos ngajauhkeun urang Démokrat ku rétorika anti-perbudakan. Anjeunna ngajalanan hirup salaku &quot;patani sepuh&quot;, sakumaha anjeunna nyebut dirina sorangan, ku cara mésér lahan, ngirangan nginum alkohol, tani ku sorangan, sarta narima kunjungan dulur-dulurna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=363–366}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Anjeunna méakkeun lolobana waktosna di Concord sarta di pondokna di [[Little Boar's Head Historic District|Little Boar's Head]] di basisir, sakali-kali nganjang ka kulawarga Jane di Massachusetts. Sanaos masih kénéh mikaresep dunya pulitik, anjeunna nyatakeun dukungan kana kawijakan [[Era Rékonstruksi|Rékonstruksi]] [[Andrew Johnson]] sarta ngarojong pembebasan présidén éta dina [[Impeachment Andrew Johnson|sidang pamakzulanana]]; anjeunna ogé engkéna nyatakeun optimismeu ka gaganti Johnson, [[Ulysses S. Grant]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=366–371}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{anchor|Death}}
Kasehatan Pierce mimiti nyirorot deui dina pertengahan taun 1869; anjeunna deui-deui nginum alkohol sacara kaleuleuwihi sanaos kaayaan fisikna beuki buruk. Anjeunna mulang ka Concord dina Séptémber éta kalayan nandangan panyakit [[sirosis]] ati anu parna, sarta sadar yén anjeunna moal tiasa cageur deui. Saurang pangurus (''caretaker'') diséwa kanggé ngurus anjeunna; teu aya hiji ogé anggota kulawargana anu hadir dina dinten-dinten terakhirna. Anjeunna pupus dina jam 04:35 énjing-énjing dina dinten Jumaah, 8 Oktober 1869, dina yuswa 64 taun. 

Présidén Grant, anu engkéna ngabéla jasa-jasa Pierce dina Perang Méksiko-Amérika, netepkeun dinten duka nasional. Surat kabar di sakuliah nagara muat carita panjang dina kaca hareup anu medar karir Pierce anu rupa-rupa sarta kontrovérsial. Pierce dikureubkeun di gigireun garwana sarta dua putrana di komplek Minot di [[Makam Old North (Concord, New Hampshire)|Makam Old North]] Concord.&lt;ref name=&quot;burial&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=369–373}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina [[wasiat]] terakhirna, anu ditandatanganan dina 22 Januari 1868, Pierce ninggalkeun sajumlah badag barang-barang wasiat sapertos lukisan, pedang, kuda, sarta barang sanésna kanggé réngréngan babaturan, kulawarga, sarta tatanggana. Sabagian badag tina kakayaanana anu ajénna $72.000 (sarua jeung kira-kira $1,5 juta ayeuna) dipasrahkeun ka kulawarga lanceukna, Henry, sarta ka barudak Hawthorne ogé ka nu gaduh imah pondokan Pierce. Putra Henry, Frank Pierce, nampi bagian anu pangbadagna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|p=374}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Situs, pangéling-ngéling, sareng kahormatan ==
[[File:Pierce Statue Concord NH.jpg|jmpl|kénca|[[Patung Franklin Pierce]] di [[Gedong Nagara New Hampshire]] di [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]]]]
Salian ti gelar LL.D. ti Universitas Norwich, Pierce nampi gelar doktor kahormatan ti Bowdoin College (1853) sarta [[Dartmouth College]] (1860).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Dartmouth College |date= 1900 |title= General Catalogue |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sKM4AAAAYAAJ |quote= Franklin Pierce LL.D. dartmouth. |publisher= Dartmouth College |page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sKM4AAAAYAAJ/page/n432 405]|access-date= August 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aya dua tempat di New Hampshire anu kadaptar dina [[Daptar Tempat Bersejarah Nasional]] sacara husus alatan patalina sareng Pierce. **[[Franklin Pierce Homestead]]** di Hillsborough mangrupa taman nagara sarta [[Tanda Sajarah Nasional]], anu kabuka kanggé umum.&lt;ref name=&quot;homestead&quot; /&gt; 

[[Imah Franklin Pierce (South Main Street, Concord, New Hampshire)|Imah Franklin Pierce]] di Concord, tempat Pierce pupus, parantos hancur ku kahuruan dina taun 1981, nanging tetep kadaptar dina daptar bersejarah kasebut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url={{NRHP url|id=79000318}} |title=Franklin Pierce House |publisher=National Register of Historic Places |access-date=June 29, 2014}} &lt;br /&gt; {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/18/us/franklin-pierce-home-burns.html |title=Franklin Pierce Home Burns |agency=Associated Press |date=September 18, 1981 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; **[[Pierce Manse]]**, imahna di Concord ti taun 1842 dugi ka 1848, kabuka sacara musiman sarta dikokolakeun ku kelompok relawan, &quot;**The Pierce Brigade**&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;manse&quot; /&gt; 

[[Patung Franklin Pierce]] karya [[Henry Augustus Lukeman|Augustus Lukeman]], anu diresmikeun dina taun 1914,&lt;ref&gt;Pride, Mike. [https://www.concordmonitor.com/Franklin-Pierce-statue-34783278 “Franklin Pierce statue was criticized even before its creation”]. ''Concord Monitor.'' Published June 16, 2020. Accessed March 20, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; nangtung di palataran [[Gedong Nagara New Hampshire]]. Sababaraha [[tanda sajarah New Hampshire]] ogé dipasang kanggé miéling Pierce sarta kulawargana di sabudeureun wilayah New Hampshire.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/markers/documents/markers%20bynumber.pdf ”New Hampshire Highway Historical Markers”]. ''New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources.'' Published January 18, 2023. Accessed March 20, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha lembaga sarta tempat parantos dingaranan dumasar kana nami Pierce, kalolobaanana aya di New Hampshire:
* [[Universitas Franklin Pierce]] di [[Rindge, New Hampshire]], diadegkeun dina taun 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.franklinpierce.edu/about/history.htm |title=History |publisher=Franklin Pierce University |access-date=June 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Sakola Hukum Universitas New Hampshire]] diadegkeun dina taun 1973 kalayan nami Franklin Pierce Law Center. Nalika nami sakola éta dirobih dina taun 2010, hiji Puseur Franklin Pierce kanggé Hak Kakayaan Intelektual diadegkeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://law.unh.edu/franklin-pierce-ip-center |title=Franklin Pierce Center for IP |publisher=University of New Hampshire |access-date=June 29, 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102061902/http://law.unh.edu/franklin-pierce-ip-center |date=November 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aya hiji puncak nu namina [[Gunung Pierce]] dina [[Jajaran Présidén]] di [[Pagunungan Bodas (New Hampshire)|Pagunungan Bodas]] New Hampshire, anu diganti namina tina Gunung Clinton dina taun 1913.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mountwashington.org/about/visitor/mountains.php |title=Mountains of the Presidential Range |publisher=Mount Washington Observatory |access-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105070612/http://www.mountwashington.org/about/visitor/mountains.php |archive-date=November 5, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204141/https://www.mountwashington.org/about/visitor/mountains.php |date=July 14, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kota leutik [[Pierceton, Indiana]], diadegkeun dina taun 1850-an kanggé ngahormatan Présidén Pierce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pierceton.us/history/ |title=History |publisher=Pierceton, Indiana |access-date=June 29, 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164746/http://pierceton.us/history/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164746/http://pierceton.us/history/ |date=July 14, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[County Pierce, Washington]], county kadua panglobana pangeusina di éta nagara bagian, dingaranan kanggé ngahormatan Présidén Pierce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/File/314|title=King County, Founding of|publisher=HistoryLink.org|last=Rochester|first=Junius|date=November 10, 1998|access-date=January 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[County Pierce, Georgia]], anu diadegkeun dina taun 1857, ogé dingaranan kanggé ngahormatan Présidén Pierce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Guss |first=John Walter |date=2001 |title=Pierce County, Georgia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWuHBiQ1GoMC&amp;pg=PA9 |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=9 |isbn=978-0-7385-1387-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Warisan ==
{{multiple image
| footer    = Gambar Pierce parantos dianggo dina [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps|perangko A.S.]] (1938) sarta [[Presidential $1 Coin Program|Koin Dolar Présidén]] (2010).
| total_width = 220
| image_gap = 10
| image2    = Franklin Pierce $1 Presidential Coin obverse sketch.jpg
| alt2      = Koin hiji dolar anu nampilkeun Pierce
| image1    = Franklin Pierce 1938 Issue-14c.jpg
| alt1      = Perangko anu nampilkeun Pierce
}}
Saatos pupusna, Pierce kalolobaanana leungit tina kasadaran rahayat Amérika, iwal ti dianggap salaku salah sahiji tina séri présidén anu masa jabatanna janten musibah anu ngarah kana perang sadulur.&lt;ref name=&quot;g180&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=180}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masa kapersidénanana sacara lega dianggap salaku kagagalan; anjeunna sering digambarkeun salaku salah sahiji [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|présidén panggoréngna dina sajarah Amérika]].{{refn|group=note|Wallner nyerat: &quot;Aya karaguan naha aya tilas présidén sanés anu kitu dipikangéwa dina mangsa sepuhna sapertos Franklin Pierce, sarta reputasina ampir taya parobahan dina abad satengah saatos pupusna. Malah mah, anjeunna parantos dipopohokeun sarta ukur janten catetan suku dina buku sajarah—salaku jalma biasa anu ramah nanging teu gaduh kamampuan kanggé janten présidén sarta ngan saukur kenging éta posisi luhur alatan kabeneran nasib.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=377–379}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Wallner|2007|pp=xi–xii}}: &quot;Sajarah parantos méré bagian kasalahan ka administrasi Pierce kanggé kawijakan anu ngahurungkeun deui pasualan perbudakan, ngagancangkeun runtagna sistem dua partéy, sarta ngabalukarkeun Perang Sadulur. ... Ieu mangrupa penilaian anu teu akurat sarta teu adil. Pierce salawasna janten saurang nasionalis anu narékahan milari jalan tengah kanggé ngajaga Uni tetep ngahiji. ... Alternatif tina ngajalankeun jalur modérat nyaéta pecahna Uni, Perang Sadulur, sarta pupusna langkung ti genep ratus rébu urang Amérika. Pierce teu kedah disalahkeun alatan narékahan sapanjang karir pulitikna kanggé nyingkahan takdir ieu.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy 2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|pp=180–184}}: &quot;Maranéhna anu maénkeun kaulinan peringkat présidén salawasna masihan skor di handapeun rata-rata ka Franklin Pierce. ... Ningal kana kajadian-kajadian satuluyna, administrasi Pierce mung tiasa ditingal salaku musibah kanggé bangsa. Kagagalanana mangrupa kagagalan sistem sakumaha kagagalan Pierce sorangan, anu ku Roy Franklin Nichols parantos digambarkeun kalayan parigel salaku tokoh anu kompléks sarta tragis.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy 3&quot;&gt;''[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]'', &quot;[https://www.usnews.com/news/history/articles/2007/02/16/worst-presidents-franklin-pierce Worst Presidents: Franklin Pierce]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002031707/http://www.usnews.com/news/history/articles/2007/02/16/worst-presidents-franklin-pierce |date=October 2, 2013 }} (2007): &quot;Semangatna kanggé ngalegaan wates wilayah milu nyiapkeun jalan kanggé Perang Sadulur.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;}} Publik nempatkeun anjeunna dina urutan katilu panghandapna di antawis para présidén sanésna dina survéi [[C-SPAN]] (2000 sarta 2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legacy.c-span.org/PresidentialSurvey/Overall-Ranking.aspx |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |title=C-SPAN Survey |date=2009 |access-date=June 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722122306/http://legacy.c-span.org/PresidentialSurvey/Overall-Ranking.aspx |archive-date=July 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabagian tina kagagalanana nyaéta alatan ngantepkeun Kongrés anu parantos peupeus kanggé nyandak inisiatif, anu paling fatal nyaéta dina Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska. Sanaos anjeunna henteu mingpin éta perjoangan—sabab dipingpin ku Sénator Douglas—nanging Pierce anu kedah mayar hargana ku ruksakna reputasi anjeunna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=182}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kagagalan Pierce, salaku présidén, kanggé ngahontal perdamaian antar-wilayah (séksional) milu mungkas dominasi Partéy Démokrat anu dimimitian ku Jackson, sarta ngarah kana période salila tujuh puluh taun di mana urang Républik kalolobaanana ngawasa pulitik nasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;crockett&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Historical Presidency: The Perils of Restoration Politics: Nineteenth-Century Antecedents|last=Crockett|first=David A.|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|volume=42|issue=4|date=December 2012|pages=881–902|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.04023.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahli sajarah [[Eric Foner]] nyatakeun, &quot;Pamaréntahanana tétéla janten salah sahiji anu pangparahna (disastrous) dina sajarah Amérika. Ieu nyaksian runtagna sistem partéy anu diwariskeun ti Jaman Jackson&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Foner |first1=Eric |title=Give Me Liberty!: An American History |date=2006 |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |location=New York |page=413 |volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Penulis biografi [[Roy Franklin Nichols|Roy F. Nichols]] boga pamandangan:&lt;ref&gt;Roy F. Nichols, &quot;Franklin Pierce&quot;, ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1934) {{cite book|last=Capace|first=Nancy|title=Encyclopedia of New Hampshire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyCVd_nCYl8C&amp;pg=PA268|year=2001|pages=268–69|publisher=Somerset Publishers |isbn=978-0-403-09601-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Flagel|first=Thomas R. |date=2012 |title=History Buff's Guide to the Presidents |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FY7fAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22franklin+pierce%22&amp;pg=PA157 |location= Nashville, Tennessee|publisher= Cumberland House|page= 404|isbn=978-1-4022-7142-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&gt; Salaku pamingpin pulitik nasional, Pierce téh mangrupa hiji &quot;kabeneran&quot; (accident). Anjeunna jujur sarta manceg kana pandanganana, nanging, jalaran anjeunna hésé dina nyandak kaputusan sarta sering robah pikiran sateuacan mutuskeun hal anu ahir, anjeunna méré gambaran umum ngeunaan kateustabilan. Jalmi anu bageur, sopan, sarta berehan, anjeunna narik ati loba jalma, nanging usahana kanggé nyugemakeun sakabéh faksi kalah gagal sarta ngajantenkeun anjeunna gaduh seueur musuh. Dina ngajalankeun prinsip konstruksi hukum anu ketat, anjeunna langkung sapuk sareng urang Kidul, anu umumna gaduh dasar hukum anu kuat dina pihak maranéhna. Anjeunna gagal pisan dina nyadar jero sarta ihlasna parasaan urang Kalér kanggé ngalawan Kidul, sarta anjeunna ngarasa bingung ku ayana palanggaran umum kana hukum sarta Konstitusi, sakumaha anu ku anjeunna digambarkeun, ku rahayat ti New England-na sorangan. Teu kantos sakali-kali ogé anjeunna hasil narik imajinasi rahayat. Kateumampuanana kanggé nungkulan masalah-masalah hésé anu muncul dina awal pamaréntahanana ngabalukarkeun anjeunna kaleungitan hormat ti loba jalma, utamana di Kalér, sarta sababaraha kasuksésanana gagal mulangkeun kapercayaan publik. Anjeunna mangrupa jalmi anu kurang pangalaman, anu ujug-ujug dipénta kanggé nanggung tanggung jawab anu kacida badagna, anu kalayan jujur nyobian ngalakukeun anu pangsaéna tanpa pelatihan atanapi kasesuaian watek anu nyukupan.

Sanaos gaduh reputasi salaku politikus anu parigel sarta jalmi anu dipikaresep, salami kapersidénanana Pierce mung janten modérator di antawis faksi-faksi anu beuki pait anu nuju mawa bangsa kana perang sadulur.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Muccigrosso, ed., ''Research Guide to American Historical Biography'' (1988) 3:1237&lt;/ref&gt; Kanggé Pierce, anu ningal perbudakan salaku pasualan hak milik (properti) tinimbang moralitas,&lt;ref name=&quot;crockett&quot; /&gt; Uni téh mangrupa hal anu sakral; alatan hal ieu, anjeunna ningal tindakan para abolisionis sarta kelompok Free Soiler anu langkung modérat salaku hal anu ngadu domba sarta janten ancaman kana hak-hak urang Kidul anu dijamin ku konstitusi.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gara|1991|p=181}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanaos anjeunna nyempad jalma-jalma anu narékahan kanggé ngawatesan atanapi mungkas perbudakan, anjeunna jarang negur politikus Kidul anu nyandak posisi ékstrim atanapi nentang kapentingan Kalér.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=''Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son'' [book review]|last=Gara|first=Larry|journal=Journal of American History|date=September 2005|volume=92|number=2|page=612|doi=10.2307/3659320|jstor=3659320}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahli sajarah [[David Potter]] nyimpulkeun yén Manifesto Ostend sarta Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska mangrupa &quot;dua musibah badag tina pamaréntahan Franklin Pierce... Duanana ngadatangkeun badai kritik publik.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;potter&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Potter|1976|p=192}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anu langkung penting, ceuk Potter, éta dua hal sacara permanén ngaruksak kapercayaan kana &quot;Manifest Destiny&quot; sarta &quot;kadaulatan rahayat&quot; salaku doktrin pulitik.&lt;ref name=&quot;potter&quot; /&gt; 

Ahli sajarah Kenneth Nivison, dina tulisanna taun 2010, miboga sawangan anu langkung saé kana kawijakan luar nagri Pierce. Anjeunna nyatakeun yén ékspansionisme Pierce janten bubuka kanggé présidén-présidén saatosna sapertos [[William McKinley]] sarta [[Theodore Roosevelt]], anu ngajabat nalika Amérika parantos gaduh kakuatan militér kanggé ngawujudkeun ambisina. &quot;Kawijakan luar nagri sarta komérsial Amérika anu dimimitian dina taun 1890-an, anu ahirna ngagentos kolonialisme Éropa dina pertengahan abad ka-20, seueur ngahutang budi kana paternalisme Démokrasi Jacksonian anu dikulawartakeun dina aréna internasional ku kapersidénan Franklin Pierce.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Purposes Just and Pacific: Franklin Pierce and the American Empire | last=Nivison | first=Kenneth | journal=Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft | date=March 2010 | volume=21 | number=1 | page=17| doi=10.1080/09592290903577668 | s2cid=154406060 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahli sajarah sarta panulis biografi Peter A. Wallner nyatet yén:{{sfn|Wallner|2007|pp=xi–xii}}

Sajarah parantos méré bagian kasalahan ka administrasi Pierce kanggé kawijakan anu ngahurungkeun deui pasualan perbudakan, ngagancangkeun runtagna sistem dua partéy, sarta ngabalukarkeun Perang Sadulur. ... Ieu mangrupa penilaian anu teu akurat sarta teu adil. Pierce salawasna janten saurang nasionalis anu narékahan milari jalan tengah kanggé ngajaga Uni tetep ngahiji. ... Alternatif tina ngajalankeun jalur modérat nyaéta pecahna Uni, Perang Sadulur, sarta pupusna langkung ti genep ratus rébu urang Amérika. Pierce teu kedah disalahkeun alatan narékahan sapanjang karir pulitikna kanggé nyingkahan takdir ieu.

Ahli sajarah Larry Gara, anu nyerat buku ngeunaan kapersidénan Pierce, nyerat dina éntri tilas présidén kasebut dina ''American National Biography Online'':&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gara|first=Larry|title=Pierce, Franklin|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00788.html|work= American National Biography Online|date=February 2000}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anjeunna janten présidén dina mangsa anu merlukeun kaahlian anu ampir luar biasa (superhuman), nanging anjeunna teu gaduh kaahlian sapertos kitu sarta teu kantos tiasa mekarkeun diri dina jabatan anu parantos dipercayakeun ka anjeunna. Sawanganana ngeunaan [[Konstitusi]] sarta Uni asalna tina jaman Jacksonian di mangsa katukang. Anjeunna teu kantos sapinuhna ngartos kana sipat sarta jerona sentimén Free Soil di Kalér. Anjeunna hasil badami ngeunaan perjangjian dagang timbal-balik sareng Kanada, ngamimitian bubuka Jepang kana perdagangan barat, nambihan lahan di Kulon Kidul, sarta nandatanganan undang-undang kanggé nyiptakeun kakaisaran di luar nagri [[Undang-Undang Kapuloan Guano]]. Kawijakan Kuba sarta Kansas-na mung ngakibatkeun papaséaan antar-wilayah ''(séksional)'' anu langkung jero. Dukunganana kana Undang-Undang Kansas–Nebraska sarta tekadna kanggé ngajalankeun Undang-Undang Budak Buron milu nyiptakeun polarisasi antar wilayah. Pierce mangrupa jalmi anu getol digawé sarta pamaréntahanana kalolobaanana bersih tina prakték suap (graft), nanging warisan tina opat taun anu pinuh ku kaributan éta milu nyumbang kana tragédi misahkeun diri (séksési) sarta perang sadulur.

