Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Transformers 0 29687 709764 627264 2026-05-26T16:31:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Transformers''''' mangrupa salah sahiji carita [[fiksi]] ciptaan [[Hasbro]]. Carita utamana nyaéta perang antara dua ras [[robot]], [[Autobots]] sareng [[Decepticons]]. Asal maranéhna ti [[planet]] [[Cybertron]], anu saterasna nyasar ka [[Bumi]]. Sadaya robot Transformers tiasa robih janten beragam barang sapertos [[mobil]], alat-alat rumah tangga, sareng peralatan militer. Mottona nyaéta: ''More Than Meets the Eye'' sareng ''Robots in Disguise''. Sadaya seri sareng waralaba Transformers nu aya ayeuna mangrupa sekuel tina versi asli taun 1984. == Generasi 1 (1984-1992) == Aslina, Transformers mangrupa seri cocooan [[Jepang]] taun [[1970]]-an, anu namina Microman jeung Diaclone. Hasbro teras meser éta hak cipta kaduana, teras dijual deui ka [[Takara]] ti [[Jepang]]. Konsép utama G1 nyaéta pertarungan abadi Autobots nu dipimpin [[Optimus Prime]] ngalawan [[Megatron]] ti Decepticons. Mimitinamah sadayana perang di Cybertron, tapi ku sabab di Cybertron tos ancur, para Autobots ngalih ka Bumi, di pengkereuna Decepticons nuturkeun sambil teras néangan kasempatan jang ngancurkeun Autobots Basis utama serial Transformers G1 seseurna tina komik terbitan Marvel. Perbédaanna alit pisan antara komik jeung serial TV. Contona di komik Shockwave téh pamimpin Decepticons, tapi di serial TV, anjeunna janten anak buah Megatron anu loyal. Teras Dinobot dina versi TV kaasup sub grup Autobots, tapi dina komik maranéhna independen. Lainna, Optimus Prime ceuk versi komik mah diciptakeun tina Création Matrix, tapi dina versi TV, nu nyiptakeun Optimus Prime téh ternyata Alpha Trion. Taun 1986, ku kasuksesan tina serial TV Transformers, pihak Hasbro teras ngarilis film anu judulna [[The Transformers: The Movie]]. Dina pilem ieu, Matrix anu aya di Optimus Prime ngalih ka [[Ultra Magnus]], teras dicaritakeun, Optimus Prime téh pupus. Matrix anu aya di Ultra Magnus sempat direbut ku Galvatron, teras robot ngora anu namina Hot Rod ngawanikeun diri ngalawan Galvatron jang ngarebut deui Matrix. Anjeunna berhasil, teras éta Matrix téh dianggo, ngarobih Hot Rod janten [[Rodimus Prime]]. Taun 1987, pihak Takara Jepang nyobian ngadamel serial baru, ku sabab di versi Amerika serial TV na seep episodena. Di Jepang, nami serial anu baru téh nyaéta [[Transformers: The Headmasters]], diteraskeun ku sekuelna nu berjudul [[Transformers: Super-God Masterforce]], [[Transformers: Victory]], sareng [[Transformers: Zone]]. Di Amerika, sanajan serial TV na tos tamat, pihak Marvel tetep neraskeun carita dina bentuk komik. Di Indonésia, serial TV Transformers G1 mimiti abus taun 1995, diputer di [[RCTI]]. Teras di sasih [[November]] [[2007]], serial ieu diputer ulang di [[ANTV]] sampai Agustus 2008. === Generasi 2 (1992-1995) === Versi anu ieu mangrupa carita terasan ti G1. Mimiti dirilis taun 1993 dengan jumlah buku komik anu mencapai 12 edisi. Di Inggris, anu rada benten jalan caritana jeung di Amerika, buku komik anu terbit jumlahna lima edisi. == Beast Wars/Machines (1996-2001) == Versi anu ieu, rada benten jeung diragukeun katerkaitanna jeung versi G1, dirilis taun 1996. Ayeuna anu janten bahan carita nyaéta dua grup laluhur Autobots sareng Decepticons. Laluhur Autobots namina [[Maximals]], dipimpin ku [[Optimus Primal]]. Samentara laluhur Decepticons namina [[Predacons]], dipimpin ku Megatron. modél parobihan robot nu aya di versi ieu seseurna jaranten binatang purba. Ceuk dua pangarang carita utamana, [[Bob Forward]] sareng [[Larry DiTillio]], carita Béast Wars sabenerna mah masih aya kaitan jeung versi G1. Sabab dina versi serial G1, Autobots jeung Decepticons dongkap ka Bumi opat juta tahun sateuacan taun 1984. Di Indonésia, serial TV na mimiti diputer taun 1999 di stasiun TV [[SCTV]], tapi ayeuna serial ieu teu acan pernah diputer ulang deui. == Robots in Disguise (2000-2002) == Kali pertama ieu, serial TV Transformers dijieun ku pihak Jepang anu saterasna diimpor ka Amerika Serikat. Jumlah episodena aya 39. Jalan caritana ngisahkeun Megatron anu nyiptakeun Decepticons keur ngabantuan Predacons. Saleuwihna, carita dina Robots in Disguise masih neraskeun tina Béast Wars. Optimus Prime muncul deui dina ieu serial, ngabantuan Optimus Primal. == Unicron Trilogy (2002-2006) == Tilu serial TV anu anyar, nu dikarang ku Aaron Archer, dirilis antara taun 2002 nepi ka taun 2006. Tilu serial éta téh masing-masing judulna nyaéta, [[Transformers: Armada]], [[Transformers: Energon]], sareng [[Transformers: Cybertron]]. Serial TV anu tilu etateh minangkanamah bagian tina kerjasama antara Hasbro Amerika sareng Takara Jepang. Transformers: Armada jalan caritana ngisahkeun perang Autobots lawan Decepticons anu nyeret ras minoritas nu namina Mini-Con abus kana peperangan. Teras dina Transformers: Energon jalan caritana masih neraskeun perang Autobots lawan Decepticons nu ditambihan ku abusna anggota-anggota Mini-Con ka Autobots atanapi Decepticons. Atuh dina Transformers: Cybertron, anu gambar animasi robotna tos nganggo animasi CGI, jalan caritana ngisahkeun usaha Megatron ngawasai dunya, nu akhirna gagal ku sabab Autobots, Decepticons, sareng Mini-Con kerjasama ngeureunkeun usaha Megatron. == Franchise film (2007-…) == Pertengahan 2007, Transformers diangkat kana layar lebar jang kadua kalina. Tapi dina nu versi ieu, sanes film animasi deui, tetapi digentoskeun ku perpaduan antara jalmi nyata sareng animasi komputer. Salajengnamah carita dina versi film masih sami jeung dina versi-versi sateuacanna, nyaéta perang Autobots versus Decepticons. Di 2009 engke, film sekuel Transformers 2007 bakal dirilis, judulna [[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]. == Transformers: Animated (2008-…) == Sadinten saatos Natal, tepatna tanggal 26 Desember 2007, channel TV kartun, [[Cartoon Network]], ngamimitian nyiarkeun versi anyar tina waralaba Transformers. Judul anu ayeuna namina [[Transformers: Animated]]. Jalan caritana ngagabungkeun unsur ti Transformers G1 sareng Transformers film versi 2007. Di Indonésia, serial TV ieu mulai asup tanggal 2 Juli 2008, disiarkeun di RCTI. Teras tanggal [[8 Oktober]] [[2008]] serial ieu ngalih ka [[GlobalTV]]. == Media promosi == === Toyline === *[[Transformers: Generation 1]] *[[Transformers: Generation 2]] *[[Transformers: Beast Wars]] *[[Transformers: Machine Wars]] *[[Transformers: Beast Machine]] *[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise]] *[[Transformers: Armada (toyline)|Transformers: Armada]] * [[Transformers: Universe]] * [[Transformers: Robot Masters]] * [[Transformers: Energon (toyline)|Transformers: Energon]] * [[Transformers: Alternators]] * [[Transformers: Cybertron (toyline)|Transformers:Cybertron]] * [[Transformers: Titanium]] * [[Transformers: Classic]] * [[Transformers: BotCon]] * [[Transformers: The Movie Toy 2007]] *[[Star Wars Transformers]] === CD Audio === * [[Transformers: The Movie Soundtrack]] (1986) * [[Transformers: Theme Song Collection]] (2003) * [[Transformers: History of Music 1984-2000]] (2004) * [[Transformers: The Album]] (2007) * [[Transformers: Song Universe]] (2007) * [[Transformers: The Score]] (2007) === Video game === * [[The Transformers (video game 1986)|The Transformers]] (1986) * [[Transformers: Battle to Save the Earth]] (1986) * [[Transformers: Convoy no Nazo]] (1986) * [[Transformers: The Headmasters (video game)|Transformers: The Headmasters]](1987) * [[Beast Wars (video game)|Transformers: Beast Wars]] (1997) * [[Transformers (video game 2003)|Transformers: 2003 edition]] (2003) * [[Transformers (video game 2004)|Transformers: 2004 edition]] (2004) * [[Transformers: The Game]] (2007) * [[Transformers: Animated (video game)|Transformers: Animated]] (2007) * [[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)|Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]] (2009) == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.transformers.com/ Situs resmi Transformers Hasbro] *[http://www.wikia.com/wiki/c:transformers Teletraan I – Transformers Wiki] *[http://www.tfw2005.com/ Transformers World 2005] *[http://www.seibertron.com/ The Seibertron – Situs unofficial] *[http://www.tfarchive.com/ Arsip-arsip sejarah Transformers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714121611/http://www.tfarchive.com/ |date=2009-07-14 }} *[http://tformers.com/ TFormers] *[http://www.unicron.com/ Situs unofficial kolektor Transformers] *[http://transformers.ugo.com/ Dunia Transformers di Web] *[http://www.blockbuster.co.uk/BBSiteContent/Editorial/Promotions/July07/TransformersHistorypart1.aspx Sejarah Transformers di Inggris] [[Kategori:Pilem fiksi]] ll0wnrri0sxro2fxi0eqgih6v630ydw Rugbi union 0 36097 709753 678227 2026-05-26T14:03:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox sport | image = New Zealand vs South Africa 2006 Tri Nations Line Out.JPG | imagesize = 300px | caption = [[Victor Matfield]] ti Afrika Kidul ngalaksanakeun ''lineout'' kana Selandia Anyar dina 2006. | union = [[International Rugby Board]] | nickname = Rugger, Rugby<ref>{{cite book |title=British language & culture |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |first=David |last=Else |year=2007 |edition=2nd |page=97 |isbn=186450286X}}</ref> | first = Awal abad ka-19 (wangun awal)<br />1845 (hukum tinulis awal) | registered = 5.062.396 | clubs = 18.920 | contact = [[Olahraga kontak#Kontak pinuh|Kontak pinuh]] | team = 15 | mgender = Kompetisi kapisah | category = [[Olahraga tim]], luar rohangan | equipment = [[Maén bal (bal)#Rugbi union|Bal rugbi]] | venue = | olympic = [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1900|1900]]; dihupus ti program [[Olimpiade 1928|1928]]; [[Rugbi Tujuh]] dibalikkeun [[Olimpiade 2016|2016]] }} '''Rugbi union''', mindeng disebut '''rugbi''' wungkul, nyaéta hiji olahraga tim [[Olahraga kontak#Kontak pinuh|kontak pinuh]] nu lahir di Inggris di awal abad ka-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm#2 |title=Origins of Rugby – Codification "The innovation of running with the ball was introduced some time between 1820 and 1830." |publisher=Rugbyfootballhistory.com |accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref> salah sahiji [[Bandingan rugbi liga jeung rugbi union|dua kode]] ti [[maén bal rugbi]], nyaéta dina lumpat sareng bal dicandak ku tangan. Olahraga ieu dimaénkeun kalawan hiji [[bal rugbi|bal]] nu bentukna oval, di lapangan nu panjangna nepi ka 100 m jeung lébarna nepi ka 70 m kalawan pos gawang nu bentukna kawas hurup "H" dina masing-masing garis gawang. [[William Webb Ellis]] mindeng dipercaya kalawan pamanggihan lumpat sareng nyandak bal ku tangan dina 1823 di [[Sakola Rugby]] basa anjeunna diduga nyanggap bal nalika keur maén bal jeung lumpat ka gawang lawan. Tapi, bukti carita éta diragukeun. Dina 1845, hukum maén bal kahiji ditulis ku murid-murid Sakola Rugby; kajadian signifikan lianna dina pamekaran awal rugbi contona kaputusan [[Blackheath F.C.|Klub Blackheath]] ninggalkeun ''[[The Football Association]]'' dina 1863 sarta misahna rugbi union jeung [[rugbi liga]] dina 1895. Dina 1995 [[International Rugby Board|Badan Rugbi Internasional]] (''International Rugby Board'', IRB) ngahupus larangan dina bayaran ka pamaén, nyieun maénna sacara kabuka profésional dina tingkat nu pangluhurna pikeun kahijina. IRB geus jadi badan pangurus pikeun rugbi union ti pawangunanna dina 1886. Sumebarna rugbi union tumuwuh ti [[Home Nations|Bangsa Asal]] (''Home Nations''), Britania Raya jeung Irlandia, sarta diserep ku raloba nagara nu kaasosiasi jeung Kakaisaran Britania. Éksponén awal ti olahraga ieu contona Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul. Nagara-nagara nu geus ngadopsi rugbi union salaku olahraga nasionalna sacara ''[[de facto]]'' misalna Fiji, Géorgia, Selandia Anyar, Samoa, Tonga, jeung Wales. Rugbi union dimaénkeun di leuwih ti 100 nagara di 6 buana jeung dina Nopémber 2010, 118 union mangrupa anggota IRB. [[Piala Dunya Rugbi]], kahiji lumangsung dina 1987, dilaksanakeun saban opat warsih, kalawan nu meunangna narima [[Piala Webb Ellis]]. [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa]] (''Six Nations Championship'') di Éropa jeung [[Kajuaraan Rugby]] (''The Rugby Championship'') di Hémisfér Kidul (nu ngaganti ''Tri Nations'') mangrupa kompetisi internasional utami anu dilaksanakeun warsihan. Kompetisi doméstik utama contona [[Top 14]] di Perancis, [[English Premiership (rugbi union)|English Premiership]] di Inggris, [[Currie Cup]] di Afrika Kidul, jeung [[ITM Cup]] di Selandia Anyar. Kompetisi antarbangsa nu lian contona [[Celtic League (rugbi union)|Celtic League]], aslina mimilukeun tim ti Irlandia, Skotlandia, jeung Wales sarta ayeuna ditambih ti Italia; [[Super Rugby]] (baheulana Super 12 jeung Super 14), mimilukeun tim ti Afrika Kidul, Australia, jeung Selandia Anyar; sarta [[Heineken Cup]], mimilukeun sawatara tim ti Éropa. ==Sajarah== {{utama|Sajarah rugbi union}} [[File:Rugby School 850.jpg|box|thumb|[[Sakola Rugby]] di [[Rugby, Warwickshire]]. Katembong dina gambar gawang rugbi nu wangunna kawas hurup "H"]] Asalna maén bal rugbi dianggap salaku hiji insidén dina hiji patandingan [[Maén bal sakola umum Inggris|maén bal sakola Inggris]] di Sakola Rugby dina 1823 basa [[William Webb-Ellis]] disebut yén anjeunna nyandak bal teras lumpat barina.<ref>{{cite web|title = Webb Ellis, William|url = http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/webb-ellis.html|accessdate =14 September 2009}}</ref> Sanajan bukti ti carita éta diragukeun,<ref>{{cite episode|title=Flotsam|url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/qi/episodes/6/3/|series=QI|serieslink=QI|network=[[BBC]]|station=BBC One |location=UK|airdate=9 January 2009|seriesno=F|number=3}}</ref> hal éta diabadikeun di sakola éta kalawan hiji [[piagam pangélingan|piagam]] nu diumumkeun dina 1895.<ref>{{cite web|title = William Webb Ellis – fact or fiction?|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/rugby_union/6255164.stm |first=Sean|last=Davies| publisher=bbc.co.uk |accessdate =20 September 2011}}</ref> Sanajan asalna anékdot, [[Piala Webb Ellis|tropi Piala Dunya Rugbi]] dingaranan ti namina. Maén bal rugbi tumuwuh ti wangun kaulinan dimaénkeun di Sakola Rugby, nu dicandak urut siswana ka universitas; [[Albert Pell]], saurang mahasiswa ti [[Universitas Cambridge|Cambridge]], diajénan ku lantaran geus ngawangun tim 'maén bal' kahiji.<ref name="Marshall13">{{Harvnb|Marshall|1951|p=13}}</ref> Dina période awal ieu, béda sakola béda aturan, kalawan urut murid Rugby jeung [[Kampus Eton|Eton]] ngusahakeun mawa aturan anu dipikaresepna ka universitas.<ref name="Marshall13-14">{{Harvnb|Marshall|1951|pp=13–14}}</ref> Kajadian-kajadian signifikan dina pamekaran awal maén bal rugbi nyaéta panyieunan sét hukum maén bal katulis anu kahiji di Sakola Rugby dina 1845,<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=9}}</ref> anu dipiluan ku '[[Aturan Cambridge]]' dijieun dina 1848.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm#3 |title=Early Laws |publisher=Rugbyfootballhistory.com |accessdate=6 February 2010}}</ref> Kajadian penting lianna contona kaputusan Klub Blackhéath Club ninggalkeun ''The Football Association'' dina 1863<ref name="Godwin10">{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = The History of Football |url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame4.html |work = FIFA.com |accessdate = 25 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314172942/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame4.html |date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> jeung ngadegna [[Rugby Football Union]] dina 1871.<ref name="Godwin10"/> Kode ieu aslina disebut "maén bal rugbi" (''rugby football''); tapi sanggeus [[Sajarah rugbi liga#Peupeus di Inggris|peupeus di Inggris]] dina 1895, anu ngahasilkeun misahna [[rugbi liga]], olahraga ieu maké ngaran "rugbi union" pikeun ngabédakeunnana.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football|author=Tony Collins|pages=87–120|chapter=Schism 1893–1895|edition=2nd|publisher=Routlage|year=2006|isbn=0-415-39616-6}}</ref> Sanajan ngaran pinuhna rugbi union, olahraga ieu ngan disebut rugbi di kalobaannana bagian dunya.<ref>{{cite web |title = Warwickshire and Rugby Football |url = http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/Web/corporate/pages.nsf/Links/25612031C7B03F9C80257610004A20CC |work = warwickshire.gov.uk |accessdate = 26 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025019/http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/Web/corporate/pages.nsf/Links/25612031C7B03F9C80257610004A20CC |date=12 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Short History of Civilization IV |work=Five Epochs of Civilization: Chapter 7 (2000) |url=http://worldhistorysite.com/civilization4.html |publisher=worldhistorysite.com |first=William |last=McGaughey |accessdate=26 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190553/http://worldhistorysite.com/civilization4.html |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> [[Patandingan rugbi union Bangsa Asli 1870-71|Maén bal rugbi internasional kahiji]] lumangsung dina 27 Maret 1871, antara Inggris jeung Skotlandia.<ref name="Godwin10"/> Dina 1881 Irlandia jeung Wales miboga tim anu ngawakilannana, jeung dina 1883 kompetisi internasional kahiji, [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa|''Home Nations Championship'']] dimimitian. 1883 ogé taundi mana turnamén [[rugbi tujuh]] kahiji lumnangsung, di [[Melrose, Skotlandia|Melrose]], [[Melrose Sevens]],<ref name="Godwin12">{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=12}}</ref> anu masih warsihan dilaksanakeun. Lima taunsanggeusna, aya dua tur penting peuntas laut; tim [[Tur Singa Britania ka Selandia Anyar jeung Australia 1888|Kapuloan Britania]] datang ka Australia jeung Selandia Anyar. Hal éta neundeun pondasi pikeun tur [[Singa Britania jeung Irlandia]] nu engkéna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/5023.php|title=1888 Australia & New Zealand|publisher=The British and irish Lions|accessdate=13 August 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033526/http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/5023.php |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Tim maén bal Pribumi Selandia Anyar 1888–1889|tim Pribumi Selandia Anyar 1888]] mangrupa tim peuntas laut kahiji nu datang ka Britania.<ref>{{cite book |title=Forerunners of the All Blacks |last=Ryan |first=Greg |publisher=Canterbury University Press |year=1993 |location=Christchurch, New Zealand|isbn=0-908812-30-2|page=44}}</ref> [[File:King George V presents a cup to the captain of the winning New Zealand Services Rugby Team, London.jpeg|thumb|left|[[James Ryan (pamaén rugbi union nu lahir 1887)|James Ryan]], kaptén tim Angkatan Darat Selandia Anyar, narima Piala Kings ti George V|alt=A black and white photo of a rugby field in which three men in military uniform, one of whom is King George, present a silver trophy to a rugby player dressed in black kit. Behind in a line are the rest of the team.]] Antara 1905 jeung 1908, sadaya tilu nagara rugbi utama ti Hémisfér Kidul ngintunkeun tim tur kahijina ka Hémisfér Kalér: [[The Original All Blacks|Selandia Anyar]] dina 1905, dimiluan ku [[Tur rugbi union Afrika Kidul 1906-07|Afrika Kidul]] dina 1906 jeung teras [[Tur rugbi union Britania Australia 1908-09|Australia]] dina 1908. Sadaya tilu tim mawa gaya maén, tingkat kaséhatan, jeung taktik nu anyar,<ref name="Godwin, p18">{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=18}}</ref> jeung leuwih boga hasil tinimbang nu aya dina kritikan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|1954|p=27}} ''"When they arrived in this country [Britain] they were regarded as an unknown quantity, but it was not anticipated that they would give the stronger British teams a great deal of opposition. The result of the very first match against Devon was regarded as a foregone conclusion by most British followers."''</ref> Tim tur Selandia Anyar 1905 ngalaksanakeun [[Ka Mate|haka]] saméméh saban patandingan, administrator Rugbi Union Wales, [[Tom Williams (pamaén rugbi Wales)|Tom Williams]], nyarankeun pamaén Wales, [[Teddy Morgan]], mingpin balaréa dina nembangkeun Lagu Kabangsaan Nasional Wales, ''[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]'', salaku balesan. Sanggeus Morgan mimiti nembang, masarakat mimiluan: wayah kahiji lagu kabangsaan ditembangkeun di awal kajadian olahraga.<ref>{{cite web|title=The anthem in more recent years|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/anthem/pages/anthem-today.shtml|accessdate=3 December 2010 |publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|date=1 December 2008 |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC Cymru Wales history]]}}</ref> Dina 1905, Perancis ngalawan Inggris dina patandingan internasional kahijina.<ref name="Godwin, p18"/> Euweuh patandingan rugbi internasional jeung patandingan nu kadukung union dimaénkeun basa Perang Dunya I, tapi kompetisi lanjut liwat tim layanan saperti [[Tim rugbi Angkatan Darat Selandia Anyar 1919|tim Angkatan Darat Selandia Anyar]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=19}}</ref> Dina Perang Dunya II, euweuh patandingan internasional dimaénkeun ku raloba nagara sanajan Italia, Jérman, jeung Romania maénkeun sawatara patandingan,<ref>[http://www.scrum.com/italy/rugby/match/19590.html Tur Italia – Bukares, 14 April 1940] Romania vs Italia, Scrum.com</ref><ref>[http://www.scrum.com/italy/rugby/match/19591.html Tur Italia – Stuttgart, 5 Méi 1940] Jérman vs Italia, Scrum.com</ref><ref>[http://www.scrum.com/italy/rugby/match/19592.html Tur Romania – Milan, 2 Méi 1942] Italia vs Romania, Scrum.com</ref> sarta [[R.U.F.C. Universitas Cambridge|Cambridge]] jeung [[RFC Universitas Oxford|Oxford]] ngalanjutkeun [[The Varsity Match|Patandingan Universitas]] warsihanna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=22}}</ref> Rugbi union diasupkeun salaku cabang dina Olimpiade opat kali dina awal 1900-an. Dina 1973, turnamén internasional rugbi tujuh anu didukung resmi lumangsung di Murrayfield, salaku bagian ti pangélingan saratus taun [[Rugbi Union Skotlandia]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Rugby in the Olympics: Future|url = http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/future.html|work = [[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|date = |accessdate = 18 August 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810065813/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/future.html |date=10 August 2011 }}</ref> Dina 1987, Piala Dunya Rugbi kahiji dilaksanakeun di Selandia Anyar jeung Australia, sarta nu meunang nyaéta Selandia Anyar. Turnamén Piala Dunya Rugbi Tujuh kahiji dilaksanakeun di Murrayfield dina 1993. Rugbi Tujuh dipikawanohkeun di [[Kajuaraan Rugbi Tujuh Pasamakmuran|Commonwealth Games]] dina 1998 jeung bakal dilombakeun dina Olimpiade 2016.<ref name="I.O.C. Decision"/> Rugbi union mangrupa olahraga amatir nepi ka IRB ngadéklarasikeun olahraga ieu 'kabuka' dina 1995, ngahupus larangan din bayaran ka pamaén.<ref name=Stubbs3>{{Harvnb|Stubbs|2009|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = History of the RFU |url = http://www.rfu.com/AboutTheRFU/History.aspx |work = [[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |date = |accessdate = 28 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422210444/http://www.rfu.com/AboutTheRFU/History.aspx |date=22 April 2010 }}</ref> Tapi, période rugbi union pra-1995 dicirian ku lobana tuduhan "[[shamateurisme]]",<ref>{{cite web|title = Ontario: The Shamateurs|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804253,00.html|work = TIME|date = 29 September 1947|accessdate = 6 February 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804253,00.html |date=13 May 2013 }}</ref> kaasup hiji invéstigasi di Britania ku hiji komite Badan Pamilihan Umum.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/amateur-status-attacked-by-mps-1611641.html?CMP=ILC-refresh |title=Amateur status attacked by MPs - Sport - The Independent |first=John |last=Rentoul |work=[[The Independent]] |date=17 March 1995 |publisher=[[Independent News & Media|INM]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=19 November 2011}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|title = History of Rugby Union|url = http://www.talkrugbyunion.co.uk/guides/history_of_rugby_union.html|accessdate =6 February 2010}}</ref> Nurutan dipikawanohna profésionalisme kompetisi klub trans-nasional dimimitian, kalawan [[Heineken Cup]] di Hémisfér Kalér jeung [[Super Rugby]] di Hémisfér Kidul.<ref name="historymain">{{cite web | url=http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/37_74.php | title=European Rugby Cup: History | publisher=ERC | accessdate=21 March 2007 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070208134810/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/37_74.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archivedate=8 February 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208134810/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/37_74.php |date=8 February 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Gaynor">{{cite news|title=Union's off-field game a real winner|date=21 April 2001|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|first=Bryan| last=Gaynor|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=184012}}</ref> [[Tri Nations (rugbi union)|Tri-nations]], hiji turnamén internasional mimilukeun Afrika Kidul, Selandia Anyar, jeung Australia, dimimitian dina 1996.<ref name="Gaynor"/> ==Tim jeung struktur tim== {{utama|Posisi pamaén rugbi union}} [[Image:Rugby formation.svg|thumb|Formasi normal tim rugbi union, ngagambareun masing-masing posisi jeung nomerna.]] Masing-masing tim mimiti maén kalawan 15 pamaén di lapangan.<ref name="Law3">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/090729sgsmlaw3_8811.pdf |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |title=Law 3 Number of Players |format=PDF |accessdate=6 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013170741/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/090729sgsmlaw3_8811.pdf |date=13 October 2012 }}</ref> Pamaén dina hiji tim dibagi kana 8 [[Posisi di rugbi union#Payun|payun]] (2 leuwih di [[rugbi liga]]) jeung 7 [[Posisi di rugbi union#Bék|bék]].<ref name="IRB BGRU 6">{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=6|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> ===Pamaén payun=== Kawajiban utama ti pamaén payun nyaéta miboga jeung nahankeun kabogaan bal.<ref name="talkrugby">{{cite web|url=http://www.talkrugbyunion.co.uk/guides/rugby_union_positions.html |title=Rugby Union Positions |publisher=talkrugbyunion.co.uk |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011}}</ref> Pamaén dina posisi ieu umumna gedé jeung kiat sarti milu dina ''scrum'' jeung ''lineout''.<ref name="talkrugby"/> Aranjeunna sok disebut ''pack'', utamina dina formasi ''scrum''.<ref name="Glossary">{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/page/97263.html|work=ESPN Scrum.com |title=Rugby Glossary |accessdate=13 August 2011}}</ref> '''Baris payun'''<br/> Baris payun kawangun ti 3 pamaén, 2 prop (panyangga); ''loosehead'' jeung ''tighthead'', sarta ''hooker''. 2 prop ngabantu ''hooker'' dina ''scrum'', pikeun ngadukung paluncat dina ''lineouts'', jeung nyadiakeun tanaga dina ''ruck'' jeung ''maul''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> Posisi katilu di baris payun nyaéta ''hooker''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> ''Hooker'' mangrupa posisi konci dina maén ofénsif jeung deféntif sarta miboga tanggung jawab meunangkan bal dina ''scrum''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> ''Hooker'' biasana anu ngalungkeun bal dina ''lineout''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> '''Baris kadua'''<br/> Baris kadua kawangun ti 2 ''lock'' atanapi ''lock forwards''. ''Lock'' biasana pamaén nu pangluhurna di tim, jeung husus dina nu lincat nalika ''lineout''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> Kagunaan utama ''lock'' dina ''lineout'' nyaéta nyieun ''standing jump'' (luncat nangtung), mindeng dirojong ku pamaén payun nu lian, pikeun nyokot bal nu dialungkeun atawa mastikeun bal dipiboga ku reguna. ''Lock'' ogé miboga hiji kagunaan penting dina ''scrum'', nyapit langsung di tukangeun tilu pamaén baris payun jeung nyadiakeun kadali hareup.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> [[File:Chabal Rugby Racing vs Stade Toulousain 311009.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sébastien Chabal]] (kénca jauh) dina posisi nomer dalapan saméméh asup ka ''scrum''|alt=Facing right a group of seven men, in blue and white hooped jersesy, bind together and crouch to form a scrum, the eighth player stands behind them observing the off-picture opposition.]] '''Baris pengker'''<br/> Baris pengker, kadé kaliru jeung ‘Bék’, nyaéta baris katilu jeung baris pangahirna ti barisan di posisi payun. Pamaén di bari pengker mindeng disebut ''loose forwards''.<ref name="Glossary"/> Tilu posisi di baris pengker diwangun ti 2 jangjang jeung nu nomerna 8. Dua posisi jangjang, disebut jangjang ''blindside'' jeung ''openside'', mangrupa baris final dina ''scrum''. Peran utamina nyaéta pikeun meunangkeun kabogaan liwat ''turn over''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 6"/> Nu nomerna 8 dina ''scrum'' miboga peran ngadalikeun bal sanggeus dioper ti payun jeung posisina nyadiakeun hiji panyambung antara nu di payun jeung pengker dina fase narajang.<ref name="IRB BGRU 7">{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=7|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> ===Bék=== Peran bék nyaéta nyieun jeung ngonvérsi kasempetan ngahasilkeun skor, aranjeunna umumna leuwih leutik tapi leuwih gancang jeung leuwih cingceng tinimbang pamaén payun.<ref name="talkrugby"/> Bébéda nu lian antara dua posisi nyaéta bék dipiharep miboga kaahlian najong supérior, utamina dina posisi ''fly-half'' jeung ''full-back''.