Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 5323 710078 709723 2026-06-04T14:26:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kacamatan|nami=Pamarican |dati2=Kabupatén |nami dati2=Ciamis |lega= |pangeusi= |kalurahan= |nami camat= |kapadetan=- jiwa/km&sup2; |propinsi=Jawa Barat |website={{URL|https://kecamatan-pamarican.ciamiskab.go.id}} }} '''Pamarican''' nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Puseur pamaréntahan kacamatan ieu aya di Désa Pamarican. == Sajarah == Kacamatan Pamarican diadegkeun saprak taun 1945. Mimitina ngan ukur ngawengku 8 désa, ayeuna geus ngembang jadi 14 désa. == Géografi == Kacamatan Pamarican ayana di bagian tenggara Kabupatén Ciamis kalawan luas wilayah 107,76 km² dumasar data BPS taun 2023. Ketinggian wilayahna rupa-rupa ti 26 nepi ka 600 méter di luhur beungeut laut. == Iklim == Kacamatan Pamarican mibanda iklim tropis baseuh kalawan dua usum, nyaéta usum hujan jeung usum halodo. Suhu rata-rata sapopoé antara 22–31 °C kalawan kalembaban hawa anu cukup luhur, nyaéta 66–98%. Data iklim pangénggalna tiasa ditingali dina situs resmi [[Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, jeung Geofisika|BMKG]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prakiraan Cuaca Kacamatan Pamarican |url=https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.19 |publisher=BMKG |access-date=24 Méi 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS taun 2023, jumlah pangeusi Kacamatan Pamarican nyaéta 69.929 jiwa, kalawan kapadetan 648,9 jiwa/km² jeung rasio jenis kelamin 100,3. Rincian per désa: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Désa !! Laki-laki !! Perempuan !! Jumlah !! Persentase !! Kapadetan (/km²) !! Rasio JK |- | Sidamulih || 1.735 || 1.780 || 3.515 || 5,03% || 299,7 || 97,5 |- | Margajaya || 2.043 || 1.980 || 4.023 || 5,75% || 282,9 || 103,2 |- | Neglasari || 3.367 || 3.496 || 6.863 || 9,81% || 613,7 || 96,3 |- | Pamarican || 2.788 || 2.876 || 5.664 || 8,11% || 841,9 || 96,9 |- | Sukahurip || 2.587 || 2.532 || 5.119 || 7,32% || 549,5 || 102,2 |- | Kertahayu || 4.175 || 4.099 || 8.274 || 11,83% || 1.030,7 || 101,9 |- | Sukajadi || 3.158 || 3.026 || 6.184 || 8,86% || 1.657,6 || 104,4 |- | Sukamukti || 2.476 || 2.471 || 4.947 || 7,08% || 2.140,3 || 100,2 |- | Sidaharja || 2.010 || 1.885 || 3.895 || 5,57% || 972,1 || 106,6 |- | Bangunsari || 3.831 || 3.855 || 7.686 || 10,99% || 894,5 || 99,4 |- | Sukajaya || 2.146 || 2.238 || 4.384 || 6,27% || 736,6 || 95,9 |- | Bantarsari || 1.223 || 1.268 || 2.491 || 3,56% || 481,8 || 96,5 |- | Pasirnagara || 1.749 || 1.721 || 3.470 || 4,97% || 585,0 || 101,6 |- | Mekarmulya || 1.721 || 1.693 || 3.414 || 4,88% || 314,5 || 101,7 |- ! Jumlah !! 35.009 !! 34.920 !! 69.929 !! 100,00% !! 648,9 !! 100,3 |} == Pamaréntahan == === Babagian administratif === Kacamatan Pamarican diwangun ku 14 désa. Daptar désa sareng luas wilayah dumasar data taun 2023: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Désa !! Luas (km²) !! Persentase |- | Sidamulih || 11,73 || 10,89% |- | Margajaya || 14,22 || 13,20% |- | Neglasari || 11,20 || 10,39% |- | Pamarican || 6,73 || 6,25% |- | Sukahurip || 9,32 || 8,65% |- | Kertahayu || 8,02 || 7,44% |- | Sukajadi || 3,73 || 3,46% |- | Sukamukti || 2,31 || 2,14% |- | Sidaharja || 4,01 || 3,72% |- | Bangunsari || 8,59 || 7,97% |- | Sukajaya || 5,95 || 5,52% |- | Bantarsari || 5,17 || 4,80% |- | Pasirnagara || 5,93 || 5,50% |- | Mekarmulya || 10,85 || 10,07% |- ! Jumlah || 107,76 || 100,00% |} == Pertanian jeung Panggunaan Lahan == Dumasar data BPS taun 2020, luas panggunaan lahan di Kacamatan Pamarican nyaéta 13.346,32 ha, kalawan 2.916 ha sawah, 10.361,32 ha tanah kering, jeung 69 ha perairan umum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kecamatan Pamarican Dalam Angka 2024 |url=https://web-api.bps.go.id/download |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupatén Ciamis |access-date=24 Méi 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Budaya jeung Cagar Budaya == Di wilayah Kacamatan Pamarican aya reruntuhan candi Hindu di Kampung Kedungbangkong, Désa Sukajaya, caket walungan Ciseel. Candi ieu dipikawanoh ku masarakat satempat salaku '''Candi Ronggeng'''. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * [https://kecamatan-pamarican.ciamiskab.go.id Loka resmi Kacamatan Pamarican] {{Kabupatén Ciamis}} {{Pamarican, Ciamis}} {{Kacamatan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Jawa Kulon|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis|{{PAGENAME}}]] rw985v8tpdzah8qmb9ksiv5bsvxadu8 0 28430 710093 681062 2026-06-04T20:02:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:C solarcorona2003.gif|thumb|right|Naékna [[panonpoé]] nu dipintonkeun dina [[waktu nu disingket]]]]. '''Waktu''' ([[Tatakrama basa Sunda|basa Hormat]]: '''Waktos''') nyaéta bagian tina ''sistem'' ukuran pikeun ngabandingkeun lila lumangsungna kajadian-kajadian sarta selang antara kajadian-kajadian di maksud. Dina hal ieu, ''skala'' waktu mangrupa ''interval'' antara dua kaayaan/kajadian, atawa bisa mangrupa lila lumangsungna hiji kajadian. ''Skala' waktu diukur ku hijian [[detik]], [[menit]], [[jam]], [[poé]] ([[Senén]], [[Salasa]], [[Rebo]], [[Kemis]], [[Jumaah]], [[Saptu]], [[Ahad]]), [[bulan (pananggalan)|bulan]] ([[Januari]], [[Pébruari]], [[Maret]], [[April]], [[Méi]], [[Juni]], [[Juli]], [[Agustus]], [[Séptémber]], [[Oktober]], [[Nopémber]], [[Désémber]]), [[taun]], [[windu]], [[dékadeu]] (dasawarsa), [[abad]], [[milénium]] (alaf) sarta saterusna. [[Gambar:Wooden hourglass 3.jpg|thumb|right|Ngamalirna keusik dina jero hiji [[gelas jam]] bisa dipaké pikeun ngawaskeun waktu.]]<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Verhandelingen_van_het_Bataviaasch_genoo.html?hl=id&id=aENaAAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of JavaRigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =536}} Disungsi 28 Mei 2024</ref> Pikeun ngukur ''skala'' waktu anu lumangsung pohara gancang (dina jero dunya [[éléktronika]] sarta [[semikonduktor]]), lolobana jelema ngagunakeun [[hijian]] mili detik (sapersarébu detik), mikro detik (sapér hiji juta detik), nano detik (nanosecond), piko detik (picosecond), jeung saterusna. Dina dunya [[fisika]], diménsi waktu jeung diménsi ruang (panjang, lébar, sarta volume) mangrupa diménsi ukuran anu dasar, sajaba ti beurat jeung massa. Gabungan ti waktu, ruang sarta beurat kiwari bisa dipaké pikeun nyaritakeun sarta ngécéskeun rusiah alam sacara kuantitatif (dumasar kana hasil ukur). Contona tanaga ([[énergi]]) dinyatakeun dina hijian ukuran kg*(méter/detik)kwadrat atawa anu mindeng dipikawanoh nyaéta [[hijian]] watt*detik atawa [[joule]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} In [[physics]] and other sciences, ''time'' is considered one of the few [[fundamental unit|fundamental quantities]].<ref name="Trialogue">{{cite paper | author = Duff, Michael J. | coauthors = Okun, Lev B.; Veneziano, Gabriele | title = Trialogue on the number of fundamental constants | version = | publisher = Institute of Physics Publishing for SISSA/ISAS | month = March | year = 2002 | url = http://jhep.sissa.it/archive/papers/jhep032002023/jhep032002023.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2008-02-02 }} p. 17. "I only add to this the observation that relativity and quantum mechanics provide, in string theory, units of length and time which look, at present, more fundamental than any other."</ref> ''Time'' is used to define other quantities – such as [[velocity]] – and defining ''time'' in terms of such quantities would result in [[circular definition|circularity of definition]].<ref name="TrialogueP3">Duff, Okun, Veneziano, ''ibid.'' p. 3. "There is no well established terminology for the fundamental constants of Nature. … The absence of accurately defined terms or the uses (i.e. actually misuses) of ill-defined terms lead to confusion and proliferation of wrong statements."</ref> An [[operational definition]] of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the [[second]], has a high utility value in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition léaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be méasured. Investigations of a single continuum called [[space-time]] brings the nature of time into association with related questions into the nature of [[space]], questions that have their roots in the works of éarly students of [[natural philosophy]]. Among prominent philosophers, there are two distinct viewpoints on ''time''. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the [[universe]], a [[dimension]] in which events occur in [[sequence]]. [[Time travel]], in this view, becomes a possibility as other "times" persist like frames of a film strip, spréad out across the time line. [[Sir Isaac Newton]] subscribed to this [[Philosophical realism|realist]] view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as [[Absolute time and space|Newtonian time]].<ref name=Rynasiewicz> {{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/ |title=Newton's Views on Space, Time, and Motion |date=2004-08-12 |copyright=2004 |first=Robert : Johns Hopkins University |last=Rynasiewicz |publisher=Stanford University |work=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |quote=Newton did not regard space and time as genuine substances (as are, paradigmatically, bodies and minds), but rather as real entities with their own manner of existence as necessitated by God's existence... To paraphrase: Absolute, true, and mathematical time, from its own nature, passes equably without relation the [sic~to] anything external, and thus without reference to any change or way of measuring of time (e.g., the hour, day, month, or year). |accessdate=2008-01-10}} </ref><ref> {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/#3 |last=Markosian |first=Ned |title=Time |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002 Edition) |editor=Edward N. Zalta |quote=The opposing view, normally referred to either as “Platonism with Respect to Time” or as “Absolutism with Respect to Time,” has been defended by Plato, Newton, and others. On this view, time is like an empty container into which events may be placed; but it is a container that exists independently of whether or not anything is placed in it. |accessddate=2008-01-18}}</ref> The opposing view is that ''time'' does not refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instéad part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with [[space]] and [[number]]) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of [[Gottfried Leibniz]]<ref name=Burnham>{{cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/leib-met.htm#H7 |title=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) Metaphysics - 7. Space, Time, and Indiscernibles |first=Douglas : Staffordshire University |last=Burnham |year=2006 |work=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |quote=First of all, Leibniz finds the idea that space and time might be substances or substance-like absurd (see, for example, "Correspondence with Clarke," Leibniz's Fourth Paper, §8ff). In short, an empty space would be a substance with no properties; it will be a substance that even God cannot modify or destroy.... That is, space and time are internal or intrinsic features of the complete concepts of things, not extrinsic.... Leibniz's view has two major implications. First, there is no absolute location in either space or time; location is always the situation of an object or event relative to other objects and events. Second, space and time are not in themselves real (that is, not substances). Space and time are, rather, ideal. Space and time are just metaphysically illegitimate ways of perceiving certain virtual relations between substances. They are phenomena or, strictly speaking, illusions (although they are illusions that are well-founded upon the internal properties of substances).... It is sometimes convenient to think of space and time as something "out there," over and above the entities and their relations to each other, but this convenience must not be confused with reality. Space is nothing but the order of co-existent objects; time nothing but the order of successive events. This is usually called a relational theory of space and time. |accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> and [[Immanuel Kant]],<ref name=Mattey>{{cite web |url=http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/kant/TIMELEC.HTM |title=Critique of Pure Reason, Lecture notes: Philosophy 175 UC Davis |date=1997-01-22 |last=Mattey |first=G. J. : UC Davis |quote=What is correct in the Leibnizian view was its anti-metaphysical stance. Space and time do not exist in and of themselves, but in some sense are the product of the way we represent things. The are ideal, though not in the sense in which Leibniz thought they are ideal (figments of the imagination). The ideality of space is its mind-dependence: it is only a condition of sensibility.... Kant concluded "absolute space is not an object of outer sensation; it is rather a fundamental concept which first of all makes possible all such outer sensation."...Much of the argumentation pertaining to space is applicable, mutatis mutandis, to time, so I will not rehearse the arguments. As space is the form of outer intuition, so time is the form of inner intuition.... Kant claimed that time is real, it is "the real form of inner intuition." |accessdate=2008-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314201600/http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/kant/TIMELEC.HTM |date=2005-03-14 }}</ref><ref name=McCormick> {{cite web |title=Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Metaphysics : 4. Kant's Transcendental Idealism |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm#H4 |work=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |first=Matt : California State University, Sacramento |last=McCormick |year=2006 |quote=Time, Kant argues, is also necessary as a form or condition of our intuitions of objects. The idea of time itself cannot be gathered from experience because succession and simultaneity of objects, the phenomena that would indicate the passage of time, would be impossible to represent if we did not already possess the capacity to represent objects in time.... Another way to put the point is to say that the fact that the mind of the knower makes the a priori contribution does not mean that space and time or the categories are mere figments of the imagination. Kant is an empirical realist about the world we experience; we can know objects as they appear to us. He gives a robust defense of science and the study of the natural world from his argument about the mind's role in making nature. All discursive, rational beings must conceive of the physical world as spatially and temporally unified, he argues. |accessdate=2008-01-10}} </ref> holds that ''time'' is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself méasurable nor can it be traveled. Temporal méasurement has occupied scientists and [[technologist]]s, and was a prime motivation in [[navigation]] and [[astronomy]]. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the béat of a héart. Currently, the international unit of time, the [[second]], is defined in terms of radiation emitted by [[caesium]] atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("[[Time value of money|time is money]]") as well as personal value, due to an [[awareness]] of the limited time in éach day and in [[life expectancy|human lifespans]]. == Temporal measurement == Temporal méasurement, or [[chronometry]], takes two distinct period forms: the [[calendar]], a mathematical abstraction for calculating extensive periods of time,<ref name="Richards">{{cite book | title=Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History| last=Richards| first=E. G.| authorlink=| year=1998| pages=3-5| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> and the [[clock]], a concrete mechanism that counts the ongoing passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day, the calendar, for periods longer than a day. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point. === History of the calendar === {{utama|Calendar}} Artifacts from the [[Palaeolithic]] suggest that the moon was used to calculate time as éarly as 12,000, and possibly even 30,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref name="Rudgley" /> The [[Sumer]]ian civilization of approximately 2000 BC introduced the [[sexagesimal]] system based on the number 60. 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour – and possibly a calendar with 360 (60x6) days in a yéar (with a few more days added on). Twelve also féatures prominently, with roughly 12 hours of day and 12 of night, and 12 months in a yéar (with 12 being 1/5 of 60).<!--- use of 60 could not have appeared until people started using minutes - which they would not have done with sundials ---> The reforms of [[Julius Caesar]] in 45 BC put the [[Roman Empire|Roman world]] on a [[solar calendar]]. This [[Julian calendar]] was faulty in that its [[intercalation]] still allowed the astronomical [[solstice]]s and [[equinox]]es to advance against it by about 11 minutes per yéar. [[Pope Gregory XIII]] introduced a correction in 1582; the [[Gregorian calendar]] was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but is today the one in most common use around the world. === History of time measurement devices === [[Gambar:Sundial Taganrog.jpg|thumb|right|Horizontal [[sundial]] in [[Taganrog]] (1833)]] {{utama|History of timekeeping devices}}{{seealso|Clock}} A large variety of [[Measuring instrument|devices]] have been invented to méasure time. The study of these devices is called [[horology]]. An [[Egypt]]ian device dating to c.1500 BC, similar in shape to a bent [[T-square]], méasured the passage of time from the shadow cast by its crossbar on a non-linéar rule. The T was oriented éastward in the mornings. At [[noon]], the device was turned around so that it could cast its shadow in the evening direction.<ref>Barnett, Jo Ellen ''Time's Pendulum: The Quest to Capture Time - from Sundials to Atomic Clocks'' Plenum, 1998 ISBN 0-306-45787-3 p.28</ref> A [[sundial]] uses a [[gnomon]] to cast a shadow on a set of markings which were calibrated to the [[hour]]. The position of the shadow marked the hour in [[local time]]. The most accurate timekeeping devices of the ancient world were the [[water clock]] or ''clepsydra'', one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh [[Amenhotep I]] (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to méasure the hours even at night, but required manual timekeeping to replenish the flow of water. The [[Greeks]] and [[Chaldeans]] regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arab inventors]] and [[Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers|engineers]] in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages.<ref>Barnett, ''ibid'', p.37</ref> The Arab engineers also invented the first mechanical clocks to be driven by [[Maintaining power|weights]] and [[gear]]s in the 11th century.<ref name=Salim>Professor [[Salim Al-Hassani]] (2006), ''1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World'', FSTC, ISBN 0-9552426-0-6</ref><ref name="Where the heart is">[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=240 Where the heart is] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420075810/http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=240 |date=2008-04-20 }}, ''1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World'', 2006</ref><ref name=Hassan>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425010214/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles |date=2019-04-25 }}, ''History of Science and Technology in Islam''.</ref> Also in the 11th century, the [[List of Chinese inventions|Chinese inventors]] and [[History of science and technology in China|engineers]] invented the first mechanical clocks to be driven by an [[escapement]] mechanism. [[Gambar:Swatch Irony angle below.jpg|thumb|left|A contemporary [[quartz watch]]]] The [[hourglass]] uses the flow of sand to méasure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. [[Ferdinand Magellan]] used 18 glasses on éach ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522).<ref>Laurence Bergreen, ''Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe'', HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, ISBN 0-06-621173-5</ref> Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to méasure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. [[Richard of Wallingford]] (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical [[orrery]] about 1330.<ref>North, J. (2004) ''God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time''. Oxbow Books. ISBN 1-85285-451-0</ref><ref>Watson, E (1979) "The St Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford". ''Antiquarian Horology'' 372-384.</ref> The English word [[clock]] probably comes from the Middle Dutch word "klocke" which is in turn derived from the mediaeval Latin word "clocca", which is ultimately derived from Celtic, and is cognate with French, Latin, and German words that méan [[Bell (instrument)|bell]]. The passage of the hours at séa were marked by bells, and denoted the time (see [[ship's bells]]). The hours were marked by bells in the abbeys as well as at séa. [[Gambar:ChipScaleClock2 HR.jpg|thumb|A chip-scale atomic clock]] Clocks can range from [[watch]]es, to more exotic varieties such as the [[Clock of the Long Now]]. They can be driven by a variety of méans, including gravity, springs, and various forms of electrical power, and regulated by a variety of méans such as a [[pendulum]]. A [[chronometer]] is a portable timekeeper that meets certain precision standards. Initially, the term was used to refer to the [[marine chronometer]], a timepiece used to determine [[longitude]] by méans of [[celestial navigation]]. More recently, the term has also been applied to the [[chronometer watch]], a [[wristwatch]] that meets precision standards set by the Swiss agency [[COSC]]. The most accurate timekeeping devices are [[atomic clock]]s, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of yéars,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=e24ccfa7-44eb-40b7-8b67-daf8263569ff |title=New atomic clock can keep time for 200 million years: Super-precise instruments vital to deep space navigation |date=2008-02-16 |publisher=Vancouver Sun |accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the spin property of atoms as their basis, and since 1967, the International System of Méasurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of [[caesium]] atoms. [[International System of Units|SI]] defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of that radiation which corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the ¹³³Cs atom. Today, the [[Global Positioning System]] in coordination with the [[Network Time Protocol]] can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe. {{clear|right}} == Definitions and standards == <!-- BEGIN common units of time table --> {| class=wikitable align=right style="float:right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; font-size:90%" |+ Common units of time |- ! Unit !! Size!!Notes |- | [[picosecond]] || 0.000 000 000 001 seconds|| no way of accurately méasuring |- | [[nanosecond]] || 0.000 000 001 seconds|| |- | [[microsecond]] || 0.000 001 seconds|| |- | [[millisecond]] || 0.001 seconds|| |- | [[second]] || [[SI]] base unit|| |- | [[minute]] || 60 seconds|| |- | [[hour]] || 60 minutes|| |- | [[day]] || 24 hours|| |- | [[week]] || 7 days|| |- | [[fortnight]] || 14 days || 2 weeks |- | [[month]] || 28 to 31 days|| |- | [[Fiscal year|quarter]] || 3 months|| |- | [[year]] || 12 months|| |- | common [[year]] || 365 days || 52 weeks + 1 day |- | [[leap year]] || 366 days||52 weeks + 2 days |- | [[tropical year]] || 365.24219 days||average |- | [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian year]] || 365.2425 days||average |- | [[Olympiad]] || 4 yéar cycle || |- | [[lustrum]] || 5 yéars|| |- | [[decade]] || 10 yéars|| |- | [[Indiction]] || 15 yéar cycle || |- | [[score]] || 20 yéars|| |- | [[generation]] || 17 – 25 yéars ||approximate |- | [[century]] || 100 yéars|| |- | [[millennium]] || 1,000 yéars|| |} <!-- END common units of time table --> {{seealso|Time standard|Orders of magnitude (time)}} The [[SI base unit]] for time is the [[SI]] [[second]]. From the second, larger units such as the [[minute]], [[hour]] and [[day]] are defined, though they are "non-SI" units because they do not use the decimal system, and also because of the occasional need for a [[leap-second]]. They are, however, officially accepted for use ''with'' the International System. There are no fixed ratios between seconds and [[month]]s or [[year]]s as months and yéars have significant variations in length.<ref name="si_units">{{cite book | title = The International System of Units (SI), 7th Edition | url = http://www1.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/si-brochure.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | year = 1998 | author = Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Métre | accessdate = 2006-06-13}}</ref> The official SI definition of the second is as follows:<ref name="si_units"/><ref name="second">{{cite web | title = Base unit definitions: Second | url = http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/second.html | publisher = [[NIST]] | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> {{Bquote|The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the [[caesium]] 133 atom.}} {{clear|left}} At its 1997 meeting, the CIPM affirmed that this definition refers to a caesium atom in its ground state at a temperature of 0 K.<ref name="si_units"/> Previous to 1967, the second was defined as: {{Bquote|the fraction 1/31,556,925.9747 of the [[tropical year]] for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours [[ephemeris time]].}} {{clear|left}} The current definition of the second, coupled with the current definition of the [[metre]], is based on the [[special theory of relativity]], which affirms our [[space-time]] to be a [[Minkowski space]]. === World time === The méasurement of time is so critical to the functioning of modérn societies that it is coordinated at an international level. The basis for scientific time is a continuous count of seconds based on [[atomic clock]]s around the world, known as the [[International Atomic Time|International Atomic Time (TAI)]]. This is the yardstick for other time scales, including [[Coordinated Universal Time|Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)]], which is the basis for civil time. éarth is split up into a number of [[time zone]]s. Most time zones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention compute their local time as an offset from UTC or [[Greenwich Mean Time]]. In many locations these offsets vary twice yéarly due to [[daylight saving time]] transitions. === Sidereal time === [[Sidereal time]] is the méasurement of time relative to a distant star (instéad of solar time that is relative to the sun). It is used in astronomy to predict when a star will be overhéad. Due to the rotation of the éarth around the sun a sideréal day is slightly less than a solar day. === Chronology === {{utama|Chronology}} Another form of time méasurement consists of studying the [[past]]. Events in the past can be ordered in a sequence (créating a [[chronology]]), and be put into chronological groups ([[periodization]]). One of the most important systems of periodization is [[geologic time]], which is a system of periodizing the events that shaped the [[Earth]] and its life. Chronology, periodization, and interpretation of the past are together known as the study of [[history]]. [[Gambar:John Bydell - Engraving from the Goodly Primer.png|thumb|200px|Allegorical woodcut of Time, who "revealeth all things", guiding his daughter Truth away from the demon of Hypocrisy. John Byddell, 1535.]] == Time in religion and mythology == {{see|:Category:Time and fate deities}} In the [[Old Testament]] book [[Ecclesiastes]], traditionally ascribed to [[Solomon]] (970–928 BC), time (as the Hebrew word עדן, זמן ''`iddan(time) zĕman(season)'' is often translated) was traditionally regarded as a medium for the passage of [[predestination|predestined]] events. (Another word, זמן ''zman'', was current as meaning ''time fit for an event'', and is used as the modern [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] equivalent to the English word "time".) [[Gambar:HinduMeasurements.svg|thumb|left|110px|[[Hindu units of measurement|Hindu units of time]] shown [[logarithmic scale|logarithmically]] ]] <blockquote> There is an appointed time (''zman'') for everything. And there is a time (’êth) for every event under heaven–<br /> A time (''’êth'') to give birth, and a time to die; A time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted.<br /> A time to kill, and a time to heal; A time to tear down, and a time to build up.<br /> A time to weep, and a time to laugh; A time to mourn, and a time to dance.<br /> A time to throw stones, and a time to gather stones; A time to embrace, and a time to shun embracing.<br /> A time to search, and a time to give up as lost; A time to keep, and a time to throw away.