== Tempo ogé ==
{{portal|New Hampshire}}
* [[Daptar tanda sajarah New Hampshire (51–75)#65|Daptar tanda sajarah New Hampshire]]: Pierce Homestead, No. 65
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat]]
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar pangalaman sateuacanna]]
* [[Daptar tanda sajarah New Hampshire (76–100)#80|Tanda sajarah New Hampshire no. 80]]: Franklin Pierce 1804–1869
* [[Daptar tanda sajarah New Hampshire (101–125)#125|Tanda sajarah New Hampshire no. 125]]: The Pierce Manse
* [[Daptar tanda sajarah New Hampshire (201–225)#216|Tanda sajarah New Hampshire no. 216]]: Pierce Shops

== Catetan ==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}
{{notelist}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Karya anu dicutat ===
{{Refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|last=Boulard|first=Garry|year=2006|title=The Expatriation of Franklin Pierce: The Story of a President and the Civil War|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-40367-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Gara|first=Larry|year=1991|title=The Presidency of Franklin Pierce|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-0494-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Holt|first=Michael F.|year=2010|title=Franklin Pierce|publisher=Times Books|isbn=978-0-8050-8719-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Potter|first=David M.|year=1976|title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861|publisher=Harper &amp; Row|isbn=978-0-06-013403-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Wallner|first=Peter A.|year=2004|title=Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son|publisher=Guildhall Press|isbn=978-0-9707961-1-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Wallner|first=Peter A.|year=2007|title=Franklin Pierce: Martyr for the Union|publisher=Guildhall Press|isbn=978-0-9707961-5-8}}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>7kvjb1hc9tyagicmtcd6wx03zahojat</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jumrah Aqabah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709352</id>
      <parentid>707531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:28:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tata Cara Ibadah */</comment>
      <origin>709352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4239" sha1="jwcumouc6fr5csptgf7alhx4x8c5j4u" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;&quot; | Jumrah Aqabah
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:The ritual is a symbolic rite in which pebbles are thrown at pillars that represent the temptations of Satan. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|250px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pilar Jumrah Aqabah (pangageungna) di Mina&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Jinis
| [[Wajib Haji]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Lokasi
| [[Mina]] (Wates ka arah Mekah)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Waktos Utama
| 10 Dzulhijjah (Idul Adha)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Jumlah Batu
| 7 krikil
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Urutan
| Katilu (Pangahirna)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Rujukan Utama
| HR. Bukhari (1745)
|}

'''Jumrah Aqabah''' (Basa Arab: جمرة العقبة) atanapi sering disebut ogé '''Jumrah Kubra''' (jumrah ageung) nyaéta pilar katilu sarta pangahirna dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemenag&quot;&gt;Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.&lt;/ref&gt; Jumrah ieu perenahna pangcaketna ka arah kota [[Mekah]] dibandingkeun sareng dua jumrah sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamus&quot;&gt;Kamus Istilah Haji &amp; Umrah.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina dinten [[Idul Adha]] (10 Dzulhijjah), ngan Jumrah Aqabah anu wajib dibalédog salaku tanda mimiti prosés [[Tahallul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukhari&quot;&gt;Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an ==
Ritual malédog Jumrah Aqabah mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah pikeun nyampurnakeun ibadah haji sarta meresihan diri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tafsir&quot;&gt;Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat [[Al-Baqarah]].&lt;/ref&gt; Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]:

&lt;center style=&quot;font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;&quot;&gt;'''ثُمَّ لْيَقْضُوا تَفَثَهُمْ وَلْيُوفُوا نُذُورَهُمْ وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ'''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Tuluy kudu maranéhna merésihan kokotor (tahallul)... sarta kudu tawaf maranéhna di Baitul Atiq (Ka'bah).&quot;'' ([[Surat Al-Hajj]]: 29).&lt;ref name=&quot;Quran&quot;&gt;QS. Al-Hajj ayat 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Malédog jumrah ieu mangrupikeun sunnah anu dicontoan ku Rasulullah SAW nalika anjeunna nuju ngaréngsékeun runtuyan ibadah haji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;&gt;Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tata Cara Ibadah ==
Dina ngalaksanakeunana, aya sababaraha hal penting anu kedah diperhatoskeun ku jamaah haji:&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiqh&quot;&gt;As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Waktos Utama:''' Dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah, waktos anu paling utama nyaéta saatos sumirat panonpoé (Dhuha) dugi ka lingsir panonpoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukhari&quot;/&gt; Nanging, malédog tetep sah upami dilakukeun dugi ka sateuacan subuh tanggal 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemenag&quot;/&gt;
# '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédog ku 7 siki ''krikil'' sacara silih turuy bari maca takbir dina unggal balédoganana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemenag&quot;/&gt;
# '''Urutan dina Poé Tasyrik:''' Dina tanggal 11, 12, sarta 13 Dzulhijjah, Jumrah Aqabah dibalédog pangahirna saatos bérés maledog [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta [[Jumrah Wustha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;/&gt;
# '''Tanpa Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Husus pikeun Jumrah Aqabah, Rasulullah SAW henteu eureun pikeun ngadu'a saatos bérés malédog, nanging langsung neraskeun kana ritual sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;/&gt;

== Ma'na Spiritual ==
Malédog Jumrah Aqabah melambangkan gogoda sétan anu pangageungna ka Nabi Ibrahim AS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sajarah&quot;&gt;Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilar ieu janten simbol tekad manusa pikeun miceun sagala sipat goréng hususna sipat pamrih (lain karna Allh) saperti riwayatna [[Bal'an]] sarta mutuskeun tali hubungan sareng gogoda jahat saatos ngalangkungan puncak ibadah di [[Arafah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tafsir&quot;/&gt; Saatos ritual ieu réngsé dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah, jamaah kénging ngalaksanakeun Tahallul awal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiqh&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ibadah Haji}}
[[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]</text>
      <sha1>jwcumouc6fr5csptgf7alhx4x8c5j4u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709356</id>
      <parentid>709352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T23:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Ma'na Spiritual */</comment>
      <origin>709356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4240" sha1="5wtsnrhcr7hnh4t6546yh318terx7pj" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 88%;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #2e8b57; color: white;&quot; | Jumrah Aqabah
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:The ritual is a symbolic rite in which pebbles are thrown at pillars that represent the temptations of Satan. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|250px]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Pilar Jumrah Aqabah (pangageungna) di Mina&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Jinis
| [[Wajib Haji]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Lokasi
| [[Mina]] (Wates ka arah Mekah)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Waktos Utama
| 10 Dzulhijjah (Idul Adha)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Jumlah Batu
| 7 krikil
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Urutan
| Katilu (Pangahirna)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;&quot; | Rujukan Utama
| HR. Bukhari (1745)
|}

'''Jumrah Aqabah''' (Basa Arab: جمرة العقبة) atanapi sering disebut ogé '''Jumrah Kubra''' (jumrah ageung) nyaéta pilar katilu sarta pangahirna dina ritual malédog jumrah di [[Mina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemenag&quot;&gt;Kamenterian Agama RI. (2023). ''Buku Panduan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.&lt;/ref&gt; Jumrah ieu perenahna pangcaketna ka arah kota [[Mekah]] dibandingkeun sareng dua jumrah sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamus&quot;&gt;Kamus Istilah Haji &amp; Umrah.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina dinten [[Idul Adha]] (10 Dzulhijjah), ngan Jumrah Aqabah anu wajib dibalédog salaku tanda mimiti prosés [[Tahallul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukhari&quot;&gt;Hadits Riwayat Bukhari Nomer 1745.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dasar Hukum sarta Ayat Al-Qur'an ==
Ritual malédog Jumrah Aqabah mangrupikeun bagian tina paréntah pikeun nyampurnakeun ibadah haji sarta meresihan diri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tafsir&quot;&gt;Tafsir Al-Azhar, Jilid 1, Penjelasan Surat [[Al-Baqarah]].&lt;/ref&gt; Allah SWT ngandika dina [[Al-Qur'an]]:

&lt;center style=&quot;font-size: 120%; margin: 15px;&quot;&gt;'''ثُمَّ لْيَقْضُوا تَفَثَهُمْ وَلْيُوفُوا نُذُورَهُمْ وَلْيَطَّوَّفُوا بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ'''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;Tuluy kudu maranéhna merésihan kokotor (tahallul)... sarta kudu tawaf maranéhna di Baitul Atiq (Ka'bah).&quot;'' ([[Surat Al-Hajj]]: 29).&lt;ref name=&quot;Quran&quot;&gt;QS. Al-Hajj ayat 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Malédog jumrah ieu mangrupikeun sunnah anu dicontoan ku Rasulullah SAW nalika anjeunna nuju ngaréngsékeun runtuyan ibadah haji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;&gt;Hadits Riwayat Muslim Nomer 1218.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tata Cara Ibadah ==
Dina ngalaksanakeunana, aya sababaraha hal penting anu kedah diperhatoskeun ku jamaah haji:&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiqh&quot;&gt;As-Sayyid Sabiq. ''Fikih Sunnah''. Jilid 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Waktos Utama:''' Dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah, waktos anu paling utama nyaéta saatos sumirat panonpoé (Dhuha) dugi ka lingsir panonpoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukhari&quot;/&gt; Nanging, malédog tetep sah upami dilakukeun dugi ka sateuacan subuh tanggal 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemenag&quot;/&gt;
# '''Jumlah Batu:''' Dibalédog ku 7 siki ''krikil'' sacara silih turuy bari maca takbir dina unggal balédoganana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemenag&quot;/&gt;
# '''Urutan dina Poé Tasyrik:''' Dina tanggal 11, 12, sarta 13 Dzulhijjah, Jumrah Aqabah dibalédog pangahirna saatos bérés maledog [[Jumrah Ula]] sarta [[Jumrah Wustha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;/&gt;
# '''Tanpa Ngadu'a saatosna:''' Husus pikeun Jumrah Aqabah, Rasulullah SAW henteu eureun pikeun ngadu'a saatos bérés malédog, nanging langsung neraskeun kana ritual sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;/&gt;

== Ma'na Spiritual ==
Malédog Jumrah Aqabah ngagambarkeun gogoda sétan anu pangageungna ka Nabi Ibrahim AS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sajarah&quot;&gt;Sajarah Tilu Jumrah, Kemenag.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilar ieu janten simbol tekad manusa pikeun miceun sagala sipat goréng hususna sipat pamrih (lain karna Allh) saperti riwayatna [[Bal'an]] sarta mutuskeun tali hubungan sareng gogoda jahat saatos ngalangkungan puncak ibadah di [[Arafah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tafsir&quot;/&gt; Saatos ritual ieu réngsé dina tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah, jamaah kénging ngalaksanakeun Tahallul awal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiqh&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ibadah Haji}}
[[Kategori:Ibadah Haji]]
[[Kategori:Haji]]</text>
      <sha1>5wtsnrhcr7hnh4t6546yh318terx7pj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tasbih</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709407</id>
      <parentid>706244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:04:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5249" sha1="3ooq079pigag9h0ydunxn990i7s60w1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Tasbih
| image    = [[File:Tasbih.png|thumb|250px|Kecap tasbih]]
| caption  = Lapadz tasbih
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = تسبيح
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Nyucikeun Allah
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Kalimah
| data4    = Subhanallah
}}

'''Tasbih''' (Basa Arab: '''تسبيح''') nyaéta istilah dina [[agama]] Islam pikeun kalimah ''Thayyibah'' &quot;Subhanallah&quot; (سُبْحَانَ ٱللَّٰهِ) anu hartosna &quot;Maha Suci Allah&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Zubaidi, M. M. (2005). Taj al-Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus. Dar al-Fikr.&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara harfiah, tasbih hartosna nyucikeun Allah SWT tina sagala rupa kakurangan, sekutu, atanapi hal-hal anu henteu pantes pikeun kaagungan-Na.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Manzur. (1119). Lisan al-Arab. Dar Sader.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap tasbih asalna tina akar kecap basa [[Arab]] ''s-b-h'' (س-ب-ح), anu hartosna &quot;ngambang&quot; atanapi &quot;ngojay&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina kontéks spiritual, kecap ieu miboga harti métaforis nyaéta ngambangna saurang hamba dina laut kaimanan atawa ngajauhan diri tina pamikiran anu salah ngeunaan [[dzat Allah]].&lt;ref&gt;Al-Raghib al-Isfahani. (2009). Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
Dina Al-Qur'an, paréntah pikeun tasbih muncul dina sababaraha ayat salaku kawajiban mahluk ka Khalikna.&lt;ref&gt;Qur'an Kemenag RI. (2019). Tafsir Al-Qur'an Tematik.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Al-Jumu'ah Ayat 1:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;يُسَبِّحُ لِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ الْمَلِكِ الْقُدُّوسِ الْعَزِيزِ الْحَكِيمِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Naon baé anu aya di langit jeung naon baé anu aya di bumi kabéhanana tasbih ka Allah...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Al-Jumu'ah: 1.&lt;/ref&gt;
: ''&quot;Naon baé anu aya di langit jeung naon baé anu aya di bumi kabéhanana tasbih ka Allah...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Al-Jumu'ah: 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Al-Isra Ayat 44:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;تُسَبِّحُ لَهُ السَّمَاوَاتُ السَّبْعُ وَالْأَرْضُ وَمَنْ فِيهِنَّ ۚ وَإِنْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ إِلَّا يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِهِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Langit anu tujuh, bumi, jeung sakabéh pangeusina tasbih ka Allah. Jeung euweuh hiji mahluk ogé kajaba maranéhna tasbih bari muji ka Anjeunna...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Al-Isra: 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasbih dina Hadits ==
Rasulullah SAW maparin pangajaran ngeunaan kautamaan tasbih salaku salah sahiji [[dzikir]] anu pangutamana.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Al-Adzkar Al-Muntakhabah min Kalami Sayyidil Abrar.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Kautamaan Kalimah:''' 
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;كَلِمَتَانِ خَفِيفَتَانِ عَلَى اللِّسَانِ ثَقِيلَتَانِ فِي الْمِيزَانِ حَبِيبَتَانِ إِلَى الرَّحْمَنِ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ الْعَظِيمِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Aya dua kalimah anu hampang dina lisan, beurat dina timbangan (amal), sarta dipikaasih ku Nu Maha Welas, nyaéta: 'Subhanallahi wa bihamdihi, subhanallahil 'adzim'.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Sahih Bukhari, Hadits No. 6406; Sahih Muslim, Hadits No. 2694.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Panghapus Dosa:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;مَنْ قَالَ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ فِي يَوْمٍ مِائَةَ مَرَّةٍ حُطَّتْ خَطَايَاهُ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مِثْلَ زَبَدِ الْبَحْرِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Sing saha jalma anu maca 'Subhanallahi wa bihamdihi' kaping 100 dina sapoé, mangka dosa-dosana bakal dihapus sanajan saloba [[budah]] di laut.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Sahih Bukhari, Hadits No. 6405.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasbih dina Kahirupan Sapopoé ==
Dina tradisi masarakat [[Muslim]], hususna di tatar Sunda, tasbih parantos nyerep kana rupa-rupa aspék kagiatan budaya sareng [[ibadah]].&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dzikir Bakda Sholat:''' Sanggeus réngsé sholat fardu, umat Islam biasana ngadawamkeun tasbih &quot;Subhanallah&quot; saloba 33 kali.&lt;ref&gt;Sahih Muslim, Hadits No. 597.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Éksprêsi Kaahéngan:''' Kalimah tasbih diucapkeun nalika saurang jalma ningal hiji hal anu matak hélok atanapi ningal kaéndahan alam salaku wujud pangakuan kana kakawasaan Allah.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali. (1097). Ihya Ulumuddin.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Alat Bantu (Misbaha):''' Pikeun ngitung jumlah dzikir, masarakat sering ngagunakeun siki tasbih, sanajan ngagunakeun ramo panangan dianggap langkung utama.&lt;ref&gt;Sunan Abi Dawud, Hadits No. 1502.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Dzikir]]
* [[Tahmid]]
* [[Takbir]]
* [[Tahlil]]
{{Islam-pondok}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Dzikir]]</text>
      <sha1>3ooq079pigag9h0ydunxn990i7s60w1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tahmid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709408</id>
      <parentid>706245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3898" sha1="nyuk21w4id1q5gvyg9pqiyq6ec0m155" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Tahmid
| image    = [[File:Tahmid.png|thumb|250px|Kaligrafi kalimah Alhamdulillah.]]
| caption  = Kaligrafi kalimah Tahmid
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;تحميد&lt;/div&gt;
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Muji ka Allah
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Kalimah
| data4    = [[Alhamdulillah]]
}}

'''Tahmid''' ({{lang-ar|تحميد}}) nyaéta istilah dina ageman [[Islam]] pikeun ngucapkeun kalimah ''Thayyibah'' &quot;Alhamdulillah&quot; ({{lang-ar|ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ}}) anu hartosna &quot;sakabéh puji kagungan Allah&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu mangrupikeun wujud [[syukur]] saurang hamba ka [[Allah]] SWT kana sagala nikmat, boh nikmat iman, Islam, atanapi nikmat dunya.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Kathir. (1373). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap tahmid asalna tina akar kecap [[Basa Arab]] ''h-m-d'' (ح-م-د) anu hartosna &quot;muji&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina kontéks tauhid, tahmid miboga harti yén ngan ukur Allah anu pantes nampi pujian anu mutlak kusabab kasampurnaan dzat sareng sipat-Na.

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
Kalimah tahmid mangrupikeun inti tina [[ibadah]] sareng janten bubuka dina kitab suci [[Al-Qur'an]].&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Al-Fatihah Ayat 2:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Sagala puji kagungan Allah, Pangéran nu murbéng alam.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Al-Fatihah: 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Ibrahim Ayat 7:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;لَئِن شَكَرْتُمْ لَأَزِيدَنَّكُمْ ۖ وَلَئِن كَفَرْتُمْ إِنَّ عَذَابِى لَشَدِيدٌ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna upama maranéh syukuran, tangtu Kami bakal nambahan (nikmat) ka maranéh...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Ibrahim: 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tahmid dina Hadits ==
[[Rasulullah]] SAW maparin pangajaran ngeunaan kautamaan tahmid salaku salah sahiji [[dzikir]] anu beurat timbanganana.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Riyadhus Shalihin.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Minuhan Timbangan Amal:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ تَمْلأُ الْمِيزَانَ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Sareng (maca) Alhamdulillah éta minuhan timbangan (amal).&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Hadits Riwayat Muslim (No. 223).&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Doa anu Paling Utama:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;أَفْضَلُ الذِّكْرِ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَأَفْضَلُ الدُّعَاءِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Dzikir anu paling utama nyaéta Laa ilaha illallah, sarta doa anu paling utama nyaéta Alhamdulillah.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Hadits Riwayat Tirmidzi (No. 3383).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Larapan dina Kahirupan Sapopoé ==
Dina tradisi masarakat Muslim, hususna di [[Tatar Sunda]], tahmid parantos janten bagian tina étika sapopoé:&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dzikir Bakda Sholat:''' Maca &quot;Alhamdulillah&quot; saloba 33 kali sanggeus sholat fardu.
* '''Muji Syukur:''' Diucapkeun nalika nampi kurnia, réngsé tuang, atanapi nalika salamet tina pancabaya.
* '''Bubuka Biantara:''' Dina kabudayaan Sunda, ampir sadaya biantara dimimitian ku muji ka Allah (Tahmid) salaku tanda syukur.

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Tasbih]]
* [[Takbir]]
* [[Tahlil]]
{{Islam-pondok}}
[[Kategori:islam]]
[[Kategori:Dzikir]]</text>
      <sha1>nyuk21w4id1q5gvyg9pqiyq6ec0m155</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tahlil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709409</id>
      <parentid>706242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:09:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4101" sha1="okgi3ssxmz3kebysyc9mykszl73artv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title    = Tahlil
| image    = [[File:Al Shahada.svg|thumb|250px|Kaligrafi kalimah Tauhid/Tahlil.]]
| caption  = Kaligrafi kalimah Tahlil (La ilaha illallah).
| label1   = Basa Arab
| data1    = &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;تهليل&lt;/div&gt;
| label2   = Harti
| data2    = Ngageunikeun Allah
| label3   = Ageman
| data3    = [[Islam]]
| label4   = Kalimah
| data4    = [[La ilaha illallah]]
}}

'''Tahlil''' ({{lang-ar|تهليل}}) nyaéta istilah dina ageman [[Islam]] pikeun ngucapkeun kalimah ''Thayyibah'' &quot;La ilaha illallah&quot; ({{lang-ar|لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ}}) anu hartosna &quot;teu aya Pangéran salian ti [[Allah]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Asfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an. Dar al-Ma'rifah.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu mangrupikeun kalimah [[Tauhid]] anu janten pondasi utama kaimanan saurang Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Kathir. (1373). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Kecap tahlil asalna tina akar kecap [[Basa Arab]] ''h-l-l'' (ه-ل-ل) anu hartosna &quot;ngagorowok&quot; atanapi &quot;ngangkat sora&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lane, E. W. (1863). Arabic-English Lexicon. Williams and Norgate.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina istilah agama, tahlil hartosna ngucapkeun kalimah tauhid pikeun netepkeun yén ngan Allah SWT anu pantes diibadah.

== Dasar Hukum dina Al-Qur'an ==
Kalimah tahlil mangrupikeun inti tina ajaran sadaya [[Nabi]] sareng [[Rasul]]. Sababaraha ayat [[Al-Qur'an]] negeskeun kautamaan ieu kalimah:&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. (2019). Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat Muhammad Ayat 19:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;فَٱعْلَمْ أَنَّهُۥ لَآ إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Mangka kudu nyaho saéstuna teu aya Pangéran (anu hak diibadah) salian ti Allah...&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. Muhammad: 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Surat As-Saffat Ayat 35:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا۟ إِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمْ لَآ إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Saéstuna maranéhna (jalma kafir) nalika diucapkeun ka maranéhna: 'La ilaha illallah', maranéhna sombong.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Kementerian Agama RI. Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, QS. As-Saffat: 35.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tahlil dina Hadits ==
[[Rasulullah]] SAW nyebatkeun yén tahlil mangrupikeun dzikir anu panghadéna sarta konci sawarga.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi. (1277). Riyadhus Shalihin.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Dzikir Pangutamana:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;أَفْضَلُ الذِّكْرِ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Dzikir anu paling utama nyaéta La ilaha illallah.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Hadits Riwayat Tirmidzi (No. 3383).&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Konci Sawarga:'''
: &lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;ar&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Amiri', 'Traditional Arabic', serif;&quot;&gt;مَنْ كَانَ آخِرُ كَلَامِهِ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ دَخَلَ الْجَنَّةَ&lt;/div&gt;
: ''&quot;Sing saha jalma anu ahir ucapanna (sateuacan maot) nyaéta La ilaha illallah, mangka manéhna asup sawarga.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Hadits Riwayat Abu Dawud (No. 3116).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Larapan dina Kahirupan Sapopoé ==
Dina kabudayaan masarakat Muslim di [[Tatar Sunda]], tahlil miboga harti anu jembar:&lt;ref&gt;Ekadjati, E. S. (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda: Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Rukun Islam:''' Tahlil mangrupikeun bagian tina [[Syahadat]] anu janten sarat utama lebet Islam.
* '''Dzikir Bakda Sholat:''' Maca tahlil mangrupikeun rutinitas dzikir saatos sholat fardu.
* '''Tradisi Tahlilan:''' Di masarakat Sunda, istilah &quot;Tahlilan&quot; dianggo pikeun nyebut acara doa babarengan (ngirim doa) pikeun jalma anu parantos maot, dimana kalimah tahlil dibaca dina jumlah anu seueur.

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Tempo Ogé ==
* [[Tasbih]]
* [[Tahmid]]
* [[Takbir]]
* [[Tauhid]]
{{Islam-pondok}}
[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Dzikir]]
[[Kategori:Kosa kata Islam]]
[[Kategori:Basa Arab]]</text>
      <sha1>okgi3ssxmz3kebysyc9mykszl73artv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Konklaf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709400</id>
      <parentid>708653</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3574" sha1="q0tebxt495ehxff6hjr399p2f89pwmi" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Cónclave papal en la Capilla Sixtina, 1903.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran Konklaf di Kapel Sistina, 1903]]
'''Konklaf''' ([[basa Latén]]: '''''cum clave,''' &quot;jeung pangajén&quot;)'' nyaéta hiji masamuan Déwan [[Kardinal]] anu katutup jeung rusiah nu diayakeun jang milih [[Paus]], anu mangrupa [[Uskup]] [[Roma]] sakaligus pamingpin [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Geréja Katolik Roma]] sadunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicshare.com/what-are-conclaves-and-how-do-they-work/|title=What Are Conclaves and How Do They Work?|last=Contributor|first=CatholicShare|website=Catholic Share|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tradisi konklaf geus lumangsung mang-abad-abad jeung ngagambarkeun paduan [[liturgi]], [[téologi]], sakaligus simbolisme. Tradisi ieu ogé jadi konci ti tradisi geréja [[katolik]] anu mastikeun panerus kapamingpinan [[Paus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-7879164/apa-itu-conclave-ini-proses-pemilihan-paus-baru-dan-pihak-yang-memilihnya|title=Apa Itu Conclave? Ini Proses Pemilihan Paus Baru dan Pihak yang Memilihnya|last=Azizah|first=Ulvia Nur|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Léngkah-léngkah ==

=== Panyebaran keretas sora ===
Unggal kardinal anu bakal milih [[Paus]] salajengna meunang sahenteuna dua atawa tilu kertas sora anu dibagikeun ku patugas upacara Konklaf. Sanggeus kitu, [[kardinal]] diakon sénior bakal ngundi pikeun nunjuk tilu urang pangawas, pikeun ngitung hasil sora pamilihan; tilu [[infirmarii]], pikeun ngumpulkeun hasil sora pamilihan ti kardinal anu udur; sarta tilu pangoréksi, pikeun ngavéripikasi hasil itungan sorana. Upamana anu kapilih téh henteu mungkin pikeun nedunan tugasna kulantaran udur atawa alesan séjénna, ngaran-ngaran anyar bakal diundi pikeun ngagentikeun. Tahapan ieu téh disebut tahapan pra-paniléyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/conclave-how-a-pope-is-elected.html|title=Conclave: How a Pope is elected - Vatican News|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saacan pamilihan dimimitian, sakabéh anu teu kaasup pamilih, anu ogé kaasup sékrétaris Déwan Kardinal, Pupuhu Parayaan Liturgi Kapausan, sarta patugas-patugas upacara, diwajibkeun pikeun ninggalkeun Kapel Sistina. Kardinal Diakon Sénior tuluy bakal nutupan panto Kapel Sistina, sarta ngan ngabuka jeung nutupkeun nalika dibutuhkeun wungkul, siga nalika infirmarii datang pikeun ngumpulkeun sora ti kardinal-kardinal anu udur tuluy balik deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Prosés pamilihan ===
Unggal kardinal, numutkeun urutan prioritas, nuliskeun ngaran kandidat anu dipilih dina keretas sora, ditilep, diangkat luhur-luhur sangkan katingali ku saréréa, tuluy dibawa ka altar. Di dinya, aya piala anu disimpenan piring nu nutupanna.