<ref name="talkrugby"/> '''''Half-back'''''<br/> ''Half-back'' diwangun ti 2 posisi, ''scrum-half''/''half-back'' jeung ''fly-half''/''First Five-Eighth''. ''Fly-half'' penting pikeun rencana tim, ngatur performa tim.<ref name="IRB BGRU 7"/> Aranjeunna biasana anu kahiji nu narima bal ti ''scrum-half'' sanggeus ''breakdown'', ''lineout'', atanapi ''scrum'' jeung kedah merhatoskeun nanao anu dilakukeun jeung éféktif dina ngomunikasi jeung bék luar.<ref name="IRB BGRU 7"/> Loba ''fly-half'' nu ogé panajong ka gawang. ''Scrum-half'' mangrupa panyambung antara pamaén payun jeung bék.<ref name="IRB BGRU 7"/> Aranjeunna narima bal ti ''lineout'' jeung mindahkeun bal ti bagian pengker ''scrum'', biasana ngoperkeunnana ka ''fly-half''.<ref name="IRB BGRU 8">{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=8|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> Aranjeunna ogé ''feed'' (méré bal) ka ''scrum'' jeung kadang kedah jadi ''loose forward'' kaopat.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bompa|1981|p=62}}</ref> '''''Three quarters'''''<br/> Aya 4 posisi ''three quarter'', ''inside centre''/''Second Five-Eighth'', ''outside centre'', sarta jangjang kénca jeung katuhu. Saperti fly-half, aranjeunna umumna miboga tajongan nu alus jeung alus dina maca pamaénan jeung ngarahkeun tarajangan. ''Centre'' bakal ngusakhakeun n-''tackle'' pamaén anu narajang, nalika dina panarajangan, aranjeunna kedah ngaluarkeun kagancangan jeung tanaga pikeun norobos patahanan musuh.<ref name="IRB BGRU 7"/> Jangjang biasana diposisikeun di luareun ''backline''. Kagunaan utamina nya éa ngaréngsékeun gerakan jeung usaha ''try''.{{sfn|Brown, Guthrie and Growden|(2010)}} Jangjang biasana pamaén anu panggancangna dina tim jeung atawa palumpat anu cingceng, atawa umumna di jaman modérn, gedé, kiat, sarta bisa ngéléhkeun ''tackle''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu|date=7 January 2006|first=David|last=Ferguson|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/superteams/Scottish-rugby-welcomes-back-Lomu.2740238.jp|newspaper=Scotsman|accessdate=1 September 2011}}</ref> '''''Fullback'''''<br/> ''Fullback'' biasana aya sawatara méter tukangeun ''back line''. Anjeunna nyanggap tajongan musuh jeung mindeng jadi baris patahanan ahir anu kedah ditorobos ku musuh.<ref name="IRB BGRU 7"/> Dua atribut penting ti saurang ''fullback'' nu alus nyaéta kaahlian nyanggap jeung najong.<ref name = "MacDonald">{{cite book|title=Rugger Practice and Tactics – A Manual of Rugby Football Technique |first=H. F. |last=MacDonald|year=1938|page=97}}</ref> ==Aturan== {{utama|Cara maén rugbi union}} [[Image:RugbyPitchMetricDetailed-su.svg|thumb|300px|right|Diagram lapangan rugbi union midangkeun garis nu kaciri jeung jarak.]] ===Skor=== Rugbi union dimaénkeun antara 2 tim – anu skorna leuwih loba nyaéta nu meunang. Skor bisa dihasilkeun liwat sababaraha cara : ''[[try]]'', ku cara mawa bal ka aréa gawang (antara garis gawang jeung garis bal paéh) jeung bari labuh ka taneuh (''grounding''), ngahasilkeun 5 poin jeung hiji ''conversion'' anu bisa ngahasilkeun 2 poin; liwat pénalti atawa ''[[drop goal]]'' ngahasilkeun 3 poin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_9_EN.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=Law 9 Method of Scoring|format=PDF|accessdate=15 August 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110830123708/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_9_EN.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123708/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_9_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Skor ti cara-cara ieu geus diganti warsih-warsih.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/scoring.htm |title=Scoring through the ages |work=rugbyfootballhistory.com |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> ===Lapangan=== Lapangan rugbi sedeukeut-deukeutna maksimal panjangna 144m jeung lébar 70m.<ref name="pitch size">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/Law1EN_7709.pdf |title=Law 1: The Ground |page=21 |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |accessdate=6 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010221022/http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/Law1EN_7709.pdf |date=10 October 2012 }}</ref> Dina patandingan sabenerna, kedah aya jarak maksimal 100m antara dua garis ''try'', kalawan di mana waé 10 jeung 22m tukangeun garis ''try'' jadi aréa bal paéh.<ref name="pitch size"/> Aya sababaraha garis anu meunatasannana, saperti garis saparo jalan, "dua puluh dua", anu aya 22m ti garis gawang.<ref name="pitch size"/> Pos gawangna saperti hurup H, jeung miboga dua tihang, kapisah 5,6m, disambungkeun ku hiji batang horizontal 3m luhureun taneuh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_1_EN.pdf |title=Law 1 The Ground |page=1.4(a-b) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044847/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_1_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830124154/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_1_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Diménsi lapangan anu sabenerna mah maké [[unit impérial]], tapi geus dikonvérsi ka [[sistim métrik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby_union/six_nations/618637.stm |title=A beginner's guide to ... rugby laws |work=BBC |date=31 January 2000 |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref>Sanajan diménsi lapangan geus dikonvérsi ka sistim métrik, sababaraha koméntator masih nganggo ukuran impérial basa ngarujuk kana aturan katangtu.</ref> ===Struktur patandingan=== Dina awal patandingan, kaptén ti kadua tim jeung wasit ngundi hiji koin pikeun nangtukeun tim mana anu ''kick off'' kahiji. Patandingan teras mimiti kalawan hiji ''drop kick'', jeung pamaén ngudag bal ka aréa musuh, jeung nu lian nyobian sangkan narima bal nu teras narajang. Lamun pamaén nu mawa bal di-''tackle'', salajengna bakal aya hiji [[Cara maén rugbi union#Ruck|''ruck'']].<ref name=Midgley>{{Cite book| last = Midgley| first = Ruth| coauthors = | title = The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games| publisher=Diagram Group| year = 1979| location = London| url =|page=394 | isbn = 0-7092-0153-2}}</ref> Patandingan dibagi kana 2 babak masing-masing 40 menit, kalawan hiji [[Half-time|istirahat]] di tengahna.<ref name="IRBLaw5">{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_5_EN.pdf |title=Law 5: Time |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |accessdate=23 September 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045621/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_5_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929014404/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_5_EN.pdf |date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> Di babak kadua, tim silih tuker gawang.<ref name="IRBLaw5"/> Selaan pikeun kacilakaan sangkan mungkinkeun wasit ngalaksanakeun aksi disiplinér, teu kaétang salaku bagian ti wayah maén, jadi biasana waktu anu kapaké leuwih ti 80 menit.<ref name="IRBLaw5"/> Wasit miboga tanggung jawab dina netepkeun wayah, sanajan{{dash}}sakumaha dina loba turnamén{{dash}}anjeunna ditulungan ku hiji panangtu wayah resmi.<ref name="IRBLaw5"/> Upami wayahna béak tapi balna masih dimaénkeun, patandingan lanjut nepi ka balna 'paéh', jeung ngan dina éta wungkul wasit miriwit pikeun nandaan réngséna babak atawa patandingan; tapi, upamina wasti méré pénalti atawa tajongan bébas, patandingan lanjut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugby365.com/laws_referees/laws/578937.htm |title=Law 5 – Time |date=22 January 2007 |accessdate=9 July 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304115933/http://www.rugby365.com/laws_referees/laws/578937.htm |date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> ===Ngoper jeung najong=== Operan payun (ngalungkeun bal ka payun ka pamaén lian) teu beunang; ball ngan bisa dioper ka samping atawa ka tukang.<ref name="irblaws12">{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_12_EN.pdf |title=Law 12 Knock-on ot Throw Forward |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045447/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_12_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830125954/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_12_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Bal bisa dicandak ka payun ku tilu cara— ditajong, dicandak lumpat, atanapi ti ''scrum'' atawa [[Cara maén rugbi union#Maul|maul]]. Pamaén anu bisa di-''tackle'' atawa di-''ruck'' ngan pamaén anu mawa bal. Basa bal dipayunkeun ku hiji pamaén maké pananganna, éta ngahasilkeun ''knock-on'', anu teras dilanjutkeun ku ''scrum''.<ref name="irblaws12"/> Sadaya pamaén tiasa najong bal ka payun pikeun miboga téritori. Basa saurang pamaén di mana waé di aréa maén najong sacara teu langsung ka ''[[Touch (rugbi)|touch]]'' jadina balna mantul dina lapangan, ''throw-in'' dilaksanakeun basa balna asup ka ''touch''.<ref name="irblaws12"/> Upami pamaén najong langusng ka ''touch'' (saperti tanpa mantul di jero lapangan heula) tina jero garis 22 méter soranganna, ''lineout'' dilaksanakeun ku tim lawan di tempat bal asup ka ''touch'', tapi upami balna langsung ditajong ka ''touch'' ku saurang pamaén di luar garis 22 méter, ''lineout'' dilaksanakeun ka tempat tajongan anu tadi dilakukeun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |page=19.1(e-h) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> ===''Breakdowns''=== [[File:Schoolkids doing a rugby tackle.jpg|thumb|Hiji ''tackle'' rugbi: ''tackle'' kedah di handap beuheung kalawan tujuan ngalingan atawa ngalabuhkeun pamaén ogé balna|alt=A child running away from camera in green and black hooped rugby jersey is in the process of being tackled around the hips and legs by an opponent.]] Tujuan sisi nahan nyaéta ngeureunkeun pamaén nu mawa bal, boh liwat ngalabuhkeun manéhna (''tackle'', nu biasana dimiluan ku ''ruck''), atawa parebut posési jeung nu mawa bal dina suku (''maul''). Kaayaan kitu disebut hiji ''breakdown'' jeung miboga aturan husus. Saurang pamaén beunang n-''tackle''-an pamaén lawan anu keur miboga balna ku cara ngalabuhkeun manéhna. Anu n-''tackle'' teu beunang n-''tackle'' di luhureun taktak (tenggek jeung mastaka),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10 Foul play |page=10.4(e) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> jeung nu n-''tackle'' kedah ngusahakeun ngurilingkeun leungeunna kana pamaén anu di-''tackle'' sangkan ''tackle''-na komplit. Teu beunang ngadorong, ngadu taktak, atawa néngklas pamaén lian maké suku, tapi panangan beunang dipaké (maksudna hiji ''tap-tackle'' atawa ''[[Ankle tap|ankle-tap]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10 Foul play |page=10.4(d) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10 Foul play |page=10.4(g) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> ''Maul'' aya sanggeus saurang pamaén nu mawa bal kontak jeung lawanna tapi kadalina tetep dina sukuna; basa tilu pamaén cekap pikeun ngawangun hiji ''maul''.<ref name="Glossary"/> Hiji ''ruck'' mirip jeung ''maul'', tapi dina kasus ieu balna geus ka taneuh kalwan minimalna tilu pamaén milu ngalindungan balna.<ref name="Glossary"/> ===''Set pieces''=== [[File:Ireland vs Georgia, Rugby World Cup 2007 line up.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tim nasional rugbi union Irlandia|Irlandia]] jeung [[Tim nasional rugbi union Géorgia|Géorgia]] dina ''lineout'' basa [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007]]|alt=Two rows of opposing players, green to the fore, white behind, each aid a jumping player from their team by lifting him towards an off-picture ball travelling overhead.]] ====''Lineout''==== :{{utama|Line-out}} Basa balna kaluar liwat sisi lapangan, hiji [[line-out|''lineout'']] dilakukeun ku lawanna tim anu pangahirna keuna bal.<ref name="irblaws19">{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Pamaén payun ti saban tim baris saméter kapisah, tegak lurus jeung garis ''touch'' sarta antara 5 m jeung 15 m ti garis ''touch''.<ref name="irblaws19"/> Balna dialungkeun ti garis ''touch'' ka jero lapangan ku hiji pamaén (biasana ''[[hooker (rugbi union)|hooker]]'') ti tim anu sanés pangahirna keuna bal.<ref name="irblaws19"/> Kajaba, upami balna kaluar ku lantaran hiji pénalti, tim anu ngalaksanakeun pénalti ngalakukeun ''line-out''-na.<ref name="irblaws19"/> Tim duanana parebut balna jeung pamaén beunang ngangkat réréncangan satimna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |page=19.10 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Pamaén nu luncat teu beunang di-''tackle'' nepi ka manéhna nangtung sarta ngan kontak taktak anu diijinkeun; palanggaran anu dihaja kana aturan eiu mangrupa bahaya, jeung bisa ngahasilkeun pénalti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |page=19.8(p) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> ====''Scrum''==== {{utama|Scrum (rugbi union)}} [[File:Scrum-1.JPG|thumb|right|Hiji ''[[scrum (rugbi)|scrum]]''|alt=Two opposing formations of eight men, in white and black to the left, red and black to the right, push against each other in a crouched position; behind them stands another player and the referee.]] Hiji ''scrum'' mangrupa hiji cara pikeun 'ngamimitian' deui patandingan kalawan aman jeung adil sanggeus palanggaran leutik.<ref name="irblaws20">{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_20_EN.pdf |title=Law 20 Scrum |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045535/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_20_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830130008/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_20_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> ''Scrum'' dilaksanakeun ku lantaran operan payun, ''[[Offside (rugbi)#Rugbi union|offside]]'', atawa upami balna kakurung dina ''ruck'' atawa ''maul'' tanpa kasempetan bal kaambil. Hiji tim bisa ogé milih ''scrum'' salaku hadiah pénaltina.<ref name="irblaws20"/> Hiji ''scrum'' diwangun ti 8 pamaén payun ti saban tim ngariung dina 3 baris.<ref name="irblaws20"/> Baris payun ngawengku 2 ''prop'' (''loosehead'' jeung ''tighthead'') atawa sisi ''hooker''.<ref name="irblaws20"/> Baris kadua ngawengku 2 ''lock'' jeung 2 ''flanker''. Tukangeun baris kadua nyaéta si nomer 8. Formasi ieu kawanoh salaku formasi 3–4–1.<ref name="FormingScrum">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/rules_and_equipment/4205334.stm |title=Forming a scrum |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 August 2011 | date=14 September 2005}}</ref> Basa hiji ''scrum'' kawangun, ''scrum-half'' ti tim anu dihadiahan nga-''feed'' (méré) balna ka sela antara dua baris payun (kawanoh salaku ''tunnel'').<ref name="irblaws20"/> Dua ''hooker'' teras parebut ku cara nyapukeun bal na ka tukang maké suku, samentara masing-masing kelompok nyoba ngadorong kelompok ''scrum'' musuhna pikeun ngalindungan posési.<ref name="irblaws20"/> Tim anu meunangkeun posési mindahkeun balna ka bagian tukangna ''scrum'', di mana balna dicandak ku nu nomer 8 atawa ku ''scrum-half''.<ref name="irblaws20"/> ===Ofisial jeung sanksi=== Aya 3 ofisial patandingan: hiji wasit jeung dua asistén wasit.<ref name="IRBLaw6">{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_6_EN.pdf |title=Law 6: Match officials |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |accessdate=19 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044908/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_6_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830125555/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_6_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> Asistén wasit, baheulana kawanoh salaku hakim ''toucdh'', miboga fungsi utami pikeun nunjukkeun di mana balna kaluar ti lapangan; peranna geus dilegaan jeung aranjeunna ayeuna bisa ngiringan wasit pikeun rupa-rupa tujuan, saperti nunjukkeun palanggaran jeung mariksa garis ''off-side''.<ref name="IRBLaw6"/> Tambahannana, pikeun patandingan di kompetisi luhur, sok aya ofisial patandingan télévisi (''Television Match Official'' TMO; populérna disebut "wasit vidéo"), pikeun nulungan sababaraha kaputusan, disambungkeun ka wasit ku radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/news-comment/peter-bills-refereeing-protocol-rules-over-common-sense-2242369.html |title=Peter Bills: Refereeing protocol rules over common sense |work=The Independent|first=Peter|last=Bills |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref> Para wasit miboga sistim sinyal tangan pikeun ngindikasikeun kaputusannana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coachingrugby.com/OpenPagesContent.do?requestType1=currentIssues/&requestType2=lawsSignals |title=Referee Signals |work=coachingrugby.com |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Hukuman umum contona n-''tackle'' luhureun taktak, rubuh dina ''scrum'', ''ruck'', atanapi ''maul'', teu ngalepaskeun bal basa di taneuh, atawa ''off-side''.<ref name="Law10">{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10: Foul Play |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |page=70 |accessdate=19 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}</ref> Lawanna tim anu ngalanggar aturan miboga sababaraha pilihan pikeun hadiahna: hiji tajongan "tap" (balna ditajong ka jarak anu deukeut pisan ti tangan, mungkinkeun nu najongna nyandak balna deui jeung tuluy lumpat barina), hiji ''punt'' (balna ditajong ka jarak nu jauh ti tangan, pikeun posisi lapangan), hiji ''place-kick'' (nu najongna bakal nyobian nyitak gol), atawa hiji ''scrum''.<ref name="Law10"/> Pamaén bisa dikaluarkeun (dibéré [[Kartu pénalti#Kartu beureum|kartu beureum]]) atawa ditunda ("''sin-binned''") pikeun 10 menit ([[Kartu pénalti#Kartu konéng|kartu konéng]]) ku lantaran palanggaran, jeung teu beunang diganti.<ref name="Law10"/> ===Panggantian jeung substitusi=== Dina patandingan, pamaén bisa diganti (ku lantaran kacilakaan) atawa disubstitusi (pikeun alesan taktik).<ref name="Law3"/> Saurang pamaén nu geus diganti teu beunang maén deui iwal anjeunna diganti saheulaan pikeun ngadalian ciderana; saurang pamaén anu geus disubstitusi bisa maén deui saheulaan, pikeun ngaganti pamaén anu boga rahut nu getihan, atawa permanén, upami ngagantikeun pamaén baris payun.<ref name="Law3"/> Dina patandingan internasional, 7 panggantian diijinkeun; di turnamén domstik atawa antarbeungeut, dina kawijaksanaan babon organisasina, jumlahna bisa ditambihkeun nepi ka 8, nu mana 3 kedah geus dilatih jeung mibanda pangalaman anu cekap pikeun nyadiakeun pangaling pikeun tilu pamaén baris payun.<ref name="Uncontested">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2033086.html#irb+acts+uncontested+scrums |title=IRB acts on uncontested scrums |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date=19 August 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822203000/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2033086.html#irb+acts+uncontested+scrums |date=22 August 2009 }}</ref> ==Pakakas== {{utama|Pakakas rugbi union}} Pakakas dasar ti rugbi union nyaéta balna, baju rugbi, [[calana pondok rugbi]], kaos suku, jeung sapatu. Bal rugbi bentukna oval, (téhnisna [[buleud manjang]]), jeung dijieun ti 4 panel.<ref name="IRBLaw2">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/Law2EN_7708.pdf |title=Law 2 The Ball |page=27 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=15 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116195453/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/law2en_7708.pdf |date=16 November 2009 }}</ref> Balna baheula dijieun ti kulit, tapi ayeuna bisana ngagunakeun bal anu dijieun ti matérial sintétis. IRB ngaluarkeun ukuran spésifik bal, panjang 280-300mm, kuriling panjang 740-770mm, jeung kuriling lébar 580-620mm.<ref name="IRBLaw2"/> Sapatu rugbi miboga sol jeung [[pul]] anu mungkinkeun cekelan kana taneuh lapangan. Pulna bisa dijieun ti logam atawa plastik tapi teu kénging seukeut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_4_EN.pdf |title=Law 4 Players' clothing (4.3b) |page=40 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045617/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_4_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215090105/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_4_en.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }}</ref> Pakakas palindung opsional sarta aya aturannana. Pakakas anu paling umum nyaéta [[palindung baham]], anu dipaké ku ampir sadaya pamaén, jeung mangrupa pakakas rugbi wajib dina sababaraha nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coachingtoolbox.co.nz/rugbysmart/protective-equipment/ |title=Protect Your Assets: Mouthguards |accessdate=23 September 2011 |publisher=coaching toolbox.co.nz }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034203/http://www.coachingtoolbox.co.nz/rugbysmart/protective-equipment/ |date=8 February 2013 }}</ref> Pakakas palindung lianna contona [[hélm scrum|hélm]]; ipis (teu leuwih ti 10&nbsp;mm), alas taktak hampang, jeung [[palindung sampéan]]; anu dipaké di jero kaos suku.<ref name="dress">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/regulation12090603_8287.pdf |title=Regulation 12 Provisions relating to player dress |format=PDF |accessdate=6 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141522/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/regulation12090603_8287.pdf |date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> Perban atanapi bandana kénging dipaké; sababaraha pamaén maké bandana di mastakana pikeun ngalindungan cepil dina ''scrum'' jeung ''ruck''. Pamaén awéwé beunang ogé maké ales dada.<ref name="dress"/> Sanajan teu dipaké pikeun palindungan, sababaraha rupa sarung tangan tanpa ramo diidinkeun pikeun nambihan cekelan.<ref name="dress"/> mangrupa tanggung jawab ofisial patandingan pikeun mariksa pakakas jeung pakéan pamaén saméméh tanding mastikeun yén saluyu jeung aturan maén.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/EN/laws/2/4/36/before-the-match/players-clothing/inspection-of-players-clothing/#clause_36 |title=4.5 Inspection of players' clothing) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829200052/http://www.irblaws.com/EN/laws/2/4/36/before-the-match/players-clothing/inspection-of-players-clothing/#clause_36 |date=29 August 2011 }}</ref> ==Babon organisasi== {{Tempo ogé|International Rugby Board}} Babon organisasi internasional rugbi union (jeung kaulinan anu kaasosiasina kawas [[rugbi tujuh]]) nyaéta [[International Rugby Board]] (IRB).<ref name="IRB Organisation"/> IRB markasna aya di [[Dublin]], Irlandia.<ref name="IRB Organisation"/> IRB, diadegkeun dina 1886, mingpin olahraga ieu disakuliah dunya jeung ngabéwarakeun aturan maén sarta [[Réngking Dunya IRB|réngking]].<ref name="IRB Organisation"/> Dina Nopémber 2010, IRB miboga 118 kahijian di kaanggotaannana, boh anggota pinuh atawa nu kaasosiasi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041050.html | title=Iran becomes 118th IRB Member Union | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date=25 November 2010 | accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128090509/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041050.html |date=28 November 2010 }}</ref> Dumasar kana IRB, rugbi union dimaénkeun ku lalaki jeung awéwé di leuwih ti 100 nagara.<ref name="IRB Organisation"/> IRB ngadalikeun [[Piala Dunya Rugbi]],<ref name="IRB Organisation"/> [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Awéwé]],<ref>{{cite web | work=rwcwomens.com | title=IRB Women's Rugby World Cup | url=http://www.rwcwomens.com/ | accessdate=24 September 2011 | date= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917121216/http://www.rwcwomens.com/ |date=17 September 2010 }}</ref> [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Tujuh]],<ref>{{cite web | work=stuff.co.nz |title = Russia to host 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/international/sevens/5634035/Russia-to-host-2013-Rugby-World-Cup-Sevens| accessdate=24 September 2011|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> [[IRB Sevens World Series]],<ref>{{cite web | work=irbsevens.com | title=Rules | url=http://www.irbsevens.com/rules/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903015900/http://www.irbsevens.com/rules/index.html |date=3 September 2011 }}</ref> [[IRB Junior World Championship|Junior World Championship]],<ref>{{cite web| work=IRB.com| title=Chile to host IRB Junior World Trophy| url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2000098.html| accessdate=24 September 2011| date=31 August 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518111417/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2000098.html |date=18 May 2011 }}</ref> [[IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy|Junior World Trophy]],<ref>{{cite web | work=IRB.com | title=IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy | url=http://www.irb.com/jwrt/rules/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325160709/http://www.irb.com/jwrt/rules/index.html |date=25 March 2008 }}</ref> [[IRB Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]<ref>{{cite web | work=IRB.com | title=Nations Cup | url=http://www.irb.com/nationscup/news/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824035936/http://www.irb.com/nationscup/news/index.html |date=24 August 2011 }}</ref>, sarta [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa Pasifik]].<ref>{{cite web | work=IRB.com | title=Pacific Nations Cup | url=http://www.irb.com/pacificnationscup/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902103431/http://www.irb.com/pacificnationscup/index.html |date=2 September 2011 }}</ref> 6 asosiasi régional, anu mangrupa anggota IRB, nyaéta: * [[Konféderasi Rugbi Afrika]] (CAR)<ref>{{cite web|work=IRB.com|title=African Rugby unveils blueprint for growth|url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041287.html|date=24 December 2010|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113151724/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041287.html |date=13 January 2011 }}</ref> * [[Uni Maén Bal Rugbi Asia]] (ARFU)<ref>{{cite web|work=IRB.com|title=HSBC extends commitment to Asian rugby|url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=2041344.html|date=19 January 2011|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016042833/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=2041344.html |date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> * [[Asosiasi Rugbi Amérika Kalér jeung Karibia]] (NACRA)<ref>{{cite web | work=nawira.com | title=About North America Caribbean Rugby Association "NACRA" | url=http://www.nawira.com/about/ | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625043327/http://www.nawira.com/about/ |date=25 June 2013 }}</ref> * [[FIRA - Asosiasi Rugbi Éropa|Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby]] (FIRA-AER)<ref name="FIRA">{{cite web | work=fira-aer-rugby.com | title=FIRA-AER History | url=http://www.fira-aer-rugby.com/article-28.htm | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427115039/http://www.fira-aer-rugby.com/article-28.htm |date=27 April 2013 }}</ref> * [[Féderasi Union Rugbi Oséania]] (FORU)<ref>{{cite web | work=oceaniarugby.com | title=FORU Mission | url=http://oceaniarugby.com/home.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004102301/http://oceaniarugby.com/home.html |date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> * [[Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby]] (South American Rugby Confederation) (CONSUR)<ref>{{cite web | work=consur.org |title =Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (CONSUR)|url=http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.consur.org/&ei=O6h9Tv-5IKaR0AWPv9AC&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dconsur%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D623%26prmd%3Dimvns |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> [[SANZAR]] (''South Africa, New Zealand and Australia Rugby''; Rugbi Afrika Kidul, Selandia Anyar, jeung Australia) nyaéta gabungan ti [[Union Rugbi Afrika Kidul]], [[Union Rugbi Selandia Anyar]], jeung [[Union Rugbi Australia]] anu ngurus [[Super Rugby]] jeung [[Kajuaraan Rugbi|Kajuaraan Rugbi (''The Rugby Championship'')]] (baheulana ''Tri Nations'' saméméh asupna Argéntina).<ref>{{cite web | work=rugbyweek.com | title=SANZAR Boss Peters defends TriNations timing | url=http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id=31407 | accessdate=24 September 2011 | date=4 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326201127/http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id=31407 |date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> Sanajan [[Union Rugbi Argéntina]] awalna teu boga pawakilan dina SANZAR, tapi geus dibéré aksés ka kagiatan organisasi, utamina Kajuaraaan Rugbi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allblacks.com/news/18009/SANZAR-remains-intact |title=SANZAR remains intact |first=James |last=Mortimer |work=[[New Zealand Rugby Union|AllBlacks.com]] |date=9 November 2011 |accessdate=10 November 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227101127/http://www.allblacks.com/news/18009/SANZAR-remains-intact |date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> Union nasional nénjo rugbi union dina nagara sosorangan jeung kaafiliasi kana IRB. Déwan IRB miboga 26 korsi.<ref name="IRB Organisation">{{cite web | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | title=IRB Organisation | url=http://www.irb.com/aboutirb/organisation/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922095704/http://www.irb.com/aboutirb/organisation/index.html |date=22 September 2011 }}</ref> ==Sakuliah dunya== {{see also|Daptar nagara nu maén rugbi union}} [[File:URBA Finals.