Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1764 709422 709024 2026-05-17T12:07:47Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Dina Sastra */ 709422 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:300px" |+ '''Data Rawa Lakbok''' |- ! Lokasi | [[Lakbok]], [[Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! Legenda | [[Onom]] , [[Ratu Buliger Putih]], [[Soko Galuh]] |- ! Tradisi | [[Ngabubak Lakbok]], [[Wayang Kila]], [[Hajat Bumi]] |- ! Sumber Sastra | [[Kidung Lakbok]] (1956) |} '''''Rawa Lakbok''' nyaéta ngaran hiji [[rawa]] nu aya di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], deukeut wates [[Kota Banjar]] jeung [[Provinsi Jawa Tengah]]. Rawa ieu mangrupa puseur legenda jeung kabudayaan wewengkon Lakbok sarta tempatna [[Pulo Majeti]].<ref>HarapanRakyat.com</ref> == Dina Sastra == Rawa Lakbok jadi latar utama dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' karya [[Ranadjangga Ma'lim]] taun 1956. Dina naskah éta dicaritakeun yén rawa ieu mangrupa tempat asal [[Wayang Kila]] jeung tempat kajadian carita [[Onom]].<ref>Ranadjangga Matim, 1956</ref> == Dina Legenda == Rawa Lakbok dipercaya dijaga ku [[Onom]], Raja Siluman atawa Raja Jin nu ngawasa [[Pulo Majeti]]. Pulo Majeti aya di tengah Rawa Lakbok sarta dianggap karajaan jin nu teu katingali ku panon manusa.<ref>detikJabar</ref><ref>HarapanRakyat.com</ref> == Dina Budaya Ayeuna == Unggal taun, Pamaréntah [[Kota Banjar]] ngayakeun upacara Hajat Bumi atawa Seba Hasil Bumi di Pulo Majeti, Rawa Lakbok minangka wujud ngamumule budaya karuhun jeung ngahormat ka Onom.<ref>banjarkota.go.id 2022</ref><ref>banjarkota.go.id 2023</ref> Rawa Lakbok ogé dieusi ku rupa-rupa spésiés tutuwuhan langka di [[Pulo Jawa]], kayaning ''Ficus retusa'', ''Elaeocarpus littoralis'', ''Nephrolepis radicans'', ''Scirpodendron ghaeri'', ''Floscopa scandens'', ''Stenochlaena palustris'', jeung ''Licuala sp''. == Tempo ogé == * [[Lakbok]] * [[Onom]] * [[Pulo Majeti]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Wayang Kila]] * [[Ngabukbak Lakbok]], [[naskah]] nu nyaritakeun dibukana rawa Lakbok kidul yasana [[R. A. A. Wiratanuningrat]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Rawa di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Mitologi Sunda]] 0xvyqt2irtujvri5540k4knxir18zhy 0 3774 709421 703242 2026-05-17T12:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Oil well3419.jpg|frame|[[Kompa]] minyak konvénsional di [[Sarnia, Ontario]]]] '''Minyak bumi''' atawa '''pétroleum''' (tina [[basa Yunani]] ''petra'' – [[batu]] jeung ''elaion'' atawa [[basa Latin]] ''oleum'' – [[minyak]]), '''minyak atah''' ('''''crude oil'''''), ogé katelah ''emas hideung'', hartina [[cairan]] kentel, warnana kopi atawa semu héjo, nu mangrupa campuran rupa-rupa [[hidrokarbon]], utamana golongan [[alkana]], sarta kandungan lianna nu aya di lapisan luhur dina jero [[kulit bumi|kulit]] [[Bumi]]. Minyak bumi utamana dipaké pikeun [[bahan bakar]] nu penting pisan salaku sumber [[énergi]] ([http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 IEA Key World Energy Statistics]). Minyak bumi ogé mangrupa bahan baku pikeun rupa-rupa produk [[bahan kimia]], di antarana [[pangleyur]], [[pupuk]], [[péstisida]], jeung [[plastik]]. == Formasi == === Téori biogénik === lolobana ahli [[géologi]] menanggap minyak bumi sarupa jeung [[batubara]] sarta [[gas alam]], mangrupa produk [[diagenesis|komprési jeung pamanasan]] [[vegetasi]] kuna sapanjang [[skala waktu géologis]]. Ceuk ieu [[téori]], kabentukna minyak bumi téh tina pasésaan [[sato|sasatoan]] [[laut]] [[prasajarah]] sarta [[tangkal|tutuwuhan]] terestrial. Sapanjan jutaan taun, [[zat]] [[sanyawa organik|organik]] ieu pagalo jeung [[leutak]], sarta kakubur dina lapisan bahan [[sédimén]] nu kandel. [[Panas]] jeung [[tekenan]] nu dihasilkeunana ngabalukarkeun ieu pasésaan téh ngalaman [[métamorposis]], mimiti jadi bahan sarupa lilin nu katelah [[kerogén]], lajeng jadi hidrokarbon cair jeung gas dina prosés nu disebut [[katagenesis]]. Bahan ieu lajeng ngalir ka lapisan batu luhureunana nepi ka antukna kakurung dina [[pori]] batu nu disebut [[reservoir minyak]], nu salajengna digali ku urang salaku lapang minyak. Jerona ieu reservoir antara 150 m nepi ka 5&nbsp;km. <!--Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a rich source rock, a migration conduit, and a trap (seal) that forms the reservoir.The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where kerogen breaks down to oil and natural gas by a large set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. --> === Téori abiogénik === <!--The idea of [[abiogenic petroleum origin]] was championed in the [[Western world]] by [[Thomas Gold]] based on thoughts from [[Russia]], mainly on studies of [[Nikolai Kudryavtsev]]. The idea proposes that large amounts of [[carbon]] exist naturally in the [[planet]], some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous pore fluids, and migrate upward through deep fracture networks. [[extremophile|Thermophilic]], rock-dwelling [[microorganism|microbial life]]-forms are in part responsible for the [[biomarker]]s found in petroleum. However, their role in the formation, alteration, or contamination of the various hydrocarbon deposits is not yet understood{{ref|Kenney2001}}. Thermodynamic calculations{{ref|Kenney2002}} and experimental studies confirm that n-alkanes (common petroleum components) do not spontaneously evolve from [[methane]] at pressures typically found in sedimentary basins, and so the theory of an abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons suggests deep generation (below 200 km) (see results [http://www.gasresources.net/]). As with any petroleum, the idea goes, these hydrocarbons would migrate upwards with methane, sometimes bearing helium and nitrogen and heavy metals. [[Diamondoid]]s are common in oil and gas and its nature probably is related to natural diamonds that come from earth's mantle. The proponents of abiogenic petroleum claim that reserves are never exhausted because they are filled from below. Further evidence, such as the existence of hydrocarbons on planetary bodies (e.g. methane on Titan [http://www.newscientistspace.com/channel/solar-system/cassini-huygens/dn7489-hydrocarbon-volcano-discovered-on-titan.html]) where life has not been found, support this theory. Experiments in 2004, by Henry Scott of the University of Indiana of South Bend and associates, showed that methane could be created from carbon and water at high temperatures and pressures, but Scott states [http://www.homepages.indiana.edu/011405/text/hydrocarbons.shtml] that this not the source of commercial petroleum. Also, the implications of this theory are what have been used to find most of the recent reserves world-wide. Traditional biotic theory only predicts oil in certain rock at a certain depth, but the abiotic theory allows for much more. Reserves in much of Canada, Iran, Kazakhstan, the coast of Vietnam, and virtually all the oil in Russia were found either at depths or in source rock that are incompatible with traditional techniques. In 1985, in Switzerland, Thomas Gold led an experimental drill for oil straight into pure granite, where 12 tonnes [http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&targetRule=10&xml=/news/2004/06/25/db2501.xml] (about 100 barrels) were extracted over five years. --> == Ékstraksi == <!--Generally the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground reservoir. Historically, in the [[USA]] some [[oil field]]s existed where the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been depleted, except for certain remote locations in Alaska. Often many wells (called ''multilateral wells'') will be drilled into the same reservoir, to ensure that the extraction rate will be economically viable. Also, some wells (''secondary wells'') may be used to pump [[water]], [[steam]], [[acid]]s or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate. If the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient, then the oil will be forced to the surface under this pressure. Gaseous fuels or natural gas are usually present, which also supplies needed underground pressure. In this situation it is sufficient to place a complex arrangement of [[valve]]s (the [[Christmas tree (oilfield)|Christmas tree]]) on the [[well head]] to connect the well to a [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] network for storage and processing. This is called primary oil recovery. Usually, only about 20% of the oil in a reservoir can be extracted this way. Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will fall, and at some point there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface. If economical, and it often is, the remaining oil in the well is extracted using secondary oil recovery methods ''(see: [[energy balance]] and [[net energy gain]])''. Secondary oil recovery uses various techniques to aid in recovering oil from depleted or low-pressure reservoirs. Sometimes pumps, such as [[nodding donkey|beam pumps]] and [[Electrical Submersible Pumps|electrical submersible pumps]] (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface. Other secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by [[Water injection (oil production)|water injection]], [[gas reinjection|natural gas reinjection]] and [[Gas Lift|gas lift]], which injects [[Earth's atmosphere|air]], [[carbon dioxide]] or some other gas into the reservoir. Together, primary and secondary recovery allow 25% to 35% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered. Tertiary oil recovery reduces the oil's [[viscosity]] to increase oil production. Tertiary recovery is started when secondary oil recovery techniques are no longer enough to sustain production, but only when the oil can still be extracted [[profit]]ably. This depends on the [[cost]] of the extraction method and the current [[wikinews:price of crude oil|price of crude oil]]. When prices are high, previously unprofitable wells are brought back into production and when they are low, production is curtailed. Thermally-enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil and make it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and is often done with a [[cogeneration]] plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a [[gas turbine]] is used to generate [[electricity]] and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used extensively to increase oil production in the [[San Joaquin Valley]], which has very heavy oil, yet accounts for 10% of the United States' oil production. In-situ [[burn]]ing is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil. Occasionally, [[detergent]]s are also used to decrease oil viscosity. Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered. ===Alternative means of producing oil=== As oil prices continue to escalate, other alternatives to producing oil have been gaining importance. The most viable of these is the coal to oil process, known as the [[Fischer-Tropsch process]], that aims to convert coal into crude oil. It was a concept pioneered in [[Nazi Germany]] when [[import]]s of petroleum were restricted due to war and [[Germany]] found a method to extract oil from coal. It was known as ''Ersatz'' ("substitute" in [[German language|German]]), and accounted for nearly half the total oil used in [[World War II|WWII]] by Germany. However, the process was used only as a last resort as naturally occurring oil was much cheaper. As crude oil prices increase, the cost of coal to oil conversion becomes comparatively cheaper. The method involves converting high ash coal into [[synthetic oil]] in a multistage process. Ideally, a [[ton]] of coal produces nearly 200 [[liter]]s (1.25 bbl) of crude, with [[by-product]]s ranging from tar to [[Abundance of the chemical elements|rare chemicals]]. Currently, two companies have commercialised their Fischer-Tropsch technology. [http://www.shell.com.my/smds Shell] in [[Bintulu]], [[Malaysia]], uses [[natural gas]] as a [[feedstock]], and produces primarily low-[[sulfur]] [[diesel]] fuels. [http://www.sasol.com Sasol] in [[South Africa]] uses coal as a feedstock, and produces a variety of synthetic petroleum products. The process is today used in [[South Africa]] to produce most of the country's [[diesel]] fuel from coal by the company [[Sasol]]. The process was used in South Africa to meet its energy needs during its isolation under [[Apartheid]]. This process has received renewed attention in the quest to produce low [[sulfur]] [[diesel]] fuel in order to minimize [[the environment]]al impact from the use of diesel [[engine]]s. More recently explored is [[Thermal depolymerization]] (TDP). In theory, TDP can convert any organic waste into petroleum. --> == Sajarah == <!--The first [[oil well]]s were drilled in [[China]] in the [[4th century]] or earlier. They had depth of up to 800 feet and were drilled using [[drill bit|bits]] attached to [[bamboo]] poles. The oil was burned to evaporate [[brine]] and produce [[sodium chloride|salt]]. By the [[10th century]], extensive [[bamboo]] pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. Ancient [[Persian Empire|Persian]] tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper echelons of their society. In the [[8th century]], the [[street]]s of the newly-constructed [[Baghdad]] were paved with [[tar]], derived from easily-accessible petroleum from natural fields in the region. In the [[9th century]], oil fields were exploited in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], to produce [[naphtha]]. These fields were described by the [[geographer]] [[Masudi]] in the [[10th century]], and by [[Marco Polo]] in the [[13th century]], who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. ''(See also: [[Timeline of Islamic science and technology]].)'' The [[modern world|modern history]] of oil began in [[1853]], with the discovery of the process of oil distillation. Crude oil was distilled into kerosene by [[Ignacy Lukasiewicz]], a [[Poland|Polish]] [[scientist]]. The first "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") mine was created in [[Bobrka]], near [[Krosno]] in southern [[Poland|Poland]] in the following year and the first [[refinery]] (actually a [[distillery]]) was built in [[Ulaszowice]], also by Lukasiewicz. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and [[Meerzoeff]] built the first Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at [[Baku]] in [[1861]]. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world's oil. The battle of Stalingrad was fought over Baku (now the capital of the Azerbaijan Republic). [[Image:oilfield.jpg|frame|Oil field in [[California]], 1938. The first modern oil well was drilled in [[1848]] by Russian engineer F.N. Semyonov, on the [[Aspheron Peninsula]] north-east of [[Baku]].]] The first commercial oil well drilled in North America was in Oil Springs, [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] in [[1858]], dug by James Miller Williams. The American petroleum [[industry]] began with [[Edwin Drake]]'s discovery of oil in [[1859]], near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]]. The industry grew slowly in the [[1800s]], driven by the demand for [[kerosene]] and [[oil lamp]]s. It became a major [[nation]]al concern in the early part of the [[20th century]]; the introduction of the [[internal combustion engine]] provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Ontario]] were quickly exhausted, leading to "oil booms" in [[Texas]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[California]]. By [[1910]], significant oil fields had been discovered in [[Canada]] (specifically, in the province of [[Alberta]]), the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[1885]], in [[Sumatra]]), [[Persian Empire|Persia]] ([[1908]], in [[Masjed Soleiman]]), [[Peru]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Mexico]], and were being developed at an industrial level. Even until the mid-([[1950s]]), [[coal]] was still the world's foremost fuel, but oil quickly took over. Following the [[1973 energy crisis]] and the [[1979 energy crisis]], there was significant [[media]] coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. At the time, the most common and popular predictions were always quite dire, and when they did not come true, many dismissed all such discussion. The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. ''[[USA Today]]'' news ([[2004]]) reports that there are 40 years of petroleum left in the ground. Some would argue that because the total amount of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the [[1970s]] have merely been postponed. Others argue that technology will continue to allow for the production of cheap hydrocarbons and that the earth has vast sources of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of [[tar sands]], bitumen fields and [[oil shale]] that will allow for petroleum use to continue for an extremely long period in the future, with both the Canadian tar sands and United States shale oil deposits representing potential reserves matching existing liquid petroleum deposits worldwide. Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important [[commodity|commodities]]. Access to it was a major factor in several military conflicts, including World War II and the [[Persian Gulf War]]. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the [[Middle East]], with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: [[Saudi Arabia]] (12.5%), [[UAE]], [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]]. The USA has less than 3%. --> == Balukarna ka lingkungan == <!--The presence of oil has significant [[society|social]] and [[environment]]al impacts, from accidents and routine activities such as [[seismology|seismic]] exploration, drilling, and generation of [[pollution|polluting]] wastes. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although [[John Hunt|Dr. John Hunt]] from [[Woods Hole]] pointed out in a [[1981]] paper that over 70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macroseepages, and many oil fields are found due to natural leaks. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Extraction may involve [[dredging]], which stirs up the [[seabed]], [[kill]]ing the sea plants that marine creatures need to survive. Crude oil and refined fuel spills from [[tanker (ship)|tanker ship]] accidents have damaged fragile [[ecosystem]]s in [[Alaska]], the [[Galapagos Islands]], [[Spain]], and many other places. Burning oil releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to [[global warming]]. Per energy unit, oil produces less [[CO2]] than coal, but more than natural gas. However, oil's unique role as a [[transportation]] fuel makes reducing its CO₂ emissions a particularly thorny problem; amelioration strategies such as [[carbon sequestering]] are generally geared for large [[power plant]]s, not individual tailpipes. [[Renewable energy source]] alternatives do exist, although the degree to which they can replace petroleum and the possible environmental damage they may cause are uncertain and controversial. [[Sun]], [[wind]], [[geothermal]], and other renewable electricity sources cannot directly replace high energy density liquid petroleum for transportation use; instead automobiles and other equipment must be altered to allow using electricity (in [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]) or hydrogen (via [[fuel cell]]s or internal combustion) which can be produced from renewable sources. Other options include using [[biomass]]-origin liquid fuels ([[ethanol]], [[biodiesel]]). Any combination of solutions to replace petroleum as a liquid transportation fuel will be a very large undertaking. ==Future of oil== {{main|Hubbert peak theory}} The [[M. King Hubbert|Hubbert]] peak theory, also known as '''''[[peak oil]]''''', is a theory concerning the long-term rate of production of conventional oil and other fossil fuels. It assumes that [[oil reserves]] are not replenishable (i.e. that abiogenic replenishment is negligible), and predicts that future world oil production must inevitably reach a peak and then decline as these reserves are exhausted. Controversy surrounds the theory, as predictions for when the global peak will actually take place are highly dependent on the past production and discovery data used in the calculation. Proponents of peak oil theory also refer as an example of their theory, that when any given oil well produces oil in similar volumes to the amount of water used to obtain the oil, it tends to produce less oil afterwards, leading to the relatively quick exhaustion and/or commercial unviablility of the well in question. The issue can be considered from the point of view of individual regions or of the world as a whole. Originally [[M. King Hubbert]] noticed that the ''discoveries'' in the United States had peaked in the early 1930s, and concluded that ''production'' would then peak in the early 1970s. His prediction turned out to be correct, and after the US peaked in 1971 - and thus lost its excess production capacity - [[OPEC]] was finally able to manipulate oil prices, which led to the oil crisis in 1973. Since then, most other countries have also peaked: Britain's [[North Sea]], for example in late 1990s. China has confirmed that two of its largest producing regions are in decline, and Mexico's national oil company, [[Pemex]], has announced that [[Cantarell Field]], one of the world's largest offshore fields, is expected to peak in 2006, and then decline 14% per annum. For various reasons (perhaps most importantly the lack of transparency in [[accounting]] of global oil reserves), it is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region. Based on available production data, proponents have previously (and incorrectly) predicted the peak for the world to be in years 1989, 1995, or 1995-2000. However these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s, and the consequent reduction in global consumption, the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years. A new prediction by [[Goldman Sachs]] picks 2007 for oil and some time later for natural gas. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off. One signal is that 2005 saw a dramatic fall in announced new oil projects coming to production from 2008 onwards. Since it takes on average four to six years for a new project to start producing oil, in order to avoid the peak, these new projects would have to not only make up for the depletion of current fields, but increase total production annually to meet increasing demand. 2005 also saw substantial increases in oil prices due to temporary circumstances, which then failed to be controlled by increasing production. The inability to increase production in the short term, indicating a general lack of spare capacity, and the corresponding uncontrolled price fluctuations, can be interpreted as a sign that peak oil has occurred or is presently in the process of occurring. --> == Klasifikasi == <!--The [[oil industry]] classifies "crude" by the location of its origin (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or "Brent") and often by its relative weight ([[API gravity]]) or [[viscosity]] ("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"); refiners may also refer to it as "sweet", which means it contains relatively little [[sulfur]], or as "sour", which means it contains substantial amounts of [[sulfur]] and requires more refining in order to meet current product specifications. The world reference [[barrel (unit)|barrel]]s are: * '''Brent Blend''', comprising 15 oils from fields in the [[Brent oilfield|Brent]] and [[Ninian]] systems in the [[East Shetland Basin]] of the [[North Sea]]. The oil is landed at [[Sullom Voe]] terminal in the [[Shetlands]]. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off the price of this oil, which forms a [[benchmark]]. See also [[Brent crude]]. * [[West Texas Intermediate]] (WTI) for North American oil. * Dubai, used as benchmark for Middle East oil flowing to the [[Asia]]-[[Pacific]] region. * Tapis (from [[Malaysia]], used as a reference for light Far East oil) * Minas (from [[Indonesia]], used as a reference for heavy Far East oil) * The [[OPEC]] Basket consisting of ** Arab Light [[Saudi Arabia]] ** [[Bonny Light]] [[Nigeria]] ** Fateh [[Dubai]] ** Isthmus [[Mexico]] (non-OPEC) ** Minas [[Indonesia]] ** Saharan Blend [[Algeria]] ** Tia Juana Light [[Venezuela]] OPEC attempts to keep the price of the Opec Basket between upper and lower limits, by increasing and decreasing production. This makes the measure important for market analysts. The OPEC Basket, including a mix of light and heavy crudes, is heavier than both Brent and WTI. See also [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ask/crude_types1.html] --> == Harga == <!--[[Image:Gas-hike.jpg|thumb|350px|Overnight gas price hike shown at a Chicago area BP-Amoco station (background). The Shell station (foreground) has not yet posted the 12 cent price hike.]] References to the oil price are usually either references to the [[spot price]] of either WTI/Light Crude as traded on [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] (NYMEX) for delivery in [[Cushing, Oklahoma]]; or the price of Brent as traded on the [[International Petroleum Exchange]] (IPE) for delivery at [[Sullom Voe]]. The price of a barrel of oil is highly dependent on both its grade (which is determined by factors such as its specific gravity or [[application programming interface|API]] and its sulphur content) and location. The vast majority of oil will not be traded on an exchange but on a [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] basis, typically with reference to a marker crude oil grade that is typically quoted via pricing agencies such as [[Argus Media Ltd]] and [[Platts]]. For example in Europe a particular grade of oil, say Fulmar, might be sold at a price of "Brent plus US$0.25/barrel".or as an [[intra-company transaction]]. IPE claim that 65% of traded oil is priced off their Brent benchmarks. Other important benchmarks include Dubai, Tapis, and the OPEC basket. The [[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) uses the Imported Refiner Acquisition Cost, the weighted average cost of all oil imported into the US as their "world oil price". It is often claimed that OPEC sets the oil price and the true cost of a barrel of oil is around $2, which is equivalent to the cost of extraction of a barrel in the Middle East. These estimates of costs ignore the cost of finding and developing oil reserves. Furthermore the important cost as far as price is concerned, is not the price of the cheapest barrel but the cost of producing the marginal barrel. By limiting production OPEC has caused more expensive areas of production such as the North Sea to be developed before the Middle East has been exhausted. OPEC's power is also often overstated. Investing in spare capacity is expensive and the low oil price environment in the late 90s led to cutbacks in investment. This has meant during the oil price rally seen between 2003-2005, OPEC's spare capacity has not been sufficient to stabilise prices. [[Image:Oil Prices Medium Term.png|thumb|300px|Oil prices, 1994-2006 (not adjusted for inflation).]] Oil demand is highly dependent on global macroeconomic conditions, so this is also an important determinant of price. Some economists claim that high oil prices have a large negative impact on the global growth. This means that the relationship between the oil price and global growth is not particularly stable although a high oil price is often thought of as being a late cycle phenomenon. A recent low point was reached in January [[1999]], after increased oil production from Iraq coincided with the [[Asian financial crisis]], which reduced demand. The prices then rapidly increased, more than doubling by September [[2000]], then fell until the end of [[2001]] before steadily increasing, reaching US $40 to US $50 per barrel by September [[2004]]. [http://futures.tradingcharts.com/chart/CO/M] In October 2004, light crude [[futures contract]]s on the NYMEX for November delivery exceeded US $53 per barrel and for December delivery exceeded US $55 per barrel. Crude oil prices surged to a record high above $60 a barrel in June 2005, sustaining a rally built on strong demand for gasoline and diesel and on concerns about refiners' ability to keep up. This trend continued into early [[August]] [[2005]], as NYMEX crude oil futures contracts surged past the $65 mark as consumers kept up the demand for gasoline despite its high price. (see [[Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005]]).) The [[New York Mercantile Exchange]] (NYMEX) trades crude oil (including futures contracts) and provides the basis of US crude oil pricing via WTI (West Texas Intermediate). Other exchanges also trade crude oil futures, eg the [[International Petroleum Exchange]] (IPE) in London trades contracts in Brent crude. Even individuals can now trade crude oil through online trading sites [[margin account]] or their banks through [[structured product]]s indexed on the Commodities markets. [[Image:Oil Prices Short Term.png|thumb|300px|Recent oil prices, 2004-2006]] See also [http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm History and Analysis of Crude Oil Prices] --> == Nagara utama produsén minyak bumi == Sumber: [https://archive.is/20120524123752/www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html Statistika énergi ti Pamaréntah AS] Dumasar produksi taun 2004 (jb/p = ''juta barél per poé''): * [[Arab Saudi]] ([[OPEC]]) - 10.37 jb/p * [[Rusia]] - 9.27 jb/p * [[Amérika Serikat]] ¹ - 8.69 jb/p * [[Iran]] (OPEC) - 4.09 jb/p * [[Méksiko]] ¹ - 3.83 jb/p * [[Cina]] ¹ - 3.62 jb/p * [[Norwégia]] ¹ - 3.18 jb/p * [[Kanada]] ¹ - 3.14 jb/p * [[Vénézuéla]] (OPEC) ¹ - 2.86 jb/p * [[Uni Émirat Arab]] (OPEC) - 2.76 jb/p * [[Kuwait]] (OPEC) - 2.51 jb/p * [[Nigeria]] (OPEC) - 2.51 jb/p * [[Inggris]] ¹ - 2.08 jb/p * [[Irak]] (OPEC) ² - 2.03 jb/p <small>¹ [[Cadangan minyak#Nagara nu geus ngaliwatan puncak produksina|puncak produksi geus kaliwat]]</small> <small>² Najan masih anggota, Irak can kungsi deui dilaporkeun catetan produksina ti 1998</small> Dumasar jumlah nu diékspor taun 2003: * Saudi Arabia (OPEC) * Russia * Norway ¹ * Iran (OPEC) * United Arab Emirates (OPEC) * Venezuela (OPEC) ¹ * Kuwait (OPEC) * Nigeria (OPEC) * Mexico ¹ * Algeria (OPEC) * Libya (OPEC) ¹ <small>¹ [[Cadangan minyak#Nagara nu geus ngaliwatan puncak produksina|puncak produksi geus kaliwat]]</small> Catet yén AS ampir maké sakabéh produksina sorangan, sedengkeun Inggris kiwari geus jadi ''net-importer''. Produksi/konsumsi sadunya (taun [[2005]]) kira 84 juta barél unggal poéna. Baca ogé: [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]]. == Minyak bumi dina taktik militér == <!--* In [[World War 2]] the [[Soviet Union]] sought to protect their [[oil fields]] from falling into the hands of [[Nazi Germany]] at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. * The [[United States]] has a [[strategic oil reserve]] in the event of war or loss of oil supplies. * During the [[Iran-Iraq War]] many nations sent military ships to escort tankers carrying oil. * During the [[Gulf War]], [[Iraq]]'s retreating troops burned [[Kuwait]]'s oil fields in order to give them air cover, to slow the advance of pursuing coalition forces, and to damage the Kuwaiti economy. * During the [[Iraq War]] the United States had military units work to quickly secure oil fields and remove any explosives that Iraq was rumored to have placed on them to be used in the event of an invasion. ==Books about the petroleum industry== * {{Book reference | Author=James Howard Kunstler | Title=The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century | Publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press | Year=2005 | ID=0871138883}} * {{Book reference | Author= C.J. Campbell| Title=The Coming Oil Crisis | Publisher= | Year=2004 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author= Peter Odell| Title=Why Carbon Fuels Will Dominate the 21st Century's Global Energy Economy| Publisher= Multi Science| Year=2004 | ID=0906522226 }} * {{Book reference | Author= | Title=Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil | Publisher= | Year=2004 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author=Amory B. Lovins | Title=Winning the Oil Endgame | Publisher=Rocky Mountain Institute | Year=2004 | ID=1881071103}} * {{Book reference | Author= | Title=Hubbert's Peak : The Impending World Oil Shortage | Publisher= | Year=2003 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author=Vaclav Smil | Title=Energy at the Crossroads : Global Perspectives and Uncertainties | Publisher=The MIT Press | Year=2003 | ID=0262194929}} * {{Book reference | Author=Daniel Yergin | Title=The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power | Publisher=Simon & Schuster | Year=1991 | ID=0671502484}} * {{Book reference | Author=Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum | Title=The American Petroleum Industry: Volume I, The Age of Illumination | Publisher=Northwestern University Press | Year=1959 | ID=}} * {{Book reference | Author=Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gilbert C. Klose | Title=The American Petroleum Industry: Volume II, The Age of Energy | Publisher=Northwestern University Press | Year=1963 | ID=}} ==Films about petroleum== * {{imdb title|id=0299612|title=Burning of the Standard Oil Co.'s Tanks, Bayonne, N.J.}} * {{imdb title|id=0363498|title=California Oil Wells in Operation }} * {{imdb title|id=0222879|title=Canada Strikes Oil: Leduc, Alberta 1947 }} * {{imdb title|id=0446320|title=The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream}} ** http://www.endofsuburbia.com * {{imdb title|id=0063060|title=Hellfighters}} * {{imdb title|id=0386530|title=Incendio del pozo petrolero de Dos Bocas, Veracruz}} * {{imdb title|id=0391235|title=La Industria del Petróleo}} * {{imdb title|id=0172594|title=Industria petrolului }} * {{imdb title|id=0334042|title=Oil - From Fossil to Flame }} * {{imdb title|id=0184795|title=Oil Fires, Their Prevention and Extinguishment}} * {{imdb title|id=0461695|title=Oil Storm }} * {{imdb title|id=0224029|title=Roughnecks: The Story of Oil Drillers }} * {{imdb title|id=0348412|title=Wildcatter: The Story of Texas Oil }} * {{imdb title|id=0104706|title=Lektionen in Finsternis }} * [[Syriana]] * [http://www.archive.org/details/Destinat1956 "Destination Earth"] at the [[Prelinger Archives]] ==Writers covering the petroleum industry== *[[Colin Campbell (geologist)|Colin J. Campbell]] *[[Kenneth S. Deffeyes]] *[[Thomas Gold]] *[[David Goodstein]] *[[Jay Hanson]] *[[Daniel Yergin]] ==Baca ogé== * [[Abiogenic petroleum origin]] * [[List of oil fields]] * [[List of oil-producing states]] * [[List of oil-consuming states]] * [[Oil reserves#Countries that have already passed their production peak|List of Countries that have already passed their production peak]] * [[List of petroleum companies]] * [[Energy crisis]]: [[1973 energy crisis]], [[1979 energy crisis]] * [[Fossil fuel]] * [[Greenhouse gas]]es * [[History of the Petroleum Industry]] * [[Hubbert peak]] (aka peak oil) * [[Future energy development]] * [[1990 spike in the price of oil]] * [[Mineral oil]] * [[Non-conventional oil]] * [[Oil imperialism]] * [[Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005]] * [[Oil refinery]] * [[Oil supplies]] * [[Oil well]] * [[Olduvai theory]] (not strictly about oil, but it basically assumes that oil and gas are the only significant energy sources) * [[Petroleum disaster]]s * [[Petroleum geology]] * [[Petroleum politics]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Soft energy path]] * [[Thermal depolymerization]] * [[Thomas Gold]] --> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Petroleum}} * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html US Energy Information Administration] - Part of the informative website of the US Government's Energy Information Administration. * [http://www.api.org/ American Petroleum Institute] - A site run by the American Petroleum Institute, the trade association of the US oil industry. * [http://www.longemergency.blogspot.com Long Emergency Blog] - A site with Péak Oil news and discussion, regarding how our world will never be the same. * [http://theoildrum.com The Oil Drum] - A Community Discussion about Péak Oil and the Oil Industry. * [http://futures.tradingcharts.com/chart/CO Crude Oil Commodity Charts] - Price charts for crude oil * [http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm Major dates of the Polish petroleum industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519031720/http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm |date=2007-05-19 }} * [http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.] * [http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/11nov/abiogenic.cfm Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)] * [http://www.gasresources.net/Introduction.htm An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.] * [http://www.spe.org/elibinfo/eLibrary_Papers/spe/1982/82UGR/00010836/00010836.htm Unconventional Ideas About Unconventional Gas (Society of Petroleum Engineers)] * [http://www.bp.com/genericsection.do?categoryId=92&contentId=7005893 BP Statistical Revue of World Energy ] * [http://www.oilrocks.com Oil Rocks] * [http://www.peak-oil-crisis.com Peak Oil News and Articles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221151602/http://www.peak-oil-crisis.com/ |date=2006-02-21 }} * [http://www.nymex.com Nymex] - oil trading center of the US * [http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/ Bloomberg Energy Prices] - current prices on world mercantile exchanges * [http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/ Oil Marketer] - oil news and market information * [http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3884623 Oil in troubled waters] - Economist article on investor approaches to oil markets, supply, and future * [http://www.pdvsa.com PDVSA] - The site for the state-owned oil company of Venezuela * [http://www.venezuelanalysis.com venezuelanalysis.com] - A site focusing on developments in Venezuela, with a big emphasis on the oil issue. * [http://www.touchoilandgas.com/ Petroleum industry portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203024633/http://www.touchoilandgas.com/ |date=2006-02-03 }} <!-- ===Articles=== * [http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/articles/v38/oil.html The End of the Age of Oil] - article adapted from a talk by Caltech vice provost and professor of physics [[David Goodstein]] * [http://www.publicintegrity.org/oil/ The Politics of Oil] - A report on the oil industry's influence of lawmakers and public policy by the ''[[Center for Public Integrity]]''. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3953907.stm BBC: Stability fears rise as oil reliance grows] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900148_pf.html Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil] "261 billion barrels in reserve..." * [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,16849-1733893,00.html Lee Raymond of Exxon Mobile believes oil supplies will rise] * [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6&section=0&article=44011&d=29&m=4&y=2004 Known Saudi Arabian Oil Reserves Tripled] * [http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=6110&tabla=miami Pemex's oil estimates double:] Mexican Oil company's estimate of reserves doubled. *''[http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum] {{ref|Kenney2001}}'' *''[http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/11nov/abiogenic.cfm Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)]'' ===Data=== *[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/petroleu.html Department of Energy EIA - World supply and consumption] * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/prices.html US petroleum prices] ===References=== # {{note|Kenney2002}} {{cite journal | author=Kenney, J., Kutcherov, V., Bendeliani, N. and Alekseev, V. | title= The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. | volume=99 | year=2002 | pages=10976-10981 | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/17/10976 }} # {{note|Kenney2001}} {{cite journal | author=Kenney, J., Shnyukov, A., Krayushkin, V., Karpov, I., Kutcherov, V. and Plotnikova, I. | title= Dismissal of the claims of a biological connection for natural petroleum | journal=Energia | volume=22 | issue=3 | year=2001 | pages=26-34}} --> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Minyak]] [[Kategori:Minyak bumi]] 561lp5ux760hoazhsc0sn1nidl5qnzq 0 4504 709439 703917 2026-05-17T17:35:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.2em|Tokyo}} | official_name = Métropolis Tokyo | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{Nihongo2|東京都}}}}}}{{br}}{{Nobold|{{Small|とうきょうと}}}} | settlement_type = Puseur dayeuh jeung Métropolis | image_skyline = {{multiple image | caption_align = center | border = infobox | total_width = 270 | perrow = 1/3/2/2 | image1 = Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg | caption1 = <center>Panorama [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] dan [[Gunung Fuji]]</center> | image2 = Tokyo Sky Tree at night (Iki).JPG | caption2 = <center>[[Tokyo Skytree]]</center> | image3 = Rainbow colored Rainbow Bridge at night.jpg | caption3 = <center>[[Sasak Katumbiri (Tokyo)|Sasak Katumbiri]]</center> | image4 = TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg | caption4 = <center>[[Munara Tokyo]]</center> | image5 = Tokyo Shibuya Scramble Crossing 2018-10-09.jpg | caption5 = <center>[[Simpang Shibuya]]</center> | image6 = Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg | caption6 = <center>[[Gedong Parlemén Jepang]]</center> | image7 = Seimon Ishibashi bridge.jpg | caption7 = <center>[[Istana Kakaisaran Tokyo]]</center> | image8 = Tokyo-STA Marunouchi-Entrance 2023.jpg | caption8 = <center>[[Stasion Tokyo]]</center> }} | image_size = 271px | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Tokyo Prefecture.svg | flag_size = 100px | image_seal = Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg | seal_size = 80px | seal_type = Emblem | image_shield = | image_blank_emblem = PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg | blank_emblem_type = Simbol | blank_emblem_size = 80px | anthem = {{Nihongo|''Lagu Métropolitan Tokyo''|東京都歌|Tōkyō-to Ka}}<ref>{{cite web|language= ja |script-title= ja:東京都歌・市歌 |url= http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/bunka/keishou/tokasika.htm |publisher= Tokyo Metropolitan Government |accessdate= September 17, 2011 |deadurl= yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110911011924/http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/bunka/keishou/tokasika.htm |archivedate= September 11, 2011}}</ref> | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=8|frame-lat=35.68|frame-long=139.41}} | map_caption = Peta Interaktif wilayah Tokyo | image_map1 = Map of Japan with highlight on 13 Tokyo prefecture.svg | map_caption1 = Lokasi Tokyo di Jepang | coordinates = {{coord|35|41|22|N|139|41|30|E|type:adm1st_region:JP-13|display=it}} | subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = {{JPN}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Daptar wilayah di Jepang|Wilayah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Daptar pulo di Jepang|Pulo]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Wilayah Kantō|Kantō]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Honshu]] | seat_type = [[Daptar puseur dayeuh di Jepang|Puseur dayeuh]] | seat = [[Distrik Kota Husus Tokyo|Tokyo]] (de facto; de jure: [[Shinjuku]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi |script-title=ja:東京都の県庁（都庁）所在地について ("On the seat of the prefectural government (Metropolitan government) of Tokyo Metropolis") |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=Mei 11, 2024 |archive-date=Februari 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212173744/https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi |url-status=live }} Distrik khusus Shinjuku adalah [[Daftar ibu kota di Jepang|pusat Pemerintahan Metropolitan Tokyo]]. Tokyo sebagaimana didefinisikan dalam artikel ini adalah [[Prefektur Jepang|prefektur]], bukan [[Munisipalitas (Jepang)|munisipalitas]], tetapi distrik khusus, kota, kotapraja, dan desa di wilayah Tokyo yang merupakan munisipalitas Tokyo. Sebagai ibu kota prefektur informal Tokyo, "Tokyo" berarti 23 [[Distrik Kota Khusus di Tokyo|distrik kota khusus Tokyo]], yaitu bekas wilayah [[Kota Tokyo]], bukan Tokyo (yang mencakup seluruh wilayah prefektur/"Metropolis") sebagaimana didefinisikan dalam artikel ini.</ref> | seat1_type = Kota panggedéna | seat1 = [[Sétagaya, Tokyo|Sétagaya]] | established_title = | established_date = | parts_type = Subdivisi | parts = [[Distrik kota husus|23 distrik kota husus]], 26 kota, 1 distrik, sarta 4 subpréféktur | government_type = [[Préféktur di Jepang|Métropolis]] | leader_title = Gubernur | leader_name = [[Yuriko Koiké]] ([[Tomin First no Kai|TF]]) | area_total_km2 = 2194 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_metro_km2 = 13452 | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1) |url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja |date=December 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415123703/https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = Ka-45 | elevation_m = 40 | population_total = 14.187.176 | population_as_of = 1 Agustus 2024 | population_rank = Kahiji | population_footnotes = <ref name="www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |title=東京都の人口（推計）とは |trans-title=Population of Tokyo(estimate) |url-status=live |archive-date=9 Juni 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609120151/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |website=www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp |language=ja |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 6466,35 | population_metro = 41.000.000 – [[Tokyo Raya]] | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations | title=Major Agglomerations of the World | website=Population Statistics and Maps | date=28 Februari 2023 | access-date=10 September 2024 | archive-date=7 Juli 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = 3047,87 | population_blank1_title = 23 distrik kota husus | population_blank1 = 9.733.276 | population_demonym = {{Nihongo2|江戸っ子}} (Edokko), {{Nihongo2|東京人}} (Tōkyō-jin), {{Nihongo2|東京っ子}} (Tōkyōkko), Tokyoite | population_note = (menurut data pemerintah Prefektur Tokyo per Oktober 2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tnenkan/2020/tn20q3e002.htm|publisher=Tokyo Statistical Yearbook|language=en|accessdate=2022-07-15|title=Population by District|archive-date=2022-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930062133/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tnenkan/2020/tn20q3e002.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics_type1 = GDP | demographics1_footnotes = &nbsp;(Nominal; 2015)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2019/12/25/16.html |script-title= ja:都民経済計算（都内総生産等）平成29年度年報 |website= https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp |access-date= 2020/01/18 |dead-url= no |df= mdy-all |archive-date= 2020-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200405100040/https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2019/12/25/16.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405100040/https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tosei/hodohappyo/press/2019/12/25/16.html |date=2020-04-05 }}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics1_info1 = [[JPY]]106,2 triliun | demographics1_title2 = Per kapita | demographics1_info2 = [[JPY]]7.610.736,2 <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone = [[Waktu Standar Jepang|JST]] | utc_offset = +09:00 <!-- postal codes, area code --> | postal_code_type = Nomor&nbsp;telepon | postal_code = 03-5321-1111 | iso_code = JP-13 <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = Alamat kantor préféktur | blank_info_sec1 = 2-8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, [[Shinjuku|Shinjuku-ku]], Tōkyō-to<br>163-8001 <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = Lambang | blank_info_sec2 = &nbsp; | blank1_name_sec2 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Pohon | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Ginkgo biloba|Gingko]] | blank2_name_sec2 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Bunga | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Sakura|Somei-yoshino {{small|''(Prunus × yedoensis)''}}]] | blank3_name_sec2 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Burung | blank3_info_sec2 = [[Camar kepala hitam]] <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = {{URL|https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = <center>Tokyo</center> | pic = Tokyo (Chinese characters).svg | piccap = ''Tōkyō'' ditulis maké aksara ''[[kanji]]'' | picupright = 0.4 | kanji = 東京 | kyujitai = 東亰 | katakana = トウキョウ | hiragana = とうきょう | l = "Puseur dayeuh wétan" | romaji = Tōkyō | revhep = Toukyou }} {{nihongo|'''Tokyo'''|東京|''Tōkyō''|hartina ''ibukota di beulah wetan''}} ''{{Audio|ja-Tokyo.ogg|déngékeun}}'' nyaéta salah sahiji tina 47 [[préféktur di Jepang]]. Tokyo kaasup pusat urbanisasi, saméméhna ngan saukur kota Tokyo sarta masih kawentar nepi ka kiwari, nu ayeuna sacara adminitrasi dibagi jadi 23 kota husus. Dina awal taun [[1943]], Tokyo masih kénéh ngaran perfektur ogé kota. Dina 1943 pamaréntah kota Tokyo dibubarkeun sarta ti harita ngan pamaréntahan preféktur nu boga ngaran ''Tokyo''. Keur bukti status istimewa ieu, ngan perfektur Tokyo nu maké {{nihongo|'''to'''|都|''to''|''metropolis''}} dina [[Basa Jepang]]. Sanajan lain ngan saukur hiji [[kota]], [[metropolitan]] Tokyo mangrupa pusat pamaréntahan jeung singgasana Kakaisaran Jepang, sarta dijadikeun ibukota nagara [[Jepang]]. Pendudukna kira-kira 12 juta—10 persen tina sakabéh populasi Jepang— sedengkeun kira-kira 33–36 juta penduduk hirup di Tokyo Raya, ngajadikeun Tokyo minangka kota paling padet di dunya. Tokyo ayana di wewengkon [[Wewengkon Kantō|Kanto]] di Pulo [[Honshū]]. Sacara géografis aya dina koordinat 35°41' Kalér, 139°46' Wétan (35.68333, 139.7667) [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html], tapi watesna ngalegaan nepi ka pulo-pulo luar di [[Samudera Pasifik]] nu jarakna leuwih ti 1.000km ti Pulo Honshu. Tokyo mangrupa pusat politik, bisnis, dagang, atikan, média massa, sarta budaya. Tokyo ogé mangrupa kantor pusat pausahaan gedé, lembaga kauangan, universitas jeung akademi, muséum, téater, sarta pusat balanja jeung hiburan. == Étimologi == {{anchor|idEtymology}}Tokyo mimitina katelahna {{Nihongo|Édo|江戸}} anu hartina "[[muara]]".<ref name="naruto-san">Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. McFarland & Company (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs p. 360] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218084234/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs|date=2023-02-18}}. {{ISBN|0-7864-1814-1}}.</ref> Ngaranna dirobah jadi {{Nihongo|Tokyo|東京|Tōkyō|extra={{lang|ja|東}} ''tō'' "wétan", dan {{lang|ja|京}} ''kyō'' "puseur dayeuh"}} nalika puseur dayeuh kakaisaran pindah ti Kyoto, anu ditandaan ku dipindahkeunna singgasana [[Kaisar Méiji|Kaisar Meiji]] di taun 1868.<ref>US Department of State. (1906). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751&dq= ''A digest of international law as in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements'' (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Volume 5, p. 759] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218084200/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751&dq=|date=2023-02-18}}; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio".</ref> Dirobahna ngaran sarta ditambah kecap "puseur dayeuh" ({{lang|ja|京}}) dina unggal ngaran puseur dayeuh luyu jeung tradisi Asia Wétan (saperti [[:id:Kyoto|Kyoto]] ({{lang|ja|京都}}), [[:id:Beijing|Beijing]] ({{lang|ja|北京}}), jeung [[:id:Nanjing|Nanjing]] ({{lang|ja|南京}})).<ref name="naruto-san" /> Salila awal périodeu Méiji, ieu kota ogé katelah "Tōkéi", alternatif pengucapan pikeun kanji nu sarua jeung "Tokyo". Babaraha dokumén resmi basa Inggris aya kénéh anu maké kecap "Tokei".<ref name="Tōkei">{{cite book|title=Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesecapitals0000paul|author1=Fiévé, Nicolas|author2=Paul Waley|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/japanesecapitals0000paul/page/253 253]|isbn=}}</ref> Ngan, ieu ngaran téh geus lila teu dipaké deui.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm|script-title=ja:明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Archives|date=2004|accessdate=September 13, 2008|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151436/http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2008|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Nijuubashi2.jpg|thumb|Simbol Tokyo, Sasak Nijubashi di [[Istana Kaisar]]. Masyarakat umum bisa meuntas ieu sasak dua kali dina sataun nyaéta: Taun Anyar jeung Ulang Taun Kaisar 23 Desember, keur nempo kulawarga di balkon]] Kamajuan Tokyo nepi ka siga kiwari teu leupas ti pangaruh [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] jeung [[Kaisar Meiji]]. Dina taun [[1603]], saenggeus ngahijikeun Jepang ku cara perang, [[Shogun]] Tokugawa Ieyasu ngawangun [[Édo]] (ayeuna Tokyo) keur markasna. Hasilna, ieu kota gancang tumuwuh tur jadi salah sahiji kota gedé nu populasina leuwih ti samilyar dina abad ka-18. Sacara ''de facto'' ibukota Jepang sedengkeun kaisar tumetep di [[Kyoto]], ibukota karajaan. ''Keur leuwih jentre, tempo: [[Edo]]'' [[File:Tokyo Edo Castle base.jpg|thumb|left|Pondasi batu tower utama di [[Kastil Édo]].]] Saenggeus 263 taun, kakawasaan shogun digulingkeun tur balik ka aturan kaisar. Dina taun [[1869]], [[Kaisar Meiji]] nu harita umurna ampir 17 taun pindah ka Edo, sarta ngaranan "Tokyo" ("Ibukota Wétan"; dina Basa Cina, maké kanji nu sarua, di Cina kota ''Dongjing''). Tokyo geus jadi pusat politik, ékonomi jeung budaya nasional Jepang, ku ayana istana kaisar ngajadikeun sacara de facto ibukota karajaan sarta Kastil Edo jadi [[Istana Kaisar]]. [[Gambar:Tokyo MKL Bd. 15 1890 (128662388).jpg|thumb|Peta taun 1890 tina [[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]] [[Ensiklopédia]] némbongkeun ngaran Tokyo dina Basa Jerman baheula, Jedo.]] Tokyo dua kali ngalaman karusakan gedé (catastrophes) sarta terus tumuwuh sacara gancang saenggeus dua kajadian eta. Kahiji nyaéta [[Lini gedé Kanto 1923|Lini Gede Kanto]] dina taun [[1923]], nu kadua nyaéta [[Perang Dunya II]]. Bom-bom di taun [[1945]] ngaruksak Tokyo saperti bom atom di [[Hiroshima]] jeung [[Nagasaki]]. Sawaréh Tokyo ampir rata jeung taneuh. Saenggeus perang réngsé, Tokyo bener-bener diwangun, sarta ditémbongkeun ka dunya Olimpiade Musim Panas taun [[1964]]. Tokyo jadi kota panggedéna sadunya di taun [[1965]] (ngagantikeun [[New York]]). Dina taun [[1970]], mimiti diwangun wangunan pencakar langit saperti [[Sunshine 60]], [[Bandar Udara Internasional Narita|bandara udara]] anyar tur kontroversial di [[Narita]] (di luar Tokyo), sarta pendudukna ningkat ampir 11 milyar (di daerah métropolitan). Karéta handapeun taneuh (subway) jeung jaringan karéta di Tokyo mangrupa nu pangsibukna di dunya. Di taun [[1980]], harga ''real estate'' naék salila gelembung ékonomi: loba nu beunghar, tapi gelembung ieu peupeus dina awal taun [[1990]], loba pausahaan, bank jeung pribadi nu propertina hargana murah. Kajadian saterusna resesi, nyababkeun Jepang dina taun [[1990]]-an jadi "dekade nu leungit", ti harita tumuwuh lalaunan. Tokyo masih ngawangun daérah anyar nu harga taneuh asalna teu pati mahal. Proyék anyar ieu kaasup [[Ebisu, Tokyo|Ebisu]] Garden Place, Tennozu Isle, Shiodome, [[Roppongi Hills]], Shinagawa (ogé stasion [[Shinkansen]]), sarta [[Stasion Tokyo]] (sisi Marunouchi). wangunan anyar nu ngabongkar wangunan heubeul pikeun pusat balanja saperti [[Omotesando Hills]]. Proyék ngurug laut (reklamasi) di Tokyo geus dimimitian sababaraha abad katukang. Nu paling kawentar nyaéta [[Odaiba]], ayeuna jadi pusat balanja jeung hiburan. Tokyo ngalaman lini gedé dina taun [[1703]], [[1782]], [[1812]], [[1855]] jeung [[1923]]. Lini taun [[1923]], gedéna 8,3 skala Ricther, ngabunuh 142,000 urang. Aya sababaraha usulan rencana keur mindahkeun fungsi pamaréntahan nasional ti Tokyo ka kota gedé di wewengkon séjén di Jepang, keur ngurangan kamajauan Tokyo jeung revitalisasi ékonomi. Rencana ieu dianggap kontroversial di Jepang jeung tacan kalaksanakeun. Dumasar kana parobahan dina métodeu nulis Basa Jepang, translasi [[Huruf Latin|romaji]] dina teks heubeul ditulisna "Tokio." == Géografi jeung wilayah administrasi == [[Image:TokyoMapCurrent.png|thumb|350px|Bagian daratan utama Tokyo, ngawengku 23 distrik kota husus sarta [[Tokyo Kulon]]]] Bagian daratan utama Tokyo manjang di beulah kalér-kuloneun [[Teluk Tokyo]], anu panjangna 90 km ti wétan ka kulon sarta 25 km ti kalér ka kidul. Diwatesan ku [[Préféktur Chiba]] di wétan, [[Préféktur Yamanashi]] di kulon, [[Préféktur Kanagawa]] di kidul, sarta [[Préféktur Saitama]] di kalér. Wilayah Tokyo ogé ngawengku ranté kapuloan anu manjang ka kidul di [[Samudra Pasifik]], saperti [[Kapuloan Izu]] sarta [[Kapuloan Ogasawara]] anu manjang nepi ka leuwih ti 1,000 km ti daratan utama Jepang. Luyu jeung hukum di Jepang Tokyo mangrupa hiji ''[[to]]'' ([[wiktionary:都|都]], sok dihartikeun "[[métropolis]]"). Anu posisina mirip jeung préféktur lain di Jepang. Di handapeunnana aya babaraha éntitas anu sok disebut "kota" anu ngawengku [[23 distrik kota husus]] (特別[[wiktionary:区|区]] -ku), 26 kota ([[wiktionary:市|市]] -shi), 5 kota leutik ([[wiktionary:町|町]] -chō atawa machi), sarta dalapan désa ([[wiktionary:村|村]] -son or -mura), anu boga pamaréntahan séwang-séwangan. Pamaréntah Métropolis Tokyo dipingpin ku gubernur sarta majlis métropolitan. Puseur dayeuh ieu métropolis aya di [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]. Tokyo aya di tengah ''[[Greater Tokyo Area]]'', aréa métropolitan anu panggegekna sadunya. ''Greater Tokyo'' ngawengku babaraha préféktur sakuriling Tokyo saperti [[Préféktur Kanagawa|Kanagawa]], [[Préféktur Saitama|Saitama]], sarta [[Préféktur Chiba|Chiba]]. ===23 distrik kota husus === [[distrik kota husus Tokyo|23 distrik kota husus]] (''tokubetsu-ku'') Tokyo ngawengku wewengkon nu baheula katelah Kota Tokyo. Unggal distrik mangrupa [[munisipalitas]] lokal kalawan walikota jeung majelis anu dipilih sorangan, béda ti kota biasa dina fungsi pamaréntahan nu tangtu diatur ku Pamaréntah Metropolitan Tokyo. Nepi ka 1 Séptémber 2003, total populasi resmi tina 23 distrik digabungkeun kira-kira 8,34 juta, kalawan gegekna jalma 13.416 jiwa per kilométer pasagi. Istilah "Tokyo Tengah" kiwari bisa ngarujuk kana 23 distrik ieu, wewengkon nu aya dina lingkar [[Jalur Yamanoté]], atawa tilu "distrik tengah" [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Chuo, Tokyo|Chuo]] jeung [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]]. Puseur Tokyo anu ditarima sacara umum nyaéta Istana Kaisar. 23 distrik ieu ngawengku: {{colbegin|colwidth=10em}} * [[Adachi, Tokyo|Adachi]] * [[Arakawa, Tokyo|Arakawa]] * [[Bunkyo, Tokyo|Bunkyo]] * [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]] * [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]] * [[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]] * [[Itabashi, Tokyo|Itabashi]] * [[Katsushika, Tokyo|Katsushika]] * [[Kita, Tokyo|Kita]] * [[Koto, Tokyo|Kōtō]] * [[Meguro, Tokyo|Meguro]] * [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]] * [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] * [[Nerima, Tokyo|Nerima]] * [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]] * [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]] * [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]] * [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]] * [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] * [[Suginami, Tokyo|Suginami]] * [[Sumida, Tokyo|Sumida]] * [[Taitō, Tokyo|Taitō]] * [[Toshima, Tokyo|Toshima]] {{colend}} === Tokyo Kulon === [[Gambar:Tokyo Landsat.jpg|thumb|200px|Poto satelit Tokyo ti [[NASA]] [[Landsat 7]].]] Tokyo Kulon ngawengku Kota, Kacamatan jeung desa nu boga status hukum nu sarua saperti jeung di tempat-tempat séjén di Jepang. Tokyo Kulon mangrupa "[[Bedroom community|kota tempat tinggal]]" keur nu digawe di pusat Tokyo, ogé aya sababaraha tempat lokal bisnis jeung industri. Sacara kolektif disebut "Tokyo Kulon". ==== Kota-kota ==== Dua puluh genep kota (sacara administrasi) nu aya di Tokyo Kulon. {| |- |valign=top| * [[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]] * [[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]] * [[Chofu, Tokyo|Chofu]] * [[Fuchu, Tokyo|Fuchu]] * [[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]] * [[Hachioji, Tokyo|Hachioji]] * [[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]] * [[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]] * [[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]] * [[Higashi-yamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]] * [[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]] * [[Inagi, Tokyo|Inagi]] * [[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]] |valign=top| * [[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]] * [[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]] * [[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]] * [[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]] * [[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]] * [[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]] * [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] * [[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]] * [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]] * [[Nishi-tokyo, Tokyo|Nishi-tokyo]] * [[Ome, Tokyo|Ome]] * [[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]] * [[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]] |} ==== Distrik, kacamatan, jeung desa ==== Pangkulonna nyaéta distrik (''gun'') [[Nishitama, Tokyo|Nishitama]]. Daerah ieu mangrupa pagunungan sarta teu mungkin keur urbanisasi. Pagunungan pangluhurna di Tokyo, [[Mount Kumotori|Gunung Kumotori]], jangkungna 2,017 m; nu séjénna nyaéta Gunung Takasu (1737 m), Gunung Odake (1266 m), jeung [[Mount Mitake|Gunung Mitake]] (929 m). [[Lake Okutama|Danau Okutama]], di [[Tama River|Walungan Tama]] deukeut [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Perfektur Yamanashi]], mangrupa danau panggedéna di Tokyo. * [[Hinode, Tokyo|Hinode]] * [[Mizuho, Tokyo|Mizuho]] * [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]] * [[Hinohara, Tokyo|Hinohara]] Village === Kapuloan === [[Gambar:Map of Izu Islands.png|thumb|240px|[[Izu Islands|Kapuloan Izu]], beulah kidul, bagean ti Tokyo.]] Pulo-pulo leutik Tokyo manjang kira-kira 1,850&nbsp;km ti Tokyo tengah. Sabab pulo-pulo ieu jauh di kota, di dinya aya kantor perwakilan pamaréntahan metropolitan. Lolobana pulo-pulo ieu kaasup kelas desa. === Kapuloan Izu === [[Izu Islands|Kapuloan Izu]] nyaéta grup pulo vulkanik sarta bagéan ti [[Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park|Taman Nasional Fuji-Hakone-Izu]]. Runtuyan pulo-pulo mimiti ti nu deukeut ka Tokyo nyaéta: * [[Izu Oshima]] * [[Toshima Island|Toshima]] * [[Niijima]] * [[Shikinejima]] * [[Kozushima]] * [[Miyakejima]] * [[Mikurajima]] * [[Aogashima]] * [[Hachijojima]] ==== Kapuloan Ogasawara ==== * [[Ogasawara]]—[[Ogasawara, Tokyo|Ogasawara]] ngawengku, ti kaler ka kidul, [[Chichi-jima]], Nishinoshima, [[Haha-jima]], Kita Iwo Jima, [[Iwo Jima]], and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara ogé ngawengku pulo leutik: [[Minami Torishima]], pangwetanna ti Jepang, kira-kira 1,850&nbsp;km ti pusat Tokyo, jeung [[Okino Torishima]], pangkidulna ti Jepang. Dua polu ieu euweuh pendudukna, keur jadi simbol nasional. Rante Iwo jeung pulo-pulo leutik lianna ampir taya nu nyicingan, sanajan kitu aya sababaraha di antara nu aya pendudukna utamana nu deukeut ka Honshu. === Taman Nasional === Aya opat taman nasional di Tokyo: * [[Chichibu Tamakai National Park]], di Nishitama sarta sabagéan kaasup ka Perfektur [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] jeung [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]] * [[Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park]], sakuriling [[Mount Takao]] nepi ka kiduleun Hachioji. * [[Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park]] nu kaasup Kapuloan Izu. * [[Ogasawara Islands|Ogasawara National Park]]. Keur diusahakan supaya Taman Nasional Ogasawara jadi bagéan tina [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. <!-- Do not remove this line --><div style="clear: both;"></div> === Iklim === Urut kota Tokyo sarta lolobana daratan Tokyo aya dina zona [[Iklim subtropis baseuh|iklim subtropis lembab]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Cfa''),<ref>Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., and McMahon, T.A.: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162501/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |date=2019-08-16 }}, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, 2007.</ref> kalawan usum panas anu lumayan panas sarta usum tiris anu karasa tirisna. Saperti lolobana daérah di Jepang, Tokyo ogé ngalaman [[jeda musiman]] sabulan, kalawan bulan pangpanasna nyaéta Agustus (rata-rata {{convert|26.4|C|1}}) sarta bulan pangtirisna nyaéta Januari (rata-rata {{convert|5.2|C|1}}). Rékor suhu pangtirisna nyaéta {{convert|-9.2|°C|1|abbr=on}} di tanggal 13 Januari 1876, sedengkeun pangpanasna nyaéta {{convert|39.5|°C|1|abbr=on}} di tanggal 20 Juli 2004. Rékor panggedéna suhu minimum {{convert|30.3|°C|1|abbr=on}} di tanggal 12 Agustus 2013, ngajadikeun Tokyo minangka salah sahiji ti tujuh tempat panyawangan di Jepang anu nyatet suhu minimum anu leuwih gedé {{convert|30|°C|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=JMArecords/> Curah hujan taunan rata-rata ampir {{convert|1530|mm|in|1}}, kalawan usum panas anu leuwih baseuh sarta usum tiris anu leuwih garing. Hujan salju kajadian sacara sporadis, tapi sok aya ampir unggal taun.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Tokyo,Japan |title=Tokyo observes latest ever 1st snowfall |accessdate=June 9, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319230142/http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070316/kyodo/d8nsv0600.html |archivedate=March 19, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Tokyo ogé sok ngalaman topan unggal taun, sanajan teu pati kuat. Ti mimiti dicatet ti taun 1876, bulan pangbaseuhna nyaéta Oktober 2004, kalawan curah hujan {{convert|780|mm|in|-1}},<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view= |script-title=ja:観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値） |accessdate=December 4, 2011 |archive-date=2020-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411053053/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view= |dead-url=no }}</ref> curah hujan taunan kira-kira {{convert|879.5|mm|abbr=on}} di taun 1984 nepi ka {{convert|2229.6|mm|abbr=on}} di taun 1938.<ref name= JMArecords/> {{Clear}} {{Weather box|location = [[Taman Kitanomaru]], Chiyoda, Tokyo<ref name="JMA station info">The JMA {{Nihongo|Tokyo, Tokyo|東京都　東京}} station is at 35°41.4′N 139°45.6′E, JMA: {{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view= |script-title=ja:気象統計情報>過去の気象データ検索>都道府県の選択>地点の選択 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |accessdate=November 15, 2018 |archive-date=2018-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001125240/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view= |dead-url=no }}</ref> |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 22.6 |Feb record high C = 24.9 |Mar record high C = 25.3 |Apr record high C = 29.2 |May record high C = 32.2 |Jun record high C = 36.2 |Jul record high C = 39.5 |Aug record high C = 39.1 |Sep record high C = 38.1 |Oct record high C = 32.6 |Nov record high C = 27.3 |Dec record high C = 24.8 |Jan high C = 9.6 |Feb high C = 10.4 |Mar high C = 13.6 |Apr high C = 19.0 |May high C = 22.9 |Jun high C = 25.5 |Jul high C = 29.2 |Aug high C = 30.8 |Sep high C = 26.9 |Oct high C = 21.5 |Nov high C = 16.3 |Dec high C = 11.9 |year high C= 19.8 |Jan mean C = 5.2 |Feb mean C = 5.7 |Mar mean C = 8.7 |Apr mean C = 13.9 |May mean C = 18.2 |Jun mean C = 21.4 |Jul mean C = 25.0 |Aug mean C = 26.4 |Sep mean C = 22.8 |Oct mean C = 17.5 |Nov mean C = 12.1 |Dec mean C = 7.6 |year mean C= 15.4 |Jan low C = 0.9 |Feb low C = 1.7 |Mar low C = 4.4 |Apr low C = 9.4 |May low C = 14.0 |Jun low C = 18.0 |Jul low C = 21.8 |Aug low C = 23.0 |Sep low C = 19.7 |Oct low C = 14.2 |Nov low C = 8.3 |Dec low C = 3.5 |year low C= 11.6 |Jan record low C = −9.2 |Feb record low C = −7.9 |Mar record low C = −5.6 |Apr record low C = −3.1 |May record low C = 2.2 |Jun record low C = 8.5 |Jul record low C = 13.0 |Aug record low C = 15.4 |Sep record low C = 10.5 |Oct record low C = −0.5 |Nov record low C = −3.1 |Dec record low C = −6.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 52.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 56.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 117.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 124.5 |May precipitation mm = 137.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 167.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 153.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 168.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 209.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 197.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 92.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 51.0 |year precipitation mm=1528.8 |Jan snow cm = 5 |Feb snow cm = 5 |Mar snow cm = 1 |Apr snow cm = 0 |May snow cm = 0 |Jun snow cm = 0 |Jul snow cm = 0 |Aug snow cm = 0 |Sep snow cm = 0 |Oct snow cm = 0 |Nov snow cm = 0 |Dec snow cm = 0 |year snow cm = 11 |Jan humidity = 52 |Feb humidity = 53 |Mar humidity = 56 |Apr humidity = 62 |May humidity = 69 |Jun humidity = 75 |Jul humidity = 77 |Aug humidity = 73 |Sep humidity = 75 |Oct humidity = 68 |Nov humidity = 65 |Dec humidity = 56 |year humidity= 65 |unit precipitation days = 0.5 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5.3 |Feb precipitation days = 6.2 |Mar precipitation days = 11.0 |Apr precipitation days = 11.0 |May precipitation days = 11.4 |Jun precipitation days = 12.7 |Jul precipitation days = 11.8 |Aug precipitation days = 9.0 |Sep precipitation days = 12.2 |Oct precipitation days = 10.8 |Nov precipitation days = 7.6 |Dec precipitation days = 4.9 |year precipitation days=114.0 |Jan snow days = 2.8 |Feb snow days = 3.7 |Mar snow days = 2.2 |Apr snow days = 0.2 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.0 |Dec snow days = 0.8 |year snow days= 9.7 |Jan sun = 184.5 |Feb sun = 165.8 |Mar sun = 163.1 |Apr sun = 176.9 |May sun = 167.8 |Jun sun = 125.4 |Jul sun = 146.4 |Aug sun = 169.0 |Sep sun = 120.9 |Oct sun = 131.0 |Nov sun = 147.9 |Dec sun = 178.0 |year sun=1876.7 |source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref name= JMArecords>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=13&day=&view=| script-title = ja:観測史上1～10位の値（ 年間を通じての値）| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = November 15, 2018| archive-date = 2018-10-01| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001125303/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=13&day=&view=| dead-url = no}}</ref><ref name= JMA>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=| script-title = ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = December 16, 2014| archive-date = 2016-05-18| archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518045837/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=| dead-url = no}}</ref><ref name= JMA1>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1| script-title = ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = December 16, 2014| archive-date = 2014-11-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141102120042/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1| dead-url = no}}</ref> }} Daérah pagunungan kuloneun Tokyo, [[Okutama]] ogé aya dina iklim subtropis anu lembap (klasifikasi Köppen ''Cfa''). {{Weather box|location = Ogouchi, Okutama, Tokyo (1981–2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 6.7 |Feb high C = 7.1 |Mar high C = 10.3 |Apr high C = 16.3 |May high C = 20.5 |Jun high C = 23.0 |Jul high C = 26.8 |Aug high C = 28.2 |Sep high C = 23.9 |Oct high C = 18.4 |Nov high C = 13.8 |Dec high C = 9.3 |year high C = 17.1 |Jan mean C = 1.3 |Feb mean C = 1.8 |Mar mean C = 5.0 |Apr mean C = 10.6 |May mean C = 15.1 |Jun mean C = 18.5 |Jul mean C = 22.0 |Aug mean C = 23.2 |Sep mean C = 19.5 |Oct mean C = 13.8 |Nov mean C = 8.5 |Dec mean C = 3.8 |year mean C = 11.9 |Jan low C = −2.7 |Feb low C = −2.3 |Mar low C = 0.6 |Apr low C = 5.6 |May low C = 10.5 |Jun low C = 14.8 |Jul low C = 18.7 |Aug low C = 19.7 |Sep low C = 16.3 |Oct low C = 10.3 |Nov low C = 4.6 |Dec low C = −0.1 |year low C = 8.1 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 44.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 50.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 92.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 109.6 |May precipitation mm = 120.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 155.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 195.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 280.6 |Sep precipitation mm = 271.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 172.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 76.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 39.9 |year precipitation mm = 1623.5 |Jan sun = 147.1 |Feb sun = 127.7 |Mar sun = 132.2 |Apr sun = 161.8 |May sun = 154.9 |Jun sun = 109.8 |Jul sun = 127.6 |Aug sun = 148.3 |Sep sun = 99.1 |Oct sun = 94.5 |Nov sun = 122.1 |Dec sun = 145.6 |year sun = 1570.7 |source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=| script-title = ja:気象庁 / 気象統計情報 / 過去の気象データ検索　/ 平年値（年・月ごとの値）| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]| accessdate = June 24, 2013| archive-date = 2013-03-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130330185740/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=| dead-url = no}}</ref> |date=August 2010}} Iklim di bagian kapuloan rupa-rupa. Iklim [[Chichi-jima]] di [[Kapuloan Bonin|désa Ogasawara]] aya dina wates antara [[iklim sabana tropis]] (klasifikasi Köppen ''Aw'') sarta iklim subtropis lembap (klasifikasi Köppen ''Cfa''). Perenahna anu kira-kira 1.000 km kiduleun [[Tokyo Raya]] anu nyababkeun kondisi iklim anu béda. {{Weather box |location = Chichijima, Ogasawara, Tokyo (1981–2010) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |Jan record high C = 26.1 |Feb record high C = 25.2 |Mar record high C = 26.6 |Apr record high C = 28.1 |May record high C = 30.0 |Jun record high C = 32.9 |Jul record high C = 34.1 |Aug record high C = 32.8 |Sep record high C = 32.4 |Oct record high C = 31.1 |Nov record high C = 30.2 |Dec record high C = 27.2 |Jan high C = 20.5 |Feb high C = 20.1 |Mar high C = 21.5 |Apr high C = 23.2 |May high C = 25.4 |Jun high C = 28.0 |Jul high C = 30.0 |Aug high C = 29.9 |Sep high C = 29.7 |Oct high C = 28.3 |Nov high C = 25.6 |Dec high C = 22.4 |year high C = 25.4 |Jan mean C = 18.4 |Feb mean C = 17.9 |Mar mean C = 19.2 |Apr mean C = 21.0 |May mean C = 23.2 |Jun mean C = 25.8 |Jul mean C = 27.5 |Aug mean C = 27.7 |Sep mean C = 27.5 |Oct mean C = 26.2 |Nov mean C = 23.5 |Dec mean C = 20.3 |year mean C = 23.2 |Jan low C = 15.7 |Feb low C = 15.3 |Mar low C = 16.7 |Apr low C = 18.8 |May low C = 21.2 |Jun low C = 24.0 |Jul low C = 25.4 |Aug low C = 25.9 |Sep low C = 25.5 |Oct low C = 24.1 |Nov low C = 21.3 |Dec low C = 17.8 |year low C = 21.0 |Jan record low C = 10.1 |Feb record low C = 9.6 |Mar record low C = 9.2 |Apr record low C = 12.1 |May record low C = 14.6 |Jun record low C = 17.7 |Jul record low C = 20.8 |Aug record low C = 22.5 |Sep record low C = 21.1 |Oct record low C = 17.2 |Nov record low C = 13.2 |Dec record low C = 10.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 65.3 |Feb rain mm = 58.2 |Mar rain mm = 77.0 |Apr rain mm = 118.4 |May rain mm = 145.4 |Jun rain mm = 134.7 |Jul rain mm = 80.9 |Aug rain mm = 112.6 |Sep rain mm = 131.1 |Oct rain mm = 132.1 |Nov rain mm = 128.2 |Dec rain mm = 108.7 |Jan humidity = 66 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 73 |Apr humidity = 79 |May humidity = 83 |Jun humidity = 86 |Jul humidity = 82 |Aug humidity = 82 |Sep humidity = 82 |Oct humidity = 80 |Nov humidity = 75 |Dec humidity = 70 |Jan rain days = 10.3 |Feb rain days = 9.1 |Mar rain days = 10.8 |Apr rain days = 9.9 |May rain days = 11.7 |Jun rain days = 9.3 |Jul rain days = 8.4 |Aug rain days = 11.0 |Sep rain days = 11.6 |Oct rain days = 13.0 |Nov rain days = 11.1 |Dec rain days = 11.8 |unit rain days = 0.5 mm |Jan sun = 136.4 |Feb sun = 131.4 |Mar sun = 154.7 |Apr sun = 148.2 |May sun = 159.8 |Jun sun = 198.9 |Jul sun = 250.3 |Aug sun = 211.0 |Sep sun = 200.9 |Oct sun = 179.1 |Nov sun = 140.9 |Dec sun = 126.8 |source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDH%EF%BF%BDx%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&block_no=47971&block_ch=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDH&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=|title=気象庁｜過去の気象データ検索|website=www.data.jma.go.jp|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113004507/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDH%EF%BF%BDx%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&block_no=47971&block_ch=%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDH&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=|dead-url=no}}</ref> }} Wilayah Tokyo pangwétanna, pulo [[Minamitorishima]] di [[Kapuloan Bonin|desa Ogasawara]], aya di zona iklim sabana tropis (klasifikasi Köppen ''Aw''). Pulo Izu jeung Ogasawara dipangaruhan ku rata-rata 5,4 topan per taun, dibandingkeun jeung daratan Kanto anu ngan ngalaman 3,1 topan per taun.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/typhoon/statistics/average/average.html | script-title = ja:気象統計情報 / 天気予報・台風 / 過去の台風資料 / 台風の統計資料 / 台風の平年値 | publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] | access-date = 2019-04-15 | archive-date = 2012-06-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120607022806/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/typhoon/statistics/average/average.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> == Ékonomi == [[File:Tokyo Skytree 2014 Ⅲ.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Tokyo Skytree]], [[daftar menara tertinggi|menara tertinggi]] di dunia]] [[File:The_Tokyo_Stock_Exchange_-_main_room_3.jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Bursa Efek Tokyo]]]] [[File:Ginza Wako Clock.jpg|jmpl|[[Ginza]] adalah area perbelanjaan kelas atas yang populer di Tokyo{{Vague|date=Juni 2017}} sebagai salah satu [[distrik perbelanjaan]] paling mewah di dunia.]] [[File:Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo, Japan.jpg|jmpl|ka|Kantor pusat [[Bank of Japan]] di [[Chūō, Tokyo]]]] [[File:Tokyo Tower at night 8.JPG|jmpl|kiri|Menara Tokyo di malam hari]] [[File:Shibuya crossing.jpg|jmpl|[[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]] menarik banyak wisatawan.]] Tokyo mangrupa hiji ti tilu puseur keuangan dunya, bareng jeung [[New York]] jeung [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204 |title=Financial Centres, All shapes and sizes |accessdate=2007-10-14 |publisher=The Economist |archive-date=2007-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031074934/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Saskia Sassen|Sassen, Saskia]] |title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo |url=https://archive.org/details/globalcitynewyor00unse |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=0691070636}}</ref> Tokyo mangrupa [[Daptar kota dumasar PDB|métropolitan ékonomi panggedéna sadunya]]. Dumasar panalungtikan ti ''PricewaterhouseCoopers'', Tokyo Raya (ngawengku Tokyo nepi ka Yokohama kalawan 38 juta pangeusi) boga [[produk doméstik bruto]] US$2 triliun di taun 2012 (dumasar kasaimbangan kamampuan balanja).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863|title="Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)"|first="UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5|last=[[PriceWaterhouseCoopers]]|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-09|archive-date=2007-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610175146/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863|dead-url=no}}</ref> Di taun 2008, 47 pausahaan anu kaasup dina daptar [[Fortune Global 500]] anu basisna di Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/|title=Global 500 Our annual ranking of the world's largest corporationns|accessdate=2008-12-04|publisher=CNNMoney.com|archive-date=2010-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |date=2010-05-29 }}</ref> Salian ti puseur keuangan dunya;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204|title=Financial Centres, All shapes and sizes|accessdate=October 14, 2007|work=The Economist|date=September 13, 2007|archive-date=2007-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031074934/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204|dead-url=no}}</ref> Tokyo ogé jadi imah ti babaraha bank invsétasi jueng pausahaan asuransi panggedéna sadunya, sarta jadi hub pikeun industri transportasi, pamedalan, [[elektronika]] jeung siniar Jepang. Salila tumuwuhna ékonomi Jepang anu musat saenggeus [[Perang Dunia II]], loba pausahaan gedé anu mindahkeun kantor pusatna ti kota-kota siga [[Osaka]] (puseur dayeuh komérsial anu boga sajarah) ka Tokyo, dina raraga nyokot kauntungan tina aksés anu leuwih deukeut jeung pamaréntah pusat. Ieu trén mimiti ngalaunan ti saprak lobana pangeusi di Tokyo sarta waragad anu mahal. Tokyo ku ''[[The Economist|Economist Intelligence Unit]]'' dianggap kota pangmahalna [[Cost-of-living index|biaya hirup]] di dunya salila 14 taun nepi ka taun 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-01-31T113907Z_01_L312905_RTRUKOC_0_US-LIFE-CITIES.xml&archived=False|title=Oslo is world's most expensive city: survey|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=[[January 31]], 2006|accessdate=February 1}} {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515101329/http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-01-31T113907Z_01_L312905_RTRUKOC_0_US-LIFE-CITIES.xml&archived=False|date=2016-05-15}} (inactive)</ref> Tokyo jadi puseur keuangan internasional (IFC) anu kawentar di taun 1960-an sarta sok diibaratkeun salah sahji ti tilu "pusat komando" [[ekonomi dunya]], bareng jeung New York jeung London.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sassen, Saskia|title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo|url=https://archive.org/details/globalcitynewyor00unse|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-691-07063-6|authorlink=Saskia Sassen}}</ref> Dina [[Indeks Pusat Keuangan Global]] 2017, Tokyo jadi pusat keuangan paling kompetitif kalima di dunya (bareng jeung kota [[London]], [[Kota New York]], [[San Francisco]], [[Chicago]], [[Sydney]], [[Boston]], dan [[Toronto]] di 10 besar), jeung katilu anu paling kompetitif di Asia (saenggeus [[Singapura]] dan [[Hong Kong]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2017|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |date=June 11, 2017 }}</ref> Pasar keuangan Jepang dibuka lalaunan di taun 1984 sarta ngagancangan internasionalisasi kalawan "Big Bang Jepang" di taun 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w7247.pdf|title=NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES - JAPAN'S BIG BANG AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF FINANCIAL MARKETS|last1=Ito|first1=Takatoshi|last2=Melvin|first2=Michael|website=www.nber.org|access-date=2019-04-13|archive-date=2018-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602075049/http://www.nber.org/papers/w7247.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sanajan Singapura jeung Hong Kong jadi pusat keuangan anu bersaing, IFC Tokyo bisa mertahankeun posisi anu katelah di Asia. [[Bursa Saham Tokyo]] nyaéta [[bursa saham]] panggedéna di Jepang, sarta panggedéna katilu sadunya dumasar kapitalisasi pasar, sarta kaopat dumasar akuisisi saham. Di taun 1990 di tungtung mangsa ''penggelembungan'' harga asét Jepang, Tokyo boga leuwih ti 60% ajén pasar saham dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stock-market.in/2007/02/26/tokyo-stock-exchange/|title=Tokyo stock exchange|access-date=2010-10-29|archive-date=2008-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005153643/http://www.stock-market.in/2007/02/26/tokyo-stock-exchange/|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312115502/http://www.stock-market.in/2007/02/26/tokyo-stock-exchange/ |date=2008-03-12 }}</ref> Numutkeun [[Kementerian Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Perikanan Jepang|Kementerian Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Perikanan]], Tokyo boga 8.460 ha (20.900 hektar) lahan pertanian di taun 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf |title=Statistics on Cultivated Land Area |authors=Horticulture Statistics Team, Production Statistics Division, Statistics and Information Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries |date=July 15, 2003 |accessdate=2008-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628042052/http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf |archivedate=2006-06-28 |dead-url=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195936/http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf |date=2008-06-24 }}</ref> pangleutikna tibatan préféktur séjén.. Tanah tatanén lolobana di [[Tokyo Kulon]]. Bahan saperti sayuran, bubuahan, sarta kekembangan gampang dikirim ka pasar di wétan. ''[[Komatsuna]]'' jeung [[bayem]] jadi sayuran anu pangpentingna; di taun 2000, Tokyo masok 32,5% ''komatsuna'' yang dijual di pasar produk utamanya.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Kalawan 36% wilayahna anu masih mangrupa leuweung, Tokyo memiliki pertumbuhan luas ''[[Cryptomeria]]'' jeung [[Chamaecyparis obtusa|cemara Jepang]], utamana di wewengkon pagunungan Akiruno, Ōmé, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinodé, jeung Hinohara. Nurunna harga kayu, naékna waragad produksi, sarta nambahna lansia di antara populasi nyababkeun nurunna hasil kehutanan di Tokyo. Salian ti éta, serbuk sari, utamana ti ''Cryptomeria'', jadi [[alergén]] utama pikeun warga. [[Teluk Tokyo]] kungsi jadi sumber utama perikanan. Lolobana produksi lauk di Tokyo asalna ti pulo-pulo luar, saperti Izu Ōshima jeung Hachijō-Jima. [[Cakalang]], [[nori]], jeung [[Carangidae|''aji'']] jadi babaraha produk laut hasil teluk Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=J0yKc60fe0kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Japan|publisher=PediaPress|pages=82|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2022-06-05|archive-date=2023-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218084227/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=J0yKc60fe0kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Pariwisata di Tokyo]] ogé jadi salah sahiji kontributor ékonomi utama. Di taun 2006, 4,81 juta urang asing jeung 420 juta kunjungan Jepang ka Tokyo dilakukeun; ajén ékonomi tina pariwisata bisa nepi ka 9,4 triliun yén numutkeun ka Pamaréntah Métropolitan Tokyo. Loba turis anu nganjangan babaraha pusat kota, toko, sarta distrik hiburan di sakabéh lingkungan [[Distrik Kota Husus Tokyo|distrik kota husus (DKH) Tokyo]]; hususna barudak sakola nalika ''study tour'', kunjungan ka [[Tokyo Tower]] jadi hiji kawajiban (''de rigueur)''. Budaya anu ditawarkeun kaasup [[budaya pop Jepang]] anu aya dimamana sarta distrik anu patali jeung éta saperti [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]] jeung [[Harajuku]], atraksi subkultural saperti pusat animé [[Studio Ghibli]], sarta museum saperti [[Museum Nasional Tokyo|Tokyo National Museum]], anu nampung 37% ti [[Harta Karun Nasional Jepang|harta karun nasional]] karya seni nagara (87/233). [[Pasar Tsukiji|Pasar Lauk Tsukiji]] di Tokyo nyaéta pasar grosir lauk jeung kadaharan laut panggedéna sadunya, sarta jadi salah sahiji pasar kadaharan grosir panggedéna. Pasar Tsukiji ngalayanan kira-kira 50.000 urang unggal poé.<!-- Do not remove this line --> == Démografi == Salaku salah sahiji [[world city|kota utama di dunya]], pangeusi Tokyo jumlahna leuwih ti dalapan juta anu ngeusian 23 distrik, jeung di waktu beurang nambahan leuwih ti 2,5 juta boh pagawé atawa mahasiswa nu datang di daérah sakurilingna. Éfék ieu bisa ditempo di tilu pusat distrik nyaéta [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Chuo, Tokyo|Chuo]], jeung [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], nu populasina kurang ti 300.000 waktu peuting, tapi leuwih ti dua juta lamun beurang. === Populasi === Dumasar kana daérah (1 October 2003) * Tokyo: 12.36 juta * 23 distrik husus: 8.34 juta * Tama aréa: 4 juta * Kapuloan: 27.000 Dumasar kana umur (1 Januari 2003): * Barudak (0-14): 1.433 juta (12%) * Angkatan gawe (15-64): 8.507 juta (71.4%) * Kolot (65+): 2.057 juta (16.6%) Dumasar kana waktu (taun 2000) * Peuting: 12.017 juta * Beurang: 14.667 juta Dumasar kana kabangsaan * Urang luar: 353,826 (1 Januari 2005) * 5 panglobana kabangsaan urang luar: China (120,331), Koréa (103,191), Philipina (31,505), Amerika (18,043), Inggris (7,585) == Transportasi == [[Gambar:Tokyo Montage 2015.jpg|thumb|200px|Tokyo]] [[Gambar:Series-E235-0 9.jpg|thumb|200px|JR Jalur Yamanote]] {{utama|Transportation in Greater Tokyo}} <!-- Note to editors: Transportation in Greater Tokyo is a comprehensive article. The Transportation section of the article on Tokyo (this article) is a very brief introduction and includes very few specific details. Transportation in Tokyo contains a wealth of detail and can accommodate more so please contribute there! --> Tokyo ngabogaan jaringan transportasi domestik jeung international nu panggedéna sa-Jepang keur transportasi kareta, darat jeung udara. Transportasi umum di Tokyo didominasi ku jaringan karéata jeung subway nu bersih jeung efisien, sedengkeun beus, monorel jeung trem mangrupa transportasi sekunder. === Bandara === Di jero Tokyo, [[Bandar Udara Internasional Tokyo|Bandara Internasional Tokyo]] ("Haneda") ilaharna dipaké keur penerbangan domestik. Di luar Tokyo, [[Bandar Udara Internasional Narita|Bandara International Narita]], di [[Narita]], [[Préféktur Chiba]], salah sahiji gerbang internasional utama Jepang. === Kareta jeung subway === [[Gambar:Tokyo metro map en.png|thumb|right|200px|Peta stasion subway utama. Teu kaasup jalur lokal, jalur JR jeung jalur swasta.]] Kareta mangrupa alat transportasi utama di Tokyo, nu mana jaringan jalan kareta ieu panglobana di dunya. [[East Japan Railway Company|JR Wetan]] ngoperasikeun jaringan kareta panggedéna di Tokyo, kaasup [[Yamanote Line|jalur Yamanote]] nu ngurilingan jero kota Tokyo. [[Tokyo Metro]] jeung [[Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation]] ngoperasikeun jaringan bawah taneuh (subway). === Beus === Pamaréntah metropolitan jeung swasata ngoperasikeun rute beus. Lokal, regional, jeung nasional ogé aya, nu terminalna aya di deukeut stasion kareta utama nyaéta [[Stasion Tokyo|Tokyo]] jeung [[Stasion Shinjuku|Shinjuku]]. === Jalan tol === Jalan tol ngahubungkeun ibukota ka kota-kota séjén di Tokyo Raya'','' wewengkon Kanto, sarta pulo [[Kyushu]] jeung [[Shikoku]]. === Transportasi séjén === Taksi dioperasikeun di 23 distrik jeung kota tur kacamatan. Ferry jarak jauh ngalayanan ka pulo-pulo Tokyo boh panumpang atawa barang ogé ka palabuan internasional séjén. == Atikan == Salaku pusat atikan nasional, di Tokyo loba universitas, akademi jeung sakola kajuruan. Loba universitas nu kawentar di Jepang aya di Tokyo. Nu pangkawentarna nyaéta [[Universitas Tokyo]]. Universitas séjénna nyaéta [[Universitas Keio]], [[Universitas Hitotsubashi]], jeung [[Universitas Waséda]]. Di Tokyo ogé aya universitas nu kuliah maké basa Inggris, saperti Universitas Kristen Internasional, Universitas Sophia, jeung Universitas Temple Jepang. === Universitas di Tokyo === [[Gambar:Akamon.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Akamon Gate|Gerbang Akamon]] di [[University of Tokyo|Universitas Tokyo]].]] ==== Universitas Nasional ==== * [[Universitas Ochanomizu]] * Universitas Éléktro-Komunikasi * Universitas Kedokteran jeung Kedokteran Gigi Tokyo * [[Universitas Studi Luar Nagri Tokyo]] * Universitas Tokyo Gakugéi * Universitas Élmu jeung Téknologi Laut Tokyo * Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku * [[Institut Sains Tokyo]] * [[Universitas Tokyo]] * [[Universitas Pertanian jeung Téknologi Tokyo]] * [[Universitas Hitotsubashi]] ==== Universitas Perfektur ==== * Universitas Tokyo Metropolitan ==== Universitas Swasta ==== {| |- |valign="top"| * Universitas Aoyama Gakuin * Universitas Asia * Universitas Obirin * Universitas Gakushuin * Universitas Keio * Universitas Kogakuin * Universitas Kokugakuin * Universitas Kristen Internasional * Universitas Kokushikan * Universitas Toyo * Universitas Komazawa * Universitas Séijo |valign="top"| * Universitas Séikéi * Institut Téknologi Shibaura * Universitas Sophia * Universitas Showa * Universitas Sénshu * Universitas Daito Bunka * Universitas Takushoku * Universitas Chuo * Universitas Teikyo * Universitas Temple Jepang * Universitas Tokyo Denki * Universitas Pertanian Tokyo |valign="top"| * Universitas Sains Tokyo * Universitas Toho * Universitas Nihon * Universitas Hosei * Institut Téknologi Musashi * Universitas Musashi * Universitas Méiji * Universitas Méiji Gakuin * Universitas Rikkyo * Universitas Waséda |} === Sakola Dasar jeung Menengah === TK, [[Sakola dasar|SD]] (1 nepi ka 6 taun), jeung [[Sakola menengah pertama|SMP]] (7 nepi ka 9) dioperasikeun ku pamaréntah lokal kota. [[Sakola Menengah Atas|sakola menengah atas]] dikelola ku Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education jeung disebut ''Metropolitan High Schools''. Di Tokyo ogé loba sakola swasta ti mimiti TK nepi ka SMA. == Budaya == [[File:Nihon-Kagaku-Miraikan,Koto-ward,Tokyo,Japan.JPG|jmpl|[[Miraikan|Museum Nasional Sains jeung Inovasi Anyar]] anu dipawanoh ogé minangka "Miraikan"]] [[File:Takeshita street 2012.JPG|jmpl|kiri|lurus|[[Jalan Takéshita]] di [[Harajuku]]]] [[File:Festival night (Smiling Oiran).jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Perayaan féstival di Tokyo.]] Tokyo miboga loba museum. Di [[Taman Ueno]], aya [[Museum Nasional Tokyo]], museum panggedéna di Jepang husus pikeun seni Jepang tradisional; [[Museum Nasional Seni Kulon]] jeung [[Kebon Binatang Uéno]]. Museum lianna kaasup [[Miraikan|Museum Nasional Sains dan Inovasi Baru]] di [[Odaiba]]; [[Museum Édo-Tokyo]] di [[Sumida, Tokyo|Sumida]] anu ngaliwatan [[Walungan Sumida]] di tengah kota Tokyo; [[Museum Nézu]] di [[Aoyama, Tokyo|Aoyama]]; sarta [[Pabukon Parlemén Jepang]], Arsip Nasional, jeung [[Museum Nasional Seni Modérn, Tokyo|Museum Nasional Seni Modérn]] anu boga koléksi-koléksi seni modérn Jepang sarta leuwih ti 40.000 pilem-pilem Jepang jeung asing<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |format=PDF |title=National Cultural Facilities |publisher=The Agency for Cultural Affairs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025030339/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |archivedate=2007-10-25 |dead-url=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031920/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |date=2009-03-25 }}</ref> anu aya deukeut [[Istana Kakaisaran Tokyo|Istana Kekaisaran]]. Di Tokyo ogé loba téater paméntasan, ogé téater milik nagara jeung swasta pikeun drama Jepang. Saperti [[Téater Noh Nasional]] pikeun [[noh]] jeung [[Kabuki-za]] pikeun [[Kabuki]].<ref>Milner, Rebecca (2013). "Pocket Tokyo." 4th Edition. Lonely Planet Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-581-6}}</ref> Orkéstra simfoni jeung rupa-rupa organisasi musik ngahaleuangkeun musik modérn jeung tradisional dina ieu tempat. Tokyo ogé jadi tuan rumah acara [[musik pop]] jeung [[Musik rock|rock]] Jepang tur internasional di babaraha tempat, mimiti klub peuting nepi ka aréna kasohor internasional saperti [[Nippon Budokan]]. [[File:View of mikoshi from sensoji Sanja Matsuri 2006-3.jpg|jmpl|[[Sanja Matsuri]] di [[Asakusa]]]] Di aréa Tokyo ogé diayakeun rupa-rupa féstival. Contohna perayaan ''Sannō'' di [[Kuil Hie|Kuil Hié]], ''Sanja'' di [[Kuil Asakusa]], sarta féstival dua taunan ''[[Kanda Matsuri]]''. Perayaan Kanda mibanda arak-arakan [[mikoshi]] jeung rébuan jalma anu nyambutna. Dina poé Saptu panungtung unggal bulan Juli, pertunjukan [[kembang api]] gedé-gedéan di luhureun [[Walungan Sumida]] dilalajoanan ku sajuta urang. Lamun kembang [[sakura]] mekar di usum semi, warga Tokyo ngarumpul di Taman Uéno, [[Taman Inokashira]], jeung [[Shinjuku Gyoen|Kebon Nagara Shinjuku Gyoén]] sarta piknik di handapeun tangkal sakura. [[Harajuku]], hiji kawasan di [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]], kasohor sadunya ku sabab jadi puseur hiburan nonoman, ''fashion'',<ref name="Harajuku">{{cite journal |first=Chris |last=Perry |publisher=Self-published (Scribd) |title=Rebels on the Bridge: Subversion, Style, and the New Subculture |date=April 25, 2007 |accessdate=December 4, 2007 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge |format=Flash |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014921/http://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge |dead-url=no }}</ref> jeung ''[[cosplay]]''. Kadaharan di Tokyo dipikaresep ku sakuliah dunya. Dina Nopémber 2007, [[Buku panduan Michelin|Michelin]] ngaluarkeun panduan pikeun tempat makan pangalu nati Tokyyo,mnandaan otal 191 biétang, atauwaskira-kira ua kali lebuwih loia tibatan [[Paris|aris]]. PDi2taun 017, 227 reétoran di Tokyo tgeus dibéré pangajén (92 di Paris). Dua belas tempat makan diajénan nepi ka tilu béntang (Paris boga 10), sedengkeun 54 meunang dua béntang, sarta 161 meunang hiji béntang. Dina dua belas tempat makan gedé éta, tilu di antarana nyuguhkeun masakan Jepang tradisional, duana deui nyaéta toko [[sushi]] sarta tilu sésana nyaéta réstoran masakan Prancis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm |title=Tokyo 'top city for good eating' |publisher=BBC News |date=November 20, 2007 |accessdate=October 18, 2008 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217072445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm |dead-url=no }}</ref> == Pariwisata Tokyo == {{utama|Tourism in Tokyo}} Di Tokyo loba tempat jalan-jalan, budaya jeung olahraga. Ieu kaasup kuil nu kawentar, shrines, féstival jeung acara taunan, taman, tempat nu endah, tempat balanja jeung kahirupan peuting. Wisata budaya di Tokyo kaasup musium, gedung pertunjukan jeung téater. == Tokyo dina media populer == Salaku kota panggedéna jeung tempatna penyiaran sarta studio, Tokyo remen dijadikeun setting keur film Jepang, [http://www.acaratipi.com/ acara tipi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509133450/http://www.acaratipi.com/ |date=2015-05-09 }}, runtuyan komik (''[[anime]]''), jeung buku komik (''[[manga]]''). Nu pangkawentarna kaluar Jepang nyaéta ''[[kaiju]]'' (monster film), nu mana ciri has kota Tokyo diancurkeun ku monster gedé saperti [[Godzilla]]. Loba buku komik jeung animasi nu settingna, saperti ''[[Sailor Moon]]'', ''[[Ranma ½]]'',''[[puffy ami yumi]]'' jeung ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'', bakal kawentar di dunya. Sababarah urang sutradara Hollywood milih Tokyo keur lokasi filmna. Sababaraha film nu kawentar saperti ''[[Tokyo Joe]]'', ''[[My Geisha]]'', jeung [[James Bond]] film ''[[You Only Live Twice]]''; ogé ''[[Kill Bill]]'', ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'' jeung ''[[Lost in Translation]]''. {{wide image|Tokyo from the top of the SkyTree (cropped).JPG|1500px|Pemandangan panorama Tokyo ti [[Tokyo Skytree]]}} == Kota kembar ==<!-- Note to editors: Please do not put a link in a header. --> Tokyo ngabogaan kota kembar jeung sababaraha kota di dunya: <!-- Note to editors: [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] we have been unable to verify that Mexico City has a sister-city relationship with Tokyo. If you can provide a reliable reference, we will be very grateful. --> {|width=100% |valign=top| * [[Beijing]], {{nagara|Republik Rakyat Tiongkok||Y}} * [[Berlin]], {{nagara|Jerman||Y}} * [[Cairo]], {{nagara|Mesir||Y}} * [[Jakarta]], {{nagara|Indonesia||Y}} * [[Moscow]], {{nagara|Rusia}} * Sister state with [[New South Wales]], {{nagara|Australia||Y}} <!-- Note to editors: We have been unable to verify that Sydney has a sister-city relationship with Tokyo. If you can provide a reliable reference, we will be very grateful. Please look at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/LINKS/links5.htm and note that the government of Tokyo does not say it has such a relationship. Possibly, Sydney has a sister-city relationship with one of the cities in Tokyo, such as one of the 23 special wards. --> |valign=top| * [[New York City]], {{nagara|Britania Raya||Y}} * [[Paris]], {{nagara|Perancis||Y}} * [[Rome]], {{nagara|Italia||Y}} * [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]], {{nagara|Brasil||Y}} * [[Seoul]], {{nagara|Korea Selatan||Y}} |} ''Salian ti eta, distrik jeung kota di Tokyo ogé ngabogaan kota kembar jeung kota sejen di dunya.'' == Galéri == <gallery> Image:TokyoTocho.jpg|Kantor Pusat Pamaréntahan Metropolitan Tokyo Image:Ebisu-Tokyo---2024-08-28 083.jpg|Pemandangan di distrik Shibuya Image:TokyoStationYaesu1073.jpg|Stasion Tokyo (Sisi Yaesu) Image:130224 Tokyo International Airport02s3.jpg|[[Tokyo International Airport|Bandara Internasional Tokyo]] (Terminal 2) Image:Tokyotower.jpg|Menara Tokyo </gallery> == Tumbu kaluar == {{sisterlinks|Tokyo}} {{wikivoyage|Tokyo}} * {{en icon}} [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=35650601&x=139725494&z=11&l=1&m=a WikiSatellite view of Tokyo at WikiMapia] * {{en icon}} [http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ Official Tokyo Metropolitan Government homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429151946/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ |date=2009-04-29 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/festivals.htm Festivals around Tokyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204091028/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/festivals.htm |date=2005-12-04 }} The Japan Times * {{en icon}} [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Tokyo&spn=0.168623,0.234180&t=k&hl=en Interactive satellite view of the area] * {{en icon}} [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2164.html Japan-guide to Tokyo] * {{en icon}} [http://www.tokyodiary.com/ Tokyo Diary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213201815/http://www.tokyodiary.com/ |date=2005-12-13 }} Tokyo business/professional events calendar * {{en icon}} [http://www.tokyometro.jp/e/index.html Tokyo Metro] Subway lines * {{en icon}} [http://web-jpn.org/tokyo/top.html Tokyo Past and Present] Web Japan <!-- links to commercial travel sites are generally not appropriate --> == Rujukan == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo, Wikipedia Basa Inggris], Juli 2006. <references /> {{Tokyo}} {{Japan}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{coor title dm|35|41|N|139|46|E|scale:500000}} [[Kategori:Jepang]] [[Kategori:Préféktur di Jepang]] [[Kategori:Tokyo| ]] [[Kategori:Kanto region]] [[Kategori:Ibukota di Asia]] [[Kategori:Kota basisir]] [[Kategori:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]] [[Kategori:Ports and harbours of Japan]] gxptmpg4pvdm3k0fc50nq50vi3seqqb 0 9135 709483 709420 2026-05-18T06:10:25Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kawasen | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Banjarsari]] | postal_code = 46383 }} '''Kawasén''' nyaéta hiji désa anu aya di [[Kacamatan Banjarsari]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Désa ieu dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji wewengkon anu boga nilai sajarah jeung budaya Sunda, khususna patali jeung peninggalan [[Karajaan Galuh]]. == Sajarah == Dina abad ka-17, wewengkon ieu dipikawanoh salaku '''Kadaleman Kawasen''', hiji pamaréntahan lokal anu dipingpin ku saurang Dalem. Sistem Kadaleman méré wewenang ka Dalem pikeun ngatur pajeg, ngatur tanaga kerja, sarta ngatur masyarakat lokal. Numutkeun panalungtikan Dimas Haryanto dkk (2024), Kawasen mangrupikeun cikal bakal '''Karajaan Galuh Kawasen''' anu aya dina masa Hindu-Buddha di Tatar Galuh Ciamis.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/J-KIP/article/view/8872 | title=Pemanfaatan Situs Prabu Sanghyang Permana Balaniksa sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah | publisher=Jurnal UNIGAL | access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> Ayana karajaan ieu ogé disinggung dina naskah sastra kuno, sapertos dina buku Kedaleman anu ditulis kira-kira taun 1600 anu ngabahas sajarah Kerajaan Kawasen sareng ngawengku peta wilayah éta.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/buku-kuno-ini-ungkap-harta-karun-batu-akik-di-kawasen-banjarsari-ciamis/ | title=Buku Kuno ini Ungkap 'Harta Karun' Batu Akik di Kawasen Banjarsari Ciamis | publisher=Harapan Rakyat | date=22 Pébruari 2015 | access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> Dina tradisi lisan Sunda, Kawasen disebut dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''' pupuh 6: "''silih sered di Kawasen''", anu nunjukkeun ayana kagiatan atawa kajadian penting di wewengkon ieu. == Situs Sajarah == Di Désa Kawasen aya sababaraha situs peninggalan sajarah: * '''Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa''': Ayana di Dusun Bojongmengger, Désa Cijengjing. Di situs ieu aya makam Sanghyang Permana Balaniksa sareng masih dilaksanakeun tradisi upacara adat.<ref name="nyekar">{{Cite web | url=https://nuansapost.id/2024/03/06/upacara-adat-tradisi-budaya-nyekar-mapag-romadhon-di-situs-sanghiyang-balaniksa-kawasen/ | title=Upacara Adat Tradisi Budaya Nyekar Mapag Romadhon di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa Kawasen | publisher=Nuansa Post | date=6 Maret 2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> * '''Situs Batu Ngampar''': Ayana di Pasir Goong Cibadak, Banjarsari. Situs ieu kapanggih taun 2016 sarta mangrupikeun hamparan batu anu bentukna rapih siga puzzle.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4423843/baru-dari-ciamis-ada-situs-bebatuan-puzzle | title=Baru dari Ciamis, Ada Situs Bebatuan Puzzle | publisher=DetikTravel | date=11 Pébruari 2019 | access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> * '''Candi Ronggeng''': Situs candi anu aya di wewengkon Banjarsari. == Tradisi Budaya == Masyarakat Désa Bojongmengger, Cijengjing, Ciamis rutin ngalaksanakeun upacara adat '''Nyekar Mapag Romadhon''' di Situs Sanghiyang Balaniksa unggal taun saméméh bulan Ramadhan datang.<ref name="nyekar" /> == Kondisi Kiwari == Désa Kawasen kiwari janten lokasi kagiatan pelestarian budaya jeung edukasi. Taun 2024, siswa SMPN 1 Banjarsari ngalaksanakeun kagiatan Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5) di wewengkon Kawasen pikeun ngenalkeun sajarah lokal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://galuhnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/ciamis/pr-5566966775/awas-sesar-lempengan-smpn-1-banjarsari-kunjungi-situs-pusaka-bangunan-pengilon-di-kawasen-untuk-belajar-ini | title=SMPN 1 Banjarsari Kunjungi Situs Pusaka Bangunan Pengilon di Kawasen | publisher=Pikiran Rakyat Ciamis | date=2024 | access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> Dina 18 Maret 2025, Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat Erwan Setiawan ngalaksanakeun panen perdana padi varietas "Cikawasen" di Désa Kawasen.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://bappeda.jabarprov.go.id/wagub-jabar-erwan-setiawan-panen-padi-cikawasen/ | title=Wagub Jabar Erwan Setiawan Panen Padi Cikawasen | publisher=Bappeda Jabar | date=18 Maret 2025 | access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Pamaréntahan == Désa Kawasen dibagi kana 4 dusun, nyaéta Batukurung, Karangwangkai, Panamun, jeung Sumanding. Kacamatan Banjarsari sacara administratif boga kode pos 46383. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Banjarsari, Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] kopszmcokfgjizs747ro31d9yani7pa 0 9327 709452 485194 2026-05-17T18:59:07Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan eusi desa Sindangangin, nyambungkeun ka Kidung Lakbok jeung Karajaan Sunda 709452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Désa Sindangangin | native_name = ᮞᮤᮔ᮪ᮓᮍᮤᮔ᮪ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Propinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_type2 = Kabupatén | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_type3 = Kacamatan | subdivision_name3 = [[Lakbok]] | leader_title = Kepala Désa | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | population_total = | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = auto | postal_code = 46385 | timezone = UTC+07:00 | timezone_DST = UTC+07:00 }} '''Sindangangin''' (ᮞᮤᮔ᮪ᮓᮍᮤᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Baregbeg * Kidul: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kulon: Désa Kertajaya * Wétan: [[Désa Puloerang]] == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sindangangin disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung. Ngaran "Sindangangin" sorangan dipercaya asalna tina kecap ''sindang'' (singgah) jeung ''angin'' (hawa sejuk). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sindangangin kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sindangangin: * SD Negeri 1 Sindangangin * SD Negeri 2 Sindangangin * MIS Puloerang == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sindangangin. Sawah ngahasilkeun padi, jagung, jeung kedelé. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 271tq9uvzdzqo2ovd0vrbhyknz6ddca 0 9329 709474 486378 2026-05-18T04:08:38Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngaganti artikel pondok ku eusi nu lengkep: nambihan kotak inpormasi, data BPS (jimbar 5,04 km², nyicingan 4.920 jiwa), katerangan sajarah, tatanén, atikan, sarta numbukeun ka kaca Kidung Lakbok jeung Karajaan Sunda. 709474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sukanagara | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = 5,04 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = 4.920 jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = 950 /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|24|15|S|108|40|30|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sukanagara''' (ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sukanagara boga lega 5,04 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Kalapasawit * Kidul: Désa Kertajaya * Kulon: Désa Sukamulya * Wétan: Désa Baregbeg == Sajarah == Numutkeun sumber resmi Désa Sukanagara, nami "Lakbok" asalna tina ''"Melak Teu Kalebok"'' (melak tapi teu ngahasilkeun), luyu sareng kaayaan rawa-rawa baheula.<ref name="desa">[https://sukanagara-lakbok.desa.id/profile/sejarah_desa Sejarah Desa Sukanagara]. Situs Resmi Désa Sukanagara.</ref> Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sukanagara disebut aya di deukeut '''Pulo Erang''' (ayeuna Désa Puloerang). Désa Sukanagara resmi ngadeg dina taun '''1984''' salaku hasil pemekaran tina Désa Lakbok. Nami "Sukanagara" dicandak tina '''Lapang Sukanagara''', anu ngandung haraosan sangkan masarakat ''suka'' (cinta) deui ka ''nagara'' (desa) saatos kantos sering gagal panen. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sukanagara kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sukanagara boga 4.920 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sukanagara. Désa ieu katelah salaku ''"Lumbung Padi"'' Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="desa"/> Lahan sawahna legana 377,96 Ha, anu tiasa ngahasilkeun kurang leuwih 3.025 ton padi per taun. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sukanagara: * SMP Negeri 1 Lakbok * MTs Negeri Lakbok == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://sukanagara-lakbok.desa.id/ Situs Resmi Désa Sukanagara] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 2yh7lxul4ol5f0zi3mj4oncj6ft5smr 709480 709474 2026-05-18T05:49:54Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Sukanagara | native_name = ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lakbok]] | area_total_km2 = 5.04 | population_total = 4920 | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 950 | coordinates = {{coord|7|24|15|S|108|40|30|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sukanagara''' (ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sukanagara boga lega 5,04 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Kalapasawit * Kidul: Désa Kertajaya * Kulon: Désa Sukamulya * Wétan: Désa Baregbeg == Sajarah == Numutkeun sumber resmi Désa Sukanagara, nami "Lakbok" asalna tina ''"Melak Teu Kalebok"'' (melak tapi teu ngahasilkeun), luyu sareng kaayaan rawa-rawa baheula.<ref name="desa">[https://sukanagara-lakbok.desa.id/profile/sejarah_desa Sejarah Desa Sukanagara]. Situs Resmi Désa Sukanagara.</ref> Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sukanagara disebut aya di deukeut '''Pulo Erang''' (ayeuna Désa Puloerang). Désa Sukanagara resmi ngadeg dina taun '''1984''' salaku hasil pemekaran tina Désa Lakbok. Nami "Sukanagara" dicandak tina '''Lapang Sukanagara''', anu ngandung haraosan sangkan masarakat ''suka'' (cinta) deui ka ''nagara'' (desa) saatos kantos sering gagal panen. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sukanagara kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sukanagara boga 4.920 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sukanagara. Désa ieu katelah salaku ''"Lumbung Padi"'' Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="desa"/> Lahan sawahna legana 377,96 Ha, anu tiasa ngahasilkeun kurang leuwih 3.025 ton padi per taun. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sukanagara: * SMP Negeri 1 Lakbok * MTs Negeri Lakbok == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://sukanagara-lakbok.desa.id/ Situs Resmi Désa Sukanagara] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] hyfm7jt40zcp4m0lyrhbodj5n7ary65 0 14076 709475 476594 2026-05-18T04:41:42Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngaropéa artikel tina ringkes jadi lengkep: nambihan kotak inpormasi anyar, data BPS, katerangan sajarah (dumasar Kidung Lakbok), tradisi Ngabungbang (Warisan Budaya), Batu Kasur, Seren Taun, sarta numbukeun ka kaca-kaca patali. 709475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Batulawang | aksara_sunda = ᮘᮒᮥᮜᮝᮀ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kota Banjar]] | kacamatan = [[Pataruman]] | jenis = Désa | kode_pos = 46326 | jimbar = ... km² | cacah_jiwa = 3.672 jiwa (2010)<ref name="sensus2010"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|24|56|S|108|34|04|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Batulawang''' (ᮘᮒᮥᮜᮝᮀ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Mulyasari * Wétan: [[Désa Karyamukti]] * Kidul: Désa Kutawaringin ([[Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]) * Kulon: Désa Hegarsari == Sajarah == === Dina Naskah Kidung Lakbok === Batulawang disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956). Dina '''Pupuh 24''' disebutkeun: ''"Paranti Gusti ningali, ngawangwang ka Batulawang."'' Ieu nunjukkeun yén Batulawang geus aya ti jaman Karajaan Sunda-Galuh minangka tempat "ngawangwang" (ningali ka kaayaan Bandjarpatroman). === Ki Demang Wangsafyudin === Tokoh anu ngahirupkeun deui tradisi [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] saatos lami padam. Ki Demang ogé anu ngajaga bukti-bukti tradisi '''membatik''' di Pataruman.<ref name="kompasiana">Kompasiana (2018). [https://www.kompasiana.com/permanas/5b6d05d95e1373344005a262/kota-banjar-dan-tradisi-membatik Kota Banjar dan Tradisi Membatik].</ref> === Pemekaran Désa Karyamukti === Désa Karyamukti mangrupa hasil pemekaran ti Désa Batulawang dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Gubernur tanggal 7 Juni 1979. Ngaran "Batulawang" asalna aya di Dusun Sukaharja (ayeuna wilayah Karyamukti).<ref name="karyamukti">[https://karyamukti-banjar.desa.id/ Sejarah Desa Karyamukti]. Situs Resmi Désa Karyamukti.</ref> == Budaya == === Ngabungbang === Désa Batulawang kawentar ku tradisi '''[[Ngabungbang Batulawang|Ngabungbang]]''', anu tos ditetepkeun salaku [[Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia]] ku Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan taun 2018 ngaliwatan SK No. 264/M/2018.<ref name="ngabungbang">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngabungbang_Batulawang Ngabungbang Batulawang]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> === Batu Kasur === Di Dusun Tundagan aya '''Batu Kasur''', situs prasejarah anu dikaitkeun sareng legenda Sangkuriang. Masarakat satempat percaya yén éta mangrupikeun seserahan Sangkuriang ka Dayang Sumbi.<ref name="batukasur">TIMES Indonesia (2025). [https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/569464/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang Mengenal Batu Kasur Kota Banjar].</ref> === Seren Taun === Di Dusun Pagerbatu dilaksanakeun '''Upacara Seren Taun''', tradisi syukur hasil bumi anu asalna ti jaman Kerajaan Pajajaran.<ref name="serentaun">Fasa, Cika Amelia Raka (2025). [http://repository.unigal.ac.id/handle/123456789/6684 Makna Filosofis Upacara Seren Taun Dusun Pagerbatu]. Universitas Galuh.</ref> == Démografi == Dumasar Sensus Penduduk 2010, Désa Batulawang boga 3.672 jiwa.<ref name="sensus2010">BPS, Sensus Penduduk Indonesia 2010.</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] * [[Gunung Sangkur]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] * [[Désa Karyamukti]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kota Banjar] [[Kategori:Désa di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Pataruman]] bt5i588tgdqj1ibqoizbx5jgttfauua 709478 709475 2026-05-18T05:44:48Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Batulawang | native_name = ᮘᮒᮥᮜᮝᮀ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kota Banjar]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Pataruman, Kota Banjar|Pataruman]] | postal_code = 46326 | population_total = 3.672 | population_as_of = 2010 | coordinates = {{coord|7|24|56|S|108|34|04|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Batulawang''' (ᮘᮒᮥᮜᮝᮀ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Mulyasari * Wétan: [[Désa Karyamukti]] * Kidul: Désa Kutawaringin ([[Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]) * Kulon: Désa Hegarsari == Sajarah == === Dina Naskah Kidung Lakbok === Batulawang disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956). Dina '''Pupuh 24''' disebutkeun: ''"Paranti Gusti ningali, ngawangwang ka Batulawang."'' Ieu nunjukkeun yén Batulawang geus aya ti jaman Karajaan Sunda-Galuh minangka tempat "ngawangwang" (ningali ka kaayaan Bandjarpatroman). === Ki Demang Wangsafyudin === Tokoh anu ngahirupkeun deui tradisi [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] saatos lami padam. Ki Demang ogé anu ngajaga bukti-bukti tradisi '''membatik''' di Pataruman.<ref name="kompasiana">Kompasiana (2018). [https://www.kompasiana.com/permanas/5b6d05d95e1373344005a262/kota-banjar-dan-tradisi-membatik Kota Banjar dan Tradisi Membatik].</ref> === Pemekaran Désa Karyamukti === Désa Karyamukti mangrupa hasil pemekaran ti Désa Batulawang dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Gubernur tanggal 7 Juni 1979. Ngaran "Batulawang" asalna aya di Dusun Sukaharja (ayeuna wilayah Karyamukti).<ref name="karyamukti">[https://karyamukti-banjar.desa.id/ Sejarah Desa Karyamukti]. Situs Resmi Désa Karyamukti.</ref> == Budaya == === Ngabungbang === Désa Batulawang kawentar ku tradisi '''[[Ngabungbang Batulawang|Ngabungbang]]''', anu tos ditetepkeun salaku [[Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia]] ku Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan taun 2018 ngaliwatan SK No. 264/M/2018.<ref name="ngabungbang">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngabungbang_Batulawang Ngabungbang Batulawang]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> === Batu Kasur === Di Dusun Tundagan aya '''Batu Kasur''', situs prasejarah anu dikaitkeun sareng legenda Sangkuriang. Masarakat satempat percaya yén éta mangrupikeun seserahan Sangkuriang ka Dayang Sumbi.<ref name="batukasur">TIMES Indonesia (2025). [https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/569464/mengenal-batu-kasur-kota-banjar-tempat-yang-dikeramatkan-warga-desa-batulawang Mengenal Batu Kasur Kota Banjar].</ref> === Seren Taun === Di Dusun Pagerbatu dilaksanakeun '''Upacara Seren Taun''', tradisi syukur hasil bumi anu asalna ti jaman Kerajaan Pajajaran.<ref name="serentaun">Fasa, Cika Amelia Raka (2025). [http://repository.unigal.ac.id/handle/123456789/6684 Makna Filosofis Upacara Seren Taun Dusun Pagerbatu]. Universitas Galuh.</ref> == Démografi == Dumasar Sensus Penduduk 2010, Désa Batulawang boga 3.672 jiwa.<ref name="sensus2010">BPS, Sensus Penduduk Indonesia 2010.</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Ngabungbang Batulawang]] * [[Gunung Sangkur]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] * [[Désa Karyamukti]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kota Banjar] [[Kategori:Désa di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Pataruman]] ahh2y16dlxx8kstvd7ttom2afykpz6y 0 16947 709427 709401 2026-05-17T14:35:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Hukum solat */ 709427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. [[Surah An-Nisa'|An-Nisa]]: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[I'tidal]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[Sujud]] dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk antara dua sujud kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk [[tahiyat]] ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] n6ifz9dlq6l5hj81ghqx67ogzcxyu2t 709428 709427 2026-05-17T14:38:56Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Rukun Solat */ 709428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Tarawih.JPG|thumb|Jalma-jalma nu keur Solat]] '''Solat''' (atawa mindeng ditulis solat, sholat) ngarujuk kana salah sahiji ritual ibadah pangagem ageman [[Islam]].<ref name="arifin">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Kaca 83.</ref> Sacara basa, solat asalna tina [[basa Arab]] ( ٱلصَّلَاة‎ ''ash-sholāh'') (anu mibanda harti: [[do'a|du'a]].<ref name="arifin"/> Sedengkeun nurutkeun istilah solat boga harti sauntuyan kagiatan ibadah husus atawa nu tangtu anu dimimitian ku takbiratul ihram sarta dipungkas ku salam. Prakték solat kudu luyu jeung sagala pituduh tata cara [[Muhammad|Rosululloh]] ﷺ minangka figur pangejawantah paréntah [[Alloh]] SWT. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Geura sarola maranéh sakumaha maranéh nempo kuring mraktékeunana. (Hadits Riwayat Bukhori Muslim).<ref name="arifin"/> Umat muslim diperintahkan pikeun ngadegkeun salat karena menurut Surah Al-'Ankabut dapat mencegah perbuatan keji dan mungkar.<blockquote>"...''dirikanlah salat, sesungguhnya salat itu mencegah dari (perbuatan-perbuatan) keji dan mungkar, dan sesungguhnya mengingat Allah (salat) adalah lebih besar (keutamaannya dari ibadat-ibadat yang lain)."'' — </blockquote> == Etimologi == Solat asalna tina basa Arab anu hartina '''ibadah'''. Samentawis éta, numutkeun istilahna, solat hartina mangrupikeun rangkay kagiatan ibadah khusus atanapi khusus anu dimimitian ku [[Takbir|takbiratul ihrom]] sareng dipungkas ku salam.<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 15.</ref> == Hukum solat == Dina loba hadits, Nabi Muhammad parantos masihan peringatan anu keras ka jalma anu sok ninggalkeun solat fardhu, aranjeunna bakal dihukum salaku kafir jeung jalma-jalma anu ninggalkeun solat, maka dina poé Kiyamat bakal disaluyuan jeung jalma, siga [[Qorun]], [[Fir'aun]], [[Haman]] jeung [[Ubay Bin Kholaf]]. Hukum ngalaksanakeun solat fardu (lima waktu) nyaéta '''Wajib 'Ain''' pikeun unggal Muslim anu geus balég sarta boga akal. * '''Dalil Al-Qur'an:''' ''"Saenyana solat téh kawajiban anu geus ditangtukeun waktuna pikeun jalma-jalma anu ariman"'' (QS. [[Surah An-Nisa'|An-Nisa]]: 103).<ref>Kementerian Agama RI. ''Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahnya''. QS. An-Nisa: 103.</ref> * '''Dalil Hadis:''' Hadis riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim nyebutkeun yén Islam diwangun ku lima perkara, salah sahijina nyaéta ngadegkeun solat.<ref>Shahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Iman, No. 8; Shahih Muslim, Kitab al-Iman, No. 16.</ref> Hukum sholat tiasa dikategorikeun sapertos kieu: * Fardu, solat Fardhu nyaéta solat anu wajib pikeun ngalaksanakeunana. Solat fardhu dibagi deui jadi dua, nyaéta: ** Fardu ain mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib [[mukalaf]] langsung hubungan sareng dirina sareng henteu kedah ditingal atanapi dilakukeun ku anu sanés, siga solat lima waktos, jeung solat Juma'ah (fardhu 'ain pikeun lalaki). Solat lima waktu anu wajib pikeun tiap jalma, nyaéta [[Subuh]], [[Lohor]], [[Asar]], [[Magrib]], jeung [[Solat Isa|Isya]]. ** Fardu kifayah mangrupikeun kawajiban anu wajib pikeun mukalaf henteu langsung patali sareng anjeunna. Kawajiban ieu janten sunnah saatos sababaraha jalma ngalakukeun éta. Nanging, upami teu aya anu ngalakukeun maka urang wajib ngalakukeunana sareng janten dosa upami henteu dilakukeun, sapertos solat pamakaman. * Solat sunnah (solat nafilah) nyaéta solat anu dianjurkeun atanapi dibaca tapi henteu wajib. Solat nafilah dibagi dua, nyaéta: ** Nafil muakkad mangrupikeun do'a sunnah anu disarankeun kalayan nekenkeun anu kuat (hampir dugi ka wajib), siga solat dua hari raya, solat sunnah witir, jeung solat sunnah THAWAF. ** Nafil ghoiru muakkad mangrupikeun solat sunnah anu disarankeun tanpa tinekanan anu kuat, siga solat sunnah Rowatib jeung solat sunnah nu sipatna insidentil (gumantung kana waktos sareng kaayaan, siga solat kusuf/khusuf ngan ukur dilakukeun nalika [[samagaha]]). == Sarat-sarat solat == Sarat-sarat solat nyaéta hal-hal nu kudu dilaksanakeun saacan solat diadegkeun. # Ngageman Islam # Balégh # Séhat akalna # Suci ti [[hadas]] jeung [[najis]] # Nyinghareup kw [[kiblat]] # Apal waktosna solat # Ngarti sarat, rukun, jeung sunnah solat == Rukun Solat == Rukun solat aya 13 perkara (dumasar kana mazhab Syafi'i), nyaéta:<ref name="arifin2">Zainul Arifin Al-Ma'ruf. ''Panduan Sholat Untuk Perempuan''. Kaca 85.</ref> # [[Niat]]. # [[Takbir|Takbiratul]] ihram. # Nangtung pikeun anu sanggup. # Maca surat [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]. # [[Ruku]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[I'tidal]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[Sujud]] dua kali kalayan thuma'ninah. # [[Diuk antara dua sujud]] kalayan thuma'ninah. # Diuk [[tahiyat]] ahir. # Maca tahiyat ahir. # Maca solawat ka Nabi Muhammad SAW dina tahiyat ahir. # Salam anu munggaran. # Tartib (migawé sacara berurutan). === Sunah-sunah dina Solat === Dina migawé solat, aya perkara-perkara sunah anu dianjurkeun sangkan pahala solat sampurna. Sunah dina solat dibagi jadi dua:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Kaca 45-50.</ref> # '''Sunah Ab'ad:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun (boh ngahaja boh hilap), disunahkeun diganti ku [[sujud sahwi]]. Contona: maca tahiyat awal, diuk tahiyat awal, jeung maca [[doa qunut]] dina solat Subuh. # '''Sunah Hai'at:''' Sunah anu upami ditinggalkeun henteu kudu diganti ku sujud sahwi. Contona: ngangkat leungeun nalika takbir, maca [[doa iftitah]], maca surat sanggeus Al-Fatihah, maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud, sarta salam anu kadua. ==== Perkara anu Kalebet Sunah Hai'at ==== Aya sababaraha perkara anu kalebet kana sunah hai'at dina solat, di antarana:<ref>K.H. Ahmad Rifai. ''Fikih Ibadah''. Bandung: CV Penerbit Diponegoro. Kaca 48.</ref><ref>Syeikh Salim bin Sumair Al-Hadhrami. ''Safinatun Najah''. Bab Sunah-sunah Sholat.</ref> # '''Ngangkat leungeun:''' Nalika [[takbir|takbiratul ihram]], nalika badé ruku, nalika hudang tina ruku (i'tidal), sarta nalika hudang tina tahiyat awal. # '''Sedekap:''' Nyimpen leungeun katuhu di luhur leungeun kénca nalika nangtung, perenahna di handapeun dada atawa di luhureun bujal. # '''Maca Doa [[Iftitah]]:''' Dibaca saparantos takbiratul ihram sateuacan maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca Ta'awudz:''' Dibaca sateuacan ngamimitian maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca "Amin":''' Dibaca saparantos réngsé maca surat Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca surat atawa ayat Al-Qur'an:''' Dipigawé dina dua rokaat munggaran saparantos maca Al-Fatihah. # '''Maca takbir intiqal:''' Nyéta maca "Allahu Akbar" nalika ganti gerakan (i'tidal iwalna, sabab macana "Sami'allahu liman hamidah"). # '''Maca tasbih nalika ruku jeung sujud:''' Maca ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'Adzimi wa bihamdih"'' nalika ruku sarta ''"Subhana Rabbiyal 'A'la wa bihamdih"'' nalika sujud. # '''Maca doa nalika i'tidal jeung diuk antara dua sujud.''' # '''Maca salam anu kadua.''' # '''Ngalieuk ka katuhu sarta ka kénca nalika salam.''' # '''Iftirasy:''' Cara diuk dina sadaya diuk solat (iwal diuk tahiyat ahir), nyaéta diuk di luhureun dampal suku kénca. # '''Tawarruk:''' Cara diuk nalika tahiyat ahir, nyaéta nyodorkeun suku kénca ka handapeun suku katuhu sarta diuk langsung dina lante/taneuh. {{Islam-pondok}} === Rujukan === {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ibadah]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat| ]] [[Kategori:Rukun Islam]] onw4xgxf5fzm2w1orv0b5i75zt5x6bq 0 24467 709429 677015 2026-05-17T14:43:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radio''' nyaéta [[wireless|pangiriman sinyal nirkabel]], ku cara numpangkeun atawa nga-[[modulasi]] sinyal informasi kana [[radiasi elektromagnetik|gelombang éléktromagnétik]] dina jajaran [[frekuensi|frékuénsi]] handapeun frékuénsi [[cahaya katémbong]]. [[rambatan radio|Rambatan]] gelombang éléktromagnétik dimungkinkeun ku cara ngaayunambing médan magnét. Ieu gelombang henteu merlukeun mediyeum pikeun ngaliwat. Informasi dibawa sacara sistematik ku cara ngarobah sababaraha sifat gelombang anu dipancarkeun, saperti amplitudo atawa frékuénsina. Mangsa gelombang radio ngaliwatan konduktor listrik, médan anu ngaayun-ambing ngahasilkeun arus listrik bulak-balik dina konduktor. Arus listrik ieu bisa didetéksi jeung dirobah jadi sinyal sora atawa sinyal liana. Sanajan [[Nikola Tesla]] anu munggaran medar yén komunikasi nir-kabel bisa dilaksanakeun, persisna dina taun 1893, [[Guglielmo Marconi]] asal Italia, mangrupa panimu anu munggaran ngalakukeun komunikasi radio. Manéhna ngirim jeung narima sinyal radio munggaran di Italia dina taun 1895. ==Radio== Kecap radio asalna tina kecap radioteléografi anu disebut ogé 'wireless telegraphy', anu disingket 'wireless'. Préfiks ''radio-'' dina harti pangiriman sacara nirkabel munggaran dicutat dina kecap 'radioconductor'', anu ditimukeun ku fisikawan Perancis [[Edouard Branly]] dina taun 1897 sarta dumasar kana kecap gawe ''to radiate'' (dina basa Laten "radius" hartina "pancaran cahaya, sinar"). 'Radio' minangka kecap barang cenah ditimukeun ku ahli iklan [[Waldo Warren]] (White 1944). Kecap kasebut, anu muncul dina hiji artikel nu diterbitkeun ku [[Lee de Forest]] taun 1907, digunakeun ku [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1912 sarta jadi ilahar nepi ka waktu munggaran ayana siaran komérsial di Amérika Sérikat dina taun 1920-an. Istilah éta terus digunakeun dina basa-basa lian di Éropah jeung Asia, sanajan nagara-nagara Persemakmuran Inggris mertahankeun istilah 'wireless' nepi ka tengah abad ka-20. Kiwari istilah 'wireless' meunangkeun deui popularitas alatan tumuwuhna jaringan télékomunikasi jarak pondok anu lumangsung gancang, contona [[WLAN]] ('Wireless Local Aréa Network'), [[WiFi]] jeung [[Bluetooth]] sarta telepon mobil, misalna [[GSM]] katut [[UMTS]]. Kiwari, istilah 'radio' mindeng nujul kana alat transceiver (alat pancar sakaligus panarima) atawa chip, sedengkeun 'wireless' nujul kana sistem jeung/atawa métode anu digunakeun pikeun komunikasi radio. == Panimuan == Sanajan panimuan radio lila dikaitkeun jeung [[Guglielmo Marconi]], jatidiri [[invention of radio|panimu radio]] anu mimiti, anu dina mangsa harita disebut [[wireless telegraphy]], jadi bahan kontrovérsi [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15207/15207-8.txt]. Kamajuan ti mimiti percobaan di laboratorium nepi ka radio jadi barang kaperluan komérsial ngabutuhkeun waktu sabababaraha dasawarsa sarta merlukeun usaha ti para panalungtik. Kontrovérsi ngeunaan saha anu nimukeun radio, bisa kapanggih ku cara merhatikeun kronologi ditimukeunna radio saperti di handap ieu: *Dina taun 1887, [[David E. Hughes]] mancarkeun kode Morse maké radio dina handapeun daérah [[Super low frequency]]. *Dina taun 1888, [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz|Heinrich Hertz]] ngahasilkeun sarta ngukur jajaran [[Ultra High Frequency]]. *Dina taun 1891, [[Nikola Tesla]] ngamimitian panalungtikan nirkabel. Manéhna nyieun alat anu bisa diandelkeun pikeun ngahasilkeun frékuénsi radio, mintonkeun ka balaréa prinsip-prinsip radio, sarta ngirimkeun sinyal ka jarak anu jauh. *Antara taun 1893 jeung 1894, [[Roberto Landell de Moura]], urang Brazil, ngalakukeun percobaan. Manéhna henteu nerbitkeun hasilna nepi ka taun 1900 tapi tungtungna meunangkeun patén ti nagarana. *Dina taun 1894 di [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), Sir [[Jagdish Chandra Bose|Jagdish Chandra Bose (J. C. Bose)]] nimukeun [[coherer]] jeung panarima (receiver) [[telepon]]. *[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], dina taun 1894, nyieun receiver radiona nu munggaran, anu ngandung hiji coherer tapi sabenerna coherer geus dipintonkeun saméméhna ku J.C. Bose. Popov. Popov satuluyna ngahadéan éta alat jadi hiji detéktor kilat sarta midangkeun dina Russian Physical and Chemical Society dina tanggal [[7 Mei]], 1895. *Dina taun 1894, [[Guglielmo Marconi]] macaan tulisan ngeunaan hasil gawé Hertz jeung Tesla dina perkara wireless telegraphy, sarta ngamimitian percobaanna sorangan. *Dina bulan Désémber 1901 [[Guglielmo Marconi]] ngagunakeun timuan J.C. Bose pikeun narima sinyal radio dina komunikasi transatlatik anu ngaliwatan jarak 2000 mil ti Poldhu, Inggris, ka St. Johns, Newfoundland. Marconi kasohor di sakuliah dunya lantara hasil anu dihontalna ieu. Henteu lila ti harita, Marconi narima patén, malah narima ogé panghargaan Nobel. *Dina awal taun 1900-an [[Reginald Fessenden]] _{[http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/59.html]} sarta [[Lee de Forest]] nimukeun [[amplitude modulation|modulasi amplitudo]] ([[AM radio|AM]]) radio) anu ngamungkinkeun sinyal audio bisa dikirim ngaliwatan jomantara. *Dina taun 1935 [[Edwin Armstrong|Edwin H. Armstrong]] nimukeun [[frequency modulation|modulasi frékuénsi]] ([[FM radio|FM]]) radio, antukna sinyal audio anu dipancarkeun bisa nyingkahan listrik "statik," nyaéta interférensi tina alat-alat listrik katut gangguan atmosfir. *Dina taun 1943, Pangadilan Tinggi AS ngumumkeun yén gawé Marconi lain gawé asli jieunan manéhna, sarta kapamilikan patén dibikeun ka Nikola Tesla. Ngan, Tesla palastra teu lila saacan kaputusan kasebut dibéwarakeun.<ref>[[List of Tesla patents]]</ref> ==Sajarah== {{details|Sajarah radio}} [[Image:TeslaWirelessPower1891.png|thumb|333px|right|Tesla keur mintonkeun pangiriman informasi nirkabel dina kuliah ngeunaan frékuénsi luhur dina taun 1891. Saenggeus ngalakukeun risét anu sinambung, Tesla ngajelaskeun dasar-dasar ngeunaan radio dina taun 1893.]] Dina taun 1893, di [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], [[Nikola Tesla]] nyieun alat pikeun percobaan [[listrik]]. Biantara di hareupeun ''[[Franklin Institute]]'' di [[Philadelphia]] sarta ''[[National Electric Light Association]]'', manéhna ngajelaskeun, mintonkeun sarta ngawincik prinsip-prinsip gawé nirkabelna. Dina taun [[1894]] [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]] nyieun [[radio receiver]], anu ngandung hiji [[coherer]]. Satuluyna manéhna nyampurnakeun éta alat jadi hiji [[detektor cahaya]], anu dibébérkeun hareupeun [[Russian Physical and Chemical Society]] dina tanggal [[May 7]], [[1895]]. Pintonan telegrafi nirkabel munggaran hareupeun balaréa lumangsung di ruang kuliah muséum Sajarah Alam Oxford University dina tanggal 14 Agustus 1894, anu dilaksanakeun ku Profésor [[Oliver Lodge]] jeung [[Alexander Muirhead]]. Dina éta pintonan, hiji sinyal radio dikirim ti gedong laboratorium Clarendon, sarta ditarima ku alat anu ditempatkeun di ruang kuliah dimaksud. Dina taun [[1896]], Marconi dibéré [[patent]] 12039 ku [[United Kingdom|Inggris]], ''Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for''. Dina taun 1897 manéhna ngadegkeun stasiun radio munggaran di dunya di [[Isle of Wight]], [[Inggris]]. Marconi muka pabrik "nirkabel" munggaran di dunya di Hall Street, [[Chelmsford, Inggris]] dina taun 1898, anu ngagawékeun kira-kira 50 urang. Panimuan hébat satuluyna nyaéta detéktor [[bungbung hapa]], anu katimu ku para insinyur [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]]. Dina tanggal 25 Désémber 1906, [[Reginald Fessenden]] ngagunakeun ''synchronous rotary-spark transmitter'' pikeun siaran program radiona munggaran, ti [[Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts|Brant Rock, Massachusetts]]. Kapal-kapal di laut ngadéngé siaran Fessenden anu ngamaénkeun [[biola]]. Program warta berita radio munggaran disiarkeun dina [[31 Agustus]], [[1920]] ku stasiun 8MK di [[Detroit, Michigan]]. Stasiun radio kampus munggaran mitembeyan siaran dina tanggal [[14 Oktober]], 1920, ti [[Union College]], [[Schenectady]], [[New York]].[http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515103959/http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm |date=2008-05-15 }}. Dina bulan anu sarua, stasiun radio 2ADD, anu satuluyna dingaranan [[WRUC]] dina taun 1940, nyiarkeun siaran hiburan munggaran di Amérika Sarikat. Dina bulan Nopémber 1920, éta stasiun nyiarkeun kagiatan olah raga.[http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515103959/http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm |date=2008-05-15 }},[http://2000.union.edu/N/DS/edition_display.php?e=677&s=2700] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125160215/http://2000.union.edu/N/DS/edition_display.php?e=677&s=2700 |date=2009-01-25 }} Dina jam 9 isuk-isuk tanggal 27 Agustus 1920, Sociedad Radio [[Argentina]] nyiarkeun langsung pintonan opera ti ''Coliseo Theater'' di puseur kota [[Buenos Aires]]; duapuluh imah di éta kota boga alat panarima radio pikeun nangkep siaran kasebut. Sedengkeun siaran hiburan regulér dimimitian dina taun 1922 ti Pusat Risét boga [[Guglielmo Marconi|Marconi]] di [[Writtle]], deukeut [[Chelmsford, Inggris]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} One of the first developments in the éarly 20th century (1900-1959) was that [[aircraft]] used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. This continued until the éarly 1960s when [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]] systems finally became widespréad (though AM stations are still marked on U.S. [[aviation]] charts). In the éarly 1930s, [[single sideband]] and [[frequency modulation]] were invented by amateur radio operators. By the end of the decade, they were established commercial modes. Radio was used to transmit pictures visible as [[television]] as éarly as the 1920s. Commercial television transmissions started in North America and Europe in the 1940s. In 1954, Regency introduced a pocket [[transistor]] radio, the [[Regency TR-1|TR-1]], powered by a "standard 22.5 V Battery". In [[1960]], [[Sony]] introduced its first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next 20 yéars, transistors replaced tubes almost completely except for very high-power uses. By 1963 color television was being regularly transmitted commercially, and the first (radio) [[communication satellite]], TELSTAR, was launched. In the late 1960s, the U.S. long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing [[digital radio]]s for many of its links. In the 1970s, [[LORAN]] became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with [[satellite navigation]], culminating in the invention and launch of the [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] constellation in 1987. In the éarly 1990s, [[amateur radio]] experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In 1994, the U.S. Army and [[DARPA]] launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a [[software radio]] that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software. Digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting in the late 1990s. ==Kagunaan radio== Radio munggaran digunakeun pikeun kaperluan maritim, nyaéta pikeun ngirim pesen telegraf anu maké [[kode Morse]] antara kapal laut jeung kapal laut sarta antara kapal laut jeung daratan. Para pamaké munggaran di antarana Angkatan Laut Jepang pikeun nyilidik armada Rusia dina [[paperangan di Tsushima]] dina taun 1905. Kagunaan telegraf maritim anu paling diinget nyaéta waktu teuleumna [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] dina taun 1912, di antarana pikeun komunikasi antara para operator dina kapal nu titeuleum jeung kapal-kapal anu padeukeut sarta pikeun komunikasi jeung stasiun-stasiun di basisir pikeun ngémbarkeun anu salamet. Radio nu munggaran acan bisa mancarkeun sora atawa ucapan sarta disebut "wireless telegraph" atawa telegraf nirkabel. Radio digunakeun pikeun ngirimkeun paréntah sarta komunikasi antara angkatan darat jeung angkatan laut dina [[Perang Dunia I]]; Jérman ngagunakeun komunikasi radio pikeun pesen diplomatik mangsa sakali waktu kabel lautna dipegatkeun ku Inggris. Amérika Sarikat ngirimkeun [[opat welas paringetan]] ti présidén [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] ka Jérman ngagunakeun radio dina perang kasebut. Siaran radio mitembeyan ti [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] dina taun 1909 [http://www.bayarearadio.org/schneider/kqw.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017211028/http://bayarearadio.org/schneider/kqw.shtml |date=2010-10-17 }}, sarta jadi ilahar dina taun 1920-an, mangsa sumebarna alat panarima radio (radio receiver), hususna di Éropah jeung Amérika Sarikat. Sagigireun ti éta, siaran titik-ka-titik, kaasup pesen telepon sarta ''rélay'' program-program radio, sumebar dina taun 1920-an jeung 1930-an. Kagunaan lainna radio dina taun-taun saacan perang nyaéta hadirna kapal udara sarta kapal laut nu mampu ngadetéksi sarna manggihan kapal musuh maké [[radar]] (''RA''dio ''D''etection ''A''nd ''R''anging). Kiwari, radio boga rupa-rupa wangunan, di antarana nyaéta sagala rupa [[jaringan nirkabel]] sarta [[komunikasi mobil]] katut [[siaran]] radio. Saacan ditimukeunna [[televisi]], radio komérsial nyiarkeun lain waé warta jeung musik, tapi ogé ''drama'', ''komedi'', variety shows, jeung wangun hiburan lianna. ===Audio=== [[Image:Fisher 500 radio.jpg|right|thumb|''Receiver hi-fi AM/FM'' Fisher 500 ti mangsa taun 1959.]] [[AM broadcasting|Radio siaran AM]] ngirimkeun musik jeung ucapan dina spékrum gelombang radio Frékuénsi Sedeng (MF—0.300&nbsp;MHz nepi ka 3&nbsp;MHz). Radio AM ngagunakeun [[modulasi amplitudo]], di mana amplitudo sinyal pamawa dirobah proporsional jeung amplitudo sora anu katangkep (di-trandusi) ku mikropon sedengkeun frékuénsina tetep henteu dirobah. Pangiriman sinyal cara kieu keuna ku gangguan listrik statik jeung interférensi lantaran kilat sarta sumber gangguan lianna anu mancar dina frékuénsi anu sarua ngarobah amplitudo sinyal anu dipancarkeun. Ukuran daya paling gedé anu dimeunangkeun pikeun stasiun radio AM di [[Amérika Sarikat]] nyaéta 50,000 watts sarta lolobana stasiun anu mancar sakuat ieu geus karolot; stasiun-stasiun ieu di antarana [[WGN (AM)]], [[WJR]], sarta [[CKLW]]. Dina taun 1986 [[KTNN]] mangrupa stasiun pamungkas anu narima idin operasi dina 50,000 watt. [[FM broadcasting|Radio siaran FM]] ngirimkeun musik jeung ucapan kalayan ''kehandalan'' (''fidelity'') anu leuwih hadé ti batan radio AM. Dina [[modulasi frékuénsi]], parobahan amplitudo dina [[mikropon]] nyababkeun frékuénsi ''transmitter'' fluktuasi. Lantaran sinyal audio ngamodulasi frékuénsi lain amplitudo, mangka sinyal FM henteu keuna ku gangguan statik sarta interférensi saperti halna sinyal AM. FM dipancarkeun dina spéktrum gelombang radio Frékuénsi Luhur Pisan atawa ''Very High Frequency'' (VHF—30&nbsp;MHz nepi ka 300&nbsp;MHz). <!-- FM merlukeun spéktrum frekuensi radio leuwih loba batan AM sedengkeun hal ieu bisa dicumponan dina frékuénsi luhur. Akibatna, dina siaran FM bisa aya leuwih loba stasiun, anu masing-masingna ngirim informasi leuwih loba. --> Gelombang radio VHF watekna leuwih mirupa cahaya, ngarambat dina garis anu lempeng, antukna jarak panarimaan kawates antara 50-100 mil. Dina kondisi atmosfir bagian luhur anu henteu biasa, sinyal FM kadang dipantulkeun balik ka bumi ku [[ionosfir]], ngakibatkeun [[TV/FM DX|jarak pancar FM anu jauh]]. ''Receiver'' FM keuna ku [[capture effect]], anu nyababkeun radio ngan narima sinyal anu paling kuat mangsa aya leuwih ti hiji sinyal anu datang dina frékuénsi nu sarua. ''Receiver'' FM relatif kebal tina gangguan kilat jeung interférensi. Daya nu gedé boga mangfaat pikeun nembus wangunan, nyebar sabudeureun pasir-pasir, sarta mengkol dina luhureun horizon. Akibatna, stasiun-stasiun FM nu dayana 100,000 watt bisa sacara régulér kadéngé sajauh 100 mil (160&nbsp;km), malah bisa leuwih jauh deui (nyaéta 150 mil, 240&nbsp;km) lamun euwueh sinyal lianna dina frékuénsi nu sarua. Stasiun FM anu dijalankeun maké daya 320,000 watts ERP nepi ka 500,000 watts ERP henteu ngabantu pikeun manjangkeun jarak pancar sabab frékuénsi [[VHF]] ngarambat ampir mirupa garis lempeng dina luhureun horizon sarta nembus ka angkasa luar. FM Sub-carrier services are secondary signals transmitted "[[piggyback]]" along with the main program. Special receivers are required to utilize these services. Analog channels may contain alternative programming, such as réading services for the blind, background music or steréo sound signals. In some extremely crowded metropolitan aréas, the sub-channel program might be an alternate foreign language radio program for various ethnic groups. Sub-carriers can also transmit digital data, such as station identification, the current song's name, web addresses, or stock quotes. In some countries, FM radios automatically re-tune themselves to the same channel in a different district by using sub-bands. Aviation voice radios use [[VHF radio|VHF]] AM. AM is used so that multiple stations on the same channel can be received. (Use of FM would result in stronger stations blocking out reception of wéaker stations due to FM's [[capture effect]]). Aircraft fly high enough that their transmitters can be received hundreds of miles (or kilometres) away, even though they are using VHF. Marine voice radios can use AM in the shortwave High Frequency (HF—3&nbsp;MHz to 30&nbsp;MHz) radio spectrum for very long ranges or [[Marine VHF radio|narrowband FM in the VHF spectrum]] for much shorter ranges. Government, police, fire and commercial voice services use narrowband FM on special frequencies. Fidelity is sacrificed to use a smaller range of radio frequencies, usually five [[hertz|kHz]] of deviation, rather than the 75&nbsp;kHz used by FM broadcasts and 25&nbsp;kHz used by TV sound. Civil and military HF (high frequency) voice services use [[shortwave]] radio to contact ships at séa, aircraft and isolated settlements. Most use [[single sideband]] voice (SSB), which uses less bandwidth than AM. On an AM radio SSB sounds like ducks quacking. Viewed as a graph of frequency versus power, an AM signal shows power where the frequencies of the voice add and subtract with the main radio frequency. SSB cuts the bandwidth in half by suppressing the carrier and (usually) lower sideband. This also makes the transmitter about three times more powerful, because it doesn't need to transmit the unused carrier and sideband. TETRA, [[Terrestrial Trunked Radio]] is a digital cell phone system for military, police and ambulances. Commercial services such as [[XM Radio|XM]], [[WorldSpace]] and [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]] offer encrypted digital [[Satellite radio]]. ===Telephony=== [[Mobile phone]]s transmit to a local [[cell site]] (transmitter/receiver) that ultimately connects to the public switched telephone network ([[Public switched telephone network|PSTN]]) through an optic fiber or microwave radio and other network elements. When the mobile phone néars the edge of the cell site's radio coverage aréa, the central computer switches the phone to a new cell. Cell phones originally used FM, but now most use various digital modulation schemes. Recent developments in Sweden (such as DROPme) allow for the instant downloading of digitial material from a radio broadcast (such as a song) to a mobile phone. Satellite phones use satellites rather than cell towers to communicate. They come in two types: [[Inmarsat|INMARSAT]] and [[Iridium (satellite)|Iridium]]. Both types provide world-wide coverage. INMARSAT uses géosynchronous satellites, with aimed high-gain antennas on the vehicles. Iridium uses 66 Low éarth Orbit satellites as the cells. ===Video=== [[Television]] sends the picture as AM and the sound as FM, with the sound carrier a fixed frequency (4.5&nbsp;MHz in the [[NTSC]] system) away from the vidéo carrier. Analog television also uses a [[vestigial sideband]] on the vidéo carrier to reduce the bandwidth required. Digital television uses [[8VSB]] modulation in North America (under the [[ATSC]] digital television standard), and [[COFDM]] modulation elsewhere in the world (using the [[DVB-T]] standard). A [[Reed-Solomon error correction]] code adds redundant correction codes and allows reliable reception during moderate data loss. Although many current and future codecs can be sent in the MPEG-2 [[transport stream]] [[container format]], as of 2006 most systems use a standard-definition format almost identical to [[DVD]]: [[MPEG-2]] vidéo in [[Anamorphic widescreen]] and [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II|MPEG layer 2]] (''MP2'') audio. [[High-definition television]] is possible simply by using a higher-resolution picture, but [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]] is being considered as a replacement vidéo codec in some regions for its improved compression. With the compression and improved modulation involved, a single "channel" can contain a high-definition program and several standard-definition programs. ===Navigation=== All [[satellite navigation]] systems use satellites with precision clocks. The satellite transmits its position, and the time of the transmission. The receiver listens to four satellites, and can figure its position as being on a line that is tangent to a spherical shell around éach satellite, determined by the time-of-flight of the radio signals from the satellite. A computer in the receiver does the math. Radio direction-finding is the oldest form of radio navigation. Before 1960 navigators used movable loop antennas to locate commercial AM stations néar cities. In some cases they used marine radiolocation béacons, which share a range of frequencies just above AM radio with amateur radio operators. [[Loran]] systems also used time-of-flight radio signals, but from radio stations on the ground. [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]] (Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range), systems (used by aircraft), have an antenna array that transmits two signals simultanéously. A directional signal rotates like a lighthouse at a fixed rate. When the directional signal is facing north, an omnidirectional signal pulses. By méasuring the difference in phase of these two signals, an aircraft can determine its béaring or radial from the station, thus establishing a line of position. An aircraft can get réadings from two VORs and locate its position at the intersection of the two radials, known as a "fix." When the VOR station is collocated with DME ([[Distance Measuring Equipment]]), the aircraft can determine its béaring and range from the station, thus providing a fix from only one ground station. Such stations are called VOR/DMEs. The military operates a similar system of navaids, called TACANs, which are often built into VOR stations. Such stations are called VORTACs. Because TACANs include distance méasuring equipment, VOR/DME and VORTAC stations are identical in navigation potential to civil aircraft. ===Radar=== [[Radar]] (Radio Detection And Ranging) detects objects at a distance by bouncing radio waves off them. The delay caused by the echo méasures the distance. The direction of the béam determines the direction of the reflection. The polarization and frequency of the return can sense the type of surface. Navigational radars scan a wide aréa two to four times per minute. They use very short waves that reflect from éarth and stone. They are common on commercial ships and long-distance commercial aircraft General purpose radars generally use navigational radar frequencies, but modulate and polarize the pulse so the receiver can determine the type of surface of the reflector. The best general-purpose radars distinguish the rain of héavy storms, as well as land and vehicles. Some can superimpose sonar data and map data from [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] position. Séarch radars scan a wide aréa with pulses of short radio waves. They usually scan the aréa two to four times a minute. Sometimes séarch radars use the [[doppler effect]] to separate moving vehicles from clutter. Targeting radars use the same principle as séarch radar but scan a much smaller aréa far more often, usually several times a second or more. Wéather radars resemble séarch radars, but use radio waves with circular polarization and a wavelength to reflect from water droplets. Some wéather radar use the [[Doppler effect|doppler]] to méasure wind speeds. ===Data (digital radio)=== Most new radio systems are digital, see also: [[Digital TV]], [[Satellite Radio]], [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]]. The oldest form of digital broadcast was spark gap [[telegraphy]], used by pioneers such as Marconi. By pressing the key, the operator could send messages in [[Morse code]] by énérgizing a rotating commutating spark gap. The rotating commutator produced a tone in the receiver, where a simple spark gap would produce a hiss, indistinguishable from static. Spark gap transmitters are now illegal, because their transmissions span several hundred megahertz. This is very wasteful of both radio frequencies and power. The next advance was continuous wave [[telegraphy]], or CW ([[Continuous Wave]]), in which a pure radio frequency, produced by a [[vacuum tube]] [[electronic oscillator]] was switched on and off by a key. A receiver with a local oscillator would "[[heterodyne]]" with the pure radio frequency, créating a whistle-like audio tone. CW uses less than 100&nbsp;Hz of bandwidth. CW is still used, these days primarily by [[amateur radio]] operators (hams). Strictly, on-off keying of a carrier should be known as "Interrupted Continuous Wave" or ICW or [[on-off keying]] (OOK). [[radioteletype|Radio teletype]]s usually operate on short-wave (HF) and are much loved by the military because they créate written information without a skilled operator. They send a bit as one of two tones. Groups of five or seven bits become a character printed by a teletype. From about 1925 to 1975, radio teletype was how most commercial messages were sent to less developed countries. These are still used by the military and wéather services. Aircraft use a 1200 Baud radioteletype service over VHF to send their ID, altitude and position, and get gate and connecting-flight data. Microwave dishes on satellites, telephone exchanges and TV stations usually use [[quadrature amplitude modulation]] (QAM). QAM sends data by changing both the phase and the amplitude of the radio signal. Engineers like QAM because it packs the most bits into a radio signal when given an exclusive (non-shared) fixed narrowband frequency range. Usually the bits are sent in "frames" that repéat. A special bit pattern is used to locate the beginning of a frame. Communication systems that limit themselves to a fixed narrowband frequency range are vulnerable to [[jamming]]. A variety of jamming-resistant [[spread spectrum]] techniques were initially developed for military use, most famously for [[Global Positioning System]] satellite transmissions. Commercial use of spréad spectrum begin in the 1980s. [[Bluetooth]], most cell phones, and the 802.11b version of Wi-Fi éach use various forms of spréad spectrum. Systems that need reliability, or that share their frequency with other services, may use "coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing" or [[COFDM]]. COFDM bréaks a digital signal into as many as several hundred slower subchannels. The digital signal is often sent as QAM on the subchannels. modérn COFDM systems use a small computer to maké and decode the signal with [[digital signal processing]], which is more flexible and far less expensive than older systems that implemented separate electronic channels. COFDM resists fading and ghosting because the narrow-channel QAM signals can be sent slowly. An adaptive system, or one that sends error-correction codes can also resist interference, because most interference can affect only a few of the QAM channels. COFDM is used for [[WiFi]], some [[cell phone]]s, [[Digital Radio Mondiale]], [[Eureka 147]], and many other local aréa network, digital TV and radio standards. ===Heating=== Radio-frequency energy generated for héating of objects is generally not intended to radiate outside of the generating equipment, to prevent interference with other radio signals. [[Microwave oven]]s use intense radio waves to héat food. (Note: It is a common misconception that the radio waves are tuned to the resonant frequency of water molecules. The microwave frequencies used are actually about a factor of ten below the resonant frequency.) [[Diathermy]] equipment is used in surgery for séaling of blood vessels. Induction [[furnace]]s are used for melting metal for [[casting]]. ===Amateur radio service=== [[Amateur radio]] is a hobby in which enthusiasts purchase or build their own equipment and use radio for their own enjoyment. They may also provide an emergency and public-service radio service. This has been of gréat use, saving lives in many instances. Radio amateurs are licensed to use frequencies in a large number of narrow bands throughout the radio spectrum. They use all forms of encoding, including obsolete and experimental ones. Several forms of radio were pioneered by radio amateurs and later became commercially important including [[FM]], single-sideband (SSB), AM, digital packet radio and satellite repéaters. Some amateur frequencies may be disrupted by power-line internet service. ===Unlicensed radio services=== Personal radio services such as [[Citizens' Band Radio]], [[Family Radio Service]], [[Multi-Use Radio Service]] and others exist in North America to provide simple, (usually) short range communication for individuals and small groups, without the overhéad of licensing. Similar services exist in other parts of the world. These radio services involve the use of handheld units. The commonest form of unlicensed radio is known as Free or Pirate radio, the main differences being that a Free radio station does not advertise or maké any money, while the Pirate station could not exist without adverts, payolas, etc. ===Radio control (RC)=== [[Radio control|Radio remote controls]] use radio waves to transmit control data to a remote object as in some éarly forms of [[guided missile]], some éarly TV remotes and a range of modél boats, [[Radio-controlled car|cars]] and airplanes. Large industrial remote-controlled equipment such as [[crane (machine)|crane]]s and switching [[locomotive]]s now usually use digital radio techniques to ensure safety and reliability. In [[Madison Square Garden]], at the Electrical Exhibition of 1898, Nikola Tesla successfully demonstrated a radio-controlled boat.[http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ins/lab_remotec.html] He was awarded U.S. patent No. 613,809 for a "Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vessels or Vehicles." [http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/613809.html] ==The electromagnetic spectrum== Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, créated whenever a [[electric charge|charged]] object (in normal radio transmission, an [[electron]]) [[accelerate]]s with a frequency that lies in the [[radio frequency]] (RF) portion of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. In radio, this acceleration is caused by an [[alternating current]] in an [[antenna (radio)|antenna]]. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a few tens of [[hertz]] to three hundred gigahertz, although commercially important uses of radio use only a small part of this spectrum.<ref>''The Electromagnetic Spectrum'', University of Tennessee, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy</ref> Other types of electromagnetic radiation, with frequencies above the RF range, are [[microwave]], [[infrared]], visible [[light]], [[ultraviolet]], [[X-ray]]s and [[gamma ray]]s. Since the energy of an individual [[photon]] of radio frequency is too low to remove an [[electron]] from an [[atom]], radio waves are classified as [[non-ionizing radiation]]. ===Other=== [[Energy autarkic radio technology]] consists of a small radio transmitter powered by environmental energy (push of a button, temperature differences, light, vibrations, etc.). A number of schemes have been proposed for [[Wireless energy transfer]]. Various plans included transmitting power using [[microwave]]s, and the technique has been demonstrated. (See [[Microwave power transmission]]). These schemes include, for example, [[solar energy|solar power]] [[Solar power satellite|stations]] in orbit béaming energy down to terrestrial users. ==See also== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Amateur radio]] * [[Antique radio]] * [[Army No. 11 Wireless Set]] * [[Batteryless radio]] * [[Community radio]] * [[Crystal radio receiver]] * [[Dead air]] * [[Federal Communications Commission]] (United States) * [[Hertz]] * [[Hospital radio]] * [[Hot and cool media]] * [[International broadcasting]] * [[Internet radio]] and [[Internet radio device]] * [[Invention of radio]] *'''Lists''' ** [[Radio network]] ** [[List of Internet stations]] ** [[List of radio broadcasters who also do podcasting]] * [[Longwave]] * [[Mediumwave]] {{col-break}} * [[Music radio]] * [[Near Vertical Incidence Skywave]] * [[Old-time radio]] * [[Pirate radio]] * [[Radio astronomy]] * [[Radio documentary]] * [[Radio commercial]] * [[Radio programming]] * [[Radio propagation]] and [[ionosphere]] * [[Radio software]] * [[Receiver (radio)]] * [[Satellite radio]] * [[Shortwave]] * [[Software radio]] * [[TV/FM DX|Long-distance FM reception (FM DX)]] * [[Transistor radio]] * [[Tuner (radio)]] * [[Types of radio emissions]] * [[VFO]] {{col-end}} ==Catetan== {{reflist}} *[http://www.124radiostation.com Online Radio Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210162850/http://www.124radiostation.com/ |date=2007-12-10 }} 124radiostation online radio station as review says it is the "most easiest" to use website to listen songs. ==Rujukan== * [http://pagina.vizzavi.pt/~nc22723a/radio.htm ''A História da Rádio em Datas (1819-1997)'' (in Portuguese) - notes on etymology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929011703/http://pagina.vizzavi.pt/~nc22723a/radio.htm |date=2007-09-29 }} * Leigh White, ''Buck Fuller and the Dymaxion World'' (refers to Waldo Warren as the inventor of the word ''radio''), in: The Saturday Evening Post, [[14 Oktober]] 1944, cited in: Joachim Krausse and Claude Lichtenstein (eds.), ''Your Private Sky'', Lars Müller Publishers, Baden/Switzerland, 1999, page 132. ISBN 3-907044-88-6 * L. de Forest, article in Electrical World [[22 Juni]] 1270/1 (1907), éarly use of word "radio". * http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415211726/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html |date=2008-04-15 }} - It contains a proof that Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose invented the Mercury Coherer which was later used by Guglielmo Marconi and along with other patents. ==Bacaan salajengna== * Aitkin Hugh G. J. ''The Continuous Wave: Technology and the American Radio, 1900-1932'' (Princeton University Press, 1985). * Briggs Asa. ''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom'' (Oxford University Press, 1961). * Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952). * Fisher, Marc ''Something In The Air: Radio, Rock, and the Revolution That Shaped A Generation'' (Random House, 2007). * Maclaurin W. Rupert. ''Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry'' (The Macmillan Company, 1949). * Ray William B. ''FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation'' (Iowa State University Press, 1990). * Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. ''A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939'' (Basil Blackwell, 1991). * Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990). * Sterling Christopher H. ''Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920-1983'' (Praeger, 1984). * White Llewellyn. ''The American Radio'' (University of Chicago Press, 1947). ===Sumber utama=== * De Forest, Lee. ''Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest'' (1950). ==Tumbu luar== {{commonscat|Radio}} {{wiktionary|radio}} <!-- Please don't put links to your radio station, your radio blog or your radio sales site here. They will just be removed. If your station is notable enough to be included, it will be added by someone else. --> <!-- Consider converting external links to references where appropriate, especially history pages --> <!-- Please put directories to radio stations (online and broadcast) in the Open Directory Project http://dmoz.org/Arts/Radio, which links here --> *[http://www.commandline.net/Radio%20Frequency%20Chart1.htm Radio Frequency Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213173303/http://www.commandline.net/Radio%20Frequency%20Chart1.htm |date=2007-12-13 }} * Horzepa, Stan, "''[http://www.arrl.org/news/features/2003/10/10/1/ Surfin': Who Invented Radio]?''". Arrl.org. [[10 Oktober]] [[2003]]. * [http://www.radiomerkezi.com Online Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202045421/http://www.radiomerkezi.com/ |date=2007-12-02 }} * IAtéacher: [http://www.iateacher.com/Lesson%206/L6P1-Title.htm Interactive Explanation of Radio Receiver Construction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107072034/http://www.iateacher.com/Lesson%206/L6P1-Title.htm |date=2008-01-07 }} * U.S. Supreme Court, "''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=320&invol=1 Marconi Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States]''". 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued [[9 April]]-12, 1943. Decided [[21 Juni]] [[1943]]. * [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Radio/day/radio.html 'A Day In Radio' from The University of Virginia's Department of American Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070337/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/radio/day/radio.html |date=2017-08-12 }} *[http://www.locutoramariana.es.tl Radio Announcer] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427024057/http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/radio.html Steven Schoenherr's History of Radio] * [http://www.oldradio.com The Broadcast Archive - Radio History on the Web!] * [http://invention.smithsonian.org/resources/fa_clark_index.aspx George H. Clark Radioana Collection, ca. 1880 - 1950] - Archives Center, National muséum of American History, Smithsonian Institution * [https://web.archive.org/web/19990209121914/http://members.aol.com/djadamson/arp.html A gallery of Antiques from the 1920s to the 1960s] * [http://earlyradiohistory.us United States Early Radio History] * [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Radio/ Open Directory Project - Radio] * [http://www.rfzone.org/free-rf-ebooks/ Books about Radios and RF field; schematics for radio transmitters and receivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218171119/http://www.rfzone.org/free-rf-ebooks/ |date=2007-12-18 }} * [http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/VOR.htm VOR Basic Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416031853/http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/vor.htm |date=2012-04-16 }} * [http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm How Stuff Works - Radio] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040729115544/http://members.aol.com/jeff560/canada.html Early Canadian Radio Station Lists] * [http://www.broadcasting-history.ca Canadian Communications Foundation - The History on Canadian Broadcasting]. * [http://earlyradiohistory.us United States Early Radio History] * [http://www.vk2bv.org/museum Historic Radios from Around the World at Kurrajong Radio Museum, Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211124434/http://www.vk2bv.org/museum/ |date=2007-12-11 }} * [http://www.bdxc.org.uk The British DX Club] * [http://www.worldofradio.com/ www.worldofradio.com] Glen Houser's World Of Radio * [http://www.radiotoday.co.uk/ Radio Today] Daily News and Information about radio * [http://www.cbaa.org.au/ Community Broadcasting Association of Australia] * [http://www.cbonline.org.au/ Community Broadcasting Online (Australia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215022020/http://www.cbonline.org.au/ |date=2007-12-15 }} * [http://www.gbcghana.com/ Radio Broadcasting from Ghana West Africa] * [http://www.podseek.net/ Internet Radio Broadcasting Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211175048/http://www.podseek.net/ |date=2007-12-11 }} <!-- Insert interwikis here --> [[Kategori:Spéktrum radio]] [[Kategori:Radio]] [[Kategori:Sora]] oe4j7psl72wtguypinqknfp980lqoxs 0 32392 709426 681193 2026-05-17T13:42:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Paris map.png|ka|200px|jmpl|Peta lokasi Paris]] '''Paris''' nyaéta [[puseur dayeuh]] [[Perancis]] sakaligus dayeuh pangbadagna di nagara kasebut. Dayeuh ieu perenahna di tepi [[walungan Seine]] di bagian kalér Perancis, di tengah wewengkon (''region'') Île-de-France. Wates administratif dayeuh Paris henteu robah saprak 1860, sarta dicicingan ku 2.167.994 jiwa (taun 2006).<ref name="paris_pop_2006">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ElpDep_5trages90-06.xls| title=" Estimation de population par département, sexe et grande classe d’âge – Années 1990 à 2006"| author=[[INSEE|Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques]]| accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> Wewengkon urban Paris dicicingan ku kira-kira 9.93 yuta jiwa (taun 2005),<ref name="UU_2005">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMPTEF01103&tab_id=18| title="Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1&nbsp;million d'habitants de l'Union Européenne"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> sedengkeun wewengkon metropolitan Paris dicicingan ku ampir 12 yuta jiwa.<ref name="paris_AU99_pop">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=POP1&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire Urbaine '99 – pop totale par sexe et âge"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> Paris ku kituna mangrupa salasahiji wewengkon metropolitan pangmundelna di [[Éropa]].<ref name="metropolitan_areas">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a| title="Wilayah Metropolitan Dunia"| author=Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer| accessdate=2007-01-18| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071001000616/www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a| archivedate=2007-10-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000616/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |date=2007-10-01 }}</ref> Paris geus jadi dayeuh penting anu dicicingan salila leuwih ti dua milenium, sarta ayeuna nyaéta salah sahiji puseur bisnis sarta budaya kahot di dunya, sarta pangaruhna dina hal pulitik, atikan, hiburan, média, fashion, sains sarta seni geus nyieunana jadi minangka salah sahiji dayeuh anu pangbadagna di dunya.<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web| url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html| title="Daftar Kota Dunia"| author=Grup dan Jaringan Belajar Globalisasi dan Kota Dunia (GaWC), [[Universitas Loughborough]]| accessdate=2007-10-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628191825/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html |date=2016-06-28 }}</ref> Wewengkon Île-de-France mibanda 36 pausahaan anu asup dina [[Fortune Global 500]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/countries/France.html|title=Global Fortune 500 menurut negara: Perancis|author=[[Fortune (majalah)|Fortune]]|accessdate=2007-11-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021045413/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/countries/France.html |date=2007-10-21 }}</ref> Paris ogé jadi tempat ti organisasi internasional kawas [[UNESCO]], [[OECD]], [[ICC]] sarta [[Paris Club]]. Paris nyaéta mangrupa dayeuh tujuan pariwisata pangpopulérna di dunya, kalayan 30 juta nu datang deungeun pér warsih.<ref name=tourism>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/bilan2004tour.pdf| title=Le tourisme se porte mieux en 2004 | author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-01-16}}</ref> Aya sajumlah tempat kaceluk di ditu, antara séjén [[Menara Eiffel]] anu pohara kaceluk di dunya. <br><gallery> Tour Eiffel, École militaire, Champ-de-Mars, Palais de Chaillot, La Défense - 03.jpg|[[Menara Eiffel]] di tengah wewengkon bisnis La Défense di dayeuh Paris Paris-Notre Dame-112-Westfassade-2017-gje.jpg|Notre Dame Paris-Arc de Triomphe-102-2017-gje.jpg|Arc de Triomphe Paris-Place Dauphine-110-Cafe-2017-gje.jpg|Place Dauphine Paris-Eglise du Val-de-Grace-118-2017-gje.jpg|Val-de-Grace Paris-Palais du Luxembourg-118-2017-gje.jpg|Palais du Luxembourg Paris-Rue Mouffetard-140-Metzgerei-2017-gje.jpg|Marché à la Rue Mouffetard Paris-von Montmartre-150-p18-2017-gje.jpg|Vue depuis Montmartre </gallery> == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Category:Paris}} * {{en}}[http://www.paris.fr/en Loka ramat rasmi Paris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516080502/http://www.paris.fr/en/ |date=2005-05-16 }} * {{en}}[http://en.parisinfo.com Loka ramat pariwisata Paris] * {{en}}[http://english.pidf.com loka ramat pariwisata Ile-de-France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425204609/http://english.pidf.com/ |date=2021-04-25 }} == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Perancis]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara]] [[Kategori:Ibukota di Éropa]] t3ukums2r4k6gsr30q0x811zyq516ci 0 33104 709424 651412 2026-05-17T12:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stonehenge back wide.jpg|thumb|200 px| situs megalitik [[Stonehenge]] di [[Inggris]]]] '''Mégalit''' nyaéta [[batu]] gedé anu dipaké pikeun ngawangun struktur wangunan atawa monumén. '''Mégalitik''' nyaéta struktur anu dijieun tina batu badag. Mégalit asalna tina kecap dina [[basa Yunani]] μέγας megas artina besar, jeung λίθος lithos artina batu. [[File:Gunung Padang1.jpg|thumb| 200 px| [[Situs Gunung Padang|situs megalitik Gunung Padang]] di kabupaten [[Cianjur]]]] Kabudayaan mégalitik téh lain hiji jaman anu mekar mandiri, tapi hiji hasil [[budaya]] anu muncul dina mangsa [[néolitikum]] jeung leuwih mekar dina jaman [[logam]]. Unggal wangunan anu diciptakeun ku masarakat mibanda pungsi nu tangtu. Conto hasil kabudayaan jaman megalitikum di antarana: [[kampak pasagi]], [[kampak lonjong]], [[ménhir]], [[dolmén]], [[kubur batu]], [[waruga]], [[sarkofagus]] jeung [[pundén berundak]]. == Tumbu luar == {{Commonscat|Megaliths}} * {{en}} [http://bruno.marc1.free.fr/dolmen Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France] * {{en}} [http://site.voila.fr/megalithis/ Megaliths in Charente-Maritime, France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428024505/http://site.voila.fr/megalithis/ |date=2010-04-28 }} * {{en}} [http://www.megalith.ru/en/ Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110000913/http://megalith.ru/en/ |date=2007-01-10 }} * {{en}} [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/ The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map] * {{en}} [http://www.megalithomania.com/ Index of Megalithic monuments in Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210335/http://www.megalithomania.com/ |date=2017-02-06 }} * {{en}} [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] * {{en}} [http://www.pretanicworld.com/Monuments.html Pretanic World - Megaliths and Monuments] * {{en}} [http://www.bigstones.com/ Modern Megalith-Building] {{pondok}} ¼ [[Kategori:Arkeologi Afrika]] [[Kategori:Arkeologi Asia]] plbimp8v6emntarhqy3wgftdl0cfhn5 0 42988 709432 707385 2026-05-17T15:54:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709432 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Other use}}--> {{Infobox settlement |name = {{raise|0.1em|Seoul}} |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서울시}}}} |native_name_lang = ko |official_name = Kota Istiméwa Seoul<br />{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|서울특별시}}}} |Name = 서울특별시 |settlement_type = [[Kota Istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|Kota Istiméwa]] |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = |year = 18 BCE |translit_lang1 = &nbsp; |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hangul]] |translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|서울}}{{linktext|특|별|시}} |translit_lang1_type2 = [[Hanja]] |translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|서|울|特|別|市}} |translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Romanisasi nu Dirévisi]]}} |translit_lang1_info3 = {{nowrap|Seoul Teukbyeolsi}} |translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}} |translit_lang1_info4 = {{nowrap|Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi}} |image_skyline = Seoul_Montage_2014.jpg{{!}}border |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = <!--Sawangan di Seoul (saarah jeung jarum jam ti luhur): Gapura [[Gwanghwamun]] di Karaton [[Gyeongbokgung]]; arca Laksamana [[Yi Sun-sin]]; arca [[Paringetan Perang Koréa]]; kendi panyimpen dahareun di Karaton Gyeonbokgung; Kuil [[Jongmyo]]; [[Katedral Myeongdong]]; arca Raja [[Sejong nu Agung]]; jeung (tengah) [[Munara Seoul N]].--> |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = Logo of Seoul, South Korea.svg |blank_emblem_type = Seal of Seoul |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = South Korea-Seoul.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Peta Koréa Kidul kalayan Seoul nu disorot |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = KR |subdivision_type = Nagara |subdivision_name = {{flag|Koréa Kidul}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wewengkon di Koréa|Wewengkon]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wewengkon Ibukota Nasional Seoul]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = Distrik |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = 25<!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = [[Distrik Dobong]] |p2 = [[Distrik Dongdaémun]] |p3 = [[Distrik Dongjak]] |p4 = [[Distrik Eunpyeong]] |p5 = [[Distrik Gangbuk]] |p6 = [[Distrik Gangdong]] |p7 = [[Distrik Gangnam]] |p8 = [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]] |p9 = [[Distrik Geumcheon]] |p10 = [[Distrik Guro]] |p11 = [[Distrik Gwanak]] |p12 = [[Distrik Gwangjin]] |p13 = [[Distrik Jongno]] |p14 = [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] |p15 = [[Distrik Jungnang]] |p16 = [[Distrik Mapo]] |p17 = [[Distrik Nowon]] |p18 = [[Distrik Seocho]] |p19 = [[Distrik Seodaémun]] |p20 = [[Distrik Seongbuk]] |p21 = [[Seongdong District]] |p22 = [[Distrik Songpa]] |p23 = [[Distrik Yangcheon]] |p24 = [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]] |p25 = [[Distrik Yongsan]] |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Pamaréntahan Métropolitan Seoul]]<br />[[Pamaréntahan Déwan-Walikota|Déwan-Walikota]] |leader_party = {{Small|[[Aliansi Pulitik Anyar keur Démokrasi|NPAD]]}} |leader_title = Walikota |leader_name = [[Park Won-soon]] |leader_title1 = Déwan |leader_name1 = Déwan Métropolitan Seoul |leader_title2 = Perwakilan National<br />&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Majlis Nasional Koréa Kidul|Majlis Nasional]] |leader_name2 = {{Composition bar|48|300}} 16.0% (total korsi)<br />{{Composition bar|48|246}}19.5% (constituency seats)<br />{{Collapsible list |title = <!-- Romanization as found on http://www.assembly.go.kr --> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dobong|Dobong]]<br />[[In Jae Keun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |2 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dobong|Dobong]]<br />[[Yoo Ihn-tae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |3 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dongdaémun|Dongdaémun]]<br />[[Ahn Gyu Baek]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |4 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dongdaémun|Dongdaémun]]<br />[[Min Byung Doo]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |5 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Dongjak|Dongjak]]<br />[[Jun Byung-Hun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |6 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Dongjak|Dongjak]]<br />[[Chung Mong-Joon|Chung Mong Joon]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |7 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]<br />[[Lee Mi Kyung]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |8 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]<br />[[Lee Jae Oh]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |9 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangbuk|Gangbuk]]<br />[[Oh Young-Sik]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |10 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangbuk|Gangbuk]]<br />[[You Dae Woon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |11 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]<br />[[Shin Dong-Woo]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |12 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]<br />[[Shim Jae Kwon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |13 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]<br />[[Shim Yoon Joe]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |14 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]<br />[[Kim Jong Hoon]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |15 =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]<br />[[Shin Ki-Nam]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |16 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]<br />[[Kim Sung Tae]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |17 =Distrik [[Distrik Geumcheon|Geumcheon]]<br />[[Rhee Mok Hee]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |18 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]<br />[[Lee In-Young]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |19 =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]<br />[[Park Young-Sun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |20 =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 1st district<br />[[Yoo Ki Hong]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |21 =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 2nd district<br />[[Lee Sang Kyu]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|UPP]]) |22 =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 1st district<br />[[Kim Han Gil]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |23 =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 2nd district<br />[[Choo Mi Ae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |24 =[[Jongno District|Jongno]] district<br />[[Chung Sye-Kyun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |25 =[[Jung District, Seoul|Jung]] district<br />[[Chyung Hojoon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |26 =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]]<br />[[Seo Young Kyo]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |27 =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]] 2nd district<br />[[Park Hong Keun]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |28 =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 1st district<br />[[Noh Woong Rae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |29 =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 2nd district<br />[[Jung Cheong Rae]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |30 =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 1st district<br />[[Lee No Keun]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |31 =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 2nd district<br />[[Woo Won-Shik]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |32 =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 3rd district<br />[[Roh Hoe Chan]]<br />([[Partéy Progrésif Ngahiji|UPP]]) |33 =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 1st district<br />[[Kim Hoe Sun]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |34 =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 2nd district<br />[[Kang Seoghoon]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |35 =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 1st district<br />[[Woo Sang Ho]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |36 =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 2nd district<br />[[Chung Doo-un|Chung Doo-Un]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |37 =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 1st district<br />[[You Seung-Hee]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |38 =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 2nd district<br />[[Shin Geh-Ryoon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |39 =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 1st district<br />[[Choi Jae Cheon]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |40 =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 2nd district<br />[[Hong Ihk Pyo]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |41 =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 1st district<br />[[Park In-Sook]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |42 =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 2nd district<br />[[Yoo Il Ho]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |43 =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 3rd district<br />[[Kim Eul Dong]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |44 =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 1st district<br />[[Kil Jeong Woo]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |45 =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 2nd district<br />[[Kim Yongtae]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) |46 =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 1st district<br />[[Kim Young Joo]]<br />([[Democratic United Party|DUP]]) |47 =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 2nd district<br />[[Shin Kyoung Min]]<br />([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]]) |48 =[[Yongsan District|Yongsan]] district<br />[[Chin Young]]<br />([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]]) }} |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |founder = |named_for = |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = <ref name="seoul1"/> |area_total_km2 = 605.21 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = |population_as_of = 31 Oktober 2014<ref name="Population estimate">http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035927/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month |date=2014-11-29 }}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 10,117,909 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 25,620,000 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title= [[Démonim]] |population_blank1 = 서울 사람 (Seoul saram), 서울시민 (Seoul-simin), Seoulite |population_blank2_title= Lentong |population_blank2 = [[Lentong Seoul|Seoul]] |population_density_blank1_km2 = |blank_name_sec2 = GDP |blank_info_sec2 = [[American Dollar|US$]] 845.9&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per kapita |blank1_info_sec2 = US$ 34,355 <ref name="brookingsgdp" /> |timezone = UTC +09:00 (Korean Time) |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> |latd=37 |latm=34 |latNS=N |longd=126 |longm=58 |longEW=E |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |twin1 = |twin1_country = |twin2 = |twin2_country = |twin3 = |twin3_country = |twin4 = |twin4_country = |twin5 = |twin5_country = |twin6 = |twin6_country = |twin7 = |twin7_country = |blank_name = Manuk |blank_info = [[Korean Magpie]] |blank1_name = Kelir |blank1_info = Seoul Red<ref name="Seoul Metropolitan Government">{{cite web|title=Color|url=http://www.seoul.go.kr/v2012/seoul/symbol/color.html}}</ref> |blank2_name = Kembang |blank2_info = [[Forsythia]] |blank3_name = Aksara |blank3_info = Aksara Seoul ([[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] jeung [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]]) |blank4_name = Maskot |blank4_info = Haéchi |blank5_name = Slogan |blank5_info = “함께 만드는 서울, 함께 누리는 서울” (Literally "Seoul We Create Together, Seoul We Enjoy Together") |blank6_name = Lagu |blank6_info = "서울의 빛" ("Cahya Seoul") |blank7_name = Tangkal |blank7_info = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] |website = [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ seoul.go.kr] |footnotes = }} '''Séoul''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|s|oʊ|l}}; {{IPA-ko|sʰʌ.ul|lang|ko-Seoul.ogg}})<!--please do not repeat info already in infobox, e.g. Korean: 서울특별시-->&nbsp;– resmina '''Kota Istiméwa Séoul'''&nbsp; – mangrupa ibu kota tur [[métropolis]] panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]], nu mangrupa jajantung [[Wewengkon Ibukota Seoul]], kaasup sabudeureun métropolis [[Incheon]] jeung propinsi [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]], [[Daptar wewengkon métropolitan dumasar populasi|wewengkon métropolitan kadua panggedéna]] sadunya kalayan 25.6&nbsp;yuta urang pangeusi.<ref>http://www.moj.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_03/ShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0097&strWrtNo=167&strAnsNo=A&strFilePath=moj/&strRtnURL=MOJ_40402000&strOrgGbnCd=104000</ref> mangrupa tempat leuwih ti satengahna pangeusi Koréa Kidul kaasup 678,102 warga internasional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |title=국가통계포털 |publisher=Kosis.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055149/http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |date=2013-08-26 }}</ref> Kalayan pangeusi leuwih ti 10 yuta, ieu [[kota gedé]] mangrupa [[List of cities proper by population|largest city proper]] di [[OECD]]. Perenahna di [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], sajarah Séoul ti mangsa ka tukang kacida panjangna leuwih ti dua rébu taun ti saprak diadegkeun taun 18 SM ku [[Baékjaé]], salah sahiji tina [[Tilu Karajaan di Koréa]]. Séoul masih tumuluy jadi ibu kota [[Koréa]] nalika [[Dinasti Joseon]]. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Seoul]] ngawengku lima [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]]: [[Changdeokgung|Karato Changdeok]], [[Bénténg Hwaseong]], [[Jongmyo|Kuil Jongmyo]], [[Namhansanseong]] katut [[Makam Karajaan Dinasti Joseon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr|title=Lists: Republic of Korea |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Séoul dikurilingan ku pagunungan, nu pangluhurna mah [[Bukhansan|Gunung Bukhan]], taman nasional nu panglobana didatangan per suku pasagina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |title=Bukhansan National Park (북한산국립공원) |publisher=English.visitkorea.or.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122447/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |date=2013-09-28 }}</ref> Cicirén modéren di antarana [[Munara Seoul N]], [[Wangunan 63]] kelir emas, [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park|Dongdaemun Design Plaza]] nu ''neofuturiskik'', [[Lotte World]], taman jejeran jero rohangan panggedéna kadua sadunya,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/Seoul-attractions/Lotte-World/d973-a4955 |title=Lotte World – Seoul Attractions |publisher=Viator.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> [[Moonlight Rainbow Fountain]], cai mancer sasak pangpanjangna sadunya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/longest-bridge-fountain |title=Longest bridge fountain |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> katut [[Some Sevit|Pulo Ngambang Sevit]]. Minangka tempat lahirna [[K-pop]] katut [[Korean Wave]], Séoul narima leuwih ti 12 yuta turis internasional dina taun 2013,<ref>[http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&lang=eng Seoul Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927051259/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&lang=eng |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> ngajadikeun Séoul minangka [[Pelesir#Indéks Kota Tujuan Global MasterCard|kota ka-10 panglobana didatangan]] sadunya katut ka-6 pangngahasilkeunana dina hal pelesir.<ref>[http://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf MasterCard-Global Destination Cities index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916112828/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}</ref> Kiwari, Séoul dianggap minangka hiji [[kota global]] nu pinunjul tur ngaronjat, nu dihasilkeun tina hasil ekonomi nu disebut [[Kaahéngan Walungan Han]] nu ngarobah tina karuksakan [[Perang Koréa]] jadi [[Daptar kota dumasar kana GDP|ékonomi métropolitan panggedéna ka-4]] kalayan [[GDP]] US$774 miliar<ref>At [[purchasing power parity]], see [[List of cities by GDP]].</ref> dina taun 2012 sanggeus [[Tokyo]], [[Kota New York]] katut [[Los Angeles]]. Puseur téhnologi dunya nu pinunjul di [[Gangnam (3 Distrik)|Gangnam]] katut [[Kota Média Digital]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |publisher=theage.com.au |date=2009-06-15 |accessdate=2013-08-07 |location=Melbourne}}</ref> Wewengkon Ibu kota Séoul bisa ngagulkeun 15<ref>http://fortune.com/global500/samsung-electronics-13/</ref> pausahaan [[Fortune Global 500]] saperti [[Samsung]], [[Daptar pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna|pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna]] sadunya, katambah ku [[LG]] jeung [[Grup Otomotif Hyundai Kia|Hyundai-Kia]]. Dina taun 2013, [[Daptar wewengkon di Koréa Kidul dumasar GDP|GDP per kapita (PPP)]] ieu kota nu $39,448 bisa dibandingken jeung [[Perancis]] katut [[Finlandia]]. Réngking kagenep dina [[Kota global|Indéks Kota Daya Global]] sarta kagenep dina [[Indéks Puseur Finansial Global]], ieu métropolis ngadorong pangaruh nu gedé dina urusan global minangka salah sahiji tina lima [[Uni Asosiasi Internasional|tuan rumah konférénsi global]] nu pinunjul.<ref>http://www.uia.be/sites/uia.be/files/documents/statistics/press/press12.pdf</ref> Séoul meunang réngking katujuh dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]], pangluhurna di Asia tur réngking kadua sadunya dina kategori sosial. Ogé mangrupa tuan rumah pembukaan seni panglobana sadunya per mil pasagina.<ref name="travel.cnn.com">http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720</ref> Séoul mangrupa kota pangkahubungkeunana ku kabel sadunya<ref name="travel.cnn.com"/> tur réngking kahiji dina kasiapan téhnologi dumasar kana laporan ''Kota Kasempetan'' [[PwC]].<ref>http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2014/assets/cities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf</ref> Infrastruktur transportasi publikna mangrupa nu pangpadetna sadunya<ref>http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418083359/http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}</ref> tur karéngking minangka nu panghadéna di [[Beulahan Bumi Kalér]] dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]].<ref>http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212115804/http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf |date=2015-02-12 }}</ref> Dirojong ku [[karéta gancang]] [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] katut [[Subway Seoul]], jajaring [[Rapid transit|subway]] panggedé sadunya,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-longest-metro-and-subway-systems-4144725 |title=The world's longest metro and subway systems |publisher=Railway-technology.com |accessdate=2014-02-20}}</ref> nyayagakeun [[4G LTE]], [[WiFi]] katut [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting|DMB]] dina kandaraan handapeun lemah. Séoul kahubung ku [[AREX]] ka [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]], nu meunang pangajén minangka [[Airports Council International|bandara panghadéna salila salapan taun patuturut (2005–2013)]] sadunya ti [[Airports Council International]].<ref>http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204636/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 |date=2019-04-02 }}</ref> [[Lotte World Tower]], [[pemcakar langit]] ''[[supertall]]'' 556m (1,824&nbsp;ft) kalayan 123 lantéy, diwangun di Séoul nu jadi pangluhurna dina [[OECD]] taun 2015 kalayan galadak observasi katut galeri seni pangluhurna sadunya.<ref name=CTBUH>{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=88|title=Lotte World Premium Tower|publisher=''[[CTBUH]]''|accessdate=10 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213730/http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&building_id=88 |date=25 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016191654/http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do |date=2014-10-16 }}</ref> Its [[Lotte Cinema]] houses the world's largest cinema screen.<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com">http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen/</ref>[[COEX Mall]] Séoul mangrupa mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna di sahandapeun lemah.<ref>http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20141201_0013328698&cID=10402&pID=10400</ref> [[Emporis]] nyababkeun ''skyline'' Séoul meunang réngking minangka pangaruh visual pangluhurna kaopat sadunya di antara kota-kota gedé.<ref>http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking</ref> Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]], [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]], [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2002]] jeung [[KTT Seoul G-20 2010]]. [[Jaringan Kota Kréatif|Kota Disain UNESCO]], Séoul dingaranan [[Ibu kota Disain Dunia|Ibu kota Disain Dunia 2010]]. ==Étimologi== {{main|Ngaran Seoul}} Ieu kota geus kasohor ti jaman baheula kalayan ngaran [[Wiryéseong|Wiryé-seong]] (위례성/{{lang|ko|慰禮城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]]), [[Hanju]] (한주/{{lang|ko|漢州}}, nalika jaman [[Silla]]), [[Namgyeong]] (남경/{{lang|ko|南京}}, nalika jaman [[Goryeo]]), [[Hanseong]] (한성/{{lang|ko|漢城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]] jeung jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), [[Hanyang]] (한양/{{lang|ko|漢陽}}, nalika jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), Gyéongséong (경성/{{lang|ko|京城}}, nalika [[Koréa nalika dijajah Jepang|jaman penjajahan]]).<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul |title=Seoul |year=2009 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=6 September 2009|quote=The city was popularly called Seoul in Korean during both the [[Chosŏn]] (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910) and the period of Japanese rule (1910–45), although the official names in those periods were [[Hansŏng]] (Hanseong) and [[Kyŏngsŏng]] (Gyeongseong), respectively.}}</ref> Ngaran nu kiwari mah asalna tina kecap [[basa Koréa]] nu hartina "ibu kota," nu dipercaya diturunkeun tina kecap ''Seorabeol'' (서라벌/{{lang|ko|徐羅伐}}), nu asalna nujul kana [[Gyeongju]], ibu kota [[Silla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |title=yahoo |publisher=Uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107185557/http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |date=2007-01-07 }}</ref> Séoul boga loba ngaran tangtu aya alesanana. Nalika dijajah ku Jepang, "Hanseong" (漢城) diganti ngaran ku "Gyeongseong" (京城) sangkan teu patukeur jeung karakter "{{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}}" sabab nujul ogé ka urang China. Dina kanyataanana mah, ngaran kuna Séoul, Hanséong {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} asalna boga harti "Gedé" atawa "Lega". Pamaréntah Jepang mutuskeun pikeun nganti ieu karakter ti {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} jadi {{lang|ko|{{linktext|京}}}} sangkan rahayat henteu saralah nganggap yén Séoul boga hubungan jeung urang China. Henteu kawas lolobana ngaran tempat di Koréa, "Seoul" mah henteu boga [[hanja]] ([[karakter China]] nu dipaké dina [[basa Koréa]]). Dina tanggal 18 Januari 2005, pamaréntah Séoul sacara resmi ngaganti ngaran basa China resmina ku ''Shou'er'' ({{zh|s=首尔|t=首爾|p=shǒu'ěr}}) tina Hancheng ({{zh|t=漢城|s=汉城|p=hànchéng}}), nu tuluy jadi henteu pati ilahar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=104&oid=022&aid=0000126138 |script-title=ko:서울특별시표기 ''首爾''로...중국, 곧 정식 사용키로 :: 네이버 뉴스 |language= ko |publisher=News.naver.com |date=2005-10-23 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/20/content_410881.htm |title='Seoul' morphs into Chinese 'Shouer' |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2005-01-20 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |title=goodcharacters.com |publisher=goodcharacters.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930195048/http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |date=2018-09-30 }}</ref> ==Sajarah== {{Main|Sajarah Seoul}} {{see also|Gurat wanci Seoul}} [[File:Donggwol-do.jpg|left|thumb|300px|''[[Donggwoldo]]'', lukisan pemandangan Changdeokgung]] Pakampungan di wewengkon [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], tempat perenahna Séoul kiwari, geus mimiti ditempatan ti kira-kira taun 4000 SM.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24023/Cultural-life#toc24024|title=Seoul|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> Séoul munggaran kacatet minangka Wiryeséong, ibu kota [[Baékjé]] (ngadeg taun 18 SM) di béh kalér wétan wewengkon Séoul.<ref name="Britannica" /> Aya sababaraha pinding dayeuh nu nyésa di ieu wewengkon nu nuduhkeun tanggal harita. [[Pungnaptoseong]], pinding béh wétan di saluareun Séoul, dipercaya ku balaréa minangka loka Wiryeéséong utama.<ref name="toseong">{{cite web|url=http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&m&p=02&menu=0004003002017&art_id=535&searchLoca&searchTheme=0002000001003&flag&searchType|title=Pungnap-toseong (Earthen Ramparts)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140222005911/http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&m&p=02&menu=0004003002017&art_id=535&searchLoca&searchTheme=0002000001003&flag&searchType |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Alatan Tilu Karajaan marebutkeun wewengkon nu stratégis ieu, kadali pindah ti Baékjé ka [[Goguryeo]] dina abad ka-5, sarta ti Goguryéo ka [[Silla]] dina abad ka-6. Dina abad ka-11 [[Goryeo]], nu ngaganti [[Silla Ngahiji]], ngawangun hiji karaton usum panas di Séoul, nu dianggap "Ibu kota Kidul". Ti saprak harita, Séoul jadi hiji panganjrekan nu beuki leuwih lega.<ref name="Britannica" /> Nalika [[Joseon]] ngaganti Goryéo, ieu ibu kota pindah ka Séoul (katelah ogé Hanyang sarta satuluyna Hanséong), nu tumuluy nepi ka runtagna ieu dinasti. [[Gyeongbokgung|Karaton Gyeongbok]], nu diwangun dina abad ka-14, dipidangkeun minangka panyicingan karajaan tepi ka taun 1592. Karaton gedé lianna, [[Changdeokgung]], diwangun taun 1405, dipidangkeun minangka karaton karajaan utama ti taun 1611 tepi ka 1872.<ref name="Britannica" /> Tadina mah ieu kota téh sagemblengna dikurilingan ku [[Pinding bénténg Seoul|pinding batu]] pikeun ngamankeun wargana tina sato galak, nu maling katut serangan ti luar. Ieu kota tuluy tuwuh ka saluareun éta pinding tur sok sanajan pindingna geus euweuh ogé (kajaba di sapanjang Gunung Bugaksan (북악산), di béh kalér wewengkon puseur dayeuh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818|title=Bugaksan Mountain|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062015/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref>), gapurana mah nyésa kénéh di deukeuteun tengah kota Séoul, kaasup Sungnyémun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Namdaémun]]) katut Honginjimun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Dongdaémun]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5781/|title=Seoul City Wall|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> Salila dinasti Joséon, ieu gapura dibuka jeung ditutup unggal poé, dibarengan ku sora loncéng gedé di [[Munara loncéng (arsitéktur)|munara]] [[Bosingak]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135|title=Bosingak Belfry|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062012/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Dina abad ka-19 ahir, sanggeus ratusan taun kaisolasi, Séoul muka gapurana keur urang deungeun tur mimiti dimodérenkeun. Séoul jadi dayeuh munggaran di Asia Wétan nu ngawanohkeun listrik di karaton karajaan, diwangun ku [[Edison Illuminating Company]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/85/Nam-Early_History.pdf|title=Early History of Electrical Engineering in Korea: Edison and First Electric Lighting in the Kingdom of Corea|author=Nam Moon Hyon|work=Promoting the History of EE Jan 23–26, 2000|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> tur sapuluh taun sanggeusna Séoul nerapkeun ogé lampu jalan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=cbRhAQAAQBAJ|title=A History of Korea|author=Kyung Moon Hwang|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=142|year=2010|isbn=9780230364523}}</ref> lolobana kamekaran Séoul nyaéta alatan perdagangan jeung nagara deungeun kayaning [[Perancis]] katut [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Contona baé, [[Seoul Electric Company]], Séoul Electric Trolley Company, and Séoul Fresh Spring Water Company kabéhanana mangrupa pausahaan nu dipiboga babarengan ku Koréa katut Amérika.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=3h080YYhS3QC|title=Korea under Siege, 1876–1945 : Capital Formation and Economic Transformation|author=Young-Iob Chung|page=70|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780198039662}}</ref> Dina taun 1904, salah saurang urang Amérika nu ngaranna Angus Hamilton ngadatangan ieu dayeuh tur nyarita, "Jalan di Seoul mah haradé, lalega, bareresih, pikatajieun tur saluran caina ogé ogé hadé. Lajur nu hareureut jeung kotor geus dilegaan, solokanana geus ditutup, atuh jalan rayana ogé geus dilalegaan. Seoul téh geus kairong bakal jadi dayeuh panghadéna, pangpikatajieun, jeung pangberesihna di wewengkon Wétan."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=LR8svgdNOAYC&pg=PT123&lpg=PT123&dq=The+streets+of+Seoul+are+magnificent,+spacious,+clean,+admirably+made+and+well-drained&source=bl&ots=RK26xBMz3b&sig=TTDRAs3pIqejESGp1T2J1QoS-84&hl=hu&sa=X&ei=ob70UpPxNMOihgfyr4HACg&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=The%20streets%20of%20Seoul%20are%20magnificent%2C%20spacious%2C%20clean%2C%20admirably%20made%20and%20well-drained&f=false|author=[[Bruce Cumings]]|title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2005|isbn=9780393347531}}</ref> Sanggeus [[Perjangjuan Anéksasi Jepang-Koréa|perjangjian anéksasi]] dina taun 1910, [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] ngajajah Koréa sarta ngaganti ngarang ieu dayeuh jadi [[Gyeongseong]] ("Kyongsong" dina basa Cina atawa "Kéijo" dina basa Jepang). Téhnologi Jepang diimpor, pinding dayeuh dipiceun, sababaraha gapura diancurkeun. Jalan diubinan sarta wangunan gaya Kulon diwangun. Ieu dayeuh diliberalisasi dina mangsa ahir [[Perang Dunya II]].<ref name="Britannica" /> Dina taun 1945 mah ieu dayeuh téh resmi dingarangan Séoul tur diputuskeun minangka [[Kota istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|kota istiméwa]] taun 1949.<ref name="Britannica" /> Salila [[Perang Koréa]], sababaraha kali Séoul pundah-pindah leungeun antara angkatan bersenjata Koréa Kalér nu dibéking ku Rusia/Cina, jeung Koréa Kidul nu dibéking ku Amérika Sarikat, nu nyababkeun ieu dayeuh ruksak parna sanggeusna perang. Ibu kota sawatara waktu mah dipindahkeun heula ka [[Busan]].<ref name="Britannica" /> Ceuk salah sahiji perkiraan ngeunaan kaayaan ruksakna Séoul mah, sahanteuna 191.000 wangunan, 55.000 imah, katut 1.000 pabrik rata jeung taneuh. Katambah deui, banjir pangungsi geus asup ka Seul nalika perang, nyababkeun kamekaran jumlah pangeusi ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon mtropolitanana nepikeun ka kurang leuwih 1.5 yuta jiwa taun 1955.<ref name="hamnett">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=8GSpAgAAQBAJ|title=Planning Asian Cities: Risks and Resilience|page=159|publisher=Routledge|year= 2012|editor=Stephen Hamnett, Dean Forbes|isbn= 9781136639272}}</ref> Sanggeusna perang, Séoul mimiti fokus kana ngarékonstruksi jeung ngamodérnisasi. Alatan [[Kaajaiban Walungan Han|ékonomi Koréa mimiti tuwuh kacida rongkahna]] ti saprak taun 1960-an, urbanisasi ogé beuki gancang sarta para pagawé mimiti narempatan Séoul katut dayeuh gedéliana.<ref name="hamnett" /> Ti taun 1970-an, ukuran wewengkon administratif Séoul beuki ngalegaan pisan alatan nyokot sababaraha kota leutik katut désa ti sababaraha county sabudeureunana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA==|title=Urban Planning of Seoul|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|format=PDF|year=2009|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042517/http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA== |date=2016-01-25 }}</ref> Dumasar kana data sénsus taun 2012, populasi wewengkon Séoul geus kira-kira 20% tina total populasi Koréa Kidul,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korea-at-a-Glance/Facts-about-Korea|title=Facts about Korea|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> Séoul geus ngajadi puseurna ékonomi, pulitik katut budaya di ieu nagara,<ref name="Britannica" /> kalayan sababaraha pausahaan [[Fortune 500]], kaasup [[Samsung]], [[SK Holdings]], [[Hyundai]], [[POSCO]] katut [[LG Group]] nu kantor puseurna di dinya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html|title=GLOBAL 500|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=2014-02-07|date=2012-07-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023118/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html |date=2014-04-10 }}</ref> Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]] sajaba ti mangrupa salah sahiji tempat [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|Piala Dunya Maén Bal 2002]]. ==Géografi== [[File:Hangang Railway Bridge.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]]]] Séoul perenahna di béh kalér kulon Koréa Kidul. Legana 605,25&nbsp;km²,<ref name="seoul1">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=412|title=Seoul Statistics (Land Area)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref> kalayan radius kurang leuwih {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}}, nu sacara gurat badag kabagi jadi wewengkon kalér jeung kidul nu dipisahkeun ku Walungan Han. Ieu walungan katut wewengkon sabudeureunana boga pancén nu kacida pentingna dina sajarah Koréa. Tilu Karajaan Koréa kacida merjuangkeun pikeun bisa ngadalikeun ieu lemah, sabab ieu walungan mangsa harita mah dipaké keur jalur dagang ka Cina (ngaliwatan [[Laut Konéng]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=10833&lang=en&m=0004003002015&p=03|title=Brief History of Hangang (River)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612131834/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004003002015&p=03&art_id=10833&lang=en |date=2010-06-12 }}</ref> Ieu walungan kiwari henteu bisa dipaké deui keur balayar alatan [[muhara]]na aya dina wates antara dua Koréa nu henteu beunang sagawayah jelema sipil bisa larsup. Ieu dayeuh diwatesan ku dalapan gunung, kaasup lemah pangluhurna dina daratan Walungan Han jeung wewengkon béh kulon. ===Iklim=== {{Main|Iklim Seoul}} {{climate chart | Seoul |- 6|2|21 |- 3|5|25 |2|10|47 |8|18|65 |13|23|106 |18|27|133 |22|29|395 |22|30|364 |17|26|169 |10|20|52 |3|12|53 |- 3|4|22 |float=right |clear=none |units=metric}} Séoul boga iklim transisional [[buana beueus]]/[[subtropis beueus|subtropis]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Dwa/Cwa''), kalayan karakteristik iklim di antara duanana. Salila bulan Nopémber–Méi, iklim Séoul leuwih deukuet kana iklim buana (kontinén) sedengkeun nalika usum panas mah, iklim di ditu kawas iklim subtropis nu ngandung unsur iklim baseuh/garing tropis. Usum panas mah ilaharna panas jeung beueus, dibarung ku [[angin muson Asia Wétan]] ti Juni tepi ka Séptémber. Sedengkeun kira-kira bulan Agustus mah, nu mangrupa bulan pangpanasna, boga suhu rata-rata {{convert|22.4|to|29.6|C|F|0}} malahan mah bisa jadi leuwih ti éta. Dina usum tiis mah mindeng kacida nyecep tepi ka bekuna kalayan suhu rata-rata dina bulan Januari tepikeun ka {{convert|-5.9|to|1.5|C|F|1}} sarta ilaharna leuwih garing ti batan nalika usum panas, kalayan rata-rata 28 poé saljuan unggal taunna. Kadang-kadang, hawa turun kacida dramatisna tepi ka sahandapeun {{convert|-10.0|C|F|}}, malah bisa nepikeun ka {{convert|-15.0|C|F|}} sanajan arang ogé, nyaéta nalika mangsa tengah usum tiis antara Januari jeung Pébruari. {{Seoul weatherbox}} ==Distrik administratif== {{Main|Daptar distrik di Seoul}} [[File:Flag of Seoul (1946–1996).svg|thumb|right|[[Bandéra]] Seoul (1947–1996)]] [[File:01-00-seoul-en.svg|thumb|400px|Distrik Seoul]] Séoul kabagi jadi 25 ''[[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul#Gu (Distrik)|gu]]'' (구; {{linktext|區}}) (distrik).<ref name="Administrative Districts"/> ''Gu'' béda-béda legana (ti 10 tepi ka 47&nbsp;km²) katut populasina (ti leuwih saeutik ti 140,000 tepikeun ka 630,000). Songpa boga jumlah warga nu panglobana, sedengkeun Séocho mah wewengkonna panglegana. Pamaréntahan unggal gu nyekel loba fungsi nu dicekel ogé ku pamaréntahan kota di yurisdiksi lianna. Unggal ''gu'' kabagi jadi "''[[Dong (lingkungan)|dong]]''" (동; {{linktext|洞}}) atawa lingkungan. Sababaraha gu ukur boga saeutik dong sedengkeun lianna saperti Distrik Jongno mah jumlah lingkunganana kacida lobana. Gu di Séoul ngawengku 423 dong administratif (행정동).<ref name="Administrative Districts">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |title=Administrative Districts |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |accessdate=2014-02-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102212612/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |date=2014-01-02 }}</ref> ''Dong'' kabagi deui jadi 13,787 ''tong'' (통; {{linktext|統}}), nu satuluyna kabagi deui jadi 102,796 ''ban''. {| |- | valign="top" | * [[Distrik Dobong]] (도봉구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|道|峰|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Dongdaémun]] (동대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|東|大|門|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Dongjak]] (동작구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|銅|雀|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Eunpyeong]] (은평구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|恩|平|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangbuk]] (강북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|北|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangdong]] (강동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|東|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangnam]] (강남구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|南|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]] (강서구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|西|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Geumcheon]] (금천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|衿|川|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Guro, Seoul|Distrik Guro]] (구로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|九|老|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gwanak]] (관악구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|冠|岳|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Gwangjin]] (광진구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|廣|津|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Jongno]] (종로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|鍾|路|區}}}}) | valign="top" | * [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] (중구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Jungnang]] (중랑구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|浪|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Mapo]] (마포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|麻|浦|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Nowon]] (노원구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|蘆|原|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seocho]] (서초구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|瑞|草|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seodaémun]] (서대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|西|大|門|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seongbuk]] (성북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|北|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Seongdong]] (성동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|東|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Songpa]] (송파구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|松|坡|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Yangcheon]] (양천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|陽|川|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]] (영등포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|永|登|浦|區}}}}) * [[Distrik Yongsan]] (용산구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|山|區}}}}) |} ==Démografi== Proper Séoul kasohor ku [[kapadetan populasi]]na, nu ampir dua kalieun [[Kota New York|New York]] sarta dalapan kalieun [[Roma]]. Wewengkon métropolitanana mangrupa nu pangpadetna di Asia taun 2012 dumasar kana [[OECD]], tur kadua di dunya sanggeus [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Regional population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012: Inhabitants per square kilometre, TL3 regions|journal= OECD Regions at a Glance 2013|publisher= OECD Publishing|doi= 10.1787/reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> Ampir sakabéhna warga Séoul nyaéta [[urang Koréa]], kalayan saeutik [[urang Cina]], [[urang Jepang]], katut minoritas [[ékspatriat]]. Dina bulan Désémber 2013, populasina 10.14 yuta,<ref name="chosunpop">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|title=Seoul's Population Drops Below 10 Million for First Time in 25 Years|publisher=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=2014-02-16|date=2014-02-14}}</ref> taun 2012, populasina 10,442,426.<ref name="seoul2">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=3 March 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064405/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1 |date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> Ahir Juni 2011, 10.29 yuta warga Républik Koréa cicing di ieu kota. Turun .24% dbandingkeun ahir 2010. Populasi Séoul terus turun ti awal 1990-an, sabab cicing di Séoul mah mahal, katambah ku ngolotanana populasi.<ref name="chosunpop" /> Jumlah urang asing nu nganjrek di Séoul nyaéta 255,501 urang dina taun 2010 dumasar kana sumber resmi Séoul.<ref>{{cite news |last=Park |first=Chung-a |title=Foreign population in Seoul continue to dwindle |publisher=Korea Times |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/07/113_66455.html }}</ref> Dina bulan Juni 2011, 281,780 urang deungeun nganjrek di Séoul. Di antara eta, 186,631 urang deungeun (66%) mangrupa warga [[urang Cina]] ti karuhun urang Koréa. Naek 8.84% ti ahir 2010 jeung 12.85% ti Juni 2010. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta warga Cina nu lain suku Koréa; 29,901 di antarana cicing di Séoul. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta 9,999 urang warga Amérika Sarikat nu lain turunan Koréa. Satuluyna nyaéta warga Républik Cina (Taiwan), 8,717 urang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|title= Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul|publisher= ''[[The Korea Times]]''|date=September 11, 2011|accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> ===Ageman=== {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Ageman di Seoul (2005)<ref name="2005religionmap">[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census – Religion Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}</ref> |label1 = Teu boga ageman |value1 = 46.2 |color1 = Gray |label2 = [[Protestan]] |value2 = 22.8 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = [[Buda]] |value3 = 16.8 |color3 = Gold |label4 = [[Katolik]] |value4 = 14.2 |color4 = DarkOrchid }} Dua ageman utama di Séoul nyaéta [[Kristen di Koréa|Kristen]] jeung [[Buda di Koréa|Buda]]. Ageman lianna kaasup [[Muisme]] (ageman karuhun) katut [[Konghucu]]. Séoul mangrupa tempat jama'ah Kristen panggedéna di dunya, [[Yoido Full Gospel Church]], nu boga anggahota kira-kira 830,000 urang.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21532340|title=South Korean mega-churches. For God and country|publisher=Economist|accessdate=2014-02-11|date=2011-10-15}}</ref> Dumasar kana sénsus taun 2005, tina sakabéh urang Séoul, 39% ngagem [[Kristen]] (22.8% [[Protéstan]] jeung 14.2% [[Garéja Katolik|Katolik]]) jeung 16.8% ngagem [[Buda]].<ref name="2005religionmap"/> 46.2% tina ieu populasi lolobanaana henteu boga ageman atawa ngagem Muisme jeung ageman asli lianna. ==Ékonomi== [[File:Lotte World.jpg|right|thumbnail|Taman jero wangunan katut mall pangbalanjaan [[Lotte World]]]] {{See also|Ékonomi Koréa Kidul}} Séoul mangrupa puseur bisnis katut kauangan di Koréa Kidul. Sanajan legana ukur 0.6 persén tina sakabéh wewengkon daratan nasional, Séoul ngahasilkeun 21 persén tina GDP ieu nagara taun 2006.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|url=http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp|title=Welcome to KTC|publisher=Lmg.go.kr|archiveurl=http://archive.is/j8rc|archivedate=2012-05-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227175321/http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp |date=2011-02-27 }}</ref> Taun 2008, indéks [[Worldwide Centers of Commerce]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka No.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf|title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index™|publisher=[[MasterCard]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> [[Global Financial Centres Index]] taun 2012 ngadaptar Séoul minangka kota pangkompetitifna ka-6 sadunya sacara finansial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 12|publisher=Z/Yen Group|year=2012|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125707/http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf |date=2014-03-23 }}</ref> [[The Economist Intelligence Unit]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka nu ka-15 dina daptar "Overall 2025 City Competitiveness" ngeunaan daya saing kota ka hareupna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf|title=Hot Spots 2025: Benchmarking the Future Competitiveness of Cities|publisher=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]|year=2013|accessdate=2014-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109040339/http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf |date=2014-01-09 }}</ref> ===Pabrik=== [[File:Gangnam, Seoul, Korea.jpg|left|thumbnail|Kantor puseur Samsung di [[Stasion Gangnam]]]] Industi pabrik nu tradisional jeung intensif maké karyawan geus sacara tuluy tumuluy diganti ku industri tipeu [[téhnologi informasi]], [[éléktronis]] jeung ''assembly'',<ref name="britannica-economy">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24016/City-layout#toc24019|title=Seoul: Economy|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee0i.htm|title=The primacy of Seoul and the capital region|publisher=United Nations University|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> tapi, produksi dahareun jeung inuman mah, kawas percitakan katut penerbitan masih nyésa di antara industri inti.<ref name="britannica-economy" /> Pabrik nu garedé mah kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota, kayaning [[Samsung]], [[LG]], [[Hyundai]], [[Kia Motors|Kia]] katut [[SK Group|SK]]. Pausahaan dahareun jeung inuman nu kasohor kaasup [[Jinro]], nu nyieun inuman alkoholan [[soju]] nu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, geus ngéléhkeun [[vodka]] [[Smirnoff]];<ref name="bestselling">{{cite news|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/drink/soju-most-sold-drink-world-930177|title=It's official: Jinro soju is the world's best-selling liquor|date=2012-06-12|publisher=CNN Travel|accessdate=2013-04-29}}</ref> pabrik bir panglobana ngajual [[Hite Brewery|Hite]] (ngahiji jeung Jinro) jeung [[Oriental Brewery]].<ref name=economist>{{cite news|title=Fiery food, boring beer|url=http://www.economist.com/news/business/21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=2013-04-24|date=2012-11-24}}</ref> Ieu kota ogé mangrupa tempatna raksasa dahareun saperti [[Seoul Milk|Seoul Dairy Cooperative]], [[Grup Nongshim]] katut [[Lotté (konglomerat)|Lotté]]. ===Kauangan=== Konséntrasi gegedéan pausahaan-pausahaan internasional kantor puseurna aya di Séoul.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global : Cities |publisher=CNN }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |date=2010-05-29 }}</ref> [[Korea Exchange Bank]] ogé kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota. lolobana kantor puseur bank katut [[Korea Exchange]] perenahna di [[Yeouido]] (Pulo Yéoui),<ref name="britannica-economy" /> nu mindeng disebut "[[Wall Street]] Koréa" tur geus midang minangka puseur finansial ieu kota ti taun 1980-an.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2914830|title=Neon shines brightly during the bustle on Yeouido stock street|publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=2010-01-05|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> ===Balanja=== {{Main|Balanja di Seoul}} Pasar grosir katut écéran panggedéna di Koréa Kidul, nyaéta [[Pasar Dongdaémun]], perenahna di Séoul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=662&lang=en&m=0003001005007&p=03|title=Dongdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025740/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=662&lang=en&m=0003001005007&p=03 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> [[Myeongdong]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di puseur dayeuh Séoul kalayan toko kelas panengah tepi ka kelas luhur, butik pakéan katut ''outlét'' mérek internasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312|title=Myeong-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215191420/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312 |date=2014-02-15 }}</ref> [[Pasar Namdaémun]] deukeuteunana, nu dingaranan dumasar kana [[Gapura Namdaémun]], mangrupa pasar pangkolotna di Séoul nu kiwari masih dipaké.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&p=02&art_id=673|title=Namdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021157/https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&p=02&art_id=673 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> [[Sinchon-dong, Seoul|Sinchon]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan nu disadiakeun keur nonoman katut mahasiswa universitas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043|title=Sinchon Street, full of energy|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133248/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> [[Insadong]] mah mangrupa pasar seni budaya di Séoul, tempat di mana karya seni Koréa tradisional katut modéren, saperti lukisan, ukiran katut kaligrafi dijual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp|title=Insa-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073234/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp |date=2014-01-16 }}</ref> [[Pasar loak Hwanghak-dong]] katut Pasar antik Janganpyéong ogé nawarkeun barang antik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&category=&areaCode=&recommCid=257325&cid=273747|title=Hwanghak-dong Flea Market|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135206/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&category=&areaCode=&recommCid=257325&cid=273747 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php|title=Antique Markets|publisher=Seoul Matropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008074320/http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php |date=2010-10-08 }}</ref> Sababaraha toko keur parancang lokal geus dibuka di [[Samcheong-dong]], tempat perenahna sababaraha galeri seni laleutik. [[Itaéwon]] utamana sadia keur turis deungeun katut soldadu Amérika nu boga basis di ieu dayeuh.<ref name="KT Itaewon">{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/02/203_130484.html|title=Itaewon: Going Gangnam Style?|publisher=The Korea Times|date=2013-02-14|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> [[Distrik Gangnam]] mangrupa wewengkon pangmakmurna di Séoul<ref name="KT Itaewon" /> tur kasohor ku wewengkon [[Apgujeong-dong]] katut [[Cheongdam-dong]] sarta [[COEX Mall]] nu modéren. Pasar grosir di antarana [[Pasar Grosir Lauk Noryangjin]] katut [[Pasar Garak]]. [[Pasar Éléktronik Yongsan]] mangrupa pasar éléktronik panggedéna di Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page&No=24205|title=Yongsan Electronics Market, Asia’s largest IT shopping mall|publisher=[[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS World]]|date=2011-03-01|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221060206/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page&No=24205 |date=2014-02-21 }}</ref> [[Times Square (Seoul)|Times Square]] mangrupa salah sahiji mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna nu ngagulkeun [[CJ CGV|Starium CGV]], layar bioskop permanén panggedéna di dunya, [[film 35mm|35 mm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen |title=Largest Permanent 35mm Cinema Screen |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}</ref> ==Arsitéktur== {{See also|Arsitéktur Koréa Kidul}} {{wide image|Seoul Panorama from Namhansanseong..jpg|1600px|<center>Panorama Seoul ti Namhansanseong</center>}} [[File:Namdaemun Buildings.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sungnyémun]]]] Jajantung tradisional Séoul nyaéta dayeuh kolot [[Dinasti Joseon]], nu kiwari jadi wewengkon puseur karaméan, nu mana di éta wewengkon ngumpul karaton, kantor pamaréntahan, kantor puseur pausahaan, hotél, katut pasar tradisional. [[Cheonggyécheon]], wahangan nu ngamalir ti kulon ka wétan ngaliwatan léngkob saméméh tuluy ngamuhara ka [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], keur sababaraha taun mah katutupan ku beton, tapi ahirna dibalikkeun deui ngaliwatan proyék kabangkitan kota taun 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750|title=Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon Stream symbolizes Korea’s past, present and tomorrow|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142757/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Jalan [[Jongno]], nu hartina "Jalan Loncéng," geus mangrupa hiji jalan utama tur salah sahiji jalan komérsil pangbiharina di ieu dayeuh,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC|title=The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms|editor=Vinayak Bharne |page=59|publisher=Routledge|year= 2013|isbn=9780415525978}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/06/137_68203.html|title=Jongno walk|date=2010-06-24 |publisher=The Korea Times|author=Andrei Lankov |accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> nu mana di dinya bisa kapanggih [[Bosingak]], hiji paviliun nu eusina loncéng gedé. Éta loncéng nyirénan wanci nu béda-béda sapanjang poé tur ngaadalikeun opat gapura ka ieu dayeuh. Di béh kaléreun puseur karaméan aya [[Gunung Bukhan]], tur di kiduleunana aya [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]] nu leuwih leutik. Tuluy ka béh kidul aya pipir dayeuh nu geus kolot, nyaéta [[Distrik Yongsan]] jeung [[Distrik Mapo]]. Sapanjang Walungan Han aya wewengkon nu leuwih anyar jeung makmur nyaéta [[Distrik Gangnam]], [[Distrik Seocho]] katut wewengkon sabudeureunana. ===Arsitéktur dumasar sajarah=== [[File:Gyeongbok-gung palace-05 (xndr).jpg|left|thumb|[[Gyeongbokgung]]]] [[File:Changdeokgung-Injeongjeon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Changdeokgung]], salah sahiji tina lima karaton di Koréa, nyaéta hiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]].]] Séoul mibanda sababaraha tempat penting sacara sajarah katut budaya. Di [[Amsa-dong|Loka Pamukiman Prasajarah Amsa-dong]], [[Distrik Gangdong]], sésa-sésa néolitikum kakali jeung teu kahaja katimu alatan banjir taun 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |title=Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |accessdate=2014-02-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135311/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |date=2014-02-22 }}</ref> Perencanaan urban jeung sipil mangrupa konsép utama nalika Séoul mimiti dirarancang keur ngajadi ibu kota dina ahir abad ka-14. [[Dinasti Joseon]] ngawangun "Lima Karaton Agung" di Séoul – [[Changdeokgung]], [[Changgyeonggung]], [[Deoksugung]], [[Gyeongbokgung]] katut [[Gyeonghuigung]] – sakabéhna aya di [[Distrik Jongno]] jeung [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]]. Di antara sakabéh éta, Changdéokgung asup kana Daptar [[Warisan Dunya]] UNESCO taun 1997 minangka "conto rarancang arsitéktur karaton katut taman di Wétan Jauh nu pinunjul". Karaton utama mah, nyaéta [[Gyeongbokgung]], keur ngalaman proyék réstorasi gegedéan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/html/eng/data/data_01.jsp?dep1=2&dep2=1|title=About the Palace|publisher=Gyeongbokgung Palace|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> Ieu karaton-karaton téh dianggap arsitéktur percontoan tina mangsa Joséon. Di sagédéngeun karaton, [[Unhyeongung]] kasohor minangka tempat cicingna Bupati [[Daéwongun]], bapana [[Kaisar Gojong]] dina ahir Dinasti Joséon. [[File:Deoksugung-02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Deoksugung]] nalika usum gugur]] Séoul dikurilingan ku pinding nu diwangun keur ngatur singsaha waé nu baris nganjang ti wewengkon séjén sarta pikeun ngajaga dayeuh tina serangan musuh. [[Pungnap Toseong]] mangrupa hiji pinding taneuh rata nu diwangun dina juru Walungan Han nu dipercaya ku balaréa minangka mandalana [[Wiryéseong]]. Ari [[Mongchontoseong|Mongchon Toseong]] (몽촌토성; 蒙村土城) mah nyaéta pinding taneuh liana nu diwangun nalika mangsa [[Baékjé]] nu kiwari perenahna di sajeroeun [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]].<ref name="toseong" /> [[Bénténg Seoul]] diwangun dina mangsa Dinasti Joséon munggaran keur ngajaga ieu dayeuh. Sanggeus sababaraha abad ruksak jeung diwangun deui, kiwari nyésa kurang leuwih 2/3-na, kaasup genep tina [[Dalapan Gapura di Seoul|dalapan gapura]] nu asli. Gapura-gapura ieu kaasup [[Sungnyémun]] jeung [[Heunginjimun]], nu kiwari ilaharna disebut Namdaémun (Gapura Gedé Kidul) jeung Dongdaémun (Gapura Gedé Wétan). Namdaémun mangrupa gapura kai pangkolotna tepikeun ka kajadian aya nu ngaduruk taun 2008, tur kiwari dibuka deui sanggeu réstorasina réngsé taun 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sungnyemun to open to great fanfare after more than five years of renovation|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130430000738|accessdate=1 May 2013|publisher=The Korea Herald|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> Di deukeuteun ieu gapura aya pasar tradisional katut puseur pangbalanjaan panggedéna, [[Pasar Namdaémun]] jeung [[Pasar Dongdaémun]]. Aya ogé loba wangunan nu dijieun kalayan gaya mancanagara dina ahir abad ka-19, awal abad ka-20. [[Gapura Kamerdikaan]] diwangun taun 1897 keur méré ilham ngeunaan pentingna boga sumanget kamerdikaan. [[Stasion Seoul]] dibuka taun 1900 minangka Stasion Gyéongséong. ===Arsitektur moderen=== [[File:Lotte World Tower under construction on January 2015.png|thumb|right|[[Mall Lotte World]] dibuka taun 2014 kalayan bioskop panggedéna<ref name="guinnessworldrecords.com"/> katut [[Munara Lotte World]] [[superluhur]] 123 lantéy nu baris dibuka taun 2016 kalayan galadak observasi pangluhurna sadunya.]] Mangrupa-rupa [[wangunan kantor]] katut wangunan panyicingan nu laluhur, saperti Gangnam Finance Center, [[Tower Palace]], [[N Seoul Tower]] katut [[Jongno|Jongno Tower]], ngadominasi langit ieu dayeuh. Saruntuyan wangunan luhur anyar keur diwangun, kaasup [[Munara Lotte World]], nu direncanakeun baris réngsé taun 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/11/18/seoul-helicopter-crash-raises-fears-over-new-skyscraper/|title=Seoul Helicopter Crash Raises Fears Over New Skyscraper|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> Bulan Fébruari 2014 mah, [[Daptar wangunan pangluhurna di Seoul|wangunan pangluhurna di ieu kota]] téh nyaéta [[Three International Finance Center]] nu luhurna 279m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-seoul-southkorea|title=Seoul's tallest buildings – Top 20|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> [[World Trade Center Seoul]], nu perenahna di [[Distrik Gangnam]], mangrupa tuan rumah sababaraha paméran katut konférénsi. Di Distrik Gangnam aya ogé [[COEX Mall]], nu mangrupa komplék pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di jero rohangan nu kacida gedéna. Ka hilirkeun ti Distrik Gangnam aya [[Yeouido]], hiji pulo nu jadi tempat Déwan Nasional, studio siaran gedé, katut sajumlah gedé wangunan kantor gedé, kayaning Koréa Finance Building katut [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]]. [[Stadion Olimpiade (Seoul)|Stadion Olompiade]], [[Taman Olompiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]], katut [[Lotte World]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]], di sisi béh kidul Walunga Han, naék ti Distrik Gangnam. Dua cicirén modéren Séoul nu anyar nyaéta [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park]], nu dirancang ku [[Zaha Hadid]], katut [[Balé Kota Seoul]], ku [[Yoo Kerl]] ti [[iArc]]. Dina taun 2010 Séoul ditunjuk jadi [[Ibu kota Disain Dunya]] keur taun harita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-02-27/the-seoul-of-world-designbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|title=The Seoul of World Design|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2014-02-12|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref> ==Budaya== ===Téhnologi=== Séoul boga [[infrastruktur]] nu maju sacara téhnologi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697|title=KOREA: Future is now for Korean info-tech|publisher=Regents of the University of California|work=AsiaMedia|date=14 June 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160036/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697 |date=13 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |work=The Age |date= 18 June 2007|location=Melbourne, Australia}}</ref> Boga pénétrasi [[pita lega]] [[serat kaca]] pangluhurna sadunya, nu ngahasilkeun konéksi internét panggancangna sadunya tepi ka 1 [[Gbps]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |title=Hi Seoul, SOUL OF ASIA – Seoul Located In the Center of Asian Metropolises |publisher=English.seoul.go.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120710194425/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |date=2012-07-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/technology/22iht-broadband22.html | work=The New York Times | first=Mark | last=McDonald | title=South Korea Seeks Internet Speed of 1 Gigabit a Second | date=2011-02-21}}</ref> Séoul nyadiakeun aksés [[Wi-Fi]] gratis di luar rohangan. Proyék 47.7&nbsp;miliar won ($44&nbsp;yuta) ieu baris méré aksés keur warga katut nu ngaranjang di 10.430 taman, jalan katut patempatan publik lianna taun 2015.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom Wifi in All Public Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623182554/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom |date=2011-06-23 }}</ref> ===Musieum=== {{Main|Daptar musieum di Seoul}} [[File:National Museum of Korea (4).jpg|thumb|[[Musieum Nasional Koréa]]]] Di Séoul aya 115 musieum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&lang=eng|title=Status of Museum|accessdate=2014-09-18|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123740/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&lang=eng |date=2014-09-11 }}</ref> kaasup di antarana tilu musieum nasional katut salapan musieum kota. [[Musieum Nasional Koréa]] mangrupa musieum nu henteu ukur ngawakilan Séoul, tapi ogé ngawakilan sakabéh [[Koréa Kidul]]. Ti saprak ngadeg taun 1945, ieu musieum geus ngawangun koléksi mangrupa 220,000 artefak.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516|title=Seoul's best museums|date=2011-10-27|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=2013-06-02}}</ref> Dina Oktober 2005, ieu musieum pindah ka wangunan anyar di Taman Kulawarga Yongsan. [[National Folk Museum of Korea|National Folk Museum]] perenahna di dadasar [[Karaton]] [[Gyeongbokgung]] di Distrik Jongno District tur maké réplika obyék sajarah pikeun ngilustrasikeun sajarah bangsa Koréa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152|title=National Folk Museum of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225730/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152 |date=2014-07-16 }}</ref> [[Bukchon Hanok Village]] jeung [[Namsangol Hanok Village]] mangrupa wewengkon panganjrekan heubeul nu ngandung imah, taman katut musieum tradisional Koréa [[hanok]] nu méré kasempetan keur turis pikeun ngarasakeun budaya Koréa tradisional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116|title=Namsangol Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013656/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116 |date=2014-10-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382|title=Bukchon Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192817/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382 |date=2014-09-15 }}</ref> [[Tugu Perang (Seoul)|Tugu Perang]], salah sahiji tina salapan musieum kota di Séoul, nawarkeun pangalaman édukasional katut émosional ka nu nganjanganana, ngeunaan rupa-rupa perang nu ngalibetkeun Koréa, kaasup jejer [[Perang Koréa]] themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1848378_1848364_1848280,00.html|title=Seoul: 10 Things to Do|publisher=[[Time magazine]]|accessdate=2014-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131|title=The War Memorial of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214704/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131 |date=2015-02-14 }}</ref> [[Pangbuian Seodaémun]] mangrupa hiji urut pangbuian nu diwangun salila penjajahan Jepang, tur kiwari dipaké keur musieum sajarah<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143|title=Seodaemun Prison History Museum|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604201044/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143 |date=2014-06-04 }}</ref> [[File:Folk Museum of Korea.jpg|left|thumb|[[Musieum Rahayat Nasional Koréa]].]] [[Musieum Seni Seoul]] katut [[Musieum Seni Ilmin]] ngajaga rupa wangunan heubeul nu unik sacara visual tina wangunan luhur tur modéren di sabudeureunana. Saméméhna dioperasikeun ku Déwan Kota Séoul tur boga tempat deukeuteun Karaton Gyéonghuigung, karaton karajaan dinasti Joséon. Keur lolobana jalma nu mikaresep pilem Koréa mah, [[Arsip Pilem Koréa]] ngayakeun Musieum Pilem Koréa jeung Cinematheque KOFA di puseur utamana di [[Digital Media City]](DMC), Sangam-dong. [[Tteok & Kitchen Utensil Museum]] jeung [[Kimchi Field Museum]] nyadiakeun informasi nu patali jeung sajarah kulinér Koréa. ===Monumén ageman=== [[File:Myeongdongchurch.jpg|thumb|[[Katedral Myeongdong]]]] [[File:Jongmyo-Jeongjeon.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kuil Jongmyo]], salah sahiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]].]] Aya ogé wangunan rélijius nu boga pancén penting dina masarakat katut pulitik Koréa. Altar [[Wongudan]] mangrupa tempat upacara nalika para pamingpin Koréa ngayakeun ritual kasawargaan ti saprak jaman Tilu Karajaan. Ti saprak [[Dinasti Joseon]] maké [[Konghucu]] minangka idiologi nasional dina abad ka-14, ieu nagara ngawangun loba kelenténg Konghucu. Katurunan kulawarga karajaan Joséon masih neruskeun tradisi dina ngayakeun sérémoni pikeun miéling para karuhun di [[Jongmyo]]. Ieu tempat mangrupa kuil Konghucu karajaan pangkolotna nu jadi cagar tur sérémoni ritualna nuluykeun tradisi nu dijieun dina abad ka-14. [[Munmyo]] katut [[Dongmyo]] diwangun dina mangsa nu sarua. Sok sanajan Buda didedetkeun ku pamaréntahan Joséon, ieu ageman tetep aya. [[Jogyésa]] mangrupa markas gedé [[Ordo Jogyé]] [[Buda Koréa]]. Hwagyésa katut [[Bongeunsa]] ogé mangrupa [[Daptar candi Buda di Seoul|candi Buda di Seoul]] nu gedé. [[Katedral Myeongdong]] mangrupa cicirén [[Myeongdong]], [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] tur mangrupa garéja Katolik panggedéna nu diwangun taun 1883. Ieu garéja mangrupa lambang Katolik di Koréa. Ogé mangrupa fokus béda pamadegan pulitik taun 1980-an. Dina ieu hal, Garéja Katolik Roma kacida boga pangaruhna ka masarakat Koréa. Loba ogé garéja Protéstan di Séoul. Nu panglobana mah [[Présbisterian]], tapi loba ogé garéja [[Métodis]], [[Baptis]], katut [[Lutheran]]. [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]] mangrupa garéja [[Pantékosta]] nu patali jeung [[Majlis Pangéran]] di [[Yeouido]] di Séoul. Kalayan kurang leuwih 830.000 anggahota (2007), ieu téh mangrupa jamaah Kristen Pantékosta panglobana di dunya, nu geus kacatet dina [[Guinness Book of World Records]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} ===Féstival=== Dina bulan Oktober 2012 [[KBS Hall]] di Séoul jadi tuan rumah féstival musik internasional rongkah&nbsp;– [[Féstival Lagu ABU 2012|Féstival Lagu TV katut Radio ABU]] munggaran dina raraga Majlis Umum [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]] ka-49 General Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals 2012|url=http://esckaz.com/2012/abu.htm|publisher=ESCKAZ.com|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ABU GA Seoul 2012|url=http://www.abu2012seoul.com/|publisher=Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|accessdate=17 August 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303011118/http://www.abu2012seoul.com/ |date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Hi! Seoul Festival]] mangrupa hiji féstival budaya uusuman nu diayakeun opat kali sataun nalika usum semi, usum panas, usum gugur, katut usum tiis di Séoul, [[Koréa Kidul]] ti taun 2003. Ieu féstival dumasar kana "Poé Warga Seoul" nu diayakeun unggal Oktober ti saprak taun 1994 pikeun miéling sajarah 600 taun Séoul minangka ibu kota nagara. Ieu féstival diayakeun ku [[Pamaréntah Métropolitan Seoul]]. Taun 2012, Séoul geus jadi tuan rumah [[Ultra Music Festival]] Koréa, nyaéta féstival musik jeung ibing nu diayakeun dina ahir minggu ka-2 bulan Juni.<ref>http://www.umfkorea.com/</ref> ===Taman=== {{further|Daptar taman di Seoul}} [[Namsan (Seoul)|Taman Namsan]] bisa dipaké keur ''hiking'', rékréasi katut ''skyline'' keur ningali pemandangan tengah kota Séoul. [[Munara Seoul N]] perenahna di dieu. [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade Seoul]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]] tur diwangung keur tempat Olimpiade Usum Panas taun 1988. Pagoda 10 tingkat [[Pagoda Wongaksa|Wongaksa]] perenahna di [[Taman Tapgol]], hiji taman publik nu legana {{convert|19599|m²|0|abbr=on}}. Wewengkon sabudeureun wahangan disadiakeun minangka tempat publik keur rélaksasi jeung rékréasi. Wahangan [[Tancheon]] katut wewengkon deukeuteunana dsadiakeun minangka taman nu lega kalayan lajur keur nu laleumpang katut nu sasarapédahan. [[Cheonggyecheon]], hiji wahangan nu panjangna {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} ngaliwatan tengah kota Séoul, kasohor keur warga Séoul katut turis. [[File:Seoul-Olympic.Park-01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul]].]] [[Wewengkon métropolitan]] Séoul ngawengku genep taman gedé, kaasup [[Leuweung Seoul]], nu dibuka dina panengah taun 2005. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Nasional Seoul]] ogé boga [[beubeur héjo]] nu ditujukeun keur nyegah kota tina ''[[Urban sprawl|sprawling]]'' kaluar ka [[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul|Propinsi]] [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]] deukeuteunana. Ieu wewengkon mindeng ditéangan ku jalma nu hayang lumpat tina kahirupan urban dina ahir minggu jeung nalika peré. Séoul ogé mangrupa tempat [[taman hiburan]] jero rohangan panggedéna sadunya, [[Lotte World]]. Puseur pelesir lianna nyaéta stadion Olimpiade jeung [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul|Piala Dunya]] katut alun-alun [[balé kota]]. ==Olahraga== [[File:Seoul.Olympic.Stadium.01 copy.jpg|thumb|[[Stadion Olimpiade Seoul]].]] ===Kompetisi internasional=== Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Asian Games 2014|2014]], ilaharna katelah [[Asian Games|Asiad]], [[Olimiape Usum Panas 1988|Olimpiade 1988]], jeung [[1988 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]. Jadi tuan rumah ogé keur [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002]]. [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul]] jadi tempat pembukaan sarta tanding munggaran. [[Taékwondo]] mangrupa olah raga nasional Koréa sarta Séoul mangrupa tempat [[Kukkiwon]], markas besar dunya taékwondo, jeung [[Federasi Taékwondo Dunya]]. ===Kleub olah raga doméstik=== ====Maén bal==== {{Main|Maén bal di Seoul}} Kleub maén bal pangkasohorna di Séoul nyaéta [[FC Seoul]]. Ieu kleub mangrupa salah sahiji kleub maén bal panghasilna di Asia.<br /> Recently, FC Séoul jadi ''runner-up'' dina [[Liga Champion AFC 2013]]. * '''Maén bal lalaki''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tingkat ! Liga ! Kleub ! Stadion ! Catetan |- | Pangluhurna |[[K League Classic]] |[[FC Seoul]] |[[Seoul World Cup Stadium]] (Séoul Kalér) | |- | Ka-2 |[[K League Challenge]] |[[Seoul E-Land FC]] |[[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Seoul Olympic Stadium]] (Séoul Kidul) | |- | rowspan="3"| Ka-4 |rowspan="3"| [[K3 League]] |[[Seoul United FC|Seoul United]] |[[Madeul Stadium]] | |- |[[Seoul FC Martyrs]] |Gangbuk Public Stadium | |- |[[Jungnang Chorus Mustang FC|Jungnang Chorus Mustang]] |Jungnang Public Ground | |} * '''Maén bal wanoja''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tingkat ! Liga ! Kleub ! Stadion | Catetan |- | Top |[[WK-League]] |[[Seoul Metropolitan Government WFC]] |[[Hyochang Stadium]], [[Seoul Olympic Stadium|Seoul Olympic Auxiliary Stadium]] | |- |} ====Baseball==== Séoul boga tilu kleub baseball profésional dina cekelan [[Korean Baseball Organization|KBO]]: Salah sahiji kleub pangkolotna, [[Doosan Bears]], [[LG Twins]] katut [[Nexen Heroes]]. ====Basketball==== * [[Seoul SK Knights]] jeung [[Seoul Samsung Thunders]]. ==Transportasi== {{Main|Transportasi di Seoul}} Séoul mangrupa salah sahiji dayeuh nu infrastruktur transportasina pangmajuna sadunya nu terus kénéh dimekarkeun. Sistemna dimimitian ti mangsa [[Kamaharajaan Koréa]], nalika réngséna jalur trém munggaran katut jalan raya nu ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung Inchéon. Jalur trém pangpentingna di Séoul sapanjang Jongno diganti ku Jalur 1 sistem subway dina awal 1970-an. Jalan penting lianna di puseur karaméan Séoul kaasup [[Euljiro]], [[Téhéranno]], [[Séjongno]], [[Chungmuro]], Yulgongno, katut Toegyéro. Aya salapan jalur subway gedé nu manjang leuwih ti {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}}, kalayan sajalur tambahan deui nu geus dirarancang. Taun 2010, 25% populasina boga wanci pulang anting sajam atawa leuwih. ===Beus=== {{Main|Beus Seoul}} [[File:Seoul Buses.png|right|thumb|Beus Seoul]] Sistem beus di Séoul dijalankeun ku Pamaréntah Métropolitan Séoul, kalayan opat konfigurasi beus primér énu sayaga keur ngaladénan lolobana tempat di ieu dayeuh. Séoul boga loba terminal antar kota atawa beus gancang nu galedé. Ieu beus ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung kota-kota di Koréa Kidul. Séoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal katut Terminal Nambu Séoul perenahna di [[Distrik Seocho]]. Minangka tambahan, Terminal Beus Séoul Wétan di [[Distrik Gwangjin]] katut Sangbong Terminal Sangbong di [[Distrik Jungnang]] dioperasikeun di béh wétan kota. Pikeun ngurangan polusi udara di wewengkon métropolitan, pamaréntah kota boga rencana pikeun ngarobah leuwih ti tujuh rébu beus nu maké mesin disel ka gas alam taun 2010.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=337462 "Seoul More Enjoyable For a Day"]. Retrieved 30 July 2008.</ref> ===Subway=== [[File:Yongsansta09.jpg|thumb|[[Stasion Yongsan]]]] {{Main|Subway Métropolitan Seoul}} Séoul boga jajaring subway nu kompréhénsif nu ngahubungkeun unggal distrik di ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon sabudeureunana. Kalayan leuwih ti 8 yuta panumpang unggal poéna, Séoul boga [[Sistem métro dumasar kana perjalanan panumpang unggal tauna|sistem subway pangsibukna sadunya]]. Subway Métropolitan Séoul sakabéhna boga 19 jalur nu ngaladénan Séoul, Inchéon, propinsi Gyéonggi, propinsi Gangwon béh kulon, katut propinsi Chungnam béh kalér. Minangka tambahan, pikeun nyaluyukeun mangrupa-rupa moda transportasi, pamaréntah métropolitan Séoul ngagawékeun sababaraha urang ahli matématika pikeun ngoordinasikeun subway, beus, katut jadwal lalu lintas jadi tabél wanci. Sababaraha jalur dijalankeun ku [[Korail]], [[Seoul Metro]], [[Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation]], [[NeoTrans Co. Ltd.]], [[AREX]], katut Séoul Metro Line 9 Corporation. ===Karéta api=== [[File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg|thumb|[[KTX Sancheon]]]] Séoul kasambungkeun ka unggal kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta. Séoul ogé kasambungkeun ka lolobana kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta gancang [[Korea Train Express|KTX]], nu gancang normalna leuwih ti {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Stasion karéta gedé di antarana: * [[Stasion Seoul]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Gyéongbu ([[KTX]]/[[Saémaul-ho|Saémaul]]/[[Mugunghwa-ho]]), Jalur Gyéongui (Saémaul/[[Komuter]]) * [[Stasion Yongsan]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Honam (KTX/Saémaul/Mugunghwa), Jalur Jéolla/Janghang (Saemaul/Mugunghwa) * [[Stasion Yeongdeungpo]], [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]]: Jalur Gyéongbu/Honam/Janghang (Saémaul/Mugunghwa) * [[Stasion Cheongnyangni (di luhur lemah)|Stasion Cheongnyangni]], [[Distrik Dongdaémun]]: Jalur Gyéongchun/Jungang/Yéongdong/Taebaek (Mugunghwa) ===Bandara=== Dua bandara internasional aya di Séoul. [[Bandara Internasional Gimpo]], saméméhna aya di [[Kota Gimpo|Gimpo]] tapi dicokot ku Séoul taun 1963, geus sababaraha taun (ti saprak konstruksi aslina nalika [[Perang Koréa]]) jadi bandara hiji-hijina nu ngaladénan Séoul. Bandara doméstik lianna ogé diwangun nalika ieu perang, kaasup [[Yeouido]]. Nalika dibuka bulan Maret 2001, [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]] di pulo [[Yeongjong]] di [[Incheon]] ngarobah pancén Bandara Gimpo sacara signifikan. Inchéon kiwari boga tanggung jawab keur ampir sakabéh penerbangan internasional katut sababaraha penerbangan doméstik, sedengkeun Gimpo mah ukur ngaladénan penerbangan doméstik kajaba penerbangan ka [[Bandara Hanéda]] di Tokyo, [[Bandara Internasional Kansai Osaka]], [[Bandara Songshan Taipéi]] di Taipéi, [[Bandara Internasional Hongqiao Shanghai|Bandara Hongqiao]] di Shanghai, katut [[Bandara Internasional Ibukota Béijing]] di Béijing. Ku ayana ieu hal, penerbangan ti Bandara Gimpo turun drastis, sok sanajan masih kaasup salah sahiji bandara pangsibukna ogé. Sedengkeun, Bandara Internasional Inchéon geus jadi puseur transportasi gedé keur Asia Wétan, babarengan jeung [[Bandara Internasional Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. Inchéon jeung Gimpo kahubungkeun ka Séoul ku jalan raya, tur di antara duanana ku [[Rél Karéta Bandara Internasinal Incheon]], nu nyambung ogé ka Inchéon jalur #1. Gimpo ogé kahubungkeun ku subway (jalur No.&nbsp;5 jeung #9). Rél Karéta Bandara Internasional Inchéon, nu ngahubungkeun ieu bandara sacara langsung ka Stasion Séoul di puseur Séoul, kakara dibuka. Beus ogé mawa panumpang antara bandara Inchéon jeung Gimpo. ==Atikan== {{further|Atikan di Koréa Kidul|Daptar universitas di Seoul}} ===Universitas=== [[File:SNU gate.jpg|left|thumb|[[Universitas Nasional Seoul]]]] Séoul mangrupa tempat mayoritas universitas préstisius di Koréa Kidul, kaasup di antarana [[Universitas Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Yonséi]], [[Universitas Koréa]], [[Universitas Sogang]], [[Universitas Sungkyunkwan]], [[Universitas Hanyang]], [[Universitas Chung-Ang]], [[Universitas Dongguk]], [[Universitas Wanoja Éwha]], [[Universitas Atikan Deungeun Hankuk]], [[Universitas Hongik]], [[Universitas Kookmin]], [[Universitas Konkuk]], [[Universitas Kyung Héé]], [[Universitas Kwangwoon]], [[Universitas Atikan Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Soongsil]], [[Universit Wanoja Sookmyung]], katut [[Universitas Seoul]]. ===Atikan sekundér=== Atikan diwajibkeun ti kelas 1–10. Murid baris ngaréngsékeun genep taun di sakola dasar, tilu taun di sakola panengah, jeung tilu taun deui di sakola luhur. Sakola sekundér ilaharna nyaratkeun yén muridna maraké seragam. Aya ujian kalulusan sangkan bisa lulus ti sakola luhur sarta loba murid nu baris asup ka tingkat universitas dipénta pikeun nyokot ''[[College Scholastic Ability Test]]'' nu diayakeun unggal Nopémber tapi maranéhanana henteu perlu milu. Séoul mangrupa tempat [[sakola kajuruan]], kaasup tilu sakola luhur sains ([[Hansung Science High School]], [[Sejong Science High School]] jeung [[Seoul Science High School]]), katut genep sakola luhur basa deungeun ([[Daewon Foreign Language High School]], [[Daeil Foreign Language High School]], [[Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School]], [[Hanyoung Foreign Language High School]], [[Myungduk Foreign Language High School]] jeung [[Seoul Foreign Language High School]]). Kantor Atikan Métropolitan Séoul ngawengku 235 sakola luhur persiapan paguron luhur, 80 sakola magang, 377 sakola panengah, katut 33 sakola atikan husus taun 2009. ==Hubungan mancanagara== Séoul mangrupa anggota [[Jajaring Kota Gedé 21 di Asia]] katut [[Kelompok Kapamingpinan Iklim Dayeuh C40]]. {{See also|Daptar kota kembar katut kota baraya di Koréa Kidul}} ===Kota kembar – Kota baraya=== <div class="noprint"> {| class="wikitable collapsible" |- ! colspan="3"|Séoul's [[Kota kembar katut kota baraya]] Séoul di sakuliah dunya:<ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archivedate=2012-03-25 |title=Seoul – Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine] |accessdate=2013-08-23 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|accessdate=26 January 2008|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|archivedate=10 December 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> |- {|style="width:100%" |- | style="width:33.3%;"| * {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Téhéran]], [[Iran]] (1963)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wQiJ3vBJfvQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=New Economic Spaces in Asian Cities: From Industrial Restructuring to the Cultural Turn |publisher=Routledge and the Taylor & Francis Group |year=2012 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |title=Atlas of Tehran Metropolis |publisher=Tehran Municipality |date= |accessdate=2013-10-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221306/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |date=2018-10-09 }}</ref> * {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipéi]], [[Taiwan]] (1968)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/><ref name="Taipei sisters">[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Taipei Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} Taipei City Council</ref> * {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], [[Turki]] (1971)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Honolulu]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1973)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1976)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (1977)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/><ref name="São Paulo twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title=Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archivedate=2011-10-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000 |date=2011-10-18 }}</ref><ref name="São Paulo WikiSource">[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007] WikiSource {{pt icon}}</ref> * {{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogota]], [[Kolombia]] (1982)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]] (1984)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> || * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]] (1988)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moskow]], [[Rusia]] (1991)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]n state (1991)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] (1991)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Méksiko]] (1992)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Béijing]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] (1993)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|MNG}} [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]] (1995)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], [[Viétnam]] (1996)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> || * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]] (1996)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]] (1997)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roma]], [[Itali]] (2000)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] (2004)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (2006)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Aténa]], [[Yunan]] (2006)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (2006)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/><ref name="BMA sister cities">{{cite web|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|author=International Affairs Division|work=International Affairs Division website|publisher=International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|accessdate=12 September 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list |date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> * {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbékistan]] (2010)<ref name="Seoul twinnings"/> |} ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Koréa}} * [[Géografi Koréa Kidul]] * [[Daptar kota di Koréa Kidul]] * [[Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Koréa]] * [[Walikota Seoul]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{Wiktionary|Seoul}} ===Loka resmi=== {{commons|Seoul}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Metropolitan Government] * [http://opengov.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Information & Communication Plaza] ===Informasi pelesir katut tempat cicing=== * [http://www.visitseoul.net/ i Tour Seoul]&nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide Site * [http://www.youtube.com/visitseoul VisitSeoul]&nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide YouTube Channel * [http://www.theseoulguide.com/ Seoul Travel Guide]&nbsp;– Travel information for visitors to Séoul ====Peta==== * [http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng Seoul Map Browser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126101418/http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng |date=2011-01-26 }} (from Séoul Metropolitan Government web site) * [http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/station/eng/linemap.action Seoul subway map] ===Poto=== * [http://www.seoulsnapshots.com/ Seoul Snapshots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110182715/http://seoulsnapshots.com/ |date=2016-01-10 }} * [http://www.lovely-seoul.jimdo.com/ Pictures of Seoul] * [http://seoulstreetart.com/ Seoul Street Art & Graffiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032809/http://www.seoulstreetart.com/ |date=2015-02-22 }} {{S-start}} {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of Baekje]]| before=|after=[[Gongju|Ungjin]]|years=18 BC–475 AD}} {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea]]| before=[[Kaesong|Gaegyeong]]|after=Abolished|years=}} {{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of South Korea]]| before=New creation|after=Incumbent|years=1948–}} {{S-end}} {{Navboxes |title = Artikel nu patali jeung Seoul |list = {{Districts of Seoul}} {{Neighbourhoods of Seoul}} {{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}} {{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Asian Games Host Cities}} {{G-20 leaders' summits}} {{Seoul landmarks}} {{ABU Radio Song Festival}} {{ABU TV Song Festival}} }} |} [[Kategori:Seoul| ]] [[Kategori:Ibukota di Asia]] 26kbduxamtyxv9yenr29aedgahgqr1l 0 100262 709431 707546 2026-05-17T15:04:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Rory Kinnear |image = Rory Kinnear 2012 (cropped).jpg |imagesize = |caption = Kinnear, 2012 |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|17|df=y}} |birth_place = [[London]], England |death_date = |occupation = [[Aktor]] |website = |alma_mater = [[St Paul's School, London]]<br>[[Balliol College, Oxford]] |yearsactive = 2000–ayeuna |parents = [[Roy Kinnear]] (1934–1988) <br/>[[Carmel Cryan]] (gumelar 1949) |partner = Pandora Colin |spouse = |children= 2 }} '''Rory Kinnear''' ({{lahirmati|[[London]], [[Inggris]]|17|2|1978}}) nyaéta [[aktor]] kabarganegaraan [[Inggris]] anu parantos damel di [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] sareng [[Royal National Theater]]. Ngaranna mimiti ti mimiti dikenal saprak maénkeun peran [[Bill Tanner]] dina [[sekuel]] [[pilem]] [[James Bond]], ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'', ''[[Skyfall]]'', jeung ''[[Spectre (pilem 2015)|Spectre]]''. Salaku tambahan anjeunna ogé kalibet dina sababaraha proyék James Bond dina kaulinan vidéo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/theatre/rory-kinnear-good-show-sweet-prince-6541358.html |title=Rory Kinnear: Good show, sweet prince |date=November 29, 2010 |publisher=[[London Evening Standard]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619232248/https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/rory-kinnear-good-show-sweet-prince-6541358.html |date=June 19, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1215978/BAZ-BAMIGBOYE-Gemma-Arterton-takes-bow.html|location=London|work=Daily Mail|first=Baz|last=Bamigboye|title=Gemma Arterton takes her bow in West End debut|date=26 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/133098-National_Theatre_s_2010%2010_Season_to_Feature_Grandage_Debut_and_Kinnear_s_Hamlet |title=National Theatre's 2010 Ł10 Season to Feature Grandage Debut and Kinnear's Hamlet |publisher=Playbill.com |date=2009-09-22 |accessdate=2012-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kinnear and Carroll land top theatre awards|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=29 November 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/69914/productions/the-last-of-the-haussmans.html |title=The Last of the Haussmans |publisher=National Theatre |date=2012-10-11 |accessdate=2012-10-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605043848/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/69914/productions/the-last-of-the-haussmans.html |date=2012-06-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|title=Othello and Iago share best actor prize in London Evening Standard awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/nov/17/othello-iago-best-actor-evening-standard-awards-adrian-lester-rory-kinnear|accessdate=18 November 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Billington|first1=Michael|title=The Herd|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/sep/19/the-herd-review|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Steppenwolf Theatre|url=http://www.steppenwolf.org/Plays-Events/productions/index.aspx?id=625&gclid=CKabne_GxsQCFdgQgQodYFIArw&gclsrc=aw.ds|accessdate=26 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144005/http://www.steppenwolf.org/Plays-Events/productions/index.aspx?id=625&gclid=CKabne_GxsQCFdgQgQodYFIArw&gclsrc=aw.ds |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/whats-on/2011/august-12/43 |title=Proms - Proms 2011 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2012-10-18}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/dec/01/charlie-brooker-dark-side-gadget-addiction-black-mirror |title=Charlie Brooker: the dark side of our gadget addiction |date=2011-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atvtoday.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1237;bbc-two-to-air-shakespeare-works-richard-ii-henry-iv-parts-i-and-ii-and-henry-v|title=BBC Two to air Shakespeare works Richard II, Henry IV Parts I and II and Henry V|author=Mike Watkins|publisher=''ATV Guide''|date=May 2011|accessdate=20 June 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904163008/http://www.atvtoday.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1237%3Bbbc-two-to-air-shakespeare-works-richard-ii-henry-iv-parts-i-and-ii-and-henry-v |date=4 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2014/01/penny-dreadful-nurse-jackie-and-californication-get-premiere-dates.html|title='Penny Dreadful,' 'Nurse Jackie' and 'Californication' get premiere dates|work=Zap2It|last=Reiher|first=Andrea|date=January 16, 2014|accessdate=May 16, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117224450/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2014/01/penny-dreadful-nurse-jackie-and-californication-get-premiere-dates.html |date=January 17, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rory Kinnear: why he made the headlines in 2010|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2010/dec/19/faces-2010-rory-kinnear|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rory Kinnear on writing his first play|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/rory-kinnear-on-writing-his-first-play-8797289.html|website=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Olivier Awards 2014: Rory Kinnear beats Jude Law and Tom Hiddleston to Best Actor for Othello|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/olivier-awards-2014-rory-kinnear-crowned-best-actor-for-othello-9257677.html|website=The Independent}}</ref> ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Biografi-pondok}} {{Commons category|Rory Kinnear}} * {{IMDb name|1239499}} * [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,,2010497,00.html Interview with ''The Observer''] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/films/p00bjp8d Wish 143 - short film starring Rory Kinnear] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00vfgcw The First Men in the Moon] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnear, Rory}} [[Kategori:Aktor Inggris]] 7ps5h6f4sy4j0fa9fd72mda874cwaef 0 103719 709423 679344 2026-05-17T12:08:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Norodom Sihanouk Memorial|native_name={{lang|km|រូបសំណាកព្រះបរមរតនកោដ្ឋ}}|image=|former_names=|alternate_names=|map_type=|building_type=|architectural_style=[[Arsitektur Khmer|Khmer]]|structural_system=|cost=|location=Preah Suramarit Blvd (268), [[Phnom Penh]], Kamboja|client=|owner=|current_tenants=|landlord=|coordinates=11°33′23.36″ LU, 104°55′48.14″ BT|altitude=|start_date=|completion_date=2013|inauguration_date=|demolition_date=|height=|diameter=|other_dimensions=|floor_count=|floor_area=|main_contractor=|structural_engineer=|services_engineer=|civil_engineer=|other_designers=|quantity_surveyor=|awards=|references=}} '''Monumén Norodom Sihanouk''' anu disebut ogé Patung Raja Bapa Norodom Sihanouk nya éta monumén pikeun ngémutan tilas Raja Norodom Sihanouk anu aya di Phnom Penh, [[Kamboja]]. Patung perunggu ieu jangkungna 4,5 méter sarta disimpen dina stupa anu jangkungna 27 méter di Monumén Kemerdekaan sebelah wétan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/sihanouk-statue-inaugurated|title=Sihanouk statue inaugurated|last=David|first=Sen|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-07-12}}</ref> Prosés nyieun monumén ieu ngabeakeun anggaran sakitar US$ 1,2 juta jeung memerlukeun waktu sakitar dalapan sasih kanggo ngaréngsékeuna. Dina Oktober 2013 nalika monumen ieu diresmikeun, aksés masarakat kana monumén diawaskeun sacara ketat ku polisi militér. Norodom Sihanouk maot dina 15 Oktober 2012 di Beijing, [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cambodia’s Mercurial Former King, Norodom Sihanouk, Dies at 89|url=https://world.time.com/2012/10/15/cambodias-mercurial-former-king-norodom-sihanouk-dead-at-89/|newspaper=Time|date=2012-10-15|access-date=2022-07-12|issn=0040-781X|language=en-US|first=Kay|last=Johnson}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712065114/https://world.time.com/2012/10/15/cambodias-mercurial-former-king-norodom-sihanouk-dead-at-89/ |date=2022-07-12 }}</ref> Monumén ieu didedikasikeun pikeun prestasi Sihanouk dina ngabébaskeun nagara dina 9 Nopémber 1953 tina kakawasaan kolonial [[Prancis]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kamboja]] 6ud5nj2e1s7k81owbef3c5k367yd8ed 0 105331 709437 708699 2026-05-17T17:00:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709437 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.2em; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background: #ccf;" | Taksonomi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip nij.svg|220px]]<br /><small>Hierarki klasifikasi biologis.</small> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Widang élmu | [[Biologi]], [[Sistematika]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Objék | Organisme (Hirup & Fosil) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Konsep konci | [[Takson]], [[Klasifikasi ilmiah]], [[Nomenklatur]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Inohong | [[Carl Linnaeus]], [[A.P. de Candolle]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #ccf;" | Tingkatan Takson |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | * [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] * [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]] * [[Filum]] / [[Divisi (biologi)|Divisi]] * [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]] * [[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] * [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] * [[Marga (biologi)|Marga]] * [[Spésiés]] |} '''Taksonomi (biologi)''' nyaéta élmu pangaweruh anu maluruh ngeunaan tata ngaran papasingan (klasifikasi), sarta idéntifikasi [[organismeu]] dumasar kana kasarimbagan ciri-cirina. Dina sistem ieu, organismeu digolongkeun kana sababaraha tingkatan anu disebut [[taksa]] (tunggal: [[takson]]). Organismeu disusun sacara ngaruntuy (hirarki) ti mimiti tingkatan anu paling umum nepi ka anu paling spésifik. Ku ayana ieu hirarki, unggal golongan taksonomi; grup tina pangkat nu tangtu bisa dikumpulkeun pikeun ngabentuk grup anu undakanna leuwih luhur sarta ''inklusif'', sahingga nyiptakeun rundayan/''hirarki'' taksonomi. Rundayan poko dina pamakéan modérn nyaéta: * ''[[Domain]]'' * [[Karajaan]] * ''[[Filum]]'' (pikeun sato) atawa [[Divisi]] (pikeun tutuwuhan), * [[Kelas]], * ''[[Ordo]]'' * [[Kulawarga]] * ''[[Génus]]'' * [[Spésiés]] Ahli botani ti [[Swédia]], [[Carl Linnaeus]] dianggap salaku anu mitembeyan dina ngadegkeun sistem taksonomi nu aya kiwari, sakumaha anjeunna ngembangkeun sistem réngking nu katelah ''[[Linnaean taxonomy]]'' pikeun ngategorikeun organismeu, sarta sistem tata ngaran [[binomial nomenklatur]] pikeun méré ngaran ilmiah ka mahluk hirup. Balukarna ayana kamajuan dina téori, data, sareng téknologi ''analitik sistematika biologis'', sistem Linnaéan téh kiwari geus mekar jadi ''sistem klasifikasi biologis'' modérn, Ieu sistem anyar miboga tujuan pikeun nembongkeun hubungan [[évolusi]] di antara rupa-rupa organismeu, boh nu masih hirup boh anu geus tumpur. Wangenan (définisi) ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama, nyaéta: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] (klasifikasi) golongan organismeu. == Harti taxonomi == Wangenan définisi ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] ngaklasifikasikeun golongan organismeu.<ref name="Wilkins2011">{{Cite web |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |date=5 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=21 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Salaku bahan babandingan, ieu di handap aya sababaraha wangenan panganyarna ngeunaan taksonom taksonomi saperti handap ieu: # Téori sarta prakték dina ngagolongkeun individu kana tingkatan spésiés, nu tuluy disusun jadi kelompok anu leuwih gedé, sarta dibéré ngaran éta grup, sahingga ngahasilkeun klasifikasi anu jéntré.<ref name="Judd">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |last1=Judd |first1=W. S. |last2=Campbell |first2=C. S. |last3=Kellogg |first3=E. A. |last4=Stevens |first4=P. F. |last5=Donoghue |first5=M. J. |date=2007 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |edition=3rd |location=Sunderland |chapter=Taxonomy}}</ref> # Hiji widang élmu (sarta komponén utama [[sistematika]]) anu ngawengku katerangan, idéntifikasi, [[tata ngaran]], jeung klasifikasi<ref name="Simpson">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics |last=Simpson |first=Michael G. |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780123743800 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 1 Plant Systematics: an Overview}}</ref> # Élmu klasifikasi, dina susunan organismeu biologi kana hiji klasifikasi.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first1=P. M. |editor-last2=Cannon |editor-first2=P. F. |editor-last3=Minter |editor-first3=D. W. |editor-last4=Stalpers |editor-first4=J. A. |date=2008 |chapter=Taxonomy |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI}}</ref> # "Élmu klasifikasi sakumaha dilarapkeun ka organismeu hirup, kaasup élmu ngeunaan cara ''formasi'' spésiés, jsb."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology |date=1988 |publisher=W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=P. M. B.}}</ref> # "Analisis karakteristik hiji organismeu pikeun tujuan klasifikasi"<ref name="Henderson">{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-PLgy6DWe0wC |title=Henderson's Dictionary Of Biology |last=Lawrence |first=E. |date=2005 |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall |isbn=9780131273849}}</ref> # "Studi sistimatika [[filogéni]] pikeun nyadiakeun pola nu bisa ditarjamahkeun kana klasifikasi jeung ngaran widang taksonomi nu leuwih inklusif" (didaptarkeun salaku harti nu dipikahoyong tapi teu ilahar)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=Quentin D. |title=Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny |date=2004 |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |editor1-first=H. C. J. |editor1-last=Godfray |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Knapp |volume=359: Taxonomy for the twenty-first century |pages=571–583 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1452 |pmc=1693342 |pmid=15253345 |author-link=Quentin D. Wheeler |issue=1444}}</ref> Watesan anu rupa-rupa boh nempatkeun taksonomi salaku sub-wewengkon sistematika (harti 2), balikkeun éta hubungan (harti 6), atawa sigana nganggap dua istilah sinonim. Aya sababaraha kaayaan teu satuju naha ''[[nomenclature biologis]]'' dianggap bagian tina taksonomi (definisi 1 jeung 2), atawa bagian tina sistematika luar taksonomi.<ref name="Herbarium">{{Cite web |title=Nomenclature, Names, and Taxonomy |url= http://herbarium.usu.edu:80/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |date=2005 |website=Intermountain Herbarium |publisher=Utah State University |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161123030604/http://herbarium.usu.edu/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=9781003092827 |pages=xv + 209 |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140719/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |url-status=live }}</ref> Salaku conto, harti 6 dipasangkeun jeung harti sistematika handap nu nempatkeun tata ngaran luar taksonomi:<ref name="Henderson" /> * ''Sistimétika'': "Ulikan ngeunaan idéntifikasi, taksonomi, jeung tata ngaran organisme, kaasup klasifikasi mahluk hirup nu patali jeung hubungan alam maranéhanana sarta ulikan ngeunaan variasi jeung évolusi taksa". Dina taun 1970, Michener '' jeung nu lian.'' ngadéfinisikeun "biologi sistimatis" jeung "taksonomi" (istilah anu mindeng bingung tur dipaké silih tukeur) patalina jeung nu séjénna saperti ieu di handap:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michener |first1=Charles D. |first2=John O. |last2=Corliss |first3=Richard S. |last3=Cowan |first4=Peter H. |last4=Raven |first5=Curtis W. |last5=Sabrosky |first6=Donald S. |last6=Squires |first7=G. W. |last7=Wharton |date=1970 |title=Systematics In Support of Biological Research |publisher=Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> <blockquote> sistimatis biologi (engkéna disebut saukur sistematika) nyaéta widang anu: (a) nyadiakeun ngaran ilmiah pikeun organismeu, (b) ngajelaskeun aranjeunna, (c) ngawétkeun koléksi aranjeunna, (d) nyadiakeun klasifikasi pikeun organismeu, konci pikeun idéntifikasi maranéhanana, sarta data ngeunaan sebaran maranéhanana, (é) nalungtik sajarah évolusionér maranéhna, jeung (f) tinimbangan adaptasi lingkungan maranéhanana. Ieu mangrupikeun kaayaan anu gaduh sajarah panjang anu dina taun-taun ayeuna parantos ngalaman ronjotan anu kasohor, utamana ngeunaan eusi téoritis. Bagian tina bahan téoritis aya hubunganana sareng daérah évolusionér (jéjér é sareng f di luhur), sésana patali utamana jeung masalah klasifikasi. Taksonomi nyaéta bagian tina Sistematika anu patali jeung jejer (a) nepi ka (d) di luhur. </blockquote> Sakabeh sét istilah kaasup taksonomi, biologi sistimatis, [[sistematika]], klasifikasi ilmiah, klasifikasi biologis, jeung [[filogenetik]] sakapeung mibanda maksud anu papalimpang– sakapeung sarua, sakapeung beda saeutik, ngan sok pacorok.<ref name="Wilkins2011" /><ref name="Small1989">{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Ernest |date=1989 |title=Systematics of Biological Systematics (Or, Taxonomy of Taxonomy) |journal=Taxon |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=335–356 |doi=10.2307/1222265 |jstor=1222265}}</ref> Harti anupang legana "taksonomi" dipaké didieu. Istilah ieu di tepangkeun dina taun 1813 ku [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle]], dina milikna ''[[Théorie élémentaire de la botanique]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA20 |title=Plant systematics: An integrated approach |last=Singh |first=Gurcharan |date=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=9781578083510 |page=20 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[John Lindley]] disadiakeun définisi awal sistematika dina taun 1830, sanajan manéhna nulis ngeunaan "sistematis botani" tinimbang ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |work=EvolvingThoughts.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Urang Éropa resep ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika" jeung "biosistematika" pikeun ulikan ngeunaan ''biodiversity'' sacara gembleng, sedengkeun Amérika Kalér leuwih remen ngagunakeun "taksonomi".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brusca |first1=R. C. |last2=Brusca |first2=G. J. |date=2003 |title=Invertebrates |edition=2nd |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts |publisher=Sinauer Associates |page=27}}</ref> Tapi, taksonomi, sareng hususna ''[[taksonomi alfa]]'', langkung spésifikna idéntifikasi, déskripsi, sareng nami (nyaéta, nomenklatur/tata ngaran) organismeu.<ref name="Fortey">{{Cite book |last=Fortey |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Fortey |date=2008 |title=Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum |location=London |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=9780007209897}}</ref> Sedengkeun "klasifikasi" museurkeun kana nempatkeun organismeu dina grup hirarki anu némbongkeun hubungan maranéhanana jeung organismeu séjén. === Monograf jeung révisi taksonomi === Hiji '''révisi taksonomi''' atawa '''résénsi taksonomi''' mangrupa pedaran analisis ngeunaan pola variasi dina [[takson]] anu tinangtu. Analisis ieu tiasa dilaksanakeun dumasar kana kombinasi naon waé tina sababaraha jinis karakter anu sayogi, sapertos [[morfologis]], [[anatomi]], [[palinologis]], [[biokimia]] sareng [[génetik]]. [[monograf]] atanapi révisi lengkep nyaéta révisi anu kompréhénsif keur takson pikeun inpormasi anu dipasihkeun dina waktos anu tangtu, sareng pikeun sakuliah dunya. Révisi séjén (parsial) bisa diwatesan dina harti yén maranéhna ngan bisa ngagunakeun sababaraha sét karakter sadia atawa boga wates wengkuan husus. Révisi ngahasilkeun konformasi atanapi wawasan anyar dina hubungan antara subtaksa dina takson anu ditalungtik, nu bisa ngakibatkeun parobahan dina klasifikasi subtaxa ieu, idéntifikasi subtaxa anyar, atawa ngahiji tina subtaxa saméméhna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxted |first=Nigel |date=1992 |title=Towards Defining a Taxonomic Revision Methodology |journal=Taxon |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.2307/1222391 |jstor=1222391}}</ref> === Aksara taksonomi === Karakter taksonomi nyaéta mangrupa ''atribut taksonomi'' anu bisa dipaké pikeun méré bukti di mana hubungan ([[filogéni]]) antara taksa dipuguhkeun.<ref name="Hennig 1965">{{cite journal |last1=Hennig |first1=Willi |title=Phylogenetic Systematics |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=January 1965 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |issn=0066-4170 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101423/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1991 |title=Principles of Systematic Zoology |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=159}}</ref> Jinis karakter taksonomi ngawengku:<ref>Mayr, Ernst (1991), p. 162.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] Karakter; ciri mandiri ** Umum éksternal [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] ** Struktur husus (misalna., [[alat sanggama]]) ** Morfologi internal ([[anatomi]]) ** [[Émbriologi]] ** [[Karyologi]] jeung lianna ''[[cytological]]'' ''faktor'' * [[Fisiologis]] karakter ** [[paktor métabolik]] ** sékrési awak ** ''Faktor'' sterility gén * [[Molekul]] karakter ** Jarak imunologis ** Béda éléktroforétik ** Runtuyan protéin asam amino ** DNA ''hibridisasi'' ** Runtuyan DNA jeung RNA ** Watesan ''endonuclease'' nganalisa ** Bédana molekular séjén * ''[[Behavioral]]'' karakter ** Tatacara jeung mékanismeu isolasi ''ethological'' séjén ** Pola kabiasaan séjén * ''[[Ecological]]'' karakter ** Kabiasaan jeung habitat ** Kadaharan ** Robahna usum-usuman ** Sabangsaning parasit * [[Géografis]] karakter ** Umum ''[[biogeographic distribution]]'' pola ** hubungan populasi [[Simpatric]]-[[allopatric]] {{div col end}} === Alfa jeung béta taksonomi === {{distinguish|Alpha diversity}} Syaratna "'''taksonomi alfa'''" utamana dipaké pikeun ngarujuk kana disiplin tatacarana manggihan, ngajéntrékeun, jeung ngaranan [[taxa]]na, spésiés utamana .<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Dina litelatur saméméhna, istilah éta miboga harti anu béda, jeung produk panalungtikan nepi ka ahir abad ka-19.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosselló-Mora |first1=Ramon |last2=Amann |first2=Rudolf |date=1 January 2001 |title=The species concept for prokaryotes |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x |issn=1574-6976 |pmid=11152940|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[William Bertram Turrill]] ngawanohkeun istilah "taksonomi alfa" dina runtuyan makalah anu medal dina taun 1935 ogé 1937 di mana anjeunna ngaguar filsafat jeung nyawang disiplin taksonomi dina mangsa nu baris datang. {{sfn|Turrill|1938}}<blockquote> ... Aya kahayang anu beuki gedé diantara para ahli taksonomi pikeun nganggap masalahna dina panempo anu langkung lega, pikeun nalungtik kemungkinan gawé babarengan leuwih deukeut jeung cytological maranéhanana, koléga ékologis jeung genetika sarta pikeun ngaku yén sababaraha révisi atawa ékspansi, meureun alam drastis, tujuan jeung métode maranéhanana, bisa jadi desirable ... Turrill (1935) geus ngusulkeun yén bari narima taksonomi invaluable heubeul, dumasar kana struktur, jeung merenah ditunjuk "alfa", kasebut nyaéta dimungkinkeun pikeun sawangan urang anu jauh taxonomy diwangun dina salega dasar fakta morfologis jeung fisiologis jéntré, jeung hiji nu "tempat kapanggih pikeun sakabéh data observasi jeung ékspérimén patali, sanajan teu langsung, kana konstitusi, kana konstitusi, asal, jeung kabiasaan spésiés jeung grup taksonomi séjén". Cita-cita tiasa, bisa disebutkeun, pernah jadi sagemblengna sadar. Aranjeunna ngagaduhan, anu mana, niléy hébat akting salaku stimulan permanén, jeung lamun urang boga sababaraha, malah samar, idéal hiji "omega" taksonomi urang bisa maju saeutik handap alfabét Yunani. Sababaraha urang nyenangkeun diri sorangan ku mikir urang ayeuna groping dina taksonomi "béta".{{sfn|Turrill|1938}}</blockquote> Turrill antukna sacara éksplisit ngaluarkeun tina alfa taksonomi sagala rupa wewengkon tina ulikan yén anjeunna kaasup kana taksonomi sakabéhna, kayaning ékologi, fisiologi, génétika, jeung sitologi. Anjeunna salajengna ngaluarkeun rekonstruksi filogenetik tina taksonomi alfa.{{sfn|Turrill|1938|pp=365–366}} Engké pangarang geus dipaké istilah dina hiji béda rasa, hartina wates spésiés (sanés subspésiés atawa taksa tina jajaran séjén), ngagunakeun naon waé téhnik investigative sadia, jeung kaasup téhnik komputasi atawa laboratorium canggih.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyskal |first=G. C. |date=1965 |title=Trend curves of the rate of species description in zoology |journal=Science |volume=149 |issue=3686 |pages= 880–882 |bibcode=1965Sci...149..880S |doi=10.1126/science.149.3686.880 |pmid=17737388|s2cid=36277653}}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Ku kituna, [[Ernst Mayr]] dina taun 1968 didefinisikeun "'''beta taxonomy'''" salaku klasifikasi pangkat leuwih luhur ti spésiés (jenis).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=The Role of Systematics in Biology: The study of all aspects of the diversity of life is one of the most important concerns in biology |date=9 February 1968 |journal=Science |volume=159 |issue=3815 |pages=595–599 |bibcode=1968Sci...159..595M |doi=10.1126/science.159.3815.595 |pmid=4886900 |author-link=Ernst Mayr}}</ref><blockquote>Hiji pamahaman biologis hartina tina variasi jeung tina nu évolusionér asal grup spésiés patali malah leuwih penting pikeun tahap kadua aktivitas taksonomi, diurutkeun spésiés kana grup baraya ("taxa") jeung susunan maranéhanana dina hirarki kategori luhur. Kagiatan ieu anu dimaksud klasifikasi istilah; Éta ogé disebut "taksonomi béta".</blockquote> === Mikrotaksonomi jeung makrotaksonomi === {{Main|Species problem}} Kumaha spésiés kudu dihartikeun dina hiji grup husus organisme méré naék kana masalah praktis jeung téoritis anu disebut salaku [[masalah spésiés]]. Karya ilmiah mutuskeun kumaha nangtukeun spésiés geus disebut microtaxonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |date=1982 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674364462 |chapter=Chapter 6: Microtaxonomy, the science of species |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |title=Result of Your Query |website=biological-concepts.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion">{{Cite news |url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |title=Taxonomy: Meaning, Levels, Periods and Role |date=27 May 2016 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073645/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073645/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> Ku éksténsi, makrotaksonomi nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan grup dina subgenus [[pangkat taksonomi]] nu leuwih luhur.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> atawa ngan saukur dina clades nu ngawengku leuwih ti hiji takson dianggap specie as, dinyatakeun dina istilah [[nomenklatur filogenetik]].<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020">{{cite book |last1=Cantino |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Queiroz |first2=Kevin |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode): A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature |date=29 April 2020 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0429821356 |pages=xl + 149 |url=https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042402/https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sajarah == Sedengkeun sawatara pedaran ngeunaan taksonomi sajarah nyoba tanggal taksonomi ka peradaban kuna, usaha sabenerna ilmiah pikeun ngaklasifikasikeun organismeu teu lumangsung nepi ka abad ka-18, iwal mungkin Aristoteles, nu karya pituduh di taksonomi. <ref name="Voultsiadou & Vafidis 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Vafidis |first2=Dimitris |title=Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle's zoology |journal=Contributions to Zoology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.1163/18759866-07602004 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07602004 |issn=1875-9866 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425063507/https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/76/2/article-p103_4.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Voultsiadou et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Gerovasileiou |first2=Vasilis |last3=Vandepitte |first3=Leen |last4=Ganias |first4=Kostas |last5=Arvanitidis |first5=Christos |title=Aristotle's scientific contributions to the classification, nomenclature and distribution of marine organisms |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=468–478 |doi=10.12681/mms.13874 |issn=1791-6763 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Karya-karya saméméhna utamana déskriptif sarta museur kana tatangkalan anu mangpaat dina tatanén atawa ubar. Aya sababaraha tahap dina pamikiran ilmiah ieu. Taksonomi mimiti dumasar kana kritéria saayana, nu disebut "sistem jieunan", kaasup [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]'s Sistim klasifikasi seksual pikeun tutuwuhan (Linnaeus's 1735 classification of animals was entitled "[[Sistema Alam]]" ("the System of Nature"), implying yén manéhna, sahenteuna, percaya yén éta leuwih ti hiji "sistem jieunan"). Kadieunakeun sumping sistem dumasar kana tinimbangan leuwih lengkep tina ciri taksa, disebut salaku "sistem alam", kayaning tina pamadegan [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] (1789), de Candolle (1813) sarta [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1862–1863). Klasifikasi ieu ngajelaskeun pola émpiris sareng pra-[[évolusi]] dina pamikiran. Publikasi tina [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' (1859) ngabalukarkeun katerangan anyar pikeun klasifikasi, dumasar kana hubungan évolusionér. Ieu konsép [[filotik]] sistem, ti 1883 saterusna. Ieu dumasar pamadegan [[August Eichler|Eichler]] (1883) sarta [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1886–1892). Datangna tina [[cladistic]] metodologi dina 1970an ngarah kana klasifikasi dumasar kana hiji-hijina kritéria [[monofil]], dirojong ku ayana [[synapomorphies]]. Ti saprak éta, dasar evidentiary geus dimekarkeun kalawan data ti [[genetik molekular]] nu keur sabagian complements tradisional [[Morfologi]].{{sfn|Datta|1988}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stace|1989}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stuessy|2009}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}} === Saméméh-Linnaean === ==== Ahli taksonomi mimiti ==== Ngaran jeung klasifikasi lingkungan manusa kawasnamah dimimitian ku awal basa. Ngabédakeun tutuwuhan kana pepelakan matak weureu sareng anu tiasa didahar tayalian integral pikeun kalumangsungan hirup tina masarakat manusa. Ilustrasi tutuwuhan ubar muncul dina lukisan témbok Mesir ti {{Circa|1500 BC}}, nunjukkeun yén pamakéan spésiés béda anu dipikaharti sarta yén hiji taksonomi dasar aya dina tempat.<ref name="Manktelow">{{cite web |last=Manktelow |first=M. |date=2010 |url=http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |title=History of Taxonomy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Dept. of Systematic Biology, [[Uppsala University]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |date=29 May 2015 }}</ref> ==== Jaman Baheula ==== {{further|Aristotle's biology#Classification}} [[File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''Gambaran tina sato langka'' (写生珍禽图), ti [[Song dinasti]] digambar ku [[Huang Quan (painter)|Huang Quan]] (903–965)]] Organismeu munggaran digolongkeun ku [[Aristoteles]] ([[Yunani]], 384–322 BC) salila anjeunna maneuh di [[Lesbos|Pulo Lesbos]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1982 |title=The Growth of Biological Thought |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref name="Palaeos">{{Cite web |url= http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |title= History of Taxonomy |website= Palaeos |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |archive-date= 31 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |date=31 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Anjeunna ngagolongkeun mahluk dumasar bagian maranéhanana, atawa dina istilah modern ''atribut'', kayaning hirup tina anakan, ngabogaan opat suku, [[endog]], [[getih]] atawa panas awaka.[38] Anjeunna ngabagi sakabeh mahluk hirup kana dua golongan: tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan..<ref name="Roanoke">{{Cite web |url= http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |title=Biology 101, Ch 20 |date=23 March 1998 |website=cbs.dtu.dk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628023508/http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> He divided all living things into two groups: [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Sawatara kelompokna sato, sapertos ''Anhaima'' (sato henteu mibanda getih, ditarjamahkeun salaku [[invertebrata]]) sarta ''Enhaima'' (sasatoan anu mibanda [[getih]], kasarna téh sabangsaning [[vertebrata]]), sakumaha ogé kawas grup sabangsaning [[hiu]] jeung [[cetacean]], anu ilahar dipaké.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science |title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781408836224 |pages=384–395 |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref><ref name="von Lieven & Humar 2008">{{cite journal |last1=von Lieven |first1=Alexander Fürst |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium" |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |date=2008 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=227–262 |jstor=23334371 |pmid=19203017 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |issn=0391-9714 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127081940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Laurin & Humar 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=Phylogenetic signal in characters from Aristotle's History of Animals |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a1 |language=fr |doi-access=free }}</ref> muridna [[Theophrastus]] (Yunani, 370–285 BC) ngalaksanakeun tradisi ieu, mentioning sababaraha 500 tutuwuhan jeung kagunaan maranéhanana di na ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]''. Sababaraha tutuwuhan [[Genus|genera]] bisa disusud deui ka Theophrastus, sapertos ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]'', ''[[Crocus]]'', sarta ''[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]''.<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Abad Pertengahan==== Taksonomi dina [[Abad Pertengahan]] ieu sakitu legana dumasar kana[[Sistim Aristoteles]],<ref name="Roanoke" /> kalawan tambahan ngeunaan tatanan filosofis jeung ''existential'' mahluk. Ieu kalebet konsép sapertos éta [[ranté sasatoan anu ageung]] tradisi ​​di Kulon ''[[skolastik]]'',<ref name="Roanoke" /> deui deriving pamustunganana ti Aristoteles. Sistim Aristotelian teu ngaklasifikasikeun tutuwuhan anapon sabangsaning [[supa]], alatan kurangna mikroskop dina waktos éta.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> sakumaha gagasan na dumasar kana nyusun dunya lengkep dina hiji kontinum tunggal, sapertos 'scala naturae'' (tangga alam).<ref name="Palaeos" /> Ieu, ogé, dibawa kana tinimbangan dina ranté gedé sasatoan.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Kamajuan anu dilakukeun ku élmuwan sapertos [[Procopius]], [[Timotheus of Gaza]], [[Demetrios Pepagomenos]], ogé [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Pamikir abad ''pertengahan'' ngagunakeun ''categorizations filosofis'' jeung ''logis abstrak'' leuwih cocog kana filsafat abstrak batan taksonomi pragmatis..<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Renaissance jeung mimiti modern ==== Dina mangsa [[Renaissance]] atawa ''[[Jaman Pencerahan]],'' categorizing organismeu janten langkung umum,<ref name="Palaeos" /> jeung karya taksonomi jadi cukup ambisius pikeun ngaganti téks kuna. Ieu dipangaruhan ku ayana ngembangkeun lénsa optik canggih, nu ngidinan morfologi organismeu bisa diulik leuwih jéntré. Salah sahiji pangarang pangheubeulna pikeun ngamangpaatkeun ieu téhnologi éta dokter ti Italia [[Andrea Cesalpino]] (1519–1603), anu disebut "the first taxonomist".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu hasil gawé anu onjoy ''De Plantis'' diguar di taun 1583, sarta digambarkeun leuwih ti 1500 spésiés tutuwuhan.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/deplantislibrixv00cesa |title=De plantis libri XVI |last1=Cesalpino |first1=Andrea |last2=Marescotti |first2=Giorgio |date=1583 |publisher=Apud Georgium Marescottum |location=Florence |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>Dua kulawarga pepelakan ageung anu kiwari mimiti dikenal sarta dianggo nepi ka ayeuna : [[Asteraceae]] jeung [[Brassicaceae]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Edition Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae (Handbook of Plant Breeding) |last=Jaime |first=Prohens |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781441924742}}</ref> Dina abad ka 17 [[John Ray]] ([[Inggris]], 1627–1705) nulis loba karya taksonomi penting.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |title=taxonomy {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075451/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Bisa disebut hasil gawé anu pang gedéna tayalian ''Methodus Plantarum Nova'' (1682),<ref>{{Cite book |last=John |first=Ray |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |title=Methodus plantarum nova |publisher=impensis Henrici Faithorne & Joannis Kersey, ad insigne Rofæ Coemeterio D. Pauli |date=1682 |language=la |trans-title=New Method of Plants |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170929060003/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> dimana anjeuna ngaguar lewih ti 18,000 spésiés tutuwuhan. Dina waktos éta, meureun moal aya deui hasil ti ahli taksonomi anu pang rumitna, nalika anjeuna ngagolongkeun taksana dina loba karakter gabungan. Karya taksonomi séjén anu henteu éléh kasohor dijieun ku [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] (France, 1656–1708).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |title=Joseph Pitton de Tournefort {{!}} French botanist and physician |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075951/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu karyana taun 1700, ''Institutiones Rei Herbariae'', kaasup leuwih ti 9000 spésiés 698 genera, nu langsung mangaruhan Linnaeus, sakumaha éta téks anjeunna dipaké salaku murid ngora.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Mangsa Linnaean === {{Main|Linnaean taxonomy}} [[File:Linné-Systema Naturae 1735.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', Leiden, 1735]] Ahli botani Swedia [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707–1778)<ref name="Roanoke" /> ushered in a new era of taxonomy. With his major works ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' 1st Edition in 1735,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> ''[[Spésiés Plantarum]]'' dina taun 1753,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1753 |title=Species Plantarum |language=la |location=Stockholm}}</ref> and [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|''Systema Naturae'' 10th Edition]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |edition=10th |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> anjeunna ngarévolusi taksonomi modern. Karya-karyana ngalaksanakeun sistem tata ngaran binomial standar pikeun spésiés sato jeung tutuwuhan,<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |title=taxonomy – The Linnaean system {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405074215/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> anu geus kabukti ngajadi solusi ampuh pikeun literatur taksonomi anu kacau jeung henteu puguh éntép sureuhna. Anjeunna henteu ngan nepangkeun standar kelas, order, genus, and&nbsp;spésiés, tapi ogé ngamungkinkeun pikeun ngaidentipikasi pepelakan sareng sasatoan tina bukuna, kalayan ngagunakeun sabagean leutik tina kembang (dipikawanoh salaku [[Linnaean system]]).<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean" /> ''Taxonomists'' tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan regard Linnaeus' dianggo salaku "titik mimiti" pikeun ngaran anu loyog (at 1753 and 1758 respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donk |first=M. A. |date=December 1957 |title=Typification and later starting-points |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Taxon |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/1217493 |jstor=1217493 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091529/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Ngaran anu diterbitkeun sateuacan tanggal ieu disebut "pra-Linnaean", tur teu dianggap ''valid'' (iwal spiders diterbitkeun dina ''[[Svenska Spindlar]]''. <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carl |first1=Clerck |last2=Carl |first2=Bergquist |last3=Eric |first3=Borg |last4=L. |first4=Gottman |last5=Lars |first5=Salvius |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |title=Svenska spindlar |publisher=Literis Laur. Salvii |date=1757 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish Spiders |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201181959/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>). Malah ngaran taksonomi dipedalkeun ku Linnaeus sorangan saméméh tanggal ieu dianggap ''pra-Linnaean''.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Jaman taksonomi digital=== Taksonomi modern dipangaruhan pisan ku téknologi sapertos [[DNA sequencing]], [[bioinformatics]], [[Biological database|databases]], sareng [[imaging]]. == Sistem klasifikasi modern == {{Main|Evolutionary taxonomy|Phylogenetic nomenclature}} [[File:Spindle diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Evolution of the [[vertebrates]] at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are typical for [[evolutionary taxonomy]].]] [[File:Cladogram vertebrata.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hubungan anu sarua, ditepikeun salaku hiji [[cladogram]] has pikeun [[cladistics]]]] Hiji pola pikeun golongan anu nyayang sajeroning golongan anu geus ditangtukeun ku Linnaeus' klasifikasi tina tutuwukan tur sasatoan, sarta pola ieu mimiti jadi salaku gambaran [[dendrograms]] pikeun sasatoan sarta tutuwuhan [[Kingdom (biology)|karanaa]] lajeng dugi ka ahir abad ka 18, ogé saméméh Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species'' dipedalkeun.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Hiji pola "Natural System" teu merlukeun prosés generating , saperti dina evolusi, tapi bisa waé geus kasawang, mereun pamikir transmutationist. Diantara karya mimiti neuleuman tina pamikiran [[transmutation of species]] anu tayalian ''[[Zoonomia]]'' dina taun 1796 ku [[Erasmus Darwin]] ( akina Charles Darwin's), jeung [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]'s ''[[Philosophie zoologique]]'' dina taun 1809.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hiji ideu anu geus dipopulerkeun dina dunya Anglophone sanajan loba anu sipatna spekulatif tapi loba ogé anu maraca ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'', dipedalkeun sacara anonim ku [[Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)|Robert Chambers]] in 1844.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |title=Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation |last=Secord |first=James A. |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226744100 |author-link=James A. Secord |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> Ayana téori Darwin, hiji anu disaluyuan kalawan gancang ditarima tayalian hiji klasifikasi kudu numutkeun kana prinsip Darwinian [[katangtuan umum]].<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |title=taxonomy – Classification since Linnaeus {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075916/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[Tangkal kahirupan]] élmu pangaweruh Répréséntasi jadi populér dina karya ilmiah, kalawan grup fosil dipikawanoh diasupkeun. Salah sahiji grup modéren munggaran anu dihijikeun ka karuhun fosil nyaéta manuk.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Black |first=Riley |date=7 December 2010 |title=Thomas Henry Huxley and the Dinobirds |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110094503/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngagunakeun fosil lajeng anyar kapanggih tina ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' jeung ''[[Hesperornis]]'', [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] Nyebutkeun yén maranéhna geus mekar tina dinosaurus, hiji group resmi anu dingaranan ku [[Richard Owen]] taun 1842.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley |last=Huxley |first=Thomas Henry |date=1876 |chapter=Lectures on Evolution |title=Collected Essays |volume=IV |pages=46–138 |url= http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628224543/http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-date=28 June 2011}} Original text w/ figures. First published as ''New York Tribune'', Extra no. 36.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |title=Thomas Henry Huxley {{!}} British biologist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114405/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |archive-date=6 February 2018 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Pedaran anu dihasilkeun, éta dinosaurus "nimbulkeun" atawa mahluk "karuhun ti" manuk, mangrupa ciri penting tina pamikiran [[taksonomi évolusionér]]. Beuki loba grup fosil anu kapanggih sarta bisa dipikanyaho sahenteuna dina akhir abad ka 19 jeung mimiti abad 20, [[palaeontologists]] digawé pikeun mikanyaho sajarahna sasatoan ngaliwatan umur ku cara ngaitkeun babarengan jeung grup anu geus dipikawanoh.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NuYXr8BszwC&pg=PA24 |last=Rudwick |first=M. J. S. |date=1985 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226731032 |page=24}}</ref> kitu deui [[sintésis évolusionér modern]] ti mimiti 1940-an, dasarna pamahaman modérn ngeunaan évolusi tina grup utama di éta tempat. Salaku taksonomi évolusionér dumasar kana jajaran taksonomi Linnaean, dua istilah anu sakitu legana ditukeurkeun dina pamakéan modern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paterlini |first=Marta |date=September 2007 |title=There shall be order. The legacy of Linnaeus in the age of molecular biology |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=814–816 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401061 |doi-access=free |pmc=1973966 |pmid=17767191}}</ref> Métode [[kladistik]] muncul ti taun 1960-an.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Dina taun 1958, [[Julian Huxley]] ngagunakeun istilah ''clade''.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Engké, dina 1960, Cain jeung Harrison ngawanohkeun istilah "cladistic".<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Fitur anu penting nyaéta nyusun taksa dina hirarki [[tangkal évolusionér]], kalawan desideratum yén sakabéh taksa ngaranna téh monophyletic.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Hiji takson disebut monophyletic lamun ngawengku sakabéh turunan tina wangun karuhun.<ref name="Mike Taylor">{{Cite web |url= http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |date=17 July 2003 |title=What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean? |last=Taylor |first=Mike |website=miketaylor.org.uk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801072310/http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |archive-date=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NCSE">{{Cite web |url= https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |title=Polyphyletic vs. Monophyletic |website=National Center for Science Education |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170039/https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Grup anu ngagaduhan grup turunan dikaluarkeun tina aranjeunna disebut [[paraphyletic]],<ref name="Mike Taylor" /> sedengkeun grup nu ngawakilan leuwih ti hiji cabang tina tangkal kahirupan disebut [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Mike Taylor" /><ref name="NCSE" /> Grup monophyletic dipikawanoh tur didiagnosis dumasar kana [[synapomorphies]], kaayaan karakter turunan dibagikeun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Andrew V. Z. |first2=Randall T. |last2=Schuh |date=2021 |title=Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications |edition=3rd |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |page=13}}</ref> Klasifikasi kladistik taksonomi Linnean cocog sareng Kodeu tradisional ‘’ [[Nomenklatur Zoologis]] ‘’ jeung [[nomenklatur botani]], ka extent tangtu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuh |first=Randall T. |title=The Linnaean system and its 250-year persistence |journal=The Botanical Review |volume=69 |issue=1 |date=2003 |page=59|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0059:TLSAIY]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> Sistem tata ngaran alternatip, nyaéta PhyloCod/ ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Filogénétik]]'' atawa ''PhyloCode'' geus diajukeun, nu ngatur ngaran formal klad.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |title=The PhyloCode |last1=Queiroz |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Cantino |first2=Kevin |website=Ohio.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160510200022/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> Jajaran Linnaean téh pilihan jeung teu boga status resmi dina ''PhyloCode'', nu dimaksudkeun pikeun hirup babarengan jeung kode ayeuna, dumasar-rank..<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /> Samentara popularitas nomenklatur filogenetik parantos ningkat sacara stabil dina sababaraha dekade katukang, <ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> tetep katingalna seuseueurna ahli sistematis antukna ngadopsi ''PhyloCode'' atanapi neraskeun ngagunakeun sistem tatangaran kiwari anu parantos dianggo (sareng dirobih, tapi panginten henteu sakumaha anu dipikahoyong ku sababaraha sistematis)<ref name="Dubois 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |title=Naming taxa from cladograms: A cautionary tale |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1 February 2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |pmid=16949307 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |issn=1055-7903 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101502/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790306002375?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dubois et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |last2=Bauer |first2=Aaron M. |last3=Ceríaco |first3=Luis M. P. |last4=Dusoulier |first4=François |last5=Frétey |first5=Thierry |last6=Löbl |first6=Ivan |last7=Lorvelec |first7=Olivier |last8=Ohler |first8=Annemarie |last9=Stopiglia |first9=Renata |last10=Aescht |first10=Erna |title=The Linz Zoocode project: A set of new proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature. First report of activities (2014‒2019) |journal=Bionomina |date=17 December 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–111 |doi=10.11646/BIONOMINA.17.1.1|doi-access=free }}</ref> sahenteuna leuwih 250 taun. === Karajaan jeung domain === [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg|thumb|upright|Skéma dasar klasifikasi modérn. Seueur tingkatan anu sanés tiasa dianggo; domain, tingkat pangluhurna dina kahirupan, duanana anyar jeung dibantah.]] {{Main|Kingdom (biology)|Domain (biology)}} Sateuacan kapanggihna Carl Linnaeus (Botanist) tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan dianggap Karajaan anu misah.<ref name="Kingdom classification">{{Cite news |url= http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |title=Kingdom Classification of Living Organism |date=2 December 2014 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073641/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} Linnaeus ngagunakeun ieu salaku pangkat luhur, ngabagi dunya fisik kana sayur, karajaan sato jeung mineral. Salaku kamajuan dina mikroskop ngajadikeun klasifikasi mikroorganismeu, jumlah karajaan ngaronjat, sistem lima jeung genep karajaan anu paling umum. [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] mangrupa grup nu kawilang anyar. Mimiti diajukeun dina 1977, [[Carl Woese]] [[sistem tilu domain]] sacara umum teu ditarima nepi ka engké.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |title=Carl Woese {{!}} Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology |website=www.igb.Illinois.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |archive-date=28 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |date=28 April 2017 }}</ref>Salah sahiji ciri utama metode tilu domain nyaéta pamisahan [[Archaea]] sareng [[Baktéri]], anu sateuacana dikelompokkeun kana karajaan tunggal Baktéri (hiji karajaan anu sok disebut [[Monera]]),<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> kalawan [[Eukariota]] pikeun sakabéh organisme anu sélna ngandung [[Inti (biologi)|inti]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-link=Joel Cracraft |editor1-last=Cracraft |editor1-first=Joel |editor2-last=Donaghue |editor2-first=Michael J. |date=2004 |title=Assembling the Tree of Life |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195172345 |pages=45, 78, 555}}</ref> Sajumlah leutik élmuwan kalebet karajaan kagenep, Archaea, tapi henteu nampi metode domain.<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]], anu dipedalkeun sacara éksténsif ngeunaan klasifikasi [[protista]], taun 2002<ref name="pmid11931142">{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=T. |title=The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=297–354 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11931142 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-2-297 |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11931142 |access-date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |date=29 July 2017 }}</ref> ngusulkeun yén [[Neomura]], clade anu ngahijikeun Archaea jeung [[Eukariota|Eucarya]]<!--yeah, Woese used a 'c' here-->, bakal mekar tina Baktéri, langkung tepatna tina [[Actinomycetota]]. Klasifikasi na 2004 nganggap [[archaeobacteria]] salaku bagian tina subkingdom karajaan Baktéri, nyaéta, anjeunna nampik sistem tilu domain sagemblengna.<ref name="CavalierSmith2004" /> Stefan Luketa di 2012 ngusulkeun lima sistem "dominion", nambahan [[Prion]]obiota ([[kahirupan non-sélular|asélular]] jeung tanpa [[asam nukléat]]) jeung [[Virus]]obiota (asélular tapi ' 'kalayan'' asam nukléat) kana tilu domain tradisional.<ref name="Luketa2012">{{Cite journal |last=Luketa |first=S. |date=2012 |title=New views on the megaclassification of life |url= http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Protistology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=218–237 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150257/http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> {{center|{{Biological systems}}}} === Klasifikasi komprehensif panganyarna === Klasifikasi lengkep; parsial aya pikeun loba grup individu organismeu sarta dirévisi jeung diganti sakumaha informasi anyar anu sadia; kumaha ogé, kompréhénsif, diterbitkeun lumaku sawaréh atawa sagemblengna; conto panganyarna nyaéta jeung sajabana., 2012 jeung 2019,<ref name="Adl-et-al-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Simpson |first2=A. G. B. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Bass |first5=D. |last6=Bowser |first6=S. S. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2015 |title=The revised classification of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x |pmc=3483872 |pmid=23020233}}</ref><ref name="Adl-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Bass |first2=D. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Schoch |first5=C. L. |last6=Smirnov |first6=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2019 |title=Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=4–119 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12691 |pmc= 6492006|pmid=30257078|doi-access=free}}</ref> nu ngawengku eukariot wungkul kalawan tekenan kana protista, sarta Ruggiero jeung sajabana. taun 2015,<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Michael A. |last2=Gordon |first2=D. P. |last3=Orrell |first3=T. M. |last4=Bailly |first4=N. |last5=Bourgoin |first5=T. |last6=Brusca |first6=R. C. |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |title=A higher level classification of all living organisms |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0119248 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R |bibcode-access=free |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 |pmc=4418965 |pmid=25923521|doi-access=free}}</ref> ngawengku boh eukariot jeung [[prokariot]]s kana pangkat Orde, sanajan duanana ngaluarkeun wawakil fosil.<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015" /> Kompilasi anu misah (Ruggiero, 2014)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Markus |title=Families of Living Organisms (FALO) |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |website=GBIF |date=August 13, 2015 |doi=10.15468/tfp6yv |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302232032/https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |url-status=live }}</ref> nambahkeun taksa anu masih aya pikeun pangkat Kulawarga. Lain, Pangobatan dumasar basis data kalebet [[Ensiklopedia Kahirupan]], éta [[Fasilitas Émbaran Keanekaragaman Hayati Global]], [[database taksonomi NCBI]], [[Pendaptaran Interim Genera Kelautan sareng Nonmarine]], éta [[Buka Tangkal Kahirupan]], jeung [[Katalog Kahirupan]]. [[Database Paleobiologi]] mangrupa sumber pikeun fosil. == Aplikasi== Taksonomi biologis mangrupa sub-disiplin [[biologi]], sareng umumna dipraktékkeun ku ahli biologi anu katelah "ahli taksonomi", sanajan antusias [[Sajarah alam|naturalis]] ogé sering kalibet dina publikasi taksa anyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |first1=Benjamin |last1=Jones |date=September 7, 2017 |title=A Few Bad Scientists Are Threatening to Topple Taxonomy |website=Smithsonian |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208041357/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusabab taksonomi boga tujuan pikeun ngajelaskeun tur ngatur [[kahirupan]], karya anu dilakukeun ku ahli taksonomi penting pisan pikeun ulikan ngeunaan [[biodiversitas]] jeung hasil widang [[biologi konservasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |title=What is taxonomy? |publisher=Natural History Museum |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001152618/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2002 |title=The role of taxonomy in conserving biodiversity |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1078/1617-1381-00015 |bibcode=2002JNatC..10..145M |s2cid=16953722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |via=Semantic Scholar }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi organismeu === {{Main|Taxonomic rank}} Klasifikasi biologis mangrupakeun komponén kritis prosés taksonomi. Hasilna, éta informs pamaké sakumaha naon baraya tina takson nu dihipotesiskeun. Klasifikasi biologis ngagunakeun pangkat taksonomi, kaasup antara séjén (urutan ti paling inklusif ka nu henteu inklusif): [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]], [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]], [[Filum]], [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]], [[Urutan (biologi)|Urutan]], [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]], [[Genus]], [[Spésiés]], jeung [[Galur (biologi)|Galur]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |title=Mnemonic taxonomy / biology: Kingdom Phylum Class Order... |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170606171902/https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>{{NoteTag|This ranking system, except for "Strain", can be remembered by the mnemonic "Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets?"}} === Katerangan taksonomi === {{See also|Species description}} [[File:Nepenthes smilesii type specimen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tipe]] spécimén tina ''[[Nepenthes smilesii]]'', hiji tutuwuhan lokal sok disebut [[kantong semar]] [[pitcher plant]]]] Pedaran takson ieu di encapsulated ku déskripsi atawa diagnosis na atawa gabungan ku duanana. Henteu aya aturan anu diatur anu ngatur definisi taksa, tapi ngaran jeung publikasi taksa anyar diatur ku susunan aturan.<ref name="Herbarium" /> Dina [[zoologi]], [[nomenklatur]] pikeun jajaran anu leuwih ilahar dipaké ([[Superfamili (taksonomi)|superfamili]] nepi ka [[subspésiés]]), diatur ku ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Zoologis]]'' (''Kode ICZN'').<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |title=ICZN Code |website=animalbase.uni-goettingen.de |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055350/http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dina widang [[phycology]], [[mycology]], jeung [[botani]], ngaran taksa diatur ku ''[[Kode Nomenklatur Internasional pikeun ganggang, fungi, jeung tutuwuhan]]'' (''ICN'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |work=IAPT-Taxon.org |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130111104255/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> Katerangan awal hiji takson ngalibatkeun lima sarat utama:<ref>{{Cite web |title=How can I describe new species? |url= http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |work=ICZN.org |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133052/http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> # Taksonna kudu dibéré ngaran dumasar kana 26 hurup alfabét Latin ([[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] pikeun spésiés anyar, atawa uninomial pikeun jajaran séjén). # Ngaranna kudu unik (nyaéta lain [[homonim (biologi)|homonim]]). # Katerangan kudu dumasar kana sakurang-kurangna hiji [[Spésiés Tipe|spésimén]]. #Éta kedah kalebet pernyataan ngeunaan atribut anu cocog pikeun ngajelaskeun (ngahartikeun) takson atanapi ngabédakeun tina takson anu sanés. (diagnosis, ''Kode ICZN'', Pasal 13.1.1, ''ICN'', Pasal 38, anu tiasa atanapi henteu dumasar kana morfologi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lawley |first1=Jonathan W. |last2=Gamero-Mora |first2=Edgar |last3=Maronna |first3=Maximiliano M. |last4=Chiaverano |first4=Luciano M. |last5=Stampar |first5=Sérgio N. |last6=Hopcroft |first6=Russell R. |last7=Collins |first7=Allen G. |last8=Morandini |first8=André C. |date=19 September 2022 |title=Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590) |url=https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=118 |issue=9/10 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2022/14495 |s2cid=252562185 |issn=1996-7489 |doi-access=free |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063714/https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |url-status=live }}</ref>). Kadua kodeu ngahaja misahkeun nangtukeun eusi takson ([[circumscription (taksonomi)|circumscription]]) tina nangtukeun ngaranna. # Opat sarat munggaran ieu kedah dipedalkeun dina karya anu tiasa dicandak dina sababaraha salinan anu sami, salaku catetan ilmiah anu permanén. Nanging, sering langkung seueur inpormasi anu kalebet, sapertos rentang geografis takson, catetan ékologis, kimia, kabiasaan, jsb Kumaha panaluntik anjog di taksa maranéhna béda-béda: gumantung kana data anu sadia, jeung sumber, métode béda ti basajan [[Sipat kuantitatif|kuantitatif]] atawa [[Sipat kualitatif|kualitatif]] babandingan fitur-fitur anu aya, pikeun ngajéntrékeun analisa komputer tina jumlah badag data [[DNA]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Taxonomy – Evaluating taxonomic characters |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190422143927/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |archive-date=22 April 2019 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> === Cutatan pangarang === {{Main|Author citation (botany)|Author citation (zoology)}} "Otoritas" tiasa ditempatkeun saatos nami ilmiah.<ref name="AJE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |title=Editing Tip: Scientific Names of Species |publisher=American Journal Experts, Research Square Company |website=AJE.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021714/http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Wewenang nyaéta ngaran élmuwan atawa élmuwan anu mimiti sah medalkeun ngaran éta.<ref name="AJE" /> Contona, dina taun 1758 Linnaeus méré ngaran ilmiahna [[gajah Asia]]; ''Elephas maximus'', jadi ngaran ieu sakapeung ditulis jadi "''Elephas maximus'' Linnaeus, 1758".<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |title=Carolus Linnaeus: Classification, Taxonomy & Contributions to Biology – Video & Lesson Transcript |website=Study.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021600/http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Ngaran pangarang mindeng disingget: singketan ''L.'', keur ''Linnaeus,'' ilahar dipaké. Dina botani, kanyataanna, aya daptar singketan standar anu diatur (tingali [[daptar ahli botani dumasar singgetan pangarang]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |title=Biological Classification |last=Biocyclopedia.com |website=biocyclopedia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |archive-date=14 May 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |date=14 May 2017 }}</ref> Sistem pikeun nangtukeun otoritas rada béda antara [[Kutipan pangarang (botani)|botani]] jeung [[Kutipan pangarang (zoologi)|zoologi]].<ref name="Herbarium" /> Sanajan kitu, éta standar yén lamun genus spésiés geus robah ti déskripsi aslina, ngaran otoritas aslina urang disimpen dina kurung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |title=Zoological nomenclature: a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors |website=Annelida.net |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |date=16 March 2017 }}</ref> == Pénétika == [[File:Phylogenetics.svg|thumb|300px|A comparison of phylogenetic and phenetic (character-based) concepts]] {{Main|Phenetics}} Dina phenetics, ogé katelah taximetrics, atawa taksonomi numerik, organismeu digolongkeun dumasar kana kasaruaan sakabéh, paduli filogeni atawa hubungan évolusionér maranéhanana.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hasilna dina ukuran hypergeometric "jarak" antara taksa. Métode fénétik geus kawilang jarang di jaman modéren, lolobana diganti ku analisis [[Kladistik|kladistik]], sabab métode fénétik teu ngabédakeun sipat karuhun (atawa [[plesiomorph]] ic) tina turunan babarengan (atawa [[apomorphic]]). ) ciri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification |url= https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163250/https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, métode phenetic tangtu, kayaning [[tatangga gabung]], tetep, salaku estimators gancang tina hubungan lamun métode leuwih canggih (saperti [[Bayesian inferensi]]) teuing komputasi mahal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Molecular Marker Glossary |url= http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/mcdgloss.html |last=McDonald |first=David |date=Fall 2008 |publisher=[[University of Wyoming]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610123503/http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/McDGloss.html |archive-date=10 June 2007}}</ref> == Basis data == {{Main|Taxonomic database}} Taksonomi modern ngagunakeun téknologi database pikeun milarian sareng katalog ''klasifikasi'' sareng dokuméntasina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Dylan |last2=King |first2=Margaret |last3=Landis |first3=Drew |last4=Courtney |first4=William |last5=Wang |first5=Runtang |last6=Kelly |first6=Ross |last7=Turner |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Calhoun |first8=Vince D. |date=26 August 2014 |title=Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools |journal=Frontiers in Neuroinformatics |volume=8 |pages=71 |doi=10.3389/fninf.2014.00071 |issn=1662-5196 |pmc=4144441 |pmid=25206330|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bari euweuh database ilahar dipaké, aya pangkalan data anu ''komprehensif'' sapertos ''[[Katalog Kahirupan]]'', nu tos nyoba ngadaptar unggal spésiés.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |title= About – The Plant List |website= theplantlist.org |access-date= 8 April 2017 |archive-date= 21 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170621190909/http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Katalog didaptarkeun 1,64&nbsp;juta spésiés pikeun sadaya karajaan {{as of|2016|4|lc=on}}, ngaku liputan leuwih ti tilu-suku tina estimasi spésiés dipikawanoh pikeun élmu modern.<ref name="About the Catalogue of Life">{{Cite web |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |title=About the Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] (ITIS) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> == Tempo ogé== {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Automated species identification]] * [[Bacterial taxonomy]] * [[Cluster analysis]] * [[Consortium for the Barcode of Life]] * [[Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities]] * [[Genetypes]] * [[Glossary of scientific naming]] * [[Identification (biology)]] * ''[[Incertae sedis]]'' * [[Open Tree of Life]] * [[Parataxonomy]] * [[Phenogram]] * [[Set theory]] * [[Taxonomy]] (general) * [[Virus classification]] {{div col end}} == Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |title=Systematic Botany |last=Datta |first=Subhash Chandra |date=1988 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122400137 |edition=4 |location=New Delhi |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101351/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521427852 |edition=2nd. |location=Cambridge |author-link=Clive A. Stace |access-date=19 April 2015 |orig-year=1980 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113180249/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |title=Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data |last=Stuessy |first=Tod F. |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231147125 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101356/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Turrill |first=W. B. |date=1938 |title=The Expansion Of Taxonomy With Special Reference To Spermatophyta |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=342–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1938.tb00522.x|s2cid=84905335}} * {{cite book |last1=Wiley |first1=Edward O. |first2=Bruce S. |last2=Lieberman |date=2011 |title=Phylogenetics: Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |edition=2nd |isbn=9780470905968}} {{refend}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html What is taxonomy?] at the [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ ''Natural History Museum London''] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI] the ''National Center for Biotechnology Information'' * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] the ''Universal Protein Resource'' * [https://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] the ''Integrated Taxonomic Information System'' * [http://www.cetaf.org/ CETaF] the ''Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities'' * [http://species.wikimedia.org/ Wikispecies] ''free species directory'' * [https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html Biological classification.] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180358/https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html |date=13 August 2020}} {{Branches of biology}} {{Subject bar |wikt = yes |wikt-search = taxonomy |commons = yes |q = yes |s = yes |v = yes |d = yes |portal1 = Biology }} [[Kategori:biologi ]] [[Kategori :Élmu]] [[Kategori :Élmu Alam]] epd3uo2evfw3qrbew9pw3nltg3t32se 0 107817 709450 707553 2026-05-17T18:49:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = William Henry Harrison | image = William Henry Harrison.jpg | caption = Portrait, 1840 | order = 9th | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = John Tyler | term_start = March 4, 1841 | term_end = April 4, 1841 | predecessor = [[Martin Van Buren]] | successor = [[John Tyler]] | office1 = [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Colombia|United States Minister to Gran&nbsp;Colombia]] | president1 = {{ubl|[[John Quincy Adams]]|[[Andrew Jackson]]}} | term_start1 = February 5, 1829 | term_end1 = September 26, 1829 | predecessor1 = [[Beaufort Taylor Watts]] | successor1 = [[Thomas Patrick Moore]] | jr/sr2 = United States Senator | state2 = [[Ohio]] | term_start2 = March 4, 1825 | term_end2 = May 20, 1828 | predecessor2 = [[Ethan Allen Brown]] | successor2 = [[Jacob Burnet]] | state_senate3 = Ohio | district3 = [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] | term_start3 = December 5, 1819 | term_end3 = December 2, 1821 | predecessor3 = Ephraim Brown | successor3 = Ephraim Brown | state4 = Ohio | district4 = {{ushr|OH|1|1st}} | term_start4 = October 8, 1816 | term_end4 = March 3, 1819 | predecessor4 = [[John McLean]] | successor4 = [[Thomas R. Ross]] | office5 = 1st [[Governor of Indiana|Governor of the Indiana Territory]] | appointer5 = [[John Adams]] | term_start5 = January 10, 1801 | term_end5 = December 28, 1812 | predecessor5 = Office established | successor5 = [[Thomas Posey]] | office6 = {{br entries|Delegate to the|[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]|from the [[Northwest Territory]]'s|[[Northwest Territory's at-large congressional district|at-large]] district}} | term_start6 = October 3, 1799 | term_end6 = May 14, 1800 | predecessor6 = Constituency established | successor6 = [[William McMillan (congressman)|William McMillan]] | office7 = 2nd Secretary of the [[Northwest Territory]] | governor7 = [[Arthur St. Clair]] | term_start7 = June 28, 1798 | term_end7 = October 1, 1799 | predecessor7 = [[Winthrop Sargent]] | successor7 = [[Charles Willing Byrd]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1773|2|9}} | birth_place = [[Charles City County, Virginia]], British America | death_date = {{death date and age|1841|4|4|1773|2|9}} | death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. | death_cause = [[Enteric fever]] | restingplace = [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial|Harrison Tomb State Memorial]] | party = {{ubl|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] (before 1828)|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (from 1836)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Anna Harrison|Anna Symmes]]|November 22, 1795}} | children = 10 with Anna, including [[John Scott Harrison|John]], 2 alleged with Dilsia, including [[Marie Harrison]] | relatives = [[Harrison family of Virginia]] | father = [[Benjamin Harrison V]] | education = {{ubl|[[Hampden–Sydney College]]|[[University of Pennsylvania]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Soldier|politician}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Congressional Gold Medal]]|[[Thanks of Congress]]}} | signature = William Henry Harrison Signature-full.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | branch = {{flatlist|*[[United States Army]] **[[Indiana Territory]] militia}} | serviceyears = {{ubl|1791–1798|1811|1812–1814}} | rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]] | unit = [[Legion of the United States]] | commands = [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]] | battles = {{tree list}} *[[Northwest Indian War]] **[[Siege of Fort Recovery]] **[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] *[[Tecumseh's War]] **[[Battle of Tippecanoe]] *[[War of 1812]] **[[Siege of Fort Wayne]] **[[Battle of the Thames]] {{Tree list/end}} }} '''William Henry Harrison''' (9 Pébruari 1773{{spnd}}4 April 1841) nyaéta [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-9, anu ngajabat ti 4 Maret dugi ka 4 April 1841, masa jabatan pangpondokna dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna ogé janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat, anu ngabalukarkeun krisis [[konstitusi]] samentara, jalaran [[suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési présidén]] harita tacan diatur sacara jéntré dina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Konstitusi AS]]. Harrison mangrupa présidén terakhir anu lahir salaku subjek nagara [[Inggris]] di wilayah [[Tilu Belas Koloni]]. Anjeunna mangrupa anggota ti [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] [[Benjamin Harrison V]], anu mangrupa salah saurang [[Founding Fathers Amérika Sarikat|Founding Father AS]]. Putrana sorangan, [[John Scott Harrison]], nyaéta ramana [[Benjamin Harrison]], présidén AS anu ka-23. Harrison lahir di [[Charles City County, Virginia]]. Dina taun 1794, anjeunna milu ancrub dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]], hiji kameunangan militer Amérika anu mungkas [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]]. Dina taun 1811, anjeunna mingpin kakuatan militer ngalawan [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|Tecumseh's confederacy]] dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]], anu matak anjeunna meunang julukan "'''Old Tippecanoe'''". Anjeunna ditaékkeun pangkatna janten mayor jenderal dina Angkatan Darat salami [[Perang 1812|War of 1812]], sarta mingpin pasukan infanteri jeung kavaleri Amérika kana kameunangan dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]] di [[Kanada Luhur|Upper Canada]]. Karier pulitik Harrison dimimitian dina taun 1798, kalayan pangangkatan salaku sekretaris [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]]. Dina taun 1799, anjeunna kapilih salaku delegasi non-voting wilayah éta dina [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Anjeunna janten gubernur [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] anu nembé dibentuk dina taun 1801 sarta, ngaliwatan sababaraha pajangjian jeung suku-suku pribumi Amérika, anjeunna meunangkeun jutaan héktar lahan pikeun nagara. Saatos Perang 1812, anjeunna pindah ka Ohio di mana, [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat 1816 jeung 1817 di Ohio|dina taun 1816]], anjeunna kapilih pikeun ngawakilan distrik ka-1 nagara bagian éta di DPR. [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1824–25|Dina taun 1824]], anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|U.S. Senate]], sanajan mangsa jabatan Sénatna kapeugat ku pangangkatanana salaku [[mentri plenipotentiary]] ka [[Gran Colombia]] dina taun 1828. Harrison mulang deui kana kahirupan pribadi di Ohio dugi ka anjeunna janten salah saurang tina opat calon [[Partéy Whig Amérika Sarikat|Whig Party]] dina [[Pamilihan présidén AS 1836|pamilihan présidén AS 1836]], anu harita anjeunna éléh ku urang Démokrat [[Martin Van Buren]]. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|pamilihan présidén 1840]], partéy nyalonkeun deui anjeunna, kalayan [[John Tyler]] salaku pasanganana, dina handapeun slogan kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]", sarta Harrison hasil ngéléhkeun Van Buren. Ngan tilu minggu saatos pelantikanana, Harrison kaserang panyakit sarta pupus sababaraha dinten saatosna. Saatos réngséna kateujelasan dina konstitusi ngeunaan suksési, Tyler janten présidén. Harrison émut ku sabab pajangjian-pajangjianana sareng pribumi Amérika, sarta ogé taktik kampanye pamilihanana anu kréatif. Anjeunna sering dileungitkeun dina [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat]] alatan pondokna mangsa jabatan anjeunna. ==Masa leutik sarta atikan== William Henry Harrison mangrupa anak katujuh sarta pangbungsuna ti [[Benjamin Harrison V]] jeung Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison. Lahir dina 9 Pébruari 1773, di [[Berkeley Plantation]], bumi [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] di sisi [[Walungan James]] di [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]],{{sfn|Dowdey|1957|pp=291–315}} anjeunna janten [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] terakhir anu henteu lahir salaku warga nagara Amérika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://touringohio.com/profiles/harrison.html|title=William Henry Harrison|publisher=Touring Ohio, Heart of America|access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref> Kulawarga Harrison nyaéta kulawarga pulitik nonjol katurunan Inggris anu karuhunna parantos aya di [[Virginia]] saprak taun 1630-an.<ref name= "Smith">{{cite book|editor-last1=Smith|editor-first1=Howard|editor-last2=Riley|editor-first2=Edward M.|title=Benjamin Harrison and the American Revolution|publisher=Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission|series=Virginia in the Revolution|year=1978|location=Williamsburg, VA|pages=59–65|oclc=4781472}}</ref> Ramana mangrupa saurang juragan kebon "planter" di Virginia, anu ngabdi salaku delegasi dina [[Kongrés Kontinental]] sarta nandatanganan [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Amérika Sarikat|Déklarasi Kamerdikaan]].<ref name= "Smith"/> Ramana ogé ngabdi dina législatur Virginia sarta janten gubernur Virginia kalima (1781–1784) salami sarta saatos mangsa [[Perang Révolusi Amérika]].<ref name= "Smith"/> Lanceuk Harrison, [[Carter Bassett Harrison]], ngawakilan Virginia dina DPR (1793–1799).<ref>{{cite web|title=Carter Bassett Harrison|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=U.S. Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000266|access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> William Henry mindeng nyebut dirina salaku "anak révolusi", jalaran anjeunna memang digedékeun di bumi anu jarakna ngan {{convert|30|mi|abbr=on}} ti tempat Washington meunangkeun perang ngalawan Inggris dina [[Perang Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]].<ref name="Freehling">{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life Before the Presidency| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-before-the-presidency| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison dididik di bumi "tutored" dugi ka yuswa 14 taun nalika anjeunna sakola di [[Hampden–Sydney College]], hiji paguron luhur [[Présbitérianisme|Presbyterian]] di [[Hampden Sydney, Virginia]].<ref name= "Smith"/><ref name=Perrysburg>{{cite web|url=https://www.historicperrysburg.org/wh-harrison|title=W. H. Harrison biography|publisher=Perrysburg, Ohio|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Anjeunna diajar di dinya salami tilu taun, nampi atikan klasik anu ngawengku basa Latin, Yunani, Perancis, logika, sarta debat.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=45}} Ramana anu nganut [[Épiskopalian]] mindahkeun anjeunna ti paguron luhur éta, kamungkinan kusabab alesan kaagamaan, sarta saatos cicing samentara di hiji akademi di [[Southampton County, Virginia]], sarta sareng lanceukna [[Benjamin Harrison VI]] di [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], anjeunna angkat ka [[Philadelphia]] dina taun 1790.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=14}} Ramana pupus dina ''musim semi'' taun 1791, sarta anjeunna diasuh ku [[Robert Morris (bankir)|Robert Morris]], saurang sobat dalit kulawargana di Philadelphia.<ref name= "Rabin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2017/01/william-henry-harrison-history|title=A Penn graduate in the Oval Office|last=Rabin|first=Alex|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref> Anjeunna diajar kedokteran di [[Universitas Pennsylvania]]. Nalika di Penn, anjeunna diajar sareng [[Benjamin Rush]], salah saurang "founding father" Amérika Sarikat anu ogé profesor [[kimia]] sareng kedokteran di Penn, sarta [[William Shippen Sr.]]<ref name= "Rabin"/> Lanceukna William Harrison mewariskeun sadaya kabeungharan ramana, sahingga William kakirangan waragad pikeun neraskeun sakola kedokteranana, anu tétéla anjeunna ogé henteu pati mikaresep widang éta.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kaluar ti Penn, sanajan arsip sakola nyatet anjeunna salaku "alumnus non-lulusan ti kelas sakola kedokteran Penn taun 1793".<ref name= "Rabin"/> Ku ayana pangaruh ti sobat ramana, Gubernur [[Henry Lee III]], anjeunna ngamimitian karier militerna.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=16}} ===Karier militer awal=== Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.<ref name="Freehling"/> ===Karier militer awal=== Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.<ref name="Freehling"/> Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Létnan hiji (Amérika Sarikat)|lieutenant]] saatos Mayor Jenderal [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad Anthony" Wayne]] nyepeng paréntah pasukan bagian kulon dina taun 1792, saatos kéléhan anu kacida parahna di handapeun [[Arthur St. Clair]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina taun 1793, anjeunna janten [[aide-de-camp]] Wayne sarta meunangkeun kaparigelan pikeun mingpin hiji pasukan di wilayah wates ("frontier");<ref name=Perrysburg/> anjeunna milu ancrub dina kameunangan Wayne anu nangtukeun dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]] tanggal 20 Agustus 1794, anu mungkas Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=23–26}} Anjeunna nampi pangajén kieu ti Wayne pikeun kalungguhanana dina éta perang: "Kuring kudu nambahkeun ngaran Aide-de-camp kuring anu satia tur gagah... Létnan Harrison, anu... méré palayanan anu pangpentingna ku cara nepikeun paréntah kuring ka unggal madhab... sikep sarta kawani anu ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan pikeun ngahontal kameunangan."<ref name="Freehling"/> Harrison mangrupa salah saurang anu nandatanganan [[Pajangjian Greenville]] (1795), salaku saksi pikeun Wayne, negosiator utama pikeun AS.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina katangtuan éta pajangjian, koalisi urang Indindia nyerahkeun sabagian tina lahan maranéhna ka pamaréntah féderal, anu muka dua per tilu wilayah [[Ohio]] pikeun padumukan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |year=1985 |title=Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the Early Republic |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0253307511 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 282] }}</ref>{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=21, 28–30}} Nalika ibuna pupus dina taun 1793, Harrison mewariskeun sabagian ti harta kulawargana di Virginia, kalebet sakitar {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} lahan sarta sababaraha urang budak beulian ("slaves"). Anjeunna nuju ngabdi dina Angkatan Darat harita sarta ngical lahan éta ka lanceukna.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=39}} Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat O-3)|captain]] dina bulan Méi 1797 sarta ngundurkeun diri tina Angkatan Darat dina ping 1 Juni 1798.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=67–69}} ===Pernikahan sarta kulawarga=== Harrison patepang sareng [[Anna Harrison|Anna Tuthill Symmes]] ti [[North Bend, Ohio]] dina taun 1795 nalika anjeunna yuswa 22 taun. Anna téh putri ti Anna Tuthill sareng Hakim [[John Cleves Symmes]], anu kantos ngabdi salaku kolonél dina Perang Révolusi sarta salaku wawakil dina [[Kongrés Konfédérasi]].{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Harrison nyuhunkeun idin ka hakim kanggo nikah ka Anna nanging ditolak, sahingga ieu pasangan téh ngantosan dugi ka Symmes angkat kanggé urusan bisnis. Maranéhna tuluy kawin lari sarta nikah dina ping 25 Nopémber 1795, di bumi Stephen Wood di North Bend, bendahara Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=38–39}} Maranéhna bulan madu di [[Bénténg Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Fort Washington]], jalaran Harrison harita masih kénéh ngalaksanakeun tugas militer.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Hakim Symmes nyanghareupan anjeunna dua minggu saatosna dina jamuan perpisahan kanggé Jenderal Wayne, kalayan teugeug nanyakeun kumaha anjeunna bakal nganapkahan kulawarga. Harrison ngajawab, "ku pedang kuring, sarta ku leungeun katuhu kuring sorangan, Juragan".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole/page/222 222] |title=Great Presidential Wit: – I Wish I was in this Book |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-0392-0 |last1=Dole |first1=Bob |author-link=Bob Dole|year=2001 }}</ref> Ieu pernikahan téh méré kauntungan kanggé Harrison, sabab ahirna anjeunna bisa ngamangpaatkeun hubungan mertuana sareng para spékulan tanah, anu ngagampangkeun anjeunna kanggé kaluar tina angkatan darat. Karagu-raguan Hakim Symmes ka anjeunna tetep aya, sakumaha anu ditulis ku anjeunna ka hiji sobatna, "Anjeunna teu bisa ngubaran (dokter), teu bisa méré pambélaan (pengacara), teu bisa ogé hutbah, sarta upami anjeunna bisa nguluku mah kuring bakal sugema."<ref name="Freehling"/> Hubunganana ahirna janten saé sareng mertuana, anu saatosna ngajual lahan saluareun {{convert|160|acres|ha}} di [[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]] ka kulawarga Harrison, anu ngamungkinkeun Harrison kanggé ngawangun bumi sarta ngamimitian tatanén.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Anna mindeng gering salami pernikahan maranéhna, utamana alatan mindengna kakandungan, nanging anjeunna hirup 23 taun langkung lami batan William, sarta pupus dina ping 25 Pébruari 1864, dina yuswa 88 taun.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=56}} Kulawarga Harrison gaduh sapuluh putra: *Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846) *John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), anu nikah ka hiji-hijina putri [[Zebulon Pike]] anu salamet *Lucy Singleton (1800–1826) *William Henry Jr. (1802–1838) *[[John Scott Harrison|John Scott]] (1804–1878), ramana calon présidén AS [[Benjamin Harrison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H000272|title=John Scott Harrison|publisher=U. S. Congress|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> *Benjamin (1806–1840) *Mary Symmes (1809–1842) *Carter Bassett (1811–1839) *Anna Tuthill (1813–1865) *James Findlay (1814–1817)<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Henry Harrison: Fast Facts| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> Profesor Kenneth R. Janken, dina biografi [[Walter Francis White]], ngaku yén Harrison gaduh genep putra ti saurang awéwé Amérika-Afrika anu diperbudak kasebat [[Dilsia (budak)|Dilsia]] sarta, sateuacan nyalonkeun janten présidén, mikeun opat di antarana ka lanceukna kanggé nyingkahan skandal. Ieu pernyataan téh dumasar kana sajarah lisan kulawarga White.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth Robert|last=Janken|title=White: The Biography of Walter White: Mr. NAACP|location=New York|publisher=The New York Press|year=2003|page=3|isbn=978-1-5658-4773-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Amber |title=Warren Harding and 5 other presidents who have faced 'love child' questions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/13/warren-harding-and-the-5-other-presidents-who-have-faced-love-child-questions/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Dina biografi Harrison taun 2012, panulis [[Gail Collins]] ngajelaskeun yén ieu téh carita anu sigana moal leres, sanajan White percaya yén éta téh bener.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=103}} ==Karier pulitik== Harrison ngamimitian karier pulitikna nalika anjeunna ngundurkeun diri samentara tina militer dina ping 1 Juni 1798, sarta ngayakeun kampanye di kalangan babaturan katut kulawargana pikeun meunangkeun kalungguhan dina pamaréntahan Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Sobat dalitna, [[Timothy Pickering]], harita nuju ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Nagara, sarta dibarengan ku pangaruh ti Hakim Symmes, anjeunna dirékoméndasikeun pikeun ngagentos [[Winthrop Sargent]], sekretaris téritori anu nuju lungsur jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison kana éta jabatan dina bulan Juli 1798.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Pagawéan nyatet sagala kagiatan téritori téh karasana kacida ngabosankeunana, sarta teu lami anjeunna janten bosen, tuluy nyiar kasempetan pikeun nempatan posisi dina Kongrés AS.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=44}} ===Kongrés AS=== [[File:W.H. Harrison ca. 1800.jpg|thumb|left|Hiji citakan potrét ukiran Harrison dina yuswa 27 taun, salaku anggota delegasi [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]] ti [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]], ku [[Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin]], {{Circa|1800}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2007676954/|title=William Henry Harrison, 9th Pres. of United States|last=de Saint-Mémin|first= Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret|date=January 1800 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/bio9.htm|title=Biographical Sketch–William Henry Harrison|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=August 5, 2016}}</ref>]] Harrison gaduh seueur réngréngan sobat di kalangan aristokrat Wétan sarta gancang meunangkeun reputasi di antara maranéhna salaku pamingpin wilayah wates ("frontier"). Anjeunna ngajalankeun usaha tatanén sarta panyatuaan kuda anu suksés, anu matak anjeunna meunangkeun pangaku-ngaku di sakuliah [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Kongrés parantos netepkeun kawijakan téritori anu ngabalukarkeun luhurna harga lahan, hiji pasualan utama pikeun para padumuk di Téritori éta; Harrison janten jawara maranéhna pikeun nurunkeun éta harga. Populasi Téritori Kulon Kalér ngahontal jumlah anu cukup pikeun gaduh delegasi kongrés dina Oktober 1799, sarta Harrison maju dina pamilihan.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye pikeun ngarojong migrasi salajengna ka éta téritori, anu ahirna ngabalukarkeun parobahan status janten nagara bagian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/files/interritory.pdf|title=Indiana Territory|publisher=The Indiana Historian|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ngéléhkeun Arthur St. Clair Jr. pikeun janten delegasi kongrés munggaran Téritori Kulon Kalér dina taun 1798 dina yuswa 26 taun, sarta ngabdi dina [[Kongrés ka-genep Amérika Sarikat]] ti 4 Maret 1799 dugi ka 14 Méi 1800.<ref name="wh">{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Biography |work=About The White House: Presidents |publisher=The White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/williamhenryharrison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233458/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/ |archive-date=January 22, 2009|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="cb">{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) Biography|publisher=United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000279|access-date=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna teu gaduh wewenang pikeun méré sora (voting) dina rancangan undang-undang, nanging diidinan pikeun ngabdi dina komite, ngajukeun panerapan, sarta aub dina debat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=45–48}} Anjeunna janten pupuhu Komite Lahan Publik sarta ngamajukeun "Land Act of 1800", anu ngagampangkeun pameseran lahan Téritori Kulon Kalér dina kapling anu langkung alit kalayan harga anu langkung mirah.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Para nu gaduh lahan diidinan meuli kapling leutik kalayan artos panjer (DP) ngan lima persén, sarta ieu janten faktor penting dina kamekaran populasi Téritori anu gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=161}} Harrison ogé boga peran penting dina ngatur babagian Téritori janten dua bagian.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Bagian wétan tetep kawanoh salaku Téritori Kulon Kalér sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Ohio]] sareng bagian wétan [[Michigan]]; bagian kulon dingaranan [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], sabagian kulon [[Michigan]], sarta sabagian wétan [[Minnesota]]. Dua téritori anyar ieu sacara resmi diadegkeun dumasar hukum dina taun 1800.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=47–48}} Dina ping 13 Méi 1800, Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison salaku gubernur Téritori Indiana, dumasar kana hubunganana sareng wilayah kulon sarta sikep pulitikna anu katingalna nétral.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–51}} Anjeunna ngabdi dina jabatan ieu salami dua belas taun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/governors-portraits/list-of-governors/indiana-territorial-governor-william-henry-harrison-1773-1841|title=Indiana Territorial Governor|date=December 15, 2020|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref> Jabatan gubernurna dikonfirmasi ku Sénat sarta anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés pikeun janten gubernur téritori Indiana munggaran dina taun 1801.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–53}} ===Gubernur téritori Indiana=== {{see also|Sajarah perbudakan di Indiana|Téritori Indiana}} Harrison ngamimitian tugasna dina ping 10 Januari 1801, di [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], puseur dayeuh Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=53}} Présidén [[Thomas Jefferson]] sareng [[James Madison]] mangrupa anggota Partéy Démokratik-Républik, sarta maranéhna ngangkat deui anjeunna janten gubernur dina taun 1803, 1806, sarta 1809.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Dina taun 1804, Harrison ditugaskeun pikeun ngokolakeun pamaréntahan sipil di [[Distrik Louisiana]]. Anjeunna ngajalankeun urusan distrik éta salami lima minggu dugi ka Téritori Louisiana sacara resmi diadegkeun dina ping 4 Juli 1805, sarta Brigadir Jenderal [[James Wilkinson]] nyepeng tugas salaku gubernur.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Dina taun 1805, Harrison ngawangun bumi gaya perkebunan caket Vincennes anu dingaranan [[Grouseland]], salaku panghormat kana manuk-manuk anu aya di éta lahan.{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Bumi anu gaduh 26 kamar éta mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan bata munggaran di téritori kasebat;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000018_text|title=Grouseland|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> sarta janten puseur kahirupan sosial katut pulitik di téritori salami anjeunna ngajabat gubernur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitvincennes.org/attractions/grouseland-president-william-henry-harrison-mansion/|title=Grouseland|publisher=Historic Vincennes|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ngadegkeun hiji universitas di Vincennes dina taun 1801, anu diresmikeun janten [[Universitas Vincennes]] dina ping 29 Nopémber 1806.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |title=History – Vincennes University |publisher=Vincennes University |access-date=November 8, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |archive-date=August 16, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |date=August 16, 2016 }}</ref> Puseur dayeuh téritori ahirna dipindahkeun ka [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] dina taun 1813, sarta Harrison ngawangun bumi kadua di deukeut [[Harrison Spring|Harrison Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url =https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/25b93/N/Corydon_HD_Harrison_CO_Nom.pdf|title =National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Corydon Historic District|access-date=November 30, 2021|last=Griffin|first=Frederick Porter| date=1972}}</ref> Tanggung jawab utama Harrison nyaéta kanggé kéngingkeun hak milik atas lahan Indindia anu bakal ngamungkinkeun padumukan di mangsa hareup sarta ningkatkeun populasi téritori, anu janten sarat kanggé janten nagara bagian. Anjeunna ogé sumanget kanggé ngalegaan téritori kusabab alesan pribadi, jalaran nasib pulitikna kabeungkeut kana robahna status [[Indiana]] janten nagara bagian.<ref name="Freehling"/> Salami anjeunna kéngingkeun kauntungan tina spékulasi tanah kanggé kapentingan pribadina, sarta miboga dua usaha panggilingan, anjeunna diaku salaku administrator anu saé, kalayan ayana perbaikan anu signifikan dina jalan sarta infrastruktur sanésna.<ref name="Freehling"/> Nalika Harrison diangkat deui janten gubernur téritori Indiana dina ping 8 Pébruari 1803, anjeunna dipasihan wewenang anu langkung lega kanggé ngayakeun rundayan sarta mutuskeun pajangjian sareng urang Indindia.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} [[Pajangjian St. Louis (1804)]] sareng [[Quashquame]] meryogikeun suku [[Suku Sauk|Sauk]] sareng [[Meskwaki]] kanggé nyerahkeun sabagian ageung wilayah kulon Illinois sarta sabagian [[Missouri]]. Seueur urang Sauk anu teu rido kana leungitna éta lahan, utamana pamingpin maranéhna, [[Black Hawk (pamingpin Sauk)|Black Hawk]].{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=87–89}} Harrison mikir yén [[Pajangjian Grouseland]] (1805) parantos ngademkeun sabagian urang Indindia, nanging kaayaan tetep panas di wilayah wates. [[Pajangjian Fort Wayne (1809)]] nimbulkeun katéngtréman anyar nalika Harrison mésér langkung ti {{convert|2.5|e6acre|km2|abbr=unit}} ti suku Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, sareng Eel River. Sababaraha urang Indindia mangmang kana wewenang suku-suku anu milu dina éta pajangjian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2017/09/29/treaty-fort-wayne-1809/|title=Treaty of Fort Wayne, 1809|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Harrison ogé tiasa ngajalankeun rupa-rupa urusan tanpa ditaros deui ku pamaréntah, jalaran administrasi pindah tangan ti Jefferson ka Madison.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun prosés pajangjian sacara agrésif, nawarkeun subsidi ageung ka suku-suku sarta pamingpin maranéhna, supados kéngingkeun dukungan pulitik ti Jefferson sateuacan anjeunna lungsur jabatan.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/william-henry-harrison-shady-treaty-maker-and-indian-land-taker|title=William Henry Harrison: Shady Treaty Maker (quoting Owens)|publisher=Indian Country Today|last=Landry|first=Alysa|date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=November 14, 2021}}</ref> Panulis biografi Freehling negeskeun yén urang Indindia nganggap kapamilikan tanah téh milik babarengan, sapertos hawa anu diseuseup. Dina taun 1805, Harrison hasil kéngingkeun dugi ka 51.000.000 héktar lahan kanggé nagara ti urang Indindia, saatos nyuguhan lima kapala sukuna ku inuman keras, kalayan harga teu langkung ti sadolar per 20.000 héktar {{USDCY|1|1805}}, anu ngawengku dua per tilu wilayah [[Illinois]] sarta sabagian ageung Wisconsin jeung Missouri.<ref name="Freehling"/> Salian ti nimbulkeun katéngtréman sareng urang Indindia, sikep Harrison anu ngarojong perbudakan ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu dipikaresep ku para [[Abolisionisme di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionis]] di Téritori Indiana, jalaran anjeunna nyobian pisan ngamajukeun perbudakan di éta téritori. Dina taun 1803, anjeunna ngalobi Kongrés kanggé nunda samentara salami sapuluh taun Pasal VI tina [[Ordonansi Kulon Kalér]] anu ngalarang perbudakan di Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=68–69}} Sanajan Harrison negeskeun yén panundaan éta diperyogikeun kanggé ngadorong padumukan sarta ngajantenkeun téritori mandiri sacara ékonomi sarta siap janten nagara bagian, usul éta gagal.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=69–72}} Alatan gagalna panundaan Pasal VI, dina taun 1807 législatur téritori, kalayan dukungan Harrison, ngesahkeun undang-undang anu ngawenangkeun "indentured servitude" (pagawé beulian kontrak) sarta masihan wewenang ka dunungan kanggé nangtukeun lami waktos damelna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|title=Freedom's Early Ring|publisher=Illinois Periodicals Online|access-date=December 1, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html |date=November 8, 2021 }}</ref> Présidén Jefferson, nu nulis utama Ordonansi Kulon Kalér, ngayakeun pajangjian rasiah sareng [[James Lemen]] kanggé ngéléhkeun gerakan pro-perbudakan anu dirojong ku Harrison.<ref name="Peck">{{cite book|last=Peck|first=J. M.|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1915|title=The Jefferson-Lemen Compact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> Anjeunna nyumbang $100 kanggé ngadorong Lemen dina gerakan abolisi sareng padamelan saé sanésna, sarta saatosna (dina taun 1808) nyumbang deui $20 {{USDCY|20|1808}} kanggé ngabantosan waragad garéja anu kawanoh salaku Bethel Baptist Church.<ref name="Peck"/> Di [[Indiana]], diadegkeunana garéja anti-perbudakan ngadorong warga kanggé nandatanganan pétisi sarta ngayakeun gerakan pulitik kanggé ngéléhkeun usaha Harrison dina ngalégalkeun perbudakan di téritori.<ref name="Peck"/> [[Téritori Indiana]] ngayakeun pamilihan kanggé majelis luhur sareng handap législatur kanggé munggaranana dina taun 1809. Harrison mendakan dirina teu sapamadegan sareng législatur saatos golongan abolisionis nyepeng kakawasaan, sarta bagian wétan Téritori Indiana tumuwuh janten wilayah anu seueur populasi anti-perbudakanana.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Majelis umum Téritori ngayakeun sidang dina taun 1810, sarta faksi anti-perbudakan langsung ngabatalkeun undang-undang "indentured servitude" anu sateuacanana disahkeun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitolandwashington.com/blog/2021/02/25/a-brief-history-of-race-and-politics-in-indiana|title= A Brief History of Race and Politics in Indiana|date= February 25, 2021|publisher=Capitol & Washington|access-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> Saatos taun 1809, législatur Indiana nyepeng wewenang anu langkung ageung sarta téritori éta maju nuju status nagara bagian.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} ==Jenderal Angkatan Darat== ===Tecumseh sareng Tippecanoe=== {{main|Perang Tecumseh|Perang Tippecanoe}} Lalawanan urang Indindia kana ékspansi Amérika ngahontal puncatna di handapeun lulugu dua sadulur suku Shawnee, [[Tecumseh]] sareng [[Tenskwatawa]] ("Sang Nabi"), dina konflik anu kawanoh salaku [[Perang Tecumseh]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Tenskwatawa ngayakinkeun suku-suku yén maranéhna bakal dijaga ku [[Roh Agung]] sarta moal aya bahaya anu ninggang upami maranéhna ngalawan para padumuk. Anjeunna ngadorong lalawanan ku cara nitah suku-suku sangkan mayar padagang bule ngan satengah tina hutangna sarta miceun sagala cara hirup jalma bule, kalebet pakéan, sanjata musket, sarta utamana inuman keras (whiskey).{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Harrison nampi béja ngeunaan ieu lalawanan ti mata-mata anu diteundeun di jero suku-suku éta, sarta ménta Madison kanggé ngawaragadan persiapan militer. Madison lila mutuskeunana, sarta Harrison nyobian ngayakeun rundayan ku cara ngintunkeun serat ka Tecumseh anu unina, "Blue Coats (prajurit AD AS) kami leuwih loba ti batan nu bisa kairit ku anjeun, sarta baju moro kami (milisi sukaréla) loba lir ibarat dangdaunan di leuweung atawa keusik di sisi walungan Wabash."<ref name="Freehling"/> [[File:Tecumseh02.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambaran [[Tecumseh]] taun 1915, anu dipercaya mangrupa turunan tina sketsa taun 1808]] Dina Agustus 1810, Tecumseh mingpin 400 prajurit nyorang [[Walungan Wabash]] kanggé papendak sareng Harrison di Vincennes. Maranéhna dangdos make cet perang, sarta jolna anu ujug-ujug téh mimitina mah nyieun miris para prajurit di Vincennes.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=164}} Para pamingpin éta kelompok dianteur ka [[Grouseland]], tempat maranéhna panggih jeung Harrison. Tecumseh nyarékan Harrison anu dianggapna sok nganggap réntéh, sarta keukeuh yén Pajangjian Fort Wayne téh teu sah, kalayan alesan yén hiji suku teu bisa ngajual tanah tanpa aya kasatujuan ti suku-suku séjénna. Anjeunna ménta Harrison kanggé ngabatalkeunana sarta ngingetkeun yén urang Amérika ulah nyoba nempatan lahan anu dijual dina éta pajangjian.<ref name="Freehling"/> Tecumseh ogé ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna parantos ngancam bakal maéhan kapala-kapala suku anu nandatanganan pajangjian upami maranéhna ngajalankeun eusina, sarta nyebutkeun yén konpédérasi sukuna nuju tumuwuh gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Harrison ngajawab yén unggal suku téh nu boga lahan masing-masing sarta bébas ngajualna sakahayangna. Anjeunna nolak klaim Tecumseh yén sakabéh urang Indindia téh hiji bangsa sarta nyebutkeun yén unggal suku bisa boga hubungan misah jeung Amérika Sarikat. Harrison boga pamadegan yén lamun enya Indindia téh hiji bangsa, tangtu Roh Agung bakal nyieun sakabéh suku nyarita dina hiji basa anu sarua.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh ngaluarkeun "bantahan anu kacida sumangetna", dumasar kana basa saurang sejarawan, nanging Harrison teu ngalarti kana basana.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh tuluy ngagorowok ka Harrison sarta nyebutna tukang bohong.<ref name="Freehling"/> Saurang urang Shawnee anu mihak ka Harrison nyiapkeun pistulna ti sisi kanggé méré tanda ka Harrison yén pidato Tecumseh bakal mawa kaributan, sarta sababaraha saksi ngalaporkeun yén Tecumseh nuju ngahudangkeun sumanget para prajuritna kanggé maéhan Harrison. Seueur di antarana mimiti ngaluarkeun sanjata, anu janten ancaman nyata kanggé Harrison sarta éta kota anu pangeusina ngan 1.000 urang. Harrison nyabut pedangna, sarta para prajurit Tecumseh mundur nalika para perwira militer ogé nyiapkeun sanjata kanggé ngabéla Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Kapala Suku [[Winamac]] anu bageur ka Harrison males argumén Tecumseh, mépéndé para prajurit sangkan baralik kalayan tengtrem sakumaha maranéhna datang kalayan tengtrem. Sateuacan angkat, Tecumseh ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna bakal nyiar aliansi jeung Inggris upami Pajangjian Fort Wayne teu dibatalkeun.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=166}} Saatos éta pasamoan, Tecumseh indit nepungan loba suku di wilayah éta kalayan harepan bisa nyieun hiji [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|konpédérasi]] kanggé merangan Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tecumseh|title=Tecumseh|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref> Harrison hariwang yén peta Tecumseh bakal ngancam status nagara bagian Indiana, sarta ogé masa depan pulitikna, ku cara ngantepkeun éta wilayah janten "pancicingan sababaraha urang biadab anu sangsara".<ref name="Freehling"/> Nalika Tecumseh nuju iinditan dina taun 1811, anjeunna masrahkeun kakuatan Indindia ka Tenskwatawa. Harrison ningali ieu salaku kasempetan, sarta méré saran ka Sekretaris Perang [[William Eustis]] kanggé mintonkeun kakuatan ka konpédérasi Indindia.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=167}} Sanajan parantos 13 taun teu turun ka médan perang, Harrison hasil ngayakinkeun Madison jeung Eustis kanggé méré wewenang paréntah ka anjeunna.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna mingpin pasukan ka kalér kalayan 950 urang prajurit kanggé nyingsieunan suku Shawnee sangkan daék damai, nanging suku-suku éta kalah ngalakukeun serangan dadakan dina wanci subuh ping 7 Nopémber dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=168}} Harrison bales narajang sarta hasil ngéléhkeun kakuatan suku-suku éta di [[Prophetstown State Park|Prophetstown]] di sisi walungan Wabash jeung [[Walungan Tippecanoe]]; ieu perang janten kasohor sarta anjeunna dipuji salaku pahlawan nasional. Sanajan pasukanna kaleungitan 62 urang anu palastra sarta 126 tatu, sarta urang Shawnee ngan 150 urang anu jadi korban, nanging visi "sang nabi" ngeunaan panangtayungan gaib téh geus runtag. Tenskwatawa sarta pasukanna kabur ka Kanada, sarta gerakan maranéhna kanggé ngahijikeun suku-suku di wilayah éta dina nolak asimilasi téh gagal.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=169}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pirtle|first=Alfred|publisher=John P. Morton & Co.|year=1900|location=Louisville|title=The Battle of Tippecanoe| page=158 |isbn=978-0-7222-6509-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvA7AAAAMAAJ&q=Pirtle,+Alfred.+(1900).+The+Battle+of+Tippecanoe&pg=PR1}}</ref> Nalika ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Eustis, Harrison ngabéjaan yén aya perang deukeut Walungan Tippecanoe sarta anjeunna memang parantos ngantisipasi serangan éta. Laporan munggaran tacan écés pihak mana anu meunang, sahingga sekretaris nyangka éta téh hiji kéléhan, dugi ka aya laporan susulan anu ngajéntrékeun kaayaanana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=219–220}} Nalika taya serangan kadua, kéléhan [[Suku Shawnee|Shawnee]] téh janten beuki pasti. Eustis nanyakeun naha Harrison teu ngayakeun persiapan anu cukup kanggé ngabénténgan kémahna tina serangan awal, sarta Harrison ngajawab yén anjeunna nganggap posisi harita geus cukup kuat. Ieu pacogrégan téh janten bibit masalah antara Harrison sareng Departemén Perang anu nuluy dugi ka mangsa Perang 1812.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryindiana00dillgoog|last=Dillon|first=John Brown|publisher=Bingham & Doughty|year=1859|isbn=978-0-253-20305-2|pages=466–471}}</ref> Freehling nyebutkeun yén kaparigelan Harrison anu tos "karahaan" ngabalukarkeun pasukanna nyieun hawu (api unggun) dina peuting sateuacan perang, anu matak posisi maranéhna katingali ku musuh sarta ngabalukarkeun serangan dadakan katut lobana korban.<ref name="Freehling"/> Mimitina mah média massa teu pati ngaliput ieu perang, dugi ka aya hiji koran di Ohio anu salah nafsirkeun laporan munggaran Harrison anu dikira éléh.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=220}} Nanging dina bulan Désémber, lolobana koran utama di Amérika parantos midangkeun carita ngeunaan kameunangan éta, sarta amarah publik ka urang Shawnee beuki ningkat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=220–222}} Urang Amérika nyalahkeun Inggris anu dianggap ngangsonan suku-suku Indindia kanggé ngalakukeun kekerasan sarta nyadiakeun sanjata api, sarta Kongrés ngaluarkeun résolusi anu nyawad Inggris alatan pipilueun kana urusan jero nagara Amérika. Kongrés [[Déklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Britania Raya|nyatakeun perang dina ping 18 Juni 1812]], sarta Harrison ninggalkeun Vincennes kanggé nyiar kalungguhan militer deui.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} ===Perang 1812=== [[File:Rembrandt Peale - William Henry Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Ieu potrét Harrison mimitina némbongkeun anjeunna nganggo papakéan sipil salaku delegasi kongrés dina taun 1800; seragamna nembé ditambahkeun saatos anjeunna ngabdi dina Perang 1812.|329x329px]] Pecahna perang sareng Inggris dina taun 1812 ngabalukarkeun konflik anu nuluy sareng urang Indindia di wilayah Kulon Kalér. Harrison kungsi ngabdi sakeudeung salaku mayor jenderal dina milisi [[Kentucky]] dugi ka pamaréntah ngangkat anjeunna dina ping 17 Séptémber pikeun mingpin [[Angkatan Darat Kulon Kalér (Amérika Sarikat)|Army of the Northwest]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi bayaran militer féderal pikeun jasana, sarta anjeunna ogé tetep nampi gaji gubernur téritori ti Séptémber dugi ka 28 Désémber, nalika anjeunna sacara resmi ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan gubernur sarta neraskeun pangabdian militerna. Panulis Gugin sarta St. Clair nyebutkeun yén éta pangunduran diri téh dipaksakeun ka anjeunna.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Harrison digantikeun ku John Gibson salaku palaksana tugas gubernur téritori.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Urang Amérika nandang kéléhan dina [[pangepungan Detroit]]. Jenderal [[James Winchester (jenderal)|James Winchester]] nawarkeun pangkat brigadir jenderal ka Harrison, nanging Harrison hoyong nyepeng kakawasaan pinuh atas angkatan darat éta. Présidén [[James Madison]] ngalungsurkeun Winchester tina jabatanana dina bulan Séptémber, sarta Harrison janten komandan pikeun para prajurit anu nembé ditarima.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi paréntah pikeun ngarebut deui Detroit sarta ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan, nanging mimitina anjeunna nahan diri, jalaran teu kersa rurusuhan mawa perang ka arah kalér.<ref name="Freehling"/> Pasukan Inggris sareng sekutu Indindiana jauh langkung seueur jumlahna dibandingkeun pasukan Harrison, sahingga Harrison ngawangun posisi pertahanan salami usum tiris di sapanjang [[Walungan Maumee]] di kalér-kulon Ohio. Anjeunna dingaranan [[Bénténg Meigs|Fort Meigs]] kanggé ngahormat gubernur Ohio [[Return J. Meigs Jr.]] Anjeunna tuluy nampi pasukan bantuan dina taun 1813, mimiti narajang, sarta mingpin angkatan darat ka kalér pikeun perang. Anjeunna kéngingkeun kameunangan di Téritori Indiana sarta Ohio, sarta hasil ngarebut deui Detroit sateuacan nyerang ka [[Kanada]] Luhur ([[Ontario]]). Pasukanna ngéléhkeun Inggris, sarta Tecumseh palastra, dina ping 5 Oktober 1813, dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]]. Ieu dianggap salaku salah sahiji kameunangan gedé Amérika dina perang éta, kadua saatos [[Perang New Orleans|Battle of New Orleans]], sarta ngukuhkeun reputasi nasional pikeun Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=257–70}}<ref name="Freehling"/> Dina taun 1814, Sekretaris Perang [[John Armstrong Jr.]] ngabagi komando angkatan darat, nempatkeun Harrison di hiji pos anu jauh sarta mikeun kadali garis hareup ka salah saurang bawahan Harrison.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=232–244}} Armstrong sareng Harrison teu sapamadegan ngeunaan kurangna koordinasi sarta éféktivitas dina invasi ka Kanada, sahingga Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina bulan Méi.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=290–291}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=24}} Saatos perang réngsé, Kongrés ngayakeun pamariksaan kana pangunduran diri Harrison sarta nangtukeun yén Armstrong parantos nindak sacara sawenang-wenang ka Harrison salami kampanye militerna sarta pangunduran dirina téh mémang boga alesan anu kuat. Kongrés nganugrahkeun medali emas ka Harrison pikeun jasa-jasana salami perang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential Series – William H. Harrison|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/|access-date=June 18, 2020|publisher=National Guard}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918175742/https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/ |date=September 18, 2020 }}</ref> Harrison sareng Gubernur [[Téritori Michigan]] [[Lewis Cass]] tanggung jawab pikeun ngayakeun rundayan [[Pajangjian Greenville (1814)|pajangjian damai]] sareng urang Indindia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots,_Delawares,_Shawnees,_Senecas,_and_Miamis_(1814)|title=Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miamis (1814)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> Présidén Madison ngangkat Harrison dina bulan Juni 1815 pikeun mantuan rundayan pajangjian kadua sareng urang Indindia anu kawanoh salaku [[Pajangjian Springwells]], di mana suku-suku éta nyerahkeun lahan anu lega di wilayah kulon, nyadiakeun lahan tambahan pikeun pameseran sarta padumukan Amérika.<ref name="cb"/> ==Kahirupan saatos perang== ===Politikus Ohio sarta diplomat=== [[File:WmHHarrison-poster.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.95|Postér anu muji kana sagala prestasi Harrison]] Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina taun 1814, teu lami sateuacan réngséna Perang 1812, sarta mulang deui ka kulawarga katut tegalanana di [[North Bend, Ohio]].<ref name="Freehling"/> Freehling nyebatkeun yén pengeluaranana harita jauh langkung ageung batan panghasilanana sahingga anjeunna kabeulit hutang, yén Harrison langkung milih "popularitas batan kawajiban" ku cara milarian pujian dina pésta-pésta di New York, Washington, sarta Philadelphia, sarta janten jalma anu moro jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kapilih dina taun 1816 pikeun ngaréngsékeun masa jabatan [[John McLean]] di DPR AS, ngawakilan [[distrik kongrés ka-1 Ohio]] dugi ka taun 1819. Anjeunna nyobian kéngingkeun jabatan Sekretaris Perang di handapeun Présidén Monroe dina taun 1817 nanging éléh ku [[John C. Calhoun]]. Anjeunna ogé teu kabagéan jabatan diplomatik ka Rusia.<ref name="Freehling"/> Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Ohio]] dina taun 1819 sarta ngabdi dugi ka taun 1821, saatos éléh dina pamilihan gubernur Ohio taun 1820.<ref name="cb" /> Anjeunna maju dina [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat di Ohio 1822|pamilihan 1822]] pikeun DPR Amérika Sarikat, nanging éléh ku [[James W. Gazlay]].<ref name="Freehling"/><ref>{{cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/pg15bf880 |website=Tufts Digital Collections and Archives |access-date=March 5, 2022 |date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota Sénat AS dina taun 1824, sarta janten pamilih présidén (elector) Ohio dina taun 1820 pikeun [[James Monroe]]{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=102}} sarta pikeun [[Henry Clay]] dina taun 1824.{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=145}} Harrison diangkat dina taun 1828 salaku [[menteri plenipotentiary]] (utusan pinuh) ka [[Gran Kolombia]], sahingga anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés sarta ngabdi dina jabatan anyarna dugi ka ping 8 Maret 1829.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna dugi ka [[Bogotá]] dina ping 22 Désémber 1828, sarta mendakan kaayaan Kolombia anu matak sedih. Anjeunna ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Nagara yén éta nagara nuju aya dina bangbaluh anarki, sarta [[Simón Bolívar]] badé janten diktator militer.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna nyerat serat teguran anu sopan ka Bolívar, nyatakeun yén "pamaréntahan anu pangkuatna nyaéta anu paling bébas" sarta ngajurung Bolívar pikeun ngarojong kamekaran démokrasi. Salaku jawabanana, Bolívar nyerat yén Amérika Sarikat "sigana parantos ditakdirkeun ku Gusti pikeun nyusahkeun Amérika (Latin) kalayan sagala kasangsaraan dina nami kabébasan", hiji ungkapan anu janten kacida kasohorna di Amérika Latin.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Freehling nunjukkeun yén léngkah Harrison di Kolombia téh "goréng sarta mindeng salah", yén anjeunna gagal ngajaga posisi nétral dina urusan Kolombia ku cara sacara kabuka nentang Bolivar, sahingga Kolombia ménta sangkan anjeunna diganti. [[Andrew Jackson]] mimiti ngajabat dina Maret 1829, sarta narik deui Harrison supados tiasa nempatkeun jalma pilihanana sorangan dina éta jabatan.<ref name="Freehling"/> Penulis biografi James Hall ngaklaim yén Harrison mendakan ayana despotisme militer di Kolombia sarta yén "pamandangan liberalna, integritas républikna anu teguh, sarta saderhanana papakéan katut paripolahna, kacida kontrasna sareng pamandangan sawenang-wenang sarta paripolah méwah para pajabat publik, sahingga moal mungkin anjeunna janten paporit pikeun maranéhna anu tos ngarebut kakawasaan éta pamaréntahan. Maranéhna sieun yén rahayat bakal ningali bédana antara patriot sajati sareng patriot anu ngan saukur pura-pura, sarta ngamimitian runtuyan intimidasi ka menteri urang, anu ngajantenkeun situasina kacida teu genahna."{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}} Pamadegan anu sarupa ngeunaan kaayaan ieu ogé ditepikeun ku panulis biografi Samuel Burr. Harrison, saatos ninggalkeun jabatanana nanging masih kénéh aya di [[Gran Kolombia|nagara éta]], nyerat serat sakitar sapuluh kaca ka Bolivar, anu dimuat sacara lengkep dina biografi Hall sarta Burr. Éta serat matak ngahéman Hall alatan "prinsip kabébasan anu jero" ti Harrison. Burr ngajelaskeun éta serat salaku "pinuh ku kawijaksanaan, kahadéan, sarta patriotisme... sarta prinsip anu pangmurnina".{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}}{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=256}} ===Rahayat biasa=== Harrison mulang ka Amérika Sarikat sarta ka tegalanana di North Bend, hirup dina katenangan saatos ampir opat dasawarsa ngabdi ka pamaréntah. Anjeunna henteu ngumpulkeun kabeungharan anu loba salami hirupna, sarta hirup tina tabungan, mancén anu teu sabaraha, sarta panghasilan tina tegalanana. Burr nyutat M. Chavalier, anu pendak sareng Harrison di [[Cincinnati]] harita, sarta ngagambarkeun Harrison salaku jalma anu "miskin, gaduh kulawarga anu seueur jumlahna, ditingalkeun ku pamaréntah féderal, nanging jagjag kalayan pamikiran anu merdéka".{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Dina bulan Méi 1817, Harrison janten salah saurang anggota pangadeg [[vestry]] jemaah [[Garéja Épiskopal (Amérika Sarikat)|Episcopal]], [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church]] di puseur kota [[Cincinnati]] (ayeuna [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church Cathedral]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=J. W. |title=Christ Church Cincinnati, 1817–1967 |publisher=Cincinnati Lithographing Ohio Press |year=1969}}</ref> Anjeunna terus ngabdi salaku anggota vestry dugi ka taun 1819, sarta deui dina taun 1824.<ref name=":0" /> Para pangrojong lokal datang mantuan Harrison ku cara ngangkat anjeunna janten [[Panitera Pangadilan]] pikeun [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]], di mana anjeunna damel ti taun 1836 dugi ka 1840.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Clerk of Courts Office|publisher=Hamilton County Clerk of Courts|url=http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|access-date=December 6, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|archive-date=June 14, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp |date=June 14, 2007 }}</ref> Chevalier nyarios, "Rencanganana di bagian wétan nyarioskeun badé ngajantenkeun anjeunna Présidén, sedengkeun di dieu urang ngajantenkeun anjeunna panitera di pangadilan handap."{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Anjeunna ogé melak jagong sarta ngadegkeun panyatuaan (distillery) pikeun ngahasilkeun wiski, nanging anjeunna nutup éta usaha saatos anjeunna ngaraos kaganggu ku pangaruh buruk alkohol ka para palangganna. Dina biantara payuneun Déwan Pertanian [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] dina taun 1831, anjeunna nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos dosa margi ngadamel wiski sarta miharep batur tiasa diajar tina kasalahanana sarta ngeureunkeun produksi inuman keras.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=257–258}} Sakitar waktos ieu, anjeunna pendak sareng tokoh abolisionis sarta konduktor [[Underground Railroad]] [[George DeBaptiste]] anu linggih di deukeut [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], sarta duanana janten sobat. Harrison nyerat harita, "urang tiasa ngarep-ngarep datangna hiji poé nalika panonpoé Amérika Kalér moal ningali deui ayana budak beulian."<ref>{{cite book|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, Conn.|year=2004|page=233|isbn=1-59523-001-7}}</ref> DeBaptiste janten palayan pribadina, sarta saatosna janten pangurus (steward) di Gedong Bodas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tobin|first=Jacqueline L.|title=From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad|publisher=Anchor|location=Detroit|year=2008|pages=200–209|isbn=978-1-4001-0354-6}}</ref> Sanajan dibantah ku sababaraha réngréngan Harrison, Burr nutup catetanana ngeunaan Harrison ku cara ngagambarkeun hiji kajadian, nyaéta resepsi kanggé jenderal éta di Philadelphia dina taun 1836, anu nunjukkeun kumaha populérna Harrison harita. Numutkeun Burr, "Rébuan jalma minuhan darmaga jalan Chesnut nalika anjeunna sumping, sarta ngabagéakeun anjeunna ku surak anu terus-terusan nalika anjeunna mendarat. Anjeunna naék kana [[barouche]] (keréta kuda) nanging jalma-jalma maresek ka hareup kalayan kacida sumangetna, sahingga kuda-kudana janten sarieuneun. Aya gerakan pikeun ngaleupaskeun tali kuda nalika Jenderal nyarios ka sababaraha urang sarta nyobian nyegahna; nanging kuda-kuda éta gancang pisan teu kaurus, sahingga kedah dileupaskeun. Aya tali anu dibawa, sarta ditalikeun kana karéta, anu tuluy ditarik ku jalma-jalma ka Marshall House. Ieu tindakan mangrupikeun cetusan spontan ti sapuluh rébu haté anu nganuhunkeun. Urang Pennsylvania kantos perang di handapeun éta pahlawan, sarta maranéhna micinta anjeunna. Urang nyarioskeun hal ieu sacara husus, margi urang janten saksi mata kana sagala anu lumangsung."{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=264–265}} ===Kampanye présidén 1836=== {{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836}} Harrison mangrupa calon présidén Whig ti bagian kulon dina taun 1836, salah sahiji ti opat calon régional partéy Whig. Calon sanésna nyaéta [[Daniel Webster]], [[Hugh Lawson White]], sareng [[Willie P. Mangum]]. Munculna leuwih ti hiji calon Whig téh mangrupikeun upaya pikeun ngéléhkeun Wakil Présidén petahana, [[Martin Van Buren]], anu mangrupa calon Démokrat populér pilihan Jackson.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections">{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Campaigns and Elections|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/campaigns-and-elections| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=January 20, 2022| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Urang Démokrat nuduh yén ku cara majukeun sababaraha calon, Whig sabenerna hayang nyegah kameunangan Van Buren dina "electoral college", sarta maksa pamilihan sangkan diputuskeun ku DPR.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1836|title=U.S. Presidential Election of 1836|publisher=Britannica|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref> Upami enya aya rencana kitu, nanging éta rencana téh gagal. Harrison nempatan urutan kadua, sarta unggul di salapan ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian dina Uni.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="shp">{{cite web|title=How Close Were The Presidential Elections?|last=Shepperd|first=Michael|publisher=Michigan State University|url=https://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1836|access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Harrison maju di sakabéh nagara bagian non-perbudakan iwal ti Massachusetts, sarta di nagara bagian perbudakan sapertos Delaware, Maryland, sarta Kentucky. White maju di sésa nagara bagian perbudakan lianna iwal ti South Carolina. [[Daniel Webster]] maju di Massachusetts, sarta Mangum di South Carolina.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ershkowitz|first=Herbert B.|title=American Presidential Campaigns and Elections|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2020|isbn=978-1-3154-9713-6}}</ref> Van Buren meunangkeun pamilihan kalayan 170 sora éléktoral.<ref name="Britannica"/> Parobahan ngan sakitar 4.000 sora di Pennsylvania sabenerna bisa mikeun 30 sora éléktoral nagara bagian éta ka Harrison, sarta pamilihan téh bakal diputuskeun ku DPR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=1836&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |title=USA Election Polls-Pennsylvania 1836 |publisher=Pennsylvania Election Results Home |access-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117062058/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=1836&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |archive-date=November 17, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="shp"/> ===Kampanye présidén 1840=== {{main|Kampanye présidén William Henry Harrison 1840}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|Peta Sora Éléktoral 1840]] Harrison nyanghareupan petahana Van Buren salaku calon tunggal ti Whig dina pamilihan taun 1840. Partéy Whig ningali Harrison salaku urang kidul pituin sarta pahlawan perang, anu bakal kontras pisan sareng Van Buren anu katingalna angkuh, teu paduli, sarta aristokratik.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> Anjeunna dipilih ngéléhkeun anggota partéy séjén anu langkung kontroversial, sapertos Clay sareng Webster; kampanyéna nonjolkeun catetan militérna sarta museur kana lemahna ékonomi AS anu diakibatkeun ku [[Panik 1837]].{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Urang Whig nyalahkeun Van Buren atas masalah ékonomi sarta néléhkeunana "Van Ruin" (Van Tukang Ruksak).{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Sabalikna, urang Démokrat ngaléléwé Harrison anu tos sepuh ku sebutan "Granny Harrison, the petticoat general" (Nini Harrison, jenderal samping), jalaran anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat sateuacan Perang 1812 réngsé. Maranéhna ogé nunjukkeun ka para pamilih yén upami nami Harrison diéjah tibalik bakal janten: "No Sirrah" (Moal, Dunungan). Maranéhna ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku lalaki sepuh ti kampung anu tinggaleun jaman, anu langkung milih "[[Kampanye gubug kai|calik di gubug kaina bari nginum sari apel (hard cider)]]" batan ngurus pamaréntahan nagara. Ieu strategi téh kalah malik janten pakarang makan tuan nalika Harrison sareng pasanganana, [[John Tyler]], ngajantenkeun gubug kai (log cabin) sarta sari apel (hard cider) salaku simbol kampanye. Kampanyéna ngagunakeun éta simbol dina spanduk sarta postér, malah nyieun botol sari apel anu bentukna sapertos gubug kai, sadayana kanggé ngaitkeun éta calon sareng "rahayat biasa".{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Freehling nyerat yén, "Hiji koran pro-Van Buren anu kuciwa nyerat saatos kéléhanana, 'Urang parantos ditalukkeun ku nyanyian, ditalukkeun ku kabohongan, sarta ditalukkeun ku inuman.' Dina hiji kalimah, ieu ngagambarkeun prosés pulitik Amérika anu anyar."<ref name= "WHH - American Franchise">{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/the-american-franchise|first=William|last=Freehling|title=William Harrison: The American Franchise|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Harrison sabenerna asalna ti kulawarga jegud di Virginia anu miboga budak beulian, nanging kampanyéna mintonkeun anjeunna salaku urang wates leuweung anu saderhana dumasar kana gaya anu dipopulérkeun ku [[Andrew Jackson]], bari ngagambarkeun Van Buren salaku elitist jegud.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Conto anu paling diinget nyaéta [[Biantara Séndok Emas]] (Gold Spoon Oration) anu ditepikeun ku wawakil Whig ti Pennsylvania, [[Charles Ogle (politikus)|Charles Ogle]], di DPR, anu ngaléléwé gaya hirup méwah Van Buren di Gedong Bodas sarta pengeluaranana anu hambur.<ref name=Bradley-70-71>{{cite book|author=Bradley, Elizabeth L.|title=Knickerbocker: The Myth behind New York|url=https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad |url-access=registration|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=Rivergate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad/page/70 70]–71|isbn=978-0-8135-4516-5|year=2009|access-date=November 9, 2021}}</ref> Urang Whig ogé nyiptakeun hiji yel-yel di mana jalma-jalma bakal nyiduhkeun ciduh bako bari ngagorowok "wirt-wirt", sarta hal ieu ogé nunjukkeun bédana antara para calon dina mangsa pamilihan harita:<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> {{poemquote| Si Tip maké baju tinun saderhana, teu maké kaméja rumbai: wirt-wirt, Tapi si Matt boga piring emas, manéhna mah budak leutik bau kénéh jéngkol: wirt-wirt!}} Urang Whig ngagulkeun catetan militer Harrison sarta reputasina salaku pahlawan dina Perang Tippecanoe. Slogan kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler too|Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too]]" janten salah sahiji anu pangterahna dina sajarah pulitik Amérika.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}} Nalika Van Buren kampanye ti jero Gedong Bodas, Harrison mah turun langsung ka lapangan, ngahibur rahayat ku cara nirukeun gorowok perang Indindia, sarta hasil ngalihkeun perhatian masarakat tina kasisitan ékonomi nagara. Dina Juni 1840, rapat akbar Harrison di lokasi urut perang Tippecanoe dihadiran ku 60.000 urang.<ref name= "WHH Campaigns and Elections"/> Désa North Bend, Ohio, sarta para alumni [[Universitas Negeri Ohio]] (OSU) ngaklaim yén landihan nagara bagian "Buckeyes" asalna tina pesen kampanye Harrison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html|title=Buckeyes?|publisher=Village of North Bend}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102175457/https://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html |date=2025-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=dead|title=Tippecanoe and Buckeyes Too|date=August 29, 2016|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=January 21, 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/ |date=May 28, 2022 }}</ref> Kampanye Harrison ogé janten korban tina naon anu disebut salaku "[[Kejutan Oktober]]" munggaran di éta nagara. Sababaraha poé sateuacan pamilihan, Departemén Kaadilan Van Buren nuduh yén pajabat Partéy Whig parantos ngalakukeun "penipuan anu kacida gedéna sarta jahat," nyaéta ku cara mayar urang Pennsylvania sangkan indit ka New York pikeun milih calon ti Whig dua taun sateuacanana.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://jonathanturley.org/2024/10/07/jack-smiths-october-surprise-was-not-that-surprising-and-that-is-the-problem/#more-224035|title=Jack Smith's October Surprise|last=Turley|first=Jonathan|date=October 7, 2024|website=Res Ipsa Loquitur|publisher=Jonathan Turley|access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> [[Tingkat partisipasi pamilih]] naék drastis ka angka 80%, 20 poin langkung luhur batan pamilihan sateuacanana.<ref name= "WHH - American Franchise"/> Harrison meunang mutlak dina Electoral College, 234 sora éléktoral ngalawan 60 sora pikeun Van Buren. Selisih sora rahayat (popular vote) mah langkung heureut, nyaéta kirang ti 150.000 sora, sanajan anjeunna unggul di salapan belas ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=25}} ==Jabatan Présidén (1841)== ===Pelantikan=== {{Infobox administration | name = Mangsa Jabatan Présidén William Henry Harrison | term_start = 4 Maret 1841 | term_end = 4 April 1841 | vicepresident = [[John Tyler]] | cabinet = ''[[#Tekanan_patronase|Tingali daptar]]'' | party = [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] | seat = [[Gedong Bodas]] | predecessor = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén Martin Van Buren|Martin Van Buren]] | successor = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén John Tyler|John Tyler]] | seal = 1840s US presidential seal.png | seal_caption = Segel présidén<br />(1840–1850) }} [[File:Harrison inauguration.jpg|thumb|Pelantikan taun 1841]] Nalika Harrison sumping ka Washington, anjeunna hoyong némbongkeun yén anjeunna masih kénéh pahlawan Tippecanoe anu tangguh sarta mangrupa lalaki anu langkung terdidik sarta wijaksana batan karikatur urang kampung anu digambarkeun salami kampanye. Anjeunna [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan]] dina ping 4 Maret 1841, hiji poé anu tiris sarta baseuh.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration">{{cite web |title= American Treasures–Harrison's Inauguration|date=August 2007|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr22a.html#obj14|publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna nahan hawa tiris sarta milih kanggé henteu nganggo japo (overcoat) atanapi topi, naék kuda nuju ka upacara agung, sarta tuluy nepikeun biantara pelantikan pangpanjangna dina sajarah Amérika<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> kalayan jumlah 8.445 kecap. Anjeunna meryogikeun waktos ampir dua jam kanggé macakeunana, sanajan sobatna anu sasama urang Whig, [[Daniel Webster]], parantos ngédit éta téks sangkan henteu panjang teuing.<ref name = iap/> Freehling boga pamadegan yén biantara sapertos kieu téh sabenerna mah lumrah harita, sarta ironina téh kacida jero, margi Harrison, "saurang nu saumur hirup moro jabatan, kapilih ku pulitik anu kacida partisan, nanging malah nyawad kadua prakték éta sacara pedes".<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/> Éta biantara pelantikan mangrupa pernyataan lengkep ngeunaan agénda Partéy [[Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]], panolakan kana kawijakan Jackson sarta Van Buren, sarta hiji-hijina artikulasi formal ti Harrison ngeunaan pendekatanna kana jabatan présidén.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs">{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/domestic-affairs|last=Freehling|first=William|title=William Harrison: Domestic Affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|access-date=January 22, 2022|date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Éta biantara dimimitian ku rasa hormat Harrison kana kapercayaan anu dipasrahkeun ka anjeunna: {{blockquote|Sakiyeu kuatna maksad sim kuring ayeuna kanggé ngawujudkeun harepan rahayat anu luhur budina sarta pinuh kapercayaan, sim kuring terang pisan kana gogoda anu picilakaeun tina ageungna kakuasaan anu parantos dipasrahkeun ku rahayat ka panangan sim kuring... nanging sim kuring masrahkeun kapercayaan utama sim kuring kana pitulung Pangawasa Nu Maha Kawasa anu salami ieu parantos ngajaga sim kuring.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Harrison jangji bakal ngadegkeun deui [[Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ngalegaan kapasitas kiréditna ku cara ngaluarkeun mata uang kertas dina [[Sistem Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|Sistem Amérika]] tatanan [[Henry Clay]].<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Anjeunna boga maksud kanggé gumantung kana tinimbangan Kongrés dina urusan législatif, sarta ngan bakal ngagunakeun hak véto upami hiji undang-undang dianggap inkonstitusional, sarta bakal ngarobah [[sistem spoils]] (pembagian jabatan) gaya Jackson.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/> Anjeunna jangji bakal ngagunakeun kakawasaan kanggé milih staf anu mumpuni, sanés kanggé nguatkeun posisina di pamaréntahan, sarta dina kaayaan naon waé ogé anjeunna moal maju kanggé masa jabatan kadua. Anjeunna nyawad pemborosan kauangan ti pamaréntahan sateuacanana sarta jangji moal pipilueun kana kawijakan kauangan Kongrés. Sacara umum, Harrison jangji kanggé janten présidén anu "lemah", masrahkeun kaputusan ka Kongrés salaku "Cabang Utama", saluyu sareng prinsip Whig.<ref name= "WHH - Domestic Affairs"/><ref name = iap>{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address|work=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|publisher=Bartleby|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres26.html|access-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Anjeunna ogé nyabit ngeunaan masalah [[Perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|perbudakan]] anu nuju panas. Salaku jalma anu miboga budak beulian, Harrison satuju yén nagara bagian gaduh hak kanggé ngatur éta urusan sorangan: {{blockquote|Garis anu misahkeun kakawasaan warga nagara hiji nagara bagian sareng nagara bagian sanésna katingalina parantos ditarik sacara écés... Upaya warga hiji nagara bagian kanggé ngatur lembaga domestik nagara bagian sanésna ngan bakal ngakibatkeun rasa teu percaya sarta timburu, anu janten tanda bakal ayana perpecahan, kekerasan, sarta perang sadulur.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Nalika badé mungkas biantarana, anjeunna nyelapkeun kapercayaanana kana [[kabébasan beragama]] bari nyobian mintonkeun dirina salaku bagian tina aliran kaagamaan utama sanés panyimpang atanapi anggota minoritas: {{blockquote|Sim kuring nganggap kasempetan ieu cukup penting sarta suci kanggé nganyatakeun ka sasama warga nagara ngeunaan rasa hormat anu jero kana agama Kristen sarta kapercayaan anu kuat yén moral anu saé, kabébasan beragama, sarta rasa tanggung jawab kaagamaan anu adil téh kacida raketna sareng kabagjaan anu sajati.<ref name="WHH - Inaugural"/>}} Biantara Harrison anu panjang éta méré gambaran anu rada samar ngeunaan naon anu bakal ditawarkeun ku pamaréntahanana ka rahayat Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna nyatakeun ngan bakal ngajabat hiji périodeu sarta moal nyalahgunakeun hak véto. Harrison nolak nyiptakeun skéma kauangan sorangan kanggé nagara; sabalikna, anjeunna masrahkeun éta sapinuhna ka Kongrés. Anjeunna nolak ngaganggu wilayah [[Amérika Sarikat Bagian Kidul]] dina urusan perbudakan. Anjeunna henteu ngabahas ngeunaan tarif sarta distribusi. Anjeunna sakedik pisan nyabit ngeunaan bank nasional, iwal ti nyatakeun yén anjeunna kabuka kana mata uang kertas batan koin logam. Konsép Harrison ngeunaan jabatan présidén téh kacida kawatesna, saluyu sareng idéologi pulitik Whig.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Saatos biantara, anjeunna milu dina parade pelantikan nyorang jalanan,<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> nangtung salami tilu jam kanggé sasalaman di Gedong Bodas, sarta ngahadiran tilu pésta dansa (ball) pelantikan dina peuting éta,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |title=Inaugural Ball |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |date=June 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |archive-date=February 25, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |date=February 25, 2016 }}</ref> kalebet pésta di [[Carusi's Saloon]] anu dingaranan pésta "Tippecanoe" kalayan 1.000 tamu anu mayar $10 per urang (sarua sareng $371 dina taun 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Value of $10 from 1841 |url=https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1841?amount=10 |access-date=September 16, 2025 |publisher=CPI Inflation Calculator}}</ref> ===Tekanan patronase=== Clay mangrupa pamingpin urang Whig sarta législator anu kawasa, ogé saurang calon présidén anu gagal, sahingga anjeunna miharep boga pangaruh anu ageung dina pamaréntahan Harrison. Anjeunna poho kana jangji partéyna sorangan kanggé ngaleungitkeun sistem "spoils" sarta nyobian mangaruhan tindakan Harrison sateuacan sarta salami jabatanana anu sakedap, utamana dina nyorong jalma-jalma pilihanna kanggé nempatan posisi Kabinét sarta jabatan présidén lianna. Harrison nolak éta tekanan bari nyarios, "Pa Clay, anjeun poho yén ''sim kuring'' anu janten Présidén."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXFIAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%20%22Mr.%20Clay,%20you%20forget%20%22|page=379|journal=Magazine of American History|volume=VIII|issue=6|date=June 1882|title=The annexation of Texas}}</ref> Ieu pacogrégan beuki panas nalika Harrison milih [[Daniel Webster]] salaku Sekretaris Nagara, saingan utama Clay dina ngawasa Partéy Whig. Harrison ogé katingalina masihan sababaraha posisi penting ka para pangrojong Webster. Hiji-hijina konsési kanggé Clay nyaéta milih anak didiuna, [[John J. Crittenden]], kanggé posisi Jaksa Agung. Sanajan kitu, ieu guntreng téh terus nuluy dugi ka pupusna sang présidén.{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=511–515}} {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet | align = right | Name = Harrison | President = William Henry Harrison | President date = 1841 | Vice President = [[John Tyler]] | Vice President date = 1841 | State = [[Daniel Webster]] | State date = 1841 | War = [[John Bell (politikus Tennessee)|John Bell]] | War date = 1841 | Treasury = [[Thomas Ewing]] | Treasury date = 1841 | Justice = [[John J. Crittenden]] | Justice date = 1841 | Post = [[Francis Granger]] | Post date = 1841 | Navy = [[George Edmund Badger]] | Navy date = 1841 }} Clay sanés hiji-hijina jalma anu miharep kauntungan tina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|kapilihna Harrison]]. Réwu jalma anu moro jabatan daratang ka Gedong Bodas, anu harita kabuka kanggé saha waé anu hoyong pendak sareng présidén. Sabagéan ageung padamelan Harrison salami sabulan janten présidén téh nyaéta kawajiban sosial sarta nampi tamu di Gedong Bodas. Anjeunna parantos dibilayan kanggé nyusun administrasi sateuacan pelantikan, nanging anjeunna nolak margi hoyong fokus kana acara perayaan. Hasilna, para panyiar damel ngantosan anjeunna unggal waktos sarta minuhan Gedong Eksekutif, bari teu aya prosés kanggé ngatur sarta milih maranéhna.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Dina serat anu kaping 10 Maret, Harrison nyerat, "Sim kuring kacida diganggu ku lobana jalma anu sumping ka sim kuring sahingga sim kuring teu tiasa masihan perhatian anu merenah kana urusan sim kuring sorangan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|title=Letter from Harrison to R. Buchanan, Esq., March 10, 1841|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=November 9, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618235507/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Layanan Marshal Amérika Sarikat|Marshal AS]] pikeun [[Washington, D.C.|Distrik Columbia]], Alexander Hunter, nginget hiji kajadian nalika Harrison dikepung ku para pamuru jabatan anu ngahalangan anjeunna nuju ka rapat kabinét; nalika pamentana sangkan maranéhna méré jalan teu dipaliré, Harrison ahirna "nampi petisi maranéhna, anu minuhan leungeun sarta saku bajuna".<ref name="Whitcomb">{{cite book |last=Whitcomb |first=John & Claire|title=Real Life at the White House: 200 Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2002|page=81|isbn=978-0-415-93951-5}}</ref> Carita séjénna nyebutkeun yén lorong-lorong harita kacida pinuhna sahingga kanggé pindah ti hiji rohangan ka rohangan sanésna, Harrison kedah dibantuan kaluar tina jandéla, leumpang di luar gedong, tuluy diasupkeun deui tina jandéla sanésna.<ref name="Whitcomb"/> Harrison daria pisan kana jangjina kanggé ngoméan sistem pangangkatan éksekutif, nganjang ka unggal genep departemén kabinét kanggé ningali operasina sarta ngaluarkeun paréntah ngaliwatan Webster yén [[kampanye]] ku pagawé bakal dianggap salaku alesan kanggé pamecatanna.<ref name="Harrison's Inauguration"/> Anjeunna nahan tekanan ti sasama urang Whig ngeunaan patronase partisan. Sakelompok jalma sumping ka kantorna dina 16 Maret kanggé nungtut pamecatan sakabéh urang Démokrat tina jabatan anu diangkat, sarta Harrison nyatakeun, "Demi Allah, sim kuring langkung milih ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan batan kedah ngalakukeun kajahatan sapertos kitu!"<ref>{{cite book |last=Woollen |first=William Wesley|title=Biographical and historical sketches of early Indiana|publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1975|location=New York|page=51|isbn=978-0-405-06896-6}}</ref> Kabinétna sorangan nyobian ngabolaykeun pangangkatan [[John Chambers (politikus)|John Chambers]] salaku Gubernur Téritori Iowa demi sobat Webster, [[James Wilson II (politikus New Hampshire)|James Wilson]]. Webster nyobian nahan éta kaputusan dina rapat kabinét 25 Maret, sarta Harrison ménta anjeunna macakeun tarik hiji catetan tulis leungeun anu unina saukur "William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat". Harrison tuluy nangtung sarta nyatakeun: "William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat, ngawartosan ka aranjeun, para jandral, yén demi Allah, John Chambers bakal janten gubernur Iowa!"{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=520–521}} Hiji-hijina kaputusan resmi Harrison sanésna anu penting nyaéta naha kedah ngayakeun sidang istiméwa Kongrés. Anjeunna sareng Clay teu sapamadegan ngeunaan perluna éta sidang, sarta kabinét Harrison kabagi dua, sahingga mimitina présidén nolak éta ide. Clay neken deui dina 13 Maret, nanging Harrison nolak sarta ngawartosan anjeunna sangkan ulah nganjang ka Gedong Bodas deui, sarta kedah ngahubungi anjeunna ngan ngaliwatan tulisan.<ref>{{cite web|title=American History Series: The Brief Presidency of William Henry Harrison|publisher=Voice of America News|url=http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131082639/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2009|access-date=June 21, 2009}}</ref> Nanging, sababaraha poé saatosna, Sekretaris Perbendaharaan [[Thomas Ewing]] ngalaporkeun yén dana féderal nuju dina kaayaan sesah sahingga pamaréntah moal tiasa beroperasi dugi ka sidang rutin Kongrés dina bulan Désémber; Harrison ahirna satuju, sarta ngumumkeun sidang istiméwa dina 17 Maret. Éta sidang sabenerna dijadwalkeun dimimitian ping 31 Méi upami Harrison masih kénéh hirup.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brinkley|first1=Alan|last2=Dyer|first2=Davis|year=2004|title=The American Presidency|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-38273-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3djEYV3R7oIC&pg=PA120 |access-date=June 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress|title=Pres. W.H. Harrison, Proclamation 45B–Convening an Extra Session of the Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|access-date=November 9, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103100710/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress |date=January 3, 2021 }}</ref> ==Pupusna sarta panguburan== [[File:Death of Harrison, April 4 A.D. 1841 LCCN91794698.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ilustrasi anu ngagambarkeun pupusna Harrison, 4 April 1841]] Harrison ngarasa lungse sacara fisik alatan lobana pamuru jabatan sarta jadwal sosial anu padet.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Anjeunna ogé sering teu maliré kana hawa tiris tungtung usum tiris, mindeng kaluar tanpa nganggo papakéan anu merenah. Saatos nepikeun biantara pelantikan dua jam dina hujan ping 4 Maret tanpa topi atanapi japo, Harrison terus negrakeun dirina kana hawa tiris. Tilu minggu saatosna, dina 24 Maret 1841, Harrison jalan-jalan isuk-isuk ka pasar lokal, deui-deui tanpa japo atanapi topi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Henry Harrison |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/william-henry-harrison#:~:text=The%20president-elect,%20however,,just%2031%20days%20in%20office. |access-date=March 8, 2025 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> Sanajan katarajang hujan dadakan, anjeunna henteu ganti baju nalika mulang ka Gedong Bodas.<ref name = Shafer>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/10/06/william-henry-harrison-pneumonia-death-trump-coronavirus|title=In 1841 pneumonia killed the president|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2021|last=Shafer|first=Ronald G.}}</ref> Dina 26 Maret, Harrison mimiti gering muriang sarta manggil dokterna, Thomas Miller, sanajan anjeunna nyarios ka dokter yén anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé saatos nginum ubar kanggé "kacapéan sarta kahariwang méntal".<ref name = Shafer/> Isukna, dinten Saptu, dokter dipanggil deui sarta mendakan Harrison di ranjang kalayan "muriang parna", saatos jalan-jalan isuk-isuk deui. Miller nerapkeun [[param mustar]] kana beuteungna sarta masihan ubar [[pancahar]] hampang, sarta anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé soréna.<ref name = Shafer/> Jam 4:00 isuk-isuk ping 28 Maret, Harrison ngarasa nyeri parna dina lambungna sarta dokter ngalakukeun [[bekam]] (bloodletting); prosésna dieureunkeun nalika denyut nadina turun. Miller ogé nerapkeun gelas panas (cop) kana kulit présidén kanggé ningkatkeun aliran getih.<ref name = Shafer/> Dokter tuluy masihan [[minyak jarak]] sarta ubar kanggé utah, sarta ngadiagnosis anjeunna katarajang pneumonia dina paru-paru katuhu.<ref name = Shafer/> Tim dokter dipanggil dinten Senén, 29 Maret, sarta mastikeun ayana [[pneumonia]] lobus handap katuhu.<ref name=WHHDOTP>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Death of the President| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/death-of-the-president| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison tuluy dipasihan [[laudanum]], [[opium]], sarta [[kamper]], bareng jeung anggur sarta brendi.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=123}} Teu aya béwara resmi ngeunaan panyakit Harrison, anu nyababkeun spekulasi masarakat. Masarakat Washington mimiti sadar nalika anjeunna henteu katingal angkat ka garéja dinten Minggu.<ref name=Whitcomb /> Laporan koran anu tumpang tindih dumasar kana bocoran ti jalma-jalma di Gedong Bodas.<ref name = Shafer/> Hiji koran Washington ngalaporkeun dina 1 April yén kaséhatan Harrison parantos saé. Padahal sabenerna, kaayaan Harrison beuki parna, sarta anggota Kabinét katut kulawarga dipanggil ka Gedong Bodas—pamajidanna, Anna, masih kénéh aya di Ohio alatan gering.<ref name = Shafer/> Numutkeun koran di Washington dinten Jumaah, Harrison parantos rada jagjag, sanajan laporan ti ''Baltimore Sun'' nyebutkeun kaayaanana "langkung bahaya".<ref name = Shafer/> Saurang wartawan ''New York Commercial'' nyebutkeun yén "rahayat nagara kacida sedihna sarta loba anu ceurik."<ref name = Shafer/> Dina wengi 3 April, Harrison katarajang diaré parna sarta mimiti igir-igiran, sarta jam 8:30 peuting anjeunna ngucapkeun kekecapan terakhirna ka dokterna, anu dianggap ditujukeun kanggé Wakil Présidén John Tyler:<ref name = Shafer/> "Pa, sim kuring hoyong anjeun ngartos kana prinsip sajati pamaréntahan ieu. Sim kuring hoyong éta dilaksanakeun. Sim kuring teu ménta nanaon deui."<ref>{{Cite web| title=William Henry Harrison: Key Events| url=https://millercenter.org/president/william-harrison/key-events| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Harrison pupus dina jam 12:30 isuk-isuk ping 4 April 1841, salapan poé saatos gering sarta pas sabulan saatos sumpah jabatan;<ref name = Shafer/> anjeunna janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat.<ref name=WHHDOTP/> Pamajidanna, Anna, masih di Ohio nuju mereskeun barang kanggé indit ka Washington nalika nampi béwara salakina pupus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/anna-tuthill-symmes-harrison/|title=Anna T. S. Harrison|publisher=The White House|access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref> Anjeunna henteu kantos pindah ka Gedong Bodas. Minantuna, Jane Irwin Harrison, janten inang (hostess) Gedong Bodas ngagentos Anna salami Harrison janten présidén.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Téori anu kuat harita nyaéta panyakitna disababkeun ku hawa tiris nalika pelantikan tilu minggu sateuacanana.{{sfn|Cleaves|1939|p=152}} Nanging, Jane McHugh sarta Philip A. Mackowiak ngalakukeun analisis dina ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' (2014), marios catetan Miller anu nunjukkeun yén pasokan cai Gedong Bodas aya di hilireun pembuangan limbah umum, sarta maranéhna nyimpulkeun yén anjeunna kamungkinan ageung pupus alatan [[syok séptik]] lantaran "demam enterik" ([[tipus]] atanapi [[paratipus]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/what-really-killed-william-henry-harrison.html|title=What Really Killed William Henry Harrison?|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|pmid=24962997|date=June 23, 2014|doi=10.1093/cid/ciu470|volume=59|issue=7|pages=990–995|doi-access=free |issn=1058-4838 }}</ref> Mangsa sungkawa salami 30 poé dimimitian saatos pupusna présidén. Gedong Bodas ngayakeun rupa-rupa upacara publik. Upacara panguburan husus undangan ogé dilaksanakeun dina 7 April di [[East Room]] Gedong Bodas, saatosna peti Harrison dibawa ka [[Makam Kongrés]] di Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Funeral: April 7, 1841| url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/william-henry-harrison-funeral| publisher=White House Historical Association| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> [[Solomon Northup]] nyaritakeun éta prosési dina buku ''[[Twelve Years a Slave]]'': {{blockquote|Isukna aya parade ageung di Washington. Sora mariem sarta dentang loncéng minuhan hawa, sedengkeun imah-imah ditutup ku lawon hideung, sarta jalanan hideung ku jalma-jalma. Prosési katingal lalaunan ngalangkungan jalan Avenue, karéta demi karéta, bari rébuan jalma nuturkeun ku suku—sadayana gerak dibarengan ku musik anu sedih. Maranéhna mawa jasad Harrison ka kuburan.... Sim kuring inget pisan kumaha kaca jandéla oyag sarta peupeus ka taneuh saatos unggal sora mariem anu ditémbakkeun di tempat pamakaman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northup.html|title=Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup|publisher=Library, UNC-Chapel Hill|year=1997|access-date=November 10, 2021}}</ref>}} Dina bulan Juni éta, jasad Harrison dibawa ku karéta api sarta tongkang walungan ka [[North Bend, Ohio]], sarta dikurebkeun dina 7 Juli di puncak Gunung Nebo, anu ayeuna janten [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Memorial| url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/william-henry-harrison-tomb| publisher= Ohio History Connection| location=Columbus Ohio| access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> ===Tyler naék jabatan=== Dina ping 5 April, [[Fletcher Webster]], putra ti Sekretaris Nagara [[Daniel Webster]], méré nyaho ka Tyler yén Harrison parantos pupus nalika nuju ngajabat. Tyler nuju nganjang ka kulawargana di [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] sarta mulang ka Washington dina isuk-isuk ping 6 April.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession]]</ref> Dina dinten anu sami, Tyler [[Sumpah jabatan présidén Amérika Sarikat|disumpah kanggé ngajabat]] di payuneun kabinét Harrison, anu sacara resmi ngamimitian [[Mangsa jabatan présidén John Tyler|masa jabatan présidénna]]. Dina ping 9 April, Tyler nepikeun biantara pelantikan anu singget. Dina biantara kanggé éta nagara, Tyler henteu masihan ucapan béla sungkawa sacara pribadi ka randa Harrison, Anna, atanapi ka anggota kulawargana. Tyler kalah muji Harrison ku cara nyebatkeun yén Harrison parantos kapilih kanggé "tugas anu agung" nyaéta meresihan pamaréntah féderal tina korupsi.<ref name="John Tyler 1841">[[#John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States|John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States]]</ref> Tyler sareng kulawargana pindah ka Gedong Bodas saminggu saatos pamakaman Harrison, sateuacan mangsa sungkawa 30 poé kanggé Harrison réngsé. Rohangan utama Gedong Bodas harita masih kénéh dipinuhan ku lawon [[Crêpe (tekstil)|hideung]] tanda sungkawa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=141–142}}<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison|The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison]]</ref> ===Dampak tina pupusna Harrison=== [[File:William Henry Harrison Memorial.jpg|thumb|Monumén William Henry Harrison di [[North Bend, Ohio]]]] Pupusna Harrison narik perhatian kana ayana kerancuan (ambiguitas) dina [[Pasal Dua Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat#Bagian 1, Ayat 6|Pasal II, Bagian 1, Ayat 6]] tina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] ngeunaan [[Garis suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési jabatan présidén]]. Konstitusi sacara spésifik nangtukeun yén wakil présidén bakal nyokot alih "Wewenang sarta Tugas ti éta Jabatan" upami présidén ditéwak, pupus, ngundurkeun diri, atanapi teu sanggup ngajabat, nanging henteu écés naha wakil présidén sacara resmi janten présidén Amérika Sarikat, atanapi saukur samentara ngajalankeun wewenang sarta tugas éta jabatan dina kasus suksési.<ref>{{cite web| last=Feerick| first=John| title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession| work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| url-status=unfit| archive-date=April 21, 2012| publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]| access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref> Kabinét Harrison negeskeun yén Tyler téh "Wakil Présidén anu ngalakukeun tugas salaku Présidén". Tyler tetep pengkuh dina klaimna kana gelar Présidén sarta tekadna kanggé ngagunakeun kakawasaan pinuh tina jabatan présidén.<ref name=ConstitutionDailyNCC>{{cite web|author=|title=A controversial President who established presidential succession|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/john-tyler-americas-most-unusual-president|date=March 29, 2017|work=Constitution Daily|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> Kabinét ngayakeun konsultasi sareng Ketua Mahkamah Agung [[Roger Taney]] sarta mutuskeun yén, upami Tyler ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan présidén, anjeunna bakal janten présidén. Tyler nurut sarta disumpah dina ping 6 April 1841. Kongrés ngayakeun sidang, sarta dina ping 31 Méi 1841, saatos debat singget di kadua kamar (DPR sarta Sénat), ngaluarkeun résolusi gabungan anu mastikeun Tyler salaku présidén kanggé sésa masa jabatan Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert S. |title=Presidential Succession in the United States |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=Feb 1946 |volume=8 |issue=1 |jstor=2125607 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.2307/2125607|s2cid=153441210 }}</ref> Ieu suksési janten [[Preséden Tyler]], anu diturutan dina tujuh kajadian nalika présidén petahana pupus sateuacan ahirna diasupkeun kana Konstitusi dina taun 1967 ngaliwatan Bagian Hiji tina [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x |last=Abbott |first=Philip |title=Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=Dec 2005 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=627–645 |jstor=27552721}}</ref> ==Warisan== ===Reputasi sajarah=== [[File:Tecumseh in Lafayette IN.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Harrison (kénca) di [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]], Lafayette, Indiana]] Salah sahiji warisan Harrison anu paling langgeng nyaéta rangkuyan perjangjian anu dirundingkeun sarta ditarandatangan ku anjeunna sareng para pamingpin Indindia salami janten [[Gubernur Indiana|gubernur téritorial Indiana]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}} Salaku bagian tina rundingan éta, suku-suku asli masrahkeun lahan anu lega di bagian kulon anu nyadiakeun lahan tambahan kanggé dipésér sarta dicicingan ku warga nagara.<ref name="cb"/>{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=47}} Dampak jangka panjang Harrison dina [[Pulitik Amérika Sarikat|pulitik Amérika]] kalebet metode kampanyéna, anu neundeun pondasi kanggé taktik kampanye présidén modéren.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=100}} Harrison pupus dina kaayaan ampir teu boga harta, sahingga Kongrés méré sora kanggé masihan mancén randa présidén ka pamajidanna, Anna, gedéna $25.000,<ref name="Damon 1974-06">{{cite journal |last=Damon |first=Allan L. |title=Presidential Expenses |journal=American Heritage |date=June 1974 |volume=25 |issue=4 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |access-date=February 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |archive-date=January 7, 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |date=January 7, 2009 }}</ref> nyaéta sagedé gajih sataun Harrison (sarua sareng sakitar $936.000 dina taun 2025). Anjeunna ogé nampi hak kanggé ngintunkeun serat sacara haratis.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison|year=2009|publisher=National First Ladies Library|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|access-date=February 11, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |date=October 9, 2018 }}</ref> Freehling nyebut Harrison salaku "tokoh anu paling dominan dina évolusi téritori Northwest janten wilayah Upper Midwest ayeuna".<ref>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Impact and Legacy| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/impact-and-legacy| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Harrison, anu yuswana 68 taun nalika [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|dilantik]], mangrupa jalma pangsepuhna anu ngajabat présidén AS harita, hiji catetan anu dicepeng ku anjeunna dugi ka taun 1981, nalika [[Pelantikan munggaran Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan]] dilantik dina yuswa 69 taun.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life In Brief| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-in-brief| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> Putra Harrison, [[John Scott Harrison]], ngawakilan Ohio di DPR AS antara taun 1853 sarta 1857.<ref name="bioguide.congress">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Harrison, John Scott, (1804–1878)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000272|access-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref> Putu Harrison, Benjamin Harrison ti Indiana, ngajabat salaku présidén ka-23 ti taun 1889 dugi ka 1893, anu ngajantenkeun William sareng Benjamin Harrison hiji-hijina pasangan aki sareng putu anu janten présidén.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=43–49}} ===Pangajén sarta pangéling-ngéling=== {{main|Daptar pangéling-ngéling kanggé William Henry Harrison}} Rupa-rupa monumén sarta patung pangéling-ngéling parantos diadegkeun salaku pangajén kanggé Harrison. Aya patung publik anjeunna di puseur kota [[Indianapolis]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|pp=12, 164}} [[Taman Piatt]] di [[Cincinnati]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1896|title=The Harrison Monument, Cincinnati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Mc7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA422|journal=The Monumental News|volume=8|issue=7}}</ref> [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=243}} [[Harrison County, Indiana]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=131}} sarta [[Owen County, Indiana]].{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=206}} Seueur ogé distrik (county) sarta kota anu nganggo namina. Désa [[North Bend, Ohio]], masihan pangajén ka Harrison unggal taun ku ngayakeun [[parade]] kanggé ngarayakeun dinten ambal warsihna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html|title=William Henry Harrison Birthday Tribute|publisher=Village of North Bend, Ohio|access-date=November 10, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624071523/https://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html |date=June 24, 2025 }}</ref> Markas Besar Jenderal William Henry Harrison di [[Franklinton (Columbus, Ohio)|Franklinton, Ohio]], ogé diadegkeun kanggé nginget anjeunna. Éta imah téh mangrupa markas militer anjeunna ti taun 1813 dugi ka 1814.<ref name="nrhpdoc">{{cite book|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Ohio, 1964 – 2013|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=May 17, 2020|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030545/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dina ping 19 Pébruari 2009, [[United States Mint]] ngaluarkeun koin kasalapan dina [[Program Koin $1 Présidén]], anu mintonkeun gambar Harrison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|title=The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program|publisher=United States Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison |date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/index.cfm?action=productionFigures&presYear=2009&reportSelected#starthere&CFID=122577291&CFTOKEN=56436795|title=Circulating Coins Production Figures|publisher=U.S. Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref> {| style="margin:auto" | [[File:Cincinnati-harrison-statue, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Patung kuda William Henry Harrison|Patung kuda Harrison di Cincinnati, karya [[Louis Rebisso]] ]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison Presidential $1 Coin obverse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Koin [[dollar présidén]] taun 2009]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison. Indiana statehood stamp, 1950 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Perangko taun 1950 kanggé pangéling-ngéling ngadegna nagara bagian Indiana]] |} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Supata Tippecanoe]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar pangalaman sateuacanana]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu miboga budak beulian]] ==Rujukan== ===Sitiran=== {{reflist}} ===Bibliografi=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|last=Calhoun|first=Charles William|title=Benjamin Harrison: The 23rd President 1889–1893|series=The American Presidents|volume=23|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8050-6952-5}} *{{cite book|last1=Carnes|first1=Mark C.|last2=Mieczkowski|first2=Yanek|title=The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Campaigns|series=Routledge Atlases of American History|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92139-8}} *{{cite book|last=Cleaves|first=Freeman|title=Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1939|isbn= 978-0-9457-0701-1}} *{{cite book|first=Gail|last=Collins|title=William Henry Harrison: The 9th President, 1841|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|year=2012|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8050-9118-2}} *{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Meg|title=William H. Harrison|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Breckenridge, CO|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8225-1511-1}} *{{cite book|last=Greiff|first=Glory-June|title=Remembrance, Faith and Fancy: Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|year=2005|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-180-9}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Gugin|editor-first1=Linda C.|editor-last2=St. Clair|editor-first2=James E.|title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press and the Indiana Historical Bureau|year=2006|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-196-0}} *{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |chapter=William Henry Harrison and John Tyler |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |edition=7th |year=2002 |pages=139–151 |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference USA |isbn=978-0-684-80551-1}} *{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=1997 |title=Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-04552-8}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat|Harrison, William Henry]] [[Kategori:Inohong dunya]] [[Kategori:Inohong militer Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Gubernur Indiana]] h37uqf9xtyxz2yvgxsedty9xmfy7rym 0 108047 709446 709418 2026-05-17T18:22:21Z Hasnanf 28942 709446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BRICS''' mangrupakeun organisasi ékonomi anu ogé singgetan ti [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], jeung [[Afrika Kidul]]. Ngaran BRICS ngarujuk kana ékonomi nasional anu keur berkembang di negara-negara kasebut. Sanajan kitu, organisasi ieu ogé miboga anggota-anggota anyar di luar negara nu kaasup dina akronim, di antarana [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Iran]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brics.org/|title=BRICS Information and Trade Opportunities|last=Community|first=BRICS|website=brics.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Taun 2006, [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] nyieun kelompok BRIC, anu tuluy dituturkeun ku [[Afrika Kidul]] anu ngagabung di taun 2010 ngajieun ieu organisasi jadi BRICS. Organisasi ieu diwangun sangkan ngahijikeun nagara-nagara berkembang anu penting sadunya, pikeun nyingharepan tantangan kakuatan politik jeung ekonomi nagara-nagara anu leuwih beunghar di [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Éropa Kulon]]. Taun 2024, [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia|Étiopia]], [[Iran]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]] tuluy diulem sangkan jadi anggota BRICS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474|date=2023-12-29|access-date=2026-03-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Januari 2025, [[Indonésia]] resmi ngagabung jadi anggota BRICS, anu ngajadikeun nagara [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] mimiti anu jadi anggota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/indonesia-officially-becomes-first-southeast-asian-member-of-brics/|title=Indonesia Officially Becomes First Southeast Asian Member of BRICS|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Konsép mimiti ngeunaan pangbentukan BRICS dicanangkeun ku perdana menteri Rusia Yevgeny Primakov di taun 1998. Gagasan ieu bisa dilacak kalayan aya porum-porum non-resmi sarta kelompok dialog ti sababaraha nagara, saperti RIC ([[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]]), sarta IBSA ([[India]], [[Brazil]], [[Afrika Kidul]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order: Perspectives from the Global South|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2022-10-14|isbn=978-1-000-73876-6|language=en|first=Rajan|last=Kumar|first2=Meeta Keswani|last2=Mehra|first3=G. Venkat|last3=Raman|first4=Meenakshi|last4=Sundriyal}}</ref> Istilah BRIC mimitina mah mangrupakeun istilah anu dijieun ku ékonom [[Inggris]] [[Jim O'Neill]], sarta tuluy dirojong ku luhuranna [[Goldman Sachs]] di taun 2001, anu tujuanna pikeun ngarancang kelompok ti pasar-pasar nu keur berkembang.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken|url=https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/|newspaper=TIME|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en|first=Rana|last=Foroohar}}</ref> Pasamuan mimiti kelompok ieu tuluy diayakeun di taun 2009 anu ngahadirkeun nagara-nagara pangadegna, nyaéta [[Brazil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] anu tuluy ngadopsi akronim '''BRIC''' sarta ngajieun kelompok diplomatik inpormal di mana pamaréntah-pamaréntahna bisa papanggih sataun sakali dina pasamuan pormal sarta ngordinasikeun kawijakan-kawijakan multilateral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/brics-expansion-six-more-nations-are-set-to-join-what-theyre-buying-into-212200|title=Brics expansion: six more nations are set to join – what they’re buying into|last=Ndzendze|first=Bhaso|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di taun 2010, [[Afrika Kidul]] ngagabung ka BRIC, anu tuluy jadi ngagenti ngaranna jadi '''BRICS''', tuluy miluan pasamuan katilu di 2011 minangka anggota pinuh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-brics-who-are-its-members-2023-08-21/|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Taun 2024, [[Iran]], [[Mesir]], jeung [[Éthiopia]] ngagabung kana pasamuan mimitina minangka nagara anggota nalika diayakeun di [[Rusia]].<ref name=":0" /> Sataun sanggeusna, [[Indonésia]] ngagabung sacara resmi jadi agara [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] mimiti anu asup BRICS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/7/indonesia-joins-brics-group-of-emerging-economies|title=Indonesia joins BRICS group of emerging economies|last=Agencies|first=News|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Ti taun 2024 éta, akronim '''BRICS+''' atawa '''BRICS Plus''' muléy dipake sacara teu resmi pikeun ngagambarkeun kaanggotaan nagara-nagara anyar anu ngagabung.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patrick|first=Stewart|date=2024-10-09|title=BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/brics-summit-emerging-middle-powers-g7-g20|language=en}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 3pig4vfelpyggg8ecxogskga9pdmidm 709447 709446 2026-05-17T18:28:10Z Hasnanf 28942 /* Kasang tukang */ 709447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BRICS''' mangrupakeun organisasi ékonomi anu ogé singgetan ti [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], jeung [[Afrika Kidul]]. Ngaran BRICS ngarujuk kana ékonomi nasional anu keur berkembang di negara-negara kasebut. Sanajan kitu, organisasi ieu ogé miboga anggota-anggota anyar di luar negara nu kaasup dina akronim, di antarana [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Iran]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brics.org/|title=BRICS Information and Trade Opportunities|last=Community|first=BRICS|website=brics.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Taun 2006, [[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] nyieun kelompok BRIC, anu tuluy dituturkeun ku [[Afrika Kidul]] anu ngagabung di taun 2010 ngajieun ieu organisasi jadi BRICS. Organisasi ieu diwangun sangkan ngahijikeun nagara-nagara berkembang anu penting sadunya, pikeun nyingharepan tantangan kakuatan politik jeung ekonomi nagara-nagara anu leuwih beunghar di [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Éropa Kulon]]. Taun 2024, [[Mesir]], [[Etiopia|Étiopia]], [[Iran]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]] tuluy diulem sangkan jadi anggota BRICS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474|date=2023-12-29|access-date=2026-03-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Januari 2025, [[Indonésia]] resmi ngagabung jadi anggota BRICS, anu ngajadikeun nagara [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] mimiti anu jadi anggota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/indonesia-officially-becomes-first-southeast-asian-member-of-brics/|title=Indonesia Officially Becomes First Southeast Asian Member of BRICS|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Konsép mimiti ngeunaan pangbentukan BRICS dicanangkeun ku perdana menteri Rusia Yevgeny Primakov di taun 1998. Gagasan ieu bisa dilacak kalayan aya porum-porum non-resmi sarta kelompok dialog ti sababaraha nagara, saperti RIC ([[Rusia]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]]), sarta IBSA ([[India]], [[Brazil]], [[Afrika Kidul]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order: Perspectives from the Global South|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2022-10-14|isbn=978-1-000-73876-6|language=en|first=Rajan|last=Kumar|first2=Meeta Keswani|last2=Mehra|first3=G. Venkat|last3=Raman|first4=Meenakshi|last4=Sundriyal}}</ref> Istilah BRIC mimitina mah mangrupakeun istilah anu dijieun ku ékonom [[Inggris]] [[Jim O'Neill]], sarta tuluy dirojong ku luhuranna [[Goldman Sachs]] di taun 2001, anu tujuanna pikeun ngarancang kelompok ti pasar-pasar nu keur berkembang.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken|url=https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/|newspaper=TIME|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en|first=Rana|last=Foroohar}}</ref> Séptémber 2026, menteri luar negeri Brazil, Rusia, India, jeung Cina ngayakeun masamuan di Kota New York, di antara acara Debat Umum Majelis Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Pasamuan minangka ngamimitian rangkéyan pasamuan lével luhur. Masamuan skala pinuh anu mimiti tuluy diayakeun di taun 2009, di [[Yékaterinburg]], [[Rusia]], anu ngahadirkeun nagara-nagara pangadegna, nyaéta [[Brazil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], jeung [[Tiongkok]] anu tuluy ngadopsi akronim '''BRIC''' sarta ngajieun kelompok diplomatik inpormal di mana pamaréntah-pamaréntahna bisa papanggih sataun sakali dina pasamuan pormal sarta ngordinasikeun kawijakan-kawijakan multilateral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/brics-expansion-six-more-nations-are-set-to-join-what-theyre-buying-into-212200|title=Brics expansion: six more nations are set to join – what they’re buying into|last=Ndzendze|first=Bhaso|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di taun 2010, [[Afrika Kidul]] ngagabung ka BRIC, anu tuluy jadi ngagenti ngaranna jadi '''BRICS''', tuluy miluan pasamuan katilu di 2011 minangka anggota pinuh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-brics-who-are-its-members-2023-08-21/|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Taun 2024, [[Iran]], [[Mesir]], jeung [[Éthiopia]] ngagabung kana pasamuan mimitina minangka nagara anggota nalika diayakeun di [[Rusia]].<ref name=":0" /> Sataun sanggeusna, [[Indonésia]] ngagabung sacara resmi jadi agara [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] mimiti anu asup BRICS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/7/indonesia-joins-brics-group-of-emerging-economies|title=Indonesia joins BRICS group of emerging economies|last=Agencies|first=News|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Ti taun 2024 éta, akronim '''BRICS+''' atawa '''BRICS Plus''' muléy dipake sacara teu resmi pikeun ngagambarkeun kaanggotaan nagara-nagara anyar anu ngagabung.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patrick|first=Stewart|date=2024-10-09|title=BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/brics-summit-emerging-middle-powers-g7-g20|language=en}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 7nnkop6fligpw63hnigpsufirh6qj81 0 108048 709449 708656 2026-05-17T18:44:06Z Hasnanf 28942 709449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Misi Blue Ghost Kahiji''' atawa dina [[basa Inggris]] '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mangrupakeun operasi luar angkasa 14 poé anu dijalankeun ku pendarat [[Bulan (satelit)|Bulan]] komérsial, Firefly Aerospace, anu mawa 10 muatan [[NASA]] jang ngadarat di bulan. Operasi ieu mimiti diluncurkeun 15 Januari 2025, tuluy berhasil ngadarat mulus di permukaan bulan dina 2 Maret 2025, tuluy diumumkeun berhasil dina poé Minggu, 16 Maret 2025, nalika robot pendarat ngirimkeun balik transmisi terahirna ka [[Marcapada|Bumi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/03/18/firefly-aerospaces-blue-ghost-mission-1-concludes-successful-14-day-mission-on-the-moon/|title=Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 concludes successful, 14-day mission on the Moon – Spaceflight Now|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Misi ieu dipingpin ku Pangarah Program Kapal Luar Angkasa [[Ray Allensworth]] harita, anu tuluy bakal dituturkeun ku misi Intuitive Machines' IM-2 dina 6 Maret, anu bakal nampilkeun pendaratna, nyaéta Athena.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Striking images show Blue Ghost Mission 1’s successful moon landing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/mar/02/private-firefly-aerospace-spacecraft-blue-ghost-makes-successful-upright-moon-landing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2025-03-02|access-date=2026-05-17|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Agence|last=France-Presse}}</ref> Program ieu mangrupakeun bagéan ti program kampanye Artemis [[NASA]], anu dilakukeun pikeun ngarojong Artemis anu dirancang pikeun bisa mawa deui astronot ka bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/clps/2025/01/21/blue-ghost-conducts-first-burn-science-operations-captures-eclipse/|title=Blue Ghost Conducts First Burn, Science Operations, Captures Eclipse - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mawa muatan anu dirancangkan sangkan ngadukung panalungtikan ngeunaan [[Bulan]] jeung démonstrasi teknologi, anu kaasup ogé invéstigasi ngalibatkeun pangumpulan sampel [[régolit]], komputasi toléransi radiasi, kamampuan navigasi, jeung mitigasi kebul [[Bulan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/firefly-blue-ghost-mission-1-wins-2025-collier-trophy|title=Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1 wins 2025 Collier Trophy|last=Pope|first=Stephen|website=www.aerotime.aero|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Kasapuluh muatan NASA anu dibawa dina misi ieu, kaasup palacak Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), pencitraan sinar-X héliospér, ''sounder'' magnetotelurik, jeung komputer toléran-radiasi, berhasil hurung, ngumpulkeun data, sarta ngirimkeun leuwih ti 110 GB data balik ka Bumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-continues-after-fireflys-first-moon-mission-concludes/|title=NASA Science Continues After Firefly’s First Moon Mission Concludes - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Misi == Blue Ghost Mission 1 miboga misi nganteurkeun 10 instrumén sains jeung téknologi ka permukaan bulan salaku bagian ti inisiatip Layanan Muatan Bulan Komérsial ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Commercial Lunar Payload Services'' (CLPS)) [[NASA]]. Nalika paluncuranna, diperkirakeun Blue Ghost ngabutuhkeun waktu 45 poé jang nepi ka [[Bulan]], anu ngamungkinkeun pangecékan kaséhatan pikeun unggal subsistem jeung ngamimitian élmu muatan. == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] liglc0odwxizwo2yctkzx6gpke2cqi1 709451 709449 2026-05-17T18:52:59Z Hasnanf 28942 709451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Misi Blue Ghost Kahiji''' atawa dina [[basa Inggris]] '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mangrupakeun operasi luar angkasa 14 poé anu dijalankeun ku pendarat [[Bulan (satelit)|Bulan]] komérsial, Firefly Aerospace, anu mawa 10 muatan [[NASA]] jang ngadarat di bulan. Operasi ieu mimiti diluncurkeun 15 Januari 2025, tuluy berhasil ngadarat mulus di permukaan bulan dina 2 Maret 2025, tuluy diumumkeun berhasil dina poé Minggu, 16 Maret 2025, nalika robot pendarat ngirimkeun balik transmisi terahirna ka [[Marcapada|Bumi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/03/18/firefly-aerospaces-blue-ghost-mission-1-concludes-successful-14-day-mission-on-the-moon/|title=Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 concludes successful, 14-day mission on the Moon – Spaceflight Now|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Misi ieu dipingpin ku Pangarah Program Kapal Luar Angkasa [[Ray Allensworth]] harita, anu tuluy bakal dituturkeun ku misi Intuitive Machines' IM-2 dina 6 Maret, anu bakal nampilkeun pendaratna, nyaéta Athena.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Striking images show Blue Ghost Mission 1’s successful moon landing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/mar/02/private-firefly-aerospace-spacecraft-blue-ghost-makes-successful-upright-moon-landing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2025-03-02|access-date=2026-05-17|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Agence|last=France-Presse}}</ref> Program ieu mangrupakeun bagéan ti program kampanye Artemis [[NASA]], anu dilakukeun pikeun ngarojong Artemis anu dirancang pikeun bisa mawa deui astronot ka bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/clps/2025/01/21/blue-ghost-conducts-first-burn-science-operations-captures-eclipse/|title=Blue Ghost Conducts First Burn, Science Operations, Captures Eclipse - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mawa muatan anu dirancangkan sangkan ngadukung panalungtikan ngeunaan [[Bulan]] jeung démonstrasi teknologi, anu kaasup ogé invéstigasi ngalibatkeun pangumpulan sampel [[régolit]], komputasi toléransi radiasi, kamampuan navigasi, jeung mitigasi kebul [[Bulan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/firefly-blue-ghost-mission-1-wins-2025-collier-trophy|title=Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1 wins 2025 Collier Trophy|last=Pope|first=Stephen|website=www.aerotime.aero|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Kasapuluh muatan NASA anu dibawa dina misi ieu, kaasup palacak Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), pencitraan sinar-X héliospér, ''sounder'' magnetotelurik, jeung komputer toléran-radiasi, berhasil hurung, ngumpulkeun data, sarta ngirimkeun leuwih ti 110 GB data balik ka Bumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-continues-after-fireflys-first-moon-mission-concludes/|title=NASA Science Continues After Firefly’s First Moon Mission Concludes - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Misi == 4 Pébruari 2021, NASA méré kontrak saniléy US$93,3juta ka Firefly pikeun nepikeun hiji rangkéyan panalungtikan ilmiah sarta démonstrasi ka bulan pikeun taun 2023. Kontrak éta téh kaasup dina program Layanan Muatan Bulan Komérsial ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Commercial Lunar Payload Services'' (CLPS)), nu mana NASA geus ngamankeun layanan ti mitra komérsil pikeun gera ngadaratkeun muatan sains jeung téknologi di permukaan bulan minangka bagéan ti program Artémis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-launch-of-private-blue-ghost-moon-lander-set-for-jan-15|title=SpaceX launch of private Blue Ghost moon lander set for Jan. 15|last=published|first=Brett Tingley|website=Space|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> 20 Méi 2021, Firefly ngumumkeun pilihan kendaraan luncurna, nyaéta Falcon 9 Block 5 ti SpaceX pikeun misi pandaratan di bulan anu mimitina. Kaputusan ieu ditangtukeun ku lantaran Falcon 9 bisa nyadiakeun kapasitas kinérja jeung muatan anu teu dipiboga ku rokét Alpha Firefly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/firefly-selects-spacex-to-launch-its-lunar-lander/|title=Firefly selects SpaceX to launch its lunar lander|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=May 20, 2021|work=|via=SpaceNews}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] ach64qatm1jjc1u36tvi6p0bmrggex4 709453 709451 2026-05-17T19:00:24Z Hasnanf 28942 709453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Misi Blue Ghost Kahiji''' atawa dina [[basa Inggris]] '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mangrupakeun operasi luar angkasa 14 poé anu dijalankeun ku pendarat [[Bulan (satelit)|Bulan]] komérsial, Firefly Aerospace, anu mawa 10 muatan [[NASA]] jang ngadarat di bulan. Operasi ieu mimiti diluncurkeun 15 Januari 2025, tuluy berhasil ngadarat mulus di permukaan bulan dina 2 Maret 2025, tuluy diumumkeun berhasil dina poé Minggu, 16 Maret 2025, nalika robot pendarat ngirimkeun balik transmisi terahirna ka [[Marcapada|Bumi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/03/18/firefly-aerospaces-blue-ghost-mission-1-concludes-successful-14-day-mission-on-the-moon/|title=Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 concludes successful, 14-day mission on the Moon – Spaceflight Now|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Misi ieu dipingpin ku Pangarah Program Kapal Luar Angkasa [[Ray Allensworth]] harita, anu tuluy bakal dituturkeun ku misi Intuitive Machines' IM-2 dina 6 Maret, anu bakal nampilkeun pendaratna, nyaéta Athena.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Striking images show Blue Ghost Mission 1’s successful moon landing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/mar/02/private-firefly-aerospace-spacecraft-blue-ghost-makes-successful-upright-moon-landing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2025-03-02|access-date=2026-05-17|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Agence|last=France-Presse}}</ref> Program ieu mangrupakeun bagéan ti program kampanye Artemis [[NASA]], anu dilakukeun pikeun ngarojong Artemis anu dirancang pikeun bisa mawa deui astronot ka bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/clps/2025/01/21/blue-ghost-conducts-first-burn-science-operations-captures-eclipse/|title=Blue Ghost Conducts First Burn, Science Operations, Captures Eclipse - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mawa muatan anu dirancangkan sangkan ngadukung panalungtikan ngeunaan [[Bulan]] jeung démonstrasi teknologi, anu kaasup ogé invéstigasi ngalibatkeun pangumpulan sampel [[régolit]], komputasi toléransi radiasi, kamampuan navigasi, jeung mitigasi kebul [[Bulan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/firefly-blue-ghost-mission-1-wins-2025-collier-trophy|title=Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1 wins 2025 Collier Trophy|last=Pope|first=Stephen|website=www.aerotime.aero|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Kasapuluh muatan NASA anu dibawa dina misi ieu, kaasup palacak Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), pencitraan sinar-X héliospér, ''sounder'' magnetotelurik, jeung komputer toléran-radiasi, berhasil hurung, ngumpulkeun data, sarta ngirimkeun leuwih ti 110 GB data balik ka Bumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-continues-after-fireflys-first-moon-mission-concludes/|title=NASA Science Continues After Firefly’s First Moon Mission Concludes - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Misi == 4 Pébruari 2021, NASA méré kontrak saniléy US$93,3juta ka Firefly pikeun nepikeun hiji rangkéyan panalungtikan ilmiah sarta démonstrasi ka bulan pikeun taun 2023. Kontrak éta téh kaasup dina program Layanan Muatan Bulan Komérsial ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Commercial Lunar Payload Services'' (CLPS)), nu mana NASA geus ngamankeun layanan ti mitra komérsil pikeun gera ngadaratkeun muatan sains jeung téknologi di permukaan bulan minangka bagéan ti program Artémis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-launch-of-private-blue-ghost-moon-lander-set-for-jan-15|title=SpaceX launch of private Blue Ghost moon lander set for Jan. 15|last=published|first=Brett Tingley|website=Space|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> 20 Méi 2021, Firefly ngumumkeun pilihan kendaraan luncurna, nyaéta Falcon 9 Block 5 ti SpaceX pikeun misi pandaratan di bulan anu mimitina. Kaputusan ieu ditangtukeun ku lantaran Falcon 9 bisa nyadiakeun kapasitas kinérja jeung muatan anu teu dipiboga ku rokét Alpha Firefly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/firefly-selects-spacex-to-launch-its-lunar-lander/|title=Firefly selects SpaceX to launch its lunar lander|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=May 20, 2021|work=|via=SpaceNews}}</ref> Tahapan-tahapan penting dina pangembangan wahana pandarat Blue Ghost téh nunjukkeun kamajuan salila taun-taun kahareupna. 26 April 2022, Firefly nganggeuskeun Ulasan Kasiapan Integrasi (bahasa Inggris: Integration Readiness Review) pikeun wahana pandaratna, dibarengan ku tanggal paluncuran téntatip pikeun taun 2024. Nopémber 2023, Firefly ngaralat jadwalna, nangtukeun jandéla paluncuran antara kuartal katilu jeung kaopat taun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-aerospace-completes-blue-ghost-lunar-lander-structure-ahead-of-moon-landing-for-nasa/|title=Firefly Aerospace Completes Blue Ghost Lunar Lander Structure Ahead of Moon Landing for NASA|last=Schnautz|first=Risa|website=Firefly Aerospace|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] b2qze391s54g4acdcak3hrmgowd7yc7 709454 709453 2026-05-17T19:07:43Z Hasnanf 28942 709454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Misi Blue Ghost Kahiji''' atawa dina [[basa Inggris]] '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mangrupakeun operasi luar angkasa 14 poé anu dijalankeun ku pendarat [[Bulan (satelit)|Bulan]] komérsial, Firefly Aerospace, anu mawa 10 muatan [[NASA]] jang ngadarat di bulan. Operasi ieu mimiti diluncurkeun 15 Januari 2025, tuluy berhasil ngadarat mulus di permukaan bulan dina 2 Maret 2025, tuluy diumumkeun berhasil dina poé Minggu, 16 Maret 2025, nalika robot pendarat ngirimkeun balik transmisi terahirna ka [[Marcapada|Bumi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/03/18/firefly-aerospaces-blue-ghost-mission-1-concludes-successful-14-day-mission-on-the-moon/|title=Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 1 concludes successful, 14-day mission on the Moon – Spaceflight Now|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Misi ieu dipingpin ku Pangarah Program Kapal Luar Angkasa [[Ray Allensworth]] harita, anu tuluy bakal dituturkeun ku misi Intuitive Machines' IM-2 dina 6 Maret, anu bakal nampilkeun pendaratna, nyaéta Athena.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Striking images show Blue Ghost Mission 1’s successful moon landing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/mar/02/private-firefly-aerospace-spacecraft-blue-ghost-makes-successful-upright-moon-landing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2025-03-02|access-date=2026-05-17|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Agence|last=France-Presse}}</ref> Program ieu mangrupakeun bagéan ti program kampanye Artemis [[NASA]], anu dilakukeun pikeun ngarojong Artemis anu dirancang pikeun bisa mawa deui astronot ka bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/clps/2025/01/21/blue-ghost-conducts-first-burn-science-operations-captures-eclipse/|title=Blue Ghost Conducts First Burn, Science Operations, Captures Eclipse - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> '''Blue Ghost Mission 1''' mawa muatan anu dirancangkan sangkan ngadukung panalungtikan ngeunaan [[Bulan]] jeung démonstrasi teknologi, anu kaasup ogé invéstigasi ngalibatkeun pangumpulan sampel [[régolit]], komputasi toléransi radiasi, kamampuan navigasi, jeung mitigasi kebul [[Bulan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/firefly-blue-ghost-mission-1-wins-2025-collier-trophy|title=Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1 wins 2025 Collier Trophy|last=Pope|first=Stephen|website=www.aerotime.aero|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> Kasapuluh muatan NASA anu dibawa dina misi ieu, kaasup palacak Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), pencitraan sinar-X héliospér, ''sounder'' magnetotelurik, jeung komputer toléran-radiasi, berhasil hurung, ngumpulkeun data, sarta ngirimkeun leuwih ti 110 GB data balik ka Bumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-continues-after-fireflys-first-moon-mission-concludes/|title=NASA Science Continues After Firefly’s First Moon Mission Concludes - NASA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Misi == 4 Pébruari 2021, NASA méré kontrak saniléy US$93,3juta ka Firefly pikeun nepikeun hiji rangkéyan panalungtikan ilmiah sarta démonstrasi ka bulan pikeun taun 2023. Kontrak éta téh kaasup dina program Layanan Muatan Bulan Komérsial ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Commercial Lunar Payload Services'' (CLPS)), nu mana NASA geus ngamankeun layanan ti mitra komérsil pikeun gera ngadaratkeun muatan sains jeung téknologi di permukaan bulan minangka bagéan ti program Artémis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-launch-of-private-blue-ghost-moon-lander-set-for-jan-15|title=SpaceX launch of private Blue Ghost moon lander set for Jan. 15|last=published|first=Brett Tingley|website=Space|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> 20 Méi 2021, Firefly ngumumkeun pilihan kendaraan luncurna, nyaéta Falcon 9 Block 5 ti SpaceX pikeun misi pandaratan di bulan anu mimitina. Kaputusan ieu ditangtukeun ku lantaran Falcon 9 bisa nyadiakeun kapasitas kinérja jeung muatan anu teu dipiboga ku rokét Alpha Firefly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/firefly-selects-spacex-to-launch-its-lunar-lander/|title=Firefly selects SpaceX to launch its lunar lander|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=May 20, 2021|work=|via=SpaceNews}}</ref> Tahapan-tahapan penting dina pangembangan wahana pandarat Blue Ghost téh nunjukkeun kamajuan salila taun-taun kahareupna. 26 April 2022, Firefly nganggeuskeun Ulasan Kasiapan Integrasi (bahasa Inggris: Integration Readiness Review) pikeun wahana pandaratna, dibarengan ku tanggal paluncuran téntatip pikeun taun 2024. Nopémber 2023, Firefly ngaralat jadwalna, nangtukeun jandéla paluncuran antara kuartal katilu jeung kaopat taun 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-aerospace-completes-blue-ghost-lunar-lander-structure-ahead-of-moon-landing-for-nasa/|title=Firefly Aerospace Completes Blue Ghost Lunar Lander Structure Ahead of Moon Landing for NASA|last=Schnautz|first=Risa|website=Firefly Aerospace|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Nepi ka Méi 2024, mesin rokét anu dipaké, nyaéta LEROS 4-ET ti Nammo UK geus réngsé, sarta sabulan sanggeusna ngonpirmasikeun yén mesinna téh geus réngsé diintegrasikeun kana wahana pandaratna.<ref name=":0" /> Di bulan Juli, Firefly tuluy ngumumkeun yén target paluncuranna téh di kuartal kaopat 2024. Tés lingkungan ti wahana pandaratna dilaksanakeun di Agustus di Jet Propulsion Laboratory [[NASA]], mastikeun yén kandaraan luar angkasa éta téh geus siap pikeun diapungkeun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/firefly-aerospaces-lunar-lander-begins-pre-launch-environmental-tests/|title=Firefly Aerospace’s lunar lander begins pre-launch environmental tests|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=August 26, 2024|via=SpaceNews}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 3xu7hpka9w31v8qjoe5t22u1j9bhkks 0 108049 709455 708657 2026-05-17T19:22:14Z Hasnanf 28942 709455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Film Workers for Palestine''' atawa anu sacara harfiah bisa dihartikeun "Pagawé Pilem pikeun [[Paléstina]]" mangrupakeun gerakan anu dirojong ku leuwih ti 8.000 [[sinéas]] jeung pagawé [[sinéma]], jang merjoangkeun jeung ngadukung ngeureunkeun [[génosida]] sarta pikeun [[Paléstina]] anu merdika. Gerakan ieu oge ngawangun ruang jeung inprastruktur pikeun ngorganisasikan salaku réspon jang panjajahan di [[Paléstina]], sarta sénsor anu dilarapkeun jang sora-sora anu ngampanyekeun ngalawan [[génosida]] anu dilakukeun ku [[Israél]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palestinefilminstitute.org/en/directory/film-workers-for-palestine|title=Film Workers for Palestine|website=Palestine Film Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmworkersforpalestine.org/|title=Film Workers for Palestine|website=Film Workers for Palestine|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Pernyataan sikep == 8 Séptémber 2025, serat kabuka anu mangrupakeun sumpah jeung pernyataan sikep dipublikasikeun ku '''Film Workers for Paléstine''' anu eusina janji pikeun ngaboikot institusi-institusi pilem Israél anu diniléy ilubiung dina [[génosida]] jeung [[apartéid]], liwat henteu nayangkeun pilem, témbong atawa digawé jeung institusi-institusi pilem Israél, kaasup péstipal, bioskop, panyiar, sarta perusahaan produksi, anu diniléy ilubiung dina génosida jeung apartéid ka rahayat [[Paléstina]]. Leuwih ti 4.500 [[aktor]], [[sutradara]], pagawé industri pilem [[Hollywood]] nandatangan surat kabuka éta, anu nganyatakeun yén éta téh waleran pikeun sinéas-sinéas [[Paléstina]] anu parantos ngadesek [[Hollywood]] pikeun "ngeureunkeun ilubiungna dina panindesan anjeunna."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2025/09/16/former-paramount-chair-shari-redstone-joins-israeli-film-company-as-chair-as-hollywoods-israel-boycott-grows/|title=Former Paramount Chair Shari Redstone Joins Israeli Film Company—As Hollywood Boycott Grows|last=Murray|first=Conor|website=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Nalika publikasina, serat éta miboga kurang leuwih 1.000 tandatangan. Loba aktor kelas luhur Hollywood anu nandatangan éta serat, kaasup [[Emma Stone]], [[Olivia Colman]], [[Joaquin Phoenix]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], jeung J[[avier Bardem]], ogé sutradara [[Adam McKay]], [[Yorgos Lanthimos]], jeung [[Ava Duvernay]].<ref name=":0" /> == Kasang tukang == == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] a95v0q7srp6zxsndk8ux61qmgzyjwc0 709456 709455 2026-05-17T19:30:45Z Hasnanf 28942 709456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Film Workers for Palestine''' atawa anu sacara harfiah bisa dihartikeun "Pagawé Pilem pikeun [[Paléstina]]" mangrupakeun gerakan anu dirojong ku leuwih ti 8.000 [[sinéas]] jeung pagawé [[sinéma]], jang merjoangkeun jeung ngadukung ngeureunkeun [[génosida]] sarta pikeun [[Paléstina]] anu merdika. Gerakan ieu oge ngawangun ruang jeung inprastruktur pikeun ngorganisasikan salaku réspon jang panjajahan di [[Paléstina]], sarta sénsor anu dilarapkeun jang sora-sora anu ngampanyekeun ngalawan [[génosida]] anu dilakukeun ku [[Israél]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palestinefilminstitute.org/en/directory/film-workers-for-palestine|title=Film Workers for Palestine|website=Palestine Film Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmworkersforpalestine.org/|title=Film Workers for Palestine|website=Film Workers for Palestine|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Pernyataan sikep == 8 Séptémber 2025, serat kabuka anu mangrupakeun sumpah jeung pernyataan sikep dipublikasikeun ku '''Film Workers for Paléstine''' anu eusina janji pikeun ngaboikot institusi-institusi pilem Israél anu diniléy ilubiung dina [[génosida]] jeung [[apartéid]], liwat henteu nayangkeun pilem, témbong atawa digawé jeung institusi-institusi pilem Israél, kaasup péstipal, bioskop, panyiar, sarta perusahaan produksi, anu diniléy ilubiung dina génosida jeung apartéid ka rahayat [[Paléstina]]. Leuwih ti 4.500 [[aktor]], [[sutradara]], pagawé industri pilem [[Hollywood]] nandatangan surat kabuka éta, anu nganyatakeun yén éta téh waleran pikeun sinéas-sinéas [[Paléstina]] anu parantos ngadesek [[Hollywood]] pikeun "ngeureunkeun ilubiungna dina panindesan anjeunna."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2025/09/16/former-paramount-chair-shari-redstone-joins-israeli-film-company-as-chair-as-hollywoods-israel-boycott-grows/|title=Former Paramount Chair Shari Redstone Joins Israeli Film Company—As Hollywood Boycott Grows|last=Murray|first=Conor|website=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Nalika publikasina, serat éta miboga kurang leuwih 1.000 tandatangan. Loba aktor kelas luhur Hollywood anu nandatangan éta serat, kaasup [[Emma Stone]], [[Olivia Colman]], [[Joaquin Phoenix]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], jeung J[[avier Bardem]], ogé sutradara [[Adam McKay]], [[Yorgos Lanthimos]], jeung [[Ava Duvernay]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Actors and directors pledge not to work with Israeli film groups ‘implicated in genocide’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/sep/08/film-pledge-israeli-institutions-palestinians|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2025-09-10|access-date=2026-05-17|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Anna|last=Betts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/javier-bardem-gaza-genocide-palestine-film-workers-1236518172/|title=Javier Bardem Says ‘Free Palestine’ on Emmys Red Carpet and ‘I Can’t Work With Someone That Justifies or Supports the Genocide’|last=Malkin|first=Zack Sharf,Marc|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hollywood stars boycott Israeli film companies in response to Gaza crisis|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/09/nx-s1-5535578/hollywood-stars-boycott-israeli-film-companies-in-response-to-gaza-crisis|newspaper=NPR|date=2025-09-09|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en|first=Chloe|last=Veltman}}</ref> == Réspon == Nuturkeun dirilisna sumpah éta, sababaraha tanggepan muncul ti organisasi-organisasi anu ngarasa yén gerakan éta téh ngahaja nargétkeun urang [[Yahudi]]. Tanggepan éta téh ogé diniley kaleuwihan kusabab disangka nargétkeun urang Yahudi sanajan dina kanyataanna téh bentuk tolakan pikeun anu ngadukung [[génosida]] ku Israél.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/hollywood-israeli-film-boycott/|title=Thousands of film workers signed letter boycotting Israeli film companies, not Jewish people|last=Izzo|first=Jack|website=Snopes|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Minangka waleran, hiji organisasi kalayan ngaran Creative Community for Peace ngaluarkeun serat kabuka anu nolak sumpah ti Film Workers for Paléstina, anu ditandatanganan ku 1.200 inohong industri hiburan, kaasup Liev Schreiber, Mayim Bialik, Haim Saban, Sharon Osbourne, Gene Simmons, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Greg Berlanti, Howie Mandel, Lisa Edelstein, Erin Foster, jeung Debra Messing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/liev-schreiber-mayim-bialik-reject-israeli-industry-boycott-letter-1236528982/|title=Liev Schreiber, Mayim Bialik, Debra Messing Among 1,200 Industry Names Rejecting Israeli Film Boycott in New Open Letter: It ‘Advocates’ for the ‘Erasure of Art’|last=Shafer|first=Ellise|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] hzwm0yk99bl65gy2jdkfqzkpqqwdff5 709457 709456 2026-05-17T19:36:03Z Hasnanf 28942 709457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Film Workers for Palestine''' atawa anu sacara harfiah bisa dihartikeun "Pagawé Pilem pikeun [[Paléstina]]" mangrupakeun gerakan anu dirojong ku leuwih ti 8.000 [[sinéas]] jeung pagawé [[sinéma]], jang merjoangkeun jeung ngadukung ngeureunkeun [[génosida]] sarta pikeun [[Paléstina]] anu merdika. Gerakan ieu oge ngawangun ruang jeung inprastruktur pikeun ngorganisasikan salaku réspon jang panjajahan di [[Paléstina]], sarta sénsor anu dilarapkeun jang sora-sora anu ngampanyekeun ngalawan [[génosida]] anu dilakukeun ku [[Israél]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palestinefilminstitute.org/en/directory/film-workers-for-palestine|title=Film Workers for Palestine|website=Palestine Film Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmworkersforpalestine.org/|title=Film Workers for Palestine|website=Film Workers for Palestine|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-23}}</ref> == Pernyataan sikep == 8 Séptémber 2025, serat kabuka anu mangrupakeun sumpah jeung pernyataan sikep dipublikasikeun ku '''Film Workers for Paléstine''' anu eusina janji pikeun ngaboikot institusi-institusi pilem Israél anu diniléy ilubiung dina [[génosida]] jeung [[apartéid]], liwat henteu nayangkeun pilem, témbong atawa digawé jeung institusi-institusi pilem Israél, kaasup péstipal, bioskop, panyiar, sarta perusahaan produksi, anu diniléy ilubiung dina génosida jeung apartéid ka rahayat [[Paléstina]]. Leuwih ti 4.500 [[aktor]], [[sutradara]], pagawé industri pilem [[Hollywood]] nandatangan surat kabuka éta, anu nganyatakeun yén éta téh waleran pikeun sinéas-sinéas [[Paléstina]] anu parantos ngadesek [[Hollywood]] pikeun "ngeureunkeun ilubiungna dina panindesan anjeunna."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2025/09/16/former-paramount-chair-shari-redstone-joins-israeli-film-company-as-chair-as-hollywoods-israel-boycott-grows/|title=Former Paramount Chair Shari Redstone Joins Israeli Film Company—As Hollywood Boycott Grows|last=Murray|first=Conor|website=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Nalika publikasina, serat éta miboga kurang leuwih 1.000 tandatangan. Loba aktor kelas luhur Hollywood anu nandatangan éta serat, kaasup [[Emma Stone]], [[Olivia Colman]], [[Joaquin Phoenix]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], jeung J[[avier Bardem]], ogé sutradara [[Adam McKay]], [[Yorgos Lanthimos]], jeung [[Ava Duvernay]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Actors and directors pledge not to work with Israeli film groups ‘implicated in genocide’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/sep/08/film-pledge-israeli-institutions-palestinians|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2025-09-10|access-date=2026-05-17|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Anna|last=Betts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/javier-bardem-gaza-genocide-palestine-film-workers-1236518172/|title=Javier Bardem Says ‘Free Palestine’ on Emmys Red Carpet and ‘I Can’t Work With Someone That Justifies or Supports the Genocide’|last=Malkin|first=Zack Sharf,Marc|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hollywood stars boycott Israeli film companies in response to Gaza crisis|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/09/nx-s1-5535578/hollywood-stars-boycott-israeli-film-companies-in-response-to-gaza-crisis|newspaper=NPR|date=2025-09-09|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en|first=Chloe|last=Veltman}}</ref> == Réspon == Nuturkeun dirilisna sumpah éta, sababaraha tanggepan muncul ti organisasi-organisasi anu ngarasa yén gerakan éta téh ngahaja nargétkeun urang [[Yahudi]]. Tanggepan éta téh ogé diniley kaleuwihan kusabab disangka nargétkeun urang Yahudi sanajan dina kanyataanna téh bentuk tolakan pikeun anu ngadukung [[génosida]] ku Israél.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/hollywood-israeli-film-boycott/|title=Thousands of film workers signed letter boycotting Israeli film companies, not Jewish people|last=Izzo|first=Jack|website=Snopes|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Salah sahiji perusahaan distribusi pilem anu kawilang gedé, [[Paramount Pictures]], ngaluarkeun pernyataan yén boikot anu dikaluarkeun ku Film Workers for Paléstine téh bentuk "ngabisukeun seniman kréatip perseorangan dumasar kana kabangsaanna henteu ngenalkeun pamahaman anu leuwih alus atawa ngamajukeun tujuan perdaméyan." Anu tuluy diwaler ku Film Workers for Paléstine yén ieu boikot téh henteu ditujukeun pikeun seniman kréatip perseorangan, tapi pikeun institusi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2025-09-12/paramount-denounces-israel-filmmaker-boycott|title=Paramount denounces boycott of Israeli film industry as Gaza conflict divides Hollywood|last=X|last2=Email|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Séptémber 2025, hiji organisasi kalayan ngaran Creative Community for Peace ngaluarkeun serat kabuka anu nolak sumpah ti Film Workers for Paléstina, anu ditandatanganan ku 1.200 inohong industri hiburan, kaasup Liev Schreiber, Mayim Bialik, Haim Saban, Sharon Osbourne, Gene Simmons, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Greg Berlanti, Howie Mandel, Lisa Edelstein, Erin Foster, jeung Debra Messing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/liev-schreiber-mayim-bialik-reject-israeli-industry-boycott-letter-1236528982/|title=Liev Schreiber, Mayim Bialik, Debra Messing Among 1,200 Industry Names Rejecting Israeli Film Boycott in New Open Letter: It ‘Advocates’ for the ‘Erasure of Art’|last=Shafer|first=Ellise|website=Variety|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] m40u71ftbyrovuhikbzt1lkurc75ycz 0 108079 709503 708658 2026-05-18T09:15:17Z Hasnanf 28942 709503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info konflik militér |conflict=Perang 12 Poé Iran-Israél | image = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Israeli Air Force fighter jets on their way to attack Iran, June 2025. II.jpg | image2 = The B-2 Spirit supports Operation MIDNIGHT HAMMER.jpg | image3 = Attack on IRIB's Live News Broadcasting Studio 07 (2).jpg | image4 = Batch 3 Avash 15.jpg | image5 = Air Defense Activity Against Hostile Targets in the Skies of Tehran 1 Tasnim.jpg | image6 = Iranian missile strike in Bat Yam, 15 June 2025. IV.jpg | footer = {{flatlist|Ti luhur ka handap, kénca ka katuhu: * Jét Israeli nuju pikeun nyerang Iran * [[B-2 Spirit]] Angkatan Udara Amérika Serikat disiapkeun pikeun nyerang situs nuklir Iran * Serangan Israél ka Kantor Panyiaran Iran * Pangbeledugan di Téhran, Iran * Iran nargét cegatan di Téhran * Raruntuhan di Bat Yam sanggeus serangan Iran }}}} |date=13-24 Juni 2025 |place=[[Iran]]; [[Israél]]; [[Tepi Kulon]], [[Paléstina]] |result=Inkonklusip<ref>* {{Cite news |last=Raine |first=John |date=23 July 2025 |title=How 12 days have changed Iran |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/07/how-12-days-have-changed-iran/ |work=International Institute for Strategic Studies |quote=United States President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Iranian leadership have all made claims, in their widely different idioms, that they won. But those claims, and Trump’s additional assertion that he will bring peace to the Middle East, require qualification. The strategic outcome of the war is likely to prove inconclusive, bringing neither peace nor an end to military action. }}</ref> *Gencatan senjata |combatant1= {{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flag|United States}} |combatant2={{flag|Iran}} <br/> :[[Houthi]] |commander1= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Benjamin Nétanyahu]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israél Katz]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Eyal Zamil]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tomer Bar]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Trump]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Hagseth]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dan Caine]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Michael Kurilla]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[George Wikoff]] }} |commander2= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Ali Khamenei]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Abdolrahim Mousavi]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Mohammad Bagheri]] (jenderal) (dibunuh) *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Gholam Ali Rashid (dibunuh)]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Hossein Salami]] (dibunuh) *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Amir Ali Hajizadeh]] (dibunuh) *:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi *:Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari}} |casualties1= '''Per Israél:''' <br/> 32 warga sipil jeung 1 tantara non-tugas kabunuh <br/> 3.238 korban tatu <br/> 2 drone Hermes ragrag ditémbak <br/> '''Per Iran''': 61 kapal perang tanpa awak sarta kapal misil ancur <br/> 10.000+ drone disita <br/> 700+ agén Mossad ditahan<ref name="AVA25June">{{cite web|url=https://www.avapress.com/en/news/319882/arrest-of-more-than-700-zionist-spies-_and-discovery-10-000-drones-in-iran|title=Arrest of more than 700 Zionist spies and discovery of 10,000 drones in Iran|website=Afghan Voice Agency|date=25 June 2025|access-date=30 June 2025|archive-date=16 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816195436/https://www.avapress.com/en/news/319882/arrest-of-more-than-700-zionist-spies-_and-discovery-10-000-drones-in-iran|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br/> 5 agén Mossad diéksekusi |casualties2= '''Per Iran<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's government says at least 1,060 people were killed in the war with Israel|url= https://www.arabnews.com/node/2607319/middle-east|agency=Associated Press|via=[[Arab News]]|date=8 July 2025|access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>''' <br/> 1.060 jalma kabunuh <br/> 5.800 korban tatu <br/> '''Per Aktivis Kamanusaan di Iran:''' <br/> 1.190 jalma kabunuh (436 warga sipil, 435 personil militér, sarta 319 teu kaidéntipikasi) <br/> 4.475 korban tatu <br/> <ref name="HRANA">{{Cite web |title=Twelve Days Under Fire. A Comprehensive Report on the Iran-Israel War |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/twelve-days-under-fire-a-comprehensive-report-on-the-iran-israel-war/ |website=HRANA |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025 |language=en }}</ref> '''Per Israél:''' <br/> 950 drone ancur saacan diluncurkeun <br/> 200+ paluncur misil balistik jeung 120+ paluncur misil darat-ka-langit ancur <br/> 8 hélikopter AH-1J ancur <br/> 5 jét tempur F-14A ancur <br/> 2 jét tempur F-5E ancur <br/> 1 kapal pangeusi bahan bakar KC-707 ancur }} '''Perang Iran-Israél''' atawa anu leuwih dipikawanoh sangkan '''Perang 12 Poé''' nyaéta konflik bersenjata skala badag nu lumangsung ti 13 Juni nepi ka 24 Juni 2025. Dimimitian ku serangan [[Israél]] ka pasilitas [[militér]] jeung [[nuklir]] [[Iran]], anu ngabalukarkeun maotna ilmuwan [[nuklir]] jeung komandan militér [[Iran]]. Sawatara 610 warga [[Iran]] sarta 28 warga [[Israél]] jadi korban jiwa dina perang ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict|title=Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran conflict|last=Chughtai|first=Alia|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Perang 12 Poé ieu mangrupakeun bentuk nyaan tina 45 taun perjoangan proksi anu robah jadi konfrontasi langsung. Leuwih ti 4 dékadé, [[Iran]] jeung [[Israél]] geus jadi saingan boh dina segi [[idéologi]] jeung kompetisi stratégis. Ti saprak [[Revolusi Islam 1979]], [[Iran|Républik Islam Iran]] geus ngawangun idéntitas jeung légitimasi anu berlawanan ka [[Israél]], ngarojong kamerdikaan [[Paléstina]], ngarojong kelompok bersenjata saperti [[Hezbollah]] jeung [[Hamas]], sarta sumpah jang ngahapuskeun réjim [[Zionis]]. Berlawanan ti éta, [[Israél]] ogé ngusahakeun jang nahan pangaruh régional [[Iran]] sarta ambisi nuklirna ngaliwatan operasi rahasia, pembunuhan anu terarah, jeung serangan ka asét-asét Iran sabuderen [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2025/10/humiliation-and-transformation-the-islamic-republic-after-the-12-day-war/|title=Humiliation and Transformation: The Islamic Republic After the 12-Day War - Foreign Policy Research Institute|last=guillermo|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Salila taun 2024, [[Iran]] jeung [[Israél]] kungsi silih bales serangan skala leutik, nu mana [[Téhran]] ngirimkeun [[misil]] jeung ''[[drone]]'' ka [[Israél]], jeung [[Tel Aviv]] ngirimkeun jét tempur nargétkeun peluncur misil jeung pertahanan udara Iran''.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20251226-looking-back-israel-iran-12-day-war-direct-conflict-breaks-out-between-arch-enemies|title=Looking back at Israel and Iran's ‘12-day war’: Direct conflict breaks out between arch-enemies|website=France 24|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] g7i28jlcy8455tr7tm9508o6f92qqwl 709504 709503 2026-05-18T09:15:59Z Hasnanf 28942 709504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info konflik militér |conflict=Perang 12 Poé Iran-Israél | image = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Israeli Air Force fighter jets on their way to attack Iran, June 2025. II.jpg | image2 = The B-2 Spirit supports Operation MIDNIGHT HAMMER.jpg | image3 = Attack on IRIB's Live News Broadcasting Studio 07 (2).jpg | image4 = Batch 3 Avash 15.jpg | image5 = Air Defense Activity Against Hostile Targets in the Skies of Tehran 1 Tasnim.jpg | image6 = Iranian missile strike in Bat Yam, 15 June 2025. IV.jpg | footer = {{flatlist|Ti luhur ka handap, kénca ka katuhu: * Jét Israeli nuju pikeun nyerang Iran * [[B-2 Spirit]] Angkatan Udara Amérika Serikat disiapkeun pikeun nyerang situs nuklir Iran * Serangan Israél ka Kantor Panyiaran Iran * Pangbeledugan di Téhran, Iran * Iran nargét cegatan di Téhran * Raruntuhan di Bat Yam sanggeus serangan Iran }}}} |date=13-24 Juni 2025 |place=[[Iran]]; [[Israél]]; [[Tepi Kulon]], [[Paléstina]] |result=Inkonklusip<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raine |first=John |date=23 July 2025 |title=How 12 days have changed Iran |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/07/how-12-days-have-changed-iran/ |work=International Institute for Strategic Studies |quote=United States President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Iranian leadership have all made claims, in their widely different idioms, that they won. But those claims, and Trump’s additional assertion that he will bring peace to the Middle East, require qualification. The strategic outcome of the war is likely to prove inconclusive, bringing neither peace nor an end to military action. }}</ref> *Gencatan senjata |combatant1= {{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flag|United States}} |combatant2={{flag|Iran}} <br/> :[[Houthi]] |commander1= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Benjamin Nétanyahu]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israél Katz]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Eyal Zamil]] *{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tomer Bar]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Donald Trump]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pete Hagseth]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dan Caine]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Michael Kurilla]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[George Wikoff]] }} |commander2= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Ali Khamenei]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Abdolrahim Mousavi]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Mohammad Bagheri]] (jenderal) (dibunuh) *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Gholam Ali Rashid (dibunuh)]] *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Hossein Salami]] (dibunuh) *{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Amir Ali Hajizadeh]] (dibunuh) *:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi *:Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari}} |casualties1= '''Per Israél:''' <br/> 32 warga sipil jeung 1 tantara non-tugas kabunuh <br/> 3.238 korban tatu <br/> 2 drone Hermes ragrag ditémbak <br/> '''Per Iran''': 61 kapal perang tanpa awak sarta kapal misil ancur <br/> 10.000+ drone disita <br/> 700+ agén Mossad ditahan<ref name="AVA25June">{{cite web|url=https://www.avapress.com/en/news/319882/arrest-of-more-than-700-zionist-spies-_and-discovery-10-000-drones-in-iran|title=Arrest of more than 700 Zionist spies and discovery of 10,000 drones in Iran|website=Afghan Voice Agency|date=25 June 2025|access-date=30 June 2025|archive-date=16 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816195436/https://www.avapress.com/en/news/319882/arrest-of-more-than-700-zionist-spies-_and-discovery-10-000-drones-in-iran|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br/> 5 agén Mossad diéksekusi |casualties2= '''Per Iran<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's government says at least 1,060 people were killed in the war with Israel|url= https://www.arabnews.com/node/2607319/middle-east|agency=Associated Press|via=[[Arab News]]|date=8 July 2025|access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>''' <br/> 1.060 jalma kabunuh <br/> 5.800 korban tatu <br/> '''Per Aktivis Kamanusaan di Iran:''' <br/> 1.190 jalma kabunuh (436 warga sipil, 435 personil militér, sarta 319 teu kaidéntipikasi) <br/> 4.475 korban tatu <br/> <ref name="HRANA">{{Cite web |title=Twelve Days Under Fire. A Comprehensive Report on the Iran-Israel War |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/twelve-days-under-fire-a-comprehensive-report-on-the-iran-israel-war/ |website=HRANA |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025 |language=en }}</ref> '''Per Israél:''' <br/> 950 drone ancur saacan diluncurkeun <br/> 200+ paluncur misil balistik jeung 120+ paluncur misil darat-ka-langit ancur <br/> 8 hélikopter AH-1J ancur <br/> 5 jét tempur F-14A ancur <br/> 2 jét tempur F-5E ancur <br/> 1 kapal pangeusi bahan bakar KC-707 ancur }} '''Perang Iran-Israél''' atawa anu leuwih dipikawanoh sangkan '''Perang 12 Poé''' nyaéta konflik bersenjata skala badag nu lumangsung ti 13 Juni nepi ka 24 Juni 2025. Dimimitian ku serangan [[Israél]] ka pasilitas [[militér]] jeung [[nuklir]] [[Iran]], anu ngabalukarkeun maotna ilmuwan [[nuklir]] jeung komandan militér [[Iran]]. Sawatara 610 warga [[Iran]] sarta 28 warga [[Israél]] jadi korban jiwa dina perang ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/26/visualising-12-days-of-the-israel-iran-conflict|title=Visualising 12 days of the Israel-Iran conflict|last=Chughtai|first=Alia|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Perang 12 Poé ieu mangrupakeun bentuk nyaan tina 45 taun perjoangan proksi anu robah jadi konfrontasi langsung. Leuwih ti 4 dékadé, [[Iran]] jeung [[Israél]] geus jadi saingan boh dina segi [[idéologi]] jeung kompetisi stratégis. Ti saprak [[Revolusi Islam 1979]], [[Iran|Républik Islam Iran]] geus ngawangun idéntitas jeung légitimasi anu berlawanan ka [[Israél]], ngarojong kamerdikaan [[Paléstina]], ngarojong kelompok bersenjata saperti [[Hezbollah]] jeung [[Hamas]], sarta sumpah jang ngahapuskeun réjim [[Zionis]]. Berlawanan ti éta, [[Israél]] ogé ngusahakeun jang nahan pangaruh régional [[Iran]] sarta ambisi nuklirna ngaliwatan operasi rahasia, pembunuhan anu terarah, jeung serangan ka asét-asét Iran sabuderen [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2025/10/humiliation-and-transformation-the-islamic-republic-after-the-12-day-war/|title=Humiliation and Transformation: The Islamic Republic After the 12-Day War - Foreign Policy Research Institute|last=guillermo|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Salila taun 2024, [[Iran]] jeung [[Israél]] kungsi silih bales serangan skala leutik, nu mana [[Téhran]] ngirimkeun [[misil]] jeung ''[[drone]]'' ka [[Israél]], jeung [[Tel Aviv]] ngirimkeun jét tempur nargétkeun peluncur misil jeung pertahanan udara Iran''.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20251226-looking-back-israel-iran-12-day-war-direct-conflict-breaks-out-between-arch-enemies|title=Looking back at Israel and Iran's ‘12-day war’: Direct conflict breaks out between arch-enemies|website=France 24|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 18zbc3ysjf287aq8do7f4ght609ckfi 0 108080 709505 708659 2026-05-18T11:06:29Z Hasnanf 28942 709505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info konflik militér |conflict=Krisis tapel wates Thailand-Kamboja |date=Krisis tapel wates: 28 Méi - 26 Oktober 2025 10 Nopémber - 7 Désémber 2025 Konplik tapel wates: 24-28 Juli 2025 8-27 Désémber 2025|place=[[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]] |result=[[Gencatan senjata]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand and Cambodia sign new ceasefire agreement to end border fighting |url=https://apnews.com/article/thailand-cambodia-border-fighting-ceasefire-0019310e1c062cd211f9f5398b3bc463 |work=[[AP News]] |date=27 December 2025 |access-date=27 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |territory=[[Kamboja]] ngawasaan Huai Tamaria, bagéan ti wewengkon [[Segitiga Zamrud]] jeung Hill 745<ref name="pptvhd36.com">{{cite web |title="วาสนา นาน่วม" เผยกัมพูชาเสริมกำลังทหารพื้นที่ช่องบก - เนิน 745 |trans-title=Wassana Nanom reveals that Cambodia has reinforced its troops in the Chong Bok area, specifically at Hill 745.|website=thaipbs.or.th |date=2026-02-17 |url=https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1/268788 |language=th |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> [[Thailand]] ngawasaan Prasat Ta Muen Thom, Prasat Ta Kwai, Prasat Khana, sababaraha titik palintasan tapel wates, siga Chong Ahn Ma, sababaraha pasir, Phu Makhuea, tilu désa, sarta sabagéan Kota O Smach anu geus dikawasaan jeung wewengkon wates Thmor Da<ref name=latimes.com>{{cite news |last1=Lalit |first1=Sakchai |last2=Saksornchai |first2=Jintamas |date=2026-02-03 |title=Images show abandoned belongings and mock police stations at a former scam center in Asia |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-06-19/thai-prime-ministers-leaked-phone-call-with-cambodias-hun-sen-sparks-outrage-and-political-turmoil |url-access=subscription |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en |access-date=2026-02-09}}</ref> |combatant1={{flag|Thailand}} |combatant2={{flag|Kamboja}} |commander1= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Paetongtarn Shinawatra]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Phumtham Wechayachai]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Natthaphon Narkphanit]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Songwit Noonpakdee]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Phana Khlaeoplotthuk]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Jirapol Wongwit]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Punpakdee Pattanakul]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Boonsin Padklang]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Amarit Bunsuya]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Ukris Boontanondha]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Pairote Fuengchan]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Seksan Kantha]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Weerayut Raksin]] * {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Worayot Leuangsuwan]] }} |commander2= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Hun Sen]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Hun Manet]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Tea Seiha]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Vong Pisen]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Eth Sarath]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Mao Sophan]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Heng Pov]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Srey Deuk]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Hing Bun Hieng]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Duong Somneang]] (tilar dunya nalika tugas)}} }} '''Krisis tapel wates Thailand-Kamboja''' nyaéta kondisi katéngténgan antara [[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]] sanggeus béntrokan singget nu lumangsung di tapel wates dina 28 Méi 2025, anu tuluy miparah jadi konflik bersenjata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/internasional/konflik-thailand-kamboja-kronologi-latar-belakang-dan-solusi-1673706|title=Konflik Thailand-Kamboja: Kronologi, Latar Belakang dan Solusi|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Pacéngkédan tapel wates anu geus lumangsung sa-abad antara nagara-nagara di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] ieu nambah parah sanggeus aya serangan rokét [[Kamboja]] ka [[Thailand]] dina 24 Juli 2025, anu tuluy diturutan ku serangan udara ti [[Thailand]]. Sawatara 48 urang tilar dunya jadi korban, sarta rébuan séjénna diungsikeun salila lima poé patempuran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cn5lqp0rx50o|title=Kenapa Thailand dan Kamboja bertempur di wilayah perbatasan?|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == [[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]] geus miboga sajarah pacéngkadan panjang nu pakait jeung tapel wates leuwih ti 800 kilométer. Parebutan pangakuan téritorial ieu dimimitian ku [[peta]] taun 1907, nalika [[Kamboja]] handapeun pamaréntah kolonial [[Perancis]], anu digugat ku [[Thailand]] sangkan peta éta téh teu bener. [[Mahkamah Keadilan Internasional]] tuluy méré kadaulatan ka [[Kamboja]] di taun 1962 di aréa éta, kaasup kuil [[Preah Vihear]], anu umurna 1000 taun, anu jadi pamicu benduna urang [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/thailand-cambodia-border-conflict-explainer-0eb99510a4ea16ee769a5934e0c07383|title=What to know about the shaky truce after 5 days of combat between Thailand and Cambodia|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 5un3oljty7t0msgfz8oa9338jypkbcn 709506 709505 2026-05-18T11:17:16Z Hasnanf 28942 709506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info konflik militér |conflict=Krisis tapel wates Thailand-Kamboja |date=Krisis tapel wates: 28 Méi - 26 Oktober 2025 10 Nopémber - 7 Désémber 2025 Konplik tapel wates: 24-28 Juli 2025 8-27 Désémber 2025|place=[[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]] |result=[[Gencatan senjata]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand and Cambodia sign new ceasefire agreement to end border fighting |url=https://apnews.com/article/thailand-cambodia-border-fighting-ceasefire-0019310e1c062cd211f9f5398b3bc463 |work=[[AP News]] |date=27 December 2025 |access-date=27 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> |territory=[[Kamboja]] ngawasaan Huai Tamaria, bagéan ti wewengkon [[Segitiga Zamrud]] jeung Hill 745<ref name="pptvhd36.com">{{cite web |title="วาสนา นาน่วม" เผยกัมพูชาเสริมกำลังทหารพื้นที่ช่องบก - เนิน 745 |trans-title=Wassana Nanom reveals that Cambodia has reinforced its troops in the Chong Bok area, specifically at Hill 745.|website=thaipbs.or.th |date=2026-02-17 |url=https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1/268788 |language=th |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> [[Thailand]] ngawasaan Prasat Ta Muen Thom, Prasat Ta Kwai, Prasat Khana, sababaraha titik palintasan tapel wates, siga Chong Ahn Ma, sababaraha pasir, Phu Makhuea, tilu désa, sarta sabagéan Kota O Smach anu geus dikawasaan jeung wewengkon wates Thmor Da<ref name=latimes.com>{{cite news |last1=Lalit |first1=Sakchai |last2=Saksornchai |first2=Jintamas |date=2026-02-03 |title=Images show abandoned belongings and mock police stations at a former scam center in Asia |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2025-06-19/thai-prime-ministers-leaked-phone-call-with-cambodias-hun-sen-sparks-outrage-and-political-turmoil |url-access=subscription |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en |access-date=2026-02-09}}</ref> |combatant1={{flag|Thailand}} |combatant2={{flag|Kamboja}} |commander1= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Paetongtarn Shinawatra]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Phumtham Wechayachai]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Natthaphon Narkphanit]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Songwit Noonpakdee]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Phana Khlaeoplotthuk]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Jirapol Wongwit]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Punpakdee Pattanakul]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Boonsin Padklang]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Amarit Bunsuya]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Ukris Boontanondha]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Pairote Fuengchan]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Seksan Kantha]] *{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Weerayut Raksin]] * {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Worayot Leuangsuwan]] }} |commander2= {{plainlist| *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Hun Sen]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Hun Manet]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Tea Seiha]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Vong Pisen]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Eth Sarath]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Mao Sophan]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Heng Pov]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Srey Deuk]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Hing Bun Hieng]] *{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Duong Somneang]] (tilar dunya nalika tugas)}} }} '''Krisis tapel wates Thailand-Kamboja''' nyaéta kondisi katéngténgan antara [[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]] sanggeus béntrokan singget nu lumangsung di tapel wates dina 28 Méi 2025, anu tuluy miparah jadi konflik bersenjata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/internasional/konflik-thailand-kamboja-kronologi-latar-belakang-dan-solusi-1673706|title=Konflik Thailand-Kamboja: Kronologi, Latar Belakang dan Solusi|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> Pacéngkédan tapel wates anu geus lumangsung sa-abad antara nagara-nagara di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] ieu nambah parah sanggeus aya serangan rokét [[Kamboja]] ka [[Thailand]] dina 24 Juli 2025, anu tuluy diturutan ku serangan udara ti [[Thailand]]. Sawatara 48 urang tilar dunya jadi korban, sarta rébuan séjénna diungsikeun salila lima poé patempuran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cn5lqp0rx50o|title=Kenapa Thailand dan Kamboja bertempur di wilayah perbatasan?|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == [[Thailand]] jeung [[Kamboja]] geus miboga sajarah pacéngkadan panjang nu pakait jeung tapel wates leuwih ti 800 kilométer. Pacengkadan tapel wates ieu dimimitian ku kateujelasan watesan démarkasi handapeun perjangjian taun 1904 jeung 1907, anu ngajelaskeun tapel wates antara [[Karajaan Siam]] ([[Thailand]] modéren) jeung Républik Prancis ka-Tilu di Indochina Prancis, anu kaasup ogé Kamboja. Peta anu dijieun tina hasil perjangjian otoritas kolonial [[Prancis]] ieu téh kabukti sering henteu présisi, anu tuluy ngabalukarkeun klaim anu patumpuk di sababaraha wewengkon dataran luhur jeung titik-titik stratégis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/1730577/two-cambodian-soldiers-returned-by-thailand-at-osmach-border-others-remain-in-custody/|title=Two Cambodian Soldiers Returned by Thailand at O’Smach Border; Others Remain in Custody (VIDEO) - Khmer Times|last=Ratana|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Parebutan pangakuan téritorial anu dimimitian ku [[peta]] taun 1907, nalika [[Kamboja]] handapeun pamaréntah kolonial [[Perancis]], anu digugat ku [[Thailand]] sangkan peta éta téh teu bener. [[Mahkamah Keadilan Internasional]] tuluy méré kadaulatan ka [[Kamboja]] di taun 1962 di aréa éta, kaasup kuil [[Preah Vihear]], anu umurna 1000 taun, anu jadi pamicu benduna urang [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/thailand-cambodia-border-conflict-explainer-0eb99510a4ea16ee769a5934e0c07383|title=What to know about the shaky truce after 5 days of combat between Thailand and Cambodia|website=AP News|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-24}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] llgt2tjc3llwco8gkpk6ibaos50ylxc 0 108105 709459 708662 2026-05-17T19:49:37Z Hasnanf 28942 709459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siklon Tropis Senyar''' nyaéta [[angin]] ribut ékuatorial kakuatan badag nu mimitina tina [[angin]] tekanan handap, anu kawilang langka kajadian di latitud anu tenang saperti [[Selat Malaka]] jeung sabudeureunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdmrc.usk.ac.id/2025/12/30/beyond-the-equator-how-cyclone-senyar-redrew-the-landscape-of-aceh/|title=Beyond the Equator: How Cyclone Senyar Redrew the Landscape of Aceh|website=TDMRC|publisher=Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center|accessdate=25 Maret 2026}}</ref> November 2025, Siklon Senyar narajang wilayah [[Selat Malaka]] anu tuluy mawa hujan badag anu ngabalukarkeun [[caah]] di wewengkon anu lega, kaasup bagéan wewengkon [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/cyclone-senyar-why-hazards-continue-to-turn-into-disasters-in-indonesia-272242|title=Cyclone Senyar: Why hazards continue to turn into disasters in Indonesia|last=Haridhi|first=Haekal A.|last2=Hiwasaki|first2=Lisa|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Perkembangan == Siklon Senyar dimimitian tina Bibit Siklon 95B di Selat Malaka, bagéan wétan Acéh, anu tuluy ngagedéan. Tanggal 26 Nopémber 2025, hasil pantauan Badan Météorologi, Klimatologi, dan Géofisika nunjukkeun yén siklon ieu maju ka belah kulon ngadeukeutan ka wewengkon darat [[Acéh]] sagancang 10 km/jam. Pergerakan ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun hujan badag nepi ékstrém dibarengan ku angin ribut di wewengkon sabudeurenna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmkg.go.id/siaran-pers/siklon-tropis-senyar-terbentuk-bmkg-minta-siaga-cuaca-ekstrem-di-aceh-dan-sumut|title=Siklon Tropis Senyar Terbentuk, BMKG Minta Siaga Cuaca Ekstrem di Aceh dan Sumut - Siaran Pers - BMKG|website=BMKG - Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Balukar == Ku lantaran siklon ieu téh ngaliwatan [[Selat Malaka]], di [[Indonésia]], siklon ieu ngadatangkeun [[caah]] jeung taneuh [[urug]] anu ngabalukarkeun loba korban jiwa. Propinsi anu paling parah kadampak, nyaéta [[Sumatera Kalér]], [[Sumatera Kulon]], jeung [[Acéh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2026/01/27/191604/dua-bulan-bencana-sumatra-1204-korban-meninggal-ratusan-orang-hilang|title=Dua Bulan Bencana Sumatra: 1.204 Korban Meninggal, Ratusan Orang Hilang|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di [[Sumatera Kalér]], caah jeung urug kajadian di 30 wewengkon anu béda. Di [[Tapanuli Kalér]], 50 imah katarajang [[caah]] sarta dua jembatan pegat ku [[caah]] jeung [[urug]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/25-meninggal-akibat-banjir-bandang-dan-longsor-di-sumut-tapanuli-tengah-dan-selatan-terisolasi|title=25 Tewas akibat Banjir Bandang dan Longsor di Sumut, Tapanuli Tengah dan Selatan Terisolasi|last=Sinaga|first=Nikson|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Kitu deui di [[Tapanuli Kidul]], 11 kacamatan katarajang ieu bencana, kaasup Sipirok, Marancar, Batangtoru, Angkola Kulon, Muara Batangtoru, Angkola Sangkunur, Angkola Kidul, Sayur Matinggi, Batang Angkola, Tanah Timbangan, jeung Angkola Muaratais. Ti rébuan warga, 58 di antarana meunang tatu sarta 8 urang tilar dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/nusantara/834313/banjir-dan-longsor-di-tapanuli-selatan-8-orang-meninggal-2851-warga-mengungsi|title=Banjir dan Longsor di Tapanuli Selatan 8 Orang Meninggal, 2.851 Warga Mengungsi|last=Pamungkas|first=Reynaldi Andrian|website=mediaindonesia.com|publisher=Media Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] nrhcbf2uub38ncstfnbcq3y8bi9y4wf 709460 709459 2026-05-17T19:57:06Z Hasnanf 28942 709460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siklon Tropis Senyar''' nyaéta [[angin]] ribut ékuatorial kakuatan badag nu mimitina tina [[angin]] tekanan handap, anu kawilang langka kajadian di latitud anu tenang saperti [[Selat Malaka]] jeung sabudeureunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdmrc.usk.ac.id/2025/12/30/beyond-the-equator-how-cyclone-senyar-redrew-the-landscape-of-aceh/|title=Beyond the Equator: How Cyclone Senyar Redrew the Landscape of Aceh|website=TDMRC|publisher=Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center|accessdate=25 Maret 2026}}</ref> November 2025, Siklon Senyar narajang wilayah [[Selat Malaka]] anu tuluy mawa hujan badag anu ngabalukarkeun [[caah]] di wewengkon anu lega, kaasup bagéan wewengkon [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/cyclone-senyar-why-hazards-continue-to-turn-into-disasters-in-indonesia-272242|title=Cyclone Senyar: Why hazards continue to turn into disasters in Indonesia|last=Haridhi|first=Haekal A.|last2=Hiwasaki|first2=Lisa|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Perkembangan == Siklon Senyar dimimitian tina Bibit Siklon 95B di Selat Malaka, bagéan wétan Acéh, anu tuluy ngagedéan. Tanggal 26 Nopémber 2025, hasil pantauan Badan Météorologi, Klimatologi, dan Géofisika nunjukkeun yén siklon ieu maju ka belah kulon ngadeukeutan ka wewengkon darat [[Acéh]] sagancang 10 km/jam. Pergerakan ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun hujan badag nepi ékstrém dibarengan ku angin ribut di wewengkon sabudeurenna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmkg.go.id/siaran-pers/siklon-tropis-senyar-terbentuk-bmkg-minta-siaga-cuaca-ekstrem-di-aceh-dan-sumut|title=Siklon Tropis Senyar Terbentuk, BMKG Minta Siaga Cuaca Ekstrem di Aceh dan Sumut - Siaran Pers - BMKG|website=BMKG - Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Balukar == Ku lantaran siklon ieu téh ngaliwatan [[Selat Malaka]], di [[Indonésia]], siklon ieu ngadatangkeun [[caah]] jeung taneuh [[urug]] anu ngabalukarkeun loba korban jiwa. Propinsi anu paling parah kadampak, nyaéta [[Sumatera Kalér]], [[Sumatera Kulon]], jeung [[Acéh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2026/01/27/191604/dua-bulan-bencana-sumatra-1204-korban-meninggal-ratusan-orang-hilang|title=Dua Bulan Bencana Sumatra: 1.204 Korban Meninggal, Ratusan Orang Hilang|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Data Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) nepikeun yén 3.500 imah rusak parah, 4.100 imah rusak sedeng, 20.500 imah rusak hampang, 271 jembatan rusak, sarta 282 pasilitas atikan ogé rusak. Per 8 Désémber 2025, korban tina bencana alam ieu ogé kacatet aya 964 korban tilar dunya, 264 jiwa leungit, sarta anu asalna 1.057.482 jalma nyusut jadi 894.101 kapaksa kudu ngungsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6232702/update-korban-banjir-dan-longsor-di-sumatera-964-orang-meninggal-264-hilang-894101-mengungsi|title=Update Korban Banjir dan Longsor di Sumatera: 964 Orang Meninggal, 264 Hilang, 894.101 Mengungsi|last=|first=Supriatin|website=liputan6.com|publisher=Liputan6|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di [[Sumatera Kalér]], caah jeung urug kajadian di 30 wewengkon anu béda. Di [[Tapanuli Kalér]], 50 imah katarajang [[caah]] sarta dua jembatan pegat ku [[caah]] jeung [[urug]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/25-meninggal-akibat-banjir-bandang-dan-longsor-di-sumut-tapanuli-tengah-dan-selatan-terisolasi|title=25 Tewas akibat Banjir Bandang dan Longsor di Sumut, Tapanuli Tengah dan Selatan Terisolasi|last=Sinaga|first=Nikson|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Kitu deui di [[Tapanuli Kidul]], 11 kacamatan katarajang ieu bencana, kaasup Sipirok, Marancar, Batangtoru, Angkola Kulon, Muara Batangtoru, Angkola Sangkunur, Angkola Kidul, Sayur Matinggi, Batang Angkola, Tanah Timbangan, jeung Angkola Muaratais. Ti rébuan warga, 58 di antarana meunang tatu sarta 8 urang tilar dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/nusantara/834313/banjir-dan-longsor-di-tapanuli-selatan-8-orang-meninggal-2851-warga-mengungsi|title=Banjir dan Longsor di Tapanuli Selatan 8 Orang Meninggal, 2.851 Warga Mengungsi|last=Pamungkas|first=Reynaldi Andrian|website=mediaindonesia.com|publisher=Media Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] ifx7zksclh8xjgucl6bwnjyiqzfyxz1 709461 709460 2026-05-17T19:59:47Z Hasnanf 28942 709461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siklon Tropis Senyar''' nyaéta [[angin]] ribut ékuatorial kakuatan badag nu mimitina tina [[angin]] tekanan handap, anu kawilang langka kajadian di latitud anu tenang saperti [[Selat Malaka]] jeung sabudeureunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdmrc.usk.ac.id/2025/12/30/beyond-the-equator-how-cyclone-senyar-redrew-the-landscape-of-aceh/|title=Beyond the Equator: How Cyclone Senyar Redrew the Landscape of Aceh|website=TDMRC|publisher=Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center|accessdate=25 Maret 2026}}</ref> November 2025, Siklon Senyar narajang wilayah [[Selat Malaka]] anu tuluy mawa hujan badag anu ngabalukarkeun [[caah]] di wewengkon anu lega, kaasup bagéan wewengkon [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/cyclone-senyar-why-hazards-continue-to-turn-into-disasters-in-indonesia-272242|title=Cyclone Senyar: Why hazards continue to turn into disasters in Indonesia|last=Haridhi|first=Haekal A.|last2=Hiwasaki|first2=Lisa|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Perkembangan == Siklon Senyar dimimitian tina Bibit Siklon 95B di Selat Malaka, bagéan wétan Acéh, anu tuluy ngagedéan. Tanggal 26 Nopémber 2025, hasil pantauan Badan Météorologi, Klimatologi, dan Géofisika nunjukkeun yén siklon ieu maju ka belah kulon ngadeukeutan ka wewengkon darat [[Acéh]] sagancang 10 km/jam. Pergerakan ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun hujan badag nepi ékstrém dibarengan ku angin ribut di wewengkon sabudeurenna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmkg.go.id/siaran-pers/siklon-tropis-senyar-terbentuk-bmkg-minta-siaga-cuaca-ekstrem-di-aceh-dan-sumut|title=Siklon Tropis Senyar Terbentuk, BMKG Minta Siaga Cuaca Ekstrem di Aceh dan Sumut - Siaran Pers - BMKG|website=BMKG - Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Balukar == Ku lantaran siklon ieu téh ngaliwatan [[Selat Malaka]], di [[Indonésia]], siklon ieu ngadatangkeun [[caah]] jeung taneuh [[urug]] anu ngabalukarkeun loba korban jiwa. Propinsi anu paling parah kadampak, nyaéta [[Sumatera Kalér]], [[Sumatera Kulon]], jeung [[Acéh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2026/01/27/191604/dua-bulan-bencana-sumatra-1204-korban-meninggal-ratusan-orang-hilang|title=Dua Bulan Bencana Sumatra: 1.204 Korban Meninggal, Ratusan Orang Hilang|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Data [[Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana]] (BNPB) nepikeun yén 3.500 imah rusak parah, 4.100 imah rusak sedeng, 20.500 imah rusak hampang, 271 jembatan rusak, sarta 282 pasilitas atikan ogé rusak. Per 8 Désémber 2025, korban tina bencana alam ieu ogé kacatet aya 964 korban tilar dunya, 264 jiwa leungit, sarta anu asalna 1.057.482 jalma nyusut jadi 894.101 kapaksa kudu ngungsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6232702/update-korban-banjir-dan-longsor-di-sumatera-964-orang-meninggal-264-hilang-894101-mengungsi|title=Update Korban Banjir dan Longsor di Sumatera: 964 Orang Meninggal, 264 Hilang, 894.101 Mengungsi|last=|first=Supriatin|website=liputan6.com|publisher=Liputan6|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di [[Sumatera Kalér]], caah jeung urug kajadian di 30 wewengkon anu béda. Di [[Tapanuli Kalér]], 50 imah katarajang [[caah]] sarta dua jembatan pegat ku [[caah]] jeung [[urug]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/25-meninggal-akibat-banjir-bandang-dan-longsor-di-sumut-tapanuli-tengah-dan-selatan-terisolasi|title=25 Tewas akibat Banjir Bandang dan Longsor di Sumut, Tapanuli Tengah dan Selatan Terisolasi|last=Sinaga|first=Nikson|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di Tapanuli Tengah, inprastruktur tanaga listrik anu dipimilik ku PLN ogé rusak sarta aksés jalan pikeun bisa nepi ka daérah kadampak loba anu katutup ku urugan bawa caah.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Banjir dan Longsor di Sibolga-Tapteng, Infrastruktur PLN Rusak, Akses Terputus|url=https://medan.kompas.com/read/2025/11/26/132352278/banjir-dan-longsor-di-sibolga-tapteng-infrastruktur-pln-rusak-akses-terputus|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2026-05-17|language=id|first=Goklas|last=Wisely|last2=Rahmawati|first2=Novita}}</ref> Kitu deui di [[Tapanuli Kidul]], 11 kacamatan katarajang ieu bencana, kaasup Sipirok, Marancar, Batangtoru, Angkola Kulon, Muara Batangtoru, Angkola Sangkunur, Angkola Kidul, Sayur Matinggi, Batang Angkola, Tanah Timbangan, jeung Angkola Muaratais. Ti rébuan warga, 58 di antarana meunang tatu sarta 8 urang tilar dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/nusantara/834313/banjir-dan-longsor-di-tapanuli-selatan-8-orang-meninggal-2851-warga-mengungsi|title=Banjir dan Longsor di Tapanuli Selatan 8 Orang Meninggal, 2.851 Warga Mengungsi|last=Pamungkas|first=Reynaldi Andrian|website=mediaindonesia.com|publisher=Media Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 7yjuypa4e4sccdx3ijr9sphmr1y6yfl 709462 709461 2026-05-17T20:03:33Z Hasnanf 28942 709462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siklon Tropis Senyar''' nyaéta [[angin]] ribut ékuatorial kakuatan badag nu mimitina tina [[angin]] tekanan handap, anu kawilang langka kajadian di latitud anu tenang saperti [[Selat Malaka]] jeung sabudeureunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdmrc.usk.ac.id/2025/12/30/beyond-the-equator-how-cyclone-senyar-redrew-the-landscape-of-aceh/|title=Beyond the Equator: How Cyclone Senyar Redrew the Landscape of Aceh|website=TDMRC|publisher=Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center|accessdate=25 Maret 2026}}</ref> November 2025, Siklon Senyar narajang wilayah [[Selat Malaka]] anu tuluy mawa hujan badag anu ngabalukarkeun [[caah]] di wewengkon anu lega, kaasup bagéan wewengkon [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], jeung [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/cyclone-senyar-why-hazards-continue-to-turn-into-disasters-in-indonesia-272242|title=Cyclone Senyar: Why hazards continue to turn into disasters in Indonesia|last=Haridhi|first=Haekal A.|last2=Hiwasaki|first2=Lisa|website=The Conversation|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Perkembangan == Siklon Senyar dimimitian tina Bibit Siklon 95B di Selat Malaka, bagéan wétan Acéh, anu tuluy ngagedéan. Tanggal 20 Nopémber 2025, Departemén Météorologi India ngamimitian ngalacak sirkulasi udara luhureun Selat Malaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/Tropical_Weather_Outlook_based_on_0300_UTC_of_20_11_2025.pdf|title=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre -Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Weather Outlook|first=Departemen Meterologi India}}</ref> Tanggal 26 Nopémber 2025, hasil pantauan Badan Météorologi, Klimatologi, dan Géofisika nunjukkeun yén siklon ieu maju ka belah kulon ngadeukeutan ka wewengkon darat [[Acéh]] sagancang 10 km/jam. Pergerakan ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun hujan badag nepi ékstrém dibarengan ku angin ribut di wewengkon sabudeurenna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmkg.go.id/siaran-pers/siklon-tropis-senyar-terbentuk-bmkg-minta-siaga-cuaca-ekstrem-di-aceh-dan-sumut|title=Siklon Tropis Senyar Terbentuk, BMKG Minta Siaga Cuaca Ekstrem di Aceh dan Sumut - Siaran Pers - BMKG|website=BMKG - Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Balukar == Ku lantaran siklon ieu téh ngaliwatan [[Selat Malaka]], di [[Indonésia]], siklon ieu ngadatangkeun [[caah]] jeung taneuh [[urug]] anu ngabalukarkeun loba korban jiwa. Propinsi anu paling parah kadampak, nyaéta [[Sumatera Kalér]], [[Sumatera Kulon]], jeung [[Acéh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2026/01/27/191604/dua-bulan-bencana-sumatra-1204-korban-meninggal-ratusan-orang-hilang|title=Dua Bulan Bencana Sumatra: 1.204 Korban Meninggal, Ratusan Orang Hilang|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Data [[Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana]] (BNPB) nepikeun yén 3.500 imah rusak parah, 4.100 imah rusak sedeng, 20.500 imah rusak hampang, 271 jembatan rusak, sarta 282 pasilitas atikan ogé rusak. Per 8 Désémber 2025, korban tina bencana alam ieu ogé kacatet aya 964 korban tilar dunya, 264 jiwa leungit, sarta anu asalna 1.057.482 jalma nyusut jadi 894.101 kapaksa kudu ngungsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6232702/update-korban-banjir-dan-longsor-di-sumatera-964-orang-meninggal-264-hilang-894101-mengungsi|title=Update Korban Banjir dan Longsor di Sumatera: 964 Orang Meninggal, 264 Hilang, 894.101 Mengungsi|last=|first=Supriatin|website=liputan6.com|publisher=Liputan6|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di [[Sumatera Kalér]], caah jeung urug kajadian di 30 wewengkon anu béda. Di [[Tapanuli Kalér]], 50 imah katarajang [[caah]] sarta dua jembatan pegat ku [[caah]] jeung [[urug]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/25-meninggal-akibat-banjir-bandang-dan-longsor-di-sumut-tapanuli-tengah-dan-selatan-terisolasi|title=25 Tewas akibat Banjir Bandang dan Longsor di Sumut, Tapanuli Tengah dan Selatan Terisolasi|last=Sinaga|first=Nikson|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Di Tapanuli Tengah, inprastruktur tanaga listrik anu dipimilik ku PLN ogé rusak sarta aksés jalan pikeun bisa nepi ka daérah kadampak loba anu katutup ku urugan bawa caah.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Banjir dan Longsor di Sibolga-Tapteng, Infrastruktur PLN Rusak, Akses Terputus|url=https://medan.kompas.com/read/2025/11/26/132352278/banjir-dan-longsor-di-sibolga-tapteng-infrastruktur-pln-rusak-akses-terputus|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2026-05-17|language=id|first=Goklas|last=Wisely|last2=Rahmawati|first2=Novita}}</ref> Kitu deui di [[Tapanuli Kidul]], 11 kacamatan katarajang ieu bencana, kaasup Sipirok, Marancar, Batangtoru, Angkola Kulon, Muara Batangtoru, Angkola Sangkunur, Angkola Kidul, Sayur Matinggi, Batang Angkola, Tanah Timbangan, jeung Angkola Muaratais. Ti rébuan warga, 58 di antarana meunang tatu sarta 8 urang tilar dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/nusantara/834313/banjir-dan-longsor-di-tapanuli-selatan-8-orang-meninggal-2851-warga-mengungsi|title=Banjir dan Longsor di Tapanuli Selatan 8 Orang Meninggal, 2.851 Warga Mengungsi|last=Pamungkas|first=Reynaldi Andrian|website=mediaindonesia.com|publisher=Media Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] ta33wymn26nvb4py05e8byazgwbb9g3 0 108106 709507 708660 2026-05-18T11:23:53Z Hasnanf 28942 709507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pencemaran Radioaktif Cikandé''' mangrupakeun kajadian kontaminasi bahan [[radioaktif]] Cesium-137 (Cs-137) anu dipanggihan di Kawasan Industri Modérn [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé, Kabupaten Sérang, Banten]]. Pendakan ieu mimiti meunang perhatian ti saprak otoritas [[Amérika Serikat]] manggih zat radioaktif dina [[udang]] jeung [[cengkéh]] anu dikirim ti [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cx2lmlx4l02o|title=Radiasi: Mengapa Indonesia baru bertindak setelah ada laporan radiasi radioaktif dari AS?|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Nalika otoritas [[Amérika Serikat]] di sababaraha palabuan gedé, siga di [[Los Angeles]], [[Houston]], [[Savannah]], jeung [[Miami]] nolak produk udang beku ti PT Bahari Makmur Sejati ti [[Indonésia]], kapanggih yén hasil pamariksaan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan [[Amérika Serikat]] sarta Béa Cukai [[Amérika Serikat]] nunjukkeun aya kandungan radiasi dina kontainer [[udang]] kasebut. Hasil laporan éta tuluy ditindak ku pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] liwat tim gabungan anu nyalusur nepi ka Kawasan Industri Modéren [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]] anu tuluy manggihan aya radiasi Cs-137 di dinya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250930120754-20-1279217/fakta-fakta-pencemaran-radioaktif-cs-137-di-cikande-serang|title=Fakta-fakta Pencemaran Radioaktif Cs-137 di Cikande Serang|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah tuluy netepkeun status kajadian khusus radiasi radionuklida Cs-137 di Kawasan Industri Modéren [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]], sarta dilaporkeun yén aya salapan jalma anu kakontaminasi zat radioaktip kasebut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/sembilan-orang-terpapar-radiasi-c-137-pemerintah-tetapkan-status-khusus|title=Sembilan Orang Terpapar Radiasi Cs-137, Pemerintah Tetapkan Status Kondisi Khusus|last=Aranditio|first=Stephanus|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kronologi == Sanggeus dilaksanakeun panalungtikan ngeunaan sumber cemaran radiasi, pamaréntah anu kaasup [[Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup]] dibarengan ku [[Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir]] (Bapeten), [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional]] (BRIN), jeung [[Gegana Polri]], kanyahoan yén radiasi téh asalna ti pabrik peleburan logam PT Metal Technology (PMT). Saloba 22 perusahaan di kawasan industri [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]] kadétéksi miboga tapak Cesium-137, sarta aya 10 titik kontaminasi di lapak rongsokan sarta taneuh kosong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mongabay.co.id/2025/10/14/nasib-pekerja-di-cikande-terpapar-radioaktif-dan-kehilangan-mata-pencaharian/|title=Nasib Pekerja di Cikande, Terpapar Radioaktif dan Kehilangan Mata Pencaharian|last=Saturi|first=Sapariah|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Salaku usaha antisipasi, dilaksanakeun dekontaminasi di 33 lokasi anu tujuanna pikeun mastikeun yén zat radioaktif téh geus teu mencemari lingkungan jeung masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/394141/menteri-klh-ungkap-kelalaian-perusahaan-picu-pencemaran-radioaktif-cesium-137-di-cikande|title=Menteri KLH ungkap kelalaian perusahaan picu pencemaran radioaktif Cesium-137 di Cikande - ANTARA News Aceh|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] j52v6st4x980x3qpo5uahitjpdf0dzb 709508 709507 2026-05-18T11:29:04Z Hasnanf 28942 709508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pencemaran Radioaktif Cikandé''' mangrupakeun kajadian kontaminasi bahan [[radioaktif]] Cesium-137 (Cs-137) anu dipanggihan di Kawasan Industri Modérn [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé, Kabupaten Sérang, Banten]]. Pendakan ieu mimiti meunang perhatian ti saprak otoritas [[Amérika Serikat]] manggih zat radioaktif dina [[udang]] jeung [[cengkéh]] anu dikirim ti [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cx2lmlx4l02o|title=Radiasi: Mengapa Indonesia baru bertindak setelah ada laporan radiasi radioaktif dari AS?|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Nalika otoritas [[Amérika Serikat]] di sababaraha palabuan gedé, siga di [[Los Angeles]], [[Houston]], [[Savannah]], jeung [[Miami]] nolak produk udang beku ti PT Bahari Makmur Sejati ti [[Indonésia]], kapanggih yén hasil pamariksaan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan [[Amérika Serikat]] sarta Béa Cukai [[Amérika Serikat]] nunjukkeun aya kandungan radiasi dina kontainer [[udang]] kasebut. Hasil laporan éta tuluy ditindak ku pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] liwat tim gabungan anu nyalusur nepi ka Kawasan Industri Modéren [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]] anu tuluy manggihan aya radiasi Cs-137 di dinya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250930120754-20-1279217/fakta-fakta-pencemaran-radioaktif-cs-137-di-cikande-serang|title=Fakta-fakta Pencemaran Radioaktif Cs-137 di Cikande Serang|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah tuluy netepkeun status kajadian khusus radiasi radionuklida Cs-137 di Kawasan Industri Modéren [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]], sarta dilaporkeun yén aya salapan jalma anu kakontaminasi zat radioaktip kasebut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/sembilan-orang-terpapar-radiasi-c-137-pemerintah-tetapkan-status-khusus|title=Sembilan Orang Terpapar Radiasi Cs-137, Pemerintah Tetapkan Status Kondisi Khusus|last=Aranditio|first=Stephanus|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kronologi == Sanggeus dilaksanakeun panalungtikan ngeunaan sumber cemaran radiasi, pamaréntah anu kaasup [[Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup]] dibarengan ku [[Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir]] (Bapeten), [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional]] (BRIN), jeung [[Gegana Polri]], kanyahoan yén radiasi téh asalna ti pabrik peleburan logam PT Metal Technology (PMT). Saloba 22 perusahaan di kawasan industri [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]] kadétéksi miboga tapak Cesium-137, sarta aya 10 titik kontaminasi di lapak rongsokan sarta taneuh kosong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mongabay.co.id/2025/10/14/nasib-pekerja-di-cikande-terpapar-radioaktif-dan-kehilangan-mata-pencaharian/|title=Nasib Pekerja di Cikande, Terpapar Radioaktif dan Kehilangan Mata Pencaharian|last=Saturi|first=Sapariah|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Bapeten manggihan yén radioaktip Cs-137 téh sumberna ti tempat pangumpulan logam urut, tina serbuk logam atawa ''scrap métal.'' Kasebutkeun ogé yén ''scrap métal'' éta ilégal sarta kapanggih dina 14 konténer ti [[Pilipina]] di Palabuan [[Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Kalér|Tanjung Priok]], [[Jakarta Kalér]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kontaminasi-zat-radioaktif-kembali-ditemukan-pada-produk-rempah-asal-indonesia|title=Kontaminasi Zat Radioaktif Kembali Ditemukan pada Produk Rempah Asal Indonesia|last=Mustika|first=Pradipta Pandu|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Disimpulkeun yén sumber paparan radiasina téh ti aktipitas industri di darat, nyaéta ti pasilitas pangemasan di PT Bahari Makmur Sejati, lain ti laut atawa tambak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/benarkah-udang-kena-radioaktif-cs-137-aman-dikonsumsi-hiKl|title=Benarkah Udang Kena Radioaktif Cs-137 Aman Dikonsumsi?|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Salaku usaha antisipasi, dilaksanakeun dekontaminasi di 33 lokasi anu tujuanna pikeun mastikeun yén zat radioaktif téh geus teu mencemari lingkungan jeung masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/394141/menteri-klh-ungkap-kelalaian-perusahaan-picu-pencemaran-radioaktif-cesium-137-di-cikande|title=Menteri KLH ungkap kelalaian perusahaan picu pencemaran radioaktif Cesium-137 di Cikande - ANTARA News Aceh|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] f66ooq7a340s77twstpjgmlpkslue3s 709509 709508 2026-05-18T11:31:01Z Hasnanf 28942 /* Kronologi */ 709509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pencemaran Radioaktif Cikandé''' mangrupakeun kajadian kontaminasi bahan [[radioaktif]] Cesium-137 (Cs-137) anu dipanggihan di Kawasan Industri Modérn [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé, Kabupaten Sérang, Banten]]. Pendakan ieu mimiti meunang perhatian ti saprak otoritas [[Amérika Serikat]] manggih zat radioaktif dina [[udang]] jeung [[cengkéh]] anu dikirim ti [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cx2lmlx4l02o|title=Radiasi: Mengapa Indonesia baru bertindak setelah ada laporan radiasi radioaktif dari AS?|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Nalika otoritas [[Amérika Serikat]] di sababaraha palabuan gedé, siga di [[Los Angeles]], [[Houston]], [[Savannah]], jeung [[Miami]] nolak produk udang beku ti PT Bahari Makmur Sejati ti [[Indonésia]], kapanggih yén hasil pamariksaan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan [[Amérika Serikat]] sarta Béa Cukai [[Amérika Serikat]] nunjukkeun aya kandungan radiasi dina kontainer [[udang]] kasebut. Hasil laporan éta tuluy ditindak ku pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] liwat tim gabungan anu nyalusur nepi ka Kawasan Industri Modéren [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]] anu tuluy manggihan aya radiasi Cs-137 di dinya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250930120754-20-1279217/fakta-fakta-pencemaran-radioaktif-cs-137-di-cikande-serang|title=Fakta-fakta Pencemaran Radioaktif Cs-137 di Cikande Serang|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah tuluy netepkeun status kajadian khusus radiasi radionuklida Cs-137 di Kawasan Industri Modéren [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]], sarta dilaporkeun yén aya salapan jalma anu kakontaminasi zat radioaktip kasebut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/sembilan-orang-terpapar-radiasi-c-137-pemerintah-tetapkan-status-khusus|title=Sembilan Orang Terpapar Radiasi Cs-137, Pemerintah Tetapkan Status Kondisi Khusus|last=Aranditio|first=Stephanus|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kronologi == Sanggeus dilaksanakeun panalungtikan ngeunaan sumber cemaran radiasi, pamaréntah anu kaasup [[Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup]] dibarengan ku [[Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir]] (Bapeten), [[Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional]] (BRIN), jeung [[Gegana Polri]], kanyahoan yén radiasi téh asalna ti pabrik peleburan logam PT Metal Technology (PMT). Saloba 22 perusahaan di kawasan industri [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]] kadétéksi miboga tapak Cesium-137, sarta aya 10 titik kontaminasi di lapak rongsokan sarta taneuh kosong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mongabay.co.id/2025/10/14/nasib-pekerja-di-cikande-terpapar-radioaktif-dan-kehilangan-mata-pencaharian/|title=Nasib Pekerja di Cikande, Terpapar Radioaktif dan Kehilangan Mata Pencaharian|last=Saturi|first=Sapariah|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Bapeten manggihan yén radioaktip Cs-137 téh sumberna ti tempat pangumpulan logam urut, tina serbuk logam atawa ''scrap métal.'' Kasebutkeun ogé yén ''scrap métal'' éta ilégal sarta kapanggih dina 14 konténer ti [[Pilipina]] di Palabuan [[Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Kalér|Tanjung Priok]], [[Jakarta Kalér]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kontaminasi-zat-radioaktif-kembali-ditemukan-pada-produk-rempah-asal-indonesia|title=Kontaminasi Zat Radioaktif Kembali Ditemukan pada Produk Rempah Asal Indonesia|last=Mustika|first=Pradipta Pandu|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Disimpulkeun yén sumber paparan radiasina téh ti aktipitas industri di darat, nyaéta ti pasilitas pangemasan di PT Bahari Makmur Sejati, lain ti laut atawa tambak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/benarkah-udang-kena-radioaktif-cs-137-aman-dikonsumsi-hiKl|title=Benarkah Udang Kena Radioaktif Cs-137 Aman Dikonsumsi?|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Salaku usaha antisipasi, dilaksanakeun dekontaminasi di 33 lokasi anu tujuanna pikeun mastikeun yén zat radioaktip téh geus teu mencemari lingkungan jeung masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/394141/menteri-klh-ungkap-kelalaian-perusahaan-picu-pencemaran-radioaktif-cesium-137-di-cikande|title=Menteri KLH ungkap kelalaian perusahaan picu pencemaran radioaktif Cesium-137 di Cikande - ANTARA News Aceh|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News|accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> Laporan anyar ogé nunjukkeun yén titik kontaminasi téh kasebar ogé di 22 perusahaan anu aya di kawasan industri [[Cikandé, Sérang|Cikandé]], anu miboga tingkat radiasi nepi 33 rébu mikrosiever per jam atawa kurang leuwih 875 rébu kali lipat ti radiasi alami.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8162614/radiasi-di-cikande-sangat-tinggi-muncul-ketakutan-bencana-chernobyl|title=Radiasi di Cikande Sangat Tinggi, Muncul Ketakutan Bencana 'Chernobyl'|last=Pratami|first=Arvi Ristiani|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] keyzn7i38w61pfcs3gmldb7dtqgyt6o 0 108211 709425 709054 2026-05-17T13:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Judgment of Yoon Suk Yeol's impeachment in 4 April 2025.jpg|jmpl|328x328px|Mahkamah Konstitusi mutuskeun pamakzulan Yoon Suk Yeol]] Dina 24 Maret 2025, Mahkamah Konstitusi [[Koréa Kidul]] nguatkeun pamakzulan présidén [[Yoon Suk Yeol]], anu ngabalukarkeun anjeunna dicabut tina jabatanna. Kaputusan ieu ngamimitian itungan mundur 60 poé nu mana ngawajibkeun pamilihan présidén kudu diayakeun jang milih présidén panggantina. Salian ti éta, Perdana Menteri [[Han Duck-soo]] diangkat deui jadi présidén sawantara nyusul kaputusan pangadilan konstitusi anu dikaluarkeun 24 Maret<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/04/south-korea-upholds-impeachment-of-president-yoon-ousting-him-from-office.html|title=South Korea's Constitutional Court upholds impeachment of President Yoon, ousting him from office|last=Jie|first=Lim Hui|website=CNBC|language=en|accessdate=2026-04-05}}</ref> Pamakzulan [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] ieu dimimitian ti 14 Désémber 2024, anu mangrupakeun hasil pamungutan sora nu kadua jang pamakzulan anjeunna, anu dibalukarkeun ku pangumuman [[darurat militér]] anu tuluy dibolaykeun ku Majelis Nasional sarta dicabut resmi ku anjeunna genep jam sanggeusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cq8gy8nexvdt|title=Yoon Suk Yeol: South Korea’s ex-president jailed for life for masterminding an insurrection|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-04-05}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Pamakzulan [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] didasaran ku alesan anjeunna nyalahgunakeun otoritasna sarta ngabalukarkeun ata insuréksi anu pakait jeung kawijakanna ngeunaan darurat militér.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://time.com/7379633/south-korea-yoon-suk-yeol-life-sentence-martial-law-insurrection/|title=South Korean Ex-President Sentenced to Life in Prison for Insurrection|last=de Guzman|first=Chad|date=19 February 2026|work=newspaper|publisher=TIME}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina sajarah Koréa Kidul, ngan aya hiji présidén Koréa Kidul anu kungsi dimakzulkeun, nyaéta Park Geun-hye di taun 2017. Salian ti éta Roh Moo-hyun di taun 2004 ogé dimakzulkeun kusabab tuduhan ngalanggar kampanye pemilu, inkompeténsi, jeung kagagalan ékonomi. Sanajan kitu, Mahkamah Konstitusi mutuskeun teu nyabut jabatan présidén anjeunna nepi béak masa jabatanna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mosler|first=Hannes B.|date=2017|title=The Institution of Presidential Impeachment in South Korea, 1992-2017|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26429313|journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America|volume=50|issue=2|pages=111–134|issn=0506-7286}}</ref> === Tata Cara Pamakzulan === Tata cara pamakzulan diatur dina Konstitusi [[Koréa Kidul]] ka-10 taun 1987, pasal 65 ayat (1) anu netepkeun yén Majelis Nasional bisa ngamakzulkeun [[présidén]], [[perdana menteri]], atawa pajabat séjénna anu ngalanggar konstitusi atawa undang-undang lianna nalika ngajalankeun tugas resmi nagara.<ref name=":0" /> Pikeun mosi pamakzulan jang présidén bisa disahkeun, butuh dukungan sora mayoritas sahenteuna dua per tilu anggota Majelis Nasional, sawatara 200 ti 300 anggota. Sanggeus disahkeun, pajabat nagara anu dimakzulkeun tuluy langsung dimakzulkeun sawantara waktu tina tugasna, sabari nungguan putusan ti Mahkamah Konstitusi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How South Korea’s impeachment process works after Yoon Suk Yeol’s martial law bid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/05/how-south-koreas-impeachment-process-works-after-yoon-suk-yeols-martial-law-bid|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2024-12-06|access-date=2026-04-05|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Raphael|last=Rashid}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:Kopdar Wikipedia - WikiSuarana]] 9ju03bt9i9ssm02yp3xfox60r1weyl5 0 108377 709490 708663 2026-05-18T08:05:24Z Hasnanf 28942 709490 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina 13 Agustus 2025, puluhan rébu '''warga [[Kabupatén Pati]], Jawa Tengah,''' ngalakukeun '''unjuk rasa di Alun-Alun Pati''' dilantarakeun ku kaputusan anu dikaluarkeun ku Bupati [[Sudéwo]] ngeunaan kanaekkan tarip [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250%. Bupati [[Sudéwo]] kungsi ngabolaykkeun kanaékkan PBB-P2 kasebut sangkan nyegah warga ngalakukeun unjuk rasa, tapi warga tetep nuluykeun kaputusan jang ngalakukeun aksi mawa tuntutan anu béda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/rangkuman-hasil-demo-pati-13-agustus-respons-bupati-hfNR|title=Rangkuman Hasil Demo Pati 13 Agustus & Respons Bupati Sudewo|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> Tungtung tina unjuk rasa ieu nyaéta DPRD [[Kabupatén Pati]] satuju pikeun ngagunakeun hak angkét DPRD sakaligus ngabentuk panitia husus jang pamakzulan Bupati Sudéwo. Sanajan kitu, Bupati [[Sudéwo]] teu daék mundur jang ngaleupaskeun jabatanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250814065346-12-1262238/fakta-fakta-demo-besar-warga-pati-desak-bupati-sudewo-lengser|title=Fakta-fakta Demo Besar Warga Pati Desak Bupati Sudewo Lengser|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-23|publisher=CNN Indonesia}}</ref> Teu eureun dina poé éta, 25 Agustus 2025, Aliansi Masyarakat Pati ngagelar unjuk rasa jilid dua anu mawa tuntutan sarua jeung saacanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/aliansi-masyarakat-pati-akan-gelar-demo-jilid-ii-25-agustus-2025-hfYz|title=Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Akan Gelar Demo Jilid II 25 Agustus 2025|last=Friana|first=Hendra|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> 19 Januari 2026, [[Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi]] (KPK) tina [[Operasi Tangkap Tangan]] di [[Kabupatén Pati]], netepkeun Bupati [[Sudéwo]] minangka tersangka dugaan korupsi proyék pangwangunan jalur [[karéta api]] di Diréktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian (DJKA) [[Kementerian Perhubungan]], sarta pamerasan dina raraga pangeusian kalungguhan perangkat désa di sabudeureun Pamaréntahan [[Kabupatén Pati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hukum/profil-bupati-pati-sudewo-yang-terjerat-dua-kasus-korupsi-2109513|title=Profil Bupati Pati Sudewo yang Terjerat Dua Kasus Korupsi|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Dina milangkala Kabupatén Pati anu ka-702, Bupati Sudéwo anu karék ngajabat ngawartakeun yén aya rencana pikeun [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, anu mangrupakeun kanaékan mimiti ti saprak 14 taun katukang. Kaputusan ieu ditangtukeun sanggeus aya masamuan jeung camat-camat sarta anggota Paguyuban Solidaritas Kepala Désa dan Perangkat Désa [[Kabupatén Pati]] dina 18 Méi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/jateng/2913032/desak-bupati-mundur-ini-5-tuntutan-aksi-demo-13-agustus-2025-di-pati|title=Desak Bupati Mundur, Ini 5 Tuntutan Aksi Demo 13 Agustus 2025 di Pati|last=Firman|first=Muhammad|website=beritasatu.com|publisher=BeritaSatu|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah daérah ngaluarkeun alesan yén angka éta téh mangrupakeun wates maksimum sarta loba properti ngan bakal meunang kanaékan anu leuwih leutik, sababaraha ngan naék nepi ka 50%. Nanging warga hariwang yén kanaékan pajak anu drastis bakal ngabebanan masarakat sarta kawijakan éta téh ditangtukeun tanpa ngalibetkeun pamadegan ti masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/959909/polisi-bubarkan-aksi-unjuk-rasa-di-pati|title=Polisi bubarkan aksi unjuk rasa di Pati - ANTARA News Jawa Timur|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kronologi == Dimimitian ku Bupati [[Sudéwo]] anu karék ngajabat ngaluarkeun kabijakan yén [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) bakal ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, warga [[Kabupatén Pati|Pati]] ngarasa teu dilibatkeun jeung kabebanan dina prosés kaputusan ieu dijieun. Warga [[Kabupatén Pati|Pati]] tuluy ngorganisir manéh dina Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Bersatu salaku bentuk protés teu satuju pikeun ieu kabijakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/08/14/060500/kronologi-lengkap-demo-panas-di-pati-dari-pbb-250-persen-berujung-bupati-sudewo-tolak-mundur|title=Kronologi Lengkap Demo Panas di Pati: Dari PBB 250 Persen, Berujung Bupati Sudewo Tolak Mundur|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] lwdmqw62gqed1ki3x7o6mlxt1moqfe5 709494 709490 2026-05-18T08:14:45Z Hasnanf 28942 709494 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina 13 Agustus 2025, puluhan rébu '''warga [[Kabupatén Pati]], Jawa Tengah,''' ngalakukeun '''unjuk rasa di Alun-Alun Pati''' dilantarakeun ku kaputusan anu dikaluarkeun ku Bupati [[Sudéwo]] ngeunaan kanaekkan tarip [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250%. Bupati [[Sudéwo]] kungsi ngabolaykkeun kanaékkan PBB-P2 kasebut sangkan nyegah warga ngalakukeun unjuk rasa, tapi warga tetep nuluykeun kaputusan jang ngalakukeun aksi mawa tuntutan anu béda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/rangkuman-hasil-demo-pati-13-agustus-respons-bupati-hfNR|title=Rangkuman Hasil Demo Pati 13 Agustus & Respons Bupati Sudewo|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> Tungtung tina unjuk rasa ieu nyaéta DPRD [[Kabupatén Pati]] satuju pikeun ngagunakeun hak angkét DPRD sakaligus ngabentuk panitia husus jang pamakzulan Bupati Sudéwo. Sanajan kitu, Bupati [[Sudéwo]] teu daék mundur jang ngaleupaskeun jabatanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250814065346-12-1262238/fakta-fakta-demo-besar-warga-pati-desak-bupati-sudewo-lengser|title=Fakta-fakta Demo Besar Warga Pati Desak Bupati Sudewo Lengser|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-23|publisher=CNN Indonesia}}</ref> Teu eureun dina poé éta, 25 Agustus 2025, Aliansi Masyarakat Pati ngagelar unjuk rasa jilid dua anu mawa tuntutan sarua jeung saacanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/aliansi-masyarakat-pati-akan-gelar-demo-jilid-ii-25-agustus-2025-hfYz|title=Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Akan Gelar Demo Jilid II 25 Agustus 2025|last=Friana|first=Hendra|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> 19 Januari 2026, [[Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi]] (KPK) tina [[Operasi Tangkap Tangan]] di [[Kabupatén Pati]], netepkeun Bupati [[Sudéwo]] minangka tersangka dugaan korupsi proyék pangwangunan jalur [[karéta api]] di Diréktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian (DJKA) [[Kementerian Perhubungan]], sarta pamerasan dina raraga pangeusian kalungguhan perangkat désa di sabudeureun Pamaréntahan [[Kabupatén Pati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hukum/profil-bupati-pati-sudewo-yang-terjerat-dua-kasus-korupsi-2109513|title=Profil Bupati Pati Sudewo yang Terjerat Dua Kasus Korupsi|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Dina milangkala Kabupatén Pati anu ka-702, Bupati Sudéwo anu karék ngajabat ngawartakeun yén aya rencana pikeun [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, anu mangrupakeun kanaékan mimiti ti saprak 14 taun katukang. Kaputusan ieu ditangtukeun sanggeus aya masamuan jeung camat-camat sarta anggota Paguyuban Solidaritas Kepala Désa dan Perangkat Désa [[Kabupatén Pati]] dina 18 Méi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/jateng/2913032/desak-bupati-mundur-ini-5-tuntutan-aksi-demo-13-agustus-2025-di-pati|title=Desak Bupati Mundur, Ini 5 Tuntutan Aksi Demo 13 Agustus 2025 di Pati|last=Firman|first=Muhammad|website=beritasatu.com|publisher=BeritaSatu|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah daérah ngaluarkeun alesan yén angka éta téh mangrupakeun wates maksimum sarta loba properti ngan bakal meunang kanaékan anu leuwih leutik, sababaraha ngan naék nepi ka 50%. Nanging warga hariwang yén kanaékan pajak anu drastis bakal ngabebanan masarakat sarta kawijakan éta téh ditangtukeun tanpa ngalibetkeun pamadegan ti masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/959909/polisi-bubarkan-aksi-unjuk-rasa-di-pati|title=Polisi bubarkan aksi unjuk rasa di Pati - ANTARA News Jawa Timur|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Kategangan tuluy miparah nalika Bupati [[Sudéwo]] nanggepan kritik mimiti ti masarakat ku nantangan warga pikeun ngayakeun unjuk rasa anu ku anjeunna diidinan pikeun 5.000 atawa 50.000 jalma pikeun [[démonstrasi]] upamana warga daraék. Pernyataan éta dianggep propokatip tur henteu peka, nguatkeun paniléyan ngeunaan kapamingpinan anu arogan.<ref name=":0" /> == Kronologi == Dimimitian ku Bupati [[Sudéwo]] anu karék ngajabat ngaluarkeun kabijakan yén [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) bakal ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, warga [[Kabupatén Pati|Pati]] ngarasa teu dilibatkeun jeung kabebanan dina prosés kaputusan ieu dijieun. Warga [[Kabupatén Pati|Pati]] tuluy ngorganisir manéh dina Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Bersatu salaku bentuk protés teu satuju pikeun ieu kabijakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/08/14/060500/kronologi-lengkap-demo-panas-di-pati-dari-pbb-250-persen-berujung-bupati-sudewo-tolak-mundur|title=Kronologi Lengkap Demo Panas di Pati: Dari PBB 250 Persen, Berujung Bupati Sudewo Tolak Mundur|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] 6ceggizozd9ypkvp6kl8gm65ngkh1qp 709496 709494 2026-05-18T08:18:38Z Hasnanf 28942 709496 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina 13 Agustus 2025, puluhan rébu '''warga [[Kabupatén Pati]], Jawa Tengah,''' ngalakukeun '''unjuk rasa di Alun-Alun Pati''' dilantarakeun ku kaputusan anu dikaluarkeun ku Bupati [[Sudéwo]] ngeunaan kanaekkan tarip [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250%. Bupati [[Sudéwo]] kungsi ngabolaykkeun kanaékkan PBB-P2 kasebut sangkan nyegah warga ngalakukeun unjuk rasa, tapi warga tetep nuluykeun kaputusan jang ngalakukeun aksi mawa tuntutan anu béda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/rangkuman-hasil-demo-pati-13-agustus-respons-bupati-hfNR|title=Rangkuman Hasil Demo Pati 13 Agustus & Respons Bupati Sudewo|last=Wahyuningtyas|first=Prihatini|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> Tungtung tina unjuk rasa ieu nyaéta DPRD [[Kabupatén Pati]] satuju pikeun ngagunakeun hak angkét DPRD sakaligus ngabentuk panitia husus jang pamakzulan Bupati Sudéwo. Sanajan kitu, Bupati [[Sudéwo]] teu daék mundur jang ngaleupaskeun jabatanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250814065346-12-1262238/fakta-fakta-demo-besar-warga-pati-desak-bupati-sudewo-lengser|title=Fakta-fakta Demo Besar Warga Pati Desak Bupati Sudewo Lengser|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-23|publisher=CNN Indonesia}}</ref> Teu eureun dina poé éta, 25 Agustus 2025, Aliansi Masyarakat Pati ngagelar unjuk rasa jilid dua anu mawa tuntutan sarua jeung saacanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/aliansi-masyarakat-pati-akan-gelar-demo-jilid-ii-25-agustus-2025-hfYz|title=Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Akan Gelar Demo Jilid II 25 Agustus 2025|last=Friana|first=Hendra|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> 19 Januari 2026, [[Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi]] (KPK) tina [[Operasi Tangkap Tangan]] di [[Kabupatén Pati]], netepkeun Bupati [[Sudéwo]] minangka tersangka dugaan korupsi proyék pangwangunan jalur [[karéta api]] di Diréktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian (DJKA) [[Kementerian Perhubungan]], sarta pamerasan dina raraga pangeusian kalungguhan perangkat désa di sabudeureun Pamaréntahan [[Kabupatén Pati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hukum/profil-bupati-pati-sudewo-yang-terjerat-dua-kasus-korupsi-2109513|title=Profil Bupati Pati Sudewo yang Terjerat Dua Kasus Korupsi|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kasang tukang == Dina milangkala Kabupatén Pati anu ka-702, Bupati Sudéwo anu karék ngajabat ngawartakeun yén aya rencana pikeun [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, anu mangrupakeun kanaékan mimiti ti saprak 14 taun katukang. Kaputusan ieu ditangtukeun sanggeus aya masamuan jeung camat-camat sarta anggota Paguyuban Solidaritas Kepala Désa dan Perangkat Désa [[Kabupatén Pati]] dina 18 Méi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/jateng/2913032/desak-bupati-mundur-ini-5-tuntutan-aksi-demo-13-agustus-2025-di-pati|title=Desak Bupati Mundur, Ini 5 Tuntutan Aksi Demo 13 Agustus 2025 di Pati|last=Firman|first=Muhammad|website=beritasatu.com|publisher=BeritaSatu|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah daérah ngaluarkeun alesan yén angka éta téh mangrupakeun wates maksimum sarta loba properti ngan bakal meunang kanaékan anu leuwih leutik, sababaraha ngan naék nepi ka 50%. Nanging warga hariwang yén kanaékan pajak anu drastis bakal ngabebanan masarakat sarta kawijakan éta téh ditangtukeun tanpa ngalibetkeun pamadegan ti masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/959909/polisi-bubarkan-aksi-unjuk-rasa-di-pati|title=Polisi bubarkan aksi unjuk rasa di Pati - ANTARA News Jawa Timur|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Kategangan tuluy miparah nalika Bupati [[Sudéwo]] nanggepan kritik mimiti ti masarakat ku nantangan warga pikeun ngayakeun unjuk rasa anu ku anjeunna diidinan pikeun 5.000 atawa 50.000 jalma pikeun [[démonstrasi]] upamana warga daraék. Pernyataan éta dianggep propokatip tur henteu peka, nguatkeun paniléyan ngeunaan kapamingpinan anu arogan.<ref name=":0" /> Minangka bentuk panglawanan, warga ngorganisirkeun manéh liwat Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Bersatu anu karék dijieun sarta mimiti ngumpulkeun sumbangan pikeun perlengkapan protés. Sacara simbolis, warga baris ngarumpul hareupeun alun-alun kabupatén sabari mawa rébuan cai kemasan sarta logistik séjénna, nandaan yén anjeunna siap pikeun unjuk rasa massal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2025/ribuan-massa-tuntut-sudewo-bupati-pati-mundur-usai-kenaikan-pbb-250-persen/|title=Ribuan Massa Tuntut Sudewo Bupati Pati Mundur Usai Kenaikan PBB 250 Persen|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Kronologi == Dimimitian ku Bupati [[Sudéwo]] anu karék ngajabat ngaluarkeun kabijakan yén [[Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdésaan dan Perkotaan]] (PBB-P2) bakal ditaékkeun nepi ka 250%, warga [[Kabupatén Pati|Pati]] ngarasa teu dilibatkeun jeung kabebanan dina prosés kaputusan ieu dijieun. Warga [[Kabupatén Pati|Pati]] tuluy ngorganisir manéh dina Aliansi Masyarakat Pati Bersatu salaku bentuk protés teu satuju pikeun ieu kabijakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/08/14/060500/kronologi-lengkap-demo-panas-di-pati-dari-pbb-250-persen-berujung-bupati-sudewo-tolak-mundur|title=Kronologi Lengkap Demo Panas di Pati: Dari PBB 250 Persen, Berujung Bupati Sudewo Tolak Mundur|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Category: WikiSuarana]] [[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]] q3qpmxxs4di54t0mveio1j1xxxjrz86 0 108412 709486 708722 2026-05-18T06:35:02Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Bacaan Iftitah */ 709486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iftitah''' (Basa Arab: اِفْتِتَاح) nyaéta doa bubuka anu dibaca dina rakaat munggaran [[solat]], saatos [[Takbir|Takbiratul Ihram]] sarta sateuacan maos [[Surah Al-Fatihah|Al-Fatihah]]<ref name="Majmu">An-Nawawi. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''. Jilid 3, kaca 312.</ref>. Maos doa iftitah hukumna nyaéta '''[[sunah]]''' nurutkeun mayoritas ulama [[fikih]] dumasar kana rupa-rupa riwayat ti [[Muhammad|Rasulullah]] SAW. === Hakékat sareng Waktos Maca === Doa ieu dibaca lalaunan (''sirr'') boh dina solat fardu atanapi solat sunah. Upami saurang [[makmum]] katinggaleun (masbuq) sarta [[imam]] parantos ngamimitian maos Al-Fatihah, mangka makmum kasebut langsung ngiringan imam sarta teu kedah maos iftitah sabab maos Al-Fatihah hukumna wajib sedengkeun iftitah hukumna sunah<ref name="Mughni">Al-Khathib asy-Syirbini. ''Mughni al-Muhtaj''. Jilid 1, kaca 352.</ref>. === Dasar Hukum === Aya sababaraha riwayat [[hadis]] primér anu janten dasar bacaan iftitah: * Hadis Abu Hurairah: Anjeunna tumaros ka Nabi SAW ngeunaan jempéna Nabi antawis takbir sareng Al-Fatihah, mangka Nabi SAW ngajelaskeun yén anjeunna maos doa iftitah<ref name="Bukhari744">''Shahih al-Bukhari'', Kitab al-Adzan, Bab Ma Yaqulu Ba'da al-Takbir, No. Hadis 744.</ref>. * Hadis Ali bin Abi Thalib: Ngajelaskeun bacaan "Wajjahtu Wajhiya..." nalika Nabi SAW ngamimitian solatna<ref name="Muslim771">''Shahih Muslim'', Kitab Shalat al-Musafirin, No. Hadis 771.</ref>. === Bacaan Iftitah === Salah sahiji bacaan anu paling sering dianggo dumasar kana riwayat Ali bin Abi Thalib nyaéta: <blockquote> وَجَّهْتُ وَجْهِيَ لِلَّذِي فَطَرَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ حَنِيفًا مُسْلِمًا وَمَا أَنَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، إِنَّ صَلَاتِي وَنُسُكِي وَمَحْيَايَ وَمَمَاتِي لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ، لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَبِذَلِكَ أُمِرْتُ وَأَنَا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ </blockquote> ''"Abdi nyanghareupkeun beungeut abdi ka Dzat anu parantos nyiptakeun langit jeung bumi kalayan lempeng sarta masrahkeun diri, jeung abdi lain kaasup golongan jalma-jalma musyrik. Saéstuna solat abdi, ibadah abdi, hirup abdi, jeung maot abdi téh ngan pikeun Allah, Pangéran sakabéh alam. Teu aya sakutu pikeun Anjeunna, jeung ku sabab éta abdi diparéntahkeun, sarta abdi kaasup golongan jalma-jalma Muslim."''<ref name="Muslim771" />. === Doa Iftitah (Riwayat Abu Hurairah) === Salian ti doa ''Wajjahtu'', aya bacaan doa iftitah sanésna anu dumasar kana hadis shahih sarta sering pisan dimaos ku [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] dina solat fardhu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''Al-Bukhari''' (No. 744) sareng '''Muslim''' (No. 598) ti Sahabat Abu Hurairah Radhiyallahu 'Anhu.</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''اللَّهُمَّ بَاعِدْ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنِ خَطَايَايَ كَمَا بَاعَدْتَ بَيْنَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ، اللَّهُمَّ نَقِّنِي مِنَ الْخَطَايَا كَمَا يُنَقَّى الثَّوْبُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الدَّنَسِ، اللَّهُمَّ اغْسِلْ خَطَايَايَ بِالْمَاءِ وَالثَّلْجِ وَالْبَرَدِ'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Allahumma baa'id baini wa baina khathayaaya kamaa baa'adta bainal masyriqi wal maghrib. Allahumma naqqinii minal khathayaa kamaa yunaqqats tsaubul abyadhu minad danash. Allahumma-ghsil khathayaaya bil maa-i wats tsalji wal barad.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Allah, mugi Anjeun nebihkeun antara abdi sareng kalepatan abdi, sakumaha Anjeun parantos nebihkeun antara wetan sareng kulon. Nun Gusti Allah, mugi Anjeun meresihan abdi tina kalepatan sakumaha lawon bodas diberesihan tina kokotor. Nun Gusti Allah, mugi Anjeun ngawasuh kalepatan abdi ku cai, és, sareng bunut (air hujan/salju)." </blockquote> ==== Hartos Ungcap Kecap (Per Kata) sarta Hakekat Jerona ==== Pikeun nyerepkeun rasa [[Ikhlas]] sarta mancegkeun [[Tauhid]] nalika nembé pisan ngamimitian solat, ieu harti per kecap sarta siloka spiritualna:<ref>Al-Asqalani, Ibnu Hajar. ''Fathul Bari Syarh Shahih al-Bukhari''.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%; border:1px solid #006400;" |- style="background:#006400; color:white; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:25%;" | Lafadz Arab / Latén | style="width:25%;" | Hartos Harfiah (Basa Sunda) | style="width:50%;" | Hakekat sarta Siloka Spiritual |- | '''اللَّهُمَّ بَاعِدْ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنِ خَطَايَايَ'''<br/>''Allahumma baa'id baini wa baina khathayaaya'' | "Nun Gusti Allah, mugi Anjeun nebihkeun antara abdi sareng kalepatan abdi," | '''Bénténg tina Dosa:''' Paménta supados urang dijauhkeun tina kasempetan midamel dosa, sarta upami parantos kajantenan, mugi balukar dosana ditebihkeun tina kahirupan urang. |- | '''كَمَا بَاعَدْتَ بَيْنَ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ'''<br/>''Kamaa baa'adta bainal masyriqi wal maghrib'' | "sakumaha Anjeun parantos nebihkeun antara wétan sareng kulon." | '''Jarak Nu Sampurna:''' Wétan sareng kulon moal kantos tiasa patepung. Ieu siloka yén saurang hamba hoyong bener-bener dipisahkeun tina rupa-rupa panyakit ati saperti [[Tamah]] (sarakah) sarta [[Kadzib]] (bohong). |- | '''اللَّهُمَّ نَقِّنِي مِنَ الْخَطَايَا'''<br/>''Allahumma naqqinii minal khathayaa'' | "Nun Gusti Allah, mugi Anjeun meresihan abdi tina kalepatan" | '''Proses Takhalli:''' Menta supados batin urang di-''tazkiyah'' (diberesihan). Solat janten lulun samak pikeun meresihan noda-noda hideung dina manah alatan runtagna amal dunya. |- | '''كَمَا يُنَقَّى الثَّوْبُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الدَّنَسِ'''<br/>''Kamaa yunaqqats tsaubul abyadhu minad danash'' | "sakumaha lawon bodas diberesihan tina kokotor." | '''Kasucian Murni:''' Lawon bodas upami kénging kokotor sakedik ogé bakal tétéla katingalna. Hamba hoyong imanna beresih mutlak, sahingga [[Muru'ah]] sarta kasucian dirina kajaga sagemblengna. |- | '''اللَّهُمَّ اغْسِلْ خَطَايَايَ'''<br/>''Allahumma-ghsil khathayaaya'' | "Nun Gusti Allah, mugi Anjeun ngawasuh kalepatan abdi" | '''Pangluhuran Dosa:''' Ngawasuh ngagunakeun cai miboga hakekat ngaleungitkeun urut sarta tapak-tapak [[dosa]] anu nempel dina anggota badan sarta batin. |- | '''بِالْمَاءِ وَالثَّلْجِ وَالْبَرَدِ'''<br/>''Bil maa-i wats tsalji wal barad'' | "ku cai, és, sareng bunut (air hujan/salju)." | '''Paniis Ati:''' Dosa téh sipatna panas (durukan seuneu naraka). Ku kituna, urang ménta dipareuman sarta ditiiskeun ku tilu unsur zat suci anu tiis, simbul tina lungsurna [[maghfirah]] sarta rahmat anu mawa katenangan batin. |} == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Solat]] [[Kategori:Fikih]] ldxuyauf6fdg7vialy9o3g8o5mdpqkj 0 108453 709489 708962 2026-05-18T07:53:13Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan sub-bab Bukti Arkéologis: nyambungkeun Kidung Lakbok sareng Situs Kelapa Kuning dumasar laporan Balai Arkeologi Bandung 2009 709489 wikitext text/x-wiki Kidung Lakbok '''Kidung Lakbok''' nyaéta salah sahiji karya sastra wangun wawacan nu ditulis maké pupuh, asalna ti Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon. Naskah ieu nyaritakeun asal-usul Rawa Lakbok jeung Pasir Kokoplak nu patali jeung tokoh Pangeran Tambakbaya ti Karajaan Banjar Pataruman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sastra Lisan Sunda: Mite, Fabel, jeung Legende|last=Tim Panaliti|first=Bahasa jeung Sastra|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan jeung Pengembangan Basa, Kemendikbud|year=1979|pages=121-125}}</ref> Karya ieu munggaran medal dina wangun buku citak tanggal 31 Agustus 1956 di Banjar, disusun ku M. Karso Prawiraatmadja.''Kidung Lakbok''. Wikipabukon Basa Sunda. Diaksés 6 Méi 2026. Numutkeun katerangan, naskah ieu asalna tina Paririmbon Aki Rana Jangga, nyaéta kumpulan naskah karuhun nu dilestarikan turun-temurun. == Eusi Carita == Aya dua vérsi nu aya di masarakat, nyaéta vérsi lisan jeung vérsi tulisan. === Vérsi Lisan === Dumasar kana carita lisan nu kacatet, Prabu Tambakbaya nu maréntah Karajaan Banjar Pataruman ngagaduhan dua putra. Ku sabab kadua putrana teu patuh tur mungkir bakti, Prabu Tambakbaya ngawukukeun karajaanana. Lemahna robah jadi rawa jeung leuweung nu dingaranan Simagonggong, sedengkeun kadua putrana dikutuk jadi monyét. Wewengkon éta kiwari katelah Rawa Lakbok. Di Pasir Kokoplak ogé aya batu-batu gedé nu dipercaya minangka sésa-sésa kajadian éta.''Legenda Kidung Lakbok''. Pamaréntah Kacamatan Lakbok.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mcnnews.id/profil-lengkap-kecamatan-lakbok-kabupaten-ciamis/|title=Profil Lengkap Kecamatan Lakbok Kabupaten Ciamis|last=Ratman|first=Shanny|date=12 Maret 2023|work=MCN News|access-date=7 Méi 2026}}</ref> === Vérsi Tulisan (1956) === Naskah citak taun 1956 ieu eusina aya 26 pupuh. Salian ti nyaritakeun legenda, ogé ngandung piwuruk, ajén-inajén, jeung ramalan. Sababaraha bagian nu penting di antarana: - '''Pupuh 1 (Papatat)''': Ngajelaskeun ngeunaan ''Tata Titi Surti'', nyaéta tatakrama jeung urutan adat nu kudu dipilampah saméméh ngalakonan pagawéan gedé. ​ - '''Pupuh 6''': Ngagambarkeun paseukna barayana: "silih tjabok di Lakbok, silih dupak di Kokoplak" (silih pukul di Lakbok, silih tajong di Kokoplak). ​ - '''Pupuh 12''': Ngandung cakapan: "Kaduhung tarung jeung dulur, rebut balung tanpa eusi, nu puguh onar ka batur, matak era ka tatangga" (Karunya tarung jeung dulur, ngarébut barang nu teu aya gunana, nu matak ngarugikeun batur, matak éra ka tatangga). ​ - '''Bagian "Bandjar Bakal Bandjir"''': Nyaritakeun kajadian caah badé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950 nu dianggap caah pangbadéna dina sajarah masarakat satempat, kalayan jangkungna cai nepi ka leuwih ti dua méter. ​ - '''Ramalan Panutup''': Disebutkeun yén "Bandjar Bakal djadikatjapangan: BandjarPatroman – Bandjar Aman" (Banjar bakal jadi tempat nu kasohor tur aman). == Kagunaan dina Kabudayaan == Kidung Lakbok miboga fungsi minangka média nepikeun sajarah lokal, ajén moral, jeung asal-usul hiji tempat dina kahirupan masarakat Sunda. Carita ieu ogé dijadikeun dasar kasenian '''Wayang Kila''', kecap "Kila" téh singkatan tina Kidung Lakbok. Beda jeung wayang lianna, wayang ieu dijieunna tina rarambéan/merang. Biasana dipagelarkeun dina acara adat sapertos Ruwatan atawa Hajat Bumi.<ref> {{Cite news|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/11/wayang-kila-gambarkan-sejarah-berdirinya-lakbok-ciamis/|title=Wayang Kila Gambarkan Sejarah Berdirinya Lakbok Ciamis|last=Suherman|date=24 Nopémber 2015|work=Harapan Rakyat|access-date=7 Méi 2026}}</ref> === Bukti Arkéologis === Catetan dina ''Kidung Lakbok'' ngeunaan nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] anu digambarkeun salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" dikuatkeun ku ayana '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]].<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) sapertos [[lingga]], [], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi, anu nunjukkeun ayana peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] di wewengkon ieu. Tingali ogé detil lengkepna dina [[Kerajaan Kertabumi#Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning|bagian Bukti Arkéologis]] artikel ''Kerajaan Kertabumi''. == Tempo ogé == - [[Sastra Sunda]] ​ - [[Wawacan]] ​ - [[Wayang]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == - [[s:Kidung_Lakbok|Téks lengkep dina Wikipabukon Basa Sunda]] rvf1jg4nid28qi4wwmmfxnxf39tzlz5 0 108480 709435 709070 2026-05-17T16:41:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709435 wikitext text/x-wiki Sudewo (lahir 11 Oktober 1968) nyaéta politikus Indonésia anu ngajabat Bupati Pati periode 2025 nepi ka 2030. Manéhna jadi anggota DPR-RI salila dua periode (2009–2013 jeung 2019–2024). Dina mangsa kaduana di DPR-RI, manéhna ngawakilan Partéy Gerindra, Grobogan Jawa Tengah. Kabupatén, Kabupatén Blora, Kabupatén Rembang, jeung Kabupatén Pati sarta dijabat Komisi V.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/blog/profil/id/1898|title=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212074340/https://www.dpr.go.id/blog/profil/id/1898 |date=2021-12-12 }}</ref> Anjeunna kapilih jadi Bupati Pati pikeun masa jabatan 2025–2030 dina pemilihan umum, dipasangkeun jeung Wakil Bupati Risma Ardhi Chandra. <ref name=":0" /> Dina mangsa pamaréntahanana, kawijakan ngaronjatkeun Pajak Bumi jeung Bangunan Désa jeung Kota (PBB-P2) nepi ka 250 persén ditampik ti sababaraha anggota masarakat, tapi panolakan ieu diwujudkeun ku demonstrasi. teu diteruskeun sanggeus rapat paripurna DPRD Kabupaten Pati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/pilkada/d-7724994/sudewo-chandra-resmi-ditetapkan-jadi-bupati-wakil-bupati-pati-terpilih|title=Sudewo-Chandra Resmi Ditetapkan Jadi Bupati-Wakil Bupati Pati Terpilih|last=Aji|first=Dian Utoro|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-05-10}}</ref> Tuntutan utama massa nyaéta impeachment Sudewo. Tapi, dina rapat paripurna DPRD Pati tanggal 31 Oktober 2025, diputuskeun yén Sudewo moal di-impeach sarta ngan dipénta pikeun ngaronjatkeun kinerjana. Sudewo hadir dina rapat online.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/fakta-fakta-gagalnya-pemakzulan-bupati-sudewo-di-sidang-paripurna-2085258|title=Fakta-fakta Gagalnya Pemakzulan Bupati Sudewo di Sidang Paripurna|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-10}}</ref> Ti tujuh fraksi di DPRD Pati, ngan faksi PDI-P dina satuju. genep fraksi séjénna, Gerindra, PPP, PKB, Demokrat, PKS, jeung Golkar, ngan ukur nganjurkeun perbaikan kinerja. Ku kituna, tina 36 anggota DPRD, putusan anu dilaksanakeun nyaéta nuturkeun saran genep fraksi, nyaéta ngan ukur ménta perbaikan kinerja. <ref name=":1" /> Panitia Khusus (Pansus) Hak Penyidikan anu dibentuk DPRD dina sidang ieu nepikeun hasil panalungtikanana ngeunaan kesesuaian Sudewo pikeun dicabut. Panitia Husus saméméhna geus ngarekomendasikeun PHK samentawis. Tapi, henteu nalungtik dugaan kasus korupsi di DJKA kalawan alesan yén kajadian éta lumangsung saméméh Sudewo masih jadi anggota DPRD. Salah sahiji anggota DPRD téh masih kénéh jadi anggota PKS. Sudewo. DPR. Nurutkeun Panitia Husus, prosés hukum ngeunaan dugaan korupsi anu ayeuna diurus ku Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) jeung tacan réngsé, mangaruhan kana kamajuanana. Pamarentah Kabupaten Pati.<ref name=":1" /> Aksi massal ngawarnaan sidang paripurna DPRD Pati anu ngabahas hasil Panitia Khusus Penyidikan Pemberhentian Bupati Sudewo Jum'at, 31 Oktober 2025. Katémbong balaréa ngaduruk ban di sabudeureun Alun-alun Pati, tepatna di beulah kidul Gedong DPRD. Gedong DPRD teu bisa ditutupan ku balaréa di sabudeureun éta Alun-alun Pati. Alun-alun Pati. dijaga jeung dipager ku kawat berduri. Pager sarupa kitu ogé dipasang di hareupeun Aula Kabupatén Pati.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Category: WikiSuarana-Sonofbrahma]] [[Category: WikiSuarana]] jdgqch21ulo4r4nr3rco4el8omhznya 0 108482 709484 709414 2026-05-18T06:17:18Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Lakbok | native_name = ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪ | other_name = Bandjarpatroman / Pataruman | image_map = Lakbok in Ciamis Regency.svg | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | area_total_km2 = 60.56 | population_total = 56369 | population_density_km2 = 931 | coordinates = {{coord|7|24|01|S|108|39|51|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Lakbok''' (ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪, baheula ngaranna '''Bandjarpatroman''' atawa '''Pataruman''') nyaéta hiji kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Béda jeung catetan administrasi resmi, naskah kuno ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956<ref name="kidung">Kidung Lakbok, 1956.</ref> nyatet yén ieu wewengkon téh tilas puseur karajaan bawahan [[Galuh]] nu robah jadi rawa alatan perang jeung sumpah karuhun. Disebutkeun ogé aya 7 désa kalayan sakitar 1.000 rumah tangga, sarta VOC ngawangun pager jeung pos jaga (''een Pagar, en eenige bezetting'') di wewengkon éta.<ref name="voc1726"/> Rujukan ieu saluyu sareng carita dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) anu nyebatkeun [[Walungan Citanduy]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana minangka lokasi [[Perang Pataruman]]. == Ngaran == Aya dua vérsi asal-usul ngaran '''Lakbok''': === 1. Vérsi Kamus: "Maung Gede" === Nurutkeun ''Kamus Basa Sunda'' R.A. Danadibrata (2015), kecap "lakbok" asalna tina Basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina "maung nu gedé pisan" atawa sato galak panggedéna.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. 2015. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''.</ref> === 2. Vérsi Naskah Kuno: "Bandjarpatroman" === Dumasar ''Kidung Lakbok'' Bait 3, ngaran aslina saméméh robah téh '''Bandjarpatroman''': ''"Lakbok teh hidji nagara, Nu disupata ku dewa, Katelah Bandjarpatroman, nagri gede loh djinawi."''<ref name="kidung3">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 3, 1956.</ref> Hartina: "Lakbok éta hiji nagara, nu disumpah ku karuhun, baheula disebut Bandjarpatroman, nagara gedé nu makmur tur beunghar." Hartina "Maung gede" bisa jadi siloka atawa paribasa pikeun ngagambarkeun gedéna jeung kawibawanana "Nagri Gede Bandjarpatroman" jaman baheula. == Sajarah == === Bukti Kolonial: Tsjalave/Salawe (1726) === Dumasar kana arsip [[VOC]] taun 1726, wewengkon anu disebut '''Tsjalave''' (Salawe) tos aya dina abad ka-18.<ref name="voc1726">Arsip VOC 1726. Dikutip tina dokumén anu dibagikeun ku Dodenk Zoe. Taun ieu saluyu sareng laporan VOC ti [[Cirebon|Cheribon]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana.</ref> Dina dokumén éta, Tsjalave digambarkeun aya di sisi [[Walungan Citanduy]], caket sareng désa Rantija, Madura, Magara, sareng Bloctjong. Disebutkeun ogé aya 7 désa kalayan sakitar 1.000 rumah tangga, sarta VOC ngawangun pager jeung pos jaga (''een Pagar, en eenige bezetting'') di wewengkon éta.<ref name="voc1726"/> Rujukan ieu saluyu sareng carita dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) anu nyebatkeun [[Walungan Citanduy]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana minangka lokasi [[Perang Pataruman]]. === Jaman Karajaan Galuh: Perang Pataruman === ''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun kajian gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua katurunan karajaan, nyaéta [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak, nepi ka Kawasen.<ref name="kidung4">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 4-5, 1956.</ref> Alatan perang jeung silih pasea, nagara ieu tuluy disumpah, nepi ka robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa, sakumaha nu kacatet dina Bait 17: ''"urut djaeuh djadi leuweung, djadi leuweung sima gonggong"''.<ref name="kidung17">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 17, 1956.</ref> Dina naskah ieu ogé aya ramalan nu geus kabukti: 1. ''"Bandjar Bakal Bandjir"'' — kajadian banjir gedé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.<ref name="kidungprosa">Kidung Lakbok, Bagian Prosa, 1956.</ref> ​ 2. ''"Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan"'' — hartina sajarah bakal dipulangkeun deui ka nu boga.<ref name="kidung22">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 22, 1956.</ref> === Jaman Modéren === Taun 1926, Bupati R.A.A. Wiranatanuningrat méré hak milik tanah ka masarakat tatanén sangkan bisa ngokolakeun deui lahan rawa nu geus lila kosong.<ref>Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> Ayeuna, Lakbok geus maju: aya leuwih ti 56 satuan atikan ti TK nepi ka PTS,<ref name="kemendikdasmen">Kemendikdasmen, 2024. [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021411/3 Data Dikdasmen]</ref> sarta perguruan tinggi STIT Lakbok.<ref name="stit">[https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id]</ref> == Wates Wewengkon (Dumasar Sajarah) == Nurutkeun wates dina naskah kuno, wewengkon Bandjarpatroman baheula leuwih lega ti administrasi ayeuna, ngawengku: - Pataruman ​ - Cikawung ​ - Kawasen ​ - Tur patula-patali raket jeung Batulawang — nu disebut nepi ka 4 kali dina naskah minangka "Gerbang Asup ka Gunung Sangkur".<ref name="kidung14">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 14-15, 1956.</ref> == Situs Sajarah Patali == Lakbok raket pisan sajarahna jeung Desa Batulawang, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Dumasar data resmi Disdikbud Kota Banjar, di dinya aya 8 Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh nu kacatet dina Kidung:<ref name="disdikbudbanjar">Disdikbud Kota Banjar, 2025.</ref> 1. [[Gunung Sangkur]] — disebut "tempat njingkur / panyingkuran" dina Bait 15<ref name="kidung15">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 15, 1956.</ref> 2. [[Batu Peti]] — "Batu peti nu mupusti" (Bait 21)<ref name="kidung21">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 21, 1956.</ref> 3. Batu Kasur — bisa ngahasilkeun sora lamun dipukul, numbu ka legenda Sangkuriang 4. Sanghyang Bedil 5. Batu Pangkon 6. Sumur Bandung 7. Kyai Panembahan 8. Banyu Mudal == Atikan == Dumasar data Kemendikdasmen taun 2024, di Kacamatan Lakbok aya: - 44 SD / MI ​ - 8 SMP / MTs ​ - 4 SMA / SMK / MA ​ - 1 Perguruan Tinggi: [[STIT Lakbok]] == Kaamanan == Wewengkon ieu dijaga ku Polsek Lakbok.<ref name="polres">[https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Tribrata News Polres Ciamis]</ref> Rutin ngayakeun musyawarah désa di [[Sindangangin]] jeung tempat séjén pikeun ngajaga karapihan masarakat.<ref name="polri">[https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2108136-ikuti-musdes-tingkat-desa-sindangangin-polsek-lakbok-sampaikan-imbauan-kamtibmas Humas Polri, 2023]</ref> == Géografi jeung Iklim == Lakbok mibanda iklim tropis kalayan curah hujan nu luyu jeung karakter wewengkon rawa.<ref name="bmkg">[https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.17 BMKG Kode 32.07.17]</ref> Kaayaan rawa jeung cai ieu geus disebut dina Kidung Bait 17: ''"tingkarocak ku rea rawa"''.<ref name="kidung17"/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Batulawang]] * [[Gunung Sangkur]] * [[Sajarah Karajaan Galuh]] * [[STIT Lakbok]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kecamatan Lakbok] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah Lengkap Kidung Lakbok 1956] * [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ STIT Lakbok] * [https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Berita & Informasi] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]] [[Kategori:Naskah Sunda Kuno]] iytbv007cblyjydfeol5x34zbloyg92 0 108501 709487 709188 2026-05-18T07:03:22Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan bagian Situs Gunung Susuru sareng rujukan profil désa. 709487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] 732844qjgfgw4c7iqct8kso1l2cdgjm 709488 709487 2026-05-18T07:41:10Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan sub-bab Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning dumasar laporan Balai Arkeologi Bandung 2009 709488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] 46ijp5hxhqybco83ai1zoseav1owrwx 709491 709488 2026-05-18T08:08:20Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning */ 709491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] lec84ujr62ugassskg0vwt298xkedx5 709492 709491 2026-05-18T08:10:58Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan rujukan pikeun Situs Kelapa Kuning 709492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} <ref name="galuh_virtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> <ref name="budaya_indonesia">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] 5kpma9nhfzhzj7ftfadf6iqn1ea0eqf 709493 709492 2026-05-18T08:12:22Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Rujukan */ 709493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == <references/> <ref name="galuh_virtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> <ref name="budaya_indonesia">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] 76j7ec68nyd78lr11pnvq5bn7d14qz8 709495 709493 2026-05-18T08:18:08Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Rujukan */ 709495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == <references/> <ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung. 2009.</ref> <ref name="galuh_virtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> <ref name="budaya_indonesia">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] sajg820u9aermq55j8u0tbkc8ee8t8t 709497 709495 2026-05-18T08:22:08Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Pranala Luar */ 709497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == <references/> <ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung. 2009.</ref> <ref name="galuh_virtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> <ref name="budaya_indonesia">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). i27bmq5e9u6zz21hbes3uhrwkldy9av 709498 709497 2026-05-18T08:24:16Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Pranala Luar */ 709498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == <references/> <ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung. 2009.</ref> <ref name="galuh_virtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> <ref name="budaya_indonesia">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). gew93r1su5gnieutwfrpqxtjax8z796 709499 709498 2026-05-18T08:25:59Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Rujukan */ 709499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGa,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkeologi di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> === Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning === Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung, 2009.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] (anu dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="galuh_virtual"/> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="budaya_indonesia"/> == Rujukan == <references/> <ref name="arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung. 2009.</ref> <ref name="galuh_virtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> <ref name="budaya_indonesia">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). rrxo53t7hym54n3a16jxlt9btea6mql 709500 709499 2026-05-18T08:46:28Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambahkeun artikel ngeunaan Karajaan Kertabumi: sajarah, daptar raja, situs Gunung Susuru, sareng situs Kelapa Kuning. Dilengkepan rujukan tina Kidung Lakbok, Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi, Balai Arkeologi Bandung, sareng sumber digital séjén. 709500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGA,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">[https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru]. Kertabumi: Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi, 8 Juni 2024.</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkéologis di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> == Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning == Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="Arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung (2009). *Inventarisasi Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala Wilayah Ciamis*. Bandung: BPCB.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="Arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén Karajaan Kertabumi (anu dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="GaluhVirtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="BudayaID">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> == Pranala luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009152917/https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2024-10-09 }}. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] c04ahcxs852qrqeibn77nf8z5u5c4mb 709501 709500 2026-05-18T08:52:26Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGA,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">[https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru]. Kertabumi: Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi, 8 Juni 2024.</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkéologis di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> == Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning == Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="Arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung (2009). *Inventarisasi Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala Wilayah Ciamis*. Bandung: BPCB.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="Arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén Karajaan Kertabumi (anu dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tiasa dilestarikan. Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="GaluhVirtual">[https://galuhvirtual.ciamiskab.go.id/detail/ragam Situs Kalapa Kuning]. Galuh Virtual, Pemerintah Kabupatén Ciamis.</ref> Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="BudayaID">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. Diakses 18 Méi 2026.</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> == Pranala luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/recordinfo/214507 "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"]. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] k18d7p7shu04o2n8mxbawkk5my4g18h 709502 709501 2026-05-18T09:00:48Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' (disebut ogé '''Kertadjaga''' dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'') nyaéta karajaan Sunda nu ngadeg di wewengkon Banjar (ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]] jeung sabudeureunana) kira-kira taun 1625 Maséhi. == Sajarah == Numutkeun naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956, sanggeus nagara [[Bandjarpatroman]] runtuh alatan perang sadulur jeung supata déwa, nangtung karajaan anyar nu disebut "Kertadjaga".<ref name="Kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. (1956). ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. (Naskah asli, bagian awal). [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Baca lengkep]</ref> <blockquote> ''Panungtung Ngadeg tumenggung,<br> Bawah tatar beulah wetan,<br> Duka dimana lebahna,<br> Ngan disebut "KERTADJAGA,<br> Djaga soteh tjeuk baheula,<br> Nagara pulang ka asal...''<ref name="Kidung1956"/> </blockquote> Hartina: ''Panungtungan ngadeg tumenggung di beulah wetan (karajaan), tapi teu disebut persis tempatna, ngan disebut Kertadjaga. Djaga cenah baheula hartina "jaga", nagara balik deui ka asal...'' Nurutkeun profil resmi Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi (2024), Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi diadegkeun ku Putri Tanduran Ageung, putri Raja Galuh Salawe.<ref name="Pemdes">[https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru]. Kertabumi: Pamaréntah Désa Kertabumi, 8 Juni 2024.</ref> Panalungtikan Balai Arkeologi Bandung taun 2000 ogé manggihan tinggalan arkéologis di Kawasan Kertabumi.<ref name="Artefak">Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi". ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Hlm. 196. ISSN 2355-5726.</ref> Karajaan ieu diparéntah munggaran ku [[Singaperbaya]], tuluy diganti ku putrana [[Singaperbaya II]] nu kasohor ku sebutan Dalem Tambakbaya atawa Ratu Agung Tambakbaja.<ref name="Kidung1956"/> Puseur pamaréntahan munggaran aya di [[Banjar Kolot]], Kacamatan Banjar. Puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka Bojonglopang, Cisaga (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]), dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Dalem Pager Gunung]]. == Daptar Raja == 1. [[Singaperbaya]] (1625–?) 2. [[Singaperbaya II]] / Dalem Tambakbaya / Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 3. [[Dalem Pager Gunung]] (sabudeureun 1641) == Situs Gunung Susuru == Di Désa Kertabumi aya '''Situs Gunung Susuru''', anu mangrupa petilasan Karajaan Galuh Kertabumi.<ref name="Pemdes"/> Numutkeun profil désa, nami "Susuru" asalna tina kembang susuru (kaktus) anu baheula tumuwuh di dinya sareng dianggo pikeun ngaping karaton. Kembang éta ayeuna tos punah, tapi caritana tetep hirup ngaliwatan upacara adat Merlawu anu ditalungtik ku Balai Arkeologi Bandung.<ref name="Artefak"/> == Bukti Arkéologis: Situs Kelapa Kuning == Di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] aya hiji situs arkéologis anu disebut '''Situs Kelapa Kuning''' (atawa '''Keramat Kuning Lakbok''').<ref name="Arkeologi">Balai Arkeologi Bandung (2009). *Inventarisasi Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala Wilayah Ciamis*. Bandung: BPCB.</ref> Di situs ieu kapanggih 6 benda arkéologis (kode LKB 1–LKB 6) anu ngawengku [[lingga]], [[yoni]], arca manusa, jeung arca sapi. Benda-benda ieu nunjukkeun yén di wewengkon Lakbok baheula aya peradaban [[Hindu]]-[[Buddha]] anu luhur. Ayana situs ieu nguatkeun catetan dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' ngeunaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] salaku "nagri gede loh djinawi" (nagara anu makmur).<ref name="Arkeologi"/> Situs ieu janten bukti fisik yén Karajaan Kertabumi (anu dina ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' disebut '''Kertadjaga''') leres-leres aya sareng tetep dijaga nepi ka kiwari. Dina bulan Agustus 2025, Dinas Kebudayaan Ciamis babarengan jeung Balai Pelestarian Kabudayaan Jawa Barat kungsi nganjang ka dinya pikeun ngajaga jeung ngalestarikeun nilai sajarah nu aya.<ref name="GaluhID2025">Anjar Abadi, Tegar (22 Agustus 2025). [https://galuh.id/jaga-nilai-sejarah-disbudpora-ciamis-bersama-bpk-jabar-kunjungi-situs-budaya-di-lakbok/ "Jaga Nilai Sejarah, Disbudpora Ciamis Bersama BPK Jabar Kunjungi Situs Budaya di Lakbok"]. *Galuh.id*.</ref> Situs Kelapa Kuning aya di Desa Sukanegara, Kacamatan Lakbok, Kabupatén Ciamis. Benda-benda ieu disimpen dina cungkup ukuran 3 x 4 m di kebon penduduk, tapi kebanyakan tos rusak sakitar taun 1965.<ref name="BudayaID">[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Keramat-Kuning-Lakbok Keramat Kuning Lakbok]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia.</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> == Pranala luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah digital ''Kidung Lakbok''] – Naskah taun 1956 karya M. Karso Prawiraatmadja, didigitalkeun ku Henri Purwanto (CC BY-SA 4.0, HAKI RI No. 00012130/0). * Pajriah, Sri; Dewi, Mia Sumiari (Maret 2014). [https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/recordinfo/214507 "Upacara Adat Merlawu di Gunung Susuru Desa Kertabumi"]. ''Jurnal Artefak''. Vol. 2 No. 1. Universitas Galuh Ciamis. ISSN 2355-5726. * [https://kertabumi.desa.id/profile/detail_potensi/situs-gunung-susuru Situs Gunung Susuru] – Profil resmi Pemerintah Desa Kertabumi, Ciamis (8 Juni 2024). * [https://galuh.id/jaga-nilai-sejarah-disbudpora-ciamis-bersama-bpk-jabar-kunjungi-situs-budaya-di-lakbok/ Kunjungan resmi ka Situs Kelapa Kuning] – Warta pelestarian kabudayaan (22 Agustus 2025). [[Kategori:Karajaan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] tpii6ih63h6n3ria2tiiowqhw0p4n8q 0 108532 709485 709354 2026-05-18T06:32:02Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalereskeun infobox 709485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Perang Pataruman | partof = Ragragna [[Tarumanagara]] numutkeun ''Kidung Lakbok'' | date = Abad ka-7 Masehi<br><small>Numutkeun ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''</small> | place = [[Pataruman]], [[Kokoplak]], [[Lakbok]] | result = [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] lebur, janten [[Rawa Lakbok]] | combatant1 = [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] | combatant2 = [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] }} '''Perang Pataruman''' nyaéta perang sadulur antara [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] anu lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman (ayeuna Kacamatan [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]]) saatos ragragna [[Tarumanagara]], dumasar kana naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956.<ref name="kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 4-5, 12, 14, 16-17, 20.</ref><ref name="fokusjabar">Irfansyah Riza. "Situs Cagar Budaya Kokoplak Banjar Butuh Perhatian dan Sentuhan Pemerintah". ''Fokus Jabar'', 3 Februari 2025.</ref> == Latar Tukang == Saatos [[Tarumanagara]] ragrag dina abad ka-7 Masehi, wewengkon Lakbok (ayeuna [[Kabupatén Ciamis]]) janten bagian tina [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]. Naskah ''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun yén Bandjarpatroman mangrupikeun nagara anu makmur, dikepung ku gunung-gunung, sareng subur. Nanging, konflik timbul nalika dua penguasa, nyaéta [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] sareng [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]], anu kacaritakeun salaku dulur, '''paséwot''' ngarebut kakawasaan.<ref name="kidung1956"/> == Jalan Carita Perang == Dina pupuh 4 ''Kidung Lakbok'' disebatkeun: <blockquote>"Pamali tarung djeung dulur, matak paanggang pakaja, Sang Ratu Inggeung Buana, ngadu rosa djeung rakana, parebut-dajeuh Patroman, Ratu Agung Tambakbaja."</blockquote> Perang lumangsung di sababaraha tempat, di antarana [[Pataruman]], [[Kokoplak]], sareng [[Lakbok]].<ref name="kokoplak">Artikel [[Kokoplak]] di Wikipédia Sunda.</ref> Perang ieu lumangsung sengit sareng nyababkeun seueur karuksakan. Dina pupuh 12, kacaritakeun kaduhung saatos perang: <blockquote>"Kaduhung tarung djeung dulur, rebut balung tanpa eusi, nu puguh onar ka batur, matak era ka tatangga, napasu nu matak kaduhung, badan anu katempuhan, lebur adjur tutumpuran, nagri ruksak ku sorangan."</blockquote> == Akibat == Akibat tina perang ieu, [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] lebur sareng robah janten [[Rawa Lakbok]]. Ratu Agung Tambakbaja "kabawa kunu ngahijang" (pupuh 20), sedengkeun Ratu Inggeung Buana ngungsi ka [[Gunung Sangkur]] (pupuh 14).<ref name="kidung1956"/> Dina pupuh 16 digambarkeun akibat anu langkung ageung: <blockquote>"Reup angkeub bumi djeung langit, gunung rugrug laut motah, lini teu aja eureuna, galindeng sora kawahan, hawar-hawar kabujutan, njaksian supata déwa."</blockquote> == Tinggalan == Tinggalan tina perang ieu di antarana nami-nami tempat anu aya hubunganana sareng kajadian perang, sapertos: - [[Pataruman]] (tempat tarung utama) - [[Kokoplak]] (tempat perang, ayeuna situs cagar budaya)<ref name="fokusjabar"/> - [[Gunung Sangkur]] (tempat ngungsi Ratu Inggeung Buana) - [[Batulawang]] (tempat "ngawangwang" atanapi ningali ka Bandjarpatroman) - [[Rawa Lakbok]] (bekas Karajaan Bandjarpatroman) == Tingali ogé == - [[Tarumanagara]] - [[Kidung Lakbok]] - [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]] - [[Rawa Lakbok]] - [[Kokoplak]] == Rujukan == <references /> * Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 4-5, 12, 14, 16-17, 20. * Irfansyah Riza. "Situs Cagar Budaya Kokoplak Banjar Butuh Perhatian dan Sentuhan Pemerintah". ''Fokus Jabar'', 3 Februari 2025. [[Kategori:Perang di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Kota Banjar]] 470zpvmquhsbe0lvb4gssy40aqlz3gj 0 108550 709430 2026-05-17T14:45:16Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nyieun kaca anyar {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="te... 709430 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakékat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara [[Iftirasy]], nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jénten sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta elmu rasa), diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa **momen sawala sarta pangbeberah agung** ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * **Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]]:** Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * **Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan:** Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang menta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]]** (serakah) sarta **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]]** (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakekat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara **Iftirasy**, nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jénten sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta lmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa **momen sawala sarta pangbeberah agung** ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * **Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]]:** Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * **Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan:** Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang menta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]]** (serakah) sarta **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]]** (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat]] fk5fcpzu6me8hcr37ouilcj9kbeeeyl 709463 709430 2026-05-17T22:18:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna */ 709463 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakékat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara [[Iftirasy]], nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jéntréna sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta elmu rasa), diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa **momen sawala sarta pangbeberah agung** ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * **Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]]:** Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * **Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan:** Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang menta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]]** (serakah) sarta **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]]** (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakekat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara **Iftirasy**, nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jénten sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta lmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa **momen sawala sarta pangbeberah agung** ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * **Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]]:** Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * **Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan:** Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang menta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]]** (serakah) sarta **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]]** (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat]] avyhrwvlnyatiobztuxz1v9p7anrx6h 709464 709463 2026-05-17T22:48:16Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual */ 709464 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakékat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara [[Iftirasy]], nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jéntréna sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta élmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa wanci sawala sarta pangbeberah agung ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * Diangkatna Darajat : Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan: Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang ménta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]] (serakah) sarta [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]] (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakekat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara **Iftirasy**, nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jénten sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta lmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa **momen sawala sarta pangbeberah agung** ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * **Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]]:** Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * **Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan:** Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang menta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]]** (serakah) sarta **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]]** (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat]] 8t7ksdkw4kjpnc6hwvxdav9wiuvqfs4 709465 709464 2026-05-17T22:49:30Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual */ 709465 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakékat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara [[Iftirasy]], nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jéntréna sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta élmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa wanci sawala sarta pangbeberah agung ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * Diangkatna Darajat : Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan: Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang ménta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]] (serakah) sarta [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]] (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakekat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara **Iftirasy**, nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jénten sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta élmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa **momen sawala sarta pangbeberah agung** ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]]: Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan:** Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang menta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti **[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]] (serakah) sarta [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]] (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat]] 3eqxzhcw8m4ibsilxyae9jys1yparyo 709479 709465 2026-05-18T05:45:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 709479 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; background:#f0fff0; border:1px solid #006400; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.2em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#006400; color:white; padding:0.4em;" | Diuk Antara Dua Sujud<br/><small>(الجلسة بين السجدتين)</small> |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Hukum | Rukun Fi'li (Wajib dina Solat) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Macam Duduk | Iftirasy (Sunnah) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Inti Bacaan | Istighfar, Doa, sarta Talaran Rejeki |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#eee;" | Lambang Spiritual | Diangkatna Darajat [[Pakarir]] |} '''Diuk Antara Dua Sujud''' (basa Arab: '''الجلسة بين السجدتين''', ''Al-Jalsah baina as-Sajdatain'') nyaéta salah sahiji rukun fi'li (gerakan wajib) dina ibadah solat, boh solat fardhu atanapi solat sunnah. Gerakan ieu dilakukeun saatos saurang hamba hudang tina sujud anu munggaran sarta sateuacan ngalaksanakeun sujud anu kadua. Sanajan durasina kawilang pondok, gerakan sarta bacaan dina posisi ieu miboga hakékat spiritual sarta filosofi anu kacida mundelna pikeun kahirupan dunya sarta ahérat manusa.<ref>Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu''.</ref> == Tata Cara sarta Adab == Dina rujukan fikih, posisi diuk anu pang utamana (sunnah) dina gerakan ieu nyaéta ku cara [[Iftirasy]], nyaéta diuk dina luhureun dampal suku kénca anu diamparkeun, sedengkeun dampal suku katuhu ditegakkeun bari ramo-ramona nyanghareup ka kiblat. Panangan duanana diteundeun dina luhureun pingping atanapi tuur kalayan ramo anu bébas (henteu ngeupeul).<ref>An-Nawawi, Imam. ''Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab''.</ref> == Bacaan Doa sarta Hartosna == Dumasar kana hadis shahih riwayat Imam At-Tirmidzi sarta Ibnu Majah ti Sahabat Abdullah bin Abbas Radhiyallahu 'Anhu, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] maparin conto bacaan doa anu kacida jéntréna sarta mundel dina posisi ieu:<ref>Hadis Riwayat '''At-Tirmidzi''' (No. 284) sarta '''Ibnu Majah''' (No. 898).</ref> <p style="text-align:center; font-size:145%; line-height:2.3em; background:#fafafa; padding:12px; border:1px solid #ddd; border-radius:5px;">'''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَارْفَعْنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَعَافِنِي، وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''</p> <blockquote> ''“Rabbighfir lî, warhamnî, wajburnî, warfa'nî, warzuqnî, wahdinî, wa 'âfinî, wa'fu 'annî.”''<br/> '''Hartosna dina Basa Sunda:'''<br/> "Nun Gusti Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi, mikawelas ka abdi, nutupan sakabéh kakurangan abdi, ngangkat darajat abdi, maparin rejeki ka abdi, maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi, maparin kaséhatan ka abdi, sarta ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun dosa) abdi." </blockquote> == Hartos Unggal Kecap sarta Hakekat Jerona == Pikeun tiasa leres-leres nyerepkeun sarta [[Ikhlas]] nalika calik di payuneun Mantenna, ieu katetepan hartos per kecap (lafadz) dina doa diuk antara dua sujud dumasar tina jihat harfiah sarta siloka spiritualna:<ref name="ihya_ghazali">Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad. ''Ihya Ulumiddin''. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah. Jilid 1, kaca 156.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%; border:1px solid #006400;" |- style="background:#006400; color:white; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:5%;" | No | style="width:20%;" | Lafadz Arab / Latén | style="width:25%;" | Hartos Harfiah (Basa Sunda) | style="width:50%;" | Hakekat sarta Siloka Spiritual |- | style="text-align:center;" | 1 | '''رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي'''<br/>''Rabbighfir lî'' | "Nun Pangéran abdi, mugi ngahampura ka abdi." | '''Miceun Dosa:''' Léngkah munggaran saatos urang sujud nyaéta meresihan diri tina rereged dosa, margi dosa téh benténg anu ngahalangan lungsurna rahmat sarta barokah tatanén amal. |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2 | '''وَارْحَمْنِي'''<br/>''Warhamnî'' | "Sarta mugi mikawelas / mikanyaah ka abdi." | '''Méndeutan Kanyaah:''' Urang sadar yén urang téh '''[[Pakarir]]''' (hamba anu walurat). Urang salamet dunya-ahérat lain kusabab lobana amal urang, tapi murni alatan syafaat sarta rahmat ti Allah SWT. |- | style="text-align:center;" | 3 | '''وَاجْبُرْنِي'''<br/>''Wajburnî'' | "Sarta mugi nutupan / menerkeun sakabéh kakurangan abdi." | '''Nambal Karuksakan:''' Asal kecapna tina ''Jabar'' (saperti gips pangbeungkeut) anu hartosna nambal anu potong atanapi bolong. Urang ménta supados sagala kakurangan, karugian, sarta karuksakan batin dilereskeun ku Gusti. |- | style="text-align:center;" | 4 | '''وَارْفَعْنِي'''<br/>''Warfa'nî'' | "Sarta mugi ngangkat darajat abdi." | '''Kamuliaan Lahir Batin:''' Saatos saurang hamba [[ragem]] ngasorkeun tarangna dina taneuh nalika sujud, di dieu Allah ngangkat darajatna, boh darajat kaimanan di ahérat, boh kahormatan ('''Muru'ah''') anu saé di dunya. |- | style="text-align:center;" | 5 | '''وَارْزُقْنِي'''<br/>''Warzuqnî'' | "Sarta mugi maparin rejeki ka abdi." | '''Kacukupan Hirup:''' Urang ménta rejeki anu jembar sarta barokah pikeun nyukupan kabutuhan kulawarga. Ieu benténg mutlak sangkan ati urang tebih tina sipat '''[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]]''' (hawek) kana milik batur. |- | style="text-align:center;" | 6 | '''وَاهْدِنِي'''<br/>''Wahdinî'' | "Sarta mugi maparin pituduh (hidayah) ka abdi." | '''Kompas Kahirupan:''' Supados lisan, batin, sarta léngkah suku urang salawasna aya dina jalan bebeneran, henteu kasasab, sarta tebih tina sipat '''[[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]]''' (bohong/nyimpang). |- | style="text-align:center;" | 7 | '''وَعَافِنِي'''<br/>''Wa 'âfinî'' | "Sarta mugi maparin kaséhatan / kasalametan ka abdi." | '''Afiatna Jasmani sarta Ati:''' Kaséhatan anu gembleng, nyaéta jagragna jasmani tina panyakit fisik, sarta beresihna rohani tina rupa-rupa panyakit ati (takabur, hasud, sarta riya). |- | style="text-align:center;" | 8 | '''وَاعْفُ عَنِّي'''<br/>''Wa'fu 'annî'' | "Sarta mugi ngahampura (ngaleungitkeun tilar dosa) abdi." | '''Pangbeberah Pungkasan:''' Béda sareng ''Maghfirah'' (ngahampura dosa tapi catetanana aya), '' 'Afwu'' mah hartosna dosa urang bener-bener dihapus beresih tina buku catetan, saolah-olah urang teu kantos midamel kalepatan éta. |} == Filosofi sarta Hakekat Spiritual == Dina jihat spiritual sarta élmu rasa, diuk antara dua sujud teh lain saukur "tempat reureuh", tapi mangrupa wanci sawala sarta pangbeberah agung ti Gusti Allah pikeun hamba-Na: * Diangkatna Darajat : Dina sujud munggaran, saurang hamba parantos ngasorkeun dirina sagemblengna, neundeun tarang sarta otakna (simbul harga diri dunya) dina taneuh anu hina. Sesuai sareng hukum tauhid, jalma anu ikhlas ngasor di payuneun Allah, pasti bakal diangkat ku Mantenna. Diuk ieu mangrupa simbul yén Allah langsung nangtukeun hamba-Na pikeun hudang sarta calik dina kamuliaan. * Solusi Gembleng Kahirupan: Doa dina posisi ieu ngawengku dalapan paménta anu janten pondasi kabagjaan dunya-ahérat. Urang ménta panghampura (''Ighfirli''), dipikaasih (''Warhamni''), sarta ditutupan tina rupa-rupa kagagalan sarta karuksakan tatanén amal dunya (''Wajburni''). Éta pisan sababna jalma anu solatna husyu sarta nyerep rasa dina posisi ieu bakal miboga sipat Qana'ah sarta bérésih tina panyakit ati saperti [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Tamah]] (serakah) sarta [[Kategori:Akhlak madzmumah|Kadzib]] (bohong), sabab manéhna yakin sakabéh kabutuhan hirupna parantos ditedunan dina unggal solatna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Istilah Islam]] [[Kategori:Solat]] st6dtmcn17s5p8cga7jwh87197iptqs 0 108551 709433 2026-05-17T16:33:36Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun artikel Desa Sidaharja 709433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sidaharja | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = 6,23 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = 3.012 jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = 483/km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|22|40|S|108|38|15|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sidaharja''' (ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sidaharja boga lega 6,23 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Sindangangin * Kidul: Désa Cintaratu * Kulon: Désa Puloerang * Wétan: Désa Tambakreja == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sidaharja disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh [[Menak Ngapung]] nalika ningali kaayaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Sidaharja" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''sida'' (jadi, hasil) jeung ''harja'' (makmur, salamet). Ieu ngagambarkeun kahayang masarakatna pikeun hirup makmur saatos wewengkon rawa dibuka jadi lahan tatanén. Dina jaman kolonial Walanda (awal abad ka-20), wewengkon ieu masih mangrupa rawa anu dipinuhan ku pulo-pulo leutik. Dina taun 1920-an, dipingpin ku [[R. Iskandar Bratanagara]] (Wedana Rancah), rawa-rawa di Lakbok (kaleu Sidaharja) dibuka pikeun lahan tatanén kalayan bantuan ti Bupati Ciamis RAA Sastrawinata. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Pulo Majeti jeung wilayah sabudeureunna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Numutkeun sumber sajarah saperti Naskah Carita Parahyangan jeung Prasasti Batutulis, Karajaan Sunda-Galuh ngawasa ti Priangan Kulon dugi ka Ciamis jeung Banjar ayeuna. Carita lokal nu aya dina Kidung Lakbok ngeunaan "Tilem" Prabu Selang Kuning bisa ditempo salaku bagian tina sajarah lisan masyarakat Galuh dina mangsa ahir karajaan éta. Pikeun leuwih lengkep ngeunaan sajarah Karajaan Sunda sacara umum, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sidaharja boga 3.012 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sidaharja. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. Palawija (cabe, terong, kacang panjang) ogé dipelak di lahan kering. Sawaréh warga ngabudidayakeun lauk '''lele''' jeung '''nila''' dina balong. == Atikan == Di Désa Sidaharja aya: * 3 Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) * 2 Sakola Dasar (SD/MI) * 1 Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs)<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Désa Puloerang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_1956.pdf Kidung Lakbok 1956] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 26efkyms3r9qr2b7wfs30savgjwk6mx 709434 709433 2026-05-17T16:40:15Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngabenerkeun link Kidung Lakbok kana File:Buku. Lengkap.pdf 709434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sidaharja | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = 6,23 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = 3.012 jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = 483/km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|22|40|S|108|38|15|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sidaharja''' (ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sidaharja boga lega 6,23 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Sindangangin * Kidul: Désa Cintaratu * Kulon: Désa Puloerang * Wétan: Désa Tambakreja == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sidaharja disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh [[Menak Ngapung]] nalika ningali kaayaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Sidaharja" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''sida'' (jadi, hasil) jeung ''harja'' (makmur, salamet). Ieu ngagambarkeun kahayang masarakatna pikeun hirup makmur saatos wewengkon rawa dibuka jadi lahan tatanén. Dina jaman kolonial Walanda (awal abad ka-20), wewengkon ieu masih mangrupa rawa anu dipinuhan ku pulo-pulo leutik. Dina taun 1920-an, dipingpin ku [[R. Iskandar Bratanagara]] (Wedana Rancah), rawa-rawa di Lakbok (kaleu Sidaharja) dibuka pikeun lahan tatanén kalayan bantuan ti Bupati Ciamis RAA Sastrawinata. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Pulo Majeti jeung wilayah sabudeureunna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Numutkeun sumber sajarah saperti Naskah Carita Parahyangan jeung Prasasti Batutulis, Karajaan Sunda-Galuh ngawasa ti Priangan Kulon dugi ka Ciamis jeung Banjar ayeuna. Carita lokal nu aya dina Kidung Lakbok ngeunaan "Tilem" Prabu Selang Kuning bisa ditempo salaku bagian tina sajarah lisan masyarakat Galuh dina mangsa ahir karajaan éta. Pikeun leuwih lengkep ngeunaan sajarah Karajaan Sunda sacara umum, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sidaharja boga 3.012 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sidaharja. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. Palawija (cabe, terong, kacang panjang) ogé dipelak di lahan kering. Sawaréh warga ngabudidayakeun lauk '''lele''' jeung '''nila''' dina balong. == Atikan == Di Désa Sidaharja aya: * 3 Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) * 2 Sakola Dasar (SD/MI) * 1 Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs)<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Désa Puloerang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Kidung Lakbok - Buku Lengkap] * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] raesbxbjiuv4mp63f14k8n3uvcq5fnj 709436 709434 2026-05-17T16:44:41Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Tempo ogé */ 709436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sidaharja | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = 6,23 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = 3.012 jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = 483/km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|22|40|S|108|38|15|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sidaharja''' (ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sidaharja boga lega 6,23 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Sindangangin * Kidul: Désa Cintaratu * Kulon: Désa Puloerang * Wétan: Désa Tambakreja == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sidaharja disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh [[Menak Ngapung]] nalika ningali kaayaan [[Bandjarpatroman]] saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Sidaharja" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''sida'' (jadi, hasil) jeung ''harja'' (makmur, salamet). Ieu ngagambarkeun kahayang masarakatna pikeun hirup makmur saatos wewengkon rawa dibuka jadi lahan tatanén. Dina jaman kolonial Walanda (awal abad ka-20), wewengkon ieu masih mangrupa rawa anu dipinuhan ku pulo-pulo leutik. Dina taun 1920-an, dipingpin ku [[R. Iskandar Bratanagara]] (Wedana Rancah), rawa-rawa di Lakbok (kaleu Sidaharja) dibuka pikeun lahan tatanén kalayan bantuan ti Bupati Ciamis RAA Sastrawinata. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Pulo Majeti jeung wilayah sabudeureunna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Numutkeun sumber sajarah saperti Naskah Carita Parahyangan jeung Prasasti Batutulis, Karajaan Sunda-Galuh ngawasa ti Priangan Kulon dugi ka Ciamis jeung Banjar ayeuna. Carita lokal nu aya dina Kidung Lakbok ngeunaan "Tilem" Prabu Selang Kuning bisa ditempo salaku bagian tina sajarah lisan masyarakat Galuh dina mangsa ahir karajaan éta. Pikeun leuwih lengkep ngeunaan sajarah Karajaan Sunda sacara umum, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sidaharja boga 3.012 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sidaharja. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. Palawija (cabe, terong, kacang panjang) ogé dipelak di lahan kering. Sawaréh warga ngabudidayakeun lauk '''lele''' jeung '''nila''' dina balong. == Atikan == Di Désa Sidaharja aya: * 3 Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) * 2 Sakola Dasar (SD/MI) * 1 Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs)<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Désa Puloerang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Kidung Lakbok - Buku Lengkap] * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] phiczlevc9qzioixbwaa4on4as4vojt 0 108552 709438 2026-05-17T17:14:02Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun Artikel anyar: Désa Sindangangin 709438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sindangangin | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮤᮔ᮪ᮓᮍᮤᮔ᮪ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = ... km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|25|59|S|108|42|11|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sindangangin''' (ᮞᮤᮔ᮪ᮓᮍᮤᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sindangangin boga lega ... km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Baregbeg * Kidul: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kulon: Désa Kertajaya * Wétan: [[Désa Puloerang]] == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sindangangin disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung. Ngaran "Sindangangin" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''sindang'' (singgah, cicing samentawis) jeung ''angin'' (hawa, tempat anu sejuk). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sindangangin jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Carita lokal nu aya dina Kidung Lakbok ngeunaan "Tilem" Prabu Selang Kuning bisa ditempo salaku bagian tina sajarah lisan masyarakat Galuh dina mangsa ahir karajaan éta. Pikeun leuwih lengkep ngeunaan sajarah Karajaan Sunda sacara umum, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sindangangin boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> Dina Sensus Penduduk Indonesia taun 2010, Sindangangin kacatet boga 3.892 jiwa. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sindangangin: * SD Negeri 1 Sindangangin * SD Negeri 2 Sindangangin * MIS Puloerang == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sindangangin. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. Palawija (cabe, terong, kacang panjang) ogé dipelak di lahan kering. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Kidung Lakbok - Buku Lengkap] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 2e2og6ltbk305tci2eck1o56d48m54p 709471 709438 2026-05-18T03:39:08Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan data Désa Sindangangin: jimbar 4,84 km², nyicingan 4.697 jiwa. Ngabenerkeun tumbu luar nu tadi lepat. 709471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sindangangin | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮤᮔ᮪ᮓᮍᮤᮔ᮪ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = 4,84 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = 4.697 jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = 1.004 /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|25|59|S|108|42|11|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sindangangin''' (ᮞᮤᮔ᮪ᮓᮍᮤᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sindangangin boga lega 4,84 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: Désa Baregbeg * Kidul: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kulon: Désa Kertajaya * Wétan: [[Désa Puloerang]] == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sindangangin disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung. Ngaran "Sindangangin" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''sindang'' (singgah, cicing samentawis) jeung ''angin'' (hawa, tempat anu sejuk). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sindangangin jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Carita lokal nu aya dina Kidung Lakbok ngeunaan "Tilem" Prabu Selang Kuning bisa ditempo salaku bagian tina sajarah lisan masyarakat Galuh dina mangsa ahir karajaan éta. Pikeun leuwih lengkep ngeunaan sajarah Karajaan Sunda sacara umum, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sindangangin boga 4.697 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> Dina Sensus Penduduk Indonesia taun 2010, Sindangangin kacatet boga 3.892 jiwa. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sindangangin: * SD Negeri 1 Sindangangin * SD Negeri 2 Sindangangin * MIS Puloerang == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sindangangin. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. Palawija (cabe, terong, kacang panjang) ogé dipelak di lahan kering. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Kidung Lakbok - Buku Lengkap] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 9ss5mftln0fi4zjfqqth0630crauq8s 0 108553 709440 2026-05-17T17:37:15Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun artikel Désa Cintaratu, Kacamatan Lakbok 709440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Cintaratu | aksara_sunda = ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = ... km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|23|30|S|108|38|45|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Cintaratu''' (ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Cintaratu boga lega ... km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa (di Kacamatan Purwadadi - peryogi dipastikeun) * Kulon: Désa (peryogi dipastikeun) * Wétan: [[Désa Sindangangin]] == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Cintaratu disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Cintaratu" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''cinta'' (asih, mikanyaah) jeung ''ratu'' (pamingpin, karajaan). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Cintaratu jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Cintaratu boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Cintaratu. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Cintaratu (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] kw2fqv3148ublfhfn2ro0mbmn8q30g4 709443 709440 2026-05-17T18:02:02Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan data dusun, prestasi Désa Mandiri, infrastruktur 2025, jeung tumbu ka Kidung Lakbok. 709443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Cintaratu | aksara_sunda = ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | kode_pos = 46385 | jimbar = ... km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|21|59|S|108|40|7|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Cintaratu''' (ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Désa ieu kasohor salaku '''Désa Mandiri''' kalayan prestasi pangakuan nasional. == Géografi == Désa Cintaratu boga lega ... km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> Désa ieu aya dina jangkungna 17 méter di luhur beungeut cai laut (mdpl).<ref name="mapcarta">[https://mapcarta.com/28490660 Cintaratu], Mapcarta.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa Tambakreja * Kulon: Désa Cintajaya (peryogi dipastikeun) * Wétan: [[Désa Sindangangin]] === Dusun === Désa Cintaratu kabagi kana 3 dusun:<ref name="wikiid">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintaratu,_Lakbok,_Ciamis Cintaratu, Lakbok, Ciamis]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> * Dusun Citamiang * Dusun Cibodas * Dusun Cikawung Di Dusun Cikawung aya '''Pasar Cikawung''' anu buka unggal Salasa sareng Jumaah.<ref name="wikiid"/> == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Cintaratu disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Cintaratu" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''cinta'' (asih, mikanyaah) jeung ''ratu'' (pamingpin, karajaan). === Prestasi === Désa Cintaratu parantos ngahontal status '''Désa Mandiri''' dina taun 2024 kalayan skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) 0,9625.<ref name="idm">[https://cintaratu-lakbok.desa.id/berita/detail_berita/pertahankan-status-desa-cintaratu-kembali-raih-strata-mandiri Pertahankan Status, Desa Cintaratu Kembali Raih Strata Mandiri]. Situs Resmi Désa Cintaratu, 15 Méi 2024.</ref> Ieu prestasi nempatkeun Cintaratu dina: * Peringkat '''205 nasional''' tina 83.971 désa di Indonésia * Peringkat '''2 kabupatén''' tina 285 désa di Kabupatén Ciamis Saméméhna, Désa Cintaratu ogé nampi '''Mobil Aspirasi Kampung Juara (Maskara)''' salaku panghargaan pikeun peningkatan strata desa. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Cintaratu jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Cintaratu boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> Mayoritas padumuk damel salaku '''patani, padagang, sareng jasa'''.<ref name="insiden24">[https://www.insiden24.com/berita/39616210530/wujudkan-desa-maju-pemerintah-cintaratu-lakbok-fokus-bangun-infrastruktur-jalan Wujudkan Desa Maju, Pemerintah Cintaratu Lakbok Fokus Bangun Infrastruktur Jalan]. Insiden 24, 6 Nopémber 2025.</ref> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa salah sahiji mata pencaharian utama masarakat Cintaratu. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. == Infrastruktur == Taun 2025, Pamaréntah Désa Cintaratu fokus kana pangwangunan infrastruktur jalan desa.<ref name="insiden24"/> Proyék ieu dilaksanakeun sacara bertahap ngawengku: * Perbaikan jalan panghubung antar dusun * Pangwangunan rabat beton * Pangwangunan drainase sapanjang jalan utama désa Kegiatan ieu ngalibatkeun partisipasi masarakat ngaliwatan Program Padat Karya Tunai Desa (PKTD). == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Cintaratu (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://cintaratu-lakbok.desa.id/ Situs Resmi Désa Cintaratu] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] g1xf5nz3t7lhfdx3ollubo4zk9skpmi 709444 709443 2026-05-17T18:05:33Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Pranala luar */ 709444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Cintaratu | aksara_sunda = ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | kode_pos = 46385 | jimbar = ... km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|21|59|S|108|40|7|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Cintaratu''' (ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Désa ieu kasohor salaku '''Désa Mandiri''' kalayan prestasi pangakuan nasional. == Géografi == Désa Cintaratu boga lega ... km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> Désa ieu aya dina jangkungna 17 méter di luhur beungeut cai laut (mdpl).<ref name="mapcarta">[https://mapcarta.com/28490660 Cintaratu], Mapcarta.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa Tambakreja * Kulon: Désa Cintajaya (peryogi dipastikeun) * Wétan: [[Désa Sindangangin]] === Dusun === Désa Cintaratu kabagi kana 3 dusun:<ref name="wikiid">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintaratu,_Lakbok,_Ciamis Cintaratu, Lakbok, Ciamis]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> * Dusun Citamiang * Dusun Cibodas * Dusun Cikawung Di Dusun Cikawung aya '''Pasar Cikawung''' anu buka unggal Salasa sareng Jumaah.<ref name="wikiid"/> == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Cintaratu disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Cintaratu" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''cinta'' (asih, mikanyaah) jeung ''ratu'' (pamingpin, karajaan). === Prestasi === Désa Cintaratu parantos ngahontal status '''Désa Mandiri''' dina taun 2024 kalayan skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) 0,9625.<ref name="idm">[https://cintaratu-lakbok.desa.id/berita/detail_berita/pertahankan-status-desa-cintaratu-kembali-raih-strata-mandiri Pertahankan Status, Desa Cintaratu Kembali Raih Strata Mandiri]. Situs Resmi Désa Cintaratu, 15 Méi 2024.</ref> Ieu prestasi nempatkeun Cintaratu dina: * Peringkat '''205 nasional''' tina 83.971 désa di Indonésia * Peringkat '''2 kabupatén''' tina 285 désa di Kabupatén Ciamis Saméméhna, Désa Cintaratu ogé nampi '''Mobil Aspirasi Kampung Juara (Maskara)''' salaku panghargaan pikeun peningkatan strata desa. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Cintaratu jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Cintaratu boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> Mayoritas padumuk damel salaku '''patani, padagang, sareng jasa'''.<ref name="insiden24">[https://www.insiden24.com/berita/39616210530/wujudkan-desa-maju-pemerintah-cintaratu-lakbok-fokus-bangun-infrastruktur-jalan Wujudkan Desa Maju, Pemerintah Cintaratu Lakbok Fokus Bangun Infrastruktur Jalan]. Insiden 24, 6 Nopémber 2025.</ref> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa salah sahiji mata pencaharian utama masarakat Cintaratu. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. == Infrastruktur == Taun 2025, Pamaréntah Désa Cintaratu fokus kana pangwangunan infrastruktur jalan desa.<ref name="insiden24"/> Proyék ieu dilaksanakeun sacara bertahap ngawengku: * Perbaikan jalan panghubung antar dusun * Pangwangunan rabat beton * Pangwangunan drainase sapanjang jalan utama désa Kegiatan ieu ngalibatkeun partisipasi masarakat ngaliwatan Program Padat Karya Tunai Desa (PKTD). == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Cintaratu (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://cintaratu-lakbok.desa.id/ Situs Resmi Désa Cintaratu] * [https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakbok,_Ciamis Kacamatan Lakbok dina Wikipédia Indonésia] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 6lxmnamxczy5en1e4z3uqbplt3jq0cs 709445 709444 2026-05-17T18:14:35Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Pranala luar */ 709445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Cintaratu | aksara_sunda = ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | kode_pos = 46385 | jimbar = ... km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|21|59|S|108|40|7|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Cintaratu''' (ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Désa ieu kasohor salaku '''Désa Mandiri''' kalayan prestasi pangakuan nasional. == Géografi == Désa Cintaratu boga lega ... km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> Désa ieu aya dina jangkungna 17 méter di luhur beungeut cai laut (mdpl).<ref name="mapcarta">[https://mapcarta.com/28490660 Cintaratu], Mapcarta.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa Tambakreja * Kulon: Désa Cintajaya (peryogi dipastikeun) * Wétan: [[Désa Sindangangin]] === Dusun === Désa Cintaratu kabagi kana 3 dusun:<ref name="wikiid">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintaratu,_Lakbok,_Ciamis Cintaratu, Lakbok, Ciamis]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> * Dusun Citamiang * Dusun Cibodas * Dusun Cikawung Di Dusun Cikawung aya '''Pasar Cikawung''' anu buka unggal Salasa sareng Jumaah.<ref name="wikiid"/> == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Cintaratu disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Cintaratu" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''cinta'' (asih, mikanyaah) jeung ''ratu'' (pamingpin, karajaan). === Prestasi === Désa Cintaratu parantos ngahontal status '''Désa Mandiri''' dina taun 2024 kalayan skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) 0,9625.<ref name="idm">[https://cintaratu-lakbok.desa.id/berita/detail_berita/pertahankan-status-desa-cintaratu-kembali-raih-strata-mandiri Pertahankan Status, Desa Cintaratu Kembali Raih Strata Mandiri]. Situs Resmi Désa Cintaratu, 15 Méi 2024.</ref> Ieu prestasi nempatkeun Cintaratu dina: * Peringkat '''205 nasional''' tina 83.971 désa di Indonésia * Peringkat '''2 kabupatén''' tina 285 désa di Kabupatén Ciamis Saméméhna, Désa Cintaratu ogé nampi '''Mobil Aspirasi Kampung Juara (Maskara)''' salaku panghargaan pikeun peningkatan strata desa. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Cintaratu jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Cintaratu boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> Mayoritas padumuk damel salaku '''patani, padagang, sareng jasa'''.<ref name="insiden24">[https://www.insiden24.com/berita/39616210530/wujudkan-desa-maju-pemerintah-cintaratu-lakbok-fokus-bangun-infrastruktur-jalan Wujudkan Desa Maju, Pemerintah Cintaratu Lakbok Fokus Bangun Infrastruktur Jalan]. Insiden 24, 6 Nopémber 2025.</ref> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa salah sahiji mata pencaharian utama masarakat Cintaratu. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. == Infrastruktur == Taun 2025, Pamaréntah Désa Cintaratu fokus kana pangwangunan infrastruktur jalan desa.<ref name="insiden24"/> Proyék ieu dilaksanakeun sacara bertahap ngawengku: * Perbaikan jalan panghubung antar dusun * Pangwangunan rabat beton * Pangwangunan drainase sapanjang jalan utama désa Kegiatan ieu ngalibatkeun partisipasi masarakat ngaliwatan Program Padat Karya Tunai Desa (PKTD). == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Cintaratu (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://cintaratu-lakbok.desa.id/ Situs Resmi Désa Cintaratu] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] munh11rncn6toz895gdyfsewu0k2kjr 709473 709445 2026-05-18T03:48:25Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan data Désa Cintaratu: jimbar 3,98 km², nyicingan 6.576 jiwa. Nambihan katerangan minangka Désa Mandiri. 709473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Cintaratu | aksara_sunda = ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | kode_pos = 46385 | jimbar = 3,98 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = 6.576 jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = 1.717 /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|21|59|S|108|40|7|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Cintaratu''' (ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Désa ieu kasohor salaku '''Désa Mandiri''' kalayan prestasi pangakuan nasional. == Géografi == Désa Cintaratu boga lega 3,98 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> Désa ieu aya dina jangkungna 17 méter di luhur beungeut cai laut (mdpl).<ref name="mapcarta">[https://mapcarta.com/28490660 Cintaratu], Mapcarta.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa Tambakreja * Kulon: Désa Cintajaya (peryogi dipastikeun) * Wétan: [[Désa Sindangangin]] === Dusun === Désa Cintaratu kabagi kana 3 dusun:<ref name="wikiid">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintaratu,_Lakbok,_Ciamis Cintaratu, Lakbok, Ciamis]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> * Dusun Citamiang * Dusun Cibodas * Dusun Cikawung Di Dusun Cikawung aya '''Pasar Cikawung''' anu buka unggal Salasa sareng Jumaah.<ref name="wikiid"/> == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Cintaratu disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Cintaratu" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''cinta'' (asih, mikanyaah) jeung ''ratu'' (pamingpin, karajaan). === Prestasi === Désa Cintaratu parantos ngahontal status '''Désa Mandiri''' dina taun 2024 kalayan skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) anu luhur. Prestasi ieu nempatkeun Cintaratu salaku salah sahiji désa anu maju di Kabupatén Ciamis. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Cintaratu jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Cintaratu boga 6.576 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Cintaratu. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Cintaratu (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] pkwgfwbwa5y0a4hfruvyp3twlxsv325 709481 709473 2026-05-18T05:52:56Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Cintaratu | native_name = ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lakbok]] | postal_code = 46385 | area_total_km2 = 3.98 | population_total = 6576 | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 1717 | coordinates = {{coord|7|21|59|S|108|40|7|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Cintaratu''' (ᮎᮤᮔ᮪ᮒᮛᮒᮥ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Désa ieu kasohor salaku '''Désa Mandiri''' kalayan prestasi pangakuan nasional. == Géografi == Désa Cintaratu boga lega 3,98 km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> Désa ieu aya dina jangkungna 17 méter di luhur beungeut cai laut (mdpl).<ref name="mapcarta">[https://mapcarta.com/28490660 Cintaratu], Mapcarta.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa Tambakreja * Kulon: Désa Cintajaya (peryogi dipastikeun) * Wétan: [[Désa Sindangangin]] === Dusun === Désa Cintaratu kabagi kana 3 dusun:<ref name="wikiid">[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintaratu,_Lakbok,_Ciamis Cintaratu, Lakbok, Ciamis]. Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> * Dusun Citamiang * Dusun Cibodas * Dusun Cikawung Di Dusun Cikawung aya '''Pasar Cikawung''' anu buka unggal Salasa sareng Jumaah.<ref name="wikiid"/> == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Cintaratu disebut-sebut salaku salah sahiji tempat anu aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Cintaratu" sorangan dipercaya ku masarakat satempat asalna tina kecap ''cinta'' (asih, mikanyaah) jeung ''ratu'' (pamingpin, karajaan). === Prestasi === Désa Cintaratu parantos ngahontal status '''Désa Mandiri''' dina taun 2024 kalayan skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) anu luhur. Prestasi ieu nempatkeun Cintaratu salaku salah sahiji désa anu maju di Kabupatén Ciamis. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Cintaratu jeung sakurilingna kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Cintaratu boga 6.576 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Cintaratu. Sawah ngahasilkeun '''padi''', '''jagung''', jeung '''kedelé'''. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Cintaratu (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] sitoaq92qv96mrsgn9grsh12k8a1gev 0 108554 709441 2026-05-17T17:39:46Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun artikel Désa Sukanagara, Kacamatan Lakbok 709441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sukanagara | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = ... km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|24|15|S|108|40|30|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sukanagara''' (ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. == Géografi == Désa Sukanagara boga lega ... km².<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sidaharja]] * Kidul: Désa (di Kacamatan Purwadadi) * Kulon: [[Désa Cintaratu]] * Wétan: [[Désa Tambakreja]] == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sukanagara disebut aya di deukeut '''Pulo Erang''' (ayeuna Désa Puloerang). Ngaran "Sukanagara" ngandung harti ''suka'' (bagea) jeung ''nagara'' (karajaan). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sukanagara kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sukanagara boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sukanagara. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sukanagara (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Cintaratu]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] 1btyyp1svtw5j4svux6yw12trcg5iqo 709442 709441 2026-05-17T17:52:35Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan data jeung wates wewengkon tina sumber resmi désa 709442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox désa | ngaran = Sukanagara | aksara_sunda = ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | kacamatan = [[Lakbok]] | jenis = Désa | jimbar = 5,18 km²<ref name="BPS2024"/> | cacah_jiwa = ... jiwa (2023)<ref name="BPS2024"/> | kapadetan = ... /km² | koordinat = {{coord|7|24|15|S|108|40|30|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Sukanagara''' (ᮞᮥᮊᮔᮌᮛ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Désa ieu mangrupikeun pusat pamaréntahan Kacamatan Lakbok, sabab Kantor Kecamatan Lakbok aya di dieu. == Géografi == Désa Sukanagara boga lega 5,18 km² (518,47 Héktar).<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis, 2024. ''Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka''.</ref> Désa ieu dilalui ku jalan kabupaten sapanjang 1 km. === Wates wewengkon === Numutkeun sumber resmi Désa Sukanagara:<ref name="desa"/> * Kalér: Désa Kalapasawit * Kidul: Désa Kertajaya * Kulon: Désa Sukamulya * Wétan: Désa Baregbeg Désa ieu kabagi kana 2 dusun (Adimulya jeung Sukanagara), 4 RW, jeung 24 RT. == Sajarah == Numutkeun sumber resmi Désa Sukanagara, nami "Lakbok" asalna tina ''"Melak Teu Kalebok"'' (melak tapi teu ngahasilkeun/dipanén), luyu sareng kaayaan rawa-rawa baheula.<ref name="desa">[https://sukanagara-lakbok.desa.id/profile/sejarah_desa Sejarah Desa Sukanagara]. Situs Resmi Désa Sukanagara.</ref> Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon ieu disebut aya di deukeut '''Pulo Erang''' (ayeuna Désa Puloerang). Désa Sukanagara resmi ngadeg dina taun '''1984''' salaku hasil pemekaran tina Désa Lakbok. Nami "Sukanagara" dicandak tina '''Lapang Sukanagara''', anu ngandung haraosan sangkan masarakat ''suka'' (cinta) deui ka ''nagara'' (desa) saatos kantos sering gagal panen. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sukanagara kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sukanagara boga ... jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024"/> Seuseueurna padumuk damel salaku patani sareng paternak. == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sukanagara. Désa ieu katelah salaku ''"Lumbung Padi"'' Kabupatén Ciamis.<ref name="desa"/> Lahan sawah di Sukanagara legana 377,96 Ha, anu tiasa ngahasilkeun '''kurang leuwih 3.025 ton padi per taun'''. Hasil tatanén ieu dijual ka luar daérah sapertos Kota Banjar, Ciamis, Bandung, bahkan Jakarta. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sukanagara:<ref name="desa"/> * SMP Negeri 1 Lakbok * MTs Negeri Lakbok * MI (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) * (SD/MI sanésna peryogi data) == Tempat Penting == Salaku pusat Kacamatan Lakbok, di Désa Sukanagara aya sababaraha fasilitas umum:<ref name="desa"/> * Kantor Kecamatan Lakbok * Polsek Lakbok * Koramil Lakbok * Puskesmas Lakbok * Masjid Agung Lakbok * Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) Lakbok * SPBU Lakbok * Indomaret == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sidaharja]] * [[Désa Cintaratu]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Désa Puloerang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] * [https://sukanagara-lakbok.desa.id/ Situs Resmi Désa Sukanagara] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Kidung Lakbok - Buku Lengkap] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] c32lfmwx9zsbco493va0zw4djhyx1f7 0 108555 709448 2026-05-17T18:35:20Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca Désa Sidaharja: nambihan infobox, sajarah, géografi, poténsi, démografi, sareng pranala luar. Data awal dumasar Wikipédia Indonésia sareng BPS Kacamatan Lakbok 2024. 709448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Désa Sidaharja | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Propinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_type2 = Kabupatén | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_type3 = Kacamatan | subdivision_name3 = [[Lakbok]] | leader_title = Kepala Désa | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | population_total = | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = auto | postal_code = 46385 | timezone = UTC+07:00 | timezone_DST = UTC+07:00 }} '''Désa Sidaharja''' {{lang|su|ᮓᮩᮞ᮪ ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ}} nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Kode posna 46385 sareng kode Kemendagri 32.07.17.2006.<ref name="kemendagri">Kemendagri. 2025. ''Data Wilayah Administrasi Indonesia''.</ref> == Géografi == Désa Sidaharja perenahna di Kacamatan Lakbok. Dumasar data, désa ieu diwangun ku 5 perkampungan (dusun):<ref name="profil">Profil Désa Sidaharja. 2025.</ref> * Kedung Jarian * Kedawung * Jamban (Mekar Jaya) * Sindang Asih * Sindang Haji == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sidaharja disebut aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Sidaharja" ngandung harti ''sida'' (jadi, hasil) jeung ''harja'' (makmur, salamet). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sidaharja kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Poténsi == Désa Sidaharja dipikawanoh salaku '''désa pangbeungharna di Kabupatén Ciamis''' sarta miboga poténsi '''désa wisata'''. Tempat-tempat wisata anu aya di Sidaharja di antarana:<ref name="profil"/> * Perbukitan Mbah Dipa * Blok Picung * Gunung Meja * Gunung Hawu == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sidaharja boga... jiwa (2023).<ref name="bps2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok dalam Angka 2024''.</ref> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa salah sahiji mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sidaharja. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sidaharja (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Désa Cintaratu]] * [[Désa Sukanagara]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] ddv4gswc4yeg4lok74d2cdasj6li46s 709472 709448 2026-05-18T03:44:20Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan data Désa Sidaharja: jimbar 7,78 km², nyicingan 9.250 jiwa. Ngabenerkeun aksara Sunda sarta numbukeun ka kaca Kidung Lakbok. 709472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Désa Sidaharja | native_name = ᮓᮩᮞ᮪ ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Propinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_type2 = Kabupatén | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_type3 = Kacamatan | subdivision_name3 = [[Lakbok]] | leader_title = Kepala Désa | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 7,78 | population_total = 9250 | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 1189 | postal_code = 46385 | timezone = [[Waktu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] | utc_offset = +7 }} '''Désa Sidaharja''' (ᮓᮩᮞ᮪ ᮞᮤᮓᮠᮁᮏ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Kode posna 46385 sareng kode Kemendagri 32.07.17.2006.<ref name="kemendagri">Kemendagri. 2025. ''Data Wilayah Administrasi Indonesia''.</ref> == Géografi == Désa Sidaharja perenahna di Kacamatan Lakbok. Dumasar data, désa ieu diwangun ku 5 perkampungan (dusun):<ref name="profil">Profil Désa Sidaharja. 2025.</ref> * Kedung Jarian * Kedawung * Jamban (Mekar Jaya) * Sindang Asih * Sindang Haji == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956), wewengkon Sidaharja disebut aya dina jalur perjalanan tokoh Menak Ngapung nalika ningali kaayaan Bandjarpatroman saatos perang saderek. Ngaran "Sidaharja" ngandung harti ''sida'' (jadi, hasil) jeung ''harja'' (makmur, salamet). === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Sidaharja kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh, nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina Karajaan Sunda. Pikeun leuwih lengkep, tingali artikel [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Poténsi == Désa Sidaharja dipikawanoh salaku '''désa pangbeungharna di Kabupatén Ciamis''' sarta miboga poténsi '''désa wisata'''. Tempat-tempat wisata anu aya di Sidaharja di antarana:<ref name="profil"/> * Perbukitan Mbah Dipa * Blok Picung * Gunung Meja * Gunung Hawu == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Sidaharja boga 9.250 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa salah sahiji mata pencaharian utama masarakat Sidaharja. == Atikan == Sakola nu aya di Désa Sidaharja (peryogi data): == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Désa Cintaratu]] * [[Désa Sukanagara]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] eqqcn699bepiq4u8n82nu0rqs6jzt5r 0 108556 709458 2026-05-17T19:46:11Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun kaca desa anyar: sumber Kidung Lakbok + BPS 709458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Désa Puloerang | native_name = ᮕᮥᮜᮧᮈᮛᮀ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Propinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_type2 = Kabupatén | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_type3 = Kacamatan | subdivision_name3 = [[Lakbok]] | leader_title = Kepala Désa | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | population_total = | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = auto | postal_code = 46385 | timezone = [[Waktu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] | utc_offset = +7 }} '''Puloerang''' (ᮕᮥᮜᮧᮈᮛᮀ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sindangangin]] * Kidul: [[Désa Tambakreja]] * Kulon: [[Désa Cintaratu]] * Wétan: Désa Kalapasawit == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]], Puloerang disebut dina Bait 19: ''"Gedong-gedong jadi pulo, Pulo putri Pulo Erang"''.<ref>Foto naskah Kidung Lakbok, halaman 8, bait 17-19. Koleksi pribadi.</ref> Ngaran "Puloerang" (Pulo Erang) dipercaya ku masarakat satempat minangka pulo anu mecenghul tina urut wangunan karaton Banjarpatroman anu tenggelam jadi rawa. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Puloerang kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Puloerang boga... jiwa (2023). Dina Sensus Penduduk 2010, Puloerang kacatet boga 2.731 jiwa. == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Puloerang. Sajaba tatanén, sababaraha warga ogé damel salaku padagang di pasar Lakbok. Sawah ngahasilkeun padi, jagung, jeung kedelé. == Atikan == Di Désa Puloerang aya sakola dasar negeri sareng madrasah. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Désa di Jawa Barat]] plyp3msil7ml9j4pjxdspukp289uzpg 709469 709458 2026-05-18T03:20:53Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngaluyukeun data lega, cacah jiwa, sarta dumasar BPS Lakbok Dlm Angka 2024 709469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Désa Puloerang | native_name = ᮕᮥᮜᮧᮈᮛᮀ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Propinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_type2 = Kabupatén | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_type3 = Kacamatan | subdivision_name3 = [[Lakbok]] | leader_title = Kepala Désa | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 6.96 | population_total = 6144<ref name="BPS2024"/> | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 865<ref name="BPS2024"/> | postal_code = 46385 | timezone = [[Waktu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] | utc_offset = +7 }} '''Puloerang''' (ᮕᮥᮜᮧᮈᮛᮀ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sindangangin]] * Kidul: [[Désa Tambakreja]] * Kulon: [[Désa Cintaratu]] * Wétan: Désa Kalapasawit == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]], Puloerang disebut dina Bait 19: ''"Gedong-gedong jadi pulo, Pulo putri Pulo Erang"''.<ref>Foto naskah Kidung Lakbok, halaman 8, bait 17-19. Koleksi pribadi.</ref> Ngaran "Puloerang" (Pulo Erang) dipercaya ku masarakat satempat minangka pulo anu mecenghul tina urut wangunan karaton Banjarpatroman anu tenggelam jadi rawa. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Puloerang kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Puloerang boga... jiwa (2023). Dina Sensus Penduduk 2010, Puloerang kacatet boga 2.731 jiwa. == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Puloerang. Sajaba tatanén, sababaraha warga ogé damel salaku padagang di pasar Lakbok. Sawah ngahasilkeun padi, jagung, jeung kedelé. == Atikan == Di Désa Puloerang aya sakola dasar negeri sareng madrasah. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == <ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Désa di Jawa Barat]] st9vaaqe84nk4ogwmu1lwe49gcy9h40 709470 709469 2026-05-18T03:29:29Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngalengkepan data Désa Puloerang: jimbar 6,96 km², nyicingan 6.144 jiwa. Ngabenerkeun aksara Sunda sarta numbukeun ka kaca Kidung Lakbok. 709470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Désa Puloerang | native_name = ᮕᮥᮜᮧᮈᮛᮀ | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Propinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_type2 = Kabupatén | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | subdivision_type3 = Kacamatan | subdivision_name3 = [[Lakbok]] | leader_title = Kepala Désa | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 6,96 | population_total = 6144 | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 865 | postal_code = 46385 | timezone = [[Waktu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]] | utc_offset = +7 }} '''Puloerang''' (ᮕᮥᮜᮧᮈᮛᮀ) nyaéta hiji désa di [[Kacamatan Lakbok]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Désa Sindangangin]] * Kidul: [[Désa Tambakreja]] * Kulon: [[Désa Cintaratu]] * Wétan: Désa Kalapasawit == Sajarah == Dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]], Puloerang disebut dina Bait 19: ''"Gedong-gedong jadi pulo, Pulo putri Pulo Erang"''.<ref>Foto naskah Kidung Lakbok, halaman 8, bait 17-19. Koleksi pribadi.</ref> Ngaran "Puloerang" (Pulo Erang) dipercaya ku masarakat satempat minangka pulo anu mecenghul tina urut wangunan karaton Banjarpatroman anu tenggelam jadi rawa. === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Puloerang kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh Karajaan Galuh. Tingali ogé [[Karajaan Sunda]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kacamatan Lakbok dina Angka taun 2024, Désa Puloerang boga 6.144 jiwa (2023).<ref name="BPS2024">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. 2024. ''Kecamatan Lakbok Dalam Angka 2024'', katalog 1102001.3207110.</ref> Dina Sensus Penduduk 2010, Puloerang kacatet boga 2.731 jiwa. == Tatanén == Tatanén mangrupa mata pencaharian utama masarakat Puloerang. Sajaba tatanén, sababaraha warga ogé damel salaku padagang di pasar Lakbok. Sawah ngahasilkeun padi, jagung, jeung kedelé. == Atikan == Di Désa Puloerang aya sakola dasar negeri sareng madrasah. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] * [[Désa Sindangangin]] * [[Désa Tambakreja]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kacamatan Lakbok] [[Kategori:Désa di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Lakbok]] ajf86g979t4t1ui8jz9x0vuaad99dsn 14 108557 709466 2026-05-18T02:32:25Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 Nyieun kaca anyar Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon WikiLatih di Tasikmalaya kaping 31 Mei 2026 ngeunaan wangunan cagar budaya anu aya di Jawa Kulon, utamana Tasik. 709466 wikitext text/x-wiki Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon WikiLatih di Tasikmalaya kaping 31 Mei 2026 ngeunaan wangunan cagar budaya anu aya di Jawa Kulon, utamana Tasik. asub9avt6xi1b8h8z28uuzb6i5vmokh 709467 709466 2026-05-18T02:32:40Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 added [[Category:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 709467 wikitext text/x-wiki Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon WikiLatih di Tasikmalaya kaping 31 Mei 2026 ngeunaan wangunan cagar budaya anu aya di Jawa Kulon, utamana Tasik. [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] 1ustbnjo7hlc3zl5fsf32o1vr46w75h 709468 709467 2026-05-18T02:34:45Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 709468 wikitext text/x-wiki Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon WikiLatih di Tasikmalaya kaping 31 Mei 2026 ngeunaan wangunan cagar budaya anu aya di Jawa Kulon, utamana Tasik dina proyek Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] 9huv4o0rsceh383u21fenqxkeppndga 0 108558 709476 2026-05-18T05:16:51Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun artikel anyar Kacamatan Pataruman: nambihan kotak inpormasi, géografi, sajarah numbu ka Kidung Lakbok Bait 5 (Perang Pataruman jeung Bandjarpatroman), katerangan tradisi Ngabungbang minangka Warisan Budaya, sarta data situs purbakala nu aya di dinya. 709476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kacamatan | ngaran = Pataruman | aksara_sunda = ᮕᮒᮛᮥᮙᮔ᮪ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kota Banjar]] | lega = ... km² | populasi = ... jiwa | kapadetan = ... /km² | désa/kalurahan = 6 désa | kode_pos = 46325 | koordinat = {{coord|7|23|S|108|33|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Pataruman''' (ᮕᮒᮛᮥᮙᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Kacamatan ieu kasohor dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956) minangka '''Pataruman''', tempat lumangsungna perang saderek [[Bandjarpatroman]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Kacamatan Langensari]] * Wétan: [[Kacamatan Purwaharja]] * Kidul: [[Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] * Kulon: [[Kacamatan Langensari]] === Administrasi === Kacamatan Pataruman kabagi kana 6 désa: * [[Désa Batulawang]] * [[Désa Hegarsari]] * [[Désa Karyamukti]] * [[Désa Mulyasari]] * [[Désa Sukamukti]] * [[Désa Sindangheula]] == Sajarah == === Dina Naskah Kidung Lakbok === Kacamatan Pataruman disebut dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 5''': ''"Nu tarung patutunggalan, ana djlog ka Pataruman, Pataruman tempat tarung, nja silih tjabok di Lakbok..."'' Dina naskah éta, Pataruman didadarkeun minangka '''tempat perang''' antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Ingeung Buana]] dina rebutan [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]. Perang ieu dipercaya ku masarakat satempat nyababkeun leburna Bandjarpatroman jadi [[Rawa Lakbok]]. === Perang Pataruman === Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'', wewengkon Pataruman jadi saksi perang saderek anu sengit. Dina Bait 5-7, digambarkeun rupa-rupa pakarang anu dipaké: silih surung, silih dupak, silih sered, silih gobang, silih pedang, jsb. Perang ieu ahirna ngabalukarkeun karuksakan alam anu luar biasa (Bait 16-18). === Tradisi Ngabungbang === Di wewengkon Pataruman, hususna [[Désa Batulawang]], aya tradisi '''[[Ngabungbang Batulawang|Ngabungbang]]''' anu geus ditetepkeun salaku [[Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia]] taun 2018. Tradisi ieu dipercaya minangka wujud "ngabungbang" atawa nyaring sapeupeuting pikeun ngabersihan diri tina sifat buruk, anu aya patalina jeung kajadian perang dina Kidung Lakbok.<ref name="ngabungbang">"Ngabungbang Batulawang". Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> === Situs Purbakala === Di wewengkon Pataruman, hususna di [[Désa Sukamukti]], aya sababaraha situs cagar budaya anu patali jeung jaman [[Karajaan Sunda]]-[[Karajaan Galuh|Galuh]], di antarana: * Dalem Kanduruan * Batu Peti * Purbasaka Sarikusumah === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Pataruman kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh [[Karajaan Galuh]] nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'', disebutkeun yén Pataruman aya dina jalur perbudayaan Galuh ka wétan. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS, Pataruman miboga populasi ... jiwa dina taun ... kalawan kapadetan ... /km². == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] * [[Rawa Lakbok]] * [[Désa Batulawang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kota Banjar] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Pataruman, Banjar| ]] dkrj749z4dp4ytugtl3ozpfeznwh8vd 709477 709476 2026-05-18T05:20:29Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kacamatan | ngaran = Pataruman | aksara_sunda = ᮕᮒᮛᮥᮙᮔ᮪ | propinsi = [[Jawa Barat]] | kabupatén = [[Kota Banjar]] | lega = | populasi = | kapadetan = | désa/kalurahan = 6 désa | kode_pos = 46325 | koordinat = {{coord|7|23|S|108|33|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Pataruman''' (ᮕᮒᮛᮥᮙᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Kacamatan ieu kasohor dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956) minangka '''Pataruman''', tempat lumangsungna perang saderek [[Bandjarpatroman]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Kacamatan Langensari]] * Wétan: [[Kacamatan Purwaharja]] * Kidul: [[Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] * Kulon: [[Kacamatan Langensari]] === Administrasi === Kacamatan Pataruman kabagi kana 6 désa: * [[Désa Batulawang]] * [[Désa Hegarsari]] * [[Désa Karyamukti]] * [[Désa Mulyasari]] * [[Désa Sukamukti]] * [[Désa Sindangheula]] == Sajarah == === Dina Naskah Kidung Lakbok === Kacamatan Pataruman disebut dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 5''': ''"Nu tarung patutunggalan, ana djlog ka Pataruman, Pataruman tempat tarung, nja silih tjabok di Lakbok..."'' Dina naskah éta, Pataruman didadarkeun minangka '''tempat perang''' antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Ingeung Buana]] dina rebutan [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]. Perang ieu dipercaya ku masarakat satempat nyababkeun leburna Bandjarpatroman jadi [[Rawa Lakbok]]. === Perang Pataruman === Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'', wewengkon Pataruman jadi saksi perang saderek anu sengit. Dina Bait 5-7, digambarkeun rupa-rupa pakarang anu dipaké: silih surung, silih dupak, silih sered, silih gobang, silih pedang, jsb. Perang ieu ahirna ngabalukarkeun karuksakan alam anu luar biasa (Bait 16-18). === Tradisi Ngabungbang === Di wewengkon Pataruman, hususna [[Désa Batulawang]], aya tradisi '''[[Ngabungbang Batulawang|Ngabungbang]]''' anu geus ditetepkeun salaku [[Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia]] taun 2018. Tradisi ieu dipercaya minangka wujud "ngabungbang" atawa nyaring sapeupeuting pikeun ngabersihan diri tina sifat buruk, anu aya patalina jeung kajadian perang dina Kidung Lakbok.<ref name="ngabungbang">"Ngabungbang Batulawang". Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> === Situs Purbakala === Di wewengkon Pataruman, hususna di [[Désa Sukamukti]], aya sababaraha situs cagar budaya anu patali jeung jaman [[Karajaan Sunda]]-[[Karajaan Galuh|Galuh]], di antarana: * Dalem Kanduruan * Batu Peti * Purbasaka Sarikusumah === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Pataruman kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh [[Karajaan Galuh]] nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'', disebutkeun yén Pataruman aya dina jalur perbudayaan Galuh ka wétan. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS, Pataruman miboga populasi ... jiwa dina taun ... kalawan kapadetan ... /km². == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] * [[Rawa Lakbok]] * [[Désa Batulawang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kota Banjar] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Pataruman, Banjar| ]] fm2jtnrct5lo6pzpi645it798dbxbkx 709482 709477 2026-05-18T06:00:58Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Pataruman | native_name = ᮕᮒᮛᮥᮙᮔ᮪ | subdivision_type = Kacamatan | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kota Banjar]] | postal_code = 46325 | coordinates = {{coord|7|23|S|108|33|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Pataruman''' (ᮕᮒᮛᮥᮙᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Kacamatan ieu kasohor dina [[Kidung Lakbok|naskah kuno Kidung Lakbok]] (1956) minangka '''Pataruman''', tempat lumangsungna perang saderek [[Bandjarpatroman]]. == Géografi == === Wates wewengkon === * Kalér: [[Kacamatan Langensari]] * Wétan: [[Kacamatan Purwaharja]] * Kidul: [[Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] * Kulon: [[Kacamatan Langensari]] === Administrasi === Kacamatan Pataruman kabagi kana 6 désa: * [[Désa Batulawang]] * [[Désa Hegarsari]] * [[Désa Karyamukti]] * [[Désa Mulyasari]] * [[Désa Sukamukti]] * [[Désa Sindangheula]] == Sajarah == === Dina Naskah Kidung Lakbok === Kacamatan Pataruman disebut dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]] Bait 5''': ''"Nu tarung patutunggalan, ana djlog ka Pataruman, Pataruman tempat tarung, nja silih tjabok di Lakbok..."'' Dina naskah éta, Pataruman didadarkeun minangka '''tempat perang''' antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Ingeung Buana]] dina rebutan [[Karajaan Bandjarpatroman]]. Perang ieu dipercaya ku masarakat satempat nyababkeun leburna Bandjarpatroman jadi [[Rawa Lakbok]]. === Perang Pataruman === Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'', wewengkon Pataruman jadi saksi perang saderek anu sengit. Dina Bait 5-7, digambarkeun rupa-rupa pakarang anu dipaké: silih surung, silih dupak, silih sered, silih gobang, silih pedang, jsb. Perang ieu ahirna ngabalukarkeun karuksakan alam anu luar biasa (Bait 16-18). === Tradisi Ngabungbang === Di wewengkon Pataruman, hususna [[Désa Batulawang]], aya tradisi '''[[Ngabungbang Batulawang|Ngabungbang]]''' anu geus ditetepkeun salaku [[Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia]] taun 2018. Tradisi ieu dipercaya minangka wujud "ngabungbang" atawa nyaring sapeupeuting pikeun ngabersihan diri tina sifat buruk, anu aya patalina jeung kajadian perang dina Kidung Lakbok.<ref name="ngabungbang">"Ngabungbang Batulawang". Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> === Situs Purbakala === Di wewengkon Pataruman, hususna di [[Désa Sukamukti]], aya sababaraha situs cagar budaya anu patali jeung jaman [[Karajaan Sunda]]-[[Karajaan Galuh|Galuh]], di antarana: * Dalem Kanduruan * Batu Peti * Purbasaka Sarikusumah === Hubungan jeung Karajaan Sunda === Wewengkon Pataruman kaasup kana wewengkon pangaruh [[Karajaan Galuh]] nu baheula mangrupa bagian tina [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Dina ''Kidung Lakbok'', disebutkeun yén Pataruman aya dina jalur perbudayaan Galuh ka wétan. == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS, Pataruman miboga populasi ... jiwa dina taun ... kalawan kapadetan ... /km². == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] * [[Rawa Lakbok]] * [[Désa Batulawang]] * [[Karajaan Sunda]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://banjarkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kota Banjar] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Pataruman, Banjar| ]] qey7cvfz5dy8adnkiuxazxzv14xg951 0 108559 709510 2026-05-18T11:53:04Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyiptakeun kaca Karajaan Bandjarpatroman dumasar naskah Kidung Lakbok 1956 709510 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%; width:270px;" ! colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Karajaan Bandjarpatroman |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓ᮪ᮏᮁᮕᮒᮢᮧᮙᮔ᮪ |- ! Mangsa | Abad ka-15 |- ! Ibu kota | [[Batulawang]] |- ! Lokasi | [[Lakbok]], [[Ciamis]] jeung [[Pataruman]], [[Banjar]] |- ! Pra_pamaréntahan | [[Karajaan Galuh]] |- ! Ganti ku | [[Karajaan Kertabumi]] |} '''Karajaan Bandjarpatroman''' (ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓ᮪ᮏᮁᮕᮒᮢᮧᮙᮔ᮪) nyaéta hiji karajaan buhun anu dicaritakeun sacara rinci dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (taun 1956) karya [[M. Karso Prawiraatmadja]] (dumasar carita lisan ti Aki Ranadjangga). Numutkeun eusi naskah, karajaan ieu kungsi ngadeg tur jaya di wewengkon anu ayeuna ngawengku [[Kacamatan Lakbok]] (Ciamis) jeung [[Kacamatan Pataruman]] (Kota Banjar), Jawa Barat.<ref name="Kid1956"/> == Sajarah nurutkeun Kidung Lakbok == Dina bagian awal (Bait 3), Bandjarpatroman disebut minangka ''"nagri gede loh djinawi"'', hartina nagara gedé anu kacida makmurna, taneuhna subur, tur rahayatna hirup sugih. Wewengkon kakawasaanana manjang ti suku Gunung Galunggung, ngawengku daérah [[Rawa Lakbok]], dugi ka wewengkon [[Batulawang]] beulah kidul.<ref name="Kid1956"/> === Perang Pataruman === Dina Bait 4 nepi ka 7, dicaritakeun lumangsung pasanggiri atawa perang gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua kakuatan, nyaéta [[Ratu Ingeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang ieu lumangsung di sababaraha tempat nu kiwari masih aya ngaranna: '''Pataruman''', '''Cikawung''', '''Kokoplak''', nepi ka '''Kawasen'''. Alatan silih pasea jeung pasea kakawasaan ieu, ahirna karajaan ieu meunang sumpah karuhun. Dina Bait 16 nepi ka 18 dicaritakeun yén sakabéh wewengkon nu tadina makmur, robah sifatna: taneuhna jadi baseuh, lohong, sarta ahirna cileungit ku cai, robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa lega nu kiwari katelah Rawa Lakbok.<ref name="Kid1956"/> === Ramalan Karuhun === Eusi naskah ogé ngandung amanat atawa ramalan nu kasohor, nyaéta ''"Bandjar Bakal Bandjir"'' jeung ''"Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan"''. Sabagian masarakat satempat ngahubungkeun ramalan ieu jeung kajadian banjir gedé nu kungsi lumangsung dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.<ref name="Kid1956"/> == Panerus Karajaan == Sanggeus Bandjarpatroman leungit tur robah jadi rawa, kakawasaan di daérah éta teu eureun. Numutkeun Bait 25, puseur pamaréntahan tuluy dipindahkeun ka tempat nu leuwih luhur tur aman, sarta ngadegna karajaan anyar nu dingaranan [[Karajaan Kertabumi]] (atawa Kertadjaga). Puseur kakawasaan anyar ieu ayana di sabudeureun [[Situs Gunung Susuru]].<ref name="Kid1956"/> == Peninggalan jeung Tempat Bersejarah == Sababaraha tempat nu disebut dina naskah, nu nepi ka kiwari masih aya: * [[Batulawang]] – Ibu kota heula, aya 8 cagar budaya jeung tradisi Ngabungbang. * [[Puloerang]] – Disebut dina Bait 19: ''"Pulo putri Pulo Erang"''. * [[Situs Gunung Susuru]] – Tempat pindahna pamaréntahan, petilasan karaton Kertabumi. * [[Batu Peti]] – Batu prasasti nu dikaitkeun jeung amanat karuhun. * Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak – Tempat lumangsungna perang.<ref name="Kid1956"/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] * [[Lakbok]] * [[Batulawang]] * [[Rawa Lakbok]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Kid1956">{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf|title=Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok|author=M. Karso Prawiraatmadja|date=1956|website=Wikimedia Commons|access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref> }} [[Kategori:Karajaan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] hi5cpqxvmjeq2yyfcflboux0xz2y4bc