Unggal pamilih tuluy nyarios ieu bari ditarikeun sorana, dina basa Italia:

::''&quot;Chiamo a testimone Cristo Signore, il quale mi giudicherà, che il mio voto è dato a colui che, secondo Dio, ritengo debba essere eletto&quot;.''

::(&quot;Sim kuring nyandak Kristus Gusti salaku saksi, anu bakal janten hakim sim kuring, yén sora sim kuring dipaparinkeun ka jalma anu ku sim kuring dipercaya kedah kapilih dumasar pituduh Gusti.&quot;)

=== Rohangan cipanon ===
Nalika Paus téh kapilih, anjeunna bakal dianter ka &quot;Rohangan cipanon,&quot; nyaéta hiji rohang gigireun Kapel Sistina, di mana anjeunna nganggo jubah bodah Kapausan jang barang mimitina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==


[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>q0tebxt495ehxff6hjr399p2f89pwmi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709404</id>
      <parentid>709400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:49:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8618" sha1="fmgmmo3q8t5ys05bu2gyth4bfu2jpri" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Cónclave papal en la Capilla Sixtina, 1903.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran Konklaf di Kapel Sistina, 1903]]
'''Konklaf''' ([[basa Latén]]: '''''cum clave,''' &quot;jeung pangajén&quot;)'' nyaéta hiji masamuan Déwan [[Kardinal]] anu katutup jeung rusiah nu diayakeun jang milih [[Paus]], anu mangrupa [[Uskup]] [[Roma]] sakaligus pamingpin [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Geréja Katolik Roma]] sadunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicshare.com/what-are-conclaves-and-how-do-they-work/|title=What Are Conclaves and How Do They Work?|last=Contributor|first=CatholicShare|website=Catholic Share|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tradisi konklaf geus lumangsung mang-abad-abad jeung ngagambarkeun paduan [[liturgi]], [[téologi]], sakaligus simbolisme. Tradisi ieu ogé jadi konci ti tradisi geréja [[katolik]] anu mastikeun panerus kapamingpinan [[Paus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-7879164/apa-itu-conclave-ini-proses-pemilihan-paus-baru-dan-pihak-yang-memilihnya|title=Apa Itu Conclave? Ini Proses Pemilihan Paus Baru dan Pihak yang Memilihnya|last=Azizah|first=Ulvia Nur|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mékanisme ==

=== Panyebaran keretas sora ===
Unggal kardinal anu bakal milih [[Paus]] salajengna meunang sahenteuna dua atawa tilu kertas sora anu dibagikeun ku patugas upacara Konklaf. Sanggeus kitu, [[kardinal]] diakon sénior bakal ngundi pikeun nunjuk tilu urang pangawas, pikeun ngitung hasil sora pamilihan; tilu [[infirmarii]], pikeun ngumpulkeun hasil sora pamilihan ti kardinal anu udur; sarta tilu pangoréksi, pikeun ngavéripikasi hasil itungan sorana. Upamana anu kapilih téh henteu mungkin pikeun nedunan tugasna kulantaran udur atawa alesan séjénna, ngaran-ngaran anyar bakal diundi pikeun ngagentikeun. Tahapan ieu téh disebut tahapan pra-paniléyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/conclave-how-a-pope-is-elected.html|title=Conclave: How a Pope is elected - Vatican News|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saacan pamilihan dimimitian, sakabéh anu teu kaasup pamilih, anu ogé kaasup sékrétaris [[Déwan Kardinal]], Pupuhu Parayaan Liturgi Kapausan, sarta patugas-patugas upacara, diwajibkeun pikeun ninggalkeun [[Kapel Sistina]]. [[Kardinal]] Diakon Sénior tuluy bakal nutupan panto [[Kapel Sistina]], sarta ngan ngabuka jeung nutupkeun nalika dibutuhkeun wungkul, siga nalika infirmarii datang pikeun ngumpulkeun sora ti kardinal-kardinal anu udur tuluy balik deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Prosés pamilihan ===
Unggal kardinal, numutkeun urutan prioritas, nuliskeun ngaran kandidat anu dipilih dina keretas sora, ditilep, diangkat luhur-luhur sangkan katingali ku saréréa, tuluy dibawa ka altar. Di dinya, aya piala anu disimpenan piring nu nutupanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Unggal pamilih tuluy nyarios ieu bari ditarikeun sorana, dina basa [[Italia]]:

::''&quot;Chiamo a testimone Cristo Signore, il quale mi giudicherà, che il mio voto è dato a colui che, secondo Dio, ritengo debba essere eletto&quot;.''
::(&quot;Sim kuring nyandak Kristus Gusti salaku saksi, anu bakal janten hakim sim kuring, yén sora sim kuring dipaparinkeun ka jalma anu ku sim kuring dipercaya kedah kapilih dumasar pituduh Gusti.&quot;)
Keretas sora tuluy disimpen dina piring anu tuluy dipaké jang ngasupkeun keretas sora ka jero piala. Sanggeus kitu, kardinal pamilih tungkul ngahormat ka altar, tuluy balik deui ka korsina. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kardinal anu hadir tapi henteu tiasa papah ka altar ku margi udur, masihkeun kertas sorana anu tos ditilep ka salah sahiji pangawas, anu tuluy pangmawakeun éta kertas sora ka altar sarta nyimpenkeun éta ku tatacara nu sarua, tanpa ngabacakeun deui sumpahna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Prosés pamilihan ku Kardinal nu udur ===
Upamana aya [[kardinal]] anu udur janten teu tiasa aya di [[Kapel]], tilu infirmarii bakal nganjangan anjeunna bari mawa baki anu eusina keretas sora sarta wadah anu katutup, anu sateuacanna bakal ditunjukkeun yén éta wadah téh kosong, teras dikonci nganggo konci nu disimpen di altar. Luhureun éta wadah téh aya bolongan pikeun ngasupkeun keretas-kertas sora anu tos ditilep. Nalika pilihanna téh tos ditangtukeun dina keretas sora, [[infirmarii]] bakal balik deui ka Kapel, di mana éta keretas sora téh dibukakeun hareupeun pamilih-pamilih nu lian. Pilihanna téh diitung sarta di tambahkeun ka nu séjénna nu tos aya dina piala utama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Itungan sora ===
Sanggeus sakabéh sora dibérékeun, pangawas nu mimiti bakal ngoyagkeun piala pikeun nyampurkeun keretas sora. Pangawas nu ahir tuluy ngitung éta keretas sora hiji-hiji, anu tuluy dipindahkeun ka wadah kadua anu kosong. Upamana jumlah keretas sora téh henteu sarua jeung jumlah pamilih nu aya, sakabéh keretas sora bakal diduruk sarta pamilihan nu anyar bakal diulang. Upamana jumlahna téh bener, keretas sora téh bakal dibuka tuluy dibaca.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Tilu pangawas bakal diuk dina méja hareupeun altar. Nu mimiti bakal macakeun ngaran anu ditulis dina keretas sora, tuluy dibérékeun ka pangawas kadua, anu ngonpirmasi ngaran éta tuluy dibérékeun ka pangawas ka tilu, anu bakal maca sarta nyatet itungan sora bari sorana ditarikeun pikeun sakabéh nu aya di rohangan bisa ngadangu. Upamana dua keretas sora katingali ditulis ku jalma nu sarua sarta eusina sarua, éta téh kaitungna ngan hiji sora. Upamana éta téh nunjukkeun ngaran anu béda, duanana téh henteu sah sanajan sakabéh itungan dianggep sah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Nalika sakabéh keretas sora tos dibacakeun sarta itunganna téh dicatet, pangawas nu terahir bakal ngajait keretas-keretas sora éta nganggo jarum ngaliwatan tulisan ''Eligo'' teras disambungkeun nganggo benang. Di ujung benang bakal ditalikeun, teras keretas-keretas sora éta disimpen pikeun diamankeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Puteran pamungutan sora sarta eureun spiritual ===
Pamungutan sora dilakukeun opat kali sapoé: dua kali isuk-isuk, dua kali beurang. Upamana sanggeus tilu poé can aya kandidat anu kapilih, pamilihan téh bakal dieureunkeun sapoé pikeun ibadah, diskusi teu resmi, jeung pépéling spiritual singget ti kardinal diakon sénior. Sanggeus kitu, pamilihan bakal dituluyukeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Upamana sanggeus unggal tujuh puteran tambahan can kénéh aya Paus anu kapilih, pangeureunan nu saterusna sarta pépéling bakal nuturkeun, dimimitian ku kardinal imam sénior, tuluy lamun dibutuhkeun ku kardinal uskup sénior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Upamana masih kénéh can aya Paus nu kapilih sanggeus 21 pamungutan sora, pangeureunan pangahirna pikeun ibadah, dialog, jeung renungan téh bakal ditengetan. Dina mangsa ieu, pamungutan sora téh dituluykeun, tapi kardinal-kardinal ngan meunang milih antara dua kadidat anu meunang sora panglobana di puteran saacanna. Sanajan kitu, dina kondisi éta bakal kénéh dibutuhkeun aturan sora mayoritas, nanging dua kandidat éta teu meunang milu milih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Aturan sora mayoritas anu dibutuhkeun ===
Pikeun hiji Paus bisa kapilih, dua per tilu mayoritas sora téh dibutuhkeun. Boh hiji Paus bakal kapilih atawa henteu, pangoréksi sacara tarapti bakal mariksa itungan sarta catetan anu dijieun ku pangawas pikeun mastikeun yén prosés pamungutan sora téh dilaksanakeun bener-bener. Sanggeus kitu, saacan pamilih ninggalkeun Kapel Sistina, sakabéh keretas sora diduruk dina kompor beusi cor anu mimiti dipaké di Konklaf 1939. Pangawas-pangawas bakal ngurus ieu dibantuan ku sékrétaris Déwan sarta patugas upacara, anu digeroan ku diakon sénior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kompor kadua, dipasangkeun taun 2005, nyambung ka corobong haseup anu katingali ti Lapang Santo Pétrus. Dina kompor ieu bahan kimia bakal ditambihkeun pikeun ngawarnaan haseup anu bakal kaluar. Upamana haseup hideung nu kaluar, tandana can aya Paus anu kapilih; sabalikna, lamun haseup bodas nu kaluar, tos aya Paus nu kapilih.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp31gnn93kvo|title=Choosing the next pope: How the Vatican makes its smoke signal|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upami aya dua pamilihan dilakukeun patutur-tutur, keretas-keretas sora ti dua pamilihan éta bakal diduruk babarengan di ahir puteran kadua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Rohangan cipanon ===
Nalika [[Paus]] téh kapilih, anjeunna bakal dianter ka &quot;Rohangan cipanon,&quot; nyaéta hiji rohang gigireun [[Kapel Sistina]], di mana anjeunna nganggo jubah bodah Kapausan jang barang mimitina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==


[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>fmgmmo3q8t5ys05bu2gyth4bfu2jpri</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709405</id>
      <parentid>709404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9567" sha1="i8q9w26j2nrbuhvo20a15d539imdhuk" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Cónclave papal en la Capilla Sixtina, 1903.jpg|jmpl|Gambaran Konklaf di Kapel Sistina, 1903]]
'''Konklaf''' ([[basa Latén]]: '''''cum clave,''' &quot;jeung pangajén&quot;)'' nyaéta hiji masamuan Déwan [[Kardinal]] anu katutup jeung rusiah nu diayakeun jang milih [[Paus]], anu mangrupa [[Uskup]] [[Roma]] sakaligus pamingpin [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Geréja Katolik Roma]] sadunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicshare.com/what-are-conclaves-and-how-do-they-work/|title=What Are Conclaves and How Do They Work?|last=Contributor|first=CatholicShare|website=Catholic Share|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tradisi konklaf geus lumangsung mang-abad-abad jeung ngagambarkeun paduan [[liturgi]], [[téologi]], sakaligus simbolisme. Tradisi ieu ogé jadi konci ti tradisi geréja [[katolik]] anu mastikeun panerus kapamingpinan [[Paus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-7879164/apa-itu-conclave-ini-proses-pemilihan-paus-baru-dan-pihak-yang-memilihnya|title=Apa Itu Conclave? Ini Proses Pemilihan Paus Baru dan Pihak yang Memilihnya|last=Azizah|first=Ulvia Nur|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mékanisme ==

=== Panyebaran keretas sora ===
Unggal kardinal anu bakal milih [[Paus]] salajengna meunang sahenteuna dua atawa tilu kertas sora anu dibagikeun ku patugas upacara Konklaf. Sanggeus kitu, [[kardinal]] diakon sénior bakal ngundi pikeun nunjuk tilu urang pangawas, pikeun ngitung hasil sora pamilihan; tilu [[infirmarii]], pikeun ngumpulkeun hasil sora pamilihan ti kardinal anu udur; sarta tilu pangoréksi, pikeun ngavéripikasi hasil itungan sorana. Upamana anu kapilih téh henteu mungkin pikeun nedunan tugasna kulantaran udur atawa alesan séjénna, ngaran-ngaran anyar bakal diundi pikeun ngagentikeun. Tahapan ieu téh disebut tahapan pra-paniléyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/conclave-how-a-pope-is-elected.html|title=Conclave: How a Pope is elected - Vatican News|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saacan pamilihan dimimitian, sakabéh anu teu kaasup pamilih, anu ogé kaasup sékrétaris [[Déwan Kardinal]], Pupuhu Parayaan Liturgi Kapausan, sarta patugas-patugas upacara, diwajibkeun pikeun ninggalkeun [[Kapel Sistina]]. [[Kardinal]] Diakon Sénior tuluy bakal nutupan panto [[Kapel Sistina]], sarta ngan ngabuka jeung nutupkeun nalika dibutuhkeun wungkul, siga nalika infirmarii datang pikeun ngumpulkeun sora ti kardinal-kardinal anu udur tuluy balik deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Prosés pamilihan ===
Unggal kardinal, numutkeun urutan prioritas, nuliskeun ngaran kandidat anu dipilih dina keretas sora, ditilep, diangkat luhur-luhur sangkan katingali ku saréréa, tuluy dibawa ka altar. Di dinya, aya piala anu disimpenan piring nu nutupanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Unggal pamilih tuluy nyarios ieu bari ditarikeun sorana, dina basa [[Italia]]:

::''&quot;Chiamo a testimone Cristo Signore, il quale mi giudicherà, che il mio voto è dato a colui che, secondo Dio, ritengo debba essere eletto&quot;.''
::(&quot;Sim kuring nyandak Kristus Gusti salaku saksi, anu bakal janten hakim sim kuring, yén sora sim kuring dipaparinkeun ka jalma anu ku sim kuring dipercaya kedah kapilih dumasar pituduh Gusti.&quot;)
Keretas sora tuluy disimpen dina piring anu tuluy dipaké jang ngasupkeun keretas sora ka jero piala. Sanggeus kitu, kardinal pamilih tungkul ngahormat ka altar, tuluy balik deui ka korsina. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kardinal anu hadir tapi henteu tiasa papah ka altar ku margi udur, masihkeun kertas sorana anu tos ditilep ka salah sahiji pangawas, anu tuluy pangmawakeun éta kertas sora ka altar sarta nyimpenkeun éta ku tatacara nu sarua, tanpa ngabacakeun deui sumpahna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Prosés pamilihan ku Kardinal nu udur ===
Upamana aya [[kardinal]] anu udur janten teu tiasa aya di [[Kapel]], tilu infirmarii bakal nganjangan anjeunna bari mawa baki anu eusina keretas sora sarta wadah anu katutup, anu sateuacanna bakal ditunjukkeun yén éta wadah téh kosong, teras dikonci nganggo konci nu disimpen di altar. Luhureun éta wadah téh aya bolongan pikeun ngasupkeun keretas-kertas sora anu tos ditilep. Nalika pilihanna téh tos ditangtukeun dina keretas sora, [[infirmarii]] bakal balik deui ka Kapel, di mana éta keretas sora téh dibukakeun hareupeun pamilih-pamilih nu lian. Pilihanna téh diitung sarta di tambahkeun ka nu séjénna nu tos aya dina piala utama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Itungan sora ===
Sanggeus sakabéh sora dibérékeun, pangawas nu mimiti bakal ngoyagkeun piala pikeun nyampurkeun keretas sora. Pangawas nu ahir tuluy ngitung éta keretas sora hiji-hiji, anu tuluy dipindahkeun ka wadah kadua anu kosong. Upamana jumlah keretas sora téh henteu sarua jeung jumlah pamilih nu aya, sakabéh keretas sora bakal diduruk sarta pamilihan nu anyar bakal diulang. Upamana jumlahna téh bener, keretas sora téh bakal dibuka tuluy dibaca.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Tilu pangawas bakal diuk dina méja hareupeun altar. Nu mimiti bakal macakeun ngaran anu ditulis dina keretas sora, tuluy dibérékeun ka pangawas kadua, anu ngonpirmasi ngaran éta tuluy dibérékeun ka pangawas ka tilu, anu bakal maca sarta nyatet itungan sora bari sorana ditarikeun pikeun sakabéh nu aya di rohangan bisa ngadangu. Upamana dua keretas sora katingali ditulis ku jalma nu sarua sarta eusina sarua, éta téh kaitungna ngan hiji sora. Upamana éta téh nunjukkeun ngaran anu béda, duanana téh henteu sah sanajan sakabéh itungan dianggep sah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Nalika sakabéh keretas sora tos dibacakeun sarta itunganna téh dicatet, pangawas nu terahir bakal ngajait keretas-keretas sora éta nganggo jarum ngaliwatan tulisan ''Eligo'' teras disambungkeun nganggo benang. Di ujung benang bakal ditalikeun, teras keretas-keretas sora éta disimpen pikeun diamankeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Puteran pamungutan sora sarta eureun spiritual ===
Pamungutan sora dilakukeun opat kali sapoé: dua kali isuk-isuk, dua kali beurang. Upamana sanggeus tilu poé can aya kandidat anu kapilih, pamilihan téh bakal dieureunkeun sapoé pikeun ibadah, diskusi teu resmi, jeung pépéling spiritual singget ti kardinal diakon sénior. Sanggeus kitu, pamilihan bakal dituluyukeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Upamana sanggeus unggal tujuh puteran tambahan can kénéh aya Paus anu kapilih, pangeureunan nu saterusna sarta pépéling bakal nuturkeun, dimimitian ku kardinal imam sénior, tuluy lamun dibutuhkeun ku kardinal uskup sénior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:White smoke from the Sistine Chapel.jpg|jmpl|Haseup bodas anu kaluar nalika Paus Paul VI kapilih di 1963.]]
Upamana masih kénéh can aya Paus nu kapilih sanggeus 21 pamungutan sora, pangeureunan pangahirna pikeun ibadah, dialog, jeung renungan téh bakal ditengetan. Dina mangsa ieu, pamungutan sora téh dituluykeun, tapi kardinal-kardinal ngan meunang milih antara dua kadidat anu meunang sora panglobana di puteran saacanna. Sanajan kitu, dina kondisi éta bakal kénéh dibutuhkeun aturan sora mayoritas, nanging dua kandidat éta teu meunang milu milih.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Aturan sora mayoritas anu dibutuhkeun ===
Pikeun hiji Paus bisa kapilih, dua per tilu mayoritas sora téh dibutuhkeun. Boh hiji Paus bakal kapilih atawa henteu, pangoréksi sacara tarapti bakal mariksa itungan sarta catetan anu dijieun ku pangawas pikeun mastikeun yén prosés pamungutan sora téh dilaksanakeun bener-bener. Sanggeus kitu, saacan pamilih ninggalkeun Kapel Sistina, sakabéh keretas sora diduruk dina kompor beusi cor anu mimiti dipaké di Konklaf 1939. Pangawas-pangawas bakal ngurus ieu dibantuan ku sékrétaris Déwan sarta patugas upacara, anu digeroan ku diakon sénior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kompor kadua, dipasangkeun taun 2005, nyambung ka corobong haseup anu katingali ti [[Lapang Santo Pétrus]]. Dina kompor ieu bahan kimia bakal ditambihkeun pikeun ngawarnaan haseup anu bakal kaluar. Upamana haseup hideung nu kaluar, tandana can aya Paus anu kapilih; sabalikna, lamun haseup bodas nu kaluar, tos aya Paus nu kapilih.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp31gnn93kvo|title=Choosing the next pope: How the Vatican makes its smoke signal|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upami aya dua pamilihan dilakukeun patutur-tutur, keretas-keretas sora ti dua pamilihan éta bakal diduruk babarengan di ahir puteran kadua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Rohangan Cipanon ===
Nalika [[Paus]] téh kapilih, anjeunna bakal dianter ka &quot;Rohangan Cipanon (bahasa [[Italia]]: Stanza delle Lacrime),&quot; nyaéta hiji rohang gigireun [[Kapel Sistina]], di mana anjeunna nganggo jubah bodah Kapausan jang barang mimitina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewtnvatican.com/articles/room-of-tears-where-new-popes-go-right-after-their-election-5309|title=The Room of Tears: Where new popes go right after their election|last=EWTN|website=EWTN Vatican|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus Paus anu kapilih narima peranna, anu sakaligus nganggeuskeun Konklaf, Pupuhu Déwan Kardinal bakal nanyaan ngaran Kapausan saha anu ku anjeunna pilih. Numutkeun pilihanna, [[Paus]] anu anyar kapilih miboga sababaraha mangsa pikeun cicing di rohangan ieu, di mana tuluy anjeunna didangdosan ku jubah bodas Kapausanna. Sababaraha mangsa anggeusna, anjeunna bakal ka luar pikeun ningali ka [[Lapang Santo Pétrus]], nepikeun salam ka satongton dunya salaku Paus kanggo mangsa munggaranna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==


[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>i8q9w26j2nrbuhvo20a15d539imdhuk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Konflik Sukahaji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709410</id>
      <parentid>708654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:16:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709410</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4691" sha1="4zm6rnncqg5z1y7s7jexy1znx43j1kd" xml:space="preserve">'''Konflik Sukahaji''' nyaéta pacéngkadan lahan anu lumangsung antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji, Babakan Ciparay, Kota Bandung]], jeung pengusaha Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar. Pacéngkadan ieu dimimitian ti taun 2009, anu tuluy beuki parah dipicu ku intimidasi jeung kekerasan ti aparat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/,%20https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/|title=Sukahaji Melawan: Intimidasi Setan Tanah Menghantui Kehidupan Warga - Pena Budaya|last=Ramadhan|first=Salma Aulia|language=indonesia|accessdate=2026-03-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

9 April 2025 tengah peuting, kahuruan narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu ngeunaan kana leuwih ti 40 kios jeung imah warga. Kahuruan ieu lain kasus kahuruan mimiti anu narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/ckg7jly0gn8o|title=Konflik lahan Bandung: Kisah warga kampung di Kota Bandung yang melawan penggusuran|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasang tukang ==
Konflik [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] dimimitian ti taun 2009, nalika Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar ngajukeun klaim kapimilik lahan anu ditempatan ku kios kai jeung padumukan warga. Pihak perusahaan ngaku yén miboga 82 sertifikat tanah, sanajan ngan bisa némbongkeun 11 hasil potokopianna. Patemon anu diayakeun taun 2013 antara warga, perusahaan, kecamatan, jeung [[Badan Pertanahan Nasional|Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN)]] teu méré hasil nu jelas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Fakta-fakta Serangan ke Warga Sukahaji|url=https://magdalene.co/story/memahami-rentetan-terjadi-di-sukahaji/|newspaper=Magdalene.co|date=2025-12-05|access-date=2026-03-23|language=indonesia|first=Ahmad|last=Khudori}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réntétan pacengkadan ==
Dina 9 April 2025, [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] ditarajang kahuruan tengah peuting. Tilu imah warga jeung leuwih ti 40 kios anu jadi tempat pakasaban sapopoé warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] ludes ku seuneu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Teu lila ti sanggeus kahuruan éta, warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] numutkeun lalampahan sidang mimiti di pengadilan. Warga Sukahaji ngagugat klaim kapimilih lahan salega 7,5 hektar ti Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar. Anjeunna duaan ngaku minangka pamilik taneuh di Sukahaji, ku bahan miboga sértipikat, Surat Keterangan Pendaftaran Tanah (SKPT), jeung bukti mayar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB). Tilu wewengkon Rukung Warga, nyaéta RW 1, 2, jeung 3, kaancam digusur upamana akuan Junus jeung Juliana téh disahkeun ku pamaréntah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

30 Juli 2025, saloba genep ti tujuh warga Sukahaji nyinghareupan geroan ti Unit Jatanras Satréskrim Polréstabes Bandung, Jalan Badak Singa, pikeun ngalakukeun pamariksaan. Sakitar 170 warga milu maturan minangka bentuk solidaritas hareupeun Satréskrim Polréstabes Bandung. Kagenep warga ieu ditarajang Pasal 167 KUHP ngeunaan asup kana wewengkon batur tanpa idin, Pasal 169 KUHP ngeunaan pakumpulan jahat, Pasal 385 ngeunaan nyéwakeun, nukeurkeun, atawa ngabebanan hak taneuh milik batur, sarta Pasal 389 ngeunaan ngancurkeun, mindahkeun, atawa miceun hiji hal pikeun nangtukeun wates buruan. Pasal-pasal kasebut mangrupakeun pamaksaan hiji delik ka jalma-jalam anu ngabalukarkeun kriminalisasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbhbandung.or.id/enam-warga-ditahan-perjuangan-sukahaji-tak-akan-mati/|title=Enam Warga Ditahan, Perjuangan Sukahaji Tak Akan Mati! – Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

3 Désémber 2025, nalika kasus kriminalisasi warga Sukahaji anu mertahankeun lahanna masih kénéh lumangsung, dimimitian ti jam 10 isuk-isuk, paséa gedé antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu rék mertahankeun lahan jeung massa anu ngatasnamakeun PT Xressi Jaga Nusantara anu hayang ngosongkeun lahan lumangsung. Salian ti kahuruan anu henteu sakali waé kajadian, rurusuhan ieu ogé ngabalukarkeun puluhan warga jadi korban tatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/1546035746/negara-membiarkan-kekerasan-warga-sukahaji-bertahan-melawan-pengosongan-lahan|title=Negara Membiarkan Kekerasan, Warga Sukahaji Bertahan Melawan P...|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=BandungBergerak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>4zm6rnncqg5z1y7s7jexy1znx43j1kd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709411</id>
      <parentid>709410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:18:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709411</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5070" sha1="2rzqgigydscva1p8aug9zk3wjh3su07" xml:space="preserve">'''Konflik Sukahaji''' nyaéta pacéngkadan lahan anu lumangsung antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji, Babakan Ciparay, Kota Bandung]], jeung pengusaha Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar. Pacéngkadan ieu dimimitian ti taun 2009, anu tuluy beuki parah dipicu ku intimidasi jeung kekerasan ti aparat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/,%20https://www.penabudaya.com/sukahajimelawan-intimidasi-setan-tanah-menghantui-kehidupan-warga/|title=Sukahaji Melawan: Intimidasi Setan Tanah Menghantui Kehidupan Warga - Pena Budaya|last=Ramadhan|first=Salma Aulia|language=indonesia|accessdate=2026-03-23}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

9 April 2025 tengah peuting, kahuruan narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu ngeunaan kana leuwih ti 40 kios jeung imah warga. Kahuruan ieu lain kasus kahuruan mimiti anu narajang [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/ckg7jly0gn8o|title=Konflik lahan Bandung: Kisah warga kampung di Kota Bandung yang melawan penggusuran|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasang tukang ==
Konflik [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] dimimitian ti taun 2009, nalika Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar ngajukeun klaim kapimilik lahan anu ditempatan ku kios kai jeung padumukan warga. Pihak perusahaan ngaku yén miboga 82 sertifikat tanah, sanajan ngan bisa némbongkeun 11 hasil potokopianna. Patemon anu diayakeun taun 2013 antara warga, perusahaan, kecamatan, jeung [[Badan Pertanahan Nasional|Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN)]] teu méré hasil nu jelas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Fakta-fakta Serangan ke Warga Sukahaji|url=https://magdalene.co/story/memahami-rentetan-terjadi-di-sukahaji/|newspaper=Magdalene.co|date=2025-12-05|access-date=2026-03-23|language=indonesia|first=Ahmad|last=Khudori}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réntétan pacengkadan ==
Dina 9 April 2025, [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] ditarajang kahuruan tengah peuting. Tilu imah warga jeung leuwih ti 40 kios anu jadi tempat pakasaban sapopoé warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] ludes ku seuneu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kahuruan éta kajadian sapoé saacan sidang mimiti pikeun gugatan kapimilikan taneuh ti Junus Jen Suherman jeung Juliana Kusnandar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kbr.id/articles/indeks/terjerat-konflik-lahan-warga-sukahaji-kebakaran-berulang-dan-intimidasi-|title=Terjerat Konflik Lahan, Warga Sukahaji: Kebakaran Berulang dan Intimidasi|last=Ridwansyah|first=Ardhi|website=kbr.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teu lila ti sanggeus kahuruan éta, warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] numutkeun lalampahan sidang mimiti di pengadilan. Warga Sukahaji ngagugat klaim kapimilik lahan salega 7,5 hektar éta. Anjeunna duaan ngaku minangka pamilik taneuh di Sukahaji, ku bahan miboga sértipikat, Surat Keterangan Pendaftaran Tanah (SKPT), jeung bukti mayar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB). Tilu wewengkon Rukung Warga, nyaéta RW 1, 2, jeung 3, kaancam digusur upamana akuan Junus jeung Juliana téh disahkeun ku pamaréntah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

30 Juli 2025, saloba genep ti tujuh warga Sukahaji nyinghareupan geroan ti Unit Jatanras Satréskrim Polréstabes Bandung, Jalan Badak Singa, pikeun ngalakukeun pamariksaan. Sakitar 170 warga milu maturan minangka bentuk solidaritas hareupeun Satréskrim Polréstabes Bandung. Kagenep warga ieu ditarajang Pasal 167 KUHP ngeunaan asup kana wewengkon batur tanpa idin, Pasal 169 KUHP ngeunaan pakumpulan jahat, Pasal 385 ngeunaan nyéwakeun, nukeurkeun, atawa ngabebanan hak taneuh milik batur, sarta Pasal 389 ngeunaan ngancurkeun, mindahkeun, atawa miceun hiji hal pikeun nangtukeun wates buruan. Pasal-pasal kasebut mangrupakeun pamaksaan hiji delik ka jalma-jalam anu ngabalukarkeun kriminalisasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbhbandung.or.id/enam-warga-ditahan-perjuangan-sukahaji-tak-akan-mati/|title=Enam Warga Ditahan, Perjuangan Sukahaji Tak Akan Mati! – Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

3 Désémber 2025, nalika kasus kriminalisasi warga Sukahaji anu mertahankeun lahanna masih kénéh lumangsung, dimimitian ti jam 10 isuk-isuk, paséa gedé antara warga [[Sukahaji, Babakanciparay, Bandung|Sukahaji]] anu rék mertahankeun lahan jeung massa anu ngatasnamakeun PT Xressi Jaga Nusantara anu hayang ngosongkeun lahan lumangsung. Salian ti kahuruan anu henteu sakali waé kajadian, rurusuhan ieu ogé ngabalukarkeun puluhan warga jadi korban tatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/1546035746/negara-membiarkan-kekerasan-warga-sukahaji-bertahan-melawan-pengosongan-lahan|title=Negara Membiarkan Kekerasan, Warga Sukahaji Bertahan Melawan P...|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=BandungBergerak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>2rzqgigydscva1p8aug9zk3wjh3su07</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>BRICS</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709417</id>
      <parentid>708655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:50:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709417</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2961" sha1="8yy14n6hmngi24i15p8hvstcf0dz1iy" xml:space="preserve">'''BRICS''' mangrupakeun organisasi ékonomi anu ogé singgetan ti [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], jeung [[Afrika Kidul]]. Ngaran BRICS ngarujuk kana ékonomi nasional anu keur berkembang di negara-negara kasebut. Sanajan kitu, organisasi ieu ogé miboga anggota-anggota anyar di luar negara nu kaasup dina akronim, di antarana [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Iran]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brics.org/|title=BRICS Information and Trade Opportunities|last=Community|first=BRICS|website=brics.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Januari 2025, [[Indonésia]] resmi ngagabung jadi anggota BRICS, anu ngajadikeun nagara [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] mimiti anu jadi anggota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/indonesia-officially-becomes-first-southeast-asian-member-of-brics/|title=Indonesia Officially Becomes First Southeast Asian Member of BRICS|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasang tukang ==
Konsép mimiti ngeunaan pangbentukan BRICS dicanangkeun ku perdana menteri Rusia Yevgeny Primakov di taun 1998. Gagasan ieu bisa dilacak kalayan aya porum-porum non-resmi sarta kelompok dialog ti sababaraha nagara, saperti RIC ([[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]]), sarta IBSA ([[India]], [[Brazil]], [[Afrika Kidul]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order: Perspectives from the Global South|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|date=2022-10-14|isbn=978-1-000-73876-6|language=en|first=Rajan|last=Kumar|first2=Meeta Keswani|last2=Mehra|first3=G. Venkat|last3=Raman|first4=Meenakshi|last4=Sundriyal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Istilah BRIC mimitina mah mangrupakeun istilah anu dijieun ku ékonom [[Inggris]] [[Jim O'Neill]], sarta tuluy dirojong ku luhuranna [[Goldman Sachs]] di taun 2001, anu tujuanna pikeun ngarancang kelompok ti pasar-pasar nu keur berkembang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken|url=https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/|newspaper=TIME|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en|first=Rana|last=Foroohar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2006, [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] nyieun kelompok BRIC, anu tuluy dituturkeun ku [[Afrika Kidul]] anu ngagabung di taun 2010 ngajieun ieu organisasi jadi BRICS. Organisasi ieu diwangun sangkan ngahijikeun nagara-nagara berkembang anu penting sadunya, pikeun nyingharepan tantangan kakuatan politik jeung ekonomi nagara-nagara anu leuwih beunghar di [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Éropa Kulon]]. Taun 2024, [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia|Étiopia]], [[Iran]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]] tuluy diulem sangkan jadi anggota BRICS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474|date=2023-12-29|access-date=2026-03-23|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==


[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>8yy14n6hmngi24i15p8hvstcf0dz1iy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709418</id>
      <parentid>709417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T10:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hasnanf</username>
        <id>28942</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3655" sha1="povai5rxnmpllymwhtmxrdoywwunfb9" xml:space="preserve">'''BRICS''' mangrupakeun organisasi ékonomi anu ogé singgetan ti [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], jeung [[Afrika Kidul]]. Ngaran BRICS ngarujuk kana ékonomi nasional anu keur berkembang di negara-negara kasebut. Sanajan kitu, organisasi ieu ogé miboga anggota-anggota anyar di luar negara nu kaasup dina akronim, di antarana [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Iran]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brics.org/|title=BRICS Information and Trade Opportunities|last=Community|first=BRICS|website=brics.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2006, [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] nyieun kelompok BRIC, anu tuluy dituturkeun ku [[Afrika Kidul]] anu ngagabung di taun 2010 ngajieun ieu organisasi jadi BRICS. Organisasi ieu diwangun sangkan ngahijikeun nagara-nagara berkembang anu penting sadunya, pikeun nyingharepan tantangan kakuatan politik jeung ekonomi nagara-nagara anu leuwih beunghar di [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Éropa Kulon]]. Taun 2024, [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia|Étiopia]], [[Iran]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]] tuluy diulem sangkan jadi anggota BRICS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474|date=2023-12-29|access-date=2026-03-23|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Januari 2025, [[Indonésia]] resmi ngagabung jadi anggota BRICS, anu ngajadikeun nagara [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] mimiti anu jadi anggota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/indonesia-officially-becomes-first-southeast-asian-member-of-brics/|title=Indonesia Officially Becomes First Southeast Asian Member of BRICS|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasang tukang ==
Konsép mimiti ngeunaan pangbentukan BRICS dicanangkeun ku perdana menteri Rusia Yevgeny Primakov di taun 1998. Gagasan ieu bisa dilacak kalayan aya porum-porum non-resmi sarta kelompok dialog ti sababaraha nagara, saperti RIC ([[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]]), sarta IBSA ([[India]], [[Brazil]], [[Afrika Kidul]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order: Perspectives from the Global South|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|date=2022-10-14|isbn=978-1-000-73876-6|language=en|first=Rajan|last=Kumar|first2=Meeta Keswani|last2=Mehra|first3=G. Venkat|last3=Raman|first4=Meenakshi|last4=Sundriyal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Istilah BRIC mimitina mah mangrupakeun istilah anu dijieun ku ékonom [[Inggris]] [[Jim O'Neill]], sarta tuluy dirojong ku luhuranna [[Goldman Sachs]] di taun 2001, anu tujuanna pikeun ngarancang kelompok ti pasar-pasar nu keur berkembang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken|url=https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/|newspaper=TIME|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en|first=Rana|last=Foroohar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pasamuan mimiti kelompok ieu tuluy diayakeun di taun 2009 anu ngahadirkeun nagara-nagara pangadegna, nyaéta [[Brazil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] anu tuluy ngadopsi akronim '''BRIC''' sarta ngajieun kelompok diplomatik inpormal di mana pamaréntah-pamaréntahna bisa papanggih sataun sakali dina pasamuan pormal sarta ngordinasikeun kawijakan-kawijakan multilateral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/brics-expansion-six-more-nations-are-set-to-join-what-theyre-buying-into-212200|title=Brics expansion: six more nations are set to join – what they’re buying into|last=Ndzendze|first=Bhaso|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==


[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
      <sha1>povai5rxnmpllymwhtmxrdoywwunfb9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709412</id>
      <parentid>708735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tata Cara sareng Bacaan */</comment>
      <origin>709412</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3685" sha1="mmpyhxr72xvze66g1eyk8df8entpzmm" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;&quot; | Ruku
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Намоз. 4.jpg|250px|Posisi ruku anu bener]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Posisi ruku anu bener (tonggong rata)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Jinis rukun
| [[Rukun Fi'li]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Runtuyan ka
| 5
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dalil Al-Qur'an
| [[Al-Hajj]]: 77
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dalil Hadis
| Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397
|}

'''Ruku''' (Basa Arab: رُكُوع) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara nungkulkeun awak sangkan tonggong sarta sirah sajajar (rata), bari dampal leungeun nungkup dina tuur&lt;ref name=&quot;MajmuRuku&quot;&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 407.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ruku mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' (pagawéan) anu wajib dilakukeun dina unggal rakaat.

=== Dasar Hukum ===
Dasar hukum wajibna ruku dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT dina [[Al-Qur'an]] Surah [[Al-Hajj]] (22) ayat 77:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ارْكَعُوا وَاسْجُدُوا وَاعْبُدُوا رَبَّكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Wahai jalma-jalma anu ariman, ruku maranéh jeung sujud maranéh sarta sembah Pangéran maranéh, sangkan maranéh meunang kabagjaan.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Hajj [22], Ayat 77.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Salian ti éta, dina [[hadis]] shahih anu diriwayatkeun ku [[Imam Al-Bukhori|Imam Bukhari]] sareng [[Imam Muslim]], [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun kawajiban ruku anu tumaninah dina hadis ngeunaan ''al-musi' shalatahu'' (jalma anu solatna salah):
&lt;blockquote&gt;
ثُمَّ ارْكَعْ حَتَّى تَطْمَئِنَّ رَاكِعًا
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Tuluy ruku manéh nepi ka tumaninah dina kaayaan ruku.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Tata Cara sareng Bacaan ===
Nalika ruku, posisi tonggong kedah lempeng/rata sarta panon neuteup ka tempat sujud. Disunahkeun maos tasbih tilu kali dumasar kana riwayat ti [[Abu Dawud]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:150%; line-height:2.3em; background:#f0fff0; padding:15px; border-radius:5px; border:1px solid #006400;&quot;&gt;'''سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الْعَظِيمِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Maha Suci Pangéran Abdi anu Maha Agung sarta kalayan muji ka Mantenna.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;''Sunan Abi Dawud'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu al-Rajulu fi Ruku'ihi wa Sujudihi, No. 870.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Bacaan Ruku ===
Salian ti tasbih anu biasa, dumasar kana hadis shahih, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] ogé sering maos doa ieu nalika ruku sarta sujud salaku wujud [[Syukur]] sarta rasa [[Pakarir]] di payuneun Allah SWT:&lt;ref&gt;Hadis Riwayat '''Al-Bukhari''' (No. 794) sareng '''Muslim''' (No. 484) ti Sayyidah Aisyah Radhiyallahu 'Anha.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:150%; line-height:2.3em; background:#f0fff0; padding:15px; border-radius:5px; border:1px solid #006400;&quot;&gt;'''سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمْدِكَ اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي'''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''“Subhanakallahumma rabbana wa bihamdika allahummaghfir li.”''&lt;br/&gt;
'''Hartosna:''' &quot;Maha Suci Anjeun, nun Gusti Allah, Pangéran abdi sadaya. Sarta kalayan muji ka Anjeun, nun Gusti Allah, mugi ngahampura ka abdi.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Referensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Solat]]
[[Kategori:Fikih]]</text>
      <sha1>mmpyhxr72xvze66g1eyk8df8entpzmm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>I'tidal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709413</id>
      <parentid>708737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:29:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tata Cara sareng Bacaan */</comment>
      <origin>709413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3906" sha1="l24gxyt4ujcc6e6do7wlu9lz7hu86c7" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; color:black; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; float:right; border-spacing:3px;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;&quot; | I'tidal
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[file:Md Abdul Hamid at Syed Ashraful Islam Janazah Prayer 2019-01-06 (PID-0040744).jpg|250px|Posisi i'tidal]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Posisi i'tidal (nangtung jejeg saatos ruku)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Jinis rukun
| [[Rukun Fi'li]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Runtuyan ka
| 6
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dalil Al-Qur'an
| [[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]]: 238
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dalil Hadis
| Bukhari No. 793, Muslim No. 397
|}
'''I'tidal''' (Basa Arab: اِعْتِدَال) nyaéta salah sahiji rukun [[solat]] anu dilakukeun ku cara hudang tina [[ruku]], nyaéta malikkeun awak kana posisi nangtung jejeg sakumaha asalna sateuacan ruku&lt;ref name=&quot;MajmuItidal&quot;&gt;An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 418.&lt;/ref&gt;. I'tidal mangrupikeun rukun ''fi'li'' anu pondok sarta wajib dibarengan ku '''[[tumaninah]]'''.

== Dasar Hukum ==
Dasar hukum wajibna i'tidal dumasar kana paréntah [[Allah]] SWT ngeunaan sampurnana solat dina **Surah [[Al-Baqarah]] ayat 238**:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَىٰ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Pulasara sakabéh solat (aranjeun), jeung (pulasara) solat wustha. Jeung nangtung lah karana Allah (dina solat aranjeun) kalayan khusyu.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;Al-Qur'an al-Karim, Surah Al-Baqarah [2], Ayat 238.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dina [[hadis]] shahih, [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW negeskeun yén i'tidal kedah dilakukeun nepi ka anggota awak balik deui kana tempatna:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
ثُمَّ ارْفَعْ حَتَّى تَعْتَدِلَ قَائِمًا
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Tuluy hudang manéh nepi ka nangtung jejeg (i'tidal).&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, No. 793; ''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, No. 397.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tata Cara sareng Bacaan ==
Nalika hudang tina ruku, saurang Muslim disunahkeun angkat panangan (''rafa'ul yadain'') bari ngucapkeun ''Tasmi'':
&lt;blockquote&gt;
سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Allah ngadangu ka jalma anu muji ka Mantenna.&quot;''

Saatos posisi awak nangtung jejeg (tumaninah), disunahkeun maos:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
رَبَّنَا لَكَ الْحَمْدُ مِلْءَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمِلْءَ الْأَرْضِ وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ بَعْدُ
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
''&quot;Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi sadaya, pikeun Anjeun sagala puji, sapinuh langit jeung sapinuh bumi, sarta sapinuh naon waé anu dikersakeun ku Anjeun saatosna.&quot;''&lt;ref&gt;''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab al-Shalat, Bab Ma Yaqulu fi al-I'tidal, No. 476.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Bacaan I'tidal ===
Saatos maos ''Sami'allahu liman hamidah'', aya bacaan tahmid (puji) anu kacida agungna sarta dipuji ku [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]]. Dina sajarahna, bacaan ieu matak ngajantenkeun leuwih ti 30 malaikat silih paboro-boro pikeun nyatet amalna:&lt;ref&gt;Hadis Riwayat '''Al-Bukhari''' (No. 799) ti Sahabat Rifa'ah bin Rafi' Al-Zuraqi Radhiyallahu 'Anhu.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:150%; line-height:2.3em; background:#f0fff0; padding:15px; border-radius:5px; border:1px solid #006400;&quot;&gt;'''رَبَّنَا وَلَكَ الْحَمْدُ حَمْدًا كَثِيرًا طَيِّبًا مُبَارَكًا فِيهِ'''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
''“Rabbana wa lakal hamdu hamdan katsiran thayyiban mubarakan fihi.”''&lt;br/&gt;
'''Hartosna:''' &quot;Nun Pangéran abdi sadaya, mung kagungan Anjeun sagala puji; puji anu seueur, anu saé (pinuh ku kahadéan), sarta anu diwuwuh ku barokah di jerona.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Referensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Solat]]
[[Kategori:Fikih]]</text>
      <sha1>l24gxyt4ujcc6e6do7wlu9lz7hu86c7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kolon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709416</id>
      <parentid>708922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709416</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3920" sha1="ev5ejoen9ymwp2v81ddii4v5y8ze12g" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 22em; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #ffffff !important; color: #000000 !important; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #eeeeee !important; color: #000000 !important; border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 5px;&quot; | Kolon (Peujit Badag)
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; padding: 15px !important; background-color: #ffffff !important;&quot; | [[File:SFI organs xray colon0002.jpg|250px|center|Gambar sinar-X kolon]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000 !important;&quot;&gt;Gambar sinar-X anu némbongkeun struktur kolon manusa.&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #fcfcfc !important; color: #000000 !important; width: 40%; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;&quot; | Nami Latin
| style=&quot;background-color: #ffffff !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;&quot; | ''Colon''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #fcfcfc !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | Sistem
| style=&quot;background-color: #ffffff !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | [[Sistem pencernaan]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #fcfcfc !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | Panjang
| style=&quot;background-color: #ffffff !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | ± 1,5 méter
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #fcfcfc !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | Bagian Utama
| style=&quot;background-color: #ffffff !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | Aséndén, Transvérsum, Déséndén, Sigmoid
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; background-color: #fcfcfc !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | Perenahna
| style=&quot;background-color: #ffffff !important; color: #000000 !important; padding: 4px; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;&quot; | Antara [[ileum]] sarta [[réktum]]
|}

'''Kolon''' atanapi sering disebut ogé '''peujit badag''' nyaéta bagian pamungkas tina saluran pencernaan [[vertebrata]]. Fungsi utama ieu organ nyaéta pikeun nyerep cai sarta éléktrolit tina sésa kadaharan anu teu tiasa dicerna ku peujit leutik, sarta nyimpen sésa éta dina wangun kokotor (fésés) sateuacan dikaluarkeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Tortora |first=Gerard J. |title=Principles of Anatomy and Physiology |publisher=Wiley |year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bagian-bagian Kolon ==
Kolon kabagi janten sababaraha bagian utama dumasar kana perenahna:
# '''Kolon aséndén:''' Bagian anu naék ka luhur dina sisi katuhu beuteung.
# '''Kolon transvérsum:''' Bagian anu malang ti katuhu ka kénca.
# '''Kolon déséndén:''' Bagian anu turun ka handap dina sisi kénca beuteung.
# '''Kolon sigmoid:''' Bagian tungtung anu wangunna siga hurup &quot;S&quot; sarta nyambung kana [[réktum]].

== Fungsi ==
Salian ti nyerep cai, kolon miboga fungsi séjén:
* Produksi Vitamin: Baktéri anu hirup dina kolon (saperti ''E. coli'') mantuan ngahasilkeun vitamin K sarta sababaraha vitamin B.
* Fermentasi: Ngarecah sésa karbohidrat sarta protéin ngaliwatan prosés fermentasi baktéri.
* ''Pembentukan'' Fésés: Ngarobah sésa kadaharan anu éncér janten langkung padet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-digestive-process-the-large-intestine |title=The Large Intestine |publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine |access-date=2026-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sistim cerna}}
[[Kategori:Anatomi]]
[[Kategori:Sistem pencernaan]]</text>
      <sha1>ev5ejoen9ymwp2v81ddii4v5y8ze12g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lakbok</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709414</id>
      <parentid>709216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:32:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tambah bagian Sajarah: bukti VOC 1726 Tsjalave/Salawe</comment>
      <origin>709414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7171" sha1="rnmutyowbzxljxoqohm61q89tohgeg1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox kacamatan
| ngaran = Lakbok
| ngaran_aksara = ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪
| ngaran_kuno = Bandjarpatroman / Pataruman
| gambar_peta = Lakbok in Ciamis Regency.svg
| nagara = Indonesia
| propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]]
| kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]
| luas = 60,56 km²
| populasi = 56.369 jiwa
| kapadetan = 931 jiwa/km²
| sumber_sajarah = ''Kidung Lakbok'' (1956)
| koordinat = {{coord|7|24|01|S|108|39|51|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
 
'''Lakbok''' (ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪, baheula ngaranna '''Bandjarpatroman''' atawa '''Pataruman''') nyaéta hiji kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Béda jeung catetan administrasi resmi, naskah kuno ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; nyatet yén ieu wewengkon téh tilas puseur karajaan bawahan [[Galuh]] nu robah jadi rawa alatan perang jeung sumpah karuhun.

Disebutkeun ogé aya 7 désa kalayan sakitar 1.000 rumah tangga, sarta VOC ngawangun pager jeung pos jaga (''een Pagar, en eenige bezetting'') di wewengkon éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;voc1726&quot;/&gt;

Rujukan ieu saluyu sareng carita dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) anu nyebatkeun [[Walungan Citanduy]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana minangka lokasi [[Perang Pataruman]].

 
== Ngaran ==
Aya dua vérsi asal-usul ngaran '''Lakbok''':
 
=== 1. Vérsi Kamus: &quot;Maung Gede&quot; ===
Nurutkeun ''Kamus Basa Sunda'' R.A. Danadibrata (2015), kecap &quot;lakbok&quot; asalna tina Basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina &quot;maung nu gedé pisan&quot; atawa sato galak panggedéna.&lt;ref&gt;Danadibrata, R.A. 2015. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
=== 2. Vérsi Naskah Kuno: &quot;Bandjarpatroman&quot; ===
Dumasar ''Kidung Lakbok'' Bait 3, ngaran aslina saméméh robah téh '''Bandjarpatroman''':
 
''&quot;Lakbok teh hidji nagara, Nu disupata ku dewa, Katelah Bandjarpatroman, nagri gede loh djinawi.&quot;''&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung3&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 3, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Hartina: &quot;Lakbok éta hiji nagara, nu disumpah ku karuhun, baheula disebut Bandjarpatroman, nagara gedé nu makmur tur beunghar.&quot;
 
Hartina &quot;Maung gede&quot; bisa jadi siloka atawa paribasa pikeun ngagambarkeun gedéna jeung kawibawanana &quot;Nagri Gede Bandjarpatroman&quot; jaman baheula.
 
== Sajarah ==
=== Bukti Kolonial: Tsjalave/Salawe (1726) ===
Dumasar kana arsip [[VOC]] taun 1726, wewengkon anu disebut '''Tsjalave''' (Salawe) tos aya dina abad ka-18.&lt;ref name=&quot;voc1726&quot;&gt;Arsip VOC 1726. Dikutip tina dokumén anu dibagikeun ku Dodenk Zoe. Taun ieu saluyu sareng laporan VOC ti [[Cirebon|Cheribon]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina dokumén éta, Tsjalave digambarkeun aya di sisi [[Walungan Citanduy]], caket sareng désa Rantija, Madura, Magara, sareng Bloctjong.

Disebutkeun ogé aya 7 désa kalayan sakitar 1.000 rumah tangga, sarta VOC ngawangun pager jeung pos jaga (''een Pagar, en eenige bezetting'') di wewengkon éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;voc1726&quot;/&gt;

Rujukan ieu saluyu sareng carita dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) anu nyebatkeun [[Walungan Citanduy]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana minangka lokasi [[Perang Pataruman]].

=== Jaman Karajaan Galuh: Perang Pataruman ===
''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun kajian gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua katurunan karajaan, nyaéta [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak, nepi ka Kawasen.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung4&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 4-5, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Alatan perang jeung silih pasea, nagara ieu tuluy disumpah, nepi ka robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa, sakumaha nu kacatet dina Bait 17: ''&quot;urut djaeuh djadi leuweung, djadi leuweung sima gonggong&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 17, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Dina naskah ieu ogé aya ramalan nu geus kabukti:
 
1. ''&quot;Bandjar Bakal Bandjir&quot;'' — kajadian banjir gedé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidungprosa&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bagian Prosa, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
​
2. ''&quot;Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan&quot;'' — hartina sajarah bakal dipulangkeun deui ka nu boga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung22&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 22, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jaman Modéren ===
Taun 1926, Bupati R.A.A. Wiranatanuningrat méré hak milik tanah ka masarakat tatanén sangkan bisa ngokolakeun deui lahan rawa nu geus lila kosong.&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Ayeuna, Lakbok geus maju: aya leuwih ti 56 satuan atikan ti TK nepi ka PTS,&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikdasmen&quot;&gt;Kemendikdasmen, 2024. [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021411/3 Data Dikdasmen]&lt;/ref&gt; sarta perguruan tinggi STIT Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;stit&quot;&gt;[https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Wates Wewengkon (Dumasar Sajarah) ==
Nurutkeun wates dina naskah kuno, wewengkon Bandjarpatroman baheula leuwih lega ti administrasi ayeuna, ngawengku:
 
- Pataruman
​
- Cikawung
​
- Kawasen
​
- Tur patula-patali raket jeung Batulawang — nu disebut nepi ka 4 kali dina naskah minangka &quot;Gerbang Asup ka Gunung Sangkur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung14&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 14-15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Situs Sajarah Patali ==

Lakbok raket pisan sajarahna jeung Desa Batulawang, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Dumasar data resmi Disdikbud Kota Banjar, di dinya aya 8 Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh nu kacatet dina Kidung:&lt;ref name=&quot;disdikbudbanjar&quot;&gt;Disdikbud Kota Banjar, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;


1. [[Gunung Sangkur]] — disebut &quot;tempat njingkur / panyingkuran&quot; dina Bait 15&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung15&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 15, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;


2. [[Batu Peti]] — &quot;Batu peti nu mupusti&quot; (Bait 21)&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung21&quot;&gt;Kidung Lakbok, Bait 21, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;

3. Batu Kasur — bisa ngahasilkeun sora lamun dipukul, numbu ka legenda Sangkuriang

4. Sanghyang Bedil

5. Batu Pangkon

6. Sumur Bandung

7. Kyai Panembahan

8. Banyu Mudal
 
== Atikan ==
Dumasar data Kemendikdasmen taun 2024, di Kacamatan Lakbok aya:
 
- 44 SD / MI
​
- 8 SMP / MTs
​
- 4 SMA / SMK / MA
​
- 1 Perguruan Tinggi: [[STIT Lakbok]] 
 
== Kaamanan ==
Wewengkon ieu dijaga ku Polsek Lakbok.&lt;ref name=&quot;polres&quot;&gt;[https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Tribrata News Polres Ciamis]&lt;/ref&gt; Rutin ngayakeun musyawarah désa di [[Sindangangin]] jeung tempat séjén pikeun ngajaga karapihan masarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;[https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2108136-ikuti-musdes-tingkat-desa-sindangangin-polsek-lakbok-sampaikan-imbauan-kamtibmas Humas Polri, 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Géografi jeung Iklim ==
Lakbok mibanda iklim tropis kalayan curah hujan nu luyu jeung karakter wewengkon rawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmkg&quot;&gt;[https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.17 BMKG Kode 32.07.17]&lt;/ref&gt; Kaayaan rawa jeung cai ieu geus disebut dina Kidung Bait 17: ''&quot;tingkarocak ku rea rawa&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung17&quot;/&gt;
 
== Tempo ogé ==
 
* [[Kidung Lakbok]] 
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Gunung Sangkur]] 
* [[Sajarah Karajaan Galuh]]
* [[STIT Lakbok]]
 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kecamatan Lakbok]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah Lengkap Kidung Lakbok 1956]
* [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ STIT Lakbok]
* [https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Berita &amp; Informasi]

[[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]]
[[Kategori:Naskah Sunda Kuno]]</text>
      <sha1>rnmutyowbzxljxoqohm61q89tohgeg1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tarwiyah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709403</id>
      <parentid>709142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:43:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4065" sha1="o3arq2yyu06hoqsamw9z65rt4k4a7of" xml:space="preserve">'''Tarwiyah''' (basa Arab: '''تروية''') nyaéta salasahiji runtuyan penting dina ibadah [[haji]] anu lumangsung dina ping 8 [[Dzulhijjah]]. Ieu poé téh mangrupa mangsa tatan-tatan pikeun sakabéh jamaah haji sateuacan marangkat ka [[Arafah]] pikeun ngalaksanakeun punclak ibadah haji, nyaéta [[Wukuf]].&lt;ref&gt;Kementrian Agama RI. ''Manasik Haji dan Umrah''.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pilgrims stream into Mina ahead of the day of Arafat - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rébuan jamaah haji mimiti minuhan lebak Mina dina poé Tarwiyah pikeun nyiapkeun diri sateuacan wukuf di Arafah.]]

== Étimologi ==
Sacara basa, kecap ''Tarwiyah'' asalna tina kecap basa Arab ''ar-rawiyu'' anu hartosna &quot;ngaleueut nepi ka seubeuh&quot; atawa &quot;nyiapkeun cai&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kemenag&quot;&gt;Kementrian Agama RI. ''Manasik Haji dan Umrah''.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina sajarahna, dina poé ieu para jamaah haji ngumpulkeun bekel cai saloba-lobana di [[Mina]] pikeun persiapan perjalanan ka Arafah sarta Muzdalifah anu harita kacida langka sumber caina.&lt;ref name=&quot;kemenag&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, kecap ieu ogé dikaitkeun kana kecap ''ru’ya'' (ngimpi), dumasar kana sajarah [[Nabi Ibrahim]] as. anu nampi wahyu ngaliwatan ngimpi munggaran ngeunaan paréntah meuncit putrana, [[Nabi Ismail]] as., dina peuting ping 8 Dzulhijjah. Anjeunna harita &quot;mikir-mikir&quot; (''yatarawwa'') ngeunaan bener henteuna éta ngimpi téh ti Gusti Allah SWT.&lt;ref&gt;Said, Imam Gazali. ''Fiqh Ibadah''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amalan Ibadah ==
Dina poé Tarwiyah, para jamaah haji disunnahkeun ngalakukeun sababaraha amalan sakumaha anu dicontokeun ku [[Nabi Muhammad]] SAW:
* '''Niat sarta Ihram:''' Pikeun jamaah anu ngalaksanakeun Haji Tamattu, maranéhna mimitian nganggo kaén [[ihram]] sarta niat haji ti tempatna masing-masing.
* '''Mangkat ka Mina:''' Jamaah angkat ka Mina sateuacan asup waktu Dzuhur.
* '''Netepan di Mina:''' Jamaah ngalaksanakeun solat Dzuhur, Ashar, Maghrib, Isya, sarta Subuh (dina poé saterusna) di Mina. Solat anu opat rakaat di-''qoshor'' janten dua rakaat, tapi henteu di-''jamak''.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Mabit:''' Ngéndong (cicing) di Mina sawengi nepi ka panonpoé bijil dina ping 9 Dzulhijjah.

== Makna Filosofis ==
Sababaraha inohong Islam méré sawangan anu jero ngeunaan ma'na Tarwiyah:

=== Sawangan Ali Shariati ===
Dina bukuna anu judulna ''Haji'', [[Ali Shariati]] nyebutkeun yén Tarwiyah téh fase ''perenunga'' di mana manusa eureun sakedap di Mina pikeun ngumpulkeun kakuatan tékad sateuacan nyanghareupan pangadilan Gusti di Arafah.&lt;ref&gt;Shariati, Ali. (1977). ''Hajj: Reflection on Its Rituals''.&lt;/ref&gt; Nurutkeun Shariati, upami sacara fisik jamaah nyiapkeun cai, sacara maknawi maranéhna nuju nyiapkeun &quot;cai kahuripan&quot; atawa kasadaran tauhid sangkan henteu &quot;haus&quot; nalika wukuf.&lt;ref&gt;Shariati, Ali. (1977). ''Hajj: Reflection on Its Rituals''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sawangan Imam Al-Ghazali ===
Dina kitab ''[[Ihya Ulumuddin]]'', [[Imam Al-Ghazali]] nekenkeun yén Tarwiyah téh mangrupa cara pikeun &quot;ngasingkeun diri&quot; (''khalwat'') tina gangguan dunya sangkan niat leuwih murni.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumuddin'' (Bab Rahasia Haji).&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Ghazali ngaitkeun prosés nyiapkeun cai jeung kawajiban manusa nyiapkeun bekel amal pikeun akhérat, sabab sakumaha jamaah sieun kahausan di tegal Arafah, manusa ogé kudu sieun ku &quot;kahausan spiritual&quot; di padang Mahsyar.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumuddin'' (Bab Rahasia Haji).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Puasa Tarwiyah ==
Pikeun umat Islam anu henteu nuju ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji, disunnahkeun pikeun ngalaksanakeun puasa sunnah Tarwiyah dina ping 8 Dzulhijjah.&lt;ref&gt;An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.&lt;/ref&gt; Kautamaanana nyaéta dumasar kana sababaraha riwayat bisa mupus dosa sataun anu kalangkungan.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliografi ==
* Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumuddin''.
* Shariati, Ali. (1977). ''Hajj: Reflection on Its Rituals''. Teheran.
* Kementrian Agama RI. (2020). ''Tuntunan Manasik Haji''. Jakarta.
{{Islam-pondok}}
{{Ibadah Haji}}
[[Kategori:Haji]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>o3arq2yyu06hoqsamw9z65rt4k4a7of</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:WikiMaknyus Jambi</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709384</id>
      <parentid>709193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:14:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OwlyKnight</username>
        <id>32562</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133" sha1="5dpjtqghefgr91ksrqy6f6e2fvtriw6" xml:space="preserve">Artikel anu patali jeung program WikiMaknyus dina kaping 28 Désémber 2025 nepi ka 4 Januari 2026 di Jambi.
[[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</text>
      <sha1>5dpjtqghefgr91ksrqy6f6e2fvtriw6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Es brenebon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709371</id>
      <parentid>709263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T03:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2188" sha1="hycktqsxxxyf57ekgvl1ecyr63adix0" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Es Brenebon 2.jpg|jmpl|Es brenebon has Manado]]
Es Brenebon mangrupa inuman és tradisional khas Manado, Sulawesi Kalér, nu bahan utamana kacang beureum. Kecap brenebon asalna tina basa Walanda ''bruine bonen'' nu hartina kacang coklat atawa kacang beureum. Asupna kacang beureum ''(Phaseolus vulgaris)'' ka Indonésia mimitina asal ti Amérika, tuluy dibawa ka Éropa dina abad ka-16 ku panalungtik asal Spanyol. Satuluyna, kacang ieu sumebar ka Indonésia ngaliwatan VOC Walanda ti mimiti abad ka-17.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Admin|date=2019-03-16|title=Asal Usul Sup Brenebon - Kelung|url=https://kelung.id/asal-usul-sup-brenebon/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108101502/https://kelung.id/asal-usul-sup-brenebon/ |date=2025-11-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Di Kota Manado, brenebon mimitina dipikawanoh minangka sup kacang nu rasana gurih kalayan eusian daging sapi atawa daging babi. Dina kamekaranana, olahan ieu tuluy diadaptasi jadi hidangan és. És Brenebon ilahar dipikaresep ku masarakat nalika beurang dina cuaca panas lantaran méré rasa tiis jeung nyegerkeun. Ku kituna, ieu hidangan gampang kapanggih di rumah makan, warung sisi jalan, atawa dijieun sorangan di imah sabab cara nyieunna kawilang basajan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Es Brenebon, Kacang Merah Khas Manado yang Menyegarkan|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/es-brenebon-kacang-merah-khas-manado-yang-menyegarkan/|website=Indonesia Kaya|access-date=2026-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Es Brenebon eusina kacang beureum nu geus direbus nepi ka lemes, tuluy dihidangkeun jeung és serut, sirop, susu kentel amis, sarta coklat. Campuran éta ngahasilkeun rasa nu amis jeung gurih. Sajaba ti méré rasa seger, Es Brenebon ogé dipikawanoh miboga kandungan gizi saperti kalsium, zat beusi, jeung protéin nabati nu bisa ngarojong kabugaran awak dina cuaca panas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Es Brenebon: Minuman Khas Manado yang Manis &amp; Menyegarkan|url=https://negerikami.id/budaya/es-brenebon-minuman-khas-manado-yang-manis-menyegarkan/|website=Negeri Kami|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Referensi ==


[[Category:WikiMaknyus]]
[[Category:WikiMaknyus_Manado]]</text>
      <sha1>hycktqsxxxyf57ekgvl1ecyr63adix0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dawet ayu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709369</id>
      <parentid>709336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T03:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>709369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6113" sha1="fdjphxzo049rpah7ucl16pankoemlcb" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Es dawet ayu banjarnegara.jpg|jmpl|Es dawet ayu ti Banjarnegara]]
'''Dawet ayu''' mangrupa inuman tradisional khas Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Ieu inuman gampang kapanggih di pasar-pasar tradisional. És Dawet Ayu asli Banjarnegara dipikawanoh miboga rasa nu ngeunah jeung nyegerkeun, nepi ka cocog pisan diinum dina cuaca panas. Dawet bisa dihidangkeun dina kaayaan haneut atawa tiis ku ditambahan és batu. Rasana amis jeung seger lantaran ngagunakeun campuran gula beureum asli, nu jadi salah sahiji ciri has sarta kaunikan ieu inuman tradisional khas Banjarnegara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara Minuman Khas Tradisional yang Melegenda Disukai Masyarakat Indonesia|url=https://banjarnegara.pikiran-rakyat.com/banjarnegara/pr-2465676786/dawet-ayu-banjarnegara-minuman-khas-tradisional-yang-melegenda-disukai-masyarakat-indonesia|work=[[Pikiran Rakyat]]|language=id|access-date=2023-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Aya sababaraha vérsi ngeunaan asal-usul ngaran dawet ayu. Ketua Déwan Kasenian Banjarnegara, Tjundaroso, nétélakeun yén dawet Banjarnegara mimiti kawentar ngaliwatan lagu ciptaan seniman Banjarnegara nu ngaranna Bono kalayan judul ''“Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara”''. Dina taun 1980-an, éta lagu dipopulerkeun deui ku grup seni calung jeung lawak asal Banyumas, nyaéta Peang Penjol, nu kawilang kasohor di Karesidenan Banyumas dina taun 1970-1980-an.{{fact}}

Ti harita, lolobana masarakat di wewengkon Karesidenan Banyumas mimiti wanoh kana dawet asal Banjarnegara ku sebutan Dawet Ayu. Lirik laguna basajan, nyaritakeun ngeunaan saurang adi nu nanya ka lanceukna rék piknik ka mana, bari ngingetan supaya ulah poho meuli dawet Banjarnegara nu seger, tiis, jeung amis.{{fact}}

Aya deui carita ngeunaan asal-usul ngaran Dawet Ayu. Ahmad Tohari nyebutkeun yén dumasar kana carita turun-tumurun, aya hiji kulawarga nu geus ngajual dawet ti mimiti awal abad ka-20. Dina generasi katiluna, padagang éta dipikawanoh miboga rupa nu geulis.&lt;ref&gt;Tanah Air: [http://tanahair.kompas.com/read/2011/09/10/18393123/Dawet.Ayu.Segarnya.Urbanisasi.Nusantara Dawet Ayu Segarnya Urbanisasi Nusantara ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403044005/http://tanahair.kompas.com/read/2011/09/10/18393123/Dawet.Ayu.Segarnya.Urbanisasi.Nusantara |date=2017-04-03 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku sabab kitu, dawet nu dijualna ku masarakat tuluy disebut dawet ayu.{{fact}}

Katerangan Ahmad Tohari saluyu jeung pamadegan salah saurang tokoh masarakat Banyumas, nyaéta Kiai Haji Khatibul Umam Wiranu. Numutkeun Wiranu, ngaran dawet ayu asalna tina nu dagang dawet nu ngaranna Munardjo. Pamajikanana dipikawanoh geulis, ku kituna dawet nu dijualna disebut dawet ayu. Kiwari, pamajikan Munardjo disebutkeun masih kénéh hirup sarta cicing di Kalurahan Rejasa, Banjarnegara.{{fact}}

== Cara nyieun ==
Pikeun nyieun inuman tradisional khas Banjarnegara ieu, aya sababaraha léngkah nu kudu dipigawé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Aurora|date=2025-07-04|title=Cara Membuat Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara|url=https://www.haloniaga.com/cara-membuat-dawet-ayu-banjarnegara/|website=HaloNiaga|language=en-US|access-date=2026-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nyieun candil dawet ===

# Siapkeun wadah, tuluy campurkeun 100 gram tipung béas jeung 50 gram tipung tapioka. Tambahkeun 50 ml cai, tuluy aduk nepi ka adonan jadi lemes sarta teu aya deui butiran kasar.
# Pikeun ngahasilkeun seungit has jeung warna héjo, tambahkeun hiji séndok téh pasta pandan. Lamun teu aya, bisa diganti ku pewarna héjo alami séjén.
# Sanggeus éta, adonan disaring sangkan téksturna leuwih lemes. Léngkah ieu penting supaya hasil ahirna karasa leuwih leueur jeung kenyal waktu didahar.
# Kulub 1 liter cai nepi ka ngagolak. Sanggeus ngagolak, leutikkeun seuneu tuluy tuang adonan saeutik-saeutik bari terus diaduk supaya teu ngagumpal.
# Antosan nepi ka adonan jadi kandel jeung ngabentuk butiran leutik. Sanggeus éta, angkat tuluy asupkeun kana cai tiis atawa cai és supaya prosés asakna eureun sarta téksturna tetep kenyal.

=== Nyieun cai gula beureum ===

# Campurkeun 250 gram gula beureum jeung 250 ml cai, tuluy aduk nepi ka gulana leyur sampurna.
# Sanggeus éta, saring cairanana pikeun miceun kokotor atawa ampas nu kari. Léngkah ieu ngabantu ngahasilkeun sirop nu leuwih beresih jeung hérang.
# Panaskeun deui larutan gula nepi ka ngagolak sarta rada ngental. Prosés ieu ngajadikeun sirop leuwih kentel jeung bisa disimpen leuwih lila.
# Lamun geus ngahontal kandel nu dipikahayang, angkat tina kompor tuluy antosan nepi ka tiis saméméh dipaké.

=== Nyieun cipati ===

# Siapkeun hiji kalapa ngora, tuluy parut dagingna sarta peres nepi ka ngahasilkeun kira-kira 200 ml santan kandel.
# Panaskeun santan sakeudeung nepi ka ampir ngagolak supaya leuwih awét jeung teu gampang haseum. Ulah direbus lila teuing sangkan santanna teu peupeus.
# Sanggeus éta, antosan santan nepi ka tiis saméméh dituangkeun minangka pelengkap dawet.
'''Panyajian'''

# Siapkeun gelas pikeun nyajikeun, tuluy tuang larutan gula beureum sacukupna minangka lapisan handap.
# Sanggeus éta, tambahkeun dawet nu saméméhna geus direndem dina cai és kana gelas.
# Tuluy siram ku santan kandel nepi ka rata.
# Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara siap dihidangkeun dina kaayaan tiis supaya rasana leuwih nyegerkeun.