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Final Rugbi [[URBA]] 2007|alt=An airborne player wearing a hooped blue and yellow jersey is challenged by two opponents after leaping to catch a high ball.]] [[File:Germany vs Belgium rugby match.jpg|thumb|Jérman lawan Bélgia]] [[File:Walers Japan Rugby World Cup 2007 09 20 supporters1.jpg|thumb|right|Pandukung Jepang jeung Wales di [[Cardiff]], Wales|alt=A group of thirteen supporters pose together, some wearing rugby jerseys while others sport traditional Japanese costumes and Japanese flags.]] Nagara anu pangawalna ngadopsi rugbi union nyaéta [[Rugbi union di Inggris|Inggris]], nagara asal, teras dimiluan ku 3 Nagara Asal (''Home Nations'') nu lian, [[Rugbi union di Skotlandia|Skotlandia]], [[Rugbi union di Irlandia|Irlandia]], jeung [[Rugbi union di Wales|Wales]]. Sumebarna rugbi union salaku olahraga dunya bisa ditulusur kana pamawaanna ku ékspatriat Britania, personél militér, jeung mahasiswa universitas di luar nagri. Hiji klub rugbi dibentuk di Sydney, [[Rugbi union di Australia|Australia]] dina 1864; samentara olahraga ieu disebut geus dipikawanohkeun ka [[Rugbi union di Selandia Anyar|Selandia Anyar]] ku Charles Munro dina 1870, anu maénkeun rugbi basa minangka murid di [[Kampus Christ (Finchley)|Christ's College, Finchley]].<ref name="Godwin10"/> Klub rugbi nu kahiji di [[Rugbi union di Perancis|Perancis]] diwangun ku padumuk Britania di Le Havre dina 1872, samentara taunsalajengna [[Rugbi union di Argéntina|Argéntina]] miboga patandingan nu kahijina: 'Banks' v 'City' di Buenos Aires.<ref name="Godwin11">{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=11}}</ref> Di Amérika Kalér, hiji klub dibentuk di Montréal dina 1868, klub kahijina [[Rugbi union di Kanada|Kanada]]. Kota Montréal ogé maénkeun peranna dina pamikawanohan olahraga ieu di [[Rugbi union di Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Sarikat]], basa mahasiswa [[Universitas McGill]] ngalawan hiji tim ti [[Universitas Harvard]] dina 1874.<ref name="Godwin10"/><ref name="Godwin11"/> Dina 1875, rugbi dipikawanohkeun ka [[Rugbi union di Afrika Kidul|Afrika Kidul]] ku prajurit Britania di Cape Town.<ref name="Godwin11"/> Sababaraha nagara kapuloan geus ngadukung olahraga ieu, loba anu dipikawanohkeun ku Britania, tapi teras nyebarkeun ka nagara tatanggana bari néangan musuh luar nagri. Rugbi kahiji kalina dimaénkeun di [[Rugbi union di Fiji|Fiji]] kira-kira dina 1884 ku prajurit Éropa jeung Fiji ti Angkatan Kapulisian Pribumi di [[Ba (kota)|Ba]] di Pulo Viti Levu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/5392022.stm | title=Fire and flair: Fijian rugby |work=BBC Sport |first=Sean|last=Davies | date= | accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref> Fiji teras ngintunkeun timna ka [[Rugbi union di Samoa|Samoa]] dina 1924, anu ngadegkeun [[Union Rugbi Samoa|unionna]] dina 1927.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=174}}</ref> Nagara lian anu miboga tim rugbi nasional di Oséania contona [[Rugbi union di Kapuloan Cook|Kapuloan Cook]], [[Rugbi union di Niue|Niue]], [[Rugbi union di Papua Nugini|Papua Nugini]], jeung [[Rugbi union di Kapuloan Solomon|Kapuloan Solomon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://oceaniarugby.com/member_unions/foru_member_union_american_samoa.html | title=Member Unions | work=oceaniarugby.com | date= | accessdate=1 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331061452/http://www.oceaniarugby.com/member_unions/foru_member_union_american_samoa.html |date=31 March 2015 }}</ref> Sanajan kaping pastina kadatangan rugbi union di [[Rugbi union di Trinidad jeung Tobago|Trinidad jeung Tobago]] teu kawanoh, klub kahijina, Northern RFC, dibentuk dina 1923, hiji tim nasional maén dina 1927 sarta ku lantaran hiji tur nu dibolaykeun ka [[Guiana Britania]] dina 1933, ngarobih tujuanna ka [[Rugbi union di Barbados|Barbados]]; mikawanohkeun rugbi ka ditu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=43}}</ref> Nagara Atlantik lian nu maénkeun rugbi union contona [[Rugbi union di Jamaika|Jamaika]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000064/index.html | title=Jamaica | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date= | accessdate=6 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002800/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000064/index.html |date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> jeung [[Rugbi union di Bermuda|Bermuda]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000040/index.html | title=Bermuda | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date= | accessdate=6 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915192248/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000040/index.html |date=15 September 2011 }}</ref> Nyebarna rugbi union di Éropa téh sporadis. Sajarahna, ku sabab kirangna patandingan internasional antara tim kandang Britania jeung Irlandia, anu leuwih kapincut kana ngalawan raksasa Hémisfér Kidul Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul, bagian Éropa lianna dipaksa pikeun nyieun hiji 'tingkat kadua' pikeun patandingan rugbi internasional. Salaku hiji nagara daratan utama jeung dina jaman nalika diisolasi ku Union Britania jeung Irlandia, Perancis jadi sahiji-hijina tim Éropa ti tingkat atas pikeun sacara régulér ngalawan nagara Éropa lianna; utamina [[Rugbi union di Bélgia|Bélgia]], [[Rugbi union di Walanda|Walanda]], [[Rugbi union di Jérman|Jérman]], [[Rugbi union di Spanyol|Spanyol]], [[Rugbi union di Romania|Romania]], [[Rugbi union di Polandia|Polandia]], [[Rugbi union di Italia|Italia]], jeung [[Rugbi union di Cékoslowakia|Cékoslowakia]].<ref name="FIRA"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Dine |first=Philip |coauthors= |title=French Rugby Football |year=2001 |pages=79–94|publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85973-327-1}}</ref> Dina 1934, diusulkeun ku [[Féderasi Rugbi Perancis]], [[FIRA – Association of European Rugby|FIRA]] (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) diwangun pikeun ngatur rugbi union di luar otoritas IRB.<ref name="FIRA"/> Anggota pawangunna nyaéta Italia, Romania, Walanda, Katalonia, Portugal, Cékoslowakia, jeung Swédia. Nagara Éropa lianna anu maén rugbi union di antarana [[Rugbi union di Rusia|Rusia]], anu patandingan resmi anu kacutatna ditandaan ku tepungna Dynamo Moskwa jeung Institut Ilmu Olahraga Moskwa dina 1933.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=148}}</ref> Sanajan Argéntina mangrupa nagara pamaén rugbi anu katelah ti Amérika Kidul, ngadegkeun [[Rugbi Union Argéntina]] dina 1899,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8362870.stm | title=Puma power: Argentinian rugby |work=BBC Sport |first=Sean|last=Davies | date=16 November 2009 | accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> sababaraha nagara lian di buanana ogé miboga sajarah rugbi. Rugbi geus dimaénkeun di [[Rugbi union di Brasil|Brasil]] ti ahir abad ka-19, tapi kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun sacara kaatur ti 1926, basa São Paulo ngéléhkeun Santos dina hiji patandingan antarkota.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=48}}</ref> Mibutuhkeun sababaraha panolakan pikeun [[Rugbi union di Uruguay|Uruguay]] ngadopsi olahraga ieu, diluluguan ku utamina raloba dukungan ti [[Klub Krikét Montevideo]]; lanjuy dina 1951 kalawan diwangunna hiji liga nasional jeung 4 klub.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=166}}</ref> Nagara di Amérika Kidul lianna anu geus ngadegkeun hiji union rugbi contona [[Rugbi union di Cili|Cili]] (1948),<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=58}}</ref> jeung [[Rugbi union di Paraguay|Paraguay]] (1968).<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=127}}</ref> Loba nagara ti Asia anu tradisina maénkeun rugbi bisa ditulusuran ka jaman panjajahan Kakaisaran Britania. [[Rugbi union di India|India]] mimiti maénkeun rugbi dina awal 1870-an, [[Klub Maén Bal Kalkuta]] ngabentuk dina 1872. sanggeus ditarikna dinas Britania ti wewengkon ieu dina ahir dékade éta, rugbi di India ngangkleung. Paninggalan India kana olahraga ieu nyaéta [[Piala Kalkuta]] ka Uni Maén Bal Rugbi; tropi rugbi anu pangkolotna sadunya anu diparebutkeun taunan antara Inggris jeung Skotlandia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=92}}</ref> [[Rugbi union di Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] ngaklaim geus ngawangun unionna dina 1878, jeung sanajan sautik informasi resmi ti jaman éta kasadia, timna meunangkeun piala All-India di Madras dina 1920.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=152}}</ref> [[Rugbi union di Malaysia|Malaysia]] ogé miboga cutatan buruk. Sajarahna, patandingan anu kahijina kacutat di Malaysia nyaéta dina 1892, tapi konfirmasi tina kahiji kalina ayana rugbi nyaéta ayana ''HMS Malaya Cup'' anu, dingaranan dumasar [[HMS Malaya|HMS ''Malaya'']], anu dipidangkeun kahiji kalina dina 1922 jeung masih dihadiahkeun kana pameunang rugbi tujuh Malaysia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|pp=112–113}}</ref> Rugbi union dipikawanohkeun ka [[Rugbi union di Jepang|Jepang]] dina 1899 ku [[Ginnosuke Tanaka]], saurang murid ti [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] sarta [[Edward Bramwell Clarke]], anu balajar dina [[Kampus Corpus Christi, Cambridge]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=105}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/6157863.stm | title=Eastern Promise: Japanese rugby |work=BBC Sport |first=Sean|last=Davies | date=12 February 2007 | accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref> RFU Jepang diwangun dina 1926 jeung tempatna dina sajarah rugbi direketkeun ku warta yén Jepang bakal jadi nagara palaksana [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2019]].<ref name="2015 bid">{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8170488.stm | title=England will host 2015 World Cup |work=BBC Sport | date=28 July 2009 | accessdate=7 February 2010}}</ref> Hal ieu bisa jadi kahiji kalina nagara di luar Pasamakmuran, Irlandia, jeung Perancis anu ngalaksanekun acara éta, jeung diténjo ku IRB salaku hiji kamungkinan keur rugbi union mébérkeun jangjangna leuwih lega,<ref name="2015 bid"/> utamina di Asia. Nagara ti Asia lianna anu maén rugbi union di antarana [[Rugbi union di Singapura|Singapura]], [[Rugbi union di Koréa Kidul|Koréa Kidul]], sarta [[Rugbi union di Cina|Cina]], samentara urut jajahan Britania, [[Rugbi union di Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] katelah dina rugbi ti pamekaranna dina rugbi tujuh, utamina turnamén [[Hong Kong Sevens]] anu diadegkeun dina 1976.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.irbsevens.com/news/newsid=2042721.html | title=HSBC join Cathay as Hong Kong Sevens sponsors | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date=18 May 2011 | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204444/http://www.irbsevens.com/news/newsid=2042721.html |date=11 June 2011 }}</ref> [[File:Ivory Coast rugby union team in 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Tim nasional Basisir Gading saméméh [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2011 – Kualifikasi Afrika|kualifikasina]]; vs. Zambia dina 21 Juli 2008.|alt=A close up shot of the Ivory Coast players, in their country's orange jerseys, entering the field from the dressing room tunnel.]] Rugbi di wewengkon Teluk jeung Wétan Tengah miboga sajarahna dina 1950-an, kalawan klub-na dibentuk ku dinas Britania jeung Perancis anu ditempatkeun di wewengkon ieu sanggeus Perang Dunya II.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=42}}</ref> Basa aranjeunna arangkat, klub jeung tim-tim tetep diayakeun ku profésional ngora, kalobannana urang Éropa, anu gawé di nagara ieu. Union resmi [[Rugbi union di Oman|Oman]] dibentuk dina 1971, kalawan Yang Mulia [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] salaku Palindung.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=126}}</ref> [[Rugbi union di Bahrain|Bahrain]] ngabentuk unionna sataun sanggeusna, samentara dina 1975, [[Dubai Sevens]], turnamén rugbi wewengkon Teluk kawentar, dijieun ku by Klub Rugbi Dubai Exiles. Rugbi tetep minangka olahraga minoritas di wewengkon ieu kalawan [[Rugbi union di Israél|Israél]], sakumaha dina 2011, jadi union anggota sahiji-hijina ti Wétan Tengah anu kaasup kana Réngking Dunya IRB.<ref name="Full rankings">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/rankings/full.html |title=IRB World Rankings |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810042746/http://www.irb.com/rankings/full.html |date=10 August 2011 }}</ref> Rugbi union di Afrika nyebar dina ahir abad ka-19 jeung awal abad ka-20 utamina ku padumuk jeung panjajah anu mindeng maké kawijakan 'bodas-wungkul' dina maénkeunnana. Hal ieu nyababkeun rugbi ditempo salaku hiji olahraga borjuis kju urang pribumi kalawan daya tarik anu leutik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wesclark.com/rrr/kenya_rugby.html |title=A Review of Kenyan Rugby |publisher=wesclark.com|first=Michael Mundia |last=Kamau |accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nagara nu kahijina nempo pamaénan rugbi kompetitif contona Afrika Kidul, jeung tatanggana, [[Rugbi union di Rodésia|Rodésia]] (ayeuna Zimbabwé), anu ngawangun Union Maén Bal Rugbi Rodésia dina 1895.<ref>{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=15}}</ref> Kalawan labuhna kakawasaan panjajah, kapopuléran rugbi ngirang, tapi kiwari, olahraga ieu didukung ku sababaraha nagara Afrika. Dina awal abad ka-21, [[Rugbi union di Madagaskar|Madagaskar]] ngalaman panongton saloba 40.000 dina patandingan internasional,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4471650.stm |title=Madagascar rugby inspires new passion |publisher=BBC Sport|first=Tim |last=Cocks|date=26 November 2005 |accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> samentara Namibia, anu sajarah rugbina bis ditulusuran ka 1915, geus pernah asup sababaraha kali ka jirangan final Piala Dunya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8951401.stm |title=Namibia rugby: Out of Boks' shadow |publisher=BBC Sport|first=Sean |last=Davies|date=4 September 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nagara Afrika lianna anu midang dina Réngking Dunya IRB salaku Union Anggota contona [[Rugbi union di Basisir Gading|Basisir Gading]], [[Rugbi union di Kénya|Kénya]], [[Rugbi union di Uganda|Uganda]], sarta [[Rugbi union di Zambia|Zambia]].<ref name="Full rankings"/> Afrika Kidul jeung Kénya aya dina 12 "tim inti" anu milu dina sadaya pasanggiri Séri Tujuh Dunya IRB.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irbsevens.com/destination/edition=9/news/newsid=2048923.html#teams+announced+gold+coast+kick |title=Teams announced for Gold Coast kickoff |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011152812/http://irbsevens.com/destination/edition=9/news/newsid=2048923.html#teams+announced+gold+coast+kick |date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> Saminimialna aya 6 nagara anu ngadopsi rugbi union salaku [[olahraga nasional]]na sacara ''[[de facto]]''; nyaéta Fiji,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/4272324.stm |title=Fire and flair: Fijian rugby |publisher=BBC Sport|first=Sean |last=Davies |date=13 October 2005 |accessdate=17 August 2011}}</ref> [[Rugbi union di Géorgia|Géorgia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/jwrt/news/newsid=2042633.html |title=Scene set for an exciting Junior Trophy |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date=13 May 2011 |accessdate=17 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518181350/http://www.irb.com/jwrt/news/newsid=2042633.html |date=18 May 2011 }}</ref> Selandia Anyar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/28/4/229.abstract |title=The New Zealand Rugby Injury and Performance Project: II. Previous injury experience of a rugby-playing cohort |publisher=British Medical Journal |year=1994|author=Gerrard, D.F.; Waller, A.E.; Bird, Y.N. |accessdate=17 August 2011}}</ref> Samoa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/team_pages/samoa/3079758.stm |title=Sititi targets pool's big fish |publisher=BBC Sport |date=26 September 2003 |accessdate=17 August 2011}}</ref> [[Rugbi union di Tonga|Tonga]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzte.govt.nz/latest-events/Rugby-World-Cup-2011/Documents/Country%20brief%20-%20Tonga.pdf|title=Exporter Guide: Tonga|publisher=New Zealand Trade and Enterprise|year=2010|accessdate=17 August 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110928064142/http://www.nzte.govt.nz/latest-events/Rugby-World-Cup-2011/Documents/Country%20brief%20-%20Tonga.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928064142/http://www.nzte.govt.nz/latest-events/Rugby-World-Cup-2011/Documents/Country%20brief%20-%20Tonga.pdf |date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>, jeung Wales.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch |editor4-link=Peredur Lynch |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff|page=782 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}</ref> ==Rugbi union putri== [[File:Women's Rugby Mark.jpg|thumb|left|Rugbi union putri AS: NC Hustlers vs. Midwest II|alt=A female player in yellow and green kit and wearing a white scrum cap, jumps to collect a ball while supported by team mates.]] {{utama|Rugbi union putri}} Cutatan ngeunaan maén bal rugbi putri balik ka ahir abad ka-19, kalawan sumber kacutat kahiji nyaéta tulisan Emily Valentine, nu nyebutkeun yén anjeunna ngajieun hiji tim rugbi di [[Sakola Portora Royal]] di Enniskillen, Irlandia dina 1887.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/13664.php |title=Emily Valentine: First Lady Of Irish And World Rugby|work=IrishRugby.ie |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=5 November 2010}}</ref> Sanajan aya laporan patandingan-patandingan rugbi putri awal di Selandia Anyar jeung Perancis, salah sahiji patandingan kahiji anu kaciri pikeun ngabuktikeun bukti utami nyaéta panglawungan antara Cardiff Ladies jeung Newport Ladies dina 1917.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=D.E. |title=Cardiff Rugby Club, History and Statistics 1876–1975 |year=1975 |publisher=The Starling Press |location=Risca|pages=70–71 |isbn=0950442100}}</ref> Dina sababaraha taun ahir ieu, popularitas rugbi union dina atlét putri geus tumuwuh, sarta, dumasar kana IRB, ayeuna dimaénkeun di leuwih ti 100 nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/womensrugby/index.html |title=Great potential for Women's Rugby in Japan |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=23 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707010439/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/womensrugby/index.html |date=7 July 2014 }}</ref> Union Maén Bal Rugbi Putri Inggris (''Women's Rugby Football Union''; WRFU), tanggung jawab kana rugbi putri di Inggris, Skotlandia, Irlandia, jeung Wales, dibentuk dina 1983, jeung mangrupa babon organisasi nasional resmi anu pangkolotna pikeun rugbi putri.<ref name="WRFU">{{cite web|url=http://www.rwcwomens.com/history/index.html |title=RFUW: A Brief History |work=[[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |date= |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Union ieu teras diganti dina 1994 ku [[Union Maén Bal Rugbi pikeun Putri]] (''Rugby Football Union for Women''; RFUW) di Inggris kalawan masing-masing Nagara Asal lianna ngurusan nagarana.<ref name="WRFU"/> Kompetisi internasional utamina dina rugbi union putri nyaéta [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri]], kahiji lumangsung dina 1991.<ref name="Women's Rugby">{{cite web|url=http://www.rwcwomens.com/history/index.html |title=Women's Rugby World Cup history|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref> Ti 1994, Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri dilaksanakeun saban 4 warsih.<ref name="Women's Rugby"/> ==Kompetisi internasional utami==<!-- This section is linked from [[BBC Radio Five Live]] --> {{details|Daptar kompetisi rugbi union}} [[File:Coupe du monde rugby - tour Eiffel.JPG|thumb|Hiji bal rugbi gedé nu ngagumantung kana [[Munara Eiffel]] pikeun miélingkeun [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007]] nu mana tuan rumahna nyaéta Perancis|alt=An avenue of trees leads to a large iron lattice tower, in which an oversized rugby ball hangs within the lower sections.]] Turnamén anu pangpentingana di rugbi union nyaéta [[Piala Dunya Rugbi]], turnamén putra anu dilaksanakeun saban 4 taunngalombakeun tim-tim nasional rugbi union. [[Tim nasional rugbi union Selandia Anyar|Selandia Anyar]] nyaéta juara anu panganyarna, nu meunangkeun [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2011]] anu lumangsung di Selandia Anyar, ngéléhkeun Perancis 8-7 di final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/15405316.stm |title=2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France |publisher=BBC News |date=23 October 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref> euweuh pameunang Piala Dunya nu geus hasil jadi juara turut-tumurut.<ref name="rugby world cup">{{cite web |url=http://www.rugby-world-cup.net/history.html |title=Rugby World Cup History - World Cup Winners List |publisher=rugby-world-cup.net |accessdate=4 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125807/http://www.rugby-world-cup.net/history.html |date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> Inggris mangrupa tim kahiji ti Hémisfér Kalér nu meunangkeunnana. Selandia Anyar pernah meunang dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1987|1987]], Australia dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1991|1991]] jeung [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1999|1999]], Afrika Kalér dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1995|1995]] jeung [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007|2007]].<ref name="rugby world cup"/> Kompetisi internasional utami lianna saperti [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa]] dilaksanakeun di Hémisfér Kalér sarta [[Kajuaraan Rugbi]], dilaksanakeun di Hémisfér Kidul. Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa (''Six Nations Championship'') nyaéta hiji kompetisi taunan mimilukeun tim Inggris, Perancis, Irlandia, Italia, Skotlandia, jeung Wales.<ref name="SixNations">{{cite web |url=http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/history.php |title=Six Nations Championship: History |publisher=rbs6nations.com |date= |accessdate=15 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015033350/http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/history.php |date=15 October 2009 }}</ref> Masing-masing nagara ngalawan lima nu lianna sakali. Kajuaraan Rugbi (''The Rugby Championship'') nyaéta ngaran anyar ti séri taunan internasional di Hémisfér Kidul, mimilukeun Afrika Kidul, Argéntina, Australia, jeung Selandia Anyar. Ti awalna dina 1996 nepi ka sabagian 2011, kompetisi ieu kawanoh salaku ''Tri Nations'' (Tilu Bangsa), jeung ngan mimilukeun Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul.<ref name="TriNations History">{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyweek.com/fournations/history.asp |title=TriNations Rugby |publisher=RugbyWeek.com |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019065904/http://www.rugbyweek.com/fournations/history.asp |date=19 October 2011 }}</ref> Tim-tim ieu geus ngadominasi réngking dunya sababaraha taun ahir, jeung loba anu nyebutkeun yén kompetisi ieu mangrupa kompetisi pangkiatna dina rugbi internasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/Boks-face-aerial-bombardment-20100630 |title=NZ expect aerial bombardment |publisher=sport24.co.za |first=J.J. |last=Harmse |date=30 June 2010 |accessdate=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date = 26 August 2010 | title = Preview: South Africa v Australia | work=Planet Rugby | publisher=365 Media | url = http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,16024_6340553,00.html | accessdate =27 August 2010}}</ref> ===Tur rugbi=== Dina sajarah awal rugbi union, jaman saméméh lalampahan udara komérsial, tim-tim ti buana nu béda jarang patepang. 2 tur awal anu katelah aya dina 1888, Kapuloan Britania ka Selandia Anyar jeung Australia<ref name="Lions history">{{cite news |url=http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/potted_history.php |title=The History |publisher=lionsrugby.com |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722073223/http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/potted_history.php |date=22 July 2013 }}</ref>, anu dimiluan ku tur tim Selandia Anyar ka Éropa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2027752.html |title=IRB Hall of Fame Welcomes Five Inductees |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=23 November 2008 |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824065112/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2027752.html |date=24 August 2010 }}</ref> Tradisionalna, tur anu pangluhurna nyaéta tur nagara Hémisfér Kidul (Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul) ka Hémisfér Kalér, teras tur balesan dijieun ku tim gabungan Britania jeung Irlandia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Griffiths|1987|p=ix}} ''"In the first century of rugby union's history the IRB only recognised matches with international status if both teams in a match came from a small pool of countries: Australia, British Lions, England, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales."''</ref> ===Rugbi dina turnamén internasional=== {{See also|Rugbi union dina Olimpiade|Rugbi tujuh dina Pésta Olahraga Pasamakmuran|Rugbi union dina Pésta Olahraga Asia}} Rugbi union dimaénkeun dina Olimpiade Usum Panas [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1900|1900]], [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1908|1908]], [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1920|1920]], jeung [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1924|1924]].<ref name="Rugby in the Olympics">{{cite news |url=http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/history.html |title=Rugby in the Olympics: History |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |accessdate=16 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810064813/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/history.html |date=10 August 2011 }}</ref> Sakumaha dina aturan Olimpiade, Skotlandia, Wales, jeung Inggris teu diidinkeun maén dina tim anu kapisah ku sabab sanés nagara daulat. Dina 1900, Perancis meunangkeun emas, ngéléhkeun Britania Raya 27-8 jeung ngéléhkeun Jérman 27-17.<ref name="Rugby in the Olympics"/> Dina 1908, Australasia ngéléhkeun Britania Raya, meunangkeun medali emas, kalawan skor 32-3.<ref name="Rugby in the Olympics"/> Dina 1920, Amérika Sarikat, maké hiji tim anu pamaén-pamaénna karak anyar kana olahraga rugbi, tapi bisa ngéléhkeun Perancis, 8-0. Dina 1924, Amérika Sarikat ngéléhkeun Perancis deui, 17-3, jadi sahiji-hijina tim anu meunangkeun emas dua kali di olahraga ieu.<ref name="Rugby in the Olympics"/> Dina 2009, [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] miboga hasil pamilihan 81-8, meunangkeun rugbi union sangkan dibalikkeun salaku olahraga Olimpiade saheunteuna dina Olimpiade [[Olimpiade 2016|2016]] jeung [[Olimpiade 2020|2020]], tapi dina rugbi tujuh, kalawan format turnamén 4-dinten.<ref name="I.O.C. Decision">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/sports/14sports.html |title=I.O.C. Decision Draws Cheers and Complaints From Athletes |work=The New York Times |first=Jeff |last=Klein |date=13 August 2009 |accessdate=13 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/news/6281166/Rugby-sevens-and-golf-ratified-for-2016-Olympics-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.html |title=Rugby sevens and golf ratified for 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro |first=Paul |last=Kelso| publisher=Telegraph |date=9 October 2009 |accessdate=5 November 2010}}</ref> Rugbi tujuh geus dimaénkeun di [[Kajuaraan Rugbi Tujuh Pasamakmuran|Pésta Olahraga Pasamakmuran]] ti [[Commonwealth Games 1998|1998]] di Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9031959.stm |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Form guide – rugby sevens| publisher=BBC Sport |date=27 September 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> Panyekel medali emas ayeuna nyaéta [[Tim nasional rugbi union Selandia Anyar (tujuh)|Selandia Anyar]] anu geus meunangkeunnana 4 kali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9084566.stm |title=Commonwealth Games: NZ win sevens as England miss medal| publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 October 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> Rugbi union ogé geus jadi cabang [[Pésta Olahraga Asia]] ti [[Pésta Olahraga Asia 1998|1998]] di Bangkok, Thailand. Dina kompetisi 1998 jeung 2002, anu tujuh jeung lima welas dua-duana dimaénkeun, tapi ti 2006, ngan nu tujuh anu ditahankeun. Dina 2010, rugbi tujuh putri dipikawanohkeun. Panyekel medali emas ayeuna dina turnamén tujuh, dilaksanakeun di [[Pésta Olahraga Asia 2010|2010]], nyaéta [[Tim nasional rugbi union Jepang (tujuh)|Jepang]] dina nomer putrana sarta [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Kazakhstan (tujuh)|Kazakhstan]] dina nomer putrina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040867.html|title=Japan claim Asian Games gold|publisher=planetrugby.com|date=23 November 2010|accessdate=10 October 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602181345/http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040867.html |date=2 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040914.html |title=Kazakhstan win first Asian Games women's gold |publisher=IRBSevens.com |date=23 November 2010 |accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602182627/http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040914.html |date=2 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Rugbi internasional putri=== {{utama|Rugbi union internasional putri}} Rugbi union putri internasional kahiji mimiti 1982, kalawan hiji patandingan antara [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Perancis|Perancis]] jeung [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Walanda|Walanda]] anu dilaksanakeun di [[Utrecht (kota)|Utrecht]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rugbyrelics.com/museum/exhibitions/NR125/14.htm |title=Women's Rugby |work=rugbyrelics.com |date= |accessdate=18 August 2011}}</ref> Dina 2009, leuwih ti 600 patandingan internasional putri geus dimaénkeun ku leuwih ti 40 tim.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/119928-womans-rugby-beautiful-side-of-brutal-game |title=Women's Rugby: Beautiful Side of a Brtual Game |work=bleacherreport.com |first=Giorgi |last=Dolidze |date=5 February 2009 |accessdate=25 September 2011 |note=1}}</ref> [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri]] anu kahiji dilaksanakeun di Wales dina [[Piala Dunia Rugbi Putri 1991|1991]], jeung nu meunang nyaéta [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="Women's Rugby"/> Turnamén anu kadua dilaksanakeun dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 1994|1994]], jeung saprak éta kompetisina geus dilaksanakeun saban 4 taun. Tim Selandia Ayar geus meunangkeun 4 Piala Dunya nu pangahirna ([[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 1998é|1998]], [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 2002|2002]], [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 2006|2006]], [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 2010|2010]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nz2011.govt.nz/news/february-2011/rugbys-prized-trophies-going-on-tour |title=Rugby’s prized trophies going on tour |work=nz2011.govt.nz |date= 6 February 2011 |accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref> Sakumaha ayana Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri, aya ogé turnamén régulérna, contona [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa Putri]], dilaksanakeun bareng jeung nu putrana. Kahiji dimaénkeun dina [[Kajuaraan Nagara Asal Putri 1996|1996]], kompetisi ieu geus didominasi ku [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Inggris|Inggris]], anu geus meunangkeun turnamén éta 12 kali, kalawan 6 kali meunang turut-tumurut ([[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa Putri 2006|2006]] nepi ka [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa Putri 2011|2011]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/9428976.stm |title=England Women beat Ireland to clinch Grand Slam |work=BBC Sport|date= 18 March 2011 |accessdate=18 August 2011}}</ref> ==Varian== {{see also|Rugbi tujuh}} [[File:Spielszene BK.jpg|thumb|Patandingan rugbi basisir|alt=On a sunlit beach two teams of players, one in yellow the other in blue, play a form of rugby; the central yellow player runs forward clutching the ball with one hand, close to his chest.]] Rugbi union geus miboga sababaraha varian. Pabédaan umum dina varian olahraga ieu biasana pamaén nu leuwih saeutik atawa ngirangan kontak pamaén. Varian nu pangkoltna nyaéta [[Rugbi tujuh]] (7's, atawa VIIs), hiji varian nu gancang nu lahir di [[Melrose, Skotlandia|Melrose]], Skotlandia dina 1883. Di rugbi tujuh, ngan aya 7 pamaén saban tim, jeung hiji babakna biasana ngan tujuh menit. Turnamén utami contona [[Hong Kong Sevens]] jeung [[Dubai Sevens]], duanana dilaksanakeun di aréa nu teu biasa kaasosiasi jeung tingkat luhur rugbi 15. Varian lianna contona [[Rugbi sapuluh]] (10's atawa Xs), hiji varian Malaysia kalawan 10 pamaén per tim.<ref name=Completerugby1>{{Harvnb|Bath|1997|p=71}}</ref> Ku lantaran kaayaan fisik dina maén rugbi, sababaraha varian geus dijieun pikeun mikawanohkeun olahraga ieu ka barudak kalawan tingkat kontak fisik nu dikirangan.<ref name="IRB BGRU 14">{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=14|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> Ti vérsi-vérsi ieu, [[Touch rugbi]], nu mana ''tackles'' dijieun ku cara ngeunakeun nu mawa bal ku dua tangan. Olahraga ieu populér salaku vérsi campuran ti nu 15, dimaénkeun ku boh barudak boh déwasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/getting-a-kick-out-of-touch/story-e6frep5o-1225699224845 |title=Touch rugby league growing in Brisbane |first=Karl|last=deKroo| work=The Courier-Mail |date=11 April 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/~/link.aspx?_id=A4A528E2CC22410390D89AE5E46D1EF9&_z=z |title=Touch Rugby | work=[[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> [[Tag Rugby]], nyaéta vérsi di mana pamaénna maké hiji beubeur kalawan dua talian, upami dileupaskeun hartina ka-''tackle''. Dina Tag Rugby, najong bal ogé teu beunang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/FormsOfRugby/Tag.aspx |title=Tag Rugby |work=[[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |date=11 April 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133935/http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/FormsOfRugby/Tag.aspx |date=10 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Rugbi mini]] ogé varian lian ti rugbi union pikeun mikawanohkeun olahraga ieu ka barudak,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/minis/index.php |title=About Mini Rugby |work=irishrugby.ie |date= |accessdate=23 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209200753/http://www.irishrugby.ie/minis/index.php |date=9 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Rutherford1>{{cite book |last=Rutherford |first=Don |title=The Complete Book of Mini Rugby |publisher=Partridge |year=1993 |location=London |page=2 |url= |isbn=1852251964 }}</ref> Dimaénkeun ku 9 pamaén jeung di lapangan nu leuwih leutik.<ref name="Mini Rugby">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/downloads/IRFU_Mini_Rugby_09-10.pdf|title=Mini Rugby|work=irishrugby.ie|accessdate=24 September 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101227222214/http://www.irishrugby.ie/downloads/IRFU_Mini_Rugby_09-10.pdf|archivedate=27 December 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913104229/http://www.irishrugby.ie/downloads/IRFU_Mini_Rugby_09-10.pdf |date=13 September 2012 }}</ref> Mirip jeung Tag Rugby, [[Rugbi Bandéra Amérika]] (''American Flag Rugby''; AFR), mangrupa hiji varian ti rugbi union nu dimaénkeun campuran (bisa ku bareng lalaki-awéwé) tanpa kontak pikeun barudak Amérika dina kelas K-9.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.americanflagrugby.com/about-afr.php |title=About AFR |work=americanflagrugby.com |date= |accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817210310/http://www.americanflagrugby.com/about-afr.php |date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> Boh Rugbi Bandéra Amérika boh Rugbi Mini duanana béda jeung Tag Rugby nu mana dina dua varian rugbi éta leuwih dipikawanohkeun deui unsur lanjutan rugbi union sajalan pamaénna tumuwuh.<ref name="Mini Rugby"/> Varian lianna contona [[rugbi basisir]] jeung [[rugbi salju]].<ref name="IRB BGRU 14"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2026163.html|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=Rugby X-treme hits the Andes|first=Frankie|last=Deges|date=15 July 2008|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726135403/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2026163.html |date=26 July 2010 }}</ref> ==Pangaruh kana olahraga lian== {{See also|Sajaran maén bal Amérika|Bandingan maén bal Amérika jeung rugbi union|Asalna maén bal Australia|Bandingan rugbi liga jeung rugbi union}} [[File:Fielding Yost-1902.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Hiji patandingan [[maén bal Amérika]] antara [[Universitas Michigan]] jeung [[Universitas Minnesota]] (1902). Bentuk awal patandingan miboga patalian nu terang jeung ékuivalén rugbi lianna.|alt=A grainy black and white photo of teams in sports jerseys and light padding contesting a play near the touchline, while watched by officials, coaches and crowds.]] Rugbi union football, jeung katurunan langsungna, maén bal rugbi, miboga pangaruh nu kiat kana sababaraha olahraga lian. [[maén bal Gridiron|Kode Gridiron]], [[maén bal Amérika]]<ref name=Completerugby2>{{Harvnb|Bath|1997|p=77}}</ref><ref name=Stubbs>{{Harvnb|Stubbs|2009|p=115}}</ref> jeung [[maén bal Kanada]],<ref name=CanFitba1>{{Cite book |first=|title=Encyclopedia Canadiana|volume = 8|editor=John Everett Robbins| year=1972 |publisher=Grolier of Canada|location=Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal |page=110 |isbn=0717216012}}</ref> diturunkeun ti bentuk awal rugbi. Di Kanada, [[maén bal Kanada]] geus mindeng disebut "[[maén bal rugbi]]" (''rugby football''),<ref name=CanFitba1/> jeung sababaraha badan nasional jeung propinsi disebut "Union Rugbi Maén Bal" atawa "Union Rugbi", saperti Union Rugbi Maén Bal [[Union Rugbi Maén Bal Ontario|Ontario]] jeung [[Union Rugbi Maén Bal Quebec|Quebec]].<ref name=CanFitba1/> Contona, dina ''Encyclopedia Canadiana'', cutatan ''Rugby Football'' dimimitian ku cara ngarujuk ka "''the Canadian development of rugby union or "English rugger" introduced into Canada in the third quarter of the nineteenth century''" (pamekaran Kanada kana rugbi union atawa "''rugger'' Inggris" dipikawanohkeun ka Kanada dina parapat katilu abad ka-19), tapi teras nyebutkeun yén "''the Canadian game is a radical departure from rugby union''" (kaulinan Kanadana mangrupa hiji kadatangan radikal ti rugbi union).<ref name=CanFitba1/> [[Maén Bal Australia]] geus kapangaruh ku loba olahraga, kaasup [[maén bal Gael]], maén bal rugbi, jeung [[krikét]]. Raloba panulis percaya yén pangaruh utamina nyaéta [[maén bal rugbi]] jeung [[Kaulinan maén bal sakola umum Inggris|kaulinan lian nu lahir di sakola umum Inggris]].<ref name="See 1991, pp. 49-50">[[Geoffrey Blainey]], [[Leonie Sandercock]], Ian Turner, jeung [[Sean Fagan]] miboga dukungan tinulis kana pamikiran ieu. Tempo, contona: Richard Davis, 1991, "Irish and Australian Nationalism: the Sporting Connection: Football & Cricket", ''Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies Bulletin'', v.3, no.2, pp. 49–50 jeung; B. W. O'Dwyer, 1989, "The Shaping of Victorian Rules Football", ''Victorian Historical Journal'', v.60, no.1.</ref> [[Tom Wills]], nu diakuan salaku panaratas Maén Bal Australia, ogé pernah janten murid Sakola Rugby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/395810.html |last=Haigh |first=Gideon |title=Murder, suicide, cricket|work=espncricinfo.com |date=21 March 2009 |accessdate=28 August 2011}}</ref> [[James Naismith]] ngarujuk ti rupa-rupa olahraga kaasup rugbi pikeun nyieun [[baskét]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027613/index.htm |last=Wolff |first=Alexander |title=The Olden Rules |work=sportsillustrated.cnn.com |date=25 November 2002 |accessdate=18 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031625/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027613/index.htm |date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> Kontribusi nu terangna nyaéta kamiripan [[bal luncat]] ka ''linéout'' ogé gaya ngalung ''underhand'' nu ngadominasi taun-taun awal ti olahraga éta. Naismith pernah maén rugbi pikeun sababaraha taun dina [[Universitas McGill]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgilltribune.com/sports/profile-james-naismith-where-athletics-meets-religious-fervor-1.1627628#.TnapQdQdxF4 |last=Kanter |first=Jacob |title=Profile-James Naismith: Where athletics meets religious fervor |work=mcgilltribune.com |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=18 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311152517/http://www.mcgilltribune.com/sports/profile-james-naismith-where-athletics-meets-religious-fervor-1.1627628#.TnapQdQdxF4 |date=11 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Maén bal Swédia (kode)|Maén bal Swédia]] nyaéta hiji kode nu aturanna mangrupa campuran ti [[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|aturan maén bal]] jeung [[maén bal rugbi|aturan maén bal rugbi]]. Sababaraha urang maénkeun kaulinan éta maké hiji bal nu buleud, samentawis nu lian maké bal oval.<ref name="jönsson203">{{cite book |last=Jönsson |first=Åke |title=Fotboll: hur världens största sport växte fram |year=2006 |publisher=Historiska media |location=Lund |isbn=91-85377-48-1 |page=203}}</ref> Kaulinan éta teu dimaénkeun deui.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=sv&u=http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/svff-1904/&ei=p8V9TtHEKKSP0AXUvPUB&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsvff:s%2Btillkomst%2B1904%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-gb%26prmd%3Dimvns |title=SvFF:s tillkomst 1904 |work=svenskfotboll.se |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Rugbi minangka dasar ti [[rugbi korsi roda]] (kawanoh ogé salaku "rugbi quad" atawa "''murderball''"), tapi olahraga ieu leuwih kiatna dipangaruhan ku [[baskét korsi roda]], [[hoki és]], jeung [[bal tangan]] tinimbang rugbi union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwrf.com/history.htm |title=About Wheelchair Rugby |work=iwrf.com |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424065940/http://www.iwrf.com/history.htm |date=24 April 2008 }}</ref> ==Statistik jeung rékor== {{see also|Daptar pamaén rugbi union top dumasar midang internasional|Daptar panyitak skor top rugbi union}} Dumasar kana hiji laporan dina 2011 ku Puseur Bisnis Internasional olahraga di [[Universitas Coventry]], ayeuna aya leuwih ti 5 yuta urang maénkeun rugbi union atawa hiji varianna anu kaorganisasi ku IRB.<ref name="Stripes">{{cite web |url=http://www.stripes.com/military-life/they-re-game-rugby-team-willing-to-play-all-takers-1.146065 |title=They're game: Rugby team willing to play all takers |first=Seth |last=Robson |publisher=stripes.com |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=25 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814172158/http://www.stripes.com/military-life/they-re-game-rugby-team-willing-to-play-all-takers-1.146065 |date=14 August 2011 }}</ref> Hal ieu mangrupa paningkatan 19 persén ti laporan saméméhna dina 2007.<ref name="Global Rugby">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/NewsMedia/MediaZone/02/04/22/88/2042288_PDF.pdf |title=Economic Impact Report on Global Rugby; Part III: Strategic and Emerging Markets |publisher=Centre for the International Business of Sport, [[Coventry University]] |first=Simon |last=Chadwick |date=5 April 2011 |accessdate=25 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626220118/http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/NewsMedia/MediaZone/02/04/22/88/2042288_PDF.pdf |date=26 June 2011 }}</ref> Laporan ieu nyebutkeun ogé yén ti 2007, partisipasi geus ningkat 33 persén di Afrika, 22 persén di Amérika Kidul, jeung 18 persén di Asia sareng Amérika Kalér.<ref name="Global Rugby"/> Acara utami rugbi union, Piala Dunya Rugbi, geus lanjut mekarna ti lahirna dina 1987.<ref name="IRB2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/newsmedia/mediazone/02/04/21/65/2042165_pdf.pdf |title=IRB Year in Review 2010 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |page=74 |year=2010 |accessdate=25 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514115712/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/newsmedia/mediazone/02/04/21/65/2042165_pdf.pdf |date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> Turnamén kahijina, mimilukeun 16 tim, ditongtonkeun ka 17 nagara kalawan total pamiarsa kaakumulasi 230 yuta.<ref name="IRB2010"/> Panjualan tikét basa babak grup jeung final ti turnamén nu sarua kirang ti sayuta.<ref name="IRB2010"/> [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007|Piala Dunya 2007]] mimilukeun 94 nagara kalawan panjualan tikét 3.850.000 dina babak grup jeung final.<ref name="IRB2010"/> Total pamiarsa acara éta, nu ditongtonkeun ka 200 nagara, nyaéta 4,2 milyar.<ref name="IRB2010"/> Pamaén nu midang internasional panglobana ti nagara golongan 1 nyaéta ''halfback'' Australia, [[George Gregan]], kalawan 139 kali midang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;type=player |title=Statsguru/Test matches/Player records |publisher=ESPN Scrum.com |date= |accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Samentawis pamaén internasional panyitak skor panglobana ti nagara golongan 1 nyaéta [[Dan Carter]] ti Selandia Anyar, nu geus nyitak 1250 poin dina karirna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=points;template=results;type=player |title=Statsguru/Test matches/Player records |publisher=ESPN Scrum.com |date= |accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref> Dina April 2010, [[Rugbi union di Lithuania|Lithuania]] ngéléhkeun rékor kameunangan internasional turut-tumurut, anu saméméhna dicekel ku Selandia Anyar jeung Afrika Kidul, kalawan 17 kali meunang turut-tumurut ngalawan nagara golongan 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2036957.html |title=Lithuania bid for World record test run |publisher=IRB |date=16 April 2010 |accessdate=30 May 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514131525/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2036957.html |date=14 May 2013 }}</ref>. Lithuania meunangkeun kameunangan ka-18-na dina patandingan ngalawan nagara golongan 2, [[Rugbi union di Sérbia|Sérbia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=date;spanmax1=08+May+2010;spanmin1=04+Jun+2006;spanval1=span;team=90;template=results;type=team;view=match |title=Statsguru / Test matches / Team records: Lithuania, matches between 4 June 2006 and 8 May 2010, sorted by ascending match date |work=ESPN Scrum |publisher=SFMS Limited |accessdate=6 May 2011}} ''"The dates chosen bookend Lithuania's 18-match winning streak."''</ref> Patandingan internasional anu boga skor panglobana antara dua tim nu diakuan nyaéta kameunangan Hong Kong kana Singapura, 164 - 13, dina 27 Oktober 1994.<ref name="record wins">{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbydata.com/centuries |title=Games where 100 or more points were scored by a team |publisher=rugbydata.com |date= |accessdate=27 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325101231/http://www.rugbydata.com/centuries |date=25 March 2013 }}</ref> Rékor lian contona kameunangan <u>></u>152 poin nu dicekel ku 2 nagara, Jepang (meunang 155 - 3 ngalawan Taipéi Cina) jeung Argéntina (152 - 0 ngalawan Paraguay). Duanana dina taun 2002.<ref name="record wins"/> ==Rugbi union dina budaya== <!-- Bagian di handap ieu nyaéta pikeun INOHONG seniman kakoncara nu geus maké rugbi atawa pikeun karya nu museur kana rugbi union. Bagian ieu lain keur pamidangan umum rugbi dina budaya populér atawa fakta trivia saperti salasahiji épisode Friends ''The One with all the Rugby''.--> [[File:Henri Rousseau - The Football Players.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Henri Rousseau – ''The Football Players'' (1908)|alt=An oil painting of two groups of a pair of moustached men wearing stripped jerseys and shorts, contesting a rugby ball within an avenue of trees.]] Pangaruh rugbi kana budaya bisa ditempo dina inspirasi seniman jeung panulis, ogé pangaruh pamaén jeung pangurus rugbi salaku pacontoan jeung pahlawan pikeun nagarana. Loba panulis populér nu geus maké rugbi union dina bukuna. Novél 1857 Thomas Hughes, [[Tom Brown's Schooldays]], latarna di Sakola Rugby, ngawengku carita ngeunaan patandingan maén bal rugbi, nu teras dipilemkeun dina 1940-an. James Joyce nyebutkeun tim Irlandia, [[Bective Rangers]], di sababaraha bukuna, kaasup Ulysses (1922) jeung Finnegans Wake (1939), samentawis karya semi-otobiagrafis 1916-na, ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'', miboga catetan pamaén internasional ti Irlandia, [[James Magee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bectiverangers.com/content/view/197/5 |title=Bective Rangers – James Joyce |date= |work=bectiverangers.com |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215801/http://www.bectiverangers.com/content/view/197/5/ |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, dina carita Sherlock Holmes 1924-na, ''[[The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire]]'', nyebutkeun yén Dr Watson maén rugbi pikeun Blackheath.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/vampires/classicstory/sussexvampire_p1.shtml|title=The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire |date=September 2005|work=BBC |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 }}</ref> Rugbi union mangrupa subjék ti skétsa awal ngagambarkeun olahraga ieu, tapi dipaké ogé ku sababaraha seniman, utamina ku sababaraha palukis Perancis awal abad ka-20. Post-Imprésionis Perancis [[Henri Rousseau]], ''Joueurs de football'', damelan 1908, némbongkeun 2 pasang pamaén rugbi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=The%20Football%20Players&page=&f=Title&object=60.1583 |title=Henri Rousseau |first=Cornelia |last=Lauf |date= |work=guggenheim.org |accessdate=28 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080822/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=The%20Football%20Players&page=&f=Title&object=60.1583 |date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> Seniman Perancis lianna nu geus ngagambarkeun olahraga ieu dina karyana contona [[Albert Gleizes]] (''Les Joueurs de football'' [1912]), [[Robert Delaunay]] (''Football. L'Equipe de Cardiff'' [1916]), jeung [[André Lhote]] (''Partie de Rugby'' [1917]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Dine |first=Philip |coauthors= |title=French Rugby Football |year=2001 |page=19|publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85973-327-1}}</ref> [[Kompetisi seni dina Olimpiade 1928|Medali Emas pikeun Seni 1928]] dina Olimpiade Antwerp dimeunangkeun ku [[Jean Jacoby]] ti Luksemburg dina karyana ''Rugby''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://olympic-museum.de/art/1928.htm |title=Art Competitions |date= |work=olympic-museum.de |accessdate=6 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501132439/http://www.olympic-museum.de/art/1928.htm |date=1 May 2008 }}</ref> Dina televisi jeung pilem, rugbi union geus dipaké minangka kasang tukan dina sababaraha produksi. Komédi 1949 ti Ealing Studios, ''[[A Run for Your Money]]'', jeung pilem televisi 1979 ti BBC Wales, ''[[Grand Slam (pilem 1978)|Grand Slam]]'', duanana museur kana pandukung panongton patandingan, sanés olahragana.<ref>{{cite book |last=Berry|first=David|title=Wales and Cinema, The First Hundred Years |year=1996 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |page=215 |isbn=0-7083-1370-1}}</ref> Pilem nu maké olahraga ieu dina rincian leuwih contona produksi indie ''[[Old Scores]]'' (1991) jeung ''[[Forever Strong]]'' (2008). ''[[Invictus (pilem)|Invictus]]'' (2009), dumasar kana bukuna [[John Carlin]], ''Playing the Enemy'', ngomongkeun kajadian dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1995]] jeung usaha Nelson Mandela pikeun nganggo olahraga ieu ngahijikeun masarakat Afrika Kidul pasca-apartheid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/portal/2007/10/19/ftmandela119.xml|title=How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup |accessdate=28 August 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=19 October 2007 | first=John | last=Carlin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8406647.stm|title=South Africa 'rugby unity': Fact and fiction |date=11 December 2009|work=BBC News |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 | first=Pumza | last=Fihlani}}</ref> Raloba nagara miboga patung nu ngagambarkeun rugbi union atawa pamaén rugbi. Sababarahana bisa dipanggih di stadion rugbi, saperti patung perunggu 27 suku di [[Stadion Twickenham|Twickenham]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/richmondnews/8196778.Iconic_sculpture_of_rugby_line_out_unveiled/ |title=RFU unveils iconic bronze of rugby line-out by sculptor Gerald Laing |date=2 June 2010 |work=yourlocalguardian.co.uk |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 | first=Joanna | last=Kilvington}}</ref> jeung pangurus rugbi Sir [[Tasker Watkins]] di [[Stadion Millenium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/8360513.stm |title=Statue of Sir Tasker is unveiled |date=15 November 2009 |work=BBC News |location=UK |accessdate=23 September 2011 }}</ref> Pamaén rugbi nu geus dihormatan dijieun patungna contona [[Gareth Edwards]] di Cardiff jeung [[Danie Craven]] di Stellenbosch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugby365.com/schools/craven/2504760.htm |title=Craven of Craven Week |date=27 June 2010 |work=rugby365.com |accessdate=28 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053209/http://www.rugby365.com/schools/craven/2504760.htm |date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> ==Tempo ogé== {{Portal|Rugbi union}} {{Wikinews category|Rugby}} * ''[[International Rugby Hall of Fame]]'' * ''[[IRB Hall of Fame]]'' * [[Daptar tim rugbi union internasional]] * [[Daptar kompetisi rugbi union pangkolotna]] * [[Daptar istilah rugbi union]] * [[Variasi aturan pacobian]] ==Réferénsi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ===Sumber citakeun=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |first=|title=Encyclopedia Canadiana vol. 8|year=1972 |publisher=Grolier of Canada|location=Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal|isbn=0717216012| ref= harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Bath | editor-first = Richard | year = 1997 | title = Complete Book of Rugby | publisher=Seven Oaks Ltd | ISBN = 1862000133| ref= harv}} *{{cite book|title=Rugby: Steps to Success|first1=Tony|last1=Biscombe |first2= Peter|last2=Drewett|year=2009|publisher=Human Kinetics| ref= harv}} *{{cite book|title=Periodization in Rugby|first1=Tudor|last1=Bompa |first2= Frederick|last2=Claro|year=2008|publisher=Meyer and Meyer Sport| ref= harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=Terry |coauthors=Rhys, Chris |title=The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats |year=1981 |publisher=Guinness Superlatives Ltd |location=Enfield|isbn=0851122140| ref = harv}} * {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=John|coauthors= |title=The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records |year=1987 |publisher=Phoenix House |location=London |isbn=0460070037| ref= harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Howard |coauthors= Jordon, J.P. |title=Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match |year=1951 |publisher=Clerke & Cockeran|location=London |isbn=| ref= harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Midgley| first = Ruth| coauthors = | title = The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games| publisher=Diagram Group| year = 1979| location = London| url = | isbn = 0-7092-0153-2| ref= harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Richards| first = Huw| coauthors = | title = A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union| publisher=[[Mainstream Publishing]]| year = 2007| location = Edinburgh| url = | isbn = 978-1845962555| ref= harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Stubbs| first = Ray| coauthors = | title = The Sports Book| publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]| year = 2009| pages = | url = | isbn = 978-1405336970 |ref = harv}} * {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=J.B.G. |coauthors= Rowe, Harding|title=On Tour |year=1954 |publisher=Anchor Press Ltd.|location=Essex |isbn= | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ===Sumber éléktronik=== * {{Cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/laws/index.html | title=Laws of Rugby Union | publisher=IRB | year=2010 | accessdate=16 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518105529/http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/laws/index.html |date=18 May 2011 }} * {{Cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/regulations/index.html | title=IRB Regulations | publisher=IRB | accessdate=16 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130103091436/http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/regulations/index.html |date=3 January 2013 }} * [http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/94071.html Scrum.com Rugby guide] ==Tumbu kaluar== <!-- Please discuss on the article talk page before adding any further links here --> {{Commons category}} {{Sisterlinks}} * [http://www.irb.com International Rugby Board] – loka resmi babon organisasi * [http://www.rugbydata.com Rugby Data] – statistik rugbi union * [http://www.planetrugby.com/ Planet Rugby] – warta, jadwal, laporan, jsb. * [http://www.espnscrum.com/ ESPN Scrum.com] warta, laporan, statistik, jsb. {{Team Sport}} {{international rugby union}} {{Olympic sports}} {{Rugby Union Club Competitions}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rugbi Union}} [[Kategori:Rugbi union| ]] [[Kategori:Kaulinan nu maké bal]] [[Kategori:Kode maén bal]] [[Kategori:Olahraga nu lahir di Inggris]] [[Kategori:Olahraga tim]] [[Kategori:Urut olahraga Olimpiade]] 98q61g9p6l3b9mi3qu53zzk44r512vu Carita Ibrahim 0 77169 709778 706990 2026-05-27T07:20:08Z Deepturquoise 24499 dipindakeun ka [[ Ieu Wawacan Carita Ibrahim]] 709778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Carita Ibrahim | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Anonim]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = ##genre## | publisher = | pub_date = 1853 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Carita Ibrahim''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Tjarita Ibrahim'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Anonim]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1853]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] [[Kategori: Naskah Sunda ]] kk1zxwhx4h3eyab0zbrs2bfxlugp25q 709782 709778 2026-05-27T07:22:28Z Deepturquoise 24499 709782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Carita Ibrahim | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Anonim]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = ##genre## | publisher = | pub_date = 1853 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Carita Ibrahim''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Tjarita Ibrahim'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Anonim]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1853]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Caritana Ibrahim|Caritana Ibrahim]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] [[Kategori: Naskah Sunda ]] cikd5hbcj1r5nk0rw2p4zrtd1rrawvw Ieu Wawacan Carita Ibrahim 0 77170 709777 559132 2026-05-27T07:19:29Z Deepturquoise 24499 709777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Ieu Wawacan Carita Ibrahim | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Anonim]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1859 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Ieu Wawacan Carita Ibrahim''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Ijeu Wawatjan Tjarita Ibrahim'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Anonim]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1859]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. == Tumbu luar == Maca naskah digital ''Ijĕ Wawatjan Tjarita Ibrahim'' dina [[Wikisource]]: * [[s:su:Ijĕ Wawatjan Tjarita Ibrahim|Wawatjan Tjarita Ibrahim]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] 34wqlapaatu4k45qffb7a0mqtm8usve 709784 709777 2026-05-27T07:27:02Z Deepturquoise 24499 /* Tumbu luar */ 709784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Ieu Wawacan Carita Ibrahim | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Anonim]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1859 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Ieu Wawacan Carita Ibrahim''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Ijeu Wawatjan Tjarita Ibrahim'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Anonim]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1859]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. == Tumbu luar == {{wikisource|Ijĕ Wawatjan Tjarita Ibrahim}} {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] khnlj3rbhfixfhvxlz9d3w7bdtuhq1e Wawacan Wulang Putra 0 77172 709789 678515 2026-05-27T07:41:36Z Deepturquoise 24499 709789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Wawacan Wulang Putra | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Raden Adiwidjaja]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1862 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Wawacan Wulang Putra''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Wawatjan Woelang Putra'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Raden Adiwidjaja]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1862]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Wawacan Wulang Putra|Wawacan Wulang Putra]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] sw21uj4e98bjnrbaa5bg4n4hbxnrx82 Wawacan Wulang Krama 0 77175 709787 559137 2026-05-27T07:33:56Z Deepturquoise 24499 709787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Wawacan Wulang Krama | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Moehammad Moesa]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1862 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Wawacan Wulang Krama''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Wawatjan Woelang Krama'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Moehammad Moesa]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1862]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbuu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Wawacan Wulang Krama|Wawacan Wulang Krama]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] ao4o9z62r8dz27vo4gh4g9o44i4vdzw 709791 709787 2026-05-27T07:42:36Z Deepturquoise 24499 709791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Wawacan Wulang Krama | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Moehammad Moesa]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1862 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Wawacan Wulang Krama''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Wawatjan Woelang Krama'') nyaéta karya sastra Sunda nu ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]] ku [[Moehammad Moesa]]. Ieu wawacan munggaran medal taun [[1862]] dina wangun buku citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Wawacan Wulang Krama|Wawacan Wulang Krama]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wawacan]] 3gds5jpydp0oxj2b5748s59ehxibhqc Carita Nurul Komar 0 77356 709776 677468 2026-05-27T07:16:34Z Deepturquoise 24499 709776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Carita Nurul Komar | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Anonim]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1859 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Carita Nurul Komar''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Tjarita Noeroel Komar'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Anonim]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1859]] dina wangun citak ku panerbit di Batavia. ==Pranala luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Carita Nurul Kamar|Carita Nurul Kamar]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] sbdymxscjmbuotb8ej9fkwn5vubvfyo 709779 709776 2026-05-27T07:21:42Z Deepturquoise 24499 709779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Carita Nurul Komar | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Anonim]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1859 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Carita Nurul Komar''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Tjarita Noeroel Komar'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Anonim]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1859]] dina wangun citak ku panerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Carita Nurul Kamar|Carita Nurul Kamar]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] o4tijfxnu9p5ixbpgnqev8vv9u90eoj Lalampahan Kapiten Bonteku 0 77363 709775 559325 2026-05-27T07:13:44Z Deepturquoise 24499 709775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Lalampahan Kapiten Bonteku | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Raden Kartawinata]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1874 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Lalampahan Kapiten Bonteku''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Lalampahan Kapiten Bontekoe'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Raden Kartawinata]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1874]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Pranala luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Carita Kapitan Bonteku|Carita Kapitan Bontekoe]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] 2phevauvzthn3hyjn7z65k2fqk54xsh 709781 709775 2026-05-27T07:21:56Z Deepturquoise 24499 709781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Lalampahan Kapiten Bonteku | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Raden Kartawinata]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1874 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Lalampahan Kapiten Bonteku''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Lalampahan Kapiten Bontekoe'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Raden Kartawinata]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1874]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Carita Kapitan Bonteku|Carita Kapitan Bontekoe]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] 17cd5alnbdnbjquhzdd5xn7shu1zz3l Katrangan lampah Sebar 0 77364 709783 559326 2026-05-27T07:25:32Z Deepturquoise 24499 709783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Katrangan lampah Sebar | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[R.H. Moehamad Moesa]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1874 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Katrangan lampah Sebar''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Katrangan lampah Sebar'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[R.H. Moehamad Moesa]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1874]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Katerangan Lampah Sebar|Katerangan Lampah Sebar]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{Wikisource|Katrangan Lampah Sĕbar}} {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] bjjh1tk3k3qz7mexg6eg8l7aj87erp3 Dongeng-dongeng nu araneh 0 77369 709785 626892 2026-05-27T07:30:09Z Deepturquoise 24499 709785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Dongeng-dongeng nu aranéh | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[R.H. Moehamad Moesa]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1884 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Dongeng-dongeng nu aranéh''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Dongeng-dongeng noe aranéh'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[R.H. Moehamad Moesa]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1884]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Semarang. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Kitab Dongéng-Dongéng nu Aranéh|Kitab Dongéng-Dongéng nu Aranéh]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{wikisource|Kitab Dongéng-Dongéng nu Aranéh}} {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] 34qjprwq1oiijdxgtaq9dfuvhsz1nnu Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Malaysia 0 99607 709752 678058 2026-05-26T12:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Malaysia | map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Malaysia.svg | legend1 = {{center|Peta nagara-nagara bagian kalawan kasus koronavirus kakonfirmasi (beureum) atawa diduga aya (biru) (di tanggal 16 Maret)}} | map2 = | legend2 = | map3 = | legend3 = | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[Malaysia|Féderasi Malaysia]] | first_case = [[Sungai Buloh]], [[Selangor]] | arrival_date = 25 Januari 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | recovery_cases = 50,204<ref name="counter">{{cite web|url=http://covid-19.moh.gov.my|title=Situasi Semasa Pandemik COVID-19 Di Malaysia|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123135035/http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/ |date=2021-01-23 }}</ref> | deaths = 350<ref name="counter"/> | confirmed_cases = 61,861<ref name="counter"/> | active_cases = 11,307<ref name="counter"/> | fatality_rate = {{Percentage|350|61861|2}} | total_ili = | website = {{URL|https://kpkesihatan.com/}} }} '''Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Malaysia'''mimiti kapanggih di tanggal 25 Januari 2020, anu ngajadikeun [[Malaysia]] jadi nagara munggaran anu ngonfirmasi ayana virus korona di [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-health-malaysia/malaysia-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-infection-idUSL4N29U03A|title=Malaysia confirms first cases of coronavirus infection|last1=Sipalan|first1=Joseph|last2=Holmes|first2=Sam|agency=Reuters|date=25 January 2020|accessdate=2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218061827/https://www.reuters.com/article/china-health-malaysia/malaysia-confirms-first-cases-of-coronavirus-infection-idUSL4N29U03A|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/308496/malaysia-first-cases-of-2019-ncov-confirmed-january-25|title=Malaysia: First cases of 2019-nCoV confirmed January 25|work=GardaWorld|date=25 January 2020|accessdate=2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218065823/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/308496/malaysia-first-cases-of-2019-ncov-confirmed-january-25|archive-date=2020-06-02|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218065823/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/308496/malaysia-first-cases-of-2019-ncov-confirmed-january-25 |date=2020-02-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200125115703-4-132712/aduh-virus-corona-sudah-sampai-malaysia|title=Aduh! Virus Corona Sudah Sampai Malaysia|last=Arbar|first=Thea Fathanah|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Per tanggal 27 Nopémber 2020, kacatet geus aya 61.861 kasus positip, 350<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/health/2020/06/03/095500/update-covid-19-global-3-juni-pasien-sembuh-di-malaysia-82-persen|title=Update Covid-19 Global 3 Juni: Pasien Sembuh di Malaysia 82 Persen|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> urang anu tilay dunya, sarta 50.204 urang anu geus cageur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/malaysia/|title=Malaysia Coronavirus: 7,970 Cases and 115 Deaths - Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Mimiti == Mimitina, di tanggal 25 Januari 2020, Mentri Kaséhatan Malaysia ngumumkeun yén tilu orang dinyatakeun positip beunang virus korona, di antarana aya wanoja 65 taun, sarta incuna anu yuswa séwang-séwangna 11 jeung 2 taun. Tiluanana mangrupa warga nagara [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] sarta patali jeung kasus virus korona di [[Singapura]], anu mana si wanoja éta nyaéta pamajikanana. Tiluanana langsung dirawat sacara inténsif di [[rumah sakit]] Sungai Buloh, [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200125115703-4-132712/aduh-virus-corona-sudah-sampai-malaysia|title=Aduh! Virus Corona Sudah Sampai Malaysia|last=Arbar|first=Thea Fathanah|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/health/2020/01/25/132247/pertama-di-asia-tenggara-3-orang-di-malaysia-positif-virus-corona|title=Pertama di Asia Tenggara, 3 Orang di Malaysia Positif Virus Corona Wuhan|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona|title=Malaysia Konfirmasi 3 WN China di Wilayahnya Positif Terinfeksi Virus Corona|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925020336/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona |date=2022-09-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/virus-corona-masuk-malaysia-3-orang-terjangkit-1si4d9IBJRC|title=Virus Corona Masuk Malaysia, 3 Orang Terjangkit|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayobandung.com/read/2020/01/25/77480/3-orang-di-malaysia-positif-terkena-virus-corona|title=3 Orang di Malaysia Positif Terkena Virus Corona|last=Network|first=Ayo Media|website=AyoBandung.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200125/19/1193864/virus-corona-merambah-malaysia-|title=Virus Corona Merambah Malaysia {{!}} Kabar24|website=Bisnis.com|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Sumebarna virus == Per tanggal 28 Meí 2020, jumlah kasus anu positip virus korona di Malaysia geus nepi ka 7.629 kasus,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/527643|title=Covid-19: 10 new cases, lowest since March 12|website=Malaysiakini|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> kasus anu tiwas 115 urang, sarta jelema anu geus cageus 6.169 urang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103202/malaysia-covid-19-tested-cases-breakdown/|title=Malaysia: COVID-19 cases by state of health 2020|website=Statista|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Ieu virus geus aya di sakabéh nagara bagian, kalawan anu panglobana aya di Kuala Lumpur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1107426/malaysia-covid-19-confirmed-cases-by-state/|title=Malaysia: COVID-19 cases by state 2020|website=Statista|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Data jumlah kasus virus korona dumasar nagara bagian per tanggal 28 Méi 2020<ref name=":0" /> !Nagara bagian !Jumlah kasus !Nagara bagian !Jumlah kasus |- |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |1.997 |[[Malaka]] |216 |- |[[Selangor]] |1.845 |[[Kelantan]] |156 |- |[[Negeri Sembilan]] |793 |[[Pénang]] |121 |- |[[Johor]] |671 |[[Trengganu]] |111 |- |[[Sarawak]] |552 |[[Kedah]] |96 |- |[[Pahang]] |345 |[[Putrajaya]] |93 |- |[[Sabah]] |344 |[[Perlis]] |18 |- |[[Pérak (Malaysia)|Pérak]] |255 |[[Labuan]] |16 |} == Dampak == === Kawijakan pamaréntah === Pamaréntah Malaysia ti mimiti tanggal [[18 Maret]] 2020 ngalumakukeun kawijakan karantina wilayah atawa ''movement control order'' (MCO) salila dua minggu. Ieu kawijakan téh nyababkeun dilarangna panglawungan, kaasup pikeun kapereluan [[ibadah]], [[Olah raga|olahraga]], [[sosial]], jeung [[kabudayaan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200316215835-4-145362/breaking-malaysia-nyatakan-lockdown-mulai-18-maret|title=Breaking: Malaysia Nyatakan Lockdown Mulai 18 Maret!|last=Indonesia|first=Redaksi CNBC|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Bisnis-bisnis ditarutup kajaba ti toko anu ngajual kabutuhan poko. Salian ti éta, sakabéh urang Malaysia anu krék ti luar nagri wajib dipariksa kaséhatanna sarta karantina mandiri salila 14 poé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/malaysia-lockdown-total-selama-dua-minggu-mulai-18-maret|title=Malaysia lockdown total seluruh negara selama dua minggu mulai 18 Maret|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200316215030-106-484030/cekal-corona-pm-malaysia-tetapkan-lockdown-18-31-maret-2020|title=Cekal Corona, PM Malaysia Tetapkan Lockdown 18-31 Maret 2020|website=internasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1360970/malaysia-terapkan-lockdown-18-31-maret-2020|title=Malaysia terapkan "lockdown" 18-31 Maret 2020|last=antaranews.com|website=Antara News|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jogja.tribunnews.com/2020/03/16/resmi-malaysia-tetapkan-status-lockdown-mulai-rabu-18-maret-2020-terkait-virus-corona-covid-19|title=RESMI, Malaysia Tetapkan Status 'Lockdown' Mulai Rabu 18 Maret 2020 Terkait Virus Corona Covid-19|website=Tribun Jogja|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Ieu kawijakan téh tuluy baé diperpanjang ku lantaran kasus virus korona anu beuki ngalobaan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Malaysia perpanjang 'lockdown', TKI: 'Makan dikurangi, hanya mi dan nasi'|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-52069394|newspaper=BBC News Indonesia|date=2020-03-28|access-date=2020-06-03|language=id|first=Rohmatin|last=Bonasir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/03/25/153500365/malaysia-perpanjang-lockdown-hingga-14-april-pemerintah-imbau-tidak-panic|title=Malaysia Perpanjang Lockdown hingga 14 April, Pemerintah Imbau Tidak Panic Buying|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayobandung.com/read/2020/04/24/87091/malaysia-perpanjang-lockdown-untuk-ketiga-kalinya|title=Malaysia Perpanjang Lockdown untuk Ketiga Kalinya|last=Network|first=Ayo Media|website=AyoBandung.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4989346/catat-5603-kasus-corona-malaysia-perpanjang-lockdown-hingga-12-mei|title=Catat 5.603 Kasus Corona, Malaysia Perpanjang Lockdown Hingga 12 Mei|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603235648/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4989346/catat-5603-kasus-corona-malaysia-perpanjang-lockdown-hingga-12-mei |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> Tungtungna di tanggal 10 Méi, ieu kawijakan diperpanjang sabulan nepi ka 9 Juni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200511120616-4-157566/perpanjang-lagi-1-bulan-malaysia-lockdown-hingga-9-juni|title=Perpanjang Lagi 1 Bulan, Malaysia Lockdown hingga 9 Juni|last=Sebayang|first=Rehia|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5009301/malaysia-perpanjang-masa-lockdown-hingga-9-juni|title=Malaysia Perpanjang Masa Lockdown Hingga 9 Juni|last=Erwanti|first=Marlinda Oktavia|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603235635/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5009301/malaysia-perpanjang-masa-lockdown-hingga-9-juni |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.tv/article/80698/malaysia-perpanjang-status-lockdown-sampai-9-juni-2020|title=Malaysia Perpanjang Status Lockdown sampai 9 Juni 2020|website=KOMPAS.tv|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, ku sabab geus loba anu carageur, aturan ieu geus dilogoran di tanggal 4 Méi, anu mana sabagian bisnis dibuka deui sarta jalma-jalma geus bisa digarawé deui. tapi, sakola angger ditutup sarta pangalwungan gedé dilarang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4999333/tinggi-angka-kesembuhan-lockdown-malaysia-dilonggarkan|title=Tinggi Angka Kesembuhan, Lockdown Malaysia Dilonggarkan|last=detikcom|first=Tim|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603235619/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4999333/tinggi-angka-kesembuhan-lockdown-malaysia-dilonggarkan |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> Pamaréntah ogé ngalarang wargana pikeun mudik.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/corona/2020/05/11/harusnya-berakhir-12-mei-lockdown-malaysia-diperpanjang-sampai-9-juni-catatan-baru-kewajiban|title=Harusnya Berakhir 12 Mei, Lockdown Malaysia Diperpanjang sampai Juni dengan Catatan Baru & Kewajiban|website=Tribunnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pandémi]] * [[Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] * [[COVID-19]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] q1eudm1ahp4yfysaalrf3hpokl9idma Frieska Anastasia Laksani 0 99849 709767 650402 2026-05-27T02:39:25Z Veracious 18897 709767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox penyanyi indonesia |name = Frieska Anastasia Laksani |image = File:Sakura no Shiori (12906950253) - Frieska.jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption = |birthname = Frieska Anastasia Laksani |othername = Frieska, Tasya, Mpris |birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1996|3|4}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = |home_town = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]] |instrument = [[Vokal]] |yearsactive = [[2011]]-ayeuna |label = JKT48 Project<br>[[Hits Records]] <small></small> |associatedacts = [[JKT48]]<br>[[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] |partner = |influences = |influenced = |spouse = |children = |parents = Asep Djulianto Laksono (Ayah)<br>Henny Witriman (Ibu) |almameter = |religion = [[Islam]] |website = http://www.jkt48.com/ |twitter = frieskaJKT48 |instagram = jkt48frieska |fansite = Frieskavers |currentmembers = [[JKT48]] (2011-sekarang) |pastmembers = |awards = Peringkat 19 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-10 JKT48]] ([[2015]])</small><br>Peringkat 12 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small><br>Peringkat 31 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-20 JKT48]] ([[2018]])</small><br>Peringkat 20 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single Original JKT48]] ([[2019]])</small> }} '''Frieska Anastasia Laksani''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]|4|3|1996}}) atanapi anu biasa disebat '''Frieska''' (ogé katelah '''Frieska JKT48''' (salami janten anggota [[JKT48]]) mangrupikeun salah sahiji [[penyanyi]] [[Indonesia]] sareng anggota [[kumpulan idola]] [[JKT48]] asalna tina [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]]. Frieska nyaéta adi ti [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]]. Ayeuna, Frieska parantos aya dina Tim J ti saprak [[27 Méi]] [[2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/2012/01/15/jkt-48-rilis-video-musik-perdananya|title=JKT 48 Rilis Video Musik Perdananya|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Tribunnews.com|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/11?lang=id Profil di situs web resmi JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013222845/http://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/11?lang=id |date=2012-10-13 }} * {{Twitter|frieskaJKT48}} * {{Instagram|jkt48frieska}} * {{Google+|110685439567308953513}} * {{en}} [http://www.stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Frieska_Anastasia_Laksani Frieska Anastasia Laksani di Wiki48] * {{id}} [http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-frieska-anastasia-laksani/ Frieska Anastasia Laksani di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130073438/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-frieska-anastasia-laksani |date=2016-11-30 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frieska Anastasia Laksani}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 1]] {{Biografi-pondok}} qy1rha2vtj1l3812b9o4qd745yo5kit 709768 709767 2026-05-27T02:39:36Z Veracious 18897 709768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox penyanyi indonesia |name = Frieska Anastasia Laksani |image = Sakura no Shiori (12906950253) - Frieska.jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption = |birthname = Frieska Anastasia Laksani |othername = Frieska, Tasya, Mpris |birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1996|3|4}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = |home_town = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]] |instrument = [[Vokal]] |yearsactive = [[2011]]-ayeuna |label = JKT48 Project<br>[[Hits Records]] <small></small> |associatedacts = [[JKT48]]<br>[[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] |partner = |influences = |influenced = |spouse = |children = |parents = Asep Djulianto Laksono (Ayah)<br>Henny Witriman (Ibu) |almameter = |religion = [[Islam]] |website = http://www.jkt48.com/ |twitter = frieskaJKT48 |instagram = jkt48frieska |fansite = Frieskavers |currentmembers = [[JKT48]] (2011-sekarang) |pastmembers = |awards = Peringkat 19 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-10 JKT48]] ([[2015]])</small><br>Peringkat 12 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small><br>Peringkat 31 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-20 JKT48]] ([[2018]])</small><br>Peringkat 20 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single Original JKT48]] ([[2019]])</small> }} '''Frieska Anastasia Laksani''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]|4|3|1996}}) atanapi anu biasa disebat '''Frieska''' (ogé katelah '''Frieska JKT48''' (salami janten anggota [[JKT48]]) mangrupikeun salah sahiji [[penyanyi]] [[Indonesia]] sareng anggota [[kumpulan idola]] [[JKT48]] asalna tina [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]]. Frieska nyaéta adi ti [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]]. Ayeuna, Frieska parantos aya dina Tim J ti saprak [[27 Méi]] [[2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/2012/01/15/jkt-48-rilis-video-musik-perdananya|title=JKT 48 Rilis Video Musik Perdananya|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Tribunnews.com|accessdate=16 January 2012}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/11?lang=id Profil di situs web resmi JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013222845/http://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/11?lang=id |date=2012-10-13 }} * {{Twitter|frieskaJKT48}} * {{Instagram|jkt48frieska}} * {{Google+|110685439567308953513}} * {{en}} [http://www.stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Frieska_Anastasia_Laksani Frieska Anastasia Laksani di Wiki48] * {{id}} [http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-frieska-anastasia-laksani/ Frieska Anastasia Laksani di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130073438/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-frieska-anastasia-laksani |date=2016-11-30 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frieska Anastasia Laksani}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 1]] {{Biografi-pondok}} jtz6jbaj6hwuwkgfigw8ktz79foqpec Universitas Airlangga 0 99987 709765 703822 2026-05-26T16:53:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Universitas |name = Universitas Airlangga |image_name =Logo-Branding-UNAIR-biru.png |caption = |motto = Excellence with Morality<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://unair.ac.id/site/menu/show/15/identitas.html |title=Identitas Logo Universitas Airlangga |accessdate=31 Oktober 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130083750/https://unair.ac.id/site/menu/show/15/identitas.html |date=2021-11-30 }}</ref> |established = [[10 November]] [[1954]] |type = [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]]<br> |rector = Prof. Dr. Muhammad Madyan, S.E., M.Si., M.Fin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biografi Rektor |url=https://unair.ac.id/biografi-rektor/ |website=Universitas Airlangga Official Website |publisher=Universitas Airlangga |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref> |city = [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]] |state = [[Jawa Wetan]] |country = [[Indonesia]] |mascot = Garuda Mukti |faculty = 1.522 (2015) |students = 44.474 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Student Profile |url=https://satudata.unair.ac.id/analytical-reports/resonant/tableau/student-profile |website=UNAIR Satu Data |publisher=Universitas Airlangga |access-date=27 Desember 2025 |language=id }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |campus = Urban |colors = Kuning-Biru {{color box|yellow}} {{color box|blue}} |nickname = UNAIR / UA |affiliations = AUN<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aunsec.org/membership.php|title=Membership of ASEAN Universities Network|publisher=ASEAN Universities Network (AUN)|access-date=4 Agustus 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430230140/http://www.aunsec.org/membership.php |date=2020-04-30 }}</ref>, ABEST21<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abest21.org/member/organization/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230142630/http://www.abest21.org/member/organization/index.html |date=2019-12-30 }}</ref>, ASEA-UNINET<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asea-uninet.org/network-members/member-universities/indonesian-universities/}}</ref>, ASIIN, ASAIHL<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seameo.org/asaihl/}}</ref>, FIBAA, APHEA, ASIC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asicuk.com/international-directory/{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, ACEN |website = {{URL|http://www.unair.ac.id}} | logo = |footnotes = Logo dan Moto Universitas Airlangga }} '''Universitas Airlangga''' (atanapi '''UNAIR atau UA''') ({{lang-jv|ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀​ꦄꦲꦶꦂꦭꦁꦒ}}) nyaéta [[paguron luhur]] anu perenahna di [[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Universitas ieu didirikeun dina [[10 Nopémber]] [[1954]] kalepatan sareng dinten Pahlawan ka-9. Dumasar data tina 30 Séptémber 2015, aya 38,047 mahasiswa anu kadaptar dina [http://www.unair.ac.id UNAIR].