<br /> A time to tear apart, and a time to sew together; A time to be silent, and a time to speak.<br /> A time to love, and a time to hate; A time for war, and a time for peace. – {{bibleverse||Ecclesiastes|3:1–8|}} </blockquote> === Linear and cyclical time === {{seealso|Time Cycles|Wheel of time}} In general, the [[Judaeo-Christian]] concept, based on the [[Bible]], is that time is linéar, with a beginning, the act of [[Creation myth|creation]] by [[God]]. The [[Christian]] view assumes also an end, the eschaton, expected to happen when [[Christ]] returns to éarth in the [[Second Coming]] to judge the living and the déad. This will be the consummation of the world and time. [[Augustine of Hippo|St Augustine]]'s ''[[City of God]]'' was the first developed application of this concept to world history. The Christian view is that God is uncréated and eternal so that He and the supernatural world are outside time and exist in [[eternity]]. Ancient cultures such as [[Incan]], [[Mayan]], [[Hopi]], and other Native American Tribes, plus the [[Babylonian]], [[Ancient Greek]], [[Hindu]], [[Buddhist]], [[Jainist]], and others have a concept of a [[wheel of time]], that regards time as [[social cycle theory|cyclical]] and [[quantic]] consisting of repéating ages that happen to every being of the Universe between birth and extinction. {{clear}} == Time in philosophy == {{utama|Philosophy of space and time}} The éarliest recorded [[African philosophy]] of time was expounded by the [[ancient Egypt]]ian thinker [[Ptahhotep]] (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said: "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit."{{Fact|date=May 2008}} The ''[[Vedas]]'', the éarliest texts on [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Hindu philosophy]] dating back to the late [[2nd millennium BC]], describe ancient [[Hindu cosmology]], in which the [[universe]] goes through repéated cycles of création, destruction and rebirth, with éach cycle lasting 4,320,000 yéars. [[Ancient philosophy|Ancient]] [[Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]], including [[Parmenides]] and [[Heraclitus]], wrote essays on the nature of time.<ref>Dagobert Runes, ''Dictionary of Philosophy'', p. 318</ref> In Book 11 of [[St. Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine's]] ''[[Confessions]]'', he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He settles on time being defined more by what it is not than what it is.<ref>St. Augustine, ''Confessions'', Book 11. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/augustine/Pusey/book11 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524224750/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/augustine/Pusey/book11 |date=2009-05-24 }} (Accessed 5/26/07).</ref> In contrast to ancient Greek philosophers who believed that the universe had an infinite past with no beginning, [[Medieval philosophy|medieval philosophers]] and [[Theology|theologians]] developed the concept of the universe having a finite past with a beginning. This view was inspired by the [[creation myth]] shared by the three [[Abrahamic religions]]: [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. The [[Christian philosophy|Christian philosopher]], [[John Philoponus]], presented the first such argument against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past. However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the [[Early Islamic philosophy|early Muslim philosopher]], [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus); the [[Jewish philosophy|Jewish philosopher]], [[Saadia Gaon]] (Saadia ben Joseph); and the [[Kalam|Muslim theologian]], [[Al-Ghazali]] (Algazel). They developed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the "argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite", which states:<ref name=Craig>{{citation|title=Whitrow and Popper on the Impossibility of an Infinite Past|first=William Lane|last=Craig|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science|volume=30|issue=2|date=June 1979|pages=165-170 [165-6]}}</ref> :"An actual infinite cannot exist." :"An infinite temporal regress of events is an actual infinite." :"{{Unicode|∴}} An infinite temporal regress of events cannot exist." The second argument, the "argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition", states:<ref name=Craig/> :"An actual infinite cannot be completed by successive addition." :"The temporal series of past events has been completed by successive addition." :"{{Unicode|∴}} The temporal series of past events cannot be an actual infinite." Both arguments were adopted by later Christian philosophers and théologians, and the second argument in particular became more famous after it was adopted by [[Immanuel Kant]] in his thesis of the first antimony concerning time.<ref name=Craig/> [[Isaac Newton]] believed time and [[space]] form a container for events, which is as réal as the [[Object (philosophy)|objects]] it contains. {{quotation|Absolute, true, and mathematical time, in and of itself and of its own nature, without reference to anything external, flows uniformly and by another name is called duration. Relative, apparent, and common time is any sensible and external measure (precise or imprecise) of duration by means of motion; such a measure – for example, an hour, a day, a month, a year – is commonly used instead of true time.|''Principia''<ref name="newton">{{cite book | last = Newton | first = Isaac | authorlink = Isaac Newton | title = The Principia, 3rd edition | year = 1726}} Translated by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1999.</ref>}} In contrast to Newton's belief in absolute space, and a precursor to Kantian time, [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] believed that time and space are relational.<ref>Gottfried Martin, ''Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science''</ref> The differences between Leibniz's and Newton's interpretations came to a héad in the famous [[The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence|Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence]]. Leibniz thought of time as a fundamental part of an [[Abstract structure|abstract]] conceptual framework, together with [[space]] and [[number]], within which we sequence events, [[quantity|quantify]] their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, ''time'' does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. [[Immanuel Kant]], in the ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'', described time as an ''[[A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)|a priori]]'' intuition that allows us (together with the other ''a priori'' intuition, [[space]]) to comprehend sense experience.<ref name="kant">{{cite book | last = Kant | first = Immanuel | authorlink = Immanuel Kant | title = The Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd edition | year = 1787}} translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, eBooks@Adelaide, 2004 - http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16p/k16p15.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007061723/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16p/k16p15.html |date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as [[Substance theory|substances]], but rather both are elements of a systematic mental [[framework]] that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Spatial [[measurement]]s are used to [[quantity|quantify]] how far apart [[object (philosophy)|objects]] are, and temporal méasurements are used to quantify how far apart [[Phenomenon|events]] occur. In [[Existentialism]], time is considered fundamental to the question of [[being]],{{Fact|date=September 2007}} in particular by the philosopher [[Martin Heidegger]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}} (See [[Ontology]]). [[Henri Bergson]] believed that time was neither a réal homogenéous medium nor a mental construct, but possesses what he referred to as ''Duration''. Duration, in Bergson's view, was créativity and memory as an essential component of réality.<ref>Bergson, Henri (1907) ''Creative Evolution''. trans. by Arthur Mitchell. Mineola: Dover, 1998.</ref> === Time as "unreal" === In 5th century BC [[Greece]], [[Antiphon (person)|Antiphon]] the [[Sophist]], in a fragment preserved from his chief work ''On Truth'' held that: ''"Time is not a reality (hypostasis), but a concept (noêma) or a measure (metron)."'' [[Parmenides]] went further, maintaining that time, motion, and change were illusions, léading to the [[Zeno's paradoxes|paradoxes]] of his follower [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Harry Foundalis|title=You are about to disappear|url=http://www.foundalis.com/phi/WhyTimeFlows.htm|accessdate=2007-04-27}}</ref> Time as illusion is also a common theme in [[Buddhist]] thought,<ref>{{cite web|title=Buddhism and the illusion of time|url=http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhism_and_the_illusion_of_time.htm|accessdate=2007-04-27|author=Tom Huston}}</ref> and some modérn philosophers have carried on with this theme. [[J. M. E. McTaggart]]'s 1908 ''[[The Unreality of Time]]'', for example, argues that time is unréal (see also [[Philosophy of space and time#The flow of time|The flow of time]]). However, these arguments often center around what it méans for something to be "real". modérn physicists generally consider time to be as "real" as space, though others such as [[Julian Barbour]] in his ''[[The End of Time]]'' argue that quantum equations of the universe take their true form when expressed in the timeless [[configuration space]]realm containing every possible "Now" or momentary configuration of the universe, which he terms 'platonia'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Time is an illusion?|url=http://physicsandphysicists.blogspot.com/2007/03/time-is-illusion.html|accessdate=2007-04-27}}</ref> (See also: [[Eternalism (philosophy of time)]].) == Time in the physical sciences == {{utama|Time in physics}} From the age of [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] up until [[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] profound reinterpretation of the physical concepts associated with time and space, time was considered to be "absolute" and to flow "equably" (to use the words of Newton) for all observers.<ref>Herman M. Schwartz, ''Introduction to Special Relativity'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968, hardcover 442 pages, see ISBN 0-88275-478-5 (1977 edition), pp. 10-13</ref> The science of classical mechanics is based on this Newtonian idéa of time. Einstein, in his [[Special relativity|special theory of relativity]],<ref>A. Einstein, H. A. Lorentz, H. Weyl, H. Minkowski, ''The Principle of Relativity'', Dover Publications, Inc, 2000, softcover 216 pages, ISBN 0-486-60081-5, See pp. 37-65 for an English translation of Einstein's original 1905 paper.</ref> postulated the constancy and finiténess of the speed of light for all observers. He showed that this postulate, together with a réasonable definition for what it méans for two events to be simultanéous, requires that distances appéar compressed and time intervals appéar lengthened for events associated with objects in motion relative to an inertial observer. [[Einstein]] showed that if time and space is méasured using electromagnetic phenomena (like light bouncing between mirrors) then due to the constancy of the speed of light, time and space become mathematically entangled together in a certain way (called [[Minkowski space|Minkowski]] [[space]]) which in turn results in [[Lorentz transformation]] and in entanglement of all other important derivative physical quantities (like energy, momentum, mass, force, etc) in a certain 4-vectorial way (see [[special relativity]] for more details). {{Classical mechanics|cTopic=Fundamental concepts}} === Time in classical mechanics === In [[classical mechanics]] Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to éach other produce a mathematical concept of time that works pretty well for describing the everyday phenomena of most péople's experience. === Time in modern physics === In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that time appéars to elapse at different rates relative to different observers in motion relative to one another. {{clear}} [[Gambar:World line2.svg|250px|right|thumb|Two-dimensional space depicted in three-dimensional [[spacetime]]. The past and future [[light cone]]s are absolute, the "present" is a relative concept different for observers in relative motion.]] === Spacetime === {{utama|Spacetime}} modérn [[physics]] views the curvature of [[spacetime]] around an object as much a féature of that object as are its [[mass]] and [[volume]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Time has historically been closely related with [[space]], the two together comprising [[spacetime]] in [[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] [[special relativity]] and [[general relativity]]. According to these théories, the concept of time depends on the [[inertial frame of reference|spatial reference frame of the observer]], and the human perception as well as the méasurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Even the temporal order of events can change, but the past and future are defined by the backward and forward [[light cone]]s, which never change.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The [[past]] is the set of events that can send light signals to the observer, the [[future]] the events to which the observer can send light signals. All else is non-observable and within that set of events the very time-order differs for different observers.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} === Time dilation === [[Gambar:relativity of simultaneity (color).png|thumb|[[Relativity of simultaneity]]: Event B is simultanéous with A in the green reference frame, but it occurred before in the blue frame, and will occur later in the red frame.]] {{utama|Time dilation}} "Time is nature's way of keeping everything from happening at once". This quote, attributed variously to [[Einstein]], [[John Archibald Wheeler]], and [[Woody Allen]], says that time is what separates [[Causality (physics)|cause and effect]]. Einstein showed that péople traveling at different speeds, whilst agreeing on cause and effect, will méasure different time separations between events and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are minute unless one is traveling at a speed close to that of light, the effect becomes pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Many [[subatomic particle]]s exist for only a fixed fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but some that travel close to the speed of light can be méasured to travel further and survive much longer than expected (a [[muon]] is one example). According to the [[Special relativity|special theory of relativity]], in the high-speed particle's [[Inertial reference frame|frame of reference]], it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its [[mean lifetime]], and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to "slow down" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seems to shorten. Even in Newtonian terms time may be considered the fourth dimension of motion; but Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or "warped") by high-speed motion. Einstein (''The Meaning of Relativity''): "Two [[Spacetime#Basic concepts|events]] taking place at the points A and B of a system K are simultaneous if they appear at the same instant when observed from the middle point, M, of the interval AB. Time is then defined as the ensemble of the indications of similar clocks, at rest relatively to K, which register the same simultaneously." Einstein wrote in his book, ''Relativity'', that [[Relativity of simultaneity|simultaneity is also relative]], i.e., two events that appéar simultanéous to an observer in a particular inertial reference frame need not be judged as simultanéous by a second observer in a different inertial frame of reference. === Relativistic time versus Newtonian time === [[Gambar:Galilean transform of world line.gif|left|framed|Views of spacetime along the [[world line]] of a rapidly accelerating observer in a Newtonian universe. The events ("dots") that pass the horizontal line are the events current to the observer.]] [[Gambar:Lorentz transform of world line.gif|right|framed|Views of spacetime along the [[world line]] of a rapidly accelerating observer in a relativistic universe. The events ("dots") that pass the two diagonal lines in the bottom half of the image (the past [[light cone]] of the observer in the origin) are the events visible to the observer.]] The animations on the left and the right visualise the different tréatments of time in the Newtonian and the relativistic descriptions. At héart of these differences are the [[Galilean transformation|Galilean]] and [[Lorentz transformation]]s applicable in the Newtonian and relativistic théories, respectively. In both figures, the vertical direction indicates time. The horizontal direction indicates distance (only one spatial dimension is taken into account), and the thick dashed curve is the [[spacetime]] trajectory ("[[world line]]") of the observer. The small dots indicate specific (past and future) events in spacetime. The slope of the world line (deviation from being vertical) gives the relative velocity to the observer. Note how in both pictures the view of spacetime changes when the observer accelerates. In the Newtonian description these changes are such that ''time'' is absolute: the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event occurs in the 'now' (i.e. whether an event passes the horizontal line through the observer). However, in the relativistic description the ''observability of events'' is absolute: the movements of the observer influences whether an event passes the light cone of the observer. Notice that with the change from a Newtonian to a relativistic description, the concept of ''absolute time'' is no longer applicable: events move up-and-down in the figure depending on the acceleration of the observer. === Arrow of time === {{utama|Arrow of time}} Time appéars to have a direction – the past lies behind, fixed and incommutable, while the future lies ahéad and is not necessarily fixed. Yet the majority of the laws of physics don't provide this [[arrow of time]]. The exceptions include the [[Second law of thermodynamics]], which states that [[entropy]] must incréase over time (see [[Entropy (arrow of time)|Entropy]]); the [[Physical cosmology|cosmological]] arrow of time, which points away from the [[Big Bang]], and the radiative arrow of time, caused by [[light]] only traveling forwards in time. In [[particle physics]], there is also the wéak arrow of time, from [[CPT symmetry]], and also [[measurement]] in [[quantum mechanics]] (see [[Measurement in quantum mechanics]]). === Quantised time === {{seealso|Chronon}} Time quantization is a hypothetical concept. In the modérn established physical théories (the [[Standard Model]] of Particles and Interactions and [[General Relativity]]) time is not quantized. [[Planck time]] (~ [[1 E-44 s|5.4 × 10⁻⁴⁴]] seconds) is the unit of time in the system of [[natural units]] known as [[Planck units]]. Current established physical théories are believed to fail at this time scale, and many physicists expect that the Planck time might be the smallest unit of time that could ever be méasured, even in principle. Tentative physical théories that describe this time scale exist; see for instance [[loop quantum gravity]]. == Time and the Big Bang == [[Stephen Hawking]] in particular has addressed a connection between time and the [[Big Bang]]. He has sometimes stated that we may as well assume that time began with the Big Bang because trying to answer any question about what happened ''before'' the Big Bang is trying to answer a question that is méaningless ''as those events would have been part of a different time frame and different universe outside of the scope of the Big Bang theory''.<ref name=BOT-lecture>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/bot.html |title=The Beginning of Time |publisher=University of Cambridge |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |quote=The conclusion of this lecture is that the universe has not existed forever. Rather, the universe, and time itself, had a beginning in the Big Bang, about 15 billion years ago. |accessdate=2008-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228050500/http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/bot.html |date=2007-12-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2005-06/feb/27.shtml |title=Professor Stephen Hawking lectures on the origin of the universe |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |date=2006-02-27 |publisher=University of Oxford |quote=Suppose the beginning of the universe was like the South Pole of the earth, with degrees of latitude playing the role of time. The universe would start as a point at the South Pole. As one moves north, the circles of constant latitude, representing the size of the universe, would expand. To ask what happened before the beginning of the universe would become a meaningless question because there is nothing south of the South Pole.' |accessdate=2008-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514023137/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2005-06/feb/27.shtml |date=2007-05-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghandchi.com/312-SpaceEng.htm |title=Space and New Thinking |first=Sam : Editor/Publisher |last=Ghandchi |date=2004-01-16 |quote=and as Stephen Hawking puts it, asking what was before Big Bang is like asking what is North of North Pole, a meaningless question. |accessdate=2008-01-10 }}</ref> [[Aristotelian]] philosopher [[Mortimer J. Adler]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://radicalacademy.com/adlertheology1.htm |title=Natural Theology, Chance, and God |first=Mortimer J., Ph.D. |last=Adler |quote=Hawking could have avoided the error of supposing that time had a beginning with the Big Bang if he had distinguished time as it is measured by physicists from time that is not measurable by physicists.... an error shared by many other great physicists in the twentieth century, the error of saying that what cannot be measured by physicists does not exist in reality. |accessdate=2008-01-10 }} {{cite encyclopedia |title=The Great Ideas Today |encyclopedia=Encylopaedia Britannica |year=1992 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://radicalacademy.com/adlertheology2.htm |title=Natural Theology, Chance, and God |first=Mortimer J., Ph.D. |last=Adler |quote=Where Einstein had said that what is not measurable by physicists is of no interest to them, Hawking flatly asserts that what is not measurable by physicists does not exist -- has no reality whatsoever.<br />With respect to time, that amounts to the denial of psychological time which is not measurable by physicists, and also to everlasting time -- time before the Big Bang -- which physics cannot measure. Hawking does not know that both Aquinas and Kant had shown that we cannot rationally establish that time is either finite or infinite. |accessdate=2008-01-10 }} {{cite encyclopedia |title=The Great Ideas Today |encyclopedia=Encylopaedia Britannica |year=1992 }} </ref> has criticized some expositions that Hawking has given stating that time didn't exist before the big bang. Hawking, in ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'' and elsewhere, along with several other modérn physicists, has stated his position more cléarly and less controversially: that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame.<ref name=BOT-lecture-B>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/bot.html |title=The Beginning of Time |publisher=University of Cambridge |first=Stephen |last=Hawking |quote=Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. This kind of beginning to the universe, and of time itself, is very different to the beginnings that had been considered earlier. |accessdate=2008-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228050500/http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/bot.html |date=2007-12-28 }}</ref> Scientists have come to some agreement on descriptions of events that happened 10⁻³⁵ seconds after the Big Bang, but generally agree that descriptions about what happened before one [[Planck time]] (5 × 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds) after the Big Bang will likely remain pure speculation. === Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang === <!-- article is about TIME, not about the Big Bang. This section needs to go to [[Big Bang]] article --> [[Gambar:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg|right|300px|thumb|A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion of the [[metric tensor|metric]] seen on the left. Image from [[NASA]], 2006.]] While the Big Bang modél is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the éarliest moments of the universe's history. The [[Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems]] require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these théorems assume that [[general relativity]] is correct, but general relativity must bréak down before the universe réaches the [[Planck temperature]], and a correct tréatment of [[quantum gravity]] may avoid the singularity.<ref>{{cite book | author=Hawking, Stephen; and Ellis, G. F. R. | title = The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time | location= Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1973 |id = ISBN 0-521-09906-4}}</ref> There may also be parts of the universe well beyond what can be observed in principle. If inflation occurred this is likely, for exponential expansion would push large regions of space beyond our observable horizon. Some proposals, éach of which entails untested hypotheses, are: * modéls including the [[Hartle-Hawking state|Hartle-Hawking boundary condition]] in which the whole of space-time is finite; the Big Bang does represent the limit of time, but without the need for a singularity.<ref>{{cite journal | author=[[James Hartle|J. Hartle]] and [[Stephen Hawking|S. W. Hawking]] | title=Wave function of the universe | journal=Phys. Rev. D | volume=28 | pages=2960 | year=1983 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960}}</ref> * [[brane cosmology]] modéls<ref>{{cite journal | author=Langlois, David | title=Brane cosmology: an introduction | year=2002 | id={{arxiv|archive=hep-th|id=0209261}} }}</ref> in which inflation is due to the movement of branes in [[string theory]]; the pre-big bang modél; the [[ekpyrotic]] modél, in which the Big Bang is the result of a collision between branes; and the [[cyclic model]], a variant of the ekpyrotic modél in which collisions occur periodically.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Linde | first=Andre | year=2002 | title=Inflationary Theory versus Ekpyrotic/Cyclic Scenario | id={{arxiv|archive=hep-th|id=0205259}} }}</ref><ref name="rebirth">{{cite news | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060508_mm_cyclic_universe.html | title=Recycled Universe: Theory Could Solve Cosmic Mystery | publisher=[[Space.com]] | date=[[8 May]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref><ref name="rebirth2">{{cite web | url=http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/Bojowald6-2007.htm | title=What Happened Before the Big Bang? | accessdate=2007-07-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704150957/http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/Bojowald6-2007.htm |date=2007-07-04 }}</ref> * [[chaotic inflation]], in which inflation events start here and there in a random quantum-gravity foam, éach léading to a ''bubble universe'' expanding from its own big bang.<ref>{{cite journal | author = A. Linde |title = Eternal chaotic inflation | journal = Mod. Phys. Lett. |volume = A1 |year =1986 | pages=81}}<br />{{cite journal | author = A. Linde |title = Eternally existing self-reproducing chaotic inflationary universe | journal = Phys. Lett. |volume = B175 |year =1986|pages=395–400}}</ref> Proposals in the last two categories see the Big Bang as an event in a much larger and older universe, or [[multiverse]], and not the literal beginning. == Time travel == {{utama|Time travel}} {{seealso|Time travel in fiction|Grandfather paradox}} Time travel is the concept of moving backwards and/or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through [[space]] and different than the "normal" flow of time to an éarthbound observer. Although time travel has been a [[plot device]] in [[fiction]] since the 19th century, and one-way travel into the future is arguably possible given the phenomenon of [[time dilation]] in the [[theory of relativity]], it is currently unknown whether the [[laws of physics]] would allow time travel to the past. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a [[time machine]]. A central problem with time travel to the past is the violation of [[causality]]; should an effect precede its cause, it would give rise to the possibility of [[temporal paradox]]. Some interpretations of time travel resolve this by accepting the possibility of travel between [[Multiverse (science)|parallel realities]] or [[universe]]s. Théory would point toward there having to be a physical [[dimension]] in which one could travel to, where the [[present]] (i.e. the point that which you are léaving) would be present at a point fixed in either the past or future. Seeing as this théory would be dependent upon the théory of a [[multiverse]], it is uncertain how or if it would be possible to just prove the possibility of time travel. == Perception of time == === Time in psychology === {{see also|Mental chronometry|Sense of time}} Even in the presence of timepieces, different individuals may judge an identical length of time to be passing at different rates.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Commonly, this is referred to as time seeming to "fly" (a period of time seeming to pass faster than possible) or time seeming to "drag" (a period of time seeming to pass slower than possible). The psychologist [[Jean Piaget]] called this form of time perception "lived time."{{Fact|date=February 2008}} This common experience was used to familiarize the general public to the idéas presented by [[Einstein]]'s théory of relativity in a 1930 cartoon by [[Sidney "George" Strube]]:<ref name="Priestley">{{cite book | last = Priestley | first = J. B. | authorlink = J. B. Priestley | title = Man and Time | publisher = Crescent Books | location = New York | year = 1964 | pages = 96 | doi = | isbn = }}</ref><ref name="Sunrise">{{cite web | last = Sunrise | first = | title = Unified Field Theory: A new interpretation | work = Chapter 2 - The Development of the Unified Field Theory, pg. 31 | publisher = Sunrise Information Services | year = 2008 | url = http://www.sunrisepage.com/uft/history.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913090225/http://www.sunrisepage.com/uft/history.pdf |date=2009-09-13 }}</ref> {{quotation|'''Man:''' Well, it's like this,—supposing I were to sit next to a pretty girl for half an hour it would seem like half a minute,—<br />'''Einstein:''' Braffo! You the idea haf! [''[[sic]]'']<br />'''Man:''' But if I were to sit on a hot stove for two seconds then it would seem like two hours.}} A form of temporal illusion verifiable by experiment is the [[kappa effect]],<ref name="Wada">Wada Y, Masuda T, Noguchi K, 2005, "Temporal illusion called 'kappa effect' in event perception" Perception 34 ECVP Abstract Supplement</ref> whereby time intervals between visual events are perceived as relatively longer or shorter depending on the relative spatial positions of the events. In other words: the perception of temporal intervals appéars to be directly affected, in these cases, by the perception of spatial intervals. Time also appéars to pass more quickly as one gets older.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} [[Stephen Hawking]] suggests that the perception of time is a ratio: ''Unit of Time : Time Lived''.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} For example, one hour to a six-month-old person would be approximately "1:4032", while one hour to a 40-yéar-old would be "1:349,440". Therefore an hour appéars much longer to a young child than to an aged adult, even though the méasure of time is the same. === Time in altered states of consciousness === Altered states of consciousness are sometimes characterized by a different estimation of time. Some psychoactive substances – such as [[entheogen]]s – may also dramatically alter a person's temporal judgement. When viewed under the influence of such substances as [[LSD]], [[psychedelic mushrooms]] and [[peyote]], a clock may appéar to be a strange reference point and a useless tool for méasuring the passage of events as it does not correlate with the user's experience. At higher doses, time may appéar to slow down, stop, speed up, go backwards and even seem out of sequence. A typical thought might be "I can't believe it's only 8 o'clock, but then again, what does 8 o'clock mean?" As the boundaries for experiencing time are removed, so is its relevance. Many users claim this unbounded timelessness feels like a glimpse into spiritual infinity. To imagine that one exists somewhere "outside" of time is one of the hallmark experiences of a psychedelic voyage.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} [[cannabis (drug)|Marijuana]], a milder psychedelic, may also distort the perception of time to a lesser degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_effects.shtml |title=Cannabis Effects |accessdate=2008-02-15 |work=Erowid |quote=Time sense altered: cars seem like they are moving too fast, time dilation and compression are common at higher doses.}}</ref> The practice of [[meditation]], central to all Buddhist traditions, takes as its goal the reflection of the mind back upon itself, thus altering the subjective experience of time; the so called, 'entering the now', or 'the moment'.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} === Culture === Culture is another variable contributing to the perception of time. Anthropologist [[Benjamin Lee Whorf]] reported after studying the [[Hopi]] cultures that: "… the Hopi language is seen to contain no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions or that refer directly to what we call “time”, or to past, present, or future…"<ref>Carroll, John B. (ed.)(1956). ''Language Thought and Reality. Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf''. MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-262-73006-5 9780262730068</ref> Whorf's assertion has been challenged and modified. Pinker debunks Whorf's claims about time in the Hopi language, pointing out that the anthropologist Malotki (1983) has found that the Hopi do have a concept of time very similar to that of other cultures; they have units of time, and a sophisticated calendar.<ref>{{Citation | last = Parr-Davies | first = Neil | author-link = | title = The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A Critique | publisher = [[Aberystwyth University]] | date = April 2001 | year = 2001 | url = http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/njp0001.html | accessdate = [[2008-02-02]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520182627/http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/njp0001.html |date=2007-05-20 }}</ref> == Use of time == {{see also|Time management|Time discipline}} In [[sociology]] and [[anthropology]], [[time discipline]] is the general name given to [[society|social]] and [[economics|economic]] rules, conventions, customs, and expectations governing the méasurement of time, the social currency and awareness of time méasurements, and péople's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others. The use of time is an important issue in understanding [[human behaviour]], [[education]], and [[travel behaviour]]. [[Time use research]] is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with [[technology]], as the [[television]] or the [[Internet]] créated new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in [[transport]], has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period of time. This has led to the disputed [[time budget hypothesis]]. [[Time management]] is the organization of tasks or events by first estimating how much time a task will take to be completed, when it must be completed, and then adjusting events that would interfere with its completion so that completion is réached in the appropriate amount of time. Calendars and day planners are common examples of time management tools. [[Arlie Russell Hochschild]] and [[Norbert Elias]] have written on the use of time from a sociological perspective. == Tempo ogé == [[Gambar:Le Temps.JPG|thumb|Time's mortal aspect is personified in this bronze statue by [[Charles van der Stappen]]]] {{portal|Time|MontreGousset001.jpg}} :''See the Time [[#Navigation templates|navigation templates]] below for an exhaustive list of related articles.'' === Books === * ''[[A Brief History of Time]]'' * ''[[About Time (book)|About Time]]'' * ''[[An Experiment with Time]]'' === Organizations === ''Leading scholarly organizations for researchers on the history and technology of time and timekeeping'' * [[Antiquarian Horological Society]] - AHS (United Kingdom) * [[Association Française des Amateurs d'Horlogerie Ancienne]] - AFAHA (France) * [[Chronometrophilia]] (Switzerland) * [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie]] - DGC (Germany) * [[HORA]] Associazione Italiana Cultori di Orologeria Antica (Italy) * [[National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors]] - NAWCC (United States of America) {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=25%}} === Miscellaneous arts and sciences === * [[Anachronistic]] * [[Change]] * [[Date and time notation by country]] * [[List of cycles]] * [[Network Time Protocol]] (NTP) * [[Nonlinear (arts)]] * [[Philosophy of physics]] * [[Rate (mathematics)]] {{col-break|width=25%}} === Miscellaneous units of time === * [[Fiscal year]] * [[Half-life]] * [[Hexadecimal time]] * [[Season]] * [[Tithi]] * [[Unix epoch]] {{col-end}} == Notes and references == {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}} {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == * {{cite book | authorlink = Julian Barbour | last = Barbour | first = Julian | title = The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics | Publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-19-514592-5 |}} * {{cite book | last = Das | first = Tushar Kanti | title = The Time Dimension: An Interdisciplinary Guide | year = 1990 | location = New York | publisher = Praeger | id=ISBN 0-275-92681-8 }}- Reséarch bibliography * {{cite book | authorlink = Paul Davies | last = Davies | first = Paul | title=About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution | year = 1996|id=ISBN 0-684-81822-1}} * {{cite book | authorlink = Richard Feynman | last = Feynman | first = Richard | title=The Character of Physical Law | year = 1994|origyear=1965|location=Cambridge (Mass)|publisher=The MIT Press|id=ISBN 0-262-56003-8|pages=108-126|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5277}} * {{cite book | authorlink = Peter Galison | last = Galison | first = Peter | title=Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time | year = 1992|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|id= ISBN 0-393-02001-0}} * {{cite book | last = Highfield | first = Roger | title = Arrow of Time: A Voyage through Science to Solve Time's Greatest Mystery | publisher = Random House | year = 1992 | id = ISBN 0-449-90723-6}} * {{cite book | authorlink=Mermin|last = Mermin | first = N. David | title=It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity| year = 2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|id=ISBN 0-691-12201-6|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8112.html}} * {{cite book | authorlink = Roger Penrose | last = Penrose | first = Roger | title=The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics | year = 1999|origyear=1989|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|id=ISBN 0-19-286198-0|pages=391-417|url=http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192861986}} * {{cite book | last = Price | first = Huw | title=Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point| year = 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|id=ISBN 0-19-511798-0|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html}} * {{cite book | authorlink = Hans Reichenbach | last = Reichenbach | first = Hans | title=The Direction of Time | year = 1999|origyear=1956|location=New York|publisher=Dover|id=ISBN 0-486-40926-0|url=http://store.doverpublications.com/0486409260.html}} *[[Bernard Stiegler|Stiegler, Bernard]], ''[[Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus]]'' * {{cite book | authorlink = Gerald James Whitrow | last = Whitrow | first = Gerald J. | title = The Nature of Time | publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Wilson (New York) | year = 1973}} * {{cite book | last = Whitrow | first = Gerald J. | title = The Natural Philosophy of Time | publisher = Clarendon Press (Oxford) | year = 1980}} * {{cite book | last = Whitrow | first = Gerald J. | title = Time in History. The evolution of our general awareness of time and temporal perspective | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1988 | id = ISBN 0-19-285211-6}} * {{cite book | last = Rovelli | first = Carlo | title = What is time? What is space? | publisher = Di Renzo Editore |location=Rome | year = 2006|id=ISBN 88-8323-146-5|url=http://www.direnzo.it/main.phtml?Language=en&Doc=0001&ISBN=8883231465}} == Tumbu ka luar == {{external links}} {{wiktionarypar|time}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikibooks}} {{Commonscat}} === Perception of time === * [http://www.primitivism.com/time.htm Time and Its Discontents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082928/http://www.primitivism.com/time.htm |date=2005-05-09 }} * [http://mixingmemory.blogspot.com/2004/12/by-request-time-perception-i.html Time Perception I] and [http://mixingmemory.blogspot.com/2004/12/time-perception-ii-cognitive-factors.html II] * [http://manchestertiming.co.uk/ Time Perception Research at the University of Manchester] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072044/http://manchestertiming.co.uk/ |date=2007-09-30 }} === Physics === * [http://physics.thinkingpal.com/what-is-time/ Do we actually measure time?] * [http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/world.html A walk through Time] * [http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0310055 Time and classical and quantum mechanics: Indeterminacy vs. discontinuity] * [http://www.thekeyboard.org.uk/What%20is%20Time.htm Theories With Problems: What Is Time?] * [http://www.sugartreeridge.com/Docs/Exploring_the_Nature_of_Time.php Exploring the Nature of Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901172405/http://www.sugartreeridge.com/Docs/Exploring_the_Nature_of_Time.php |date=2007-09-01 }} * [http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00042F0D-1A0E-1085-94F483414B7F0000 Myth of the Beginning of Time] === Philosophy === ;'''éastern Philosophy''' * [http://www.literati-tradition.com/time.html The Conceptual Scheme of Chinese Philosophical Thinking - Time] * [http://nariphaltan.virtualave.net/time.pdf An article on Time and Universal Consciousness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809030829/http://nariphaltan.virtualave.net/time.pdf |date=2008-08-09 }} ;'''Western Philosophy''' * {{cite web |url=http://www.onphilosophy.co.uk/time_-_a_dialogue.html |title=Is there a defensible argument for the non-existence of time? |first=Will |last=Crouch |5=Copyright James Nicholson |year=2006-2008 |work=On Philosophy |accessdate=2008-01-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204210348/http://www.onphilosophy.co.uk/time_-_a_dialogue.html |date=2007-12-04 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/time.htm |title=Time |first=Bradley (California State University, Sacramento) |last=Dowden |year=2007 |encyclopedia=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=James Fieser, Ph.D., Bradley Dowden, Ph.D. |accessdate=2008-01-31}} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience |title=The Experience and Perception of Time |last=Le Poidevin |first=Robin |year=Winter 2004 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=Edward N. Zalta |accessdate=2008-01-17}} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2007/entries/leibniz-physics/ |title=Leibniz's Philosophy of Physics |year=Winter 2007 |copyright=2007 |first=Jeff (Harvard University) |last=Mcdonough |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=Edward N. Zalta |publisher=Stanford University |accessdate=2008-01-31}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.friesian.com/space.htm#clarke |title=The Clarke-Leibniz Debate (1715-1716) |first=Kelley L., Ph.D. (Los Angeles Valley College) |last=Ross |publisher=The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series (1996, 1999, 2001) |accessdate=2008-01-17}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.friesian.com/space.htm#kant |title=Three Points in Kant's Theory of Space and Time |first=Kelley L., Ph.D. (Los Angeles Valley College) |last=Ross |publisher=The Proceedings of the Friesian School, Fourth Series (1996, 1999, 2001) |accessdate=2008-01-17}} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/ |title=Being and Becoming in Modern Physics |year=Fall 2007 |last=Savitt |first=Steven, Ph.D. (University of British Columbia) |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=Edward N. Zalta |accessdate=2008-01-17}} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2004/entries/kant-leibniz/ |title=Kant and Leibniz |year=Summer 2004 |first=Catherine (City University of New York) |last=Wilson |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor=Edward N. Zalta |publisher=Stanford University |issn=1095-5054 |accessdate=2008-01-31}} === Timekeeping === * [http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html Different systems of measuring time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211032/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html |date=2015-10-16 }} * [http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/outside.html non-SI units] * [http://www1.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/time_server.html UTC/TAI Timeserver] * [http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html Leapsecond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961126204059/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html |date=1996-11-26 }} * [http://www.intuitor.com/hex/hexclock.html Hexadecimal Time] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3486160.stm BBC article on shortest time ever measured] * [http://www.fhs.ch/en/ Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH] * [http://www.awi-net.org American Watchmakers-Clockmakers Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125085359/http://www.awi-net.org/ |date=2005-01-25 }} * [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ The World Clock - Time Zones] * [http://www.worldtimeengine.com/ World Time for any place on earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811053528/http://worldtimeengine.com/ |date=2008-08-11 }} === Miscellaneous === * [http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/ GMT and all other timezones...] * [http://www.timeticker.com/ TimeTicker and the time tickers...] * [http://www.welt-zeit-uhr.de/worldtime.php World Time and Zones] * [http://www.time.gov Official US time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717021237/http://www.time.gov/ |date=2012-07-17 }} * [http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments Exploring Time] from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe * [http://www.time-server.org Time Server] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915093607/http://www.time-server.org/ |date=2008-09-15 }} Calling to a different time zone; This site can be used to work out what time you should call. Also has some good "history of time" information and information about computer time servers and gps time. ==Navigation templates==<!-- Header linked from "See also" above --> {{Time Topics}} {| width="100%" class="collapsible collapsed" style="background:transparent; margin:1em 0 0;" !style="background:#ee9; border:1px solid silver; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 6.5em; <!--to reduce size of "[show]" link:-->font-size:90%;"| {{resize|110%|Time articles: Detailed navigation}}</tr> | {{Time measurement and standards}} {{Chronology}} {{Time in religion and mythology}} {{Time in philosophy}} |} [[Kategori:Fisika]] 8l8so1maw7f3e2kwex4bpif39135c0n 0 36694 710087 674083 2026-06-04T16:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name = Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis |conventional_long_name = Féderasi Saint Kitts jeung Névis{{smallsup|1}} |common_name = Saint Kitts jeung Névis |image_flag = Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg |image_map = LocationSaintKittsAndNevis.png |national_motto = ''"Country Above Self"'' |national_anthem = "[[O Land of Beauty!]]" |royal_anthem = ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' |official_languages = Basa Inggris |demonym = Kittitian (atanapi Kittian), Nevisian |capital = [[Basseterre]] |latd=17 |latm=18 |latNS=N |longd=62 |longm=44 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Basseterre]] |government_type = [[Sistim parleméntér|Démokrasi parleméntér]] jeung [[Monarki konstitusional féderal]] |leader_title1 = [[Raja/Ratu Saint Kitts jeung Névis|Raja/Ratu]] |leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] |leader_title2 = [[Gubernur Jéndral Saint Kitts jeung Névis|Gubernur Jéndral]] |leader_name2 = [[Cuthbert Sebastian|Sir Cuthbert Sebastian]] |leader_title3 = [[Perdana Mentri Saint Kitts jeung Névis|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name3 = Dr. [[Denzil Douglas]] |area_rank = ka-207 |area_magnitude = |area = 261 |areami² = 104 |percent_water = tiasa teu dipadulikeun |population_estimate = 51.300 |population_estimate_rank = ka-209 |population_estimate_year = Juli 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 164 |population_densitymi² = 424 |population_density_rank = ka-64 |GDP_PPP = $726 yuta<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=361&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=86&pr.y=13 |title=Saint Kitts and Nevis|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=21 April 2010}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $13.429<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $557 yuta<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2009 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $10.315<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|ti [[Britania Raya]]}} |established_date1 = 19 Séptémber 1983 |HDI = {{decrease}} 0,838 |HDI_rank = ka-62 |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <span style="color:green;">luhur</span> |currency = [[Dolar Karibia Wétan]] |currency_code = XCD |time_zone = |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = kénca |cctld = [[.kn]] |calling_code = [[+1-869|1-869]] |footnote1 = Atanapi "Féderasi Saint Christopher jeung Névis". |footnote2 = [http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_KNA.html hdr.undp.org] }} '''Féderasi Saint Kitts jeung Névis''' ({{lang-en|Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis}}), ogé kawanoh salaku '''Féderasi Saint Christopher jeung Névis''' ({{lang-en|Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis}}),<ref>Ngaran-ngaran éta duanana aya di [http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Kitts/kitts83.html Konstitusi].</ref> nyaéta hiji nagara féderal di [[Hindia Kulon]]. Nagara ieu mangrupa [[nagara daulat]] nu pangleutikna aréana jeung pangsaeutikna populasina di [[Amérika]]. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Basseterre]] di pulo [[Saint Kitts]]. Nagara bagian [[Névis]] aya kira-kira 2 mil (3&nbsp;km) tenggaraeun Saint Kitts, meuntasan hiji selat déét nu ngaranna "The Narrows". == Administrasi == {{utama|Wewengkon kagaréjaan di Saint Kitts jeung Névis}} [[Gambar:Saint Kitts-Nevis.geohive.gif|center|400px|Wewengkon kagaréjaan di Saint Kitts jeung Névis.]] Féderasi Saint Kitts jeung Névis dibagi kana 14 [[kagaréjaan]]: 9 di Saint Kitts jeung 5 Névis. == Tempo ogé == *[[Laut Karibia]] *[[Pasamkmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]] *[[Kapuloan Leeward]] *[[Daptar inohong Saint Kitts jeung Névis]] == Catetan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} ; Pamaréntah * [http://www.skbfinancialservices.com/ Kamentrian Kauangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206000215/http://www.skbfinancialservices.com/ |date=2007-02-06 }} * [http://www.gov.kn Saint Kitts & Nevis] loka pamaréntah resmi ; Informasi umum * {{CIA World Factbook link|sc|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/saintkitts.htm Saint Kitts and Nevis] ti ''OCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis|Saint Kitts jeung Névis}} ; Peta *{{wikiatlas|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} ; Pelesir *[http://www.nevisisland.com/ Otoritas Pariwisata Nevis] – Loka Resmi *{{wikivoyage|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} *[http://www.stkittsmusicfestival.net/ Féstival Musik Saint Kitts] – Loka wéb resmi Féstival Musik taunan *[http://www.stkittstourism.kn/ Otoritas Pariwisata Saint Kitts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409144226/http://www.stkittstourism.kn/ |date=2007-04-09 }} – Loka Resmi ; Warta * [http://www.sknvibes.com Sknvibes.com] * [http://cmvlive.com Cmvlive.com] {{Saint Kitts and Nevis topics}} {{Template group |title=[[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Géografi lokal |list = {{Countries and territories of the Caribbean}} {{Countries of North America}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)|state=collapsed}} {{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Monarchies}} }} {{Commonwealth Realms}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Kitts Jeung Nevis}} [[Kategori:Saint Kitts jeung Névis| ]]<!--Keep at start of list (eponymous category)--> [[Kategori:Nagara Karibia]] [[Kategori:Anggota Komunitas Karibia]] [[Kategori:Monarki konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Nagara féderal]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]] [[Kategori:Nagara kapuloan]] [[Kategori:Antillen Leutik]] [[Kategori:Démokrasi Liberal]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasamakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1983]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Saint Kitts jeung Névis}} ixrhcfpt8g7mq1lfbn5nwy4qtdvyqxq 0 37698 710095 681350 2026-06-04T20:12:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710095 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Tingali ogé: [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] {{Infobox country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Wewengkon Paléstina</span> |common_name = Paléstina |image_map = Palestine_election_map.PNG |map_caption = Peta némbongkeun aréa kakawasaan [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] ([[Sisi Kulon]]) jeung kakawasaan [[Pamaréntahan Jalur Gaza|Pamaréntahan Hamas]] (Jalur Gaza) dina warna héjo. |capital =Puseur Administratif: [[Ramallah]] (Sisi Kulon), [[Gaza]] (Jalur Gaza); [[Yérusalem Wétan]] <small>(ibu kota nu dinyatakeun ti Nagara Paléstina</small><ref name="Ref_a">The Palestine Basic Law, approved by the PLC in May 2002, states in the article 3 "Jerusalem is the Capital of Palestine" (source: [http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/2002-basic-law Palestinianbasiclaw.org]). [[Ramallah]] nyaéta ibu kota administratif sarta lokasi lembaga pamaréntahan ogé kantor pawakilan luar nagri [[Australia]], [[Brasil]], [[Kanada]], [[Kolombia]], [[Céko]], [[Dénmark]], [[Finlandia]], [[Jérman]], [[Malta]], [[Walanda]], [[Afrika Kidul]], jeung [[Suis]]. Status ahir Yérusalem ngadagoan parundingan antawis Israél jeung Otoritas Paléstina (tingali [http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm "Negotiating Jerusalem", University of Maryland]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}). [[PBB]] sarta raloba nagara teu narima klaim Israél kana sadaya Yérusalem (tingali {{harvnb|Kellerman|1993|p=140}}) and maintain their embassies to Israel in other cities (see the [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html CIA Factbook]).