== Bédana jeng anu di Jepara ==
Lamun és dawet Jepara ngagunakeun aci kawung, Dawet Ayu khas Banjarnegara rada béda sabab ngagunakeun campuran tipung béas jeung tipung béas ketan.{{fact}}

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Es Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara Jawa Tengah.jpg|al=Seorang pedagang dawet ayu|Nu icalan dawet ayu.
File:Es Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara.jpg|al=Dawet ayu nu dijieun tina cendol, beras, cipati, gula, jeung es|Dawet ayu nu dijieun tina cendol, beras, cipati, gula, jeung es.
File:Es Dawet Cekek Banjarnegara.jpg|Es Dawet Ayu Banjarnegara persi Cekek
File: Penjual Dawet Ayu Pasar Sumpiuh (Stasiun Sumpiuh).jpg | Roda motor dawet ayu di Banjarnegara
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==

[[Category:WikiMaknyus]]
[[Category:WikiMaknyus Banjarnegara]]</text>
      <sha1>fdjphxzo049rpah7ucl16pankoemlcb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muru'ah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709348</id>
      <parentid>709332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3581" sha1="ov3s3c5jnkrwti4uimfbemc3b1gm108" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#228B22; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Muru'ah&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(مروءة)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Hartosna
| Ngajaga Harga Diri / Kahormatan
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Lawanna
| Khariqul Muru'ah (Ngaruksak Adab)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan
| [[Kategori:Akhlak mahmudah|Akhlak Mahmudah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Ruang Lingkup
| Ucapan, Paripolah, sarta Pakéan
|}

'''Muru'ah''' (basa Arab: '''مروءة''', diartoskeun ogé salaku ''ksatria'' atanapi ''keperwiraan'') nyaéta sipat rohani sarta peta lampah pikeun salawasna ngajaga kahormatan diri, harga diri, komara, sarta martabat salaku manusa sarta hamba Allah SWT. Muru'ah mangrupa salasahiji tihang utama dina [[Kategori:Akhlak mahmudah|Akhlak Mahmudah]] anu ngajaga jalma tina sagala rupa kalakuan anu teu pantes atanapi nembongkeun kahinaan.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakékat sarta Tingkatan Muru'ah ==
Dina élmu [[Tasawuf]] sarta Adab Islam, Muru'ah téh sanés ngan saukur pamer gengsi dunya, tapi mangrupa kasadaran jero pikeun salawasna hiber dina kahadéan. Para ulama ngabagi Muru'ah kana tilu tingkatan utama:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumiddin''.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Muru'ah ka Diri Sorangan:''' Ngajaga adab sarta kasucian diri nalika keur sorangan (teu aya batur anu ningali), ku cara tetep takwa sarta nebihan [[Maksiat]].
# '''Muru'ah ka Papada Mahluk:''' Nemboonkeun budi pekerti anu [[mulya]], [[jujur]], teu ménta-ménta, [[soméah]] ka batur, sarta nebihan paripolah anu bisa ngaganggu ketentraman umum.
# '''Muru'ah ka Gusti Allah SWT:''' Rasa éra di payuneun Allah sahingga moal bakal ngalakukeun perkara anu dilarang ku Mantenna, sarta ngarasa [[Pakarir]] (butuh) ngan ka Allah wungkul.

== Perkara anu Ngaruksak Muru'ah ==
Dina élmu [[fikih]] sarta hadis, jalma anu kaleungitan sipat muru'ah disebut miboga cacat ''Khariqul Muru'ah''. Upami muru'ah saurang jalma parantos ruksak, mangka kasaksianana dina urusan hukum atanapi riwayat hadis bisa ditolak. Conto perkara anu ngaruksak muru'ah di antarana:
* Ménta-ménta atawa ngemis ka mahluk kusabab miboga sipat [[Tamah]] (sarakah).
* Midangkeun gaya hirup anu kaleuleuwihi ([[Israf]]) atanapi sabalikna, nembongkeun aurat sarta dangdanan anu teu pantes dumasar kana urf (adat kabiasaan anu bener).
* Ngobrolkeun kagoréngan batur (ghibah) sarta heureuy anu kaleuleuwihi dugi ka ngaleungitkeun komara diri.

== Sawangan Spiritual sarta Hubunganna sareng Ikhlas ==
Dina jihat spiritual, Muru'ah mangrupa taméng mutlak sangkan iman tetep murni.
* Ngajaga tina Fitnah Dunya: Jalma anu miboga sipat muru'ah bakal tapis dina milari rejeki. Dina ngokolakeun tatanén atanapi usaha, manéhna moal bakal daék nipu timbangan atanapi ngalakukeun cara-cara anu hina, sabab manéhna ngajaga kahormatan usahana supados tetep barokah.
* Ngarojong [[Ikhlas]]: Muru'ah ngajarkeun manusa sangkan henteu &quot;ngadagangkeun&quot; harga dirina demi puji manusa. Nalika urang ibadah sarta miboga muru'ah, urang ngalakukeunana kalayan bener sabab ngarasa éra ka Allah, sanés karana hayang katingal mulya di panon batur.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak mahmudah]]
[[Kategori:Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>ov3s3c5jnkrwti4uimfbemc3b1gm108</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Perang Pataruman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709345</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T13:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jieun artikel anyar ngeunaan Perang Pataruman dumasar kana naskah Kidung Lakbok 1956, nyambung ka Tarumanagara.</comment>
      <origin>709345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3127" sha1="jeqh38hsu3qafbyck1x6qb057049qfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox perang
| ngaran = Perang Pataruman
| bagian_tina = Ragragna [[Tarumanagara]]
| tanggal = Abad ka-7 Masehi
| tempat = [[Pataruman]], Kokoplak, [[Lakbok]]
| hasil = [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] lebur, janten [[Rawa Lakbok]]
| pihak1 = [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]]
| pihak2 = [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]
}}

'''Perang Pataruman''' nyaéta perang sadulur antara [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] anu lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman (ayeuna Kacamatan [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]]) saatos ragragna [[Tarumanagara]], dumasar kana naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 4-5, 12, 14, 16-17, 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Latar Tukang ==
Saatos [[Tarumanagara]] ragrag dina abad ka-7 Masehi, wewengkon Lakbok (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]) janten bagian tina [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]. Naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun yén Bandjarpatroman mangrupikeun nagara anu makmur, dikepung ku gunung-gunung, sareng subur. Nanging, konflik timbul nalika dua penguasa, nyaéta [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] sareng [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]], anu kacaritakeun salaku dulur, '''paséwot''' ngarebut kakawasaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;/&gt;

== Jalan Carita Perang ==
Dina pupuh 4 ''Kidung Lakbok'' disebatkeun:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Pamali tarung djeung dulur, matak paanggang pakaja, Sang Ratu Inggeung Buana, ngadu rosa djeung rakana, parebut-dajeuh Patroman, Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Perang lumangsung di sababaraha tempat, di antarana [[Pataruman]], [[Kokoplak]], sareng [[Lakbok]]. Perang ieu lumangsung sengit sareng nyababkeun seueur karuksakan. Dina pupuh 12, kacaritakeun kaduhung saatos perang:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Kaduhung tarung djeung dulur, rebut balung tanpa eusi, nu puguh onar ka batur, matak era ka tatangga, napasu nu matak kaduhung, badan anu katempuhan, lebur adjur tutumpuran, nagri ruksak ku sorangan.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Akibat ==
Akibat tina perang ieu, [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] lebur sareng robah janten [[Rawa Lakbok]]. Ratu Agung Tambakbaja &quot;kabawa kunu ngahijang&quot; (pupuh 20), sedengkeun Ratu Inggeung Buana ngungsi ka [[Gunung Sangkur]] (pupuh 14).&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;/&gt;

Dina pupuh 16 digambarkeun akibat anu langkung ageung:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Reup angkeub bumi djeung langit, gunung rugrug laut motah, lini teu aja eureuna, galindeng sora kawahan, hawar-hawar kabujutan, njaksian supata déwa.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tinggalan ==
Tinggalan tina perang ieu di antarana nami-nami tempat anu aya hubunganana sareng kajadian perang, sapertos:
- [[Pataruman]] (tempat tarung utama)
- [[Gunung Sangkur]] (tempat ngungsi Ratu Inggeung Buana)
- [[Batulawang]] (tempat &quot;ngawangwang&quot; atanapi ningali ka Bandjarpatroman)
- [[Rawa Lakbok]] (bekas Karajaan Bandjarpatroman)

== Tingali ogé ==
- [[Tarumanagara]]
- [[Kidung Lakbok]]
- [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]
- [[Rawa Lakbok]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 4-5, 12, 14, 16-17, 20.
* Artikel [[Tarumanagara]] di Wikipédia Sunda.

[[Kategori:Perang di Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]]
[[Kategori:Kota Banjar]]</text>
      <sha1>jeqh38hsu3qafbyck1x6qb057049qfu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709354</id>
      <parentid>709345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabenerkeun rujukan: ngahapus sumber sirkular (artikel Wikipédia), nambihan infobox, sareng nyaluyukeun tanggal dumasar kana Kidung Lakbok.</comment>
      <origin>709354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3595" sha1="4f6bb5oxw3wb4d8ul9m2qh1vbm7h5li" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox perang
| ngaran = Perang Pataruman
| bagian_tina = Ragragna [[Tarumanagara]] numutkeun ''Kidung Lakbok''
| tanggal = Numutkeun ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'', abad ka-7 Masehi
| tempat = [[Pataruman]], [[Kokoplak]], [[Lakbok]]
| hasil = [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] lebur, janten [[Rawa Lakbok]]
| pihak1 = [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]]
| pihak2 = [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]
}}

'''Perang Pataruman''' nyaéta perang sadulur antara [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] anu lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman (ayeuna Kacamatan [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]]) saatos ragragna [[Tarumanagara]], dumasar kana naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 4-5, 12, 14, 16-17, 20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fokusjabar&quot;&gt;Irfansyah Riza. &quot;Situs Cagar Budaya Kokoplak Banjar Butuh Perhatian dan Sentuhan Pemerintah&quot;. ''Fokus Jabar'', 3 Februari 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Latar Tukang ==
Saatos [[Tarumanagara]] ragrag dina abad ka-7 Masehi, wewengkon Lakbok (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]) janten bagian tina [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]. Naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun yén Bandjarpatroman mangrupikeun nagara anu makmur, dikepung ku gunung-gunung, sareng subur. Nanging, konflik timbul nalika dua penguasa, nyaéta [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] sareng [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]], anu kacaritakeun salaku dulur, '''paséwot''' ngarebut kakawasaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;/&gt;

== Jalan Carita Perang ==
Dina pupuh 4 ''Kidung Lakbok'' disebatkeun:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Pamali tarung djeung dulur, matak paanggang pakaja, Sang Ratu Inggeung Buana, ngadu rosa djeung rakana, parebut-dajeuh Patroman, Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Perang lumangsung di sababaraha tempat, di antarana [[Pataruman]], [[Kokoplak]], sareng [[Lakbok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kokoplak&quot;&gt;Artikel [[Kokoplak]] di Wikipédia Sunda.&lt;/ref&gt; Perang ieu lumangsung sengit sareng nyababkeun seueur karuksakan. Dina pupuh 12, kacaritakeun kaduhung saatos perang:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Kaduhung tarung djeung dulur, rebut balung tanpa eusi, nu puguh onar ka batur, matak era ka tatangga, napasu nu matak kaduhung, badan anu katempuhan, lebur adjur tutumpuran, nagri ruksak ku sorangan.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Akibat ==
Akibat tina perang ieu, [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] lebur sareng robah janten [[Rawa Lakbok]]. Ratu Agung Tambakbaja &quot;kabawa kunu ngahijang&quot; (pupuh 20), sedengkeun Ratu Inggeung Buana ngungsi ka [[Gunung Sangkur]] (pupuh 14).&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;/&gt;

Dina pupuh 16 digambarkeun akibat anu langkung ageung:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Reup angkeub bumi djeung langit, gunung rugrug laut motah, lini teu aja eureuna, galindeng sora kawahan, hawar-hawar kabujutan, njaksian supata déwa.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Tinggalan ==
Tinggalan tina perang ieu di antarana nami-nami tempat anu aya hubunganana sareng kajadian perang, sapertos:
- [[Pataruman]] (tempat tarung utama)
- [[Kokoplak]] (tempat perang, ayeuna situs cagar budaya)&lt;ref name=&quot;fokusjabar&quot;/&gt;
- [[Gunung Sangkur]] (tempat ngungsi Ratu Inggeung Buana)
- [[Batulawang]] (tempat &quot;ngawangwang&quot; atanapi ningali ka Bandjarpatroman)
- [[Rawa Lakbok]] (bekas Karajaan Bandjarpatroman)

== Tingali ogé ==
- [[Tarumanagara]]
- [[Kidung Lakbok]]
- [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]
- [[Rawa Lakbok]]
- [[Kokoplak]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 4-5, 12, 14, 16-17, 20.
* Irfansyah Riza. &quot;Situs Cagar Budaya Kokoplak Banjar Butuh Perhatian dan Sentuhan Pemerintah&quot;. ''Fokus Jabar'', 3 Februari 2025.

[[Kategori:Perang di Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]]
[[Kategori:Kota Banjar]]</text>
      <sha1>4f6bb5oxw3wb4d8ul9m2qh1vbm7h5li</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kadzib</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709347</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3518" sha1="idmom9rxi2486bcfxex4ly496xnk7dr" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#fff5f5; border:1px solid #c00; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#4A0E17; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Kadzib&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(كذب)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Hartosna
| Bohong / Dusta / Cidra
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Lawanna
| [[Sidik]] (Jujur / Leres)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan
| [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Akhlak Madzmumah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Tanda Utama
| Munafik
|}

'''Kadzib''' (basa Arab: '''كذب''') nyaéta sipat, ucapan, atanapi tindakan anu teu luyu sareng kanyataan anu sabenerna (bohong/dusta). Kadzib mangrupa salah sahiji panyakit ati anu paling bahaya dina [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Akhlak Madzmumah]] sarta janten ciciren utama tina sipat [[munafék]].&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakékat sarta Bahaya Kadzib ==
Dina ajaran [[Islam]], kadzib sanés ngan saukur dosa tina lisan, tapi mangrupa tanda ruksakna rohani di jero ati. Rasulullah SAW parantos ngingetkeun yén bohong téh bakal mawa jalma kana kagoréngan, sarta kagoréngan bakal nungtun jalma kana naraka.

Para ulama ngabagi akibat goréng tina kadzib kana sababaraha perkara:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumiddin''.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Ngaruksak Kapercayaan (Kapercayaan):''' Jalma anu sakali ngalakukeun kadzib, mangka kahormatan sarta [[Muru'ah]] dirina bakal ruksak, sahingga ucapanna moal deui dipercaya ku batur sanajan nyarita bener.
# '''Cicirén [[Munafék|Munafik]]:''' Sakumaha hadis nabi, salasahiji tanda jalma munafik téh nyaéta *&quot;Upami nyarita manéhna bohong (kadzib)&quot;*.
# '''Ngaruntuhkeun Berkah Rejeki:''' Dina urusan tatanén, padagangan, atanapi bisnis, marketing anu dibarengan ku kadzib (misalna nipu timbangan, bohong ngeunaan kualitas barang atanapi pakan) bakal ngaleungitkeun barokah tina hasil usahana.

== Dadasar Naqli ==
Ancaman pikeun jalma anu miboga sipat kadzib kaunggel dina Al-Qur'an Surat [[Surah An-Nahl|An-Nahl]] ayat 105:

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ ۖ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَاذِبُونَ'''&lt;/p&gt;

{{quote|text=&quot;Saéstuna anu nyieun-nyieun kabohongan (kadzib) téh nyaéta jalma-jalma anu teu ariman kana ayat-ayat Allah; sarta maranéhna pisan jalma-jalma anu tukang bohong.&quot;|sign=QS. An-Nahl: 105}}

== Sawangan Spiritual: Hubungan Kadzib sareng Ikhlas ==
Dina jihat [[Tauhid|tauhid]] sarta hakekat spiritual, kadzib téh sabenerna mangrupa buah tina sipat-sipat madzmumah sanésna saperti [[Tamah]] (hawek) sarta sieun kaleungitan dunya.
* Teu Yakin kana Aturan Allah: Jalma ngalakukeun kadzib kusabab manéhna ngarasa yén ku cara jujur dirina bakal rugi. Manéhna poho yén Allah téh Nu Maha Ningali sarta Nu Maha Ngatur rejeki.
* Karuksakan [[Ikhlas]]: Ikhlas téh dasarna nyaéta kasucian niat (murni karana Allah). Nalika hiji hamba parantos biasa ngalakukeun kadzib ka papada manusa, mangka laun-laun manéhna bakal kadzib ka dirina sorangan sarta kadzib dina ibadahna ([[riya]]/pamér), sahingga ibadahna robah janten palsu.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>idmom9rxi2486bcfxex4ly496xnk7dr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709349</id>
      <parentid>709347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:09:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>709349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3543" sha1="dr28ennh7f3dkmpzv8ofg86o26qz4pv" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#fff5f5; border:1px solid #c00; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#4A0E17; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Kadzib&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(كذب)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Hartosna
| Bohong / Dusta / Cidra
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Lawanna
| [[Sidik]] (Jujur / Leres)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan
| [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Akhlak Madzmumah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Tanda Utama
| Munafik
|}

'''Kadzib''' (basa Arab: '''كذب''') nyaéta sipat, ucapan, atanapi tindakan anu teu luyu sareng kanyataan anu sabenerna (bohong/dusta). Kadzib mangrupa salah sahiji panyakit ati anu paling bahaya dina [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Akhlak Madzmumah]] sarta janten ciciren utama tina sipat [[munafék]].&lt;ref&gt;Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad. ''At-Ta'rifat''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakékat sarta Bahaya Kadzib ==
Dina ajaran [[Islam]], kadzib sanés ngan saukur dosa tina lisan, tapi mangrupa tanda ruksakna rohani di jero ati. Rasulullah SAW parantos ngingetkeun yén bohong téh bakal mawa jalma kana kagoréngan, sarta kagoréngan bakal nungtun jalma kana naraka.

Para ulama ngabagi akibat goréng tina kadzib kana sababaraha perkara:&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumiddin''.&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Ngaruksak Kapercayaan (Kapercayaan):''' Jalma anu sakali ngalakukeun kadzib, mangka kahormatan sarta [[Muru'ah]] dirina bakal ruksak, sahingga ucapanna moal deui dipercaya ku batur sanajan nyarita bener.
# '''Cicirén [[Munafék|Munafik]]:''' Sakumaha hadis nabi, salasahiji tanda jalma munafik téh nyaéta *&quot;Upami nyarita manéhna bohong (kadzib)&quot;*.
# '''Ngaruntuhkeun Berkah Rejeki:''' Dina urusan tatanén, padagangan, atanapi bisnis, marketing anu dibarengan ku kadzib (misalna nipu timbangan, bohong ngeunaan kualitas barang atanapi pakan) bakal ngaleungitkeun barokah tina hasil usahana.

== Dadasar Naqli ==
Ancaman pikeun jalma anu miboga sipat kadzib kaunggel dina Al-Qur'an Surat [[Surah An-Nahl|An-Nahl]] ayat 105:

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ ۖ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَاذِبُونَ'''&lt;/p&gt;

{{quote|text=&quot;Saéstuna anu nyieun-nyieun kabohongan (kadzib) téh nyaéta jalma-jalma anu teu ariman kana ayat-ayat Allah; sarta maranéhna pisan jalma-jalma anu tukang bohong.&quot;|sign=QS. An-Nahl: 105}}

== Sawangan Spiritual: Hubungan Kadzib sareng Ikhlas ==
Dina jihat [[Tauhid|tauhid]] sarta hakekat spiritual, kadzib téh sabenerna mangrupa buah tina sipat-sipat madzmumah sanésna saperti [[Tamah]] (hawek) sarta sieun kaleungitan dunya.
* Teu Yakin kana Aturan Allah: Jalma ngalakukeun kadzib kusabab manéhna ngarasa yén ku cara jujur dirina bakal rugi. Manéhna poho yén Allah téh Nu Maha Ningali sarta Nu Maha Ngatur rejeki.
* Karuksakan [[Ikhlas]]: Ikhlas téh dasarna nyaéta kasucian niat (murni karana Allah). Nalika hiji hamba parantos biasa ngalakukeun kadzib ka papada manusa, mangka laun-laun manéhna bakal kadzib ka dirina sorangan sarta kadzib dina ibadahna ([[riya]]/pamér), sahingga ibadahna robah janten palsu.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. ''Madarijus Salikin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sipat awon dina Islam}}
[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>dr28ennh7f3dkmpzv8ofg86o26qz4pv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kécap (bohong)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108534</id>
    <redirect title="Kadzib" />
    <revision>
      <id>709350</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:11:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mindahkeun ka [[Kadzib]]</comment>
      <origin>709350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="4ksj9fo39rqdxkz9rdysqy470eh1inc" xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Kadzib]]</text>
      <sha1>4ksj9fo39rqdxkz9rdysqy470eh1inc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kokoplak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709353</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-16T14:36:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar: Situs Kokoplak, situs cagar budaya di Kota Banjar. Dumasar Kidung Lakbok 1956 sareng 6 sumber berita/akademik 2015-2025</comment>
      <origin>709353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3131" sha1="5g80p576ts5h93jowi1vx2m0al86zxk" xml:space="preserve">'''Kokoplak''' nyaéta salah sahiji situs cagar budaya di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]], anu patali jeung sajarah [[Perang Pataruman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956.