<ref name="stats"/> Dumasar kana réngking ti QS World University Ranking 2024, Universitas Airlangga rengking kaopat salaku universitas pangalusna di Indonésia. == Sajarah == Ngadegna Universitas Airlangga ngabogaan sajarah anu cukup panjang. Saméméh Unair diadegkeun sacara resmi, dina tanggal 9 jeung 11 Oktober 1847, usulan diajukeun ka Pamaréntah Kolonial Walanda pikeun ngadidik nonoman Jawa anu berbakat pikeun jadi ahli dina prakték kaséhatan. Dina tanggal 2 Januari 1849, ngaliwatan SK Pamaréntah No. 22, NIAS (Nederlandsch Indische Artsen School) diadegkeun  minangka tempat atikan kadokteran di Surabaya. Ti taun 1913, atikan kadokteran di Surabaya lumangsung di Jalan Kedungdoro 38 Surabaya. Taun 1923, gedong NIAS dipindahkeun ti Jalan Kedungdoro ka tempat ayana Fakultas Kedokteran Unair di Jalan Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo, Surabaya. Lajeng Dr. Lonkhuizen, Kapala Dines Kaséhatan waktu harita, nepikeun proposal pikeun ngadegkeun Sakola Gigi di Surabaya anu dirintis ti bulan Juli 1928 nepi ka 1945. Anjeunna meunang persetujuan ti Dr. RJF Van Zaben, Diréktur NIAS. Salajengna, sakola ieu langkung dikenal salaku STOVIT (School tot Opleiding van Indische Tandarsten). Dina waktos éta, STOVIT hasil ngumpulkeun 21 siswa. Sapanjang jalan, STOVIT ngaganti ngaran jadi Ika Daigaku Shika (sakola kedokteran jeung kedokteran gigi) jeung Dr. Takeda mangrupikeun sutradara kahijina, ngalayanan antara 1942-1945. Dua warsih saterusna, pamaréntah Walanda nyokot alih lajeng ngaganti ngaran jadi Tandheelkunding Instituut. Taun 1948 ieu sakola robah statusna jadi Universiteit Tandheelkunding Instituut (UTI). Dina kakawasaan Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS), UTI robah deui ngaranna jadi Institute of Dental Sciences (LIKG) salila 4 taun diajar, dipingpin ku Prof. M. Knap jeung Prof. M. Soetojo. Taun 1948, Universitas Airlangga mangrupa cabang Universitas Indonésia anu miboga dua fakultas, nya éta Fakultas Kedokteran jeung Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi. Universitas Airlangga resmi ngadeg taun 1954 dumasar kana Peraturan Pamaréntah No. 57/1954 sarta diresmikeun ku Persidén RI dina tanggal 10 Nopémber 1954, mitembeyan miéling poé Pahlawan anu kasalapan. Dina taun anu sarua diadegkeun Fakultas Hukum, anu saméméhna mangrupa cabang Fakultas Hukum, Ékonomi jeung Pulitik Sosial Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Nalika diresmikeun, Universitas Airlangga diwangun ku lima fakultas, nya éta: # Fakultas Kedokteran anu tadina mangrupa cabang ti Universitas Indonésia ; # Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi anu tadina mangrupa cabang ti Universitas Indonésia ; # Fakultas Hukum nu tadina mangrupa cabang ti Universitas Gadjah Mada ; # Fakultas Sastra, berkedudukan di Denpasar , anu taun 1962 misah ti Universitas Airlangga jadi bagian ti Universitas Udayana ; # Fakultas Keguruan dan Keguruan yang berpusat di Malang , sarta dina taun 1963 misah ti Universitas Airlangga jadi Lembaga Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Negeri Malang (IKIP), anu ayeuna robah jadi Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). == Ngaran jeung simbol == Ngaran "Airlangga" dicokot tina ngaran raja nu maréntah Jawa Wétan ti taun 1019 nepi ka 1042, nyaéta Rake Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramattungadewa atawa katelah Prabu Airlangga. Lambang Universitas Airlangga nyaéta "Garuda Mukti" kalayan tunggangna Batara Wisnu mawa kendi anu eusina cai "amerta", nyaéta cai kahirupan anu langgeng. Simbol ieu ngalambangkeun Universitas Airlangga salaku sumber pangaweruh anu langgeng. Ngaran jeung lambang Universitas Airlangga diwujudkeun dina arca Prabu Airlangga anu jangkungna kurang leuwih tilu méter sarta nangtung di hareupeun Kampus A Universitas Airlangga. Patung ieu dilakukeun dina taun 1954 ku Hendra Gunawan , saurang pematung ti Pelukis Rakjat atawa nu saterusna jadi bagian tina Lembaga Kabudayaan Rakjat (Lekra) .  Pagawéan éta arca dilaksanakeun ku Hendra babarengan jeung lima anggota Pelukis Rakjat jeung sapuluh pagawé séjénna sarta ngaréngsékeun kurang leuwih tilu puluh poé. Bandéra Universitas Airlangga warna konéng biru. Konéng melambangkan kaagungan, biru melambangkan kasatiaan sareng jiwa anu jero. Warna-warna éta dicokot tina warna jilbab nutupan arca Wisnu dina upacara ngadegna Universitas Airlangga ku Présidén Kahiji RI tanggal 10 Nopémber 1954. == Lokasi == Universitas Airlangga miboga 14 fakultas jeung 1 pascasarjana anu menempati tilu kampus anu sumebar di sakuliah Surabaya, nyaéta: * '''Kampus A''' di Jalan Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47. Di kampus ieu aya Fakultas Kedokteran (FK) jeung Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (FKG). * '''Kampus B''' di Jalan Airlangga 4-6. Di kampus ieu aya Fakultas Ékonomi jeung Bisnis (FEB), Fakultas Hukum (FH), Fakultas Psikologi (FPsi), Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP), Fakultas Ilmu Budaya (FIB), Fakultas Vokasi. Studi (FV), sareng Program Pascasarjana (PPs) * '''Kampus C''' di Mulyorejo , Surabaya Timur. Di kampus ieu aya Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi (FST), Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat (FKM), Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan (FKH), Fakultas Keperawatan (F.Kp), Fakultas Farmasi (FF). , Fakultas Perikanan jeung Kelautan (FPK), jeung Fakultas Téknologi Canggih jeung Multidisiplin (FTMM). * '''Kampus Banyuwangi''' , kampus Fakultas Kesehatan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FIKIA) Universitas Airlangga anu perenahna di Gedong Kampus Giri Jalan Wijaya Kusuma No. 113 jeung Kampus Sobo Jalan Ikan Wijinongko No.18a. Di SIKIA aya 3 program studi, nya éta Sarjana Kesehatan Masyarakat, Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan, jeung Sarjana Akuakultur. <sup>[ ''<nowiki>https://sikia.unair.ac.id/histori/</nowiki>'' ]</sup> * '''Kampus Jakarta''' ayana di Graha STR Kemang, Jakarta Selatan, husus dibuka pikeun program studi Magister Hukum, Magister Notaris jeung Ilmu Hukum sarta Pengembangan. == kapala sakola == {| class="wikitable" !No. ! colspan="2" |Kepala Sekolah !Candak kantor !Tungtung kantor !Nyaéta. |- |1 | |<small>Prof. Bapa</small> Abdoel Gaffar Pringgodigdo |1954 |1961 | |- |2 | |<small>Prof. dr.</small> Mohammad Toha Ronodipuro |1961 |1965 | |- |3 | |<small>Kol. TNI (Purn.)</small> CKH. Chasan Durjat |1965 |1966 | |- |4 | |<small>Prof. Dr. Dr.</small> Eri Sudewo |1966 |1974 | |- |5 | |<small>Prof. Dr A.S. dr.</small> Kwari Setjadibrata <small>Sp.A</small> |1974 |1975 | |- |6 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small> Abdul Gani <small>SH, MS</small> |1976 |1980 | |- |7 | |<small>Prof. Dr. Dr.</small> Marsetio Donosepoetro |1980 |1984 | |- |8 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small> Soedarso Djojonegoro |1984 |1993 | |- |9 | |<small>Prof. dr. H.</small> Bambang Rahino |1993 |1997 | |- |10 | |<small>Prof. Dr. H.</small> Soedarto <small>DTM&H, Ph.D</small> |1997 |2001 | |- |<center>11</center> | |<small>Prof. Dr. Med. dr.</small> Puruhito <small>Sp.B</small> |<center>2001</center> |<center>2006</center> | |- | rowspan="2" |<center>12</center> | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |<small>Prof. Dr.</small> Fasichul Lisan <small>Apt</small> |<center>8 Juni 2006</center> |<center>10 Juni 2010</center> | |- |<center>10 Juni 2010</center> |<center>10 Juni 2015</center> | |- |<center>13</center> | |<small>Prof. dr.</small> Mohammad Nasih <small>SE., MT, Ak., CMA</small> |<center>10 Juni 2015</center> |<center>''Incumbent''</center> | |} == Fakultas jeung program studi == * '''Fakultas Kedokteran (FK)''' ** Sarjana Kedokteran ** Gelar Sarjana Kebidanan ** Masters dina Élmu Kaséhatan réproduktif ** Masters dina Élmu Kaséhatan Olahraga ** Masters dina Élmu Médis Dasar ** Masters dina Kedokteran Tropis ** Masters dina Kedokteran Klinis ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Médis ** Atikan Profesional Médis ** Atikan Profesi Bidan ** Program spesialis * '''Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (FKG)''' ** S-1 Atikan Dokter Gigi ** Masters dina Élmu Kaséhatan Dental ** S-3 Élmu Kaséhatan Dental ** Atikan Profesional Dokter Gigi ** Program spesialis * '''Fakultas Hukum (FH)''' ** Sarjana Hukum ** Sarjana Hukum ** Master of Élmu Notaris ** Gelar Doktor Hukum * '''Fakultas Ékonomi jeung Usaha (FEB)''' ** Gelar Sarjana Manajemén ** S-1 Akunting ** Sarjana Ékonomi ** Sarjana Ékonomi Islam ** Masters dina Ékonomi ** Masters dina Manajemén ** Masters dina Élmu Manajemén ** Masters dina Akunting ** Sarjana Ékonomi Islam ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Manajemén ** S-3 Élmu Akuntansi ** Gelar Doktor Ékonomi ** Gelar Doktor Ékonomi Islam ** Atikan Profesi Akuntansi * '''Fakultas Farmasi (FF)''' ** S-1 Apotek ** Masters dina Farmasi klinis ** Masters dina Élmu Farmasi ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Farmasi ** Atikan Profesional Apoteker * '''Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan (FKH)''' ** Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan ** S-2 Vaksinologi & Imunoterapi ** Masters dina Biologi réproduktif ** Masters dina Kedokteran Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan & Kaséhatan Umum ** Masters dina Agribisnis Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan ** S-3 Dokter Hewan Sehat ** Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan Profesional * '''Fakultas Ilmu Sosial sareng Pulitik (FISIP)''' ** Sarjana Élmu dina Hubungan Internasional ** Sarjana Élmu Komunikasi ** Sarjana Élmu Administrasi Publik ** Sarjana Émbaran & Élmu Perpustakaan ** Sarjana Élmu Pulitik ** S-1 Antropologi ** Sarjana Sosiologi ** Masters dina Hubungan Internasional ** Masters dina Sosiologi ** Masters dina Élmu Pulitik ** Master of Kabijakan Umum ** Masters dina Média & Komunikasi ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Sosial * '''Fakultas Sains jeung Téknologi (FST)''' ** S-1 Statistik ** S-1 Fisika ** Gelar Sarjana Téknik Biomédis ** S-1 Téknik Lingkungan ** Sarjana Biologi ** Sarjana Matematika ** S-1 Kimia ** Bachelor of Systems Émbaran ** Masters dina Biologi ** Masters dina Kimia ** Masters dina Téknik Biomédis ** S-3 Matematika jeung Élmu * '''Fakultas Kaséhatan Umum (FKM)''' ** Sarjana Kaséhatan Umum ** Sarjana Élmu dina Gizi ** Masters dina Kaséhatan Lingkungan ** Masters dina Administrasi Kaséhatan & Kabijakan ** Masters dina Epidemiologi ** Masters dina Kaséhatan Lingkungan ** Gelar Master dina Kaséhatan sareng Kasalametan Pekerjaan ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Kaséhatan * '''Fakultas Psikologi (FPsi)''' ** Sarjana Psikologi ** Masters dina Psikologi ** Master of Psikologi Terapan ** Masters dina Psikologi Profesional ** PhD dina Psikologi * '''Fakultas Ilmu Budaya (FIB)''' ** Sarjana Studi Jepang ** Sarjana Élmu dina Sajarah ** Sarjana Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia ** Sarjana Basa jeung Sastra Inggris ** Masters dina Linguistik ** Master dina Studi Sastra & Budaya * '''Fakultas Keperawatan (FKP)''' ** Gelar Sarjana Keperawatan ** Gelar Master dina Kaperawatan ** Gelar Doktor dina Kaperawatan ** Atikan Profesi Mantri * '''Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan (FPK)''' ** S-1 Budidaya ** Gelar Sarjana Téknologi Produk Perikanan ** Masters dina Perikanan sareng Biotéhnologi Kelautan ** Masters dina Élmu Perikanan * '''Fakultas Vokasi''' ** D-3 Kaperawatan ** D-3 Fisioterapi ** D-3 Téknik Kaséhatan Dental ** D-3 Kaséhatan jeung Kasalametan Gawé ** D-3 Paramedic Veterinarian ** D-3 Pangobatan Tradisional ** D-3 Systems Émbaran ** D-3 Instrumentation Systems Automation ** D-3 Téhnik Perpustakaan ** D-3 Pajeg ** D-3 Akunting ** D-3 Téhnologi Laboratorium Médis ** D-3 Inggris ** D-3 Manajemén Marketing ** D-4 Manajemén Kantor Digital ** D-4 Manajemén silaturahmi ** D-4 Perbankan jeung Keuangan ** D-4 Tujuan Pariwisata ** D-4 Fisioterapi ** D-4 Radiological Imaging Téhnologi ** D-4 Kedokteran Tradisional * '''Fakultas Téknologi Canggih sareng Multidisiplinér (FTMM)''' ** S-1 Téhnologi Élmu Data ** Gelar Sarjana dina Robotika sareng Téknik Kecerdasan Buatan ** S-1 Téhnologi Industri ** S-1 Téknis Listrik ** Sarjana Élmu di Téknik Nanotéhnologi * '''Program Pascasarjana''' ** Masters dina Élmu Forensik ** Masters dina Studi Élmu Pulisi ** S-2 Studi Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HAKI) ** Masters dina Pangwangunan Sumber Daya Manusa ** S-2 Élmu Hukum sareng Pangembangan (MSHP) ** Masters dina Imunologi ** Masters dina Manajemén Bencana ** Gelar Doktor dina Pangwangunan Sumber Daya Manusia * '''Sakola Kaséhatan jeung Élmu Pengetahuan Alam (SIKIA)''' ** Sarjana Kaséhatan Umum ** Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan ** S-1 Budidaya == Sumberdaya == SDM di Universitas Airlangga diwangun ku staf akademik jeung tenaga kependidikan. Staf akademik diwangun ku 1522 staf akademik tetep, kalawan rinci 1472 urang boga status Pagawé Sipil (PNS) jeung 49 urang boga status Pagawé Non-PNS. Aya 223 staf akademik nonpermanén anu statusna dosén luar biasa jeung 113 dosén anu statusna honorer. Rekapitulasi jumlah staf akademik tetap dumasar kana pendidikan nyaéta kieu: * Aya 156 staf akademik anu atikan sarjana (S-1). * Staf akademik tingkat pendidikan master (S-2) & spesialis 1 (Sp-1) aya 885 urang. * Aya 481 staf akademik anu atikan tingkat doktor (S-3). Jumlah tenaga kependidikan dina taun 2002 diwangun ku 1129 urang nu statusna PNS, 7 urang nu berstatus tetap non PNS, jeung 866 urang nu status honorer. Rekapitulasi jumlah tenaga kependidikan dumasar kana pendidikan nyaéta kieu: * Aya 43 tenaga kependidikan anu ngagaduhan pendidikan magister (S-2). * Aya 591 tenaga kependidikan anu atikan sarjana (S-1). * Aya 32 tenaga kependidikan kalawan sarjana (S-1) atikan profésional * Aya 326 staf akademik sareng tingkat pendidikan diploma * Aya 825 staf akademik anu atikan SMA (SMA). * Aya 181 tenaga akademik anu jenjang pendidikanna kurang ti SMA (SMP jeung SD). == Kagiatan administrasi == Kagiatan administrasi Universitas Airlangga (Unair) dipuseurkeun di Kantor Pengelolaan Universitas Airlangga anu perenahna di Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya. == Sarana == * Masjid Ulul Azmi (Kampus C) * Masjid Nuruzzaman (Kampus B) * Asrama Siswa Lalaki jeung Katresna * Perpustakaan Kampus * Airlangga Convention Center (ACC) * Menara Airlangga Syariah and Entrepreneurship Education Center (ASEEC). * Unair Flash Beus * fasilitas ATM * Puseur Mahasiswa * Koperasi Mahasiswa (Kopma) * Poliklinik * Tasik Cinta Airlangga * Rumah Sakit Universitas Airlangga * Unair Pangajaran Rumah Sakit Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan * Rumah Sakit Gigi sareng Lisan Unair * Rumah Sakit Universitas Airlangga pikeun Panyakit Inféksi Tropis * taman & Dahareun Center * 24 jam Wi-Fi di jero kampus Unair * Pusat Bahasa Unair (di Gedong ASEEC) * Amfiteater (Kampus B) * Airlangga Guest House * Widang : *# Lapangan baskét *# Lapangan futsal *# pangadilan ténis == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * {{id}} {{resmi|http://www.unair.ac.id}} * {{youtube|D5kg0G_IzDA}} * {{id}} [http://infounair.com/ Info Unair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328193452/http://www.infounair.com/ |date=2015-03-28 }} * {{id}} [http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/05/30/65/1157640/profesor-nasih-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unair] {{PTN di Indonesia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Airlangga}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia]] {{Indo-perti-stub}} 9cbkmroz0t538325a4bf0z15qh7s16x Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Kulon 14 101452 709759 610211 2026-05-26T15:44:34Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun alihan ka Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat 709759 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIHAN [[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat]] 7z9aoga56i8jdz68xwf154mtv9s7b48 Basa Sunda Bekasi 0 106010 709766 709630 2026-05-26T18:55:37Z ~2026-31488-81 36779 /* Kekecapan */ 709766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Sunda Bekasi | nativename = ''Bahasa Sunda Bekasi''<br>{{Sund|ᮘᮠᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮨᮊᮞᮤ}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|bahasa sʊnda bəkаsi}} | familycolor = Austronesian | states = [[Indonesia]] | region = [[Kabupatén Bekasi]]<br>[[Kota Bekasi]] | speakers = ±1.200.000{{refn|group=ib|Diitung dumasar kana perkiraan jumlah penduduk di 9 kacamatan nu maké basa Sunda di [[Kabupatén Bekasi]] jeung sababaraha kalurahan di 2 kacamatan di [[Kota Bekasi]] anu ngagunakeun basa Sunda, ogé sababaraha désa/kalurahan (teu kaasup desa/kalurahan di kacamatan nu utamana maké basa Sunda) di Kabupatén jeung Kota Bekasi nu maké basa Sunda.<ref name="dukcapil">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=6 Mei 2024|format=Visual}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }}</ref>}} (2024) | date = | ref = | image = | imagealt = | imagecaption = | fam2 = Malayu-Polinésia | fam3 = Kalimantan Kalér Gedé? | fam4 = Sunda-Badui | fam5 = [[Basa Sunda|Sunda]] | fam6 = Sunda Basisir Kalér | nation = | iso3 = | isoexception = | glotto = | glottorefname = | glottofoot = no | script = [[Aksara Latin|Latin]] ([[Aksara Sunda Baku|alpabét Sunda]]) | map = | mapcaption = Peta distribusi basa Sunda Bekasi per kacamatan di wewengkon [[Kabupatén Bekasi]] kalayan simbol: {{legend3 |#0080FE|Dialek Bekasi salaku mayoritas}} {{legend3 |#89CFEF|Dialek Bekasi salaku minoritas}} {{legend3 |#FFFFFF|Wewengkon ucapan séjénna}} | agency = | lingua = | linglist = | notice = | ethnicity = [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]] }} '''Basa Sunda Bekasi''' mangrupa ragam géograpis ti [[basa Sunda]] anu dipaké di [[Kabupatén Bekasi]] jeung [[Kota Bekasi]]. Ieu dialék kagolongkeun kana rantay dialék Sunda Basisir Kalér. Basa Sunda dialék Bekasi boga kaunikan tina segi kosakata jeung logatna sorangan lamun dibandingkeun jeung [[basa Sunda Priangan]] salaku ragam baku. ==Sebaran== Basa nu panglobana dipaké ku warga Bekasi nyaéta [[basa Indonésia]], lantaran Bekasi mangrupa wewengkon industri anu miboga karagaman tina segi etnis jeung basa. Tapi, aya dua basa daérah anu dipaké ku urang asli di kabupatén jeung kota Bekasi, nyaéta [[basa Sunda]] (dialék Bekasi) jeung [[basa Betawi]] (dialék Bekasi).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sudjana|first=A.S.H.|last2=Marzuki|first2=A.|last3=Abas|first3=A.|last4=Jayawiguna|first4=R.|year=1983|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3618/|title=Struktur Bahasa Sunda Pesisir Utara Jawa Barat|location=Jakarta|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|oclc=14379200|ref=harv|url-status=live|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://jurnal.unismabekasi.ac.id/index.php/edukasi/article/download/700/586/|title=Menelusuri Budaya dan Bahasa Melayu Betawi Dialek Bekasi: Dulu, Kini, dan Prospek Sebagai Muatan Lokal|first=Andi|last=Sopandi|language=id|publisher=[[Universitas Islam 45]]|location=Bekasi|date=2011|website=jurnal.unismabekasi.ac.id}}</ref> Nurutkeun perkiraan dina taun 2024, basa Sunda dialék Bekasi bakal miboga ± 1.200.000 panyatur tina jumlahna 5.710.675 padumuk di Kabupatén jeung Kota Bekasi. Persentasena sakitar 21% tina total populasi di daérah éta.<ref name="dukcapil"/> Basa Sunda dialék Bekasi utamana dipaké di wewengkon wétan jeung kidul Kabupatén Bekasi, nyaéta kacamatan [[Bojongmangu, Bekasi|Bojongmangu]], [[Cibarusah, Bekasi|Cibarusah]], [[Cikarang Pusat, Bekasi|Cikarang Pusat]], [[Cikarang Selatan, Bekasi|Cikarang Selatan]], [[Cikarang Timur, Bekasi|Cikarang Timur]], [[Kedungwaringin, Bekasi|Kedungwaringin]], [[Pebayuran, Bekasi|Pebayuran]], [[Serang Baru, Bekasi|Sérang Baru]], [[Setu, Bekasi|Sétu]], ogé di sababaraha désa/kalurahan dina kacamatan [[Karangbahagia, Bekasi|Karangbahagia]] jeung [[Sukakarya, Bekasi|Sukakarya]]. Sedengkeun di [[Kota Bekasi]] wewengkon nyarita basa Sunda ngawengku kalurahan [[Ciketing Udik, Bantargebang, Bekasi|Ciketing Udik]], [[Cikiwul, Bantargebang, Bekasi|Cikiwul]], jeung [[Sumur Batu, Bantargebang, Bekasi|Sumur Batu]] di kacamatan [[Bantargebang, Bekasi|Bantargebang]], ogé kalurahan [[Jatikarya, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatikarya]] jeung [[Jatirangga, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatirangga]] di kacamatan [[Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatisampurna]]. Wates antara wewengkon tutur utama basa Sunda dialék Bekasi jeung basa séjénna ogé unik, nya éta diwatesan ku [[Jalur Nasional 1]] atawa katelah ''Jalan Basisir Kalér'' (Jalur Pantura). Pemetaanna nyaéta basa Sunda diomongkeun di kidul jeung wétan lamun basa Betawi diomongkeun di kalér jeung kulon.<ref name="kemdikbud">{{cite web|url=https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/berita-detail/3250/jalan-daendels-sebagai-batas-pemisah-penggunaan-bahasa-melayu-betawi-dengan-bahasa-sunda-di-kabupaten-bekasi|title=Jalan Daendels sebagai Batas Pemisah Penggunaan Bahasa Melayu Betawi dengan Bahasa Sunda di Kabupaten Bekasi|website=badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id|publisher=[[Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa]]|location=Jakarta|date=16-11-2020|access-date=24-07-2023|language=id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724123003/https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/berita-detail/3250/jalan-daendels-sebagai-batas-pemisah-penggunaan-bahasa-melayu-betawi-dengan-bahasa-sunda-di-kabupaten-bekasi |date=2023-07-24 }}</ref> Basa Sunda dialék Bekasi ogé umumna mangaruhan kana ragam basa Betawi nu dipaké di Kabupatén jeung Kota Bekasi kiwari. Ku lantaran pacampur jeung laju pertumbuhan penduduk anu masif, lila-lila basa Sunda dialék Bekasi miboga ciri-ciri sorangan anu ngawangun hiji dialék.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3307099/kala-bahasa-betawi-menggeser-bahasa-sunda-di-perbatasan-jakarta|title=Kala Bahasa Betawi Menggeser Bahasa Sunda di Perbatasan Jakarta|website=www.liputan6.com|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|location=Jakarta|date=21-02-2018|access-date=24-07-2023|language=id|first=Fadjriah|last=Nurdiasrih}}</ref> Aya ogé saeutik bédana kosakata antara panyatur basa Sunda di beulah kidul jeung wetan wewengkon lisan. Di beulah kidul, dialekna deukeut ka [[basa Sunda Bogor]]. Lamun di beulah wetan, para panyaturna leuwih deukeut sacara budaya jeung linguistik jeung panyatur [[basa Sunda Karawang]]. Wewengkon [[Cikarang (kota)|Cikarang]] mangrupa garis wates budaya antara wétan jeung kidul dina basa Sunda dialék Bekasi.<ref name="kemdikbud"/> == Pamakéan == Pamakéan basa Sunda di Kabupatén jeung Kota Bekasi dianggap aya dina kaayaan anu rentan. Hal ieu jadi faktor utama pindahna pamaké basa Sunda ngagunakeun [[basa Indonésia]] atawa Malayu Betawi anu dianggap leuwih gampang kaharti ku masarakat etnis séjénna.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20161048&lokasi=lokal|title=Perubahan leksikal di Bekasi|first1=Catra Ditya|last1=Ramawirawan|first2=Retno Mayekti|last2=Tawangsih|language=id|publisher=[[Universitas Indonesia]]|location=Depok|date=2010|website=lib.ui.ac.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220151910/https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20161048&lokasi=lokal |date=2024-12-20 }}</ref> Minangka upaya pikeun ngalestarikeunana, basa Sunda dialék Bekasi ogé diajukeun pikeun bahan pangajaran muatan lokal di tingkat SMA hususna di kacamatan Sétu.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/rancage/article/view/369|title=Basa Sunda Dialék Bekasi di Kacamatan Sétu Pikeun Bahan Pangajaran Maca di SMA|first=Ace Monika|last=Murdiani|language=id|publisher=[[Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]]|location=Bandung|date=2013|website=ejournal.upi.edu|language=id}}</ref> ==Kekecapan== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kekecapan !Bentuk baku !Hartosna !{{Abbr|Ref.|Referensi}} |- |''ngebruk'' |''seserahan'' |hadiah ti pangantén lalaki ka pangantén awéwé | rowspan="8" style="text-align: center;" |''{{sfnp|Sudjana|Marzuki|Abas|Jayawiguna|1983|pp=15-16}}'' |- |''ngawisir'' |''nyécép'' |mere duit ka barudak nu karak sunat |- |''ngala késang'' |''dipingit'' |teu bisa kaluar imah |- |''diala ngéndong'' |''diunduh mantu'' |diangkat jadi minantu |- |''dépon'' |''ngupuk'' |imah lanté taneuh |- |''ragasi'' |''irigasi'' |aliran cai jeung sawah |- |''nganjor'' |''nyaba'' |iinditan |- |''bahasa alusan'' |''basa lemes'' |[[Hormat|basa hadé]] |- |bangat, amat |pisan | - | style="text-align: center;" | |- |ilok, abong |piraku |kecap nu dipaké nalika hayang tatanya kebeneran ti kajadian | style="text-align: center;" | |- |hunyur |bulak |pulo leutik nu aya dina tengah sawah | style="text-align: center;" | |- |henam, hanseug |sok | - | style="text-align: center;" | |- |takan |matak | - | style="text-align: center;" | |- |hulap, awang, awang-awangeun |hoream |teu daek gerak | style="text-align: center;" | |- |rua-na |jiga-na | - | style="text-align: center;" | |- |segeur |pikeun, kanggo |kecap anu hartina sarua jeung "untuk" | style="text-align: center;" | |- |ngambeng | - |sedekah bumi, papahare babarengan dina sawah | style="text-align: center;" | |- |panjerih |borangan |jalma anu sieuneun | style="text-align: center;" | |- |nyorog | - |tradisi nganteuran nalika munggah puasa | style="text-align: center;" | |- |gadag | - |kabiasaan, lalakon buruk anu impulsif | style="text-align: center;" | |- |goden |gedé |"hulu goden" (kepala besar) | style="text-align: center;" | |- |sokan |sok, mindeng |"uing mah sokan ka dinya bae" (aku suka kesana terus) | style="text-align: center;" | |- |danta |jantré | - | style="text-align: center;" | |} ==Tingali ogé== {{Portal|Sunda|Basa|Indonesia}} * [[Basa Sunda Basisir Kalér]] * [[Basa Sunda Karawang]] * [[Basa Sunda Bogor]] * [[Basa Sunda di Kota Depok]] * [[Basa Sunda]] ==Rujukan== === Catetan === <references group = "ib"/> ===Catatan suku=== {{Reflist}} === Daptar perpustakaan === * {{Cite book|last=Sudjana|first=A.S.H.|last2=Marzuki|first2=A.|last3=Abas|first3=A.|last4=Jayawiguna|first4=R.|year=1983|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3618/|title=Struktur Bahasa Sunda Pesisir Utara Jawa Barat|location=Jakarta|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|oclc=14379200|ref=harv|url-status=live}} ==Tumbu luar== {{Basa Sunda}} [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kota Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Bekasi]] 7695ekf5gcydazxkunes2l4158yfa6d Wawacan Wulang Tani 0 106402 709792 678531 2026-05-27T07:44:11Z Deepturquoise 24499 709792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Wawacan Wulang Tani | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Muhamad Musa]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1862 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Wawacan Wulang Tani''''' (éjahan heubeul: ''Wawatjan Woelang Tani'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Muhamad Musa]]. Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1862]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Wawacan Wulang Tani|Wawacan Wulang Tani]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] ffxlwbkub1auooso3ivjjnrwueb8sd8 Mitra nu Tani 0 106403 709786 678533 2026-05-27T07:32:23Z Deepturquoise 24499 709786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Mitra nu Tani | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Karel Frederik Holle|K. F. Holle]] jeung [[Raden Kartawinata|Kartawinata]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1874 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Mitra nu Tani''''' atawa (éjahan heubeul: ''Mitra noe Tani'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Karel Frederik Holle|K. F. Holle]] jeung [[Raden Kartawinata|Kartawinata]]. Jilid kahiji Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1874]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbuu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Mitra nu Tani (Jilid 1)|Mitra nu Tani]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] hhxvo2b44hvxq6skdv1hrx7dovbiva2 709790 709786 2026-05-27T07:41:52Z Deepturquoise 24499 /* Tumbuu luar */ 709790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book <!-- |italic title = (see above) --> | name = Mitra nu Tani | image = <!-- include the file, px and alt: [[File:Example.jpg|200px|alt=Cover]] --> | image_caption = | author = [[Karel Frederik Holle|K. F. Holle]] jeung [[Raden Kartawinata|Kartawinata]] | title_orig = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = [[Indonesia]] | language = [[Basa Sunda]] | series = | subject = | genre = | publisher = | pub_date = 1874 | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Mitra nu Tani''''' atawa (éjahan heubeul: ''Mitra noe Tani'') nyaéta buku Sunda nu ditulis ku basa Sunda karya [[Karel Frederik Holle|K. F. Holle]] jeung [[Raden Kartawinata|Kartawinata]]. Jilid kahiji Ieu buku munggaran medal taun [[1874]] dina wangun citak ku penerbit di Batavia. ==Tumbu luar== * ''[[incubator:wb/su/Mitra nu Tani (Jilid 1)|Mitra nu Tani]]'' dina [[incubator:wb/su/Tepas|Incubator Wikibuku basa Sunda]] {{taratas}} [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] otpvddp79mxb4lotuur3eortlae7air Oseng buncis 0 108522 709751 709308 2026-05-26T12:29:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Oseng Buncis.jpg|jmpl|Oseng buncis]] Oseng buncis atawa tumis buncis mangrupa salah sahiji hidangan nu kacida ilaharna di Indonésia sarta remen dianggap minangka kadaharan sapopoé nu raket jeung kahirupan masarakat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=palpos.co|title=Tumis Buncis : Hidangan Sederhana yang Selalu Jadi Andalan di Meja Makan Indonesia|url=https://palpos.disway.id/kuliner/read/710193/tumis-buncis-hidangan-sederhana-yang-selalu-jadi-andalan-di-meja-makan-indonesia|website=palpos.co|language=id|access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref> Oseng buncis mangrupa salah sahiji vérsi tina tumis buncis nu ngagunakeun bumbu basajan saperti bawang beureum, bawang bodas, jeung cabé. Ku kituna, oseng buncis dipikawanoh minangka salah sahiji variasi tumis buncis khas Jawa Tengah.<ref name=":0" /> Oseng buncis ogé mineng dijieun jeung campuran buncis jeung daging giling. Kadaharan ieu ngandung serat sarta protéin nu asalna tina bahan-bahan utamana. Dina prosés nyieunna, tumis buncis biasana ngagunakeun rupa-rupa bumbu saperti bawang bodas, lada hideung, jeung cabé rawit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://banjarnegara.pikiran-rakyat.com/gaya-hidup/pr-2467772611/ciptakan-suasana-hangat-di-meja-berbuka-dengan-tumis-buncis-yang-menggugah-selera|title=Ciptakan Suasana Hangat di Meja Berbuka dengan Tumis Buncis yang Menggugah Selera|last=Arifin|first=Alvin|website=Banjarnegaraku|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-15}}</ref> Hidangan ieu dipikawanoh miboga cara nyieun nu kawilang basajan lantaran bahan-bahanna ilahar kapanggih di dapur rumah tangga. Sajaba ti dijadikeun hidangan utama, tumis buncis ogé sok dihidangkeun minangka kadaharan panglengkep dina rupa-rupa waktu dahar. Kandungan serat tina buncis jeung protéin tina daging giling ngajadikeun tumis buncis salah sahiji olahan sayuran nu remen diasupkeun kana menu kadaharan sapopoé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masakapahariini.com/r/resep-oseng-buncis-sederhana,-renyah-dan-tidak-langu.html/258123|title=Resep Oseng Buncis Sederhana, Renyah dan Tidak Langu {{!}} Masak Apa Hari Ini?|website=www.masakapahariini.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-05-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518223104/https://www.masakapahariini.com/r/resep-oseng-buncis-sederhana,-renyah-dan-tidak-langu.html/258123 |date=2026-05-18 }}</ref> == Rupa-rupa jieunan buncis == Dumasar kana rupa-rupa bumbuna, tumis buncis miboga sababaraha vérsi di unggal daérah:{{fact}} * Jawa Tengah: Ilahar dihidangkeun minangka oseng buncis kalayan bumbu basajan saperti bawang beureum, bawang bodas, jeung cabé.{{fact}} * Medan: Dipikawanoh ku sebutan tumis buncis tauco, nu ngagunakeun tauco (hasil fermentasi kadelé) minangka bumbu utama pikeun ngahasilkeun rasa gurih khas Medan.{{fact}} * Sunda: Mineng diasak jeung bahan tambahan séjén saperti sohun atawa cabé héjo (tumis buncis/ace).{{fact}} * Palembang: Miboga variasi sambel buncis atawa buncis santan.{{fact}} * Tionghoa Indonésia (réstoran): Biasana diasak ku gaya ''stir-fry'' maké bawang bodas cincang, saos tiram, jeung ebi.{{fact}} == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus Banjarnegara]] rs38c8c2x87firqi9boek28olsnary3 Kokoplak 0 108535 709770 709353 2026-05-27T03:50:09Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngabenerkeun format rujukan supados bisa diklik 709770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kokoplak''' nyaéta salah sahiji situs cagar budaya di [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]], anu patali jeung sajarah [[Perang Pataruman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' taun 1956. == Dina Kidung Lakbok == Dina pupuh 5-7 ''Kidung Lakbok'' disebatkeun: <blockquote>"Silih sUrung di tjikawung, silih dupak di Kokoplak, silih sered di Kawasen"</blockquote> Ieu nunjukkeun yén Kokoplak mangrupikeun salah sahiji medan perang antara [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]].<ref name="kidung1956">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Kidung Lakbok''. 1956. Hlm. 5-6.</ref> == Situs Cagar Budaya Embah Dalem Adipati Tambakbaya == Situs ieu sacara resmi dingaranan '''Situs Cagar Budaya Embah Dalem Adipati Tambakbaya''', tapi leuwih dikenal ku masarakat salaku '''Situs Kokoplak'''.<ref name="fokusjabar">[https://fokusjabar.id/situs-cagar-budaya-kokoplak-banjar-butuh-perhatian Irfansyah Riza. "Situs Cagar Budaya Kokoplak Banjar Butuh Perhatian dan Sentuhan Pemerintah". ''Fokus Jabar'', 3 Februari 2025.]</ref> Lokasina aya di Dusun Pananjung, Kelurahan Sinartanjung/Desa Mulyasari, Kacamatan [[Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], lega ±1 héktare.<ref name="swara">[https://swarabjbnews.com/2021/12/cagar-budaya-situs-kokoplak-akan-di-rehabilitasi-pemdes-sinar-tanjung-kota-banjar-jabar/ Swara. "Cagar Budaya Situs Kokoplak Akan di Rehabilitasi Pemdes Sinar Tanjung Kota Banjar Jabar". ''Swarajabbarnews.com'', 15 Desember 2021.]</ref> Situs ieu perenahna teu jauh ti [[Sungai Citanduy]].<ref name="kabarpriangan">[https://www.kabar-priangan.com/berita/terkini/19-januari-2023/dua-pemburu-blawok-di-kawasan-keramat-kokoplak-banjar-tenggelam-saat-menyeberangi-sungai-citanduy D. Iwan. "Dua Pemburu Biawak di Kawasan Keramat Kokoplak Banjar Tenggelam Saat Menyeberangi Sungai Citanduy". ''Kabar Priangan'', 19 Januari 2023.]</ref> Numutkeun sumber lokal, situs ieu patali jeung makam '''Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II''' alias Dalem Tambakbaya, tokoh abad ka-17 anu dipikawanoh salaku pelopor pertanian tambak di kawasan Liunggunung.<ref name="fokusjabar" /> Situs ieu kerap dikunjungi peziarah ti luar daerah pikeun menta berkah usaha sareng jabatan.<ref name="harapan2015">[https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2018/09/janji-penghuni-situs-kokoplak-untuk-kota-banjar/ Eva Latifah. "Aroma Kemenyan di Situs Kokoplak Banjar". ''Harapan Rakyat'', 25 Januari 2018.]</ref> == Kuncen jeung Tradisi Lisan == Dina Juni 2020, kuncen situs nyaéta '''Bapa Siram''' (80 taun), warga Dusun Pananjung Barat, Desa Sinar Tanjung.<ref name="harapan2020">[https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2020/06/adipati-tambak-baya-dan-asal-usul-nama-desa-di-kota-banjar/ Ngadimin. "Adipati Tambak Baya dan Asal-usul Nama Desa di Kota Banjar". ''Harapan Rakyat'', 10 Juni 2020.]</ref> Numutkeun anjeunna, kecap "Galuh" hartina ''uluh, weruh sedurung winara'', atawa dina basa Arab ''ma'rifat''.<ref name="harapan2020" /> Konon, wilayah Kokoplak duluna mangrupa wilayah anu dipimpin ku Adipati Tambak Baya.<ref name="harapan2020" /> == Rehabilitasi jeung Fungsi Ayeuna == Dina Désémber 2021, [[Pamaréntah Désa]] Sinar Tanjung ngarencanakeun rehabilitasi sareng perbaikan jalan di lingkungan situs.<ref name="swara" /> Situs Kokoplak ogé tos dipaké salaku sumber belajar sejarah lokal ku [[SMKN 2 Banjar]].<ref name="unigal">Sholihah, Salma Rahmillah. "Pemanfaatan Situs Kokoplak Sebagai Sumber Belajar Sejarah". Skripsi, Universitas Galuh, 2024.</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Perang Pataruman]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Pataruman]] * [[Kota Banjar]] == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Tempat di Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Situs cagar budaya di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] op3dy4r3tp0wkqhkh6afq60ns8g7ceo Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri 0 108547 709750 709399 2026-05-26T12:13:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 709750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri''' nyaéta déwi padi sareng kasuburan dina [[Mitologi Sunda]]. Manéhna dipikawanoh salaku pusat mitos tatanén masarakat Sunda sareng dianggap sumber asal-usul tutuwuhan padi. == Mitos asal-usul == Dina carita rakyat Sunda, Sanghyang Sri dicaritakeun asalna tina jenazah putri déwa anu dikurbankeun pikeun nyalametkeun kahirupan manusa tina kalaparan. Tina awakna tumuwuh sagala rupa pepelakan, khususna padi. Carita ieu mirip sareng mitos [[Déwi Sri]] dina budaya [[Jawa]] jeung [[Bali]].<ref name="dunia">{{Cite web | url=https://www.duniadongeng.com/nyai-pohaci-sanghyang-sri/ | title=Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Sri | publisher=Dunia Dongeng | access-date=2026-05-17 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Peran dina budaya Sunda == Sanghyang Sri mangrupikeun simbol kasuburan, karaharjaan, sareng karukunan masarakat tatanén. Loba upacara adat Sunda anu patali jeung manéhna, sapertos: * '''[[Seren Taun]]''': Upacara syukur panén padi. * '''Ngaseuk''' jeung '''Nandur''': Ritual sateuacan melak padi. Ngaran "Pohaci" hartina "anu dipikacinta" atanapi "anu dipuja", nuduhkeun hormat anu jero ka manéhna. == Tingali ogé == * [[Mitologi Sunda]] * [[Déwi Sri]] * [[Seren Taun]] * [[Sunda Wiwitan]] == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Mitologi Sunda]] [[Kategori:Dewa Sunda]] [[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]] ngvj4u286f6ytkjtiiv1lmzv6rd2vrn Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat 14 108609 709754 2026-05-26T14:58:27Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kategori Walungan di Jawa Barat 709754 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaca ieu ngandung artikel-artikel ngeunaan walungan anu ngalir di [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat]] nmyms82u2328yc5lxlnza920u0z3j4q Walungan di Jawa Barat 0 108610 709755 2026-05-26T15:03:59Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca anyar: Daptar walungan di Jawa Barat, nyambung ka Kidung Lakbok. 709755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walungan di Jawa Barat''' nyaéta daptar walungan anu aya di wewengkon [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Walungan-walungan ieu ngagaduhan peran penting dina kahirupan masarakat, ti mimiti jaman karajaan dugi ka ayeuna. Sababaraha di antarana, sapertos [[Sungai Citanduy|Citanduy]], [[Walungan Cikawung|Cikawung]], sareng [[Walungan Ciporoan|Ciporoan]], disebut dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) dina konteks konflik di Karajaan Bandjarpatroman.<ref>Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. Banjar: 31 Agustus 1956.</ref> == Daptar Walungan == Daptar ieu kalebet walungan utama anu ngalir di Jawa Barat: * [[Sungai Citarum]] – walungan pangpanjangna di Jawa Barat (323 km) * [[Sungai Citanduy]] – disebut '''Tjitanduj''' dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10)<ref>Kompas.com. "13 Nama Sungai di Jawa Barat". 22 Séptémber 2022.</ref> * [[Walungan Cisadane]] – ngalir ti Gunung Pangrango ka Laut Jawa * [[Walungan Cimanuk]] – ngalir ti Gunung Galunggung ka Laut Jawa * [[Walungan Cikawung]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 6) salaku tempat perang * [[Walungan Ciporoan]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10) == Rujukan == <references/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar walungan di Indonésia]] * [[Géografi Jawa Barat]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] 24epzpz12fpcuty6glwzf9eeqg3zg3t 709756 709755 2026-05-26T15:11:35Z HenriPurwanto 36661 709756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walungan di Jawa Barat''' nyaéta daptar walungan anu aya di wewengkon [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Walungan-walungan ieu ngagaduhan peran penting dina kahirupan masarakat, ti mimiti jaman karajaan dugi ka ayeuna. Sababaraha di antarana, sapertos [[Sungai Citanduy|Citanduy]], [[Walungan Cikawung|Cikawung]], sareng [[Walungan Ciporoan|Ciporoan]], disebut dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) dina konteks konflik di Karajaan Bandjarpatroman.<ref>Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. Banjar: 31 Agustus 1956.</ref> == Daptar Walungan == Daptar ieu kalebet walungan utama anu ngalir di Jawa Barat: * [[Sungai Citarum]] – walungan pangpanjangna di Jawa Barat (323 km) [1][2] * [[Sungai Citanduy]] – disebut '''Tjitanduj''' dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10)<ref>[https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2022/09/22/123456789/13-nama-sungai-di-jawa-barat Kompas.com. "13 Nama Sungai di Jawa Barat". 22 Séptémber 2022.]</ref> * [[Walungan Cisadane]] – ngalir ti Gunung Pangrango ka Laut Jawa * [[Walungan Cimanuk]] – ngalir ti Gunung Galunggung ka Laut Jawa * [[Walungan Cikawung]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 6) salaku tempat perang * [[Walungan Ciporoan]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10) == Rujukan == <references/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar walungan di Indonésia]] * [[Géografi Jawa Barat]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] plk1fqxzxahlpornpiu6jng90cr7by3 709757 709756 2026-05-26T15:24:07Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan daptar walungan utama + rujukan ti Kompas Bandung sareng Open Data Jabar 709757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walungan di Jawa Barat''' nyaéta daptar walungan anu aya di wewengkon [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Walungan-walungan ieu ngagaduhan peran penting dina kahirupan masarakat, ti mimiti jaman karajaan dugi ka ayeuna. Sababaraha di antarana, sapertos [[Sungai Citanduy|Citanduy]], [[Walungan Cikawung|Cikawung]], sareng [[Walungan Ciporoan|Ciporoan]], disebut dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) dina konteks konflik di Karajaan Bandjarpatroman.<ref>Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. Banjar: 31 Agustus 1956.</ref> == Daptar Walungan == Daptar ieu kalebet walungan utama anu ngalir di Jawa Barat: * [[Sungai Citarum]] – walungan pangpanjangna di Jawa Barat (323 km)<ref>[https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/09/22/140478/13-nama-sungai-di-jawa-barat Kompas.com. "13 Nama Sungai di Jawa Barat". 22 Séptémber 2022.]</ref><ref>[http://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-sungai-lintas-berdasarkan-wilayah-sungai-di-jawa-barat Open Data Jabar. "Jumlah Sungai Lintas Berdasarkan Wilayah Sungai di Jawa Barat".]</ref> * [[Sungai Citanduy]] – disebut '''Tjitanduj''' dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10)<ref>[https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/09/22/140478/13-nama-sungai-di-jawa-barat Kompas.com. "13 Nama Sungai di Jawa Barat". 22 Séptémber 2022.]</ref> * [[Walungan Cisadane]] – ngalir ti Gunung Pangrango ka Laut Jawa<ref>[http://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-sungai-lintas-berdasarkan-wilayah-sungai-di-jawa-barat Open Data Jabar. "Jumlah Sungai Lintas Berdasarkan Wilayah Sungai di Jawa Barat".]</ref> * [[Walungan Cimanuk]] – ngalir ti Gunung Galunggung ka Laut Jawa<ref>[http://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-sungai-lintas-berdasarkan-wilayah-sungai-di-jawa-barat Open Data Jabar. "Jumlah Sungai Lintas Berdasarkan Wilayah Sungai di Jawa Barat".]</ref> * [[Walungan Cikawung]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 6) salaku tempat perang * [[Walungan Ciporoan]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10) == Rujukan == <references/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar walungan di Indonésia]] * [[Géografi Jawa Barat]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] tfwfyvnselkkd716asf2nwryl2ucnzz Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat 14 108611 709758 2026-05-26T15:30:25Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun kaca kategori kalawan katerangan jeung kategori indung 709758 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel-artikel ngeunaan géografi di [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], sapertos gunung, walungan, waduk, jeung wewengkon alam séjénna. [[Kategori:Géografi Indonésia dumasar propinsi]] [[Kategori:Jawa Barat]] gam67pz3k6ne7sicv7satfd3kbzqt5g Kategori:Géografi Priangan 14 108612 709760 2026-05-26T15:53:18Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun kategori Geografi Priangan salaku sub-kategori Geografi Jawa Barat 709760 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel ngeunaan géografi wewengkon Priangan di [[Jawa Barat]]. [[Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat]] 14o007pzef8yg4jhwlai1d5vw4fow92 Kategori:Jawa Barat 14 108613 709761 2026-05-26T16:01:54Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun kategori Jawa Barat 709761 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel ngeunaan Propinsi Jawa Barat. [[Kategori:Indonésia dumasar propinsi]] 41n24nnnd6vg1ghaemrnyxru623fd3o Kategori:Indonésia dumasar propinsi 14 108614 709762 2026-05-26T16:04:50Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun kategori Indonesia dumasar propinsi 709762 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel ngeunaan propinsi-propinsi di Indonésia. [[Kategori:Indonésia]] ny8adtgfqfi12dwofyqehxzdofwhxoy Kategori:Géografi Indonésia dumasar propinsi 14 108615 709763 2026-05-26T16:07:58Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Jieun kategori Geografi Indonesia dumasar propinsi 709763 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel ngeunaan géografi propinsi-propinsi di Indonésia. [[Kategori:Géografi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Indonésia dumasar propinsi]] c0kyb2t5gerbyriqyv6xhak7730v15k Kategori:Kidung Lakbok 14 108616 709769 2026-05-27T03:23:52Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca kategori pikeun Kidung Lakbok 709769 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngandung artikel ngeunaan Kidung Lakbok, naskah sastra Sunda ti Lakbok, Jawa Barat. [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kesenian Sunda]] 4fmkleit42w3afyl011w61tvf8chxaz Kategori:Tempat di Kota Banjar 14 108617 709771 2026-05-27T04:01:04Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan pedaran kategori 709771 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngandung artikel-artikel ngeunaan tempat, situs cagar budaya, désa, kalurahan, sareng lokasi séjénna di wilayah [[Kota Banjar]], Jawa Barat. 9f8yc0vmeo594ty6284t8boos47n0bf Ratu Agung Tambakbaja 0 108618 709772 2026-05-27T04:49:37Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyiptakeun kaca awal ngeunaan Ratu Agung Tambakbaja dumasar kana panalungtikan tilu tradisi: Pajang-Mataram, Banjar, sareng Hikayat Galuh Digantung 709772 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Ratu Agung Tambakbaja |- | '''Nami asli''' || Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II / Ngabehi Tambakbaya |- | '''Gambar''' || |- | '''Katerangan''' || Makam di Situs Kokoplak, Banjar |- | '''Période''' || ±1617-1641 |- | '''Jabatan''' || Adipati / Panglima Pajang |- | '''Dinasti''' || Galuh / Pajang |} '''Ratu Agung Tambakbaja''' (atanapi '''Dalem Tambakbaya''') nyaéta hiji tokoh anu muncul dina [[Kidung Lakbok]], hiji karya sastra Sunda kuna. Numutkeun panalungtikan, nami "Tambakbaja" ogé kapanggih dina tilu tradisi anu béda di Nusantara: tradisi Pajang-Mataram, tradisi lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]], sareng tradisi sastra ''Hikayat Galuh Digantung''. == Versi Pajang-Mataram == Dina babad [[Kasultanan Mataram|Mataram]] jeung [[Kasultanan Pajang|Pajang]] abad ka-17, aya tokoh '''Ngabehi Tambakbaya''' atawa '''Aria Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="merapi">{{cite web|url=https://www.harianmerapi.com/kearifan/pr-403336594/mataram-melawan-bang-wetan-4-ngabehi-tambakbaya-yang-sombong-dan-kebal-memakan-banyak-korban-prajurit-mataram?page=2|title=Mataram Melawan Bang Wetan 4: Ngabehi Tambakbaya yang Sombong dan Kebal|website=Harian Merapi|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Anjeunna disebut salaku panglima pasukan Pajang anu gagah, kabal senjata, jeung ngalawan Mataram dina periode ±1617-1618. Sanggeus Pajang eleh, anjeunna lari ka [[Surabaya]], diangkat jadi menantu Pangeran Surabaya kalawan gelar '''Adipati Sanjata'''.<ref name="begandring">{{cite web|url=https://begandring.com/tambak-bayan-surabaya-dan-kisah-pelarian-bangsawan-pajang/|title=Tambak Bayan Surabaya dan Kisah Pelarian Bangsawan Pajang|website=Begandring.com|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Dina taun 1625, anjeunna ditawan tur dipaéhan ku pasukan Mataram. == Versi Banjar == Dina tradisi lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]], '''Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II''' mibanda gelar '''Dalem Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="harapan">{{cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/penampakan-ular-besar-di-situs-kokoplak-banjar/|title=Penampakan Ular Besar di Situs Kokoplak Banjar|website=Harapan Rakyat|date=2 Pébruari 2015|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Anjeunna maréntah taun 1630-1641 salaku putra Adipati Kertabumi II ti [[Karajaan Galuh|Galuh Ciamis]]. Gelar "Tambakbaya" diala sabab anjeunna jasa nyieun tambak pikeun tatanén di daérah Liunggunung. Makamna ayeuna aya di '''[[Kokoplak]]''', Dusun Pananjung, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]].<ref name="tourism">{{cite web|url=https://tourismjabar.blogspot.com/2025/04/situs-kokoplak-napak-tilas-sejarah-dan.html|title=Situs Kokoplak: Napak Tilas Sejarah dan Budaya di Kota Banjar|website=Tourism Jabar|date=April 2025|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Dina carita lisan, anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku '''Mbah Dalem Eyang Sopandi Tambakbaya''', anu dipercaya ngajaga wewengkon éta. == Versi Hikayat Galuh Digantung == Dina naskah '''Hikayat Galuh Digantung''', Adipati Tambakbaya nyaéta gelar tina '''Raden Inu Kertapati''', putra Raja Kuripan.<ref name="begandring"/> Anjeunna maréntah di Kerajaan Daha ([[Kediri]]) salaku raja anu adil. Dina carita, anjeunna kalibet dina konflik jeung Ratu Bengawan Awan, anu ngakibatkeun Galuh Candrakirana digantung di handapeun tangkal randu. == Hubungan jeung Kidung Lakbok == Dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''', Ratu Agung Tambakbaja digambarkeun perang ngalawan Ratu Ineung Buana. Numutkeun panalungtikan, ieu tokoh kamungkinan mangrupa fusi (campuran) tina tilu tradisi di luhur.<ref name="harapan"/> Ayana makam Dalem Tambakbaya di [[Situs Kokoplak]] jadi bukti konci anu ngaitkeun carita dina Kidung Lakbok jeung sajarah lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]]. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Situs Kokoplak]] * [[Karajaan Galuh]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dina sastra Sunda]] 5xrkjvdo24t6q5m504u77h4xw1d4k3w 709773 709772 2026-05-27T06:48:44Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nambihan sub-bagian "Bukti sajarah tina dokumen resmi" dumasar dokumen PPID Kota Banjar 709773 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Ratu Agung Tambakbaja |- | '''Nami asli''' || Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II / Ngabehi Tambakbaya |- | '''Gambar''' || |- | '''Katerangan''' || Makam di Situs Kokoplak, Banjar |- | '''Période''' || ±1617-1641 |- | '''Jabatan''' || Adipati / Panglima Pajang |- | '''Dinasti''' || Galuh / Pajang |} '''Ratu Agung Tambakbaja''' (atanapi '''Dalem Tambakbaya''') nyaéta hiji tokoh anu muncul dina [[Kidung Lakbok]], hiji karya sastra Sunda kuna. Numutkeun panalungtikan, nami "Tambakbaja" ogé kapanggih dina tilu tradisi anu béda di Nusantara: tradisi Pajang-Mataram, tradisi lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]], sareng tradisi sastra ''Hikayat Galuh Digantung''. == Versi Pajang-Mataram == Dina babad [[Kasultanan Mataram|Mataram]] jeung [[Kasultanan Pajang|Pajang]] abad ka-17, aya tokoh '''Ngabehi Tambakbaya''' atawa '''Aria Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="merapi">{{cite web|url=https://www.harianmerapi.com/kearifan/pr-403336594/mataram-melawan-bang-wetan-4-ngabehi-tambakbaya-yang-sombong-dan-kebal-memakan-banyak-korban-prajurit-mataram?page=2|title=Mataram Melawan Bang Wetan 4: Ngabehi Tambakbaya yang Sombong dan Kebal|website=Harian Merapi|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Anjeunna disebut salaku panglima pasukan Pajang anu gagah, kabal senjata, jeung ngalawan Mataram dina periode ±1617-1618. Sanggeus Pajang eleh, anjeunna lari ka [[Surabaya]], diangkat jadi menantu Pangeran Surabaya kalawan gelar '''Adipati Sanjata'''.<ref name="begandring">{{cite web|url=https://begandring.com/tambak-bayan-surabaya-dan-kisah-pelarian-bangsawan-pajang/|title=Tambak Bayan Surabaya dan Kisah Pelarian Bangsawan Pajang|website=Begandring.com|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Dina taun 1625, anjeunna ditawan tur dipaéhan ku pasukan Mataram. == Versi Banjar == Dina tradisi lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]], '''Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II''' mibanda gelar '''Dalem Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="harapan">{{cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/penampakan-ular-besar-di-situs-kokoplak-banjar/|title=Penampakan Ular Besar di Situs Kokoplak Banjar|website=Harapan Rakyat|date=2 Pébruari 2015|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Anjeunna maréntah taun 1630-1641 salaku putra Adipati Kertabumi II ti [[Karajaan Galuh|Galuh Ciamis]]. Gelar "Tambakbaya" diala sabab anjeunna jasa nyieun tambak pikeun tatanén di daérah Liunggunung. Makamna ayeuna aya di '''[[Kokoplak]]''', Dusun Pananjung, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]].<ref name="tourism">{{cite web|url=https://tourismjabar.blogspot.com/2025/04/situs-kokoplak-napak-tilas-sejarah-dan.html|title=Situs Kokoplak: Napak Tilas Sejarah dan Budaya di Kota Banjar|website=Tourism Jabar|date=April 2025|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Dina carita lisan, anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku '''Mbah Dalem Eyang Sopandi Tambakbaya''', anu dipercaya ngajaga wewengkon éta. === Bukti sajarah tina dokumén resmi === Numutkeun dokumén resmi PPID Kota Banjar anu judulna "Sejarah Nama Kecamatan Banjar", [[Kota Banjar]] mimiti aya pamaréntahan dina wangun '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' anu diperkirakeun ngadeg dina taun 1625 Masehi. Raja kahiji karajaan ieu nyaéta Rd. Ad. Singaperbaya, teras digentos ku Singaperbaya II anu ngagem gelar '''Dalem Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="ppid">PPID Kota Banjar. "Sejarah Nama Kecamatan Banjar". Dokumén resmi, diaksés 5 Oktober 2025. [https://ppid.banjarkota.go.id/portal/system/public/uploads/informasi/1728881741.pdf]</ref> Dalem Tambakbaya ieu dianggap sami sareng tokoh '''Ratu Agung Tambakbaja''' anu disebut dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Pusat Karajaan Kertabumi diperkirakeun aya di '''Banjar Kolot''', anu ayeuna kalebet wewengkon [[Kota Banjar]]. Saméméh aya karajaan, wewengkon ieu mangrupa leuweung tarum/nila anu aya di sisi [[Sungai Citanduy]]. Dokumén ieu ogé nyebutkeun yén asal-usul nami "Banjar" téh kamungkinan tina '''Banjar Patroman''', anu luyu pisan sareng eusi ''Kidung Lakbok'' anu ngagunakeun istilah '''Bandjarpatroman''' pikeun nyebut wewengkon éta.<ref name="ppid"/> == Versi Hikayat Galuh Digantung == Dina naskah '''Hikayat Galuh Digantung''', Adipati Tambakbaya nyaéta gelar tina '''Raden Inu Kertapati''', putra Raja Kuripan.<ref name="begandring"/> Anjeunna maréntah di Kerajaan Daha ([[Kediri]]) salaku raja anu adil. Dina carita, anjeunna kalibet dina konflik jeung Ratu Bengawan Awan, anu ngakibatkeun Galuh Candrakirana digantung di handapeun tangkal randu. == Hubungan jeung Kidung Lakbok == Dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''', Ratu Agung Tambakbaja digambarkeun perang ngalawan Ratu Ineung Buana. Numutkeun panalungtikan, ieu tokoh kamungkinan mangrupa fusi (campuran) tina tilu tradisi di luhur.<ref name="harapan"/> Ayana makam Dalem Tambakbaya di [[Situs Kokoplak]] jadi bukti konci anu ngaitkeun carita dina Kidung Lakbok jeung sajarah lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]]. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Situs Kokoplak]] * [[Karajaan Galuh]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dina sastra Sunda]] n9rx1jjmfbll8zn3g4xty4vwny5xew9 Ratu Inggeung Buana 0 108619 709774 2026-05-27T07:11:31Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca anyar: Ratu Inggeung Buana, tokoh dina Kidung Lakbok anu perang ngalawan Ratu Agung Tambakbaja. 709774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ratu Inggeung Buana''' nyaéta tokoh dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] anu perang ngalawan [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang sadulur ieu kajadian di wewengkon [[Bandjarpatroman]].<ref name="kidung">Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. Banjar: 31 Agustus 1956. Pupuh 4-7.</ref> Numutkeun naskah, Ratu Inggeung Buana eleh perang tur ngungsi ka [[Gunung Sangkur]]. Dina pupuh 14 disebutkeun: "Putra isin ku ramana, Rasa geus babalik pikir, Njingkiran era kaduhung, Nja njingkur di Gunung Sangkur"<ref name="kidung"/> Carita ieu jadi simbol ''pamali tarung jeung dulur'' dina budaya Sunda. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] * [[Gunung Sangkur]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dina sastra Sunda]] mov9gznukdlzbydy7jwbhgweqmq7syu Kategori:Gunung di Kota Banjar 14 108620 709780 2026-05-27T07:21:47Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kategori anyar pikeun ngumpulkeun artikel gunung di Kota Banjar 709780 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu ngumpulkeun artikel-artikel ngeunaan gunung anu aya di wewengkon Kota Banjar, Jawa Barat. Gunung-gunung dina kategori ieu sering disebutkeun dina sajarah, carita rakyat, jeung naskah Sunda sapertos Kidung Lakbok. iihogbr6n9pzsf8np7kskhstbww5lge Kategori:Kacamatan Pamarican 14 108621 709788 2026-05-27T07:36:09Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca kategori pikeun Kacamatan Pamarican 709788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Kecamatan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Ciamis]] Kategori ieu ngawengku artikel-artikel anu aya kaitannana jeung Kacamatan Pamarican, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Barat. iu7yyn44abqa1ozr5ijdz4r5snr8arr Leila Khaled 0 108622 709793 2026-05-27T08:49:24Z Noerintan 31373 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-t... 709793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == bjjo6xo5pv6wn1rboe545a5i0nj00hl 709794 709793 2026-05-27T08:59:24Z Noerintan 31373 709794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == n6j0f9hcraxd7cwgj1gic3dt4ib8sjh 709795 709794 2026-05-27T09:04:51Z Noerintan 31373 709795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kajadian Pangbajakan == === Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) === Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> === Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) === Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == fanpiil6m8u0hj08jf59fk4pd76qo5y 709796 709795 2026-05-27T09:05:40Z Noerintan 31373 /* Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) */ 709796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kajadian Pangbajakan == === Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) === Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> === Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) === Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/331008|title=Unlawful Interference Boeing 707-458 4X-ATB, Sunday 6 September 1970|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/people-involved-and-affected/|title=The People Involved and Affected {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == pififo0qt9uvm6oy6h04c3rlnphrh37 709797 709796 2026-05-27T09:15:22Z Noerintan 31373 709797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kajadian Pangbajakan == === Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) === Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> === Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) === Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/331008|title=Unlawful Interference Boeing 707-458 4X-ATB, Sunday 6 September 1970|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/people-involved-and-affected/|title=The People Involved and Affected {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kahirupan kiwari == Dina sababaraha wawancara, Khaled kungsi nyebutkeun yén manéhna jadi resep ka Britania Raya ([[Inggris]]) gara-gara jalma mimiti anu ngalongok manéhna di jero panjara saurang patugas imigrasi malah nanya naha manéhna bisa datang ka éta nagara tanpa visa anu sah. Manéhna ogé jadi akrab jeung dua pulisi awéwé anu ditugaskeun keur ngajaga manéhna di [[Ealing]], sarta satuluyisna osok silih kirim surat. Khaled terus datang deui ka Inggris pikeun jadi panyatur nepi ka taun 2002. Sanajan kitu, dina taun 2005, kedutaan gedé Inggris nolak méré [[visa]] nalika manéhna diondang jadi panyatur dina acara ''Féile an Phobail'' di Belfast. Tungtungna, manéhna tetep bisa nyarita ka jalma-jalma di acara éta ngaliwatan sambungan vidéo (''video link'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/13953|title=A just solution is the way out of conflict - Leila Khaled {{!}} An Phoblacht|website=www.anphoblacht.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Nurutkeun Khaled, sabenerna euweuh anu ngaranna prosés perdamaian Arab-Israél. Manéhna nyatakeun, "Éta mah prosés politik anu kauntunganana aya di pihak Israél, lain keur urang. Maréhna nyepeng kabéh kartu keur maén, sedengkeun urang Paléstina euweuh keur prioritaskeun, komo deui kaayaan PLO keur teu ngahiji." Khaled ogé ngadukung gerakan politik Kurdi anu aya di sabudeureun ''Peoples' Democratic Party'' (HDP), sarta ngaitkeun kasaruaan nasib antara rahayat Paléstina jeung urang Kurdi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|title=Iconic liberation activist at HDP congress: Long live Palestine, long live Kurdistan!|last=English|first=Duvar|website=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|language=tr-TR|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/guncel/dbp-albay-i-dais-katletti-34323|title=DBP: Albay’ı DAİŞ katletti|website=ANF News|language=tr|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna mimiti aub kana dunya politik, jadi anggota Déwan Nasional Paléstina (''Palestinian National Council''), jeung remen mucunghul di acara ''World Social Forum''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200906257801/Governance/Features/The-activistocracy.html|title=InfoChange India News & Features development news India - The activistocracy|last=Administrator|website=infochangeindia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/dinamic.php?pagina=coletivas_280105_ing|title=Fórum Social Mundial|website=www.forumsocialmundial.org.br|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1521|title=PNN - Palestine News Network - Palestine on the table at World Social Forum in Kenya|website=english.pnn.ps|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled nikah jeung saurang dokter ngaranna Fayez Rashid (1950–2023) sarta matuh babarengan jeung dua anak lalakina, Bader jeung Bashar, di Amman, Yordania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irelandsown.net/leilakhalid2.html|title=Ireland's OWN: Women Freedom Fighters|last=Gould|first=Dawn-Michele|website=irelandsown.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna saurang anu teu ngagem ageman (irrelijius). Kisah hirupna kungsi dijadikeun pilem anu judulna ''Leila Khaled, Hijacker'', anu disutradaraan ku sineas Paléstina, Lina Makboul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=1027937&p=7551027|title=Subject Guides: Streaming Video Guides: Area Studies -- Middle East and North Africa|last=Kelshian|first=Rob|website=subjectguides.library.american.edu|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Pilem ieu munggaran dipidangkeun dina bulan Novémber 2005 dina acara ''International Documentary Film Festival'' di [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilakhaled.com/leila_frames.html|title=Leila Khaled - Hijacker|website=www.leilakhaled.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Leila Khaled: Hijacker (2005) {{!}} MUBI|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/leila-khaled-hijacker|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en}}</ref> Dina bulan Novémber 2017, Khaled ditolak asup ka kota [[Roma]], [[Italia]], di [[Bandara Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino]], sarta dipaksa kudu balik deui ka [[Amman]] lantaran manéhna mangrupa anggota ti kelompok anu dianggap organisasi téroris ku pamaréntah Italia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornaleditalia.org/news/cronaca/892943/Leila-Khaled-respinta-a-Fiumicino.html|title=Leila Khaled respinta a Fiumicino - giornaleditalia|website=www.ilgiornaleditalia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina pertengahan Séptémber 2020, Khaled dijadwalkeun pikeun nyarita dina konferensi virtual Zoom di ''San Francisco State University'' anu diayakeun ku Rabab Abdulhadi jeung Tomomi Kinukawa. Sanajan kitu, alatan lobina desakan tina koalisi kelompok [[Yahudi]] "End Jewish Hatred", pihak ''Zoom Video Communications'' bareng jeung YouTube sarta Facebook, ngalarang acara konferensi éta ngagunakeun aplikasi sarta platform vidéo maréhna, kalawan alesan patuh kana aturan kontrol ékspor, sanksi, jeung undang-undang anti-térorisme [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization|title=Zoom Draws a Line|last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|website=Inside Higher Ed|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/|title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled|last=Greschler|first=Gabriel|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == l8qt3o8irytyreowercbg0rgfeff058 709798 709797 2026-05-27T09:16:27Z Noerintan 31373 709798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Leila Khaled rised punch.jpg|jmpl|Leila Khaled]] '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kajadian Pangbajakan == === Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) === Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> === Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) === Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/331008|title=Unlawful Interference Boeing 707-458 4X-ATB, Sunday 6 September 1970|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/people-involved-and-affected/|title=The People Involved and Affected {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kahirupan kiwari == Dina sababaraha wawancara, Khaled kungsi nyebutkeun yén manéhna jadi resep ka Britania Raya ([[Inggris]]) gara-gara jalma mimiti anu ngalongok manéhna di jero panjara saurang patugas imigrasi malah nanya naha manéhna bisa datang ka éta nagara tanpa visa anu sah. Manéhna ogé jadi akrab jeung dua pulisi awéwé anu ditugaskeun keur ngajaga manéhna di [[Ealing]], sarta satuluyisna osok silih kirim surat. Khaled terus datang deui ka Inggris pikeun jadi panyatur nepi ka taun 2002. Sanajan kitu, dina taun 2005, kedutaan gedé Inggris nolak méré [[visa]] nalika manéhna diondang jadi panyatur dina acara ''Féile an Phobail'' di Belfast. Tungtungna, manéhna tetep bisa nyarita ka jalma-jalma di acara éta ngaliwatan sambungan vidéo (''video link'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/13953|title=A just solution is the way out of conflict - Leila Khaled {{!}} An Phoblacht|website=www.anphoblacht.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Nurutkeun Khaled, sabenerna euweuh anu ngaranna prosés perdamaian Arab-Israél. Manéhna nyatakeun, "Éta mah prosés politik anu kauntunganana aya di pihak Israél, lain keur urang. Maréhna nyepeng kabéh kartu keur maén, sedengkeun urang Paléstina euweuh keur prioritaskeun, komo deui kaayaan PLO keur teu ngahiji." Khaled ogé ngadukung gerakan politik Kurdi anu aya di sabudeureun ''Peoples' Democratic Party'' (HDP), sarta ngaitkeun kasaruaan nasib antara rahayat Paléstina jeung urang Kurdi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|title=Iconic liberation activist at HDP congress: Long live Palestine, long live Kurdistan!|last=English|first=Duvar|website=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|language=tr-TR|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/guncel/dbp-albay-i-dais-katletti-34323|title=DBP: Albay’ı DAİŞ katletti|website=ANF News|language=tr|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna mimiti aub kana dunya politik, jadi anggota Déwan Nasional Paléstina (''Palestinian National Council''), jeung remen mucunghul di acara ''World Social Forum''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200906257801/Governance/Features/The-activistocracy.html|title=InfoChange India News & Features development news India - The activistocracy|last=Administrator|website=infochangeindia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/dinamic.php?pagina=coletivas_280105_ing|title=Fórum Social Mundial|website=www.forumsocialmundial.org.br|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1521|title=PNN - Palestine News Network - Palestine on the table at World Social Forum in Kenya|website=english.pnn.ps|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled nikah jeung saurang dokter ngaranna Fayez Rashid (1950–2023) sarta matuh babarengan jeung dua anak lalakina, Bader jeung Bashar, di Amman, Yordania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irelandsown.net/leilakhalid2.html|title=Ireland's OWN: Women Freedom Fighters|last=Gould|first=Dawn-Michele|website=irelandsown.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna saurang anu teu ngagem ageman (irrelijius). Kisah hirupna kungsi dijadikeun pilem anu judulna ''Leila Khaled, Hijacker'', anu disutradaraan ku sineas Paléstina, Lina Makboul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=1027937&p=7551027|title=Subject Guides: Streaming Video Guides: Area Studies -- Middle East and North Africa|last=Kelshian|first=Rob|website=subjectguides.library.american.edu|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Pilem ieu munggaran dipidangkeun dina bulan Novémber 2005 dina acara ''International Documentary Film Festival'' di [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilakhaled.com/leila_frames.html|title=Leila Khaled - Hijacker|website=www.leilakhaled.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Leila Khaled: Hijacker (2005) {{!}} MUBI|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/leila-khaled-hijacker|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en}}</ref> Dina bulan Novémber 2017, Khaled ditolak asup ka kota [[Roma]], [[Italia]], di [[Bandara Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino]], sarta dipaksa kudu balik deui ka [[Amman]] lantaran manéhna mangrupa anggota ti kelompok anu dianggap organisasi téroris ku pamaréntah Italia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornaleditalia.org/news/cronaca/892943/Leila-Khaled-respinta-a-Fiumicino.html|title=Leila Khaled respinta a Fiumicino - giornaleditalia|website=www.ilgiornaleditalia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina pertengahan Séptémber 2020, Khaled dijadwalkeun pikeun nyarita dina konferensi virtual Zoom di ''San Francisco State University'' anu diayakeun ku Rabab Abdulhadi jeung Tomomi Kinukawa. Sanajan kitu, alatan lobina desakan tina koalisi kelompok [[Yahudi]] "End Jewish Hatred", pihak ''Zoom Video Communications'' bareng jeung YouTube sarta Facebook, ngalarang acara konferensi éta ngagunakeun aplikasi sarta platform vidéo maréhna, kalawan alesan patuh kana aturan kontrol ékspor, sanksi, jeung undang-undang anti-térorisme [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization|title=Zoom Draws a Line|last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|website=Inside Higher Ed|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/|title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled|last=Greschler|first=Gabriel|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == k1vz2cy779hd994hwgpmzwdm3cu02qy 709799 709798 2026-05-27T09:16:58Z Noerintan 31373 /* Référénsi */ 709799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Leila Khaled rised punch.jpg|jmpl|Leila Khaled]] '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kajadian Pangbajakan == === Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) === Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> === Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) === Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/331008|title=Unlawful Interference Boeing 707-458 4X-ATB, Sunday 6 September 1970|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/people-involved-and-affected/|title=The People Involved and Affected {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kahirupan kiwari == Dina sababaraha wawancara, Khaled kungsi nyebutkeun yén manéhna jadi resep ka Britania Raya ([[Inggris]]) gara-gara jalma mimiti anu ngalongok manéhna di jero panjara saurang patugas imigrasi malah nanya naha manéhna bisa datang ka éta nagara tanpa visa anu sah. Manéhna ogé jadi akrab jeung dua pulisi awéwé anu ditugaskeun keur ngajaga manéhna di [[Ealing]], sarta satuluyisna osok silih kirim surat. Khaled terus datang deui ka Inggris pikeun jadi panyatur nepi ka taun 2002. Sanajan kitu, dina taun 2005, kedutaan gedé Inggris nolak méré [[visa]] nalika manéhna diondang jadi panyatur dina acara ''Féile an Phobail'' di Belfast. Tungtungna, manéhna tetep bisa nyarita ka jalma-jalma di acara éta ngaliwatan sambungan vidéo (''video link'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/13953|title=A just solution is the way out of conflict - Leila Khaled {{!}} An Phoblacht|website=www.anphoblacht.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Nurutkeun Khaled, sabenerna euweuh anu ngaranna prosés perdamaian Arab-Israél. Manéhna nyatakeun, "Éta mah prosés politik anu kauntunganana aya di pihak Israél, lain keur urang. Maréhna nyepeng kabéh kartu keur maén, sedengkeun urang Paléstina euweuh keur prioritaskeun, komo deui kaayaan PLO keur teu ngahiji." Khaled ogé ngadukung gerakan politik Kurdi anu aya di sabudeureun ''Peoples' Democratic Party'' (HDP), sarta ngaitkeun kasaruaan nasib antara rahayat Paléstina jeung urang Kurdi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|title=Iconic liberation activist at HDP congress: Long live Palestine, long live Kurdistan!|last=English|first=Duvar|website=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|language=tr-TR|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/guncel/dbp-albay-i-dais-katletti-34323|title=DBP: Albay’ı DAİŞ katletti|website=ANF News|language=tr|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna mimiti aub kana dunya politik, jadi anggota Déwan Nasional Paléstina (''Palestinian National Council''), jeung remen mucunghul di acara ''World Social Forum''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200906257801/Governance/Features/The-activistocracy.html|title=InfoChange India News & Features development news India - The activistocracy|last=Administrator|website=infochangeindia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/dinamic.php?pagina=coletivas_280105_ing|title=Fórum Social Mundial|website=www.forumsocialmundial.org.br|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1521|title=PNN - Palestine News Network - Palestine on the table at World Social Forum in Kenya|website=english.pnn.ps|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled nikah jeung saurang dokter ngaranna Fayez Rashid (1950–2023) sarta matuh babarengan jeung dua anak lalakina, Bader jeung Bashar, di Amman, Yordania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irelandsown.net/leilakhalid2.html|title=Ireland's OWN: Women Freedom Fighters|last=Gould|first=Dawn-Michele|website=irelandsown.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna saurang anu teu ngagem ageman (irrelijius). Kisah hirupna kungsi dijadikeun pilem anu judulna ''Leila Khaled, Hijacker'', anu disutradaraan ku sineas Paléstina, Lina Makboul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=1027937&p=7551027|title=Subject Guides: Streaming Video Guides: Area Studies -- Middle East and North Africa|last=Kelshian|first=Rob|website=subjectguides.library.american.edu|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Pilem ieu munggaran dipidangkeun dina bulan Novémber 2005 dina acara ''International Documentary Film Festival'' di [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilakhaled.com/leila_frames.html|title=Leila Khaled - Hijacker|website=www.leilakhaled.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Leila Khaled: Hijacker (2005) {{!}} MUBI|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/leila-khaled-hijacker|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en}}</ref> Dina bulan Novémber 2017, Khaled ditolak asup ka kota [[Roma]], [[Italia]], di [[Bandara Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino]], sarta dipaksa kudu balik deui ka [[Amman]] lantaran manéhna mangrupa anggota ti kelompok anu dianggap organisasi téroris ku pamaréntah Italia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornaleditalia.org/news/cronaca/892943/Leila-Khaled-respinta-a-Fiumicino.html|title=Leila Khaled respinta a Fiumicino - giornaleditalia|website=www.ilgiornaleditalia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina pertengahan Séptémber 2020, Khaled dijadwalkeun pikeun nyarita dina konferensi virtual Zoom di ''San Francisco State University'' anu diayakeun ku Rabab Abdulhadi jeung Tomomi Kinukawa. Sanajan kitu, alatan lobina desakan tina koalisi kelompok [[Yahudi]] "End Jewish Hatred", pihak ''Zoom Video Communications'' bareng jeung YouTube sarta Facebook, ngalarang acara konferensi éta ngagunakeun aplikasi sarta platform vidéo maréhna, kalawan alesan patuh kana aturan kontrol ékspor, sanksi, jeung undang-undang anti-térorisme [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization|title=Zoom Draws a Line|last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|website=Inside Higher Ed|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/|title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled|last=Greschler|first=Gabriel|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} 84itllwbggfsg1h5iswucnvnt5x9mt4 709800 709799 2026-05-27T09:42:22Z Noerintan 31373 709800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Leila Khaled rised punch.jpg|jmpl|Leila Khaled]] '''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Keur leutik == Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&searchFor=Jansen|title=‘Palestinian patriot’ {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kajadian Pangbajakan == === Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) === Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> === Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) === Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/331008|title=Unlawful Interference Boeing 707-458 4X-ATB, Sunday 6 September 1970|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/people-involved-and-affected/|title=The People Involved and Affected {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Kahirupan kiwari == Dina sababaraha wawancara, Khaled kungsi nyebutkeun yén manéhna jadi resep ka Britania Raya ([[Inggris]]) gara-gara jalma mimiti anu ngalongok manéhna di jero panjara saurang patugas imigrasi malah nanya naha manéhna bisa datang ka éta nagara tanpa visa anu sah. Manéhna ogé jadi akrab jeung dua pulisi awéwé anu ditugaskeun keur ngajaga manéhna di [[Ealing]], sarta satuluyisna osok silih kirim surat. Khaled terus datang deui ka Inggris pikeun jadi panyatur nepi ka taun 2002. Sanajan kitu, dina taun 2005, kedutaan gedé Inggris nolak méré [[visa]] nalika manéhna diondang jadi panyatur dina acara ''Féile an Phobail'' di Belfast. Tungtungna, manéhna tetep bisa nyarita ka jalma-jalma di acara éta ngaliwatan sambungan vidéo (''video link'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/13953|title=A just solution is the way out of conflict - Leila Khaled {{!}} An Phoblacht|website=www.anphoblacht.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Nurutkeun Khaled, sabenerna euweuh anu ngaranna prosés perdamaian Arab-Israél. Manéhna nyatakeun, "Éta mah prosés politik anu kauntunganana aya di pihak Israél, lain keur urang. Maréhna nyepeng kabéh kartu keur maén, sedengkeun urang Paléstina euweuh keur prioritaskeun, komo deui kaayaan PLO keur teu ngahiji." Khaled ogé ngadukung gerakan politik Kurdi anu aya di sabudeureun ''Peoples' Democratic Party'' (HDP), sarta ngaitkeun kasaruaan nasib antara rahayat Paléstina jeung urang Kurdi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|title=Iconic liberation activist at HDP congress: Long live Palestine, long live Kurdistan!|last=English|first=Duvar|website=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|language=tr-TR|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/guncel/dbp-albay-i-dais-katletti-34323|title=DBP: Albay’ı DAİŞ katletti|website=ANF News|language=tr|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna mimiti aub kana dunya politik, jadi anggota Déwan Nasional Paléstina (''Palestinian National Council''), jeung remen mucunghul di acara ''World Social Forum''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200906257801/Governance/Features/The-activistocracy.html|title=InfoChange India News & Features development news India - The activistocracy|last=Administrator|website=infochangeindia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/dinamic.php?pagina=coletivas_280105_ing|title=Fórum Social Mundial|website=www.forumsocialmundial.org.br|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1521|title=PNN - Palestine News Network - Palestine on the table at World Social Forum in Kenya|website=english.pnn.ps|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Khaled nikah jeung saurang dokter ngaranna Fayez Rashid (1950–2023) sarta matuh babarengan jeung dua anak lalakina, Bader jeung Bashar, di Amman, Yordania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irelandsown.net/leilakhalid2.html|title=Ireland's OWN: Women Freedom Fighters|last=Gould|first=Dawn-Michele|website=irelandsown.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Manéhna saurang anu teu ngagem ageman (irrelijius). Kisah hirupna kungsi dijadikeun pilem anu judulna ''Leila Khaled, Hijacker'', anu disutradaraan ku sineas Paléstina, Lina Makboul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=1027937&p=7551027|title=Subject Guides: Streaming Video Guides: Area Studies -- Middle East and North Africa|last=Kelshian|first=Rob|website=subjectguides.library.american.edu|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Pilem ieu munggaran dipidangkeun dina bulan Novémber 2005 dina acara ''International Documentary Film Festival'' di [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilakhaled.com/leila_frames.html|title=Leila Khaled - Hijacker|website=www.leilakhaled.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Leila Khaled: Hijacker (2005) {{!}} MUBI|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/leila-khaled-hijacker|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en}}</ref> Dina bulan Novémber 2017, Khaled ditolak asup ka kota [[Roma]], [[Italia]], di [[Bandara Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino]], sarta dipaksa kudu balik deui ka [[Amman]] lantaran manéhna mangrupa anggota ti kelompok anu dianggap organisasi téroris ku pamaréntah Italia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornaleditalia.org/news/cronaca/892943/Leila-Khaled-respinta-a-Fiumicino.html|title=Leila Khaled respinta a Fiumicino - giornaleditalia|website=www.ilgiornaleditalia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Dina pertengahan Séptémber 2020, Khaled dijadwalkeun pikeun nyarita dina konferensi virtual Zoom di ''San Francisco State University'' anu diayakeun ku Rabab Abdulhadi jeung Tomomi Kinukawa. Sanajan kitu, alatan lobina desakan tina koalisi kelompok [[Yahudi]] "End Jewish Hatred", pihak ''Zoom Video Communications'' bareng jeung YouTube sarta Facebook, ngalarang acara konferensi éta ngagunakeun aplikasi sarta platform vidéo maréhna, kalawan alesan patuh kana aturan kontrol ékspor, sanksi, jeung undang-undang anti-térorisme [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization|title=Zoom Draws a Line|last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|website=Inside Higher Ed|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/|title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled|last=Greschler|first=Gabriel|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Dina Budaya Populér == Khaled kungsi dijadikeun objék lukisan potrét anu sakabéhna dijieun tina lipen, judulna "The Icon". Karya seni ieu dijieun ku seniman Amer Shomali ngagunakeun 14 warna jeung 3.500 lipstik. Lagu anu judulna "Like Leila Khaled Said" tina albeum ''Wilder'' (1981) bogana grup musik ''The Teardrop Explodes'' mangrupa lagu cinta keur Khaled. Nu nulis laguna, Julian Cope, nyebutkeun yén éta téh lagu cinta keur manéhna "sabab kuring mikir manéhna téh geulis pisan. Tapi kuring nyaho yén sakabéh carita éta sabenerna mah siga béja goréng."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://screamingsecrets.com/discography/tx_albums/html/a_5.html|title=TEARDROP EXPLODES DISCOGRAPHY {{!}} ALBUMS|website=screamingsecrets.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Nepi ka taun 2018, manéhna diabadikeun dina wujud lukisan témbok (mural) di ''International Wall'' di Jalan Falls, Belfast, Irlandia Kalér. Éta mural dijieun dumasar kana poto Khaled nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams keur nyepeng AK-47 kalayan aya bandéra Paléstina di tukangeunana. Gambar manéhna dipajang bareng jeung gambar pejuang Républik Irlandia, Oglach Charlie Hughes, sarta aya tulisan "Perjuangan Urang Bakal Terus Lumangsung". Déwan Kota Johannesburg ogé ngesahkeun kaputusan dina bulan Novémber 2018 pikeun ngarobah ngaran Jalan Sandton Drive di Johannesburg jadi Jalan Leila Khaled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/2018-12-01-fight-over-renaming-of-sandton-drive-after-palestinian-leila-khaled/|title=Fight over renaming of Sandton Drive after Palestinian Leila Khaled|last=MABOTJA|first=KGOPI|website=IOL|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Kantor konsulat Amérika Sarikat di Johannesburg perenahna aya di jalan éta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news/the-american-consulate-at-1-leila-khaled-drive|title=The American Consulate at 1 Leila Khaled Drive? {{!}} Politicsweb|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/817781/ramaphosa-steps-in-over-sandton-drive-name-change/|title=Ramaphosa steps in over Sandton Drive name change|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Nu nulis carita, Chris Boucher, nyebutkeun yén manéhna méré ngaran karakter pejuang liar "Leela" dina serial ''Doctor Who'' dumasar kana ngaran Khaled. Lagu kasapuluh dina albeum ''Friværdi'' anu dirilis tanggal 26 Séptémber 2005 ku grup band rock asal Dénmark, ''Magtens Korridorer'', miboga judul "Leila Khaled".<ref>{{Citation|title=Magtens Korridorer – Leila Khaled|url=https://genius.com/Magtens-korridorer-leila-khaled-lyrics|accessdate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Salian ti éta, ''Leila Khaled: Hijacker'' nyaéta pilem dokuméntér taun 2006 ngeunaan Leila Khaled anu dijieun ku sineas Swédia-Paléstina, Lina Makboul. Dina albeum ''Olive no Ki no Shita de'' anu dirilis taun 2007 ku panyanyi rock Jepang, Panta, aya lagu anu judulna "Leila's Ballade". Lirik ieu lagu ditulis ku urut anggota Tentara Beureum Jepang, Fusako Shigenobu, jeung anakna, Mei Shigenobu. Ngaran Khaled ogé disebut ku grup musik ''Fun-da-mental'' dina lagu "Mother India" dina CD ''Love India'' (2010) anu sumebar lega di Amérika Sarikat ngaliwatan Starbucks. Dina taun 2012, Khaled diondang kana acara paringetan 40 taun kajadian pambantaian Bandara Lod ku kelompok sayap kénca radikal Jepang di Kyoto. Dina acara éta, Panta nembangkeun lagu kasebut langsung di hareupeun Khaled. == Référénsi == {{reflist}} eb3nm49knpb8ix3bijmwhnntny6z5d8