</ref> |largest cities = [[Gaza]], [[Hebron]], [[Nablus]], jeung [[Jenin]] |official_languages = [[Basa Arab]], [[Basa Ibrani]], jeung [[Basa Inggris]] |population_estimate = 3.935.249<ref name="Ref_b">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/child/demog.htm]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2009 (Juli) |population_census = |population_census_year = |GDP_PPP = $12,95 milyar |GDP_PPP_rank = - |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2.900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = - |HDI = 0,645<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/Lets-Talk-HD-HDI_2010.pdf</ref> |HDI_rank = ka-97 |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |currency = [[Dinar Yordania]]^'''a'''<br/>[[Pound Mesir]]^'''b'''<br/>[[Sheqel Anyar Israél]]^'''c''' |currency_code = JOD, EGP, ILS |country_code = PS, IL |time_zone = &nbsp; |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = &nbsp; |utc_offset_DST = +3 |cctld = [[.ps]], [[فلسطين.]] |calling_code = [[+970|970]]^'''d''' |footnotes = {{Collapsible list|title=Catetan a b c d|^'''a''' Dipaké di [[Sisi Kulon]] ti 1950–kiwari<br/>^'''b''' Dipaké di [[Jalur Gaza]] ti 1951–kiwari<br/>^'''c''' Dipaké ti 1985–kiwari<br/>^'''d''' [[+972]] dipaké ogé}} }} [[Image:West Bank & Gaza Map 2007 (Settlements).png|right|thumb|300px|left|Peta némbongkeun Sisi Kulon jeung Jalur Gaza in relation to central Israel (situation of 2007)]] '''Wewengkon Paléstina''' ngawengku [[Sisi Kulon]] jeung [[Jalur Gaza]], sacara pulitisna aya dina yurisdiksi [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] jeung [[Pamaréntahan Hamas di Gaza]]. Saprak [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Paléstina]] dina 1988, wewengkonna ayeuna diakuan ku 3 per 4 nagara-nagara dunya salaku bagian ti [[Nagara Paléstina]],<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152707/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385 |date=2011-09-30 }} "Perhatoskeun yén kecap [[Paléstina]] sacara sajarahna ngarah ka wewengkon nu ayeuna [[Israél]] jeung wewengkon Paléstina. Posisi nu ayeuna dicarioskeun ku [[Mahmoud Abbas]] dina biantarana dina Séptémber 2011 pikeun Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa: 'Nalika urang maké program ieu, urang nyandak hiji léngkah nu sesah pisan pikeun urang sadaya, utamina anu, kaasup abdi, anu dipaksa ninggalkeun bumi jeung kota jeung désana, ukur nyandak sababaraha banda jeung kanalangsaan jeung émutan-émutan urang sarta konci bumi urang, ka kémah pangasingan sarta ka diaspora dina [[Al-Nakba]] 1948, salasahiji operasi panyabutan, panghancuran, jeung panghupusan nu panggoréngna tina masarakat anu sumanget jeung ngahiji anu geus ngiringan dina naratasan sareng ngaluluguan jalan dina pawangunan deui kabudayaan, kaélmuan, jeung ékonomi Wétan Tengah Arab. Nanging, ku sabab sim kuring percanten dina karapihan sarta ku sabab kayakinan urang dina hak kakawasaan internasional, sarta ku sabab urang mibanda rasa wantun pikeun nyieun kaputusan nu sesah keur masarakat urang, sarta dina kateuayaanna kaadilan pasti, urang mutuskeun pikeun maké jalan kaadilan subjéktif - kaadilan anu mungkin jeung bisa ngabenerkeun bagian ti kateuadilan baheula anu dilakukeun kana masarakat urang. Ku kituna, sim kuring satuju pikeun ngadegkeun Nagara Paléstina dina 22% hungkul ti wewengkon historis Paléstina - dina sadaya Wewengkon Paléstina nu dikawasaan ku Israél dina 1967.'"</ref> sanajan status ieu teu diakuan ku [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Israél]], sarta sababaraha [[dunya Kulon|nagara-nagara Kulon]], kaasup [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Bagian Sisi Kulon éféktifna diparéntahan ku [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]], samentawis [[wewengkon nu dijajah Israél|bagian lian]] diparéntahan ku otoritas militér Israél, nu mana PBB jeung lembaga-lembaga resmi internasional mindeng nyebutanna salaku ''Wewengkon Paléstina nu Kajajah''. Jalur Gaza aya dina [[Pamaréntahan Jalur Gaza|kakawasaan]] ku Pamaréntahan Paléstina Hamas. ==Tingali ogé== * [[Rasisme dina wewengkon Paléstina]] * [[Solusi nagara tunggal]] * [[Bandéra Paléstina]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Sister project links|Palestinian Territories}} * [http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Statistical Atlas of Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514171248/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp |date=2010-05-14 }} - [[Badan Puseur Statistik Paléstina]] *{{CIA World Factbook link|gz|Gaza Strip}} *{{CIA World Factbook link|we|West Bank}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm Palestine] ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory|Wewengkon Paléstina}} * [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/webdav/site/afd/shared/PUBLICATIONS/RECHERCHE/Scientifiques/Focales/02-Focales-octobre10-VA.pdf Pamaréntahan Lokal di Paléstina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141401/http://www.afd.fr/jahia/webdav/site/afd/shared/PUBLICATIONS/RECHERCHE/Scientifiques/Focales/02-Focales-octobre10-VA.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }}, dipedalkeun ku [[:fr:Agence française de développement|Agence Française de Développement]], Oktober 2010. {{Palestine topics}} {{Palestine and Palestinian nationalism}} {{Coord|31|53|N|35|12|E|display=title}} {{Pondok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Palestina}} [[Kategori:Wewengkon Paléstina| ]] [[Kategori:Géografi Israél]] [[Kategori:Géografi Wétan Tengah]] [[Kategori:Konflik Israél–Paléstina]] [[Kategori:Levant]] [[Kategori:Asia Kulon]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipasékeun di Asia]] qssnc1u0sxoysfeudhsc1ux8o2k5jc2 0 37817 710079 651629 2026-06-04T14:54:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=Perang Nagorno-Karabakh |image= |caption=<small>Gerilyawan Arménia tempur ngalawan pasukan Azerbaijan di Karabakh.<small> |date=1988–1994 |place=[[Nagorno-Karabakh]], [[Arménia]], jeung [[Azerbaijan]] |casus=Papaséaan wewengkon antawis [[Arménia]] jeung [[Azerbaijan]] |territory=[[Nagorno-Karabakh]] sacara ''[[de facto]]'' jadi républik merdika, samentawis sacara ''[[de jure]]'', wewengkon ieu tetep jadi bagian Azerbaijan. Pajangjian karapihan diayakeun antawis dua nagara pikeun ngomongkeun jagana wewengkon. |result=Arménia meunang.{{br}} Gencatan pakarang ditandatanganan taun 1994 ku Arménia, Azerbaijan, jeung Nagorno-Karabakh. |combatant1={{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}{{br}} {{flag|Armenia}}<ref name="CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ">{{cite web |last = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |title = The CIA World Factbook: Transnational Issues in Country Profile of Azerbaijan |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html#Issues |accessdate = 2007-02-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610081951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/AJ.html#Issues |date=2009-06-10 }} Military involvement denied by the Armenian government.</ref>{{br}}[[file:Flag of the CIS.svg|22px|border]] Tentara bayaran [[Pasamakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdika|CIS]] |combatant2={{flag|Azerbaijan}} {{br}} [[flag:Flag of Afghanistan 1992 free.png|22px|border]] [[Mujahidin|Mujahidin Apganistan]]<ref name="UnholyWars">{{cite book | last = Cooley | first = John K. | authorlink = | title = Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism | publisher = Pluto Press | date = 2002 | location = London | pages = 150–151 | isbn = 0-7453-1917-3 }}</ref> {{br}} [[file:Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg|22px|border]] [[Sukarélawan]] [[urang Chechen|Chechen]]<ref name="Griffin">{{cite book | last = Griffin | first = Nicholas | title = Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam | publisher = University of Chicago Press | date = 2004 | location = Chicago | pages = 185–186 | isbn = 0-2263-0859-6 }}</ref> [[file:Flag of the CIS.svg|22px|border]] Tentara bayaran [[Pasamakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdika|CIS]] |commander1=[[Samvel Babayan]],{{br}}[[Hemayag Haroyan]],{{br}}[[Monte Melkonian]],{{br}}[[Vazgen Sargsyan]],{{br}}[[Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan]],{{br}}[[Anatoly Zinevich]] |commander2=[[İsgandar Hamidov]],{{br}}[[Suret Huseynov]],{{br}}[[Rahim Gaziev]],{{br}}[[Shamil Basayev]]<ref name="Griffin"/> |strength1=20.000 |strength2=72.000 |casualties1=5.856 pupus,{{br}} 25.000 cedera |casualties2=11.000 pupus,<ref name="dewaal">{{cite book | last =de Waal | first = Thomas | authorlink = Thomas de Waal | title = Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War | publisher = New York University Press | date = 2003 | location = New York | isbn = 0-8147-1945-7}}</ref> {{br}} 30.000 cedera |notes= }} '''Perang Nagorno-Karabakh''' mangrupa konflik nu lumangsung di [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], [[Azerbaijan]] kidul-kulon, ti [[Pébruari]] [[1988]] nepi ka [[Méi]] [[1994]]. Perang ieu lumangsungna antawis étnis [[urang Arménia|Arménia]] di Nagorno-Karabakh nu ditulungan ku [[Arménia]] ngalawan Azerbaijan. Perang ieu mangrupa konflik étnis nu pangdéstruktifna sa vvehs labuhna Uni Soviét dina Désémber 1991. == Catetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pustaka == <div class="references-small"> * Chorbajian, Levon, Patrick Donabedian, and Claude Mutafian (1994). ''The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh''. Zed Books: London * Chorbajian, Levon (2001). ''The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic''. New York: [[Macmillan Publishers|Palgrave MacMillan]] * Chrysanthopolous, Léonidas T (2002). ''Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994''. Princeton: Gomidas Institute * Cox, Caroline and John Eibner (1993). ''Ethnic cleansing in progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh''. Zürich; Washington: Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World * Croissant, Michael P (1998). ''Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications''. London: Praeger * Curtis, Glenn E. ''Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia Country Studies''. [[Federal Research Division|Federal Research Division Library of Congress]] * [[Thomas de Waal|de Waal, Thomas]] (2003). ''Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War''. New York: New York University Press * Freire, Maria Raquel (2003). ''Conflict and Security in the Former Soviet Union: The Role of the OSCE''. Burlington, VT: Ashgate * Goltz, Thomas (1998). ''Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic''. New York: M.E. Sharpe * Griffin, Nicholas (2004). ''Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam''. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]] * Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (1995). ''Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh''. New York: [[Human Rights Watch]] * Karny, Yo'av (2000). ''Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory.'' New York: Douglas & McIntyre * Kaufman, Stuart (2001). ''Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War''. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs * Libaridian, Gerard (1988). ''The Karabagh Berkas: Documents and facts on the region of Mountainous Karabagh, 1918–1988''. Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Reséarch & Documentation; 1st ed edition * Malkasian, Mark (1996). ''Gha-Ra-Bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia''. [[Wayne State University Press]] * Melkonian, Markar (2005). ''My Brother's Road, An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia''. New York: I.B. Tauris * Rost, Yuri (1990). ''The Armenian Tragedy: An Eye-Witness Account of Human Conflict and Natural Disaster in Armenia and Azerbaijan''. New York: St. Martin's Press * Shamuratian, Samvel ed (1990). ''The Sumgait Tragedy: Pogroms Against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan''. New York: Zoryan Institute == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nagorno-karabakh.htm Military Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict] by [[GlobalSecurity.org]] * [http://www.icbl.org/lm/2005/nagorno-karabakh.html A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh] compiled by the [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]] * [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/02/908366e9-f535-4958-9383-09f351a1ef0c.html A chronology of the events of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to Present] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613094730/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/02/908366e9-f535-4958-9383-09f351a1ef0c.html |date=2008-06-13 }} by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty * [http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc04/EDOC10364APPENDIX.PDF The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region as dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference] * [http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/main_doc.pdf Undeclared War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Reconsidered by Svante Cornell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911094013/http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/main_doc.pdf |date=2008-09-11 }} * [http://www.nkr.am/eng/ The official website of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218161655/http://www.nkr.am/eng/ |date=2007-12-18 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh] Overview of the region by the BBC * [http://www.archfilm.net/darkforestmain.htm Dark Forest in the Mountains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412045800/http://www.archfilm.net/darkforestmain.htm |date=2008-04-12 }} - a documentary film by Roger Kupelian féaturing live war footage from Armenian positions. * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLrrG1q2Uzo&feature=user A Story of People in War and Peace: Preview] - a documentary film by Armenia's Vardan Hovhannisyan, who won the prize for best new documentary filmmaker at the 2007 Tribeca Film féstival in New York, about the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. {{Azerbaijan-sajarah-pondok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nagorno-Karabakh}} [[Kategori:Perang mimilukeun Arménia]] [[Kategori:Perang mimilukeun Azerbaijan]] [[Kategori:Nagorno-Karabakh]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Azerbaijan]] {{perang-stub}} srbm0f0ukdyxg9h1fias0tmnsc2bdd6 0 75416 710084 710004 2026-06-04T15:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation_penetration.svg|ka|jmpl|300x300px| Tilu rupa radiasi pangionan nu bisa nembus objek padet: [[kertas]] , [[aluminium]] sarta [[Timbal|kalungguhan]] ]] Dina [[fisika]] , '''radiasi''' ngajelaskeun sagala proses nu [[Énergi|énérgi]] ngalir ngaliwatan média atawa ngaliwatan ruang, sarta ahirna diserep ku objék séjén. Batur mindeng ngahubungkeun kecap radiasi [[Ion|ionisasi]] (misalna sakumaha lumangsung dina pakarang nuklir, réaktor nuklir, sarta zat radioaktif ), tapi ogé bisa ningali ka [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] (gelombang radio, lampu [[Infrabeureum|infra red]] , lampu tampak, sinar [[Ultraviolét|ultra Violet]] , sarta [[Sinar X|X- ray]] ), radiasi akustik, atawa naon baé prosés séjénna jelas. Naon ngajadikeun mangsa radiasi kasebut yén énergi memancar(pindah ka luar dina garis lempeng ka sagala arah) ti suatu sumber. géométri Ieu alami ngabalukarkeun sistem ukuran jeung Unit fisik sarua lumaku pikeun kabéh jenis radiasi. Sababaraha radiasi tiasa ngabahayakeun. == radiasi pangionan == Sababaraha jenis radiasi boga énérgi cukup keur ngaklik [[Ion|ionisasi]] partikel . Sacara umum, ieu ngalibatkeun hiji éléktron 'dialungkeun' tina cangkang [[atom]] éléktron, nu bakal masihan muatan (positip). Hal ieu mindeng ngaganggu dina sistim biologis, sarta bisa ngabalukarkeun mutations sarta [[Kangker|kanker]] . jenis ieu radiasi umumna lumangsung dina runtah radioaktif buruk tina radioaktif jeung jarian. Tilu jenis utama radiasi kapanggih ku Ernest Rutherford, Alpha , Béta sarta [[sinar gamma]] . radiasi ieu kapanggih ngaliwatan hiji percobaan sederhana, Rutherford ngagunakeun sumber radioaktif sarta kapanggih yén sinar ngahasilkeun pencét tilu wewengkon béda. Salah sahijina keur positif, salah sahijina keur nétral, tur salah sahijina négatip. Kalawan data ieu, Rutherford menyimpulkan yén radiasi diwangun ku tilu sinar. Anjeunna masihan nami diturunkeun tina tilu hurup mimiti alfabét Yunani, nyaéta alfa , béta , jeung gamma. ==== radiasi alfa ==== [[Gambar:Alpha_Decay.svg|ka|jmpl| buruk alfa]] peluruhan alfa téh tipeu peluruhan tina radioaktif nu inti [[atom]] emit partikel alfa , sahingga ngarobah (atawa 'meluruh') kana [[Atom|hiji atom]] kalawan jumlah massa 4 kirang na [[nomer atom]] 2 kirang. Sanajan kitu, kusabab [[massa]] partikel anu luhur ku kituna boga kurang tanaga sarta jarak rendah, partikel alfa bisa dieureunkeun ku lambar [[kertas]] (atawa [[kulit]] ). ==== radiasi béta ==== [[Gambar:Beta-minus_Decay.svg|ka|jmpl| buruk béta]] peluruhan béta nyaéta jenis peluruhan tina radioaktif mana partikel béta ( [[éléktron]] atawa [[positron]]s ) dipancarkeun. Radiasi béta-dikurangan (β⁻) diwangun ku hiji éléktron anu pinuh énergi. Radiasi ieu kirang ter [[Ion|ionisasi]] ti alfa , tapi leuwih ti [[sinar gamma]] . [[Éléktron]] bisa mindeng dieureunkeun ku sababaraha sénti tina logam. Radiasi ieu lumangsung sabot buruk of [[Neutron|neutron a]] kana [[proton]] dina inti , ngaleupaskeun partikel béta na hiji antineutrino. Radiasi béta tambah (β +) nyaéta émisi [[positron]]s . Ku kituna, kawas β⁻, β + buruk moal bisa lumangsung dina isolasi, sabab merlukeun tanaga, [[massa]] [[Neutron|neutron nu]] geus leuwih gedé dibandingkeun [[massa]] [[proton]] . β + buruk wungkul bisa lumangsung jero inti lamun nilai énergi beungkeutan inti indungna leuwih leutik ti intina . Beda antara énergi ieu kana réaksi konversi [[proton]] kana [[Neutron|hiji neutron]] , [[Positron|hiji positron]] jeung antineutrino , sarta ka énergi kinétik tina partikel - partikel ==== radiasi gamma ==== [[Gambar:Gamma_Decay.svg|ka|jmpl| buruk gamma]] [[Sinar gamma|Radiasi gamma]] atanapi [[sinar gamma]] nyaéta hiji formulir energi tina [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] dihasilkeun radioaktivitas atawa prosés nuklir atawa [[Partikel subatomik|subatomik]] kayaning karuksakan tina [[éléktron]] - [[positron]] . Radiasi gamma diwangun ku foton ku frékuénsi gedé ti 10 ¹⁹ &nbsp; Hz. Radiasi gamma moal éléktron atawa neutron nu teu bisa dieureunkeun ukur jeung kertas atawa hawa, nyerep [[sinar gamma]] leuwih éféktif jeung bahan kalawan [[nomer atom]] jeung dénsitas luhur. Nalika [[sinar gamma]] ngarambat ngaliwatan bahan di nyerep [[Sinar gamma|radiasi gamma]] proporsional jeung ketebalan tina beungeut bahan. == Radiasi non-pangionan == Radiasi non-pangionan, kontras, nujul ka tipe radiasi nu teu mawa énergi cukup per [[foton]] mun ionize [[Atom|hiji atom]] atawa [[molekul]] . Ieu utamana ngarujuk ka formulir énergi handap radiasi éléktromagnétik (gelombang radio, microwaves, radiasi terahertz, lampu [[Infrabeureum|infra red]] jeung lampu ditingali). Dampak radiasi dina bentuk jaringan hirup ngan nembe geus diajarkeun. Gantina ngabentuk ion lamun ngaliwatan zat-énergi, radiasi éléktromagnétik boga énérgi cukup ngan ngarobah puteran, Geter atawa konfigurasi éléktronik valénsi molekul jeung atom. Sanajan kitu, épék biologis béda observasi pikeun rupa-rupa radiasi non-pangionan ==== radiasi neutron ==== Radiasi neutron mangrupa tipe radiasi non-ionik diwangun ku neutron bébas. neutron ieu bisa dikaluarkeun pikeun boh spontan atawa ngainduksi fisi nuklir, prosés fusi nuklir, atawa réaksi nuklir lianna. Anjeunna henteu ngaionisasi atom dina cara nu sarua yén muatan partikel kayaning proton jeung éléktron (éléktron pikaresepeun), sabab neutron teu boga muatan. Sanajan kitu, neutron gampang meta jeung inti rupa elemen, sahingga isotop nu teu stabilna sahingga salajengna kituna ajak radioaktivitas dina bahan anu saméméhna non-radioaktif. proses ieu katelah aktivasina neutron. ==== radiasi éléktromagnétik ==== Radiasi éléktromagnétik bentukna lambak nu nyebarkeun dina hawa ipis atanapi di materi. Radiasi ÉM boga komponén [[Médan Listrik|médan listrik]] sarta magnét dina fase jejeg saling jeung ka arah rambatan énergi. [[Radiasi éléktromagnétik]] digolongkeun kana jenis nurutkeun [[frékuénsi]] [[gelombang]] , jenis ieu kaasup (dina urutan tina ngaronjatna [[Frékuénsi|frekuensi]] ): [[Frékuénsi radio|gelombang radio]] , [[Gelombang mikro|microwaves]] , radiasi terahertz, radiasi [[Infrabeureum|tina infra red]] , lampu ditingali, radiasi, [[Ultraviolét|ultraviolet]] , [[Sinar X|X sinar-]] na [[sinar gamma]] . Sahiji, [[Frékuénsi radio|gelombang radio]] boga panjang gelombang ti nu pangpanjangna sarta [[sinar gamma]] boga pang pendék. Hiji jandéla leutik [[frékuénsi]] , disebut [[spéktrum]] anu bisa ditempo atawa lampu, nu katempo ku panon tina rupa-rupa [[Organismeu|organisme]] , sareng wates variasi [[spéktrum]] sempit ieu. Radiasi ÉM mawa énergi jeung [[moméntum]] , anu bisa dikirimkeun lamun éta dilibetkeun ku jirim. ==== cahaya ==== Lampu téh [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] ti hiji panjang gelombang nu geus katingali jeung panon manusa (kira 400-700 &nbsp; nm), atawa nepi ka 380-750 &nbsp;nm. Leuwih lega, fisika dianggap [[Cahya|lampu]] sakumaha [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] sadaya panjang gelombang , naha ditingali atawa henteu. ==== radiasi termal ==== Radiasi panas nyaéta prosés di mana beungeut awak emits énergi termal dina formulir [[Radiasi éléktromagnétik|gelombang éléktromagnétik]] . Radiasi [[Infrabeureum|tina infra red]] ti radiator somah biasa atawa manaskeun listrik mangrupa conto radiasi termal, kayaning [[panas]] sarta [[Cahya|lampu]] anu dikaluarkeun ku hiji bohlam lampu Pijer. Radiasi termal dihasilkeun nalika [[panas]] tina gerakan partikel boga muatan dina [[atom]] dirobah jadi [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] . Gelombang frékuénsi dipancarkeun tina radiasi termal mangrupa distribusi probabilitas gumantung ngan kana hawa, jeung awak hideung asli dirumuskeun ku hukum radiasi Planck. hukum Wien méré [[frékuénsi]] paling dipikaresep ti radiasi dipancarkeun, jeung hukum Stefan-Boltzmann méré inténsitas tina [[panas]] . == pamakean == === medis === Radiasi sarta zat radioaktif dipaké pikeun diagnosis , perlakuan , jeung [[Panalungtikan|ieu panalungtikan]] . [[Sinar X|Sinar-X]] , contona, liwat otot jeung jaringan lemes sejenna tapi dieureunkeun ku bahan padet. Harta [[Sinar X|X-ray]] ngamungkinkeun dokter pikeun manggihan tulang rusak jeung pikeun manggihan [[Kangker|kanker]] éta bisa tumuwuh di awak. Dokter ogé kapanggih kasakit husus ku injecting zat radioaktif jeung radiasi ngawaskeun nu dileupaskeun salaku belah zat ngaliwatan awak. === komunikasi === Sakabéh sistem [[komunikasi]] pamakéan modéren sagala bentuk [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]] . Variasi dina inténsitas radiasi dina bentuk parobahan sora, gambar, atawa informasi séjén nu keur dikirim. Contona, sora manusa bisa dikirimkeun salaku [[Frékuénsi radio|gelombang radio]] atanapi [[Gelombang mikro|microwaves]] mun nyieun [[Gelombang|lambak]] variasina luyu jeung variasi sora. === teknologi === Para panalungtik dipaké hiji atom radioaktif nangtukeun umur bahan anu dipaké bagian tina [[Organismeu|organisme]] hirup. Umur bahan bisa diperkirakeun ku cara ngukur tina [[karbon]] radioaktif ngandung dina prosés nu disebut bobogohan [[Karbon-14|pananggalan]] . Élmuwan ngagunakeun atom radioaktif salaku hiji tracer atom pikeun ngaidentipikasi jalur diliwatan ku polutan di lingkungan. Radiasi dipaké keur nangtukeun komposisi bahan dina prosés nu disebut analisis aktivasi neutron. Dina prosés ieu, para élmuwan bombardir zat sémpel jeung partikel nu disebut [[neutron]] . Sababaraha atom dina sampel nyerep [[neutron]] sarta jadi radioaktif . Élmuwan bisa nangtukeun élemén dina sémpel ku diajar radiasi anu dileupaskeun. == Tumbu éksternal == * [http://www.radiationanswers.org Website Fisika Kaséhatan Masarakat Atikan Public] * [http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978373 Fisika pikeun Future Presidents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723171653/http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978373 |date=2010-07-23 }} , ku Prof Richard Müller, [http://webcast.berkeley.edu/ Webcast.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002164205/http://webcast.berkeley.edu/ |date=2017-10-02 }} [http://webcast.berkeley.edu/ Berkeley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002164205/http://webcast.berkeley.edu/ |date=2017-10-02 }} [[Kategori:Fisika]] [[Kategori:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] 5y3sleane2x26hr8usncm1gntaw9ayc 0 101922 710067 685954 2026-06-04T12:33:46Z Pijri Paijar 27067 710067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|jmpl|250px|Aci sagu garing]] '''Sagu''' nyaéta tipung anu dipibanda tina hasil olahan tangkal [[kirai]] (''Metroxylon sagu'' Rottb.).<ref name=“Rigg”/><ref name=“Ahmad”/><ref name=“Bajaj”>{{Cite book | title =Trees IVVolume 35 dari Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry| first =Y. P. S. | last =Bajaj| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =London| year =1821| pages =219|ISBN=9783540605478|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZF2B2rce0EEC&pg=PA217&dq=metroxylon&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1qLjeiNbmAhUPSX0KHRfKCzEQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=metroxylon&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> [[Tipung]] sagu ngagaduhan ciri ''fisik'' mirip sareng tipung [[tapioka]]. Dina resep masak, [[tipung]] sagu kawilang hésé diala, jadi sering digentoskeun ku [[tipung]] [[tapioka]] sahingga namina sering patukeur, sanaos dua tipung ieu saleresna béda-béda.<ref name=“Ahmad”>{{Cite book | title =Sagu Papua Untuk Dunia| first =Ahmad| last =Arif| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2019| pages =31|ISBN=9786024812003|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1irGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu mangrupikeun kadaharan pokok pikeun masarakat di [[Maluku]] sareng [[Papua]] utamina anu nganjrek di [[basisir]].<ref name=“Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =223|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=cin&f=false|accessdate=15 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu didahar dina wujud [[papeda]], mangrupi [[bubur]], atanapi dina olahan anu sanés. Sagu sorangan dijual salaku tipung ageung atanapi dikomprés sareng dibungkus ku daun [[cau]]. Salaku tambahan, ayeuna sagu ogé diolah janten [[mi]].<ref name=“ kurniawan”>{{Cite book | title =Mengenal Hewan & Tumbuhan Asli Indonesia| first =Kurniawan| last =M. B. Kurniawan, Bayu Pratama| publisher =Cikal Aksara| location =Jakarta| year =2018| pages =80|ISBN=9786028526173|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZWlws4KqG1oC&pg=PA80&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIXjAH#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Salaku sumber [[karbohidrat]], Sagu unik sabab dihasilkeun di rawa-rawa (habitat alami tina kirai). Kaayaan ieu ngagaduhan kaunggulan ékologis nyalira, sanaos henteu nguntungkeun sacara ékonomis (ngajantenkeun sebaran sesah).<ref name=“Abdul”>{{Cite book | title =Hukum Sebagai Alat Komunikasi Sosial| first =Abdul| last =Rahman Nur| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2018| pages =32|ISBN=9786024431723|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oXViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sagu kungsi dicatet ku ahli sajarah urang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Zhao Rukuo]] (1170–1231) dina mangsa [[Dinasti Song]]. Dina bukuna anu judulna ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' (1225), nyaéta kumpulan gambaran ngeunaan nagara-nagara deungeun, manéhna nulis yén karajaan Boni "teu ngahasilkeun gandum, tapi ngahasilkeun rami jeung paré, sarta marénhna ngagunakeun ''sha-hu'' (sagu) keur kadaharan pokona". Komunitas [[Melanau]] sacara sajarah dicatet boga hubungan anu deukeut pisan jeung sagu. Maranéhna aktip aub dina nyieun sagu jeung melak tangkal rumbia (tangkal sagu) di Sarawak. Dina catetan sajarah, urang Melanau katelah sok nyieun kadaharan tradisional anu bentukna buleud leutik, sagedé suuk, anu katelah sagu atawa ''bulu''. Dicatet ogé yén pas jaman penjajahan [[Jepang]] di awal taun 1940-an, sagu jadi kadaharan poko anu penting keur komunitas [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]] jeung Melanau di Sarawak. Mukah kacatet salaku wewengkon utama keur kebon tangkal rumbia di Sarawak. Tina tangkal ieu, tipung sagu anu di dinya mah disebut ''lemantak'', dihasilkeun. Catetan sajarah ogé nyebutkeun yén sagu téh aya di wewengkon séjén kawas Matu Daro, Dalat, jeung Oya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/1059|title=Maklumat Seni Budaya|website=pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> == Panén sagu == Sagu anu dipanén diolah kujalan: # Tangkal sagu dibongkar sareng diteukteuk dugi ka ukur batangna gampil direcah. # Tangkal dibagi panjang dugi ka sami. # Téras gagangna dicacag sareng dicandakan. # Teras diparud atanapi di wejek dugi ka kaluar acina, sareng disaring. # Produk saringan dikumbah sareng [[pati (polisakarida) | aci]]na dicandak. # Aci diolah pikeun ngadamel tipung atanapi dibungkus ku daun cau (disebat "[[basong]]" dina Kendari). Tangkal sagu tiasa hirup dugi ka jangkungna 20 méter, malahan aya anu 30 m. Tina sa tangkal tiasa ngahasilkeun 150 dugi ka 300&nbsp;kg pati. Aya survei di [[Kabupatén Kendari]] nunjukkeun yén pikeun ngolah dua tangkal sagu diperlukeun 4 urang anu midamel ngokolakeun salami 6 dinten.<ref>http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131051/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 |date=2007-06-05 }}</ref> Tutuwuhan sagu tiasa janten panyalindungan lingkungan sabab tiasa nyerep émisi gas karbon dioksida tina rawa sareng lahan gambut kana hawa. (Bintoro, 2008).<ref>http://www.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/search?order=DESC&rpp=10&sort_by=0&page=5&query=sagu&etal=0</ref> == Kandungan gizi == Tepung sagu beunghar [[karbohidrat]] ([[pati (polisakarida)|pati]]) tapi miskin pisan dina nutrisi anu sanés. Ieu lumangsung kusabab kandungan aci anu tinggi dina teras taneuh sareng prosés panén. Saratus gram sagu garing sami sareng 355 [[kalori]]. Di jerona rata-rata mibanda 94 [[gram]] karbohidrat, 0,2 gram [[protéin]], 0,5 gram [[serat]], 10&nbsp;mg [[kalsium]], 1,2&nbsp;mg [[besi]], dan [[lemak]], [[karoten]], [[tiamin]], dan [[asam askorbat]] dalam jumlah sangat kecil. == Galeri, ngékstrak/ngaci sagu == <gallery> File:Sagu-02 081119-3849 sim.JPG|Empulur sagu (''Metroxylon sagu'') tina tangkal kenging nyacag. File:Sagu-01 081119-3840 sim.JPG|Diparud nganggo mesin. [[Simeulue]]. File:Sagu-04 081119-3865 sim.JPG|Aci a diwadahan. File:Sagu-05 081119-3856 sim.JPG|iwejek sangkan kaluar acina. File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|Aci sagu anu garing, tos siap diolah. File:Sagu-06 081122-4150 sim.JPG|'Sangu' tina sagu, isayagikeunbjeung beuleum lauk. [[Teupah Selatan, Simeulue|Teupah Selatan]], Simeulue. </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2 }} :2. Flach, M. and F. Rumawas, eds. (1996). Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 9: Plants Yielding Non-Seed Carbohydrates. Leiden: Blackhuys. {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan tradisional]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] mfudfvoezbv8x5gnp03k1ilxz9uo2b6 710068 710067 2026-06-04T12:38:41Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Sajarah */ 710068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|jmpl|250px|Aci sagu garing]] '''Sagu''' nyaéta tipung anu dipibanda tina hasil olahan tangkal [[kirai]] (''Metroxylon sagu'' Rottb.).<ref name=“Rigg”/><ref name=“Ahmad”/><ref name=“Bajaj”>{{Cite book | title =Trees IVVolume 35 dari Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry| first =Y. P. S. | last =Bajaj| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =London| year =1821| pages =219|ISBN=9783540605478|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZF2B2rce0EEC&pg=PA217&dq=metroxylon&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1qLjeiNbmAhUPSX0KHRfKCzEQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=metroxylon&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> [[Tipung]] sagu ngagaduhan ciri ''fisik'' mirip sareng tipung [[tapioka]]. Dina resep masak, [[tipung]] sagu kawilang hésé diala, jadi sering digentoskeun ku [[tipung]] [[tapioka]] sahingga namina sering patukeur, sanaos dua tipung ieu saleresna béda-béda.<ref name=“Ahmad”>{{Cite book | title =Sagu Papua Untuk Dunia| first =Ahmad| last =Arif| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2019| pages =31|ISBN=9786024812003|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1irGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu mangrupikeun kadaharan pokok pikeun masarakat di [[Maluku]] sareng [[Papua]] utamina anu nganjrek di [[basisir]].<ref name=“Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =223|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=cin&f=false|accessdate=15 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu didahar dina wujud [[papeda]], mangrupi [[bubur]], atanapi dina olahan anu sanés. Sagu sorangan dijual salaku tipung ageung atanapi dikomprés sareng dibungkus ku daun [[cau]]. Salaku tambahan, ayeuna sagu ogé diolah janten [[mi]].<ref name=“ kurniawan”>{{Cite book | title =Mengenal Hewan & Tumbuhan Asli Indonesia| first =Kurniawan| last =M. B. Kurniawan, Bayu Pratama| publisher =Cikal Aksara| location =Jakarta| year =2018| pages =80|ISBN=9786028526173|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZWlws4KqG1oC&pg=PA80&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIXjAH#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Salaku sumber [[karbohidrat]], Sagu unik sabab dihasilkeun di rawa-rawa (habitat alami tina kirai). Kaayaan ieu ngagaduhan kaunggulan ékologis nyalira, sanaos henteu nguntungkeun sacara ékonomis (ngajantenkeun sebaran sesah).<ref name=“Abdul”>{{Cite book | title =Hukum Sebagai Alat Komunikasi Sosial| first =Abdul| last =Rahman Nur| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2018| pages =32|ISBN=9786024431723|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oXViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sagu kungsi dicatet ku ahli sajarah urang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Zhao Rukuo]] (1170–1231) dina mangsa [[Dinasti Song]]. Dina bukuna anu judulna ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' (1225), nyaéta kumpulan gambaran ngeunaan nagara-nagara deungeun, manéhna nulis yén karajaan Boni "teu ngahasilkeun gandum, tapi ngahasilkeun rami jeung paré, sarta marénhna ngagunakeun ''sha-hu'' (sagu) keur kadaharan pokona". Komunitas [[Melanau]] sacara sajarah dicatet boga hubungan anu deukeut pisan jeung sagu. Maranéhna aktip aub dina nyieun sagu jeung melak tangkal rumbia (tangkal sagu) di Sarawak. Dina catetan sajarah, urang Melanau katelah sok nyieun kadaharan tradisional anu bentukna buleud leutik, sagedé suuk, anu katelah sagu atawa ''bulu''. Dicatet ogé yén pas jaman penjajahan [[Jepang]] di awal taun 1940-an, sagu jadi kadaharan poko anu penting keur komunitas [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]] jeung Melanau di Sarawak. Mukah kacatet salaku wewengkon utama keur kebon tangkal rumbia di Sarawak. Tina tangkal ieu, tipung sagu anu di dinya mah disebut ''lemantak'', dihasilkeun. Catetan sajarah ogé nyebutkeun yén sagu téh aya di wewengkon séjén kawas Matu Daro, Dalat, jeung Oya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/1059|title=Maklumat Seni Budaya|website=pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> === Di Indonésia === Sagu asalna ti [[Maluku]] jeung [[Irian]], ku sabab éta sagu boga harti husus salaku bahan pangan tradisional keur nu nyicingan di dinya. Nepi ka ayeuna can aya data anu pasti anu nembongkeun iraha mimitina sagu mimiti dipikawanoh. Diduga budidaya sagu di kawasan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia]] [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Kidul Wétan]] jeung [[Asia Pasifik Kulon]] téh sarua kunona jeung pamangfaatan [[korma]] di [[Mésopotamia]]. Tapi nurutkeun Ong (1977), sagu geus dipikawanoh ti taun 1200 dumasar kana catetan-catetan dina tulisan-tulisan Cina. Contona, Marcopolo manggihan sagu di Sumatra dina taun 1298 jeung pabrik sagu di Malaka geus kacatet dina taun 1416.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://adigunakaryapersada.co.id/sejarah-singkat-sagu/|title=Sejarah Singkat Sagu {{!}} Adiguna Karya Persada|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Téknologi éksploitasi, budidaya, jeung ngolah sagu anu pangmajuna ayeuna nyaéta [[Malaysia]]. [[Indonésia]], hususna ti daérah [[Riau]], geus ngalakukeun [[ékspor]] produk sagu dina wujud sagu kotor (''raw'') dina taun 1879. Ékspor sagu bersih di Indonésia dimimitian dina taun 1901 jeung mimiti ékspor dina wujud sagu mutiara dina taun 1917. Sajarah anu merenah dicatet dina kamekaran industri sagu di Indonésia nyaéta diadegkeunana hiji industri ngolah sagu ku PT. Sagindo Sari Lestari dina pertengahan taun 1989 di Arandai, Bintuna, [[Manokwari]], Irian Jaya. Pangolahan sagu ieu teh anu pangmodérna dina mangsa éta. Hal ieu bener-bener méré tanda yén sagu, salian ti jadi bahan pangan modéren, ogé mangrupa bahan baku keur rupa-rupa industri.<ref name=":0" /> Dina ruyuk sagu rata-rata aya 1-8 tangkal, dina unggal bongkot tangkalna tumuwuh 5-7 tangkal anakna. Dina kaayaan liar, ruyuk sagu ieu bakal melar kalayan jumlah anakna anu loba pisan dina rupa-rupa tingkat pertumbuhan. Anakna téh saeutik pisan anu bisa tumuwuh jadi tangkal sawawa. Tangkal sagu téh mangrupa silinder anu fungsina keur numpuk [[karbohidrat]]. Jangkungna tangkal sagu ti luhur taneuh nepi ka bongkot kembangna sakitar antara 10-15 m, kalayan diaméter tangkal di bagian handap nepi ka 35-50 cm. Pas usum panén, tangkal sagu bisa boga beurat nepi ka 1 ton, di mana 20 persén empulurna (gabus jero tangkal) ngandung tipung, nepi ka sa-tangkal sagu téh sanggup ngahasilkeun 150-300 kg tipung sagu baseuh. Beurat éta masih ditambah ku beurat akar jeung makuta daun sakitar 50 kg.<ref name=":0" /> Kembang sagu bentukna mangrupa raranggeuyan anu kaluar dina tungtung tangkal, kalayan kanyahoan ku ayana tanda ngaleutikanana daun bandéra. Sagu mimiti kembangan dina umur 8-15 taun, gumantung kana kaayaan taneuh, jangkungna tempat, jeung variétasna. Kembang sagu disusun dina manggar sacara rapet sarta ukuranana laleutik. Warnana bodas, bentukna kawas kembang kalapa jalu (bancet) jeung teu bau. Lamun sagu teu buru-buru ditébué pas keur kembangan, kembangna bisa ngajadi buah. Buahna buleud-buleud leutik jeung disusun dina turuy jiga buah kalapa. Buahna aya sisikan jeung warnana coklat semu konéng. Sagu mangrupa tutuwuhan taunan anu ukur kembangan atawa buahan sakali dina mangsa hirupna. Sanggeus kembangan jeung buahan, sagu bakal paéh.<ref name=":0" /> == Panén sagu == Sagu anu dipanén diolah kujalan: # Tangkal sagu dibongkar sareng diteukteuk dugi ka ukur batangna gampil direcah. # Tangkal dibagi panjang dugi ka sami. # Téras gagangna dicacag sareng dicandakan. # Teras diparud atanapi di wejek dugi ka kaluar acina, sareng disaring. # Produk saringan dikumbah sareng [[pati (polisakarida) | aci]]na dicandak. # Aci diolah pikeun ngadamel tipung atanapi dibungkus ku daun cau (disebat "[[basong]]" dina Kendari). Tangkal sagu tiasa hirup dugi ka jangkungna 20 méter, malahan aya anu 30 m. Tina sa tangkal tiasa ngahasilkeun 150 dugi ka 300&nbsp;kg pati. Aya survei di [[Kabupatén Kendari]] nunjukkeun yén pikeun ngolah dua tangkal sagu diperlukeun 4 urang anu midamel ngokolakeun salami 6 dinten.<ref>http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131051/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 |date=2007-06-05 }}</ref> Tutuwuhan sagu tiasa janten panyalindungan lingkungan sabab tiasa nyerep émisi gas karbon dioksida tina rawa sareng lahan gambut kana hawa. (Bintoro, 2008).<ref>http://www.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/search?order=DESC&rpp=10&sort_by=0&page=5&query=sagu&etal=0</ref> == Kandungan gizi == Tepung sagu beunghar [[karbohidrat]] ([[pati (polisakarida)|pati]]) tapi miskin pisan dina nutrisi anu sanés. Ieu lumangsung kusabab kandungan aci anu tinggi dina teras taneuh sareng prosés panén. Saratus gram sagu garing sami sareng 355 [[kalori]]. Di jerona rata-rata mibanda 94 [[gram]] karbohidrat, 0,2 gram [[protéin]], 0,5 gram [[serat]], 10&nbsp;mg [[kalsium]], 1,2&nbsp;mg [[besi]], dan [[lemak]], [[karoten]], [[tiamin]], dan [[asam askorbat]] dalam jumlah sangat kecil. == Galeri, ngékstrak/ngaci sagu == <gallery> File:Sagu-02 081119-3849 sim.JPG|Empulur sagu (''Metroxylon sagu'') tina tangkal kenging nyacag. File:Sagu-01 081119-3840 sim.JPG|Diparud nganggo mesin. [[Simeulue]]. File:Sagu-04 081119-3865 sim.JPG|Aci a diwadahan. File:Sagu-05 081119-3856 sim.JPG|iwejek sangkan kaluar acina. File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|Aci sagu anu garing, tos siap diolah. File:Sagu-06 081122-4150 sim.JPG|'Sangu' tina sagu, isayagikeunbjeung beuleum lauk. [[Teupah Selatan, Simeulue|Teupah Selatan]], Simeulue. </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2 }} :2. Flach, M. and F. Rumawas, eds. (1996). Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 9: Plants Yielding Non-Seed Carbohydrates. Leiden: Blackhuys. {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan tradisional]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] 8i95mvlw8mz3xqcf8ag5940smvy7l7a 710069 710068 2026-06-04T12:41:43Z Pijri Paijar 27067 710069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|jmpl|250px|Aci sagu garing]] '''Sagu''' nyaéta tipung anu dipibanda tina hasil olahan tangkal [[kirai]] (''Metroxylon sagu'' Rottb.).<ref name=“Rigg”/><ref name=“Ahmad”/><ref name=“Bajaj”>{{Cite book | title =Trees IVVolume 35 dari Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry| first =Y. P. S. | last =Bajaj| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =London| year =1821| pages =219|ISBN=9783540605478|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZF2B2rce0EEC&pg=PA217&dq=metroxylon&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1qLjeiNbmAhUPSX0KHRfKCzEQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=metroxylon&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> [[Tipung]] sagu ngagaduhan ciri ''fisik'' mirip sareng tipung [[tapioka]]. Dina resep masak, [[tipung]] sagu kawilang hésé diala, jadi sering digentoskeun ku [[tipung]] [[tapioka]] sahingga namina sering patukeur, sanaos dua tipung ieu saleresna béda-béda.<ref name=“Ahmad”>{{Cite book | title =Sagu Papua Untuk Dunia| first =Ahmad| last =Arif| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2019| pages =31|ISBN=9786024812003|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1irGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu mangrupakeun kadaharan pokok pikeun masarakat di [[Maluku]] sareng [[Papua]] utamina anu nganjrek di [[basisir]].<ref name=“Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =223|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=cin&f=false|accessdate=15 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu didahar dina wujud [[papeda]], mangrupi [[bubur]], atanapi dina olahan anu sanés. Sagu sorangan dijual salaku tipung ageung atanapi dikomprés sareng dibungkus ku daun [[cau]]. Salaku tambahan, ayeuna sagu ogé diolah janten [[mi]].<ref name=“ kurniawan”>{{Cite book | title =Mengenal Hewan & Tumbuhan Asli Indonesia| first =Kurniawan| last =M. B. Kurniawan, Bayu Pratama| publisher =Cikal Aksara| location =Jakarta| year =2018| pages =80|ISBN=9786028526173|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZWlws4KqG1oC&pg=PA80&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIXjAH#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Salaku sumber [[karbohidrat]], Sagu unik sabab dihasilkeun di rawa-rawa (habitat alami tina kirai). Kaayaan ieu ngagaduhan kaunggulan ékologis nyalira, sanaos henteu nguntungkeun sacara ékonomis (ngajantenkeun sebaran sesah).<ref name=“Abdul”>{{Cite book | title =Hukum Sebagai Alat Komunikasi Sosial| first =Abdul| last =Rahman Nur| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2018| pages =32|ISBN=9786024431723|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oXViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sacara tradisional, tangkal sagu dipanén saencana bener-bener sawawa, sabab cadangan tipung di jero tangkalna nuju pinuh-pinuhna dina mangsa éta. Tangkalna dibeulah, tuluy empulur (gabus jero tangkal) anu hipu di jero digiling jeung dikumbah sababaraha kali maké cai keur ngaluarkeun tipungna. Sanggeus diendepkeun jeung digaringkeun, tipung éta jadi tipung sagu, anu engkéna bisa dipaké keur rupa-rupa kadaharan tradisional. Satangkal sagu anu geus sawawa bisa ngahasilkeun ratusan kilogram tipung, numutkeunna ieu tutuwuhan téh jadi sumber pangan anu éfisién jeung bisa diandelkeun ku masarakat satempat ti generasi keur generasi. Di kalangan urang Melanau, tipung sagu téh ilaharna katelah ku sebutan "lemantak". Kadaharan tradisional anu kasohor anu dijieun tina lemantak nyaéta ''linut'', nyaéta bubur leueur kentel anu dijieun ku cara nyicikeun cai panas kana tipung sagu bari diaduk-aduk nepi ka téksturna jiga elém. ''Linut'' biasana didahar jeung deungeun sangu kawas lauk, kadaharan laut, rupa-rupa sayur leuweung, jeung sambel. Sanajan téksturna karasa ahéng keur urang luar, kadaharan ieu tetep jadi bagian budaya jeung tradisi anu penting keur komunitas Melanau. Kadaharan tradisional séjénna tina sagu nyaéta sagu mutiara atawa bola sagu, nyaéta bola tipung leutik anu mindeng didahar salaku camilan atawa disuguhkeun bareng jeung kadaharan tradisional kawas ''umai'' jeung lauk beuleum. Proses nyieun bola sagu ieu téh dianggap nyéépkeun waktu jeung sacara tradisional kudu ngaliwatan sababaraha tahapan tina mimiti digaringkeun, digolédégkeun, nepi ka diolah ku leungeun langsung. Loba masarakat anu masih ngajaga cara tradisional ieu salaku bagian tina warisan budaya maranéhna. Secara komersial, sagu ogé diolah jadi mutiara tipung leutik anu ilaharna dipaké dina kuéh, puding, kolak (sup amis), jeung inuman. Sagu mutiara anu pituin biasana warnana bodas semu kusem, bentukna teu pati rata, gampang ruksak mun garing, jeungéré gancang asak pas dipasak. Kusabab boba atawa mutiara tapioka anu dijieun tina sampeu hargana leuwih murah, kadaharan éta sok dijual maké ngaran "sagu" di pasar internasional, padahal mah sagu asli jeung tapioka téh asalna tina tutuwuhan anu béda. Di luar Malaysia, sagu ogé loba didahar di sababaraha wilayah [[Indonésia Wétan]] jeung [[Papua Nugini|Papua Nugini,]] di mana sagu téh tetep jadi kadaharan poko keur masarakat di daérah dataran handap. Di tempat-tempat kawas [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung [[Papua]], sagu biasana dijieun ''[[papeda]]'', nyaéta bubur leueur kentel anu mirip jeung ''linut'', anu biasana didahar jeung olahan lauk sarta deungeun anu ngandung kuah. Wilayah Mélanésia tetep jadi salah sahiji produsen sagu panggedéna di dunya, sarta loba diékspor ka luar nagri keur kaperluan masak jeung produksi kadaharan. == Sajarah == Sagu kungsi dicatet ku ahli sajarah urang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Zhao Rukuo]] (1170–1231) dina mangsa [[Dinasti Song]]. Dina bukuna anu judulna ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' (1225), nyaéta kumpulan gambaran ngeunaan nagara-nagara deungeun, manéhna nulis yén karajaan Boni "teu ngahasilkeun gandum, tapi ngahasilkeun rami jeung paré, sarta marénhna ngagunakeun ''sha-hu'' (sagu) keur kadaharan pokona". Komunitas [[Melanau]] sacara sajarah dicatet boga hubungan anu deukeut pisan jeung sagu. Maranéhna aktip aub dina nyieun sagu jeung melak tangkal rumbia (tangkal sagu) di Sarawak. Dina catetan sajarah, urang Melanau katelah sok nyieun kadaharan tradisional anu bentukna buleud leutik, sagedé suuk, anu katelah sagu atawa ''bulu''. Dicatet ogé yén pas jaman penjajahan [[Jepang]] di awal taun 1940-an, sagu jadi kadaharan poko anu penting keur komunitas [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]] jeung Melanau di Sarawak. Mukah kacatet salaku wewengkon utama keur kebon tangkal rumbia di Sarawak. Tina tangkal ieu, tipung sagu anu di dinya mah disebut ''lemantak'', dihasilkeun. Catetan sajarah ogé nyebutkeun yén sagu téh aya di wewengkon séjén kawas Matu Daro, Dalat, jeung Oya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/1059|title=Maklumat Seni Budaya|website=pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> === Di Indonésia === Sagu asalna ti [[Maluku]] jeung [[Irian]], ku sabab éta sagu boga harti husus salaku bahan pangan tradisional keur nu nyicingan di dinya. Nepi ka ayeuna can aya data anu pasti anu nembongkeun iraha mimitina sagu mimiti dipikawanoh. Diduga budidaya sagu di kawasan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia]] [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Kidul Wétan]] jeung [[Asia Pasifik Kulon]] téh sarua kunona jeung pamangfaatan [[korma]] di [[Mésopotamia]]. Tapi nurutkeun Ong (1977), sagu geus dipikawanoh ti taun 1200 dumasar kana catetan-catetan dina tulisan-tulisan Cina. Contona, Marcopolo manggihan sagu di Sumatra dina taun 1298 jeung pabrik sagu di Malaka geus kacatet dina taun 1416.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://adigunakaryapersada.co.id/sejarah-singkat-sagu/|title=Sejarah Singkat Sagu {{!}} Adiguna Karya Persada|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Téknologi éksploitasi, budidaya, jeung ngolah sagu anu pangmajuna ayeuna nyaéta [[Malaysia]]. [[Indonésia]], hususna ti daérah [[Riau]], geus ngalakukeun [[ékspor]] produk sagu dina wujud sagu kotor (''raw'') dina taun 1879. Ékspor sagu bersih di Indonésia dimimitian dina taun 1901 jeung mimiti ékspor dina wujud sagu mutiara dina taun 1917. Sajarah anu merenah dicatet dina kamekaran industri sagu di Indonésia nyaéta diadegkeunana hiji industri ngolah sagu ku PT. Sagindo Sari Lestari dina pertengahan taun 1989 di Arandai, Bintuna, [[Manokwari]], Irian Jaya. Pangolahan sagu ieu teh anu pangmodérna dina mangsa éta. Hal ieu bener-bener méré tanda yén sagu, salian ti jadi bahan pangan modéren, ogé mangrupa bahan baku keur rupa-rupa industri.<ref name=":0" /> Dina ruyuk sagu rata-rata aya 1-8 tangkal, dina unggal bongkot tangkalna tumuwuh 5-7 tangkal anakna. Dina kaayaan liar, ruyuk sagu ieu bakal melar kalayan jumlah anakna anu loba pisan dina rupa-rupa tingkat pertumbuhan. Anakna téh saeutik pisan anu bisa tumuwuh jadi tangkal sawawa. Tangkal sagu téh mangrupa silinder anu fungsina keur numpuk [[karbohidrat]]. Jangkungna tangkal sagu ti luhur taneuh nepi ka bongkot kembangna sakitar antara 10-15 m, kalayan diaméter tangkal di bagian handap nepi ka 35-50 cm. Pas usum panén, tangkal sagu bisa boga beurat nepi ka 1 ton, di mana 20 persén empulurna (gabus jero tangkal) ngandung tipung, nepi ka sa-tangkal sagu téh sanggup ngahasilkeun 150-300 kg tipung sagu baseuh. Beurat éta masih ditambah ku beurat akar jeung makuta daun sakitar 50 kg.<ref name=":0" /> Kembang sagu bentukna mangrupa raranggeuyan anu kaluar dina tungtung tangkal, kalayan kanyahoan ku ayana tanda ngaleutikanana daun bandéra. Sagu mimiti kembangan dina umur 8-15 taun, gumantung kana kaayaan taneuh, jangkungna tempat, jeung variétasna. Kembang sagu disusun dina manggar sacara rapet sarta ukuranana laleutik. Warnana bodas, bentukna kawas kembang kalapa jalu (bancet) jeung teu bau. Lamun sagu teu buru-buru ditébué pas keur kembangan, kembangna bisa ngajadi buah. Buahna buleud-buleud leutik jeung disusun dina turuy jiga buah kalapa. Buahna aya sisikan jeung warnana coklat semu konéng. Sagu mangrupa tutuwuhan taunan anu ukur kembangan atawa buahan sakali dina mangsa hirupna. Sanggeus kembangan jeung buahan, sagu bakal paéh.<ref name=":0" /> == Panén sagu == Sagu anu dipanén diolah kujalan: # Tangkal sagu dibongkar sareng diteukteuk dugi ka ukur batangna gampil direcah. # Tangkal dibagi panjang dugi ka sami. # Téras gagangna dicacag sareng dicandakan. # Teras diparud atanapi di wejek dugi ka kaluar acina, sareng disaring. # Produk saringan dikumbah sareng [[pati (polisakarida) | aci]]na dicandak. # Aci diolah pikeun ngadamel tipung atanapi dibungkus ku daun cau (disebat "[[basong]]" dina Kendari). Tangkal sagu tiasa hirup dugi ka jangkungna 20 méter, malahan aya anu 30 m. Tina sa tangkal tiasa ngahasilkeun 150 dugi ka 300&nbsp;kg pati. Aya survei di [[Kabupatén Kendari]] nunjukkeun yén pikeun ngolah dua tangkal sagu diperlukeun 4 urang anu midamel ngokolakeun salami 6 dinten.<ref>http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131051/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 |date=2007-06-05 }}</ref> Tutuwuhan sagu tiasa janten panyalindungan lingkungan sabab tiasa nyerep émisi gas karbon dioksida tina rawa sareng lahan gambut kana hawa. (Bintoro, 2008).<ref>http://www.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/search?order=DESC&rpp=10&sort_by=0&page=5&query=sagu&etal=0</ref> == Kandungan gizi == Tepung sagu beunghar [[karbohidrat]] ([[pati (polisakarida)|pati]]) tapi miskin pisan dina nutrisi anu sanés. Ieu lumangsung kusabab kandungan aci anu tinggi dina teras taneuh sareng prosés panén. Saratus gram sagu garing sami sareng 355 [[kalori]]. Di jerona rata-rata mibanda 94 [[gram]] karbohidrat, 0,2 gram [[protéin]], 0,5 gram [[serat]], 10&nbsp;mg [[kalsium]], 1,2&nbsp;mg [[besi]], dan [[lemak]], [[karoten]], [[tiamin]], dan [[asam askorbat]] dalam jumlah sangat kecil. == Galeri, ngékstrak/ngaci sagu == <gallery> File:Sagu-02 081119-3849 sim.JPG|Empulur sagu (''Metroxylon sagu'') tina tangkal kenging nyacag. File:Sagu-01 081119-3840 sim.JPG|Diparud nganggo mesin. [[Simeulue]]. File:Sagu-04 081119-3865 sim.JPG|Aci a diwadahan. File:Sagu-05 081119-3856 sim.JPG|iwejek sangkan kaluar acina. File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|Aci sagu anu garing, tos siap diolah. File:Sagu-06 081122-4150 sim.JPG|'Sangu' tina sagu, isayagikeunbjeung beuleum lauk. [[Teupah Selatan, Simeulue|Teupah Selatan]], Simeulue. </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2 }} :2. Flach, M. and F. Rumawas, eds. (1996). Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 9: Plants Yielding Non-Seed Carbohydrates. Leiden: Blackhuys. {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan tradisional]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] 28asso6sml01vvwjjv0ag9db6wuz36f 710070 710069 2026-06-04T12:47:23Z Pijri Paijar 27067 710070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|jmpl|250px|Aci sagu garing]] '''Sagu''' nyaéta tipung anu dipibanda tina hasil olahan tangkal [[kirai]] (''Metroxylon sagu'' Rottb.).<ref name=“Rigg”/><ref name=“Ahmad”/><ref name=“Bajaj”>{{Cite book | title =Trees IVVolume 35 dari Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry| first =Y. P. S. | last =Bajaj| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =London| year =1821| pages =219|ISBN=9783540605478|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZF2B2rce0EEC&pg=PA217&dq=metroxylon&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1qLjeiNbmAhUPSX0KHRfKCzEQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=metroxylon&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> [[Tipung]] sagu ngagaduhan ciri ''fisik'' mirip sareng tipung [[tapioka]]. Dina resep masak, [[tipung]] sagu kawilang hésé diala, jadi sering digentoskeun ku [[tipung]] [[tapioka]] sahingga namina sering patukeur, sanaos dua tipung ieu saleresna béda-béda.<ref name=“Ahmad”>{{Cite book | title =Sagu Papua Untuk Dunia| first =Ahmad| last =Arif| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2019| pages =31|ISBN=9786024812003|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1irGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu mangrupakeun kadaharan pokok pikeun masarakat di [[Maluku]] sareng [[Papua]] utamina anu nganjrek di [[basisir]].<ref name=“Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =223|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=cin&f=false|accessdate=15 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu didahar dina wujud [[papeda]], mangrupi [[bubur]], atanapi dina olahan anu sanés. Sagu sorangan dijual salaku tipung ageung atanapi dikomprés sareng dibungkus ku daun [[cau]]. Salaku tambahan, ayeuna sagu ogé diolah janten [[mi]].<ref name=“ kurniawan”>{{Cite book | title =Mengenal Hewan & Tumbuhan Asli Indonesia| first =Kurniawan| last =M. B. Kurniawan, Bayu Pratama| publisher =Cikal Aksara| location =Jakarta| year =2018| pages =80|ISBN=9786028526173|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZWlws4KqG1oC&pg=PA80&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIXjAH#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Salaku sumber [[karbohidrat]], Sagu unik sabab dihasilkeun di rawa-rawa (habitat alami tina kirai). Kaayaan ieu ngagaduhan kaunggulan ékologis nyalira, sanaos henteu nguntungkeun sacara ékonomis (ngajantenkeun sebaran sesah).<ref name=“Abdul”>{{Cite book | title =Hukum Sebagai Alat Komunikasi Sosial| first =Abdul| last =Rahman Nur| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2018| pages =32|ISBN=9786024431723|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oXViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sacara tradisional, tangkal sagu dipanén saencana bener-bener sawawa, sabab cadangan tipung di jero tangkalna nuju pinuh-pinuhna dina mangsa éta. Tangkalna dibeulah, tuluy empulur (gabus jero tangkal) anu hipu di jero digiling jeung dikumbah sababaraha kali maké cai keur ngaluarkeun tipungna. Sanggeus diendepkeun jeung digaringkeun, tipung éta jadi tipung sagu, anu engkéna bisa dipaké keur rupa-rupa kadaharan tradisional. Satangkal sagu anu geus sawawa bisa ngahasilkeun ratusan kilogram tipung, numutkeunna ieu tutuwuhan téh jadi sumber pangan anu éfisién jeung bisa diandelkeun ku masarakat satempat ti generasi keur generasi. Di kalangan urang Melanau, tipung sagu téh ilaharna katelah ku sebutan "lemantak". Kadaharan tradisional anu kasohor anu dijieun tina lemantak nyaéta ''linut'', nyaéta bubur leueur kentel anu dijieun ku cara nyicikeun cai panas kana tipung sagu bari diaduk-aduk nepi ka téksturna jiga elém. ''Linut'' biasana didahar jeung deungeun sangu kawas lauk, kadaharan laut, rupa-rupa sayur leuweung, jeung sambel. Sanajan téksturna karasa ahéng keur urang luar, kadaharan ieu tetep jadi bagian budaya jeung tradisi anu penting keur komunitas Melanau. Kadaharan tradisional séjénna tina sagu nyaéta sagu mutiara atawa bola sagu, nyaéta bola tipung leutik anu mindeng didahar salaku camilan atawa disuguhkeun bareng jeung kadaharan tradisional kawas ''umai'' jeung lauk beuleum. Proses nyieun bola sagu ieu téh dianggap nyéépkeun waktu jeung sacara tradisional kudu ngaliwatan sababaraha tahapan tina mimiti digaringkeun, digolédégkeun, nepi ka diolah ku leungeun langsung. Loba masarakat anu masih ngajaga cara tradisional ieu salaku bagian tina warisan budaya maranéhna. Secara komersial, sagu ogé diolah jadi mutiara tipung leutik anu ilaharna dipaké dina kuéh, puding, kolak (sup amis), jeung inuman. Sagu mutiara anu pituin biasana warnana bodas semu kusem, bentukna teu pati rata, gampang ruksak mun garing, jeungéré gancang asak pas dipasak. Kusabab boba atawa mutiara tapioka anu dijieun tina sampeu hargana leuwih murah, kadaharan éta sok dijual maké ngaran "sagu" di pasar internasional, padahal mah sagu asli jeung tapioka téh asalna tina tutuwuhan anu béda. Di luar Malaysia, sagu ogé loba didahar di sababaraha wilayah [[Indonésia Wétan]] jeung [[Papua Nugini|Papua Nugini,]] di mana sagu téh tetep jadi kadaharan poko keur masarakat di daérah dataran handap. Di tempat-tempat kawas [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung [[Papua]], sagu biasana dijieun ''[[papeda]]'', nyaéta bubur leueur kentel anu mirip jeung ''linut'', anu biasana didahar jeung olahan lauk sarta deungeun anu ngandung kuah. Wilayah Mélanésia tetep jadi salah sahiji produsen sagu panggedéna di dunya, sarta loba diékspor ka luar nagri keur kaperluan masak jeung produksi kadaharan. == Sajarah == Sagu kungsi dicatet ku ahli sajarah urang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Zhao Rukuo]] (1170–1231) dina mangsa [[Dinasti Song]]. Dina bukuna anu judulna ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' (1225), nyaéta kumpulan gambaran ngeunaan nagara-nagara deungeun, manéhna nulis yén karajaan Boni "teu ngahasilkeun gandum, tapi ngahasilkeun rami jeung paré, sarta marénhna ngagunakeun ''sha-hu'' (sagu) keur kadaharan pokona". Komunitas [[Melanau]] sacara sajarah dicatet boga hubungan anu deukeut pisan jeung sagu. Maranéhna aktip aub dina nyieun sagu jeung melak tangkal rumbia (tangkal sagu) di Sarawak. Dina catetan sajarah, urang Melanau katelah sok nyieun kadaharan tradisional anu bentukna buleud leutik, sagedé suuk, anu katelah sagu atawa ''bulu''. Dicatet ogé yén pas jaman penjajahan [[Jepang]] di awal taun 1940-an, sagu jadi kadaharan poko anu penting keur komunitas [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]] jeung Melanau di Sarawak. Mukah kacatet salaku wewengkon utama keur kebon tangkal rumbia di Sarawak. Tina tangkal ieu, tipung sagu anu di dinya mah disebut ''lemantak'', dihasilkeun. Catetan sajarah ogé nyebutkeun yén sagu téh aya di wewengkon séjén kawas Matu Daro, Dalat, jeung Oya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/1059|title=Maklumat Seni Budaya|website=pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> === Di Indonésia === Sagu asalna ti [[Maluku]] jeung [[Irian]], ku sabab éta sagu boga harti husus salaku bahan pangan tradisional keur nu nyicingan di dinya. Nepi ka ayeuna can aya data anu pasti anu nembongkeun iraha mimitina sagu mimiti dipikawanoh. Diduga budidaya sagu di kawasan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia]] [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Kidul Wétan]] jeung [[Asia Pasifik Kulon]] téh sarua kunona jeung pamangfaatan [[korma]] di [[Mésopotamia]]. Tapi nurutkeun Ong (1977), sagu geus dipikawanoh ti taun 1200 dumasar kana catetan-catetan dina tulisan-tulisan Cina. Contona, Marcopolo manggihan sagu di Sumatra dina taun 1298 jeung pabrik sagu di Malaka geus kacatet dina taun 1416.