== Dina Kidung Lakbok ==
Dina pupuh 5-7 ''Kidung Lakbok'' disebatkeun:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Silih sUrung di tjikawung, silih dupak di Kokoplak, silih sered di Kawasen&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Ieu nunjukkeun yén Kokoplak mangrupikeun salah sahiji medan perang antara [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung1956&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 5-6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Situs Cagar Budaya Embah Dalem Adipati Tambakbaya ==
Situs ieu sacara resmi dingaranan '''Situs Cagar Budaya Embah Dalem Adipati Tambakbaya''', tapi leuwih dikenal ku masarakat salaku '''Situs Kokoplak'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;fokusjabar&quot;&gt;Irfansyah Riza. &quot;Situs Cagar Budaya Kokoplak Banjar Butuh Perhatian dan Sentuhan Pemerintah&quot;. ''Fokus Jabar'', 3 Februari 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokasina aya di Dusun Pananjung, Kelurahan Sinartanjung/Desa Mulyasari, Kacamatan [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], lega ±1 héktare.&lt;ref name=&quot;swara&quot;&gt;Swara. &quot;Cagar Budaya Situs Kokoplak Akan di Rehabilitasi Pemdes Sinar Tanjung Kota Banjar Jabar&quot;. ''Swarajabbarnews.com'', 15 Desember 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
Situs ieu perenahna teu jauh ti [[Sungai Citanduy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kabarpriangan&quot;&gt;D. Iwan. &quot;Dua Pemburu Biawak di Kawasan Keramat Kokoplak Banjar Tenggelam Saat Menyeberangi Sungai Citanduy&quot;. ''Kabar Priangan'', 19 Januari 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Numutkeun sumber lokal, situs ieu patali jeung makam '''Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II''' alias Dalem Tambakbaya, tokoh abad ka-17 anu dipikawanoh salaku pelopor pertanian tambak di kawasan Liunggunung.&lt;ref name=&quot;fokusjabar&quot;/&gt; Situs ieu kerap dikunjungi peziarah ti luar daerah pikeun menta berkah usaha sareng jabatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan2015&quot;&gt;Eva Latifah. &quot;Aroma Kemenyan di Situs Kokoplak Banjar&quot;. ''Harapan Rakyat'', 25 Januari 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuncen jeung Tradisi Lisan ==
Dina Juni 2020, kuncen situs nyaéta '''Bapa Siram''' (80 taun), warga Dusun Pananjung Barat, Desa Sinar Tanjung.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan2020&quot;&gt;Ngadimin. &quot;Adipati Tambak Baya dan Asal-usul Nama Desa di Kota Banjar&quot;. ''Harapan Rakyat'', 10 Juni 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
Numutkeun anjeunna, kecap &quot;Galuh&quot; hartina ''uluh, weruh sedurung winara'', atawa dina basa Arab ''ma'rifat''.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan2020&quot;/&gt;
Konon, wilayah Kokoplak duluna mangrupa wilayah anu dipimpin ku Adipati Tambak Baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan2020&quot;/&gt;

== Rehabilitasi jeung Fungsi Ayeuna ==
Dina Désémber 2021, [[Pamaréntah Désa]] Sinar Tanjung ngarencanakeun rehabilitasi sareng perbaikan jalan di lingkungan situs.&lt;ref name=&quot;swara&quot;/&gt;
Situs Kokoplak ogé tos dipaké salaku sumber belajar sejarah lokal ku [[SMKN 2 Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unigal&quot;&gt;Sholihah, Salma Rahmillah. &quot;Pemanfaatan Situs Kokoplak Sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah&quot;. Skripsi, Universitas Galuh, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Perang Pataruman]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Pataruman]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Tempat di Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Situs cagar budaya di Jawa Barat]]
[[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]]</text>
      <sha1>5g80p576ts5h93jowi1vx2m0al86zxk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bal'an</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709358</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T00:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabaladah</comment>
      <origin>709358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4752" sha1="5c819gsh8zg7fr4l8dzjxpv11fz9wvx" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#fff5f5; border:1px solid #c00; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#5C0612; color:white; padding:0.4em;&quot; | Bal'am bin Ba'ura&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(بلعم بن باعوراء)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Tokoh Jaman
| Nabi Musa AS
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Kaistiméwaan Awal
| Ulama, Doana Mustajab
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Sabab Ragrag
| [[Tamah]] (Harta/Dunya) sarta Nafsu
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Golongan Artikel
| [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Ibarah Akhlak Madzmumah]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#eee;&quot; | Siloka dina Al-Qur'an
| Saperti Anjing anu Ngunghak
|}

'''Bal'an bin Ba'ura''' (basa Arab: '''بلعم بن باعوراء''', dina basa Sunda sering disebat atanapi diéjah '''Bal'an''') nyaéta saurang ulama, ahli ibadah, sarta tokoh kaagamaan ti [[bani Israil]] dina jaman [[Nabi Musa|Nabi Musa AS]]1. Anjeunna kawentar salaku jalma anu miboga élmu anu kacida jerona, terang kana ''Ismullah al-A'dzam'' (nami Allah anu agung), sarta miboga karamah dimana unggal doana salawasna dikabulkeun (mustajab). Nanging, sajarahna janten simbul sarta ibarah (palajaran) anu pikasieuneun ngeunaan saurang ahli élmu anu mutuskeun pikeun [[murtad]] tina bebeneran sarta biluk kana kabatilan demi ngudag harta sarta kasenangan dunya.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Thabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Carita sarta Katunggalian/Karuksakan Nasib Bal'an ==
Nalika Raja Jabbarin (kaum anu zalim) perang ngalawan Nabi Musa AS sarta kaumna, para pamingpin kaum [[Zhalim|zalim]] éta sumping ka Bal'an. Maranéhna nyuhunkeun supados Bal'an ngadoakeun kagoréngan sarta karuksakan pikeun Nabi Musa AS sarta pasukanna, bari nyandak rupa-rupa hadiah, harta, sarta jangji kalungguhan anu méwah (Sipat [[Tamah]] sarta bogoh dunya).

Tadina, Bal'an nolak sabab anjeunna terang yén [[Nabi Musa]] téh utusan Allah sarta dijaga ku para malaikat. Nanging, alatan gogoda pamajikanana sarta rupa-rupa pangolo harta dunya anu ngagunung, haté Bal'an mimiti luntur. Sipat ''Wara'''' sarta kaikhlasanana kabur, digentos ku [[Tamah|hawek]]. Antukna, Bal'an angkat ka luhur gunung sarta ngadoakeun kagoréngan pikeun Nabi Musa AS sarta pasukanna.&lt;ref&gt;Ibnu Katsir. ''Qashash al-Anbiya'' (Kisah Para Nabi).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Balukar sarta Azab tina Sipat Madzmumah ==
Karamah sarta kaajaiban anu aya dina diri Bal'an malik janten mamala (tamiang meulit ka bitis). Nalika anjeunna nyoba ngadoakeun kagoréngan pikeun pasukan Nabi Musa, lisan Bal'an kalakah ngucapkeun doa sabalikna: ngadoakeun kaunggulan pikeun Nabi Musa sarta ngadoakeun kahinaan pikeun kaumna sorangan. 

Sajaba ti éta, Allah SWT langsung nyabut sakabéh élmu, darajat spiritual, sarta kaimanan tina diri Bal'an. Anjeunna maot dina kaayaan su'ul khatimah (tungtung hirup anu goréng) sarta kaleungitan dunya sarta ahératna.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Ghazali, Imam. ''Ihya Ulumiddin''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siloka dina Al-Qur'an ==
Kisah Bal'an ieu diabadikeun dina Al-Qur'an Surat Al-A'raf ayat 175-176 salaku siloka pikeun jalma-jalma anu miboga élmu tapi kalahka nuturkeun hawa nafsuna. Allah SWT mapandepkeun (mengumpamakan) Bal'an saperti anjing:

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;'''...فَمَثَلُهُ كَمَثَلِ الْكَلْبِ إِن تَحْمِلْ عَلَيْهِ يَلْهَثْ أَوْ تَتْرُكْهُ يَلْهَث...'''&lt;/p&gt;

{{quote|text=&quot;...Mangka silokana (jalma éta) téh saperti anjing, lamun anjeun ngusirna manéhna ngunghak (ngalélkeun létahna), sarta lamun anjeun ngantepna manéhna tetep ngunghak...&quot;|sign=QS. [[Surah Al-A'raf|Al-A'raf]]: 176}}

== Sawangan Spiritual sarta Hakekat &quot;Pakarir&quot;/Sumerah ==
Dina tingkatan tauhid , kisah Bal'an téh mangrupa pépéling anu kacida jeronna:
* Kagagalan dina [[Ma'rifatullah|Ma'rifat]]: Bal'an kagungan élmu anu luhur, tapi élmuna ngan saukur aya dina lisan sarta otak, henteu nyerep janten rasa Pakarir (butuh sarta sumerah) di payuneun Allah. Nalika dodoja dunya (harta) sumping, manéhna poho yén sakabéh élmuna téh ukur titipan.
* Buah tina [[Akhlak Mazmumah|Akhlak Madzmumah]]: Ragragna Bal'an disababkeun ku gabungan panyakit ati saperti [[Tamah]] (sarakah), [[Kadzib]] (ngabohongan bebeneran), sarta poho kana hakekat [[Ikhlas]]. Ieu ngabuktikeun yén sanajan ibadahna ngagunung, lamun akhlak madzmumah henteu diberesihan ngaliwatan prosés ''Takhalli'', mangka éta amal téh bisa hapa sarta ngancurkeun dirina sorangan.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah]]
[[Kategori:Kisah dina Al-Qur'an]]
[[Kategori:Istilah Islam]]</text>
      <sha1>5c819gsh8zg7fr4l8dzjxpv11fz9wvx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Batu Peti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709362</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T01:14:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngajieun artikel Anyar Batu Peti dumasar naskah Kidung Lakbok jeung sumber berita</comment>
      <origin>709362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3090" sha1="oyfy37lbcff10tn4uwvceu2s3010z6n" xml:space="preserve">'''Batu Peti''' nyaéta ngaran batu alam jeung tempat wisata anu aya di Désa Sukamukti, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Ngaran ieu asalna tina naskah Sunda kuna ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'', sarta ayeuna dipikawanoh ogé salaku ''Eco Wisata Batu Peti''.

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar kana naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' kaca 9, bait 21, kacatet:&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Batu peti nu kiwari, Batu karut nu kapungkur&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Hartina:
* '''Batu Peti''': Lambang wadah atawa tempat nyimpen amanat, élmu, jeung carita karuhun nu kudu dijaga nepi ka kiwari.
* '''Batu Karut''': Saksi bisu tina kajadian gedé nu geus kaliwat, sapertos jaman [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]].

Loba masarakat nu salah maca jadi &quot;Batu Petir&quot; alatan kamiripan bentuk hurup dina naskah Sunda kuna. Ngan tina naskah asli, nu bener nyaéta &quot;Batu Peti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Wisata Batu Peti Kiwari ==
Saprak 2024-2025, lokasi Batu Peti dimekarkeun jadi daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]]. Wisata ieu ngagabungkeun wisata cai jeung alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/12/liburan-akhir-tahun-wisata-batu-peti-kota-banjar-mulai-jadi-daya-tarik-wisatawan/ | title=Liburan Akhir Tahun, Wisata Batu Peti Kota Banjar Mulai Jadi Daya Tarik Wisatawan | work=Harapan Rakyat | date=26 Désémber 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha wahana nu aya di antarana:
* Bebek-bebekan jeung parahu cai di situ
* Flying fox jeung wahana outbound
* Saung jeung tempat istirahat kulawarga

Wisata ieu jadi rame utamana pas libur Lebaran 2025. Kurang leuwih 500 wisatawan kacatet nganjang ti H+1 Lebaran, kalayan rata-rata 100 wisatawan per poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://galuh.id/libur-lebaran-2025-wisata-batu-peti-jadi-primadona-baru-di-kota-banjar/ | title=Libur Lebaran 2025, Wisata Batu Peti Jadi Primadona Baru di Kota Banjar | work=Galuh.ID | date=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga tikét wahana bebek gowes nyaéta Rp10.000 per jalma, sedengkeun asup ka kawasan wisata masih gratis.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, warga jeung Bhabinkamtibmas Désa Sukamukti rutin ngalakonan gotong royong pikeun ngaberesihan jeung ngajaga lingkungan wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2271422-bhabinkamtibmas-sukamukti-bersama-warga-benahi-eco-wisata-batu-peti-perkuat-gotong-royong-desa | title=Bhabinkamtibmas Sukamukti Bersama Warga Benahi Eco Wisata Batu Peti, Perkuat Gotong Royong Desa | publisher=Humas Polri | date=6 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Resmi ==
Batu Peti geus kadaptar dina Sistem Informasi Data Pariwisata Nasional (SISPARNA) Kementerian Pariwisata Républik Indonesia salaku salah sahiji daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://sisparnas.kemenpar.go.id/p/76476 | title=Batu Peti - Atraksi Pariwisata di Kota Banjar | publisher=SISPARNA Kemenparekraf RI | access-date=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Sajarah Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oyfy37lbcff10tn4uwvceu2s3010z6n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709364</id>
      <parentid>709362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T01:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Benerkeun format tanggal rujukan SISPARNA</comment>
      <origin>709364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3098" sha1="p3cruowbuzs51k7mcqlwrfiee6pmn07" xml:space="preserve">'''Batu Peti''' nyaéta ngaran batu alam jeung tempat wisata anu aya di Désa Sukamukti, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Ngaran ieu asalna tina naskah Sunda kuna ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'', sarta ayeuna dipikawanoh ogé salaku ''Eco Wisata Batu Peti''.

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar kana naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' kaca 9, bait 21, kacatet:&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Batu peti nu kiwari, Batu karut nu kapungkur&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Hartina:
* '''Batu Peti''': Lambang wadah atawa tempat nyimpen amanat, élmu, jeung carita karuhun nu kudu dijaga nepi ka kiwari.
* '''Batu Karut''': Saksi bisu tina kajadian gedé nu geus kaliwat, sapertos jaman [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]].

Loba masarakat nu salah maca jadi &quot;Batu Petir&quot; alatan kamiripan bentuk hurup dina naskah Sunda kuna. Ngan tina naskah asli, nu bener nyaéta &quot;Batu Peti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Wisata Batu Peti Kiwari ==
Saprak 2024-2025, lokasi Batu Peti dimekarkeun jadi daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]]. Wisata ieu ngagabungkeun wisata cai jeung alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/12/liburan-akhir-tahun-wisata-batu-peti-kota-banjar-mulai-jadi-daya-tarik-wisatawan/ | title=Liburan Akhir Tahun, Wisata Batu Peti Kota Banjar Mulai Jadi Daya Tarik Wisatawan | work=Harapan Rakyat | date=26 Désémber 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha wahana nu aya di antarana:
* Bebek-bebekan jeung parahu cai di situ
* Flying fox jeung wahana outbound
* Saung jeung tempat istirahat kulawarga

Wisata ieu jadi rame utamana pas libur Lebaran 2025. Kurang leuwih 500 wisatawan kacatet nganjang ti H+1 Lebaran, kalayan rata-rata 100 wisatawan per poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://galuh.id/libur-lebaran-2025-wisata-batu-peti-jadi-primadona-baru-di-kota-banjar/ | title=Libur Lebaran 2025, Wisata Batu Peti Jadi Primadona Baru di Kota Banjar | work=Galuh.ID | date=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga tikét wahana bebek gowes nyaéta Rp10.000 per jalma, sedengkeun asup ka kawasan wisata masih gratis.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, warga jeung Bhabinkamtibmas Désa Sukamukti rutin ngalakonan gotong royong pikeun ngaberesihan jeung ngajaga lingkungan wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2271422-bhabinkamtibmas-sukamukti-bersama-warga-benahi-eco-wisata-batu-peti-perkuat-gotong-royong-desa | title=Bhabinkamtibmas Sukamukti Bersama Warga Benahi Eco Wisata Batu Peti, Perkuat Gotong Royong Desa | publisher=Humas Polri | date=6 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Resmi ==
Batu Peti geus kadaptar dina Sistem Informasi Data Pariwisata Nasional (SISPARNA) Kementerian Pariwisata Républik Indonesia salaku salah sahiji daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://sisparnas.kemenpar.go.id/p/76476 | title=Batu Peti - Atraksi Pariwisata di Kota Banjar | publisher=SISPARNA Kemenparekraf RI | access-date=17 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Sajarah Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p3cruowbuzs51k7mcqlwrfiee6pmn07</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709370</id>
      <parentid>709364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T03:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sajarah */</comment>
      <origin>709370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3237" sha1="6e0rupgiovhx3l7q3qoeunyw7o3eraf" xml:space="preserve">'''Batu Peti''' nyaéta ngaran batu alam jeung tempat wisata anu aya di Désa Sukamukti, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Ngaran ieu asalna tina naskah Sunda kuna ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'', sarta ayeuna dipikawanoh ogé salaku ''Eco Wisata Batu Peti''.

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar kana naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' kaca 9, bait 21, kacatet:&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Batu peti nu kiwari, Batu karut nu kapungkur&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


[[File:Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif Batu Peti 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif di Batu Peti, 2009]]

Hartina:
* '''Batu Peti''': Lambang wadah atawa tempat nyimpen amanat, élmu, jeung carita karuhun nu kudu dijaga nepi ka kiwari.
* '''Batu Karut''': Saksi bisu tina kajadian gedé nu geus kaliwat, sapertos jaman [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]].

Loba masarakat nu salah maca jadi &quot;Batu Petir&quot; alatan kamiripan bentuk hurup dina naskah Sunda kuna. Ngan tina naskah asli, nu bener nyaéta &quot;Batu Peti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Wisata Batu Peti Kiwari ==
Saprak 2024-2025, lokasi Batu Peti dimekarkeun jadi daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]]. Wisata ieu ngagabungkeun wisata cai jeung alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/12/liburan-akhir-tahun-wisata-batu-peti-kota-banjar-mulai-jadi-daya-tarik-wisatawan/ | title=Liburan Akhir Tahun, Wisata Batu Peti Kota Banjar Mulai Jadi Daya Tarik Wisatawan | work=Harapan Rakyat | date=26 Désémber 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha wahana nu aya di antarana:
* Bebek-bebekan jeung parahu cai di situ
* Flying fox jeung wahana outbound
* Saung jeung tempat istirahat kulawarga

Wisata ieu jadi rame utamana pas libur Lebaran 2025. Kurang leuwih 500 wisatawan kacatet nganjang ti H+1 Lebaran, kalayan rata-rata 100 wisatawan per poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://galuh.id/libur-lebaran-2025-wisata-batu-peti-jadi-primadona-baru-di-kota-banjar/ | title=Libur Lebaran 2025, Wisata Batu Peti Jadi Primadona Baru di Kota Banjar | work=Galuh.ID | date=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga tikét wahana bebek gowes nyaéta Rp10.000 per jalma, sedengkeun asup ka kawasan wisata masih gratis.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, warga jeung Bhabinkamtibmas Désa Sukamukti rutin ngalakonan gotong royong pikeun ngaberesihan jeung ngajaga lingkungan wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2271422-bhabinkamtibmas-sukamukti-bersama-warga-benahi-eco-wisata-batu-peti-perkuat-gotong-royong-desa | title=Bhabinkamtibmas Sukamukti Bersama Warga Benahi Eco Wisata Batu Peti, Perkuat Gotong Royong Desa | publisher=Humas Polri | date=6 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Resmi ==
Batu Peti geus kadaptar dina Sistem Informasi Data Pariwisata Nasional (SISPARNA) Kementerian Pariwisata Républik Indonesia salaku salah sahiji daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://sisparnas.kemenpar.go.id/p/76476 | title=Batu Peti - Atraksi Pariwisata di Kota Banjar | publisher=SISPARNA Kemenparekraf RI | access-date=17 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Sajarah Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6e0rupgiovhx3l7q3qoeunyw7o3eraf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709377</id>
      <parentid>709370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T05:01:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nambah poto plang cagar budaya</comment>
      <origin>709377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3338" sha1="fed33bp6nazzd490vwiqm423ggmi8k9" xml:space="preserve">'''Batu Peti''' nyaéta ngaran batu alam jeung tempat wisata anu aya di Désa Sukamukti, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Ngaran ieu asalna tina naskah Sunda kuna ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'', sarta ayeuna dipikawanoh ogé salaku ''Eco Wisata Batu Peti''.

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar kana naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' kaca 9, bait 21, kacatet:&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Batu peti nu kiwari, Batu karut nu kapungkur&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


[[File:Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif Batu Peti 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif di Batu Peti, 2009]]

Hartina:
* '''Batu Peti''': Lambang wadah atawa tempat nyimpen amanat, élmu, jeung carita karuhun nu kudu dijaga nepi ka kiwari.
* '''Batu Karut''': Saksi bisu tina kajadian gedé nu geus kaliwat, sapertos jaman [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]].

Loba masarakat nu salah maca jadi &quot;Batu Petir&quot; alatan kamiripan bentuk hurup dina naskah Sunda kuna. Ngan tina naskah asli, nu bener nyaéta &quot;Batu Peti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Wisata Batu Peti Kiwari ==
Saprak 2024-2025, lokasi Batu Peti dimekarkeun jadi daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]]. Wisata ieu ngagabungkeun wisata cai jeung alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/12/liburan-akhir-tahun-wisata-batu-peti-kota-banjar-mulai-jadi-daya-tarik-wisatawan/ | title=Liburan Akhir Tahun, Wisata Batu Peti Kota Banjar Mulai Jadi Daya Tarik Wisatawan | work=Harapan Rakyat | date=26 Désémber 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha wahana nu aya di antarana:
* Bebek-bebekan jeung parahu cai di situ
* Flying fox jeung wahana outbound
* Saung jeung tempat istirahat kulawarga

Wisata ieu jadi rame utamana pas libur Lebaran 2025. Kurang leuwih 500 wisatawan kacatet nganjang ti H+1 Lebaran, kalayan rata-rata 100 wisatawan per poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://galuh.id/libur-lebaran-2025-wisata-batu-peti-jadi-primadona-baru-di-kota-banjar/ | title=Libur Lebaran 2025, Wisata Batu Peti Jadi Primadona Baru di Kota Banjar | work=Galuh.ID | date=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga tikét wahana bebek gowes nyaéta Rp10.000 per jalma, sedengkeun asup ka kawasan wisata masih gratis.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, warga jeung Bhabinkamtibmas Désa Sukamukti rutin ngalakonan gotong royong pikeun ngaberesihan jeung ngajaga lingkungan wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2271422-bhabinkamtibmas-sukamukti-bersama-warga-benahi-eco-wisata-batu-peti-perkuat-gotong-royong-desa | title=Bhabinkamtibmas Sukamukti Bersama Warga Benahi Eco Wisata Batu Peti, Perkuat Gotong Royong Desa | publisher=Humas Polri | date=6 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Resmi ==
[[File:Plang Situs Cagar Budaya Batu Peti.jpg|thumb|220px|Plang resmi Situs Cagar Budaya Batu Peti]]
Batu Peti geus kadaptar dina Sistem Informasi Data Pariwisata Nasional (SISPARNA) Kementerian Pariwisata Républik Indonesia salaku salah sahiji daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://sisparnas.kemenpar.go.id/p/76476 | title=Batu Peti - Atraksi Pariwisata di Kota Banjar | publisher=SISPARNA Kemenparekraf RI | access-date=17 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Sajarah Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fed33bp6nazzd490vwiqm423ggmi8k9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709379</id>
      <parentid>709377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T05:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nambah poto asli jeung katerangan galeri</comment>
      <origin>709379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3548" sha1="75m1tlrk1m20hh8qi6faceg6vhgx6mo" xml:space="preserve">'''Batu Peti''' nyaéta ngaran batu alam jeung tempat wisata anu aya di Désa Sukamukti, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Ngaran ieu asalna tina naskah Sunda kuna ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'', sarta ayeuna dipikawanoh ogé salaku ''Eco Wisata Batu Peti''.

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar kana naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' kaca 9, bait 21, kacatet:&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Batu peti nu kiwari, Batu karut nu kapungkur&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


[[File:Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif Batu Peti 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif di Batu Peti, 2009]]

Hartina:
* '''Batu Peti''': Lambang wadah atawa tempat nyimpen amanat, élmu, jeung carita karuhun nu kudu dijaga nepi ka kiwari.
* '''Batu Karut''': Saksi bisu tina kajadian gedé nu geus kaliwat, sapertos jaman [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]].

Loba masarakat nu salah maca jadi &quot;Batu Petir&quot; alatan kamiripan bentuk hurup dina naskah Sunda kuna. Ngan tina naskah asli, nu bener nyaéta &quot;Batu Peti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Wisata Batu Peti Kiwari ==
Saprak 2024-2025, lokasi Batu Peti dimekarkeun jadi daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]]. Wisata ieu ngagabungkeun wisata cai jeung alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/12/liburan-akhir-tahun-wisata-batu-peti-kota-banjar-mulai-jadi-daya-tarik-wisatawan/ | title=Liburan Akhir Tahun, Wisata Batu Peti Kota Banjar Mulai Jadi Daya Tarik Wisatawan | work=Harapan Rakyat | date=26 Désémber 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha wahana nu aya di antarana:
* Bebek-bebekan jeung parahu cai di situ
* Flying fox jeung wahana outbound
* Saung jeung tempat istirahat kulawarga

Wisata ieu jadi rame utamana pas libur Lebaran 2025. Kurang leuwih 500 wisatawan kacatet nganjang ti H+1 Lebaran, kalayan rata-rata 100 wisatawan per poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://galuh.id/libur-lebaran-2025-wisata-batu-peti-jadi-primadona-baru-di-kota-banjar/ | title=Libur Lebaran 2025, Wisata Batu Peti Jadi Primadona Baru di Kota Banjar | work=Galuh.ID | date=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga tikét wahana bebek gowes nyaéta Rp10.000 per jalma, sedengkeun asup ka kawasan wisata masih gratis.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, warga jeung Bhabinkamtibmas Désa Sukamukti rutin ngalakonan gotong royong pikeun ngaberesihan jeung ngajaga lingkungan wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2271422-bhabinkamtibmas-sukamukti-bersama-warga-benahi-eco-wisata-batu-peti-perkuat-gotong-royong-desa | title=Bhabinkamtibmas Sukamukti Bersama Warga Benahi Eco Wisata Batu Peti, Perkuat Gotong Royong Desa | publisher=Humas Polri | date=6 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Resmi ==

Batu Peti geus kadaptar dina Sistem Informasi Data Pariwisata Nasional (SISPARNA) Kementerian Pariwisata Républik Indonesia salaku salah sahiji daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://sisparnas.kemenpar.go.id/p/76476 | title=Batu Peti - Atraksi Pariwisata di Kota Banjar | publisher=SISPARNA Kemenparekraf RI | access-date=17 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plang ieu dipasang di hareupeun situs, sedengkeun batu peti aslina aya di tukangeun plang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;/&gt;

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Batu Peti asli di Kota Banjar.jpg|Batu Peti asli di tukangeun plang cagar budaya
Plang Situs Cagar Budaya Batu Peti.jpg|Plang resmi Situs Cagar Budaya Batu Peti
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Sajarah Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>75m1tlrk1m20hh8qi6faceg6vhgx6mo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709381</id>
      <parentid>709379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T05:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngabenerkeun katerangan: Batu Peti aya 2, arkéologi jeung wisata di Pataruman</comment>
      <origin>709381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3744" sha1="caayk5jp51i31jd1cxlgrysgppjqq6j" xml:space="preserve">'''Batu Peti''' ngarujuk ka dua situs anu béda di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]].

'''1. Situs Batu Peti arkéologi''' nyaéta batu alam anu disebutkeun dina naskah Sunda kuna ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Ieu anu potona aya dina galeri artikel ieu.

'''2. Eco Wisata Batu Peti''' nyaéta tempat wisata anu aya di Désa Sukamukti, Kacamatan Pataruman. Kawasan ieu kadaptar di SISPARNA Kemenparekraf sarta ngawengku Situ Batu Peti jeung Situs Batu Peti (Curug Panganten).

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar kana naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' kaca 9, bait 21, kacatet:&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Batu peti nu kiwari, Batu karut nu kapungkur&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


[[File:Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif Batu Peti 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|Prasasti Program Padat Karya Produktif di Batu Peti, 2009]]

Hartina:
* '''Batu Peti''': Lambang wadah atawa tempat nyimpen amanat, élmu, jeung carita karuhun nu kudu dijaga nepi ka kiwari.
* '''Batu Karut''': Saksi bisu tina kajadian gedé nu geus kaliwat, sapertos jaman [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]].

Loba masarakat nu salah maca jadi &quot;Batu Petir&quot; alatan kamiripan bentuk hurup dina naskah Sunda kuna. Ngan tina naskah asli, nu bener nyaéta &quot;Batu Peti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;

== Wisata Batu Peti Kiwari ==
Saprak 2024-2025, lokasi Batu Peti dimekarkeun jadi daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]]. Wisata ieu ngagabungkeun wisata cai jeung alam.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2024/12/liburan-akhir-tahun-wisata-batu-peti-kota-banjar-mulai-jadi-daya-tarik-wisatawan/ | title=Liburan Akhir Tahun, Wisata Batu Peti Kota Banjar Mulai Jadi Daya Tarik Wisatawan | work=Harapan Rakyat | date=26 Désémber 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababaraha wahana nu aya di antarana:
* Bebek-bebekan jeung parahu cai di situ
* Flying fox jeung wahana outbound
* Saung jeung tempat istirahat kulawarga

Wisata ieu jadi rame utamana pas libur Lebaran 2025. Kurang leuwih 500 wisatawan kacatet nganjang ti H+1 Lebaran, kalayan rata-rata 100 wisatawan per poé.&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://galuh.id/libur-lebaran-2025-wisata-batu-peti-jadi-primadona-baru-di-kota-banjar/ | title=Libur Lebaran 2025, Wisata Batu Peti Jadi Primadona Baru di Kota Banjar | work=Galuh.ID | date=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga tikét wahana bebek gowes nyaéta Rp10.000 per jalma, sedengkeun asup ka kawasan wisata masih gratis.&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;galuh&quot;/&gt;

Sajaba ti éta, warga jeung Bhabinkamtibmas Désa Sukamukti rutin ngalakonan gotong royong pikeun ngaberesihan jeung ngajaga lingkungan wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;polri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2271422-bhabinkamtibmas-sukamukti-bersama-warga-benahi-eco-wisata-batu-peti-perkuat-gotong-royong-desa | title=Bhabinkamtibmas Sukamukti Bersama Warga Benahi Eco Wisata Batu Peti, Perkuat Gotong Royong Desa | publisher=Humas Polri | date=6 Pébruari 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Resmi ==

Batu Peti geus kadaptar dina Sistem Informasi Data Pariwisata Nasional (SISPARNA) Kementerian Pariwisata Républik Indonesia salaku salah sahiji daya tarik wisata di [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://sisparnas.kemenpar.go.id/p/76476 | title=Batu Peti - Atraksi Pariwisata di Kota Banjar | publisher=SISPARNA Kemenparekraf RI | access-date=17 Méi 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plang ieu dipasang di hareupeun situs, sedengkeun batu peti aslina aya di tukangeun plang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sisparna&quot;/&gt;

== Galeri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Batu Peti asli di Kota Banjar.jpg|Batu Peti asli di tukangeun plang cagar budaya
Plang Situs Cagar Budaya Batu Peti.jpg|Plang resmi Situs Cagar Budaya Batu Peti
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Sajarah Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>caayk5jp51i31jd1cxlgrysgppjqq6j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:WikiMaknyus Mataram</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709382</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:10:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OwlyKnight</username>
        <id>32562</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar [[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</comment>
      <origin>709382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="r5hk0bmphn9a5hsylab9kjh84rs74an" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</text>
      <sha1>r5hk0bmphn9a5hsylab9kjh84rs74an</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:WikiMaknyus</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709383</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:11:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OwlyKnight</username>
        <id>32562</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar Halaman meta: [[meta:WikiMaknyus|WikiMaknyus]]</comment>
      <origin>709383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="jptciklaia0a70065w8e0li1052olqd" xml:space="preserve">Halaman meta: [[meta:WikiMaknyus|WikiMaknyus]]</text>
      <sha1>jptciklaia0a70065w8e0li1052olqd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:WikiMaknyus Manado</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709385</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:15:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OwlyKnight</username>
        <id>32562</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar [[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</comment>
      <origin>709385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="r5hk0bmphn9a5hsylab9kjh84rs74an" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</text>
      <sha1>r5hk0bmphn9a5hsylab9kjh84rs74an</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:WikiMaknyus Jakarta</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709386</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:15:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OwlyKnight</username>
        <id>32562</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar [[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</comment>
      <origin>709386</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="r5hk0bmphn9a5hsylab9kjh84rs74an" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:WikiMaknyus]]</text>
      <sha1>r5hk0bmphn9a5hsylab9kjh84rs74an</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709387</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:34:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pijri Paijar</username>
        <id>27067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar {{userbox  |border-c=#87CEFA  |id      =[[Gambar:Logo Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0 - Tanpa Tulisan.png|50x50px]]  |id-c    =  |id-op   =font-size:xx-large;  |info    =Ieu pamaké téh '''Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 {{{1}}}''' nu lumangsung ping {{{2}}}.  |info-c  =  |info-fc =darkblue  |info-s  =8 }} &lt;includeonly&gt;[[Kategori:Pamilon WikiLatih Tasikmalaya{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&amp;nbsp; {{{1}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt; {{Clear}}  ==Pamakéan== Nempatkeun kotak ie...</comment>
      <origin>709387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="670" sha1="cnb9yo6eo07pefkwqt5l0fp1blxhcpf" xml:space="preserve">{{userbox
 |border-c=#87CEFA
 |id      =[[Gambar:Logo Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0 - Tanpa Tulisan.png|50x50px]]
 |id-c    =
 |id-op   =font-size:xx-large;
 |info    =Ieu pamaké téh '''Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 {{{1}}}''' nu lumangsung ping {{{2}}}.
 |info-c  =
 |info-fc =darkblue
 |info-s  =8
}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Kategori:Pamilon WikiLatih Tasikmalaya{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&amp;nbsp; {{{1}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Clear}}

==Pamakéan==
Nempatkeun kotak ieu &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0|Tempat kagiatan|Tanggal kagiatan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; dina kaca pamaké anjeun.
[[Kategori:Citakan pamaké|WikiLatih]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cnb9yo6eo07pefkwqt5l0fp1blxhcpf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709388</id>
      <parentid>709387</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pijri Paijar</username>
        <id>27067</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="680" sha1="15ptknt3f8c1834csnnn2mguck4t1s8" xml:space="preserve">{{userbox
 |border-c=#87CEFA
 |id      =[[Gambar:Logo Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0 - Tanpa Tulisan.png|50x50px]]
 |id-c    =
 |id-op   =font-size:xx-large;
 |info    =Ieu pamaké téh '''Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 {{{1}}}''' nu lumangsung ping {{{2}}}.
 |info-c  =
 |info-fc =darkblue
 |info-s  =8
}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Kategori:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&amp;nbsp; {{{1}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Clear}}

==Pamakéan==
Nempatkeun kotak ieu &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0|Tempat kagiatan|Tanggal kagiatan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; dina kaca pamaké anjeun.
[[Kategori:Citakan pamaké|WikiLatih]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>15ptknt3f8c1834csnnn2mguck4t1s8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709390</id>
      <parentid>709388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pijri Paijar</username>
        <id>27067</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="687" sha1="cag8dvnt4lyenppyvuc8uwh4b33kqcf" xml:space="preserve">{{userbox
 |border-c=#87CEFA
 |id      =[[Gambar:Logo Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0 - Tanpa Tulisan.png|42x42px]]
 |id-c    =
 |id-op   =font-size:xx-large;
 |info    =Ieu pamaké téh '''Pamilon Wikilatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 {{{1}}}''' nu lumangsung ping {{{2}}}.
 |info-c  =
 |info-fc =darkblue
 |info-s  =8
}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Kategori:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&amp;nbsp;tanggal {{{2}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{clear}}

==Pamakéan==
Nempatkeun kotak ieu &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0|Tempat kagiatan|Tanggal kagiatan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; dina kaca pamaké anjeun.
[[Kategori:Citakan pamaké|WikiLatih]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cag8dvnt4lyenppyvuc8uwh4b33kqcf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709391</id>
      <parentid>709390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pijri Paijar</username>
        <id>27067</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pijri Paijar mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:Pamilon Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] ka [[Citakan:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo.</comment>
      <origin>709390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="687" sha1="cag8dvnt4lyenppyvuc8uwh4b33kqcf" xml:space="preserve">{{userbox
 |border-c=#87CEFA
 |id      =[[Gambar:Logo Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0 - Tanpa Tulisan.png|42x42px]]
 |id-c    =
 |id-op   =font-size:xx-large;
 |info    =Ieu pamaké téh '''Pamilon Wikilatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 {{{1}}}''' nu lumangsung ping {{{2}}}.
 |info-c  =
 |info-fc =darkblue
 |info-s  =8
}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Kategori:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&amp;nbsp;tanggal {{{2}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{clear}}

==Pamakéan==
Nempatkeun kotak ieu &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0|Tempat kagiatan|Tanggal kagiatan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; dina kaca pamaké anjeun.
[[Kategori:Citakan pamaké|WikiLatih]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cag8dvnt4lyenppyvuc8uwh4b33kqcf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>709393</id>
      <parentid>709391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pijri Paijar</username>
        <id>27067</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>709393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="687" sha1="5pmhkovs3rwknjnrhk5qo1t1uulp4f7" xml:space="preserve">{{userbox
 |border-c=#87CEFA
 |id      =[[Gambar:Logo Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0 - Tanpa Tulisan.png|42x42px]]
 |id-c    =
 |id-op   =font-size:xx-large;
 |info    =Ieu pamaké téh '''Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 {{{1}}}''' nu lumangsung ping {{{2}}}.
 |info-c  =
 |info-fc =darkblue
 |info-s  =8
}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Kategori:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&amp;nbsp;tanggal {{{2}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{clear}}

==Pamakéan==
Nempatkeun kotak ieu &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0|Tempat kagiatan|Tanggal kagiatan}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; dina kaca pamaké anjeun.
[[Kategori:Citakan pamaké|WikiLatih]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5pmhkovs3rwknjnrhk5qo1t1uulp4f7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Pamilon Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108543</id>
    <redirect title="Citakan:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0" />
    <revision>
      <id>709392</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T06:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pijri Paijar</username>
        <id>27067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pijri Paijar mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:Pamilon Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] ka [[Citakan:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo.</comment>
      <origin>709392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57" sha1="jx4bn22w0kzzah3t1yjfeke625gwbm5" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Citakan:Pamilon WikiLatih Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]]</text>
      <sha1>jx4bn22w0kzzah3t1yjfeke625gwbm5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SMKN 2 Banjar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709394</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T07:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun artikel anyar SMKN 2 Banjar dumasar data resmi Kemendikdasmen, Pemkot Banjar</comment>
      <origin>709394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2268" sha1="0ivbu92u07nnplqn67avoequoqrnwn1" xml:space="preserve">'''SMKN 2 Banjar''' nyaéta Sakola Menengah Kejuruan Negeri anu aya di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Sakola ieu miboga Nomor Pokok Sakola Nasional (NPSN) 20229665 sarta geus kacatet sacara resmi dina data [[Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah|Kemendikdasmen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikdasmen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/snpmb/site/sekolah?npsn=20229665 | title=SMKN 2 Banjar - Data SPMB | publisher=Kemendikdasmen | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah jeung Identitas ==
SMKN 2 Banjar mangrupa sakola negeri kalayan status [[akreditasi]] '''A''' dumasar SK BAN-SM No. 137/BAN-SM/SK/2021, anu berlaku dugi ka 12 Juni 2026. Kapala sakolana ayeuna nyaéta Nunung Erni Nuraeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikdasmen&quot;/&gt;

Sakola ieu beralamat di Jalan Raya Banjar–Ciamis, Dusun Cipadung RT 5 RW 4, Kelurahan Purwaharja, Kacamatan Purwaharja, [[Kota Banjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;peta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.petapendidikan.com/sekolah/20229665 | title=SMKN 2 Banjar | publisher=PetaPendidikan.com | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun data taun 2022, SMKN 2 Banjar gaduh 1.646 siswa, 54 rombongan belajar, sareng 129 guru sareng tenaga kependidikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;berita&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://banjarkota.go.id/umum/peresmian-gedung-pusat-keunggulan-kuliner-smkn-2-banjar/ | title=Peresmian Gedung Pusat Keunggulan Kuliner SMKN 2 Banjar | publisher=Pemerintah Kota Banjar | date=31 Januari 2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fasilitas jeung Program Keahlian ==
Dina 31 Januari 2024, SMKN 2 Banjar ngaresmikeun '''Gedung Pusat Keunggulan Kuliner''' ku Wakil Wali Kota Banjar, Dr. H. Taj Wahidin Hidayat. Gedung ieu diwangun pikeun ngadukung program keahlian kuliner, ngalatih siswa supados siap damel di dunya pariwisata sareng kuliner.&lt;ref name=&quot;berita&quot;/&gt;

== Peran dina Pendidikan Lokal ==
Sajaba ti kagiatan sakola, SMKN 2 Banjar ogé ngamangpaatkeun Situs Cagar Budaya [[Kokoplak]] salaku sumber diajar sajarah lokal pikeun siswa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kokoplak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoplak | title=Kokoplak - Wikipédia Sunda | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Sakola di Jawa Barat]]
[[Kategori:Kota Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Sakola Menengah Kejuruan di Indonesia]]</text>
      <sha1>0ivbu92u07nnplqn67avoequoqrnwn1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Mitologi Sunda</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>108545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709397</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T07:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun kaca kategori Mitologi Sunda</comment>
      <origin>709397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137" sha1="053dwjls8z302pvo84sj2x157yue6bv" xml:space="preserve">Kategori ieu ngumpulkeun artikel-artikel anu aya hubunganana jeung '''Mitologi Sunda'''.

[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Mitologi]]</text>
      <sha1>053dwjls8z302pvo84sj2x157yue6bv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mitologi Sunda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709398</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T07:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun artikel Mitologi Sunda</comment>
      <origin>709398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3129" sha1="c5mlkjd4jhju5ys712bl5x8duarzjm6" xml:space="preserve">'''Mitologi Sunda''' nyaéta kumpulan carita, kapercayaan, jeung legenda tradisional masarakat Sunda ngeunaan asal-usul alam, déwa-déwi, karajaan gaib, karuhun, jeung mahluk halus. Mitologi ieu diturunkeun sacara lisan sarta kacatet dina naskah-naskah kuno sapertos [[Kidung Lakbok]] jeung [[Pantun Sunda]].

== Ciri jeung Sumber ==
Mitologi Sunda miboga ciri has di antarana:
* '''Latar supernatural''': Aya carita ngeunaan karajaan gaib, tokoh mistis, jeung entitas penjaga alam sapertos dina carita [[Pulo Majeti]].
* '''Patali jeung tempat nyata''': Loba carita anu dikaitkeun sareng lokasi anu aya di Jawa Kulon, sapertos [[Rawa Lakbok]], [[Pulo Majeti]], [[Kokoplak]], sareng [[Gunung Sangkur]].
* '''Sumber lisan jeung tulisan''': Carita diturunkeun turun-temurun, teras aya anu kacatet dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] anu disimpen di Wikisource Sunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://su.wikisource.org/wiki/Kidung_Lakbok | title=Kidung Lakbok | publisher=Wikisource Sunda | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tokoh jeung Carita Utama ==
Sababaraha tokoh sareng carita anu kasohor dina Mitologi Sunda nyaéta:
* '''[[Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri]]''': Déwi padi sareng kasuburan, pusat mitos tatanén Sunda.
* '''[[Prabu Siliwangi]]''': Raja legendaris Karajaan Sunda Pajajaran anu sering disebut dina pantun.
* '''[[Lutung Kasarung]]''': Carita rakyat ngeunaan pangeran anu dikutuk janten lutung.
* '''[[Sangkuriang]]''': Mitos asal-usul [[Gunung Tangkuban Parahu]].
* '''[[Nyi Roro Kidul]]''': Ratu Laut Kidul anu dipercaya ku masarakat Sunda sareng Jawa.
* '''Raja Onom jeung Ratu Inggeung Tambakbaya''': Tokoh dina carita [[Pulo Majeti]] anu pakait sareng [[Rawa Lakbok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kumparan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://kumparan.com/berita-misteri/misteri-pulo-majeti-bagian-1 | title=Misteri Pulo Majeti Bagian 1 | publisher=Kumparan | date=16 Agustus 2017 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hubungan jeung Adat jeung Situs Budaya ==
Mitologi Sunda masih hirup dina kagiatan adat masarakat. Contona:
* '''[[Hajat Bumi]]''' atanapi '''Seba Hasil Bumi''' anu dilaksanakeun di [[Pulo Majeti]] unggal taun ku Pamaréntah Kota Banjar sareng warga satempat.&lt;ref name=&quot;banjar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://banjarkota.go.id/gelar-budaya-seba-hasil-bumi-hajat-pulo-majeti/ | title=Gelar Budaya Seba Hasil Bumi Hajat Pulo Majeti | publisher=Pemerintah Kota Banjar | date=2 Juli 2022 | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Situs Kokoplak]]''': Situs cagar budaya anu disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] salaku medan perang, ayeuna dipaké salaku sumber diajar sajarah lokal ku [[SMKN 2 Banjar]].

== Pentingna ==
Mitologi Sunda sanés ukur carita baheula, tapi mangrupikeun bagian tina [[Warisan budaya teu wujud]] anu ngajaga identitas, nilai moral, sareng hubungan masarakat sareng alam. Ku sabab éta, mitologi ieu sering dipaké dina pendidikan sajarah lokal di sakola-sakola di Jawa Kulon.

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]
* [[Pulo Majeti]]
* [[Kokoplak]]
* [[Hajat Bumi]]
* [[Sunda Wiwitan]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Mitologi Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Warisan budaya teu wujud]]</text>
      <sha1>c5mlkjd4jhju5ys712bl5x8duarzjm6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709399</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun artikel Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri</comment>
      <origin>709399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1317" sha1="ev5oe6535obvyc6z97w7u8jkhzj6yez" xml:space="preserve">'''Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri''' nyaéta déwi padi sareng kasuburan dina [[Mitologi Sunda]]. Manéhna dipikawanoh salaku pusat mitos tatanén masarakat Sunda sareng dianggap sumber asal-usul tutuwuhan padi.

== Mitos asal-usul ==
Dina carita rakyat Sunda, Sanghyang Sri dicaritakeun asalna tina jenazah putri déwa anu dikurbankeun pikeun nyalametkeun kahirupan manusa tina kalaparan. Tina awakna tumuwuh sagala rupa pepelakan, khususna padi. Carita ieu mirip sareng mitos [[Déwi Sri]] dina budaya [[Jawa]] jeung [[Bali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dunia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.duniadongeng.com/nyai-pohaci-sanghyang-sri/ | title=Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri | publisher=Dunia Dongeng | access-date=2026-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Peran dina budaya Sunda ==
Sanghyang Sri mangrupikeun simbol kasuburan, karaharjaan, sareng karukunan masarakat tatanén. Loba upacara adat Sunda anu patali jeung manéhna, sapertos:
* '''[[Seren Taun]]''': Upacara syukur panén padi.
* '''Ngaseuk''' jeung '''Nandur''': Ritual sateuacan melak padi.

Ngaran &quot;Pohaci&quot; hartina &quot;anu dipikacinta&quot; atanapi &quot;anu dipuja&quot;, nuduhkeun hormat anu jero ka manéhna.

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Mitologi Sunda]]
* [[Déwi Sri]]
* [[Seren Taun]]
* [[Sunda Wiwitan]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Mitologi Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Dewa Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]</text>
      <sha1>ev5oe6535obvyc6z97w7u8jkhzj6yez</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sungai Citanduy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>709406</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T08:56:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nyieun artikel Sungai Citanduy</comment>
      <origin>709406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1020" sha1="j3x0nnf250it7ghtvhtxo6sbey8tla0" xml:space="preserve">'''Sungai Citanduy''' nyaéta walungan pangpanjangna di Priangan Wétan, ngalir ngawatesan Propinsi Jawa Barat jeung Jawa Tengah. Walungan ieu mangrupa salah sahiji DAS utama di Jawa Kulon.

== Géografi ==
Sungai Citanduy ngalir ti hulu di pagunungan Priangan Wétan, ngaliwatan Kabupatén Ciamis, Kota Banjar, jeung Kabupatén Cilacap. Walungan ieu ahirna bermuara di Samudra Hindia. 

Kota Banjar jeung situs cagar budaya Kokoplak ayana henteu jauh ti aliran walungan ieu.

== Fungsi ==
Sungai Citanduy boga peran penting pikeun:
* **Irigasi**: Ngairigan sawah-sawah di wewengkon Ciamis, Banjar, jeung Cilacap.
* **Transportasi**: Dina jaman baheula, walungan ieu dipaké pikeun ngangkut hasil bumi.
* **Ekonomi**: Sumber lauk, pasir, jeung cai pikeun masarakat sapanjang aliran.

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]
* [[Kabupatén Cilacap]]
* [[Kokoplak]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat]]
[[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Géografi Priangan]]</text>
      <sha1>j3x0nnf250it7ghtvhtxo6sbey8tla0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsjalave</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108549</id>
    <redirect title="Lakbok" />
    <revision>
      <id>709415</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-17T09:36:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HenriPurwanto</username>
        <id>36661</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jieun alihan. Tsjalave kacatet dina dokumén VOC 1726</comment>
      <origin>709415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16" sha1="84yhx6ckxv5y8agorlpfj5vu4htbrj5" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Lakbok]]</text>
      <sha1>84yhx6ckxv5y8agorlpfj5vu4htbrj5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>