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://adigunakaryapersada.co.id/sejarah-singkat-sagu/|title=Sejarah Singkat Sagu {{!}} Adiguna Karya Persada|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Téknologi éksploitasi, budidaya, jeung ngolah sagu anu pangmajuna ayeuna nyaéta [[Malaysia]]. [[Indonésia]], hususna ti daérah [[Riau]], geus ngalakukeun [[ékspor]] produk sagu dina wujud sagu kotor (''raw'') dina taun 1879. Ékspor sagu bersih di Indonésia dimimitian dina taun 1901 jeung mimiti ékspor dina wujud sagu mutiara dina taun 1917. Sajarah anu merenah dicatet dina kamekaran industri sagu di Indonésia nyaéta diadegkeunana hiji industri ngolah sagu ku PT. Sagindo Sari Lestari dina pertengahan taun 1989 di Arandai, Bintuna, [[Manokwari]], Irian Jaya. Pangolahan sagu ieu teh anu pangmodérna dina mangsa éta. Hal ieu bener-bener méré tanda yén sagu, salian ti jadi bahan pangan modéren, ogé mangrupa bahan baku keur rupa-rupa industri.<ref name=":0" /> Dina ruyuk sagu rata-rata aya 1-8 tangkal, dina unggal bongkot tangkalna tumuwuh 5-7 tangkal anakna. Dina kaayaan liar, ruyuk sagu ieu bakal melar kalayan jumlah anakna anu loba pisan dina rupa-rupa tingkat pertumbuhan. Anakna téh saeutik pisan anu bisa tumuwuh jadi tangkal sawawa. Tangkal sagu téh mangrupa silinder anu fungsina keur numpuk [[karbohidrat]]. Jangkungna tangkal sagu ti luhur taneuh nepi ka bongkot kembangna sakitar antara 10-15 m, kalayan diaméter tangkal di bagian handap nepi ka 35-50 cm. Pas usum panén, tangkal sagu bisa boga beurat nepi ka 1 ton, di mana 20 persén empulurna (gabus jero tangkal) ngandung tipung, nepi ka sa-tangkal sagu téh sanggup ngahasilkeun 150-300 kg tipung sagu baseuh. Beurat éta masih ditambah ku beurat akar jeung makuta daun sakitar 50 kg.<ref name=":0" /> Kembang sagu bentukna mangrupa raranggeuyan anu kaluar dina tungtung tangkal, kalayan kanyahoan ku ayana tanda ngaleutikanana daun bandéra. Sagu mimiti kembangan dina umur 8-15 taun, gumantung kana kaayaan taneuh, jangkungna tempat, jeung variétasna. Kembang sagu disusun dina manggar sacara rapet sarta ukuranana laleutik. Warnana bodas, bentukna kawas kembang kalapa jalu (bancet) jeung teu bau. Lamun sagu teu buru-buru ditébué pas keur kembangan, kembangna bisa ngajadi buah. Buahna buleud-buleud leutik jeung disusun dina turuy jiga buah kalapa. Buahna aya sisikan jeung warnana coklat semu konéng. Sagu mangrupa tutuwuhan taunan anu ukur kembangan atawa buahan sakali dina mangsa hirupna. Sanggeus kembangan jeung buahan, sagu bakal paéh.<ref name=":0" /> == Panén sagu == Sagu anu dipanén diolah kujalan: # Tangkal sagu dibongkar sareng diteukteuk dugi ka ukur batangna gampil direcah. # Tangkal dibagi panjang dugi ka sami. # Téras gagangna dicacag sareng dicandakan. # Teras diparud atanapi di wejek dugi ka kaluar acina, sareng disaring. # Produk saringan dikumbah sareng [[pati (polisakarida) | aci]]na dicandak. # Aci diolah pikeun ngadamel tipung atanapi dibungkus ku daun cau (disebat "[[basong]]" dina Kendari). Tangkal sagu tiasa hirup dugi ka jangkungna 20 méter, malahan aya anu 30 m. Tina sa tangkal tiasa ngahasilkeun 150 dugi ka 300&nbsp;kg pati. Aya survei di [[Kabupatén Kendari]] nunjukkeun yén pikeun ngolah dua tangkal sagu diperlukeun 4 urang anu midamel ngokolakeun salami 6 dinten.<ref>http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131051/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 |date=2007-06-05 }}</ref> Tutuwuhan sagu tiasa janten panyalindungan lingkungan sabab tiasa nyerep émisi gas karbon dioksida tina rawa sareng lahan gambut kana hawa. (Bintoro, 2008).<ref>http://www.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/search?order=DESC&rpp=10&sort_by=0&page=5&query=sagu&etal=0</ref> == Kandungan gizi == Tepung sagu beunghar [[karbohidrat]] ([[pati (polisakarida)|pati]]) tapi miskin pisan dina nutrisi anu sanés. Ieu lumangsung kusabab kandungan aci anu tinggi dina teras taneuh sareng prosés panén. Saratus gram sagu garing sami sareng 355 [[kalori]]. Di jerona rata-rata mibanda 94 [[gram]] karbohidrat, 0,2 gram [[protéin]], 0,5 gram [[serat]], 10&nbsp;mg [[kalsium]], 1,2&nbsp;mg [[besi]], dan [[lemak]], [[karoten]], [[tiamin]], dan [[asam askorbat]] dalam jumlah sangat kecil. == Kaolahan == Tipung sagu bisa dipanggang (anu ngahasilkeun kadaharan jiga roti, panékuk, atawa biskuit) atawa dicampur jeung cai ngagolak sangkan jadi bubur kentel. Sagu téh jadi kadaharan poko keur loba masarakat tradisional di New Guinea, Maluku, Kalimantan, Sulawesi Kidul (paling kasohor di Kabupatén Luwu), jeung Sumatra dina wujud ''papeda''. Di Palembang, sagu jadi salah sahiji bahan keur nyieun ''pempek''. Di Brunéi jeung Sabah (Malaysia Wétan), sagu dipaké keur nyieun kadaharan lokal nu kasohor anu disebut ''ambuyat''. Sagu ogé dipaké sacara komersial keur nyieun mi jeung roti bodas. Salian ti éta, tipung sagu bisa dipaké salaku pangentel keur kadaharan séjén. Sagu ogé bisa dijieun puding kukus, kawas ''sago plum pudding''. Di Malaysia, kadaharan tradisional "''keropok lekor''" (kurupuk lauk) ngagunakeun sagu salaku salah sahiji bahan utamana. Keur nyieun ''keropok lekor'' di Losong, Kuala Terengganu, unggal sakilo daging lauk dicampur jeung satengah kilo tipung sagu lemes, tuluy ditambahkeun uyah saeutik keur panyedep rasa. Beron-ton sagu mantah diimpor unggal taun ka Malaysia keur ngarojong industri ''keropok lekor'' ieu. Dina taun 1805, aya dua awak kapal ''Betsey'' anu tilelep tuluy ditéwak. Maranéhna bisa salamet hirup nepi ka bisa kabur ti hiji pulo anu teu dipikanyaho kulantaran baranghakan ku sagu. Unggal tipung sabenerna bisa dijieun mutiara ku cara dipanaskeun jeung diaduk-aduk dina gumpalan-gumpalan leutik tipung anu baseuh, anu engkéna ngahasilkeun siki garing satengah mateng anu bakal melar tapi tetep wetuh pas digolakkeun. Sagu mutiara mirip pisan jeung mutiara tapioka (sampeu). Duanana ilaharna mangrupa bola garing laleutik (diaméter sakitar 2 mm) jeung warnana kusem. Duanana bisa boga warna bodas (lamun murni pisan) atawa warna alami kawas hawuk, coklat, hideung, atawa diwarnaan jieunan jadi kayas (pink), konéng, héjo, jeung rébana. Lamun dikeueum jeung dipasak, duanana bakal jadi leuwih gedé, tembus cahaya (bening), hipu, sarta kenyal. Duanana loba dipaké dina kuliner India, Bangladesh, jeung Sri Lanka dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, sarta di sakuliah dunya anu biasana dijieun puding. Di India, sagu mutiara dipaké dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, contona kadaharan amis anu digolakkeun jeung susu amis pas keur aya acara puasa kaagamaan. Urang Penan di Kalimantan ngonsumsi sagu tina tangkal palem ''Eugeissona'' salaku sumber karbohidrat poko maranéhna. == Galeri, ngékstrak/ngaci sagu == <gallery> File:Sagu-02 081119-3849 sim.JPG|Empulur sagu (''Metroxylon sagu'') tina tangkal kenging nyacag. File:Sagu-01 081119-3840 sim.JPG|Diparud nganggo mesin. [[Simeulue]]. File:Sagu-04 081119-3865 sim.JPG|Aci a diwadahan. File:Sagu-05 081119-3856 sim.JPG|iwejek sangkan kaluar acina. File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|Aci sagu anu garing, tos siap diolah. File:Sagu-06 081122-4150 sim.JPG|'Sangu' tina sagu, isayagikeunbjeung beuleum lauk. [[Teupah Selatan, Simeulue|Teupah Selatan]], Simeulue. </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2 }} :2. Flach, M. and F. Rumawas, eds. (1996). Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 9: Plants Yielding Non-Seed Carbohydrates. Leiden: Blackhuys. {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan tradisional]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] kfx8rq6bgbs6x6nlpsh49m419mipe8y 710072 710070 2026-06-04T13:02:17Z Pijri Paijar 27067 710072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|jmpl|250px|Aci sagu garing]] '''Sagu''' nyaéta tipung anu dipibanda tina hasil olahan tangkal [[kirai]] (''Metroxylon sagu'' Rottb.).<ref name=“Rigg”/><ref name=“Ahmad”/><ref name=“Bajaj”>{{Cite book | title =Trees IVVolume 35 dari Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry| first =Y. P. S. | last =Bajaj| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =London| year =1821| pages =219|ISBN=9783540605478|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZF2B2rce0EEC&pg=PA217&dq=metroxylon&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1qLjeiNbmAhUPSX0KHRfKCzEQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=metroxylon&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> [[Tipung]] sagu ngagaduhan ciri ''fisik'' mirip sareng tipung [[tapioka]]. Dina resep masak, [[tipung]] sagu kawilang hésé diala, jadi sering digentoskeun ku [[tipung]] [[tapioka]] sahingga namina sering patukeur, sanaos dua tipung ieu saleresna béda-béda.<ref name=“Ahmad”>{{Cite book | title =Sagu Papua Untuk Dunia| first =Ahmad| last =Arif| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2019| pages =31|ISBN=9786024812003|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1irGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu mangrupakeun kadaharan pokok pikeun masarakat di [[Maluku]] sareng [[Papua]] utamina anu nganjrek di [[basisir]].<ref name=“Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =223|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=cin&f=false|accessdate=15 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sagu didahar dina wujud [[papeda]], mangrupi [[bubur]], atanapi dina olahan anu sanés. Sagu sorangan dijual salaku tipung ageung atanapi dikomprés sareng dibungkus ku daun [[cau]]. Salaku tambahan, ayeuna sagu ogé diolah janten [[mi]].<ref name=“ kurniawan”>{{Cite book | title =Mengenal Hewan & Tumbuhan Asli Indonesia| first =Kurniawan| last =M. B. Kurniawan, Bayu Pratama| publisher =Cikal Aksara| location =Jakarta| year =2018| pages =80|ISBN=9786028526173|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZWlws4KqG1oC&pg=PA80&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIXjAH#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Salaku sumber [[karbohidrat]], Sagu unik sabab dihasilkeun di rawa-rawa (habitat alami tina kirai). Kaayaan ieu ngagaduhan kaunggulan ékologis nyalira, sanaos henteu nguntungkeun sacara ékonomis (ngajantenkeun sebaran sesah).<ref name=“Abdul”>{{Cite book | title =Hukum Sebagai Alat Komunikasi Sosial| first =Abdul| last =Rahman Nur| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| location =Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia| year =2018| pages =32|ISBN=9786024431723|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oXViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=metroxylon+adalah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikzeapmdbmAhXCZSsKHbWlBX8Q6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=metroxylon%20adalah&f=false|accessdate=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Sacara tradisional, tangkal sagu dipanén saencana bener-bener sawawa, sabab cadangan tipung di jero tangkalna nuju pinuh-pinuhna dina mangsa éta. Tangkalna dibeulah, tuluy empulur (gabus jero tangkal) anu hipu di jero digiling jeung dikumbah sababaraha kali maké cai keur ngaluarkeun tipungna. Sanggeus diendepkeun jeung digaringkeun, tipung éta jadi tipung sagu, anu engkéna bisa dipaké keur rupa-rupa kadaharan tradisional. Satangkal sagu anu geus sawawa bisa ngahasilkeun ratusan kilogram tipung, numutkeunna ieu tutuwuhan téh jadi sumber pangan anu éfisién jeung bisa diandelkeun ku masarakat satempat ti generasi keur generasi. Di kalangan urang Melanau, tipung sagu téh ilaharna katelah ku sebutan "lemantak". Kadaharan tradisional anu kasohor anu dijieun tina lemantak nyaéta ''linut'', nyaéta bubur leueur kentel anu dijieun ku cara nyicikeun cai panas kana tipung sagu bari diaduk-aduk nepi ka téksturna jiga elém. ''Linut'' biasana didahar jeung deungeun sangu kawas lauk, kadaharan laut, rupa-rupa sayur leuweung, jeung sambel. Sanajan téksturna karasa ahéng keur urang luar, kadaharan ieu tetep jadi bagian budaya jeung tradisi anu penting keur komunitas Melanau. Kadaharan tradisional séjénna tina sagu nyaéta sagu mutiara atawa bola sagu, nyaéta bola tipung leutik anu mindeng didahar salaku camilan atawa disuguhkeun bareng jeung kadaharan tradisional kawas ''umai'' jeung lauk beuleum. Proses nyieun bola sagu ieu téh dianggap nyéépkeun waktu jeung sacara tradisional kudu ngaliwatan sababaraha tahapan tina mimiti digaringkeun, digolédégkeun, nepi ka diolah ku leungeun langsung. Loba masarakat anu masih ngajaga cara tradisional ieu salaku bagian tina warisan budaya maranéhna. Secara komersial, sagu ogé diolah jadi mutiara tipung leutik anu ilaharna dipaké dina kuéh, puding, kolak (sup amis), jeung inuman. Sagu mutiara anu pituin biasana warnana bodas semu kusem, bentukna teu pati rata, gampang ruksak mun garing, jeungéré gancang asak pas dipasak. Kusabab boba atawa mutiara tapioka anu dijieun tina sampeu hargana leuwih murah, kadaharan éta sok dijual maké ngaran "sagu" di pasar internasional, padahal mah sagu asli jeung tapioka téh asalna tina tutuwuhan anu béda. Di luar Malaysia, sagu ogé loba didahar di sababaraha wilayah [[Indonésia Wétan]] jeung [[Papua Nugini|Papua Nugini,]] di mana sagu téh tetep jadi kadaharan poko keur masarakat di daérah dataran handap. Di tempat-tempat kawas [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung [[Papua]], sagu biasana dijieun ''[[papeda]]'', nyaéta bubur leueur kentel anu mirip jeung ''linut'', anu biasana didahar jeung olahan lauk sarta deungeun anu ngandung kuah. Wilayah Mélanésia tetep jadi salah sahiji produsen sagu panggedéna di dunya, sarta loba diékspor ka luar nagri keur kaperluan masak jeung produksi kadaharan. == Sajarah == Sagu kungsi dicatet ku ahli sajarah urang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Zhao Rukuo]] (1170–1231) dina mangsa [[Dinasti Song]]. Dina bukuna anu judulna ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' (1225), nyaéta kumpulan gambaran ngeunaan nagara-nagara deungeun, manéhna nulis yén karajaan Boni "teu ngahasilkeun gandum, tapi ngahasilkeun rami jeung paré, sarta marénhna ngagunakeun ''sha-hu'' (sagu) keur kadaharan pokona". Komunitas [[Melanau]] sacara sajarah dicatet boga hubungan anu deukeut pisan jeung sagu. Maranéhna aktip aub dina nyieun sagu jeung melak tangkal rumbia (tangkal sagu) di Sarawak. Dina catetan sajarah, urang Melanau katelah sok nyieun kadaharan tradisional anu bentukna buleud leutik, sagedé suuk, anu katelah sagu atawa ''bulu''. Dicatet ogé yén pas jaman penjajahan [[Jepang]] di awal taun 1940-an, sagu jadi kadaharan poko anu penting keur komunitas [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]] jeung Melanau di Sarawak. Mukah kacatet salaku wewengkon utama keur kebon tangkal rumbia di Sarawak. Tina tangkal ieu, tipung sagu anu di dinya mah disebut ''lemantak'', dihasilkeun. Catetan sajarah ogé nyebutkeun yén sagu téh aya di wewengkon séjén kawas Matu Daro, Dalat, jeung Oya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/senibudaya/detail/1059|title=Maklumat Seni Budaya|website=pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> === Di Indonésia === Sagu asalna ti [[Maluku]] jeung [[Irian]], ku sabab éta sagu boga harti husus salaku bahan pangan tradisional keur nu nyicingan di dinya. Nepi ka ayeuna can aya data anu pasti anu nembongkeun iraha mimitina sagu mimiti dipikawanoh. Diduga budidaya sagu di kawasan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia]] [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Kidul Wétan]] jeung [[Asia Pasifik Kulon]] téh sarua kunona jeung pamangfaatan [[korma]] di [[Mésopotamia]]. Tapi nurutkeun Ong (1977), sagu geus dipikawanoh ti taun 1200 dumasar kana catetan-catetan dina tulisan-tulisan Cina. Contona, Marcopolo manggihan sagu di Sumatra dina taun 1298 jeung pabrik sagu di Malaka geus kacatet dina taun 1416.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://adigunakaryapersada.co.id/sejarah-singkat-sagu/|title=Sejarah Singkat Sagu {{!}} Adiguna Karya Persada|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Téknologi éksploitasi, budidaya, jeung ngolah sagu anu pangmajuna ayeuna nyaéta [[Malaysia]]. [[Indonésia]], hususna ti daérah [[Riau]], geus ngalakukeun [[ékspor]] produk sagu dina wujud sagu kotor (''raw'') dina taun 1879. Ékspor sagu bersih di Indonésia dimimitian dina taun 1901 jeung mimiti ékspor dina wujud sagu mutiara dina taun 1917. Sajarah anu merenah dicatet dina kamekaran industri sagu di Indonésia nyaéta diadegkeunana hiji industri ngolah sagu ku PT. Sagindo Sari Lestari dina pertengahan taun 1989 di Arandai, Bintuna, [[Manokwari]], Irian Jaya. Pangolahan sagu ieu teh anu pangmodérna dina mangsa éta. Hal ieu bener-bener méré tanda yén sagu, salian ti jadi bahan pangan modéren, ogé mangrupa bahan baku keur rupa-rupa industri.<ref name=":0" /> Dina ruyuk sagu rata-rata aya 1-8 tangkal, dina unggal bongkot tangkalna tumuwuh 5-7 tangkal anakna. Dina kaayaan liar, ruyuk sagu ieu bakal melar kalayan jumlah anakna anu loba pisan dina rupa-rupa tingkat pertumbuhan. Anakna téh saeutik pisan anu bisa tumuwuh jadi tangkal sawawa. Tangkal sagu téh mangrupa silinder anu fungsina keur numpuk [[karbohidrat]]. Jangkungna tangkal sagu ti luhur taneuh nepi ka bongkot kembangna sakitar antara 10-15 m, kalayan diaméter tangkal di bagian handap nepi ka 35-50 cm. Pas usum panén, tangkal sagu bisa boga beurat nepi ka 1 ton, di mana 20 persén empulurna (gabus jero tangkal) ngandung tipung, nepi ka sa-tangkal sagu téh sanggup ngahasilkeun 150-300 kg tipung sagu baseuh. Beurat éta masih ditambah ku beurat akar jeung makuta daun sakitar 50 kg.<ref name=":0" /> Kembang sagu bentukna mangrupa raranggeuyan anu kaluar dina tungtung tangkal, kalayan kanyahoan ku ayana tanda ngaleutikanana daun bandéra. Sagu mimiti kembangan dina umur 8-15 taun, gumantung kana kaayaan taneuh, jangkungna tempat, jeung variétasna. Kembang sagu disusun dina manggar sacara rapet sarta ukuranana laleutik. Warnana bodas, bentukna kawas kembang kalapa jalu (bancet) jeung teu bau. Lamun sagu teu buru-buru ditébué pas keur kembangan, kembangna bisa ngajadi buah. Buahna buleud-buleud leutik jeung disusun dina turuy jiga buah kalapa. Buahna aya sisikan jeung warnana coklat semu konéng. Sagu mangrupa tutuwuhan taunan anu ukur kembangan atawa buahan sakali dina mangsa hirupna. Sanggeus kembangan jeung buahan, sagu bakal paéh.<ref name=":0" /> == Panén sagu == Sagu anu dipanén diolah kujalan: # Tangkal sagu dibongkar sareng diteukteuk dugi ka ukur batangna gampil direcah. # Tangkal dibagi panjang dugi ka sami. # Téras gagangna dicacag sareng dicandakan. # Teras diparud atanapi di wejek dugi ka kaluar acina, sareng disaring. # Produk saringan dikumbah sareng [[pati (polisakarida) | aci]]na dicandak. # Aci diolah pikeun ngadamel tipung atanapi dibungkus ku daun cau (disebat "[[basong]]" dina Kendari). Tangkal sagu tiasa hirup dugi ka jangkungna 20 méter, malahan aya anu 30 m. Tina sa tangkal tiasa ngahasilkeun 150 dugi ka 300&nbsp;kg pati. Aya survei di [[Kabupatén Kendari]] nunjukkeun yén pikeun ngolah dua tangkal sagu diperlukeun 4 urang anu midamel ngokolakeun salami 6 dinten.<ref>http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131051/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/?ch=jsti&id=277 |date=2007-06-05 }}</ref> Tutuwuhan sagu tiasa janten panyalindungan lingkungan sabab tiasa nyerep émisi gas karbon dioksida tina rawa sareng lahan gambut kana hawa. (Bintoro, 2008).<ref>http://www.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/search?order=DESC&rpp=10&sort_by=0&page=5&query=sagu&etal=0</ref> == Kandungan gizi == Tepung sagu beunghar [[karbohidrat]] ([[pati (polisakarida)|pati]]) tapi miskin pisan dina nutrisi anu sanés. Ieu lumangsung kusabab kandungan aci anu tinggi dina teras taneuh sareng prosés panén. Saratus gram sagu garing sami sareng 355 [[kalori]]. Di jerona rata-rata mibanda 94 [[gram]] karbohidrat, 0,2 gram [[protéin]], 0,5 gram [[serat]], 10&nbsp;mg [[kalsium]], 1,2&nbsp;mg [[besi]], dan [[lemak]], [[karoten]], [[tiamin]], dan [[asam askorbat]] dalam jumlah sangat kecil. == Kaolahan == Tipung sagu bisa dipanggang (anu ngahasilkeun kadaharan jiga roti, panékuk, atawa biskuit) atawa dicampur jeung cai ngagolak sangkan jadi bubur kentel. Sagu téh jadi kadaharan poko keur loba masarakat tradisional di New Guinea, Maluku, Kalimantan, Sulawesi Kidul (paling kasohor di Kabupatén Luwu), jeung Sumatra dina wujud ''papeda''. Di Palembang, sagu jadi salah sahiji bahan keur nyieun ''pempek''. Di Brunéi jeung Sabah (Malaysia Wétan), sagu dipaké keur nyieun kadaharan lokal nu kasohor anu disebut ''ambuyat''. Sagu ogé dipaké sacara komersial keur nyieun mi jeung roti bodas. Salian ti éta, tipung sagu bisa dipaké salaku pangentel keur kadaharan séjén. Sagu ogé bisa dijieun puding kukus, kawas ''sago plum pudding''. Di Malaysia, kadaharan tradisional "''keropok lekor''" (kurupuk lauk) ngagunakeun sagu salaku salah sahiji bahan utamana. Keur nyieun ''keropok lekor'' di Losong, Kuala Terengganu, unggal sakilo daging lauk dicampur jeung satengah kilo tipung sagu lemes, tuluy ditambahkeun uyah saeutik keur panyedep rasa. Beron-ton sagu mantah diimpor unggal taun ka Malaysia keur ngarojong industri ''keropok lekor'' ieu. Dina taun 1805, aya dua awak kapal ''Betsey'' anu tilelep tuluy ditéwak. Maranéhna bisa salamet hirup nepi ka bisa kabur ti hiji pulo anu teu dipikanyaho kulantaran baranghakan ku sagu. Unggal tipung sabenerna bisa dijieun mutiara ku cara dipanaskeun jeung diaduk-aduk dina gumpalan-gumpalan leutik tipung anu baseuh, anu engkéna ngahasilkeun siki garing satengah mateng anu bakal melar tapi tetep wetuh pas digolakkeun. Sagu mutiara mirip pisan jeung mutiara tapioka (sampeu). Duanana ilaharna mangrupa bola garing laleutik (diaméter sakitar 2 mm) jeung warnana kusem. Duanana bisa boga warna bodas (lamun murni pisan) atawa warna alami kawas hawuk, coklat, hideung, atawa diwarnaan jieunan jadi kayas (pink), konéng, héjo, jeung rébana. Lamun dikeueum jeung dipasak, duanana bakal jadi leuwih gedé, tembus cahaya (bening), hipu, sarta kenyal. Duanana loba dipaké dina kuliner India, Bangladesh, jeung Sri Lanka dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, sarta di sakuliah dunya anu biasana dijieun puding. Di India, sagu mutiara dipaké dina rupa-rupa kadaharan, contona kadaharan amis anu digolakkeun jeung susu amis pas keur aya acara puasa kaagamaan. Urang Penan di Kalimantan ngonsumsi sagu tina tangkal palem ''Eugeissona'' salaku sumber karbohidrat poko maranéhna. === Industri tékstil === Tipung sagu ogé dipaké keur ngolah serat dina prosés anu disebut ''sizing'' (ngaci), anu tujuanna sangkan serat leuwih babari diolah ku mesin. Prosés ieu mantuan ngabeungkeut serat, méré daya lesang anu pas sangkan lancar pas ngalir dina mesin logam, nyarunakeun tingkat kandungan cai dina serat, jeung méré tékstur anu leuwih kandel kana lawon. Sabagian gedé kaén jeung pakéan tina bahan alami geus ngaliwatan prosés ''sizing'' ieu; prosés ieu ninggalkeun sésa aci anu bakal leungit pas kumbahan munggaran. == Galeri, ngékstrak/ngaci sagu == <gallery> File:Sagu-02 081119-3849 sim.JPG|Empulur sagu (''Metroxylon sagu'') tina tangkal kenging nyacag. File:Sagu-01 081119-3840 sim.JPG|Diparud nganggo mesin. [[Simeulue]]. File:Sagu-04 081119-3865 sim.JPG|Aci a diwadahan. File:Sagu-05 081119-3856 sim.JPG|iwejek sangkan kaluar acina. File:Sagu-06 081122-4153 sim.JPG|Aci sagu anu garing, tos siap diolah. File:Sagu-06 081122-4150 sim.JPG|'Sangu' tina sagu, isayagikeunbjeung beuleum lauk. [[Teupah Selatan, Simeulue|Teupah Selatan]], Simeulue. </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2 }} :2. Flach, M. and F. Rumawas, eds. (1996). Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) No. 9: Plants Yielding Non-Seed Carbohydrates. Leiden: Blackhuys. {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan tradisional]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] qj9brjgpqihm5imid4ddf6cc2qd2czh 0 106018 710066 709746 2026-06-04T12:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Jina Mahsa Amini Graffitipice.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ilustrasi Mahsa Amini di Frankfurt]] Dina 16 Séptémber 2022, saurang wanoja Iran umurna 22 taun namina [[Mahsa Amini]] (nalika Persia: مهسا امینی), ogé dipikawanoh minangka Jina Amini atawa Zhina Amini (nalika [[Iran|Persia]]: ژینا امینی; nalika Kurdi: ژینا ئەمینی, Jîna Emînî), nilar di hiji rumah sakit di Teheran, [[Iran]], dina kaayaan anu matak curiga. [[:id:Patroli_Bimbingan|Patroli Bimbingan]], pulisi moral ageman pamaréntah Iran, nyérék Amini margi henteu maké hijab luyu kalawan standar pamaréntah nyaéta logor teuing ku kituna nempokeun sapalih buukna. Pulisi sanggeus mindahkeun na ka rumah sakit ngomong anjeunna ngalaman serangan jantung di kantor pulisi, kapidara, sarta koma. Saksi nu nyaksian, kaasup wanoja anu ditahan sareng Amini, ngomong manéhna ditakolan bébéakan, sarta anjeunna maot alatan kebrutalan pulisi. Parnyataan ieu, jabi scan medis anu kungsi bocor ka publik, katambah panalitian ti pihak independen percanten yén Amini ngalaman pendarahan otak atawa stroke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/death-of-Jina-Mahsa-Amini|title=Death of Jina Mahsa Amini {{!}} Protests, Iran, & Cause {{!}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|accessdate=2024-10-19}}</ref> Ku maotna Amini ngabalukarkeun sauntuyan unjuk rasa anu digambarkeun ku CNN minangka langkung gedé batan unjuk rasa 2009, 2017, sarta 2019. Sarta ku The New York Times minangka unjuk rasa Iran pangbadagna sahenteuna saprak 2009. Sababaraha démonstran awéwé ngalésotkeun hijab maranéhanana atawa motong buuk maranéhanana di hareupeun umum minangka aksi protes. Dugi 12 Oktober 2022, Hak Asasi Manusia Iran ngalaporkeun sahenteuna 201 pengunjuk rasa atos maot ku pasukan kaamanan anu nyanghareupan unjuk rasa di sakumna nagari. Amnesty International ngalaporkeun yén pasukan kaamanan Iran, dina sababaraha kajadian némbakan jumplukan-jumplukan kalawan sanjata anu seukeut, sarta dina perkawis sanes maéhan pengunjuk rasa kalawan neunggeulan maranéhanana maké iteuk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/story/who-is-mahsa-amini-and-why-did-her-death-spark-protests-in-iran-d4236eb3|title=Who is Mahsa Amini, and Why Did Her Death Spark Protests in Iran?|website=WSJ|accessdate=2024-10-19}}</ref> == Situasi di Iran == Iran ngawanohkeun aturan dibaju wajib kanggo awéwé di ditu, luyu kalawan interprétasi maranéhanana ngeunaan standar Islam, henteu lila sanggeus Revolusi Iran 1979. Dina 7 Marét, kirang ti sabulan sanggeus revolusi, Khomeini netepkeun hijab Islami robah kaayaan wajib kanggo sadaya awéwé di tempat damel maranéhanana, sarta netepkeun yén wanoja moal deui diidinan ngasupan tempat damel atawa kantor pamaréntah manten oge anu aya, anu disebutna minangka "buligir." Kekerasan sarta pelecéhan ka awéwé anu henteu maké hijab luyu kalawan standar pamaréntah Iran geus robah kaayaan perkawis sanggeus revolusi, boh ku aparat pangadeg hukum atawa wargi pro-rezim.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahsa Amini: Iran responsible for 'physical violence' leading to death, UN says|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68511112|newspaper=BBC News|date=2024-03-08|access-date=2024-10-19|language=en-GB}}</ref> Saprak 1980, awéwé henteu bisa ngasupan gedong pamaréntahan atawa umum atawa ngahadiran tempat damel maranéhanana tanpa hijab. Dina taun 1983, hijab wajib di payun umum diwanohkeun dina hukum pidana,anu nyatakeun yén " wanoja anu maju di payun umum tanpa hijab ageman bade dihukum pecut dugi 74 cambukan." Nanging dina praktek na sajumlah awéwé,sepertos Saba Kord Afshari sarta Yasaman Aryani, dibéré hukuman panjara anu beurat. Dina sapuluh taun terahir, aturan maké baju di Iran ngalaman parobahan anu signipikan, sarta awéwé ngora hususna condong langkung liberal ngeunaan aturan hijab. Perkawis ieu nyorong Patroli Bimbingan, pulisi moralitas Iran, pikeun nyieun kampanye intermiten paranti negor sacara lisan atawa kekerasan nyérék sarta "ngatik balik" awéwé anu maranéhanana anggap lepat make hijab. Sacara rutin, para tahanan dibawa ka pusat di manten maranehanana diinstruksikeun balik ngeunaan aturan dibaju leuwih ti dua atawa tilu jam, sateuacan dipénta kanggo nandatanganan jangji kanggo ngadegkeun aturan kasebat, sarta saterusna diidinan mios sareng kulawargi maranéhanana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-10-13/iran-to-enforce-prison-terms-for-woman-journalists-in-mahsa-amini-case/|title=Iran to enforce prison terms for woman journalists in Mahsa Amini case|last=EFE|first=Agencia|website=EFE Noticias|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-10-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017230411/https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-10-13/iran-to-enforce-prison-terms-for-woman-journalists-in-mahsa-amini-case/ |date=2025-10-17 }}</ref> Unjuk rasa pikeun aturan hijab geus umum saprak 1979, kalawan salah sahiji unjuk rasa pangbadagna lumangsung antara 8 sarta 14 Maret 1979, dimulai dina Hari Perempuan Internasional sarta sapoé sanggeus aturan hijab diwanohkeun ku Republik Islam. Protes ka aturan hijab wajib teras nerus, sepertos salila protes 2019 atawa 2020, sabot pengunjuk rasa narajang Patroli Pembimbing sarta ngaleupaskeun dua awéwé anu ditahan. Dina taun 2020, Pamingpin pamaréntah Iran Ali Khamenei dikutip ngomong yén "wanoja nu make pakéan chador nu teu pantes kedah dijieun teu aman pikeun rumaos ka dirina," hiji parnyataan anu dirojong ku pajabat sarta ajengan sanés sarta muka jalan nyieun leuwih loba kekerasan ka awéwé. Di antawis populasi umum, kumaha ogé, hiji survéi indepénden anu dipigawé dina taun anu sami nembongkeun yén 58% urang Iran teu percanten dina hijab, sarta 72% teu satuju kana aturan hijab ngan 15% anu daék maké numutkeun kana aturan pamaréntah Iran.<ref name=":0" /> == Biograpi == Mahsa Amini wedal dina 23 September 1999 ti kulawargi Kurdi di Saqqez, Kurdistan, di barat laut Iran. Samentara Mahsa nyaéta ngaran resmi na (sabab ngan wasta Persia anu kenging didaptarkeun di Iran, ngaran Kurdinya nyaeta Jina (oge dieja Zhina), sarta mangrupa wasta anu dipikawanoh minangka wasta kulawargana. Anjeunna ngabogaan hiji adi salaki-salaki,Kiarash (Ashkan). Bapana, Amjad Amini,nyaeta saurang pagawe di hiji organisasi pamarentah sarta indungna,Mojgan Amini, nyaéta saurang indung laki-rabi. Anjeunna sakola di Taleghani Girls 'High School di Saqqez, sarta lulus dina 2018. Amini cikénéh ditarima di universitas sateuacan maotna. Anjeunna boga kahayang jadi pengacara. Misan na, Erfan Mortezaei, saurang aktivis pulitik jangjang kiwa anu kagabung dina partai Komala sarta saurang pajoang Peshmerga anu cicing di pengasingan di [[Kurdistan Irak]], nyaéta anggota kahiji ti kulawargi Amini anu wagel kalawan media sanggeus maotna. Manehna nengtereweleng klaim pamarentah Iran yén Amini kalibet dina pulitik naon ogé. Sawangsulna, Amini digambarkeun minangka “penduduk anu isinan sarta pendiam” di lemburna pikeun ngahindar ti piomongeun pulitik, henteu kantos aktip sacara pulitik wanci rumaja, sarta sanes saurang aktivis. Kulawargi Amini ngagambarkeun na henteu ngabogaan masalah kaséhatan kawitna, sarta manéhna saurang anu ragana sehat yén umurna 22 taun, kontras kalawan klaim anu dijieun ku pamaréntah Iran yén manéhna ngabogaan kaayaan kaséhatan kawitna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.radiozamaneh.com/32500/|title=Iranians are Furious after a Young Woman Dies While in Custody of the Hijab Police|website=Zamaneh Media|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> == Maotna Mahsa Amini == Amini datang ka Teheran pikeun ngadatangan dulur lalakina dina 13 September 2022, manéhna ditéwak ku Patroli Bimbingan di panto lebet Jalan Tol Shahid Haghani di Teheran basa jeung kulawargana. Manéhnna saterusna dipindahkeun ka tahanan Keamanan Moral. Rakana, anu geus saréng manéhna sabot anjeunna ditéwak, dibéré nyaho yén manéhna rék dibawa ka pusat penahanan jang ngajalanan "kelas pengarahan " sarta dileupaskeun hiji. Lanceukna dibéré nyaho yén adina ngalaman serangan jajantung sarta kejang polo di kantor pulisi tempat maneéhna dibawa. Dua jam sanggeus proses néwak na, manéhna dibawa ka Rumah Sakit Kasra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202209172983|title=Hijab Victim Suffered Repeated Blows To Her Head - Hospital Source|website=Iran International|language=en|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> Nurutkeun misan Amini, manéhna disiksa sarta dihina di jero van, sakumaha disaksikeun ku rencang tahananna. Sanggeus manéhna anjog di kantor pulisi, manéhna mimiti kaleungitan nempo sarta kapidara. Peryogi waktu 30 menit jang ambulan anjog, sarta sajam satengah pikeun dugi ka Rumah Sakit Kasra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/mahsa-amini-was-tortured-and-insulted-before-she-died-in-police-custody-in-iran-her-cousin-says-12705226|title=Mahsa Amini was 'tortured and insulted' before death in police custody in Iran, her cousin says|website=Sky News|language=en|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> Salila dua poé, Amini ngalaman koma di Rumah Sakit Kasra di Teheran, anu matak protes ka Patroli Bimbingan sarta undang-undang ngeunaan hijab. Manéhna maot di unit perawatan intensip dina 16 September. === '''Bukti Kekerasan''' === Rumah Sakit Kasra jadi tempat Amini maot. Klinik anu ngurus Amini ngaluarkeun pernyataan dina Instagram nu nyebutkeun yén Amini geus teu sadar pas dirawat. Rumah sakitna nyieun postingan dina Instagram anu ayeuna mah geus dihapus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919154035/https://www.dw.com/de/landesweite-proteste-nach-tod-von-mahsa-amini/a-63168449|title=Landesweite Proteste nach Tod von Mahsa Amini {{!}} Aktuell Nahost {{!}} DW {{!}} 19.09.2022|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> Dulurna Amini ningali lebam di hulu jeung suku Amini. Awéwé-awéwé anu ditahan babarengan jeung Amini nyaritakeun yén Amini digebugan pisan lantaran nolak hinaan jeung omongan kasar ti petugas anu nangkepna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920152309/https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iran/19092022|title=Father of Kurdish woman killed in Iran says... {{!}} Rudaw.net|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> Sababaraha dokter nyebutkeun Amini ngalaman cidera otak, ditilik tina gejala klinisna, diantarana ngaluarkeun getih tina ceulina jeung aya lebam di handapeun soca. Ieu ogé dikonfirmasi tina dugaan hasil pemindaian médis tengkorakna, anu dibocorkeun ku peretas, nunjukkeun aya tulang anu ruksak, pendarahan, jeung edema otak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924055756/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2022/09/19/Mahsa-Amini-s-medical-scans-show-skull-fractures-caused-by-severe-trauma-Report|title=Mahsa Amini’s medical scans show skull fractures caused by ‘severe trauma’: Report {{!}} Al Arabiya English|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> Numutkeun kana laporan Iran International, pamaréntah Iran nyieun catetan médis palsu pikeun Amini anu némbongkeun yén anjeunna boga riwayat kasakit jantung. Dina tanggal 20 Séptémber, Dr. Massoud Shirvani, ahli bedah saraf, ngaku di televisi pamaréntah yén Amini pernah ngalaman tumor otak anu dioperasi waktu umurna 8 taun. Tanggal 21 Séptémber, rumah sakit ngaluarkeun hasil ''CT scan'' awal. Pendukung pamaréntah nyebutkeun ''CT scan'' éta nuduhkeun ayana tekanan psikologis (anu sabenerna mangrupa émosi jadi teu bisa katingali dina ''CT scan'') nu disababkeun ku operasi otak anu pernah anjeunna jalani; ari kritik séjénna nyebutkeun yén hasil scan nuduhkeun kekerasan fisik jeung trauma. Pamaréntah Iran ogé nyebutkeun yén Amini ngalaman operasi otak dina yuswa lima taun. Bapana Amini nyatakeun “Maranehna bohong… Manéhna teu boga riwayat kasakit naon waé, ogé teu kungsi dioperasi.” Dua babaturan saumuranna, anu diwawancara ku BBC, nyebutkeun yén maranehna teu kungsi nyaho yén Amini kungsi di rumah sakit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran: Mahsa Amini's father accuses authorities of a cover-up|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-62998231|date=2022-09-22|access-date=2024-10-27|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dina tanggal 29 Séptémber aya dokumén audio nu dirilis ku mantan komandan Korps Pengawal Revolusi Iran, anu ngalaporkeun yén “sumber anu dipercaya” anu teu disebutkeun ngaranna nyebutkeun yén alesanna Amini maot nyaéta cidera dina tengkorakna anu disababkeun ku gebugan anu parah. Pengacara kulawarga Amini, [[Saleh Nikbakht]], nyarios ka situs warta ''online'' Etemad yén "dokter anu dipikahormat" percaya yén Mahsa dipaéhan di tahanan. Nikbakht ogé nyebutkeun kulawargana hayang pamariksaan ku komite pencari fakta pikeun nyukcruk sababna Amini pupus, jeung rekaman polisi waktu panangkepan kudu dibikeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifpnews.com/lawyer-mahsa-amini-fact-finding-committee-probe-death/|title=Lawyer: Mahsa Amini’s Family Wants Fact-finding Committee To Probe Her Death - Iran Front Page|website=ifpnews.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-10-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326213225/https://ifpnews.com/lawyer-mahsa-amini-fact-finding-committee-probe-death/ |date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> Dina bulan Oktober, laporan ti koroner ngabantah yén Amini pupus alatan pecutan di hulu jeung awakna; turta maotna disababkeun ku kaayaan kaséhatan anu geus aya ti saméméhna, nu nyababkeun organ-organ dina awakna teu bisa fungsi lantaran ''hipoksia serebral''. == Sumber == 72olwd69zdtvdbtzj182cct8ym23lve 0 107688 710088 709220 2026-06-04T17:03:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Sayur Lebui Tampak Atas.jpg|jmpl|Sayur Lebui ]] '''Sayur lebui''' téh mangrupa sayuran kuah has Lombok anu bahan utamana dijieun tina kacang lebui. Sayur lebui boga rasa gurih, kuahna rada haseum, sarta beunghar ku rupa-rupa rempah. Warna sayur lebui hideung, asalna tina warna kacang lebui éta sorangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/nl/nl/travel-ideas/gastronomy/kelaq-lebui/|title=Kelaq Lebui, Kuliner Tradisional Lombok Berempah yang Unik|website=www.indonesia.travel|language=en|accessdate=2025-12-14}}</ref> Sacara wangun, kacang lebui sakilas siga kacang kedelé hideung, tapi téksturna leuwih lemes, meh sarua jeung kacang beureum. Dina basa Inggris kacang lebui dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''Pigeon pea'', sedengkeun ngaran ilmiahna nyaéta ''Cajanus cajan''. Di Indonésia, kacang ieu boga rupa-rupa ngaran lokal, di antarana kacang hiris (Sunda), kacang Bali, ritiklias (Sumatra), kacang gude atawa gude jeung kacang kayu (Jawa), ''kance'' (Bugis), kacang kaju (Madura), kekace jeung undis (Bali), lebui atawa legui, kacang iris, kacang turis, ''puwe jai'' (Halmahera), sarta ''fou hate'' (Ternate jeung Tidore).<ref>{{Cite news|title=KACANG GUDE (Cajanus cajan (L) Mill sp) -|url=https://pkht.ipb.ac.id/index.php/2018/06/05/kacang-gude-cajanus-cajan-l-mill-sp/|date=2018-06-05|access-date=2025-12-14|language=en-US|last=admin}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127030947/https://pkht.ipb.ac.id/index.php/2018/06/05/kacang-gude-cajanus-cajan-l-mill-sp/ |date=2025-11-27 }}</ref> Sayur lebui mindeng dihidangkeun minangka sayur kuah pangiring pikeun sababaraha kadaharan utama, saperti sambel bebrok, plecing, jeung hayam taliwang. Bumbuna basajan pisan, ngan maké bawang beureum, bawang bodas, tomat, terasi, daun bawang, sarta ditambahan loba daun kemangi sangkan ambu masakanna leuwih seungit. == Ruju'an == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus Mataram]] [[Kategori:Hidangan Lombok]] p1bulyowvtf4vynui3lgnw21i44tpk1 2 107703 710096 703815 2026-06-04T23:15:29Z PK2 2979 add sandbox pages for new Wikipedia editions 710096 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" |+ Pages I have in my sandbox |- | &nbsp; |} ;<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%">My sandbox pages in different languages by language code</div> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ A |- | [[:ab:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]<br />(code: <code>ab</code>) | [[:ace:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]<br />(code: <code>ace</code>) | [[:ady:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]<br />(code: <code>ady</code>) | [[:af:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]<br />(code: <code>af</code>) | [[:als:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]<br />(code: <code>als</code>) | [[:alt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]<br />(code: <code>alt</code>) | [[:am:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]<br />(code: <code>am</code>) | [[:ami:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]<br />(code: <code>ami</code>) | [[:an:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]<br />(code: <code>an</code>) | [[:ang:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]<br />(code: <code>ang</code>) |- | [[:ann:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]<br />(code: <code>ann</code>) | [[:anp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]<br />(code: <code>anp</code>) | [[:ar:User:PK2/ملعب|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ar</code>) | [[:arc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])<br />(code: <code>arc</code>) | [[:ary:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ary</code>) | [[:arz:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>arz</code>) | [[:as:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />(code: <code>as</code>) | [[:ast:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])<br />(code: <code>ast</code>) | [[:atj:User:PK2/Kokwetcitasinahikan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]<br />(code: <code>atj</code>) | [[:av:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]<br />(code: <code>av</code>) |- | [[:avk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]<br />(code: <code>avk</code>) | [[:awa:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<br />(code: <code>awa</code>) | [[:ay:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]<br />(code: <code>ay</code>) | [[:az:User:PK2/Qaralama|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>az</code>) | [[:azb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>azb</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ B |- | [[:ba:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]<br />(code: <code>ba</code>) | [[:ban:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]<br />(code: <code>ban</code>) | [[:bar:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]<br />(code: <code>bar</code>) | [[:bat-smg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]<br />(code: <code>bat-smg</code>) | [[:bbc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]<br />(code: <code>bbc</code>) | [[:bcl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]<br />(code: <code>bcl</code>) | [[:bdr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]<br />(code: <code>bdr</code>) | [[:be:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]<br />(code: <code>be</code>) | [[:be-tarask:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])<br />(code: <code>be-tarask</code>) | [[:bew:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]<br />(code: <code>bew</code>) |- | [[:bg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<br />(code: <code>bg</code>) | [[:bh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])<br />(code: <code>bh</code>) | [[:bi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]<br />(code: <code>bi</code>) | [[:bjn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]<br />(code: <code>bjn</code>) | [[:blk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]<br />(code: <code>blk</code>) | [[:bm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]<br />(code: <code>bm</code>) | [[:bn:User:PK2/খেলাঘর|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />(code: <code>bn</code>) | [[:bo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])<br />(code: <code>bo</code>) | [[:bpy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]<br />(code: <code>bpy</code>) | [[:br:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]<br />(code: <code>br</code>) |- | [[:bs:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]<br />(code: <code>bs</code>) | [[:btm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]<br />(code: <code>btm</code>) | [[:bug:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]<br />(code: <code>bug</code>) | [[:bxr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)<br />(code: <code>bxr</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ C |- | [[:ca:User:PK2/proves|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]<br />(code: <code>ca</code>) | [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)<br />(code: <code>cbk-zam</code>) | [[:cdo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]<br />(code: <code>cdo</code>) | [[:ce:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]<br />(code: <code>ce</code>) | [[:ceb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]<br />(code: <code>ceb</code>) | [[:ch:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]<br />(code: <code>ch</code>) | [[:chr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]<br />(code: <code>chr</code>) | [[:chy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]<br />(code: <code>chy</code>) |- | [[:ckb:User:PK2/خۆڵەپەتانێ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])<br />(code: <code>ckb</code>) | [[:co:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]<br />(code: <code>co</code>) | [[:crh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>crh</code>) | [[:cs:User:PK2/Pískoviště|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]<br />(code: <code>cs</code>) | [[:csb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<br />(code: <code>csb</code>) | [[:cu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]<br />(code: <code>cu</code>) | [[:cv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]<br />(code: <code>cv</code>) | [[:cy:User:PK2/Pwll Tywod|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]<br />(code: <code>cy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ D |- | [[:da:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]<br />(code: <code>da</code>) | [[:dag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]<br />(code: <code>dag</code>) | [[:de:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:German language|German]]<br />(code: <code>de</code>) | [[:dga:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]<br />(code: <code>dga</code>) | [[:din:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]<br />(code: <code>din</code>) | [[:diq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]<br />(code: <code>diq</code>) | [[:dsb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>dsb</code>) | [[:dtp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]<br />(code: <code>dtp</code>) | [[:dty:User:PK2/प्रयोगस्थल|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]<br />(code: <code>dty</code>) | [[:dv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]<br />(code: <code>dv</code>) | [[:dz:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]<br />(code: <code>dz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ E |- | [[:ee:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]<br />(code: <code>ee</code>) | [[:el:User:PK2/πρόχειρο|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]<br />(code: <code>el</code>) | [[:eml:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]<br />(code: <code>eml</code>) | [[:en:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:English language|English]]<br />(code: <code>en</code>) | [[:eo:User:PK2/provejo|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]<br />(code: <code>eo</code>) | [[:es:User:PK2/Taller|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>es</code>) | [[:et:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]<br />(code: <code>et</code>) | [[:eu:User:PK2/Proba orria|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]<br />(code: <code>eu</code>) | [[:ext:User:PK2/obraol|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]<br />(code: <code>ext</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ F |- | [[:fa:User:PK2/صفحه تمرین|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]<br />(code: <code>fa</code>) | [[:fat:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])<br />(code: <code>fat</code>) | [[:ff:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]<br />(code: <code>ff</code>) | [[:fi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]<br />(code: <code>fi</code>) | [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]<br />(code: <code>fiu-vro</code>) | [[:fj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]<br />(code: <code>fj</code>) | [[:fo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]<br />(code: <code>fo</code>) | [[:fon:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]<br />(code: <code>fon</code>) | [[:fr:User:PK2/Brouillon|/sandbox]] in [[:en:French language|French]]<br />(code: <code>fr</code>) | [[:frp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]<br />(code: <code>frp</code>) | [[:frr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>frr</code>) | [[:fur:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]<br />(code: <code>fur</code>) | [[:fy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>fy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ G |- | [[:ga:User:PK2/Clár Dubh|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]<br />(code: <code>ga</code>) | [[:gag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]<br />(code: <code>gag</code>) | [[:gan:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>gan</code>) | [[:gcr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]<br />(code: <code>gcr</code>) | [[:gd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]<br />(code: <code>gd</code>) | [[:gl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]<br />(code: <code>gl</code>) | [[:glk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]<br />(code: <code>glk</code>) | [[:gn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]<br />(code: <code>gn</code>) | [[:gom:User:PK2/proiogpan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)<br />(code: <code>gom</code>) |- | [[:gor:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]<br />(code: <code>gor</code>) | [[:got:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]<br />(code: <code>got</code>) | [[:gpe:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]<br />(code: <code>gpe</code>) | [[:gu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />(code: <code>gu</code>) | [[:guc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]<br />(code: <code>guc</code>) | [[:gur:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]<br />(code: <code>gur</code>) | [[:guw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]<br />(code: <code>guw</code>) | [[:gv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]<br />(code: <code>gv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ H |- | [[:ha:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]<br />(code: <code>ha</code>) | [[:hak:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>hak</code>) | [[:haw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<br />(code: <code>haw</code>) | [[:he:User:PK2/טיוטה|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br />(code: <code>he</code>) | [[:hi:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hi</code>) | [[:hif:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hif</code>) | [[:hr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>hr</code>) | [[:hsb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>hsb</code>) | [[:ht:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]<br />(code: <code>ht</code>) | [[:hu:User:PK2/próbalap|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<br />(code: <code>hu</code>) | [[:hy:User:PK2/Ավազարկղ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])<br />(code: <code>hy</code>) | [[:hyw:User:PK2/Սեւագրութիւն|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]<br />(code: <code>hyw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ I |- | [[:ia:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]<br />(code: <code>ia</code>) | [[:iba:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]<br />(code: <code>iba</code>) | [[:id:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br />(code: <code>id</code>) | [[:ie:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]<br />(code: <code>ie</code>) | [[:ig:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]<br />(code: <code>ig</code>) | [[:igl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]<br />(code: <code>igl</code>) | [[:ik:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]<br />(code: <code>ik</code>) | [[:ilo:User:PK2/pagipadasan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]<br />(code: <code>ilo</code>) | [[:inh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]<br />(code: <code>inh</code>) | [[:io:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]<br />(code: <code>io</code>) | [[:is:User:PK2/sandkassi|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<br />(code: <code>is</code>) | [[:it:User:PK2/Sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]<br />(code: <code>it</code>) | [[:iu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]<br />(code: <code>iu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ J |- | [[:ja:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]<br />(code: <code>ja</code>) | [[:jam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]<br />(code: <code>jam</code>) | [[:jbo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]<br />(code: <code>jbo</code>) | [[:jv:User:PK2/bak wedhi|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]<br />(code: <code>jv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ K |- | [[:ka:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]<br />(code: <code>ka</code>) | [[:kaa:User:PK2/qaralama|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]<br />(code: <code>kaa</code>) | [[:kab:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]<br />(code: <code>kab</code>) | [[:kai:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]<br />(code: <code>kai</code>) | [[:kaj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]<br />(code: <code>kaj</code>) | [[:kbd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]<br />(code: <code>kbd</code>) | [[:kbp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]<br />(code: <code>kbp</code>) | [[:kcg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]<br />(code: <code>kcg</code>) | [[:kg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]<br />(code: <code>kg</code>) | [[:kge:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]<br />(code: <code>kge</code>) | [[:ki:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]<br />(code: <code>ki</code>) | [[:kk:User:PK2/зертхана|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br />(code: <code>kk</code>) | [[:km:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]<br />(code: <code>km</code>) |- | [[:kn:User:PK2/ಪ್ರಯೋಗಪುಟ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]<br />(code: <code>kn</code>) | [[:knc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]<br />(code: <code>knc</code>) | [[:ko:User:PK2/연습장|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]<br />(code: <code>ko</code>) | [[:koi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]<br />(code: <code>koi</code>) | [[:krc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]<br />(code: <code>krc</code>) | [[:ks:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />(code: <code>ks</code>) | [[:ksh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]<br />(code: <code>ksh</code>) | [[:ku:User:PK2/ceribandin|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])<br />(code: <code>ku</code>) | [[:kus:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]<br />(code: <code>kus</code>) | [[:kv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]<br />(code: <code>kv</code>) | [[:kw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]<br />(code: <code>kw</code>) | [[:ky:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]<br />(code: <code>ky</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ L |- | [[:la:User:PK2/Harenarium|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]<br />(code: <code>la</code>) | [[:lad:User:PK2/Kutí de prova|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>lad</code>) | [[:lb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]<br />(code: <code>lb</code>) | [[:lbe:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]<br />(code: <code>lbe</code>) | [[:lez:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]<br />(code: <code>lez</code>) | [[:lfn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]<br />(code: <code>lfn</code>) | [[:lg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]<br />(code: <code>lg</code>) | [[:li:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]<br />(code: <code>li</code>) |- | [[:lij:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]<br />(code: <code>lij</code>) | [[:lld:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]<br />(code: <code>lld</code>) | [[:lmo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]<br />(code: <code>lmo</code>) | [[:ln:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]<br />(code: <code>ln</code>) | [[:lo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]<br />(code: <code>lo</code>) | [[:lt:User:PK2/juodraštis|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]<br />(code: <code>lt</code>) | [[:ltg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]<br />(code: <code>ltg</code>) | [[:lv:User:PK2/Smilšu kaste|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]<br />(code: <code>lv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ M |- | [[:mad:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]<br />(code: <code>mad</code>) | [[:mai:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />(code: <code>mai</code>) | [[:map-bms:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])<br />(code: <code>map-bms</code>) | [[:mdf:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]<br />(code: <code>mdf</code>) | [[:mg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]<br />(code: <code>mg</code>) | [[:mhr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mhr</code>) | [[:mi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]<br />(code: <code>mi</code>) | [[:min:User:PK2/bak kasiak|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]<br />(code: <code>min</code>) | [[:mk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]<br />(code: <code>mk</code>) | [[:ml:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]<br />(code: <code>ml</code>) | [[:mn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<br />(code: <code>mn</code>) |- | [[:mni:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />(code: <code>mni</code>) | [[:mnw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]<br />(code: <code>mnw</code>) | [[:m:mos:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]<br />(code: <code>mos</code>) | [[:mr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />(code: <code>mr</code>) | [[:mrj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mrj</code>) | [[:ms:User:PK2/Kotak pasir|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]<br />(code: <code>ms</code>) | [[:mt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]<br />(code: <code>mt</code>) | [[:mwl:User:PK2/Testes|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]<br />(code: <code>mwl</code>) | [[:my:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]<br />(code: <code>my</code>) | [[:myv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]<br />(code: <code>myv</code>) | [[:mzn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]<br />(code: <code>mzn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ N |- | [[:nah:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]<br />(code: <code>nah</code>) | [[:nap:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]<br />(code: <code>nap</code>) | [[:nds:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]<br />(code: <code>nds</code>) | [[:nds-nl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]<br />(code: <code>nds-nl</code>) | [[:ne:User:PK2/प्रयोगस्थल|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />(code: <code>ne</code>) | [[:new:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]<br />(code: <code>new</code>) | [[:nia:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]<br />(code: <code>nia</code>) | [[:nl:User:PK2/Kladblok|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>nl</code>) | [[:nn:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])<br />(code: <code>nn</code>) |- | [[:no:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])<br />(code: <code>no</code>) | [[:nov:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]<br />(code: <code>nov</code>) | [[:nqo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]<br />(code: <code>nqo</code>) | [[:nr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]<br />(code: <code>nr</code>) | [[:nrm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]<br />(code: <code>nrm</code>) | [[:nso:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>nso</code>) | [[:nup:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]<br />(code: <code>nup</code>) | [[:nv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]<br />(code: <code>nv</code>) | [[:ny:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]<br />(code: <code>ny</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ O |- | [[:oc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]<br />(code: <code>oc</code>) | [[:olo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]<br />(code: <code>olo</code>) | [[:om:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]<br />(code: <code>om</code>) | [[:or:User:PK2/ପରଖଘର|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]<br />(code: <code>or</code>) | [[:os:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]<br />(code: <code>os</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ P |- | [[:pa:User:PK2/ਕੱਚਾ ਖ਼ਾਕਾ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />(code: <code>pa</code>) | [[:pag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]<br />(code: <code>pag</code>) | [[:pam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]<br />(code: <code>pam</code>) | [[:pap:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]<br />(code: <code>pap</code>) | [[:pcd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]<br />(code: <code>pcd</code>) | [[:pcm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]<br />(code: <code>pcm</code>) | [[:pdc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>pdc</code>) | [[:pfl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]<br />(code: <code>pfl</code>) | [[:pi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]<br />(code: <code>pi</code>) |- | [[:pl:User:PK2/brudnopis|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]<br />(code: <code>pl</code>) | [[:pms:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]<br />(code: <code>pms</code>) | [[:pnb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)<br />(code: <code>pnb</code>) | [[:pnt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]<br />(code: <code>pnt</code>) | [[:ppl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]<br />(code: <code>ppl</code>) | [[:ps:User:PK2/ازمون‌مخ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]<br />(code: <code>ps</code>) | [[:pt:User:PK2/Testes|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br />(code: <code>pt</code>) | [[:pwn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]<br />(code: <code>pwn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Q |- | [[:qu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])<br />(code: <code>qu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ R |- | [[:rki:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]<br />(code: <code>rki</code>) | [[:rm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]<br />(code: <code>rm</code>) | [[:rmy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])<br />(code: <code>rmy</code>) | [[:rn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]<br />(code: <code>rn</code>) | [[:ro:User:PK2/teste|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]<br />(code: <code>ro</code>) | [[:roa-rup:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]<br />(code: <code>roa-rup</code>) | [[:roa-tara:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])<br />(code: <code>roa-tara</code>) | [[:rsk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rsk</code>) | [[:ru:User:PK2/Черновик|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]<br />(code: <code>ru</code>) | [[:rue:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rue</code>) | [[:rw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]<br />(code: <code>rw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ S |- | [[:sa:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठम्|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]<br />(code: <code>sa</code>) | [[:sah:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]<br />(code: <code>sah</code>) | [[:sat:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]<br />(code: <code>sat</code>) | [[:sc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]<br />(code: <code>sc</code>) | [[:scn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]<br />(code: <code>scn</code>) | [[:sco:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]<br />(code: <code>sco</code>) | [[:sd:User:PK2/مشق پٽي|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />(code: <code>sd</code>) | [[:se:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>se</code>) | [[:sg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]<br />(code: <code>sg</code>) | [[:sh:User:PK2/igralište|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>sh</code>) | [[:shi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]<br />(code: <code>shi</code>) |- | [[:shn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]<br />(code: <code>shn</code>) | [[:si:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<br />(code: <code>si</code>) | [[:simple:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]<br />(code: <code>simple</code>) | [[:sk:User:PK2/pieskovisko|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]<br />(code: <code>sk</code>) | [[:skr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]<br />(code: <code>skr</code>) | [[:sl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]<br />(code: <code>sl</code>) | [[:sm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]<br />(code: <code>sm</code>) | [[:smn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>smn</code>) | [[:sn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]<br />(code: <code>sn</code>) | [[:so:User:PK2/Bacaadka|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]<br />(code: <code>so</code>) | [[:sq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]<br />(code: <code>sq</code>) |- | [[:sr:User:PK2/песак|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]<br />(code: <code>sr</code>) | [[:srn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]<br />(code: <code>srn</code>) | [[:ss:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]<br />(code: <code>ss</code>) | [[:st:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>st</code>) | [[:stq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>stq</code>) | [[:su:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]<br />(code: <code>su</code>) | [[:sv:User:PK2/sandlåda|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]<br />(code: <code>sv</code>) | [[:sw:User:PK2/ukurasa wa majaribio|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]<br />(code: <code>sw</code>) | [[:syl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]<br />(code: <code>syl</code>) | [[:szl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]<br />(code: <code>szl</code>) | [[:szy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]<br />(code: <code>szy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ T |- | [[:ta:User:PK2/மணல்தொட்டி|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />(code: <code>ta</code>) | [[:tay:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]<br />(code: <code>tay</code>) | [[:tcy:User:PK2/ಕಲ್ಪುನ ಕಳ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]<br />(code: <code>tcy</code>) | [[:tdd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]<br />(code: <code>tdd</code>) | [[:te:User:PK2/ప్రయోగశాల|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />(code: <code>te</code>) | [[:tet:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]<br />(code: <code>tet</code>) | [[:tg:User:PK2/Сиёҳнавис|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]<br />(code: <code>tg</code>) | [[:th:User:PK2/ทดลองเขียน|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]<br />(code: <code>th</code>) | [[:ti:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]<br />(code: <code>ti</code>) | [[:tig:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]<br />(code: <code>tig</code>) | [[:tk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<br />(code: <code>tk</code>) | [[:tl:User:PK2/burador|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]<br />(code: <code>tl</code>) | [[:tly:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]<br />(code: <code>tly</code>) |- | [[:tn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]<br />(code: <code>tn</code>) | [[:to:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]<br />(code: <code>to</code>) | [[:tok:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]<br />(code: <code>tok</code>) | [[:tpi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]<br />(code: <code>tpi</code>) | [[:tr:User:PK2/deneme tahtası|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]<br />(code: <code>tr</code>) | [[:trv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]<br />(code: <code>trv</code>) | [[:ts:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]<br />(code: <code>ts</code>) | [[:tt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>tt</code>) | [[:tum:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]<br />(code: <code>tum</code>) | [[:tw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)<br />(code: <code>tw</code>) | [[:ty:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]<br />(code: <code>ty</code>) | [[:tyv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]<br />(code: <code>tyv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ U |- | [[:udm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]<br />(code: <code>udm</code>) | [[:ug:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]<br />(code: <code>ug</code>) | [[:uk:User:PK2/Чернетка|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br />(code: <code>uk</code>) | [[:ur:User:PK2/تختۂ مشق|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]<br />(code: <code>ur</code>) | [[:uz:User:PK2/qumloq|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<br />(code: <code>uz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ V |- | [[:ve:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]<br />(code: <code>ve</code>) | [[:vec:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]<br />(code: <code>vec</code>) | [[:vep:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]<br />(code: <code>vep</code>) | [[:vi:User:PK2/nháp|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<br />(code: <code>vi</code>) | [[:vls:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]<br />(code: <code>vls</code>) | [[:vo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]<br />(code: <code>vo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ W |- | [[:wa:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]<br />(code: <code>wa</code>) | [[:war:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]<br />(code: <code>war</code>) | [[:wo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]<br />(code: <code>wo</code>) | [[:wuu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>wuu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ X |- | [[:xal:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])<br />(code: <code>xal</code>) | [[:xh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]<br />(code: <code>xh</code>) | [[:xmf:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]<br />(code: <code>xmf</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Y |- | [[:yi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]<br />(code: <code>yi</code>) | [[:yo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]<br />(code: <code>yo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Z |- | [[:za:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])<br />(code: <code>za</code>) | [[:zea:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]<br />(code: <code>zea</code>) | [[:zgh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]<br />(code: <code>zgh</code>) | [[:zh:User:PK2/沙盒|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])<br />(code: <code>zh</code>) | [[:zh-classical:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-classical</code>) | [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]<br />(code: <code>zh-min-nan</code>) | [[:zh-yue:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-yue</code>) | [[:zu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]<br />(code: <code>zu</code>) |} lqv4jf4ytbpqgk0b4c59pskg40l4i1p 0 108482 710077 709566 2026-06-04T14:06:47Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Sajarah */ 710077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Lakbok | native_name = ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪ | other_name = Bandjarpatroman / Pataruman | image_map = Lakbok in Ciamis Regency.svg | subdivision_name = [[Jawa Barat]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]] | area_total_km2 = 60.56 | population_total = 56369 | population_density_km2 = 931 | coordinates = {{coord|7|24|01|S|108|39|51|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Lakbok''' (ᮜᮊ᮪ᮘᮧᮊ᮪, baheula ngaranna '''Bandjarpatroman''' atawa '''Pataruman''') nyaéta hiji kacamatan di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Béda jeung catetan administrasi resmi, naskah kuno ''Kidung Lakbok'' taun 1956<ref name="kidung">Kidung Lakbok, 1956.</ref> nyatet yén ieu wewengkon téh tilas puseur karajaan bawahan [[Galuh]] nu robah jadi rawa alatan perang jeung sumpah karuhun. Disebutkeun ogé aya 7 désa kalayan sakitar 1.000 rumah tangga, sarta VOC ngawangun pager jeung pos jaga (''een Pagar, en eenige bezetting'') di wewengkon éta.<ref name="voc1726"/> Rujukan ieu saluyu sareng carita dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) anu nyebatkeun [[Walungan Citanduy]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana minangka lokasi [[Perang Pataruman]]. == Ngaran == Aya dua vérsi asal-usul ngaran '''Lakbok''': === 1. Vérsi Kamus: "Maung Gede" === Nurutkeun ''Kamus Basa Sunda'' R.A. Danadibrata (2015), kecap "lakbok" asalna tina Basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina "maung nu gedé pisan" atawa sato galak panggedéna.<ref>Danadibrata, R.A. 2015. ''Kamus Basa Sunda''.</ref> === 2. Vérsi Naskah Kuno: "Bandjarpatroman" === Dumasar ''Kidung Lakbok'' Bait 3, ngaran aslina saméméh robah téh '''Bandjarpatroman''': ''"Lakbok teh hidji nagara, Nu disupata ku dewa, Katelah Bandjarpatroman, nagri gede loh djinawi."''<ref name="kidung3">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 3, 1956.</ref> Hartina: "Lakbok éta hiji nagara, nu disumpah ku karuhun, baheula disebut Bandjarpatroman, nagara gedé nu makmur tur beunghar." Hartina "Maung gede" bisa jadi siloka atawa paribasa pikeun ngagambarkeun gedéna jeung kawibawanana "Nagri Gede Bandjarpatroman" jaman baheula. == Sajarah == === Bukti Kolonial: Tsjalave/Salawe (1726) === Dumasar kana arsip [[VOC]] taun 1726, wewengkon anu disebut '''Tsjalave''' (Salawe) tos aya dina abad ka-18.<ref name="voc1726">Arsip VOC 1726. Dikutip tina dokumén anu dibagikeun ku Dodenk Zoe. Taun ieu saluyu sareng laporan VOC ti [[Cirebon|Cheribon]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana.</ref> Dina dokumén éta, Tsjalave digambarkeun aya di sisi [[Walungan Citanduy]], caket sareng désa Rantija, Madura, Magara, sareng Bloctjong. Disebutkeun ogé aya 7 désa kalayan sakitar 1.000 rumah tangga, sarta VOC ngawangun pager jeung pos jaga (''een Pagar, en eenige bezetting'') di wewengkon éta.<ref name="voc1726"/> Rujukan ieu saluyu sareng carita dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) anu nyebatkeun [[Walungan Citanduy]] sareng wewengkon sabudeureunana minangka lokasi [[Perang Pataruman]]. === Kolonial Akhir: Abad 19 === Dina taun 1899, dumasar catetan perjalanan C.M. Pleyte jeung koran Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad 21 Agustus 1909, mayoritas penduduk Lakbok geus nganut agama Islam<ref name="pleyte1899">Agama Penduduk Lakbok Ciamis Tahun 1899 dalam Catatan Peneliti Belanda. Harapan Rakyat. 2 Januari 2026. https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2026/01/agama-penduduk-lakbok-ciamis-tahun-1899-dalam-catatan-peneliti-belanda/. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref>. Nanging, dina praktikna agamana masih kental dicampur ku kapercayaan lokal jeung pemujaan ka karuhun<ref name="pleyte1899"/>. === Jaman Karajaan Galuh: Perang Pataruman === ''Kidung Lakbok'' nyaritakeun kajian gedé rebutan kakawasaan antara dua katurunan karajaan, nyaéta [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] jeung [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]]. Perang lumangsung di wewengkon Pataruman, Cikawung, Kokoplak, nepi ka Kawasen.<ref name="kidung4">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 4-5, 1956.</ref> Alatan perang jeung silih pasea, nagara ieu tuluy disumpah, nepi ka robah jadi leuweung jeung rawa, sakumaha nu kacatet dina Bait 17: ''"urut djaeuh djadi leuweung, djadi leuweung sima gonggong"''.<ref name="kidung17">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 17, 1956.</ref> Dina naskah ieu ogé aya ramalan nu geus kabukti: 1. ''"Bandjar Bakal Bandjir"'' — kajadian banjir gedé dina tanggal 2 Juli 1950.<ref name="kidungprosa">Kidung Lakbok, Bagian Prosa, 1956.</ref> 2. ''"Lakbok pulang ka asalna, Kebo mulih pakandangan"'' — hartina sajarah bakal dipulangkeun deui ka nu boga.<ref name="kidung22">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 22, 1956.</ref> === Jaman Kolonial Awal Abad 20 === Taun 1926, Bupati R.A. Wiranatanuningrat méré hak milik tanah ka masarakat tatanén sangkan bisa ngokolakeun deui lahan rawa nu geus lila kosong.<ref>Wikipedia Indonesia.</ref> Ayeuna, Lakbok geus maju: aya leuwih ti 56 satuan atikan ti TK nepi ka PTS,<ref name="kemendikdasmen">Kemendikdasmen, 2024. [https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021411/3 Data Dikdasmen]</ref> sarta perguruan tinggi STIT Lakbok.<ref name="stit">[https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ stitlakbok.ac.id]</ref> == Wates Wewengkon (Dumasar Sajarah) == Nurutkeun wates dina naskah kuno, wewengkon Bandjarpatroman baheula leuwih lega ti administrasi ayeuna, ngawengku: - Pataruman ​ - Cikawung ​ - Kawasen ​ - Tur patula-patali raket jeung Batulawang — nu disebut nepi ka 4 kali dina naskah minangka "Gerbang Asup ka Gunung Sangkur".<ref name="kidung14">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 14-15, 1956.</ref> == Situs Sajarah Patali == Lakbok raket pisan sajarahna jeung Desa Batulawang, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar. Dumasar data resmi Disdikbud Kota Banjar, di dinya aya 8 Cagar Budaya Karajaan Galuh nu kacatet dina Kidung:<ref name="disdikbudbanjar">Disdikbud Kota Banjar, 2025.</ref> 1. [[Gunung Sangkur]] — disebut "tempat njingkur / panyingkuran" dina Bait 15<ref name="kidung15">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 15, 1956.</ref> 2. [[Batu Peti]] — "Batu peti nu mupusti" (Bait 21)<ref name="kidung21">Kidung Lakbok, Bait 21, 1956.</ref> 3. Batu Kasur — bisa ngahasilkeun sora lamun dipukul, numbu ka legenda Sangkuriang 4. Sanghyang Bedil 5. Batu Pangkon 6. Sumur Bandung 7. Kyai Panembahan 8. Banyu Mudal == Atikan == Dumasar data Kemendikdasmen taun 2024, di Kacamatan Lakbok aya: - 44 SD / MI ​ - 8 SMP / MTs ​ - 4 SMA / SMK / MA ​ - 1 Perguruan Tinggi: [[STIT Lakbok]] == Kaamanan == Wewengkon ieu dijaga ku Polsek Lakbok.<ref name="polres">[https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Tribrata News Polres Ciamis]</ref> Rutin ngayakeun musyawarah désa di [[Sindangangin]] jeung tempat séjén pikeun ngajaga karapihan masarakat.<ref name="polri">[https://humas.polri.go.id/news/detail/2108136-ikuti-musdes-tingkat-desa-sindangangin-polsek-lakbok-sampaikan-imbauan-kamtibmas Humas Polri, 2023]</ref> == Géografi jeung Iklim == Lakbok mibanda iklim tropis kalayan curah hujan nu luyu jeung karakter wewengkon rawa.<ref name="bmkg">[https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca/32.07.17 BMKG Kode 32.07.17]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kaayaan rawa jeung cai ieu geus disebut dina Kidung Bait 17: ''"tingkarocak ku rea rawa"''.<ref name="kidung17"/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Batulawang]] * [[Gunung Sangkur]] * [[Sajarah Karajaan Galuh]] * [[STIT Lakbok]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [https://kecamatan-lakbok.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs Resmi Kecamatan Lakbok] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidung_Lakbok_-_Buku_Lengkap.pdf Naskah Lengkap Kidung Lakbok 1956] * [https://www.stitlakbok.ac.id/ STIT Lakbok] * [https://tribratanewspolresciamis.com/category/polsek/lakbok/ Berita & Informasi] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Karajaan Galuh]] [[Kategori:Naskah Sunda Kuno]] boii04ktc82ml4sagte29x3ktr9nkdp 0 108600 710065 709706 2026-06-04T12:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710065 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:250px; font-size:90%;" ! colspan="2" | MIN 1 Kota Banjar |- | '''NPSN''' || 60710137 |- | '''Alamat''' || Jl. Pelita No.105 Lingk. Pangadegan RT. 005 RW. 019, Hegarsari, [[Kecamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]] |- | '''Status''' || Negeri |- | '''Akreditasi''' || A<ref name="kemendikdasmen2025"/> |- | '''Kepala Madrasah''' || Enay Sunarsih, S.Pd.I. |} '''Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kota Banjar''' (disingket '''MIN 1 Kota Banjar''') nyaéta salah sahiji madrasah ibtidaiyah negeri anu aya di [[Kecamatan Pataruman]], [[Kota Banjar]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Madrasah ieu aya dina ngokolakeun [[Kementerian Agama Républik Indonésia]] sareng gaduh [[NPSN]] 60710137.<ref name="kemendikdasmen2025"/> Numutkeun data Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah (Kemendikdasmen) taun 2025, MIN 1 Kota Banjar ngagaduhan akreditasi '''A''' sareng mangrupikeun '''hiji-hijina''' madrasah ibtidaiyah berstatus negeri di Kacamatan Pataruman.<ref name="kemendikdasmen2025"/><ref name="kemendikdasmen2025daftar"/> Madrasah ieu diresmikeun dumasar kana Kaputusan Menteri Agama Nomor 212 Tahun 2015 tanggal 27 Juli 2015.<ref name="kemendikdasmen2025"/> == Kegiatan == Dumasar kana warta resmi [[Kementerian Agama Jawa Barat]] taun 2025, Kepala MIN 1 Kota Banjar, Enay Sunarsih, S.Pd.I., ngayakeun pasamoan rutin sareng tenaga pendidik pikeun ningkatkeun kualitas palayanan pendidikan di madrasah. Fokusna nyaéta ngawangun lingkungan diajar anu kondusif, inovatif, sareng berbasis karakter.<ref name="kemenag2025"/> == Rujukan == <references> <ref name="kemendikdasmen2025">{{cite web |title = MIN 1 Kota Banjar - Data Referensi |website = referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id |publisher = Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah |url = https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/60710137 |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="kemendikdasmen2025daftar">{{cite web |title = Daftar Satuan Pendidikan (Sekolah) DIKDAS Per Kec. Pataruman |website = referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id |publisher = Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah |url = https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/dikdas/pataruman |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="kemenag2025">{{cite web |title = Kepala MIN 1 Kota Banjar Ajak Seluruh Jajaran Tenaga Pendidik Tingkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan Pendidikan |website = jabar.kemenag.go.id |date = 20 Januari 2025 |publisher = HUMAS Kota Banjar |url = https://jabar.kemenag.go.id/daerah/kepala-min-1-kota-banjar-ajak-seluruh-jajaran-tenaga-pendidik-tingkatkan-kualitas-pelayanan-pendidikan-PoWJU2 |access-date = 23 Méi 2026 |language = id }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> </references> [[Kategori:Madrasah di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Kota Banjar]] [[Kategori:Atikan di Jawa Barat]] s3s8oe9clymez5rbg2042tocjccxg1g 0 108605 710086 709721 2026-06-04T16:28:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SDN 2 Bangunsari''' nyaéta sakola dasar nagri anu aya di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Sakola ieu beralamat di Jalan Dusun Mulyasari RT 02 RW 06, Désa Bangunsari, [[Kacamatan Pamarican]]. Sakola ieu aya dina naungan Dinas Pendidikan Kabupatén Ciamis sareng ngalaksanakeun [[Kurikulum Merdeka]]. == Idéntitas == {| class="wikitable" ! Idéntitas !! Katerangan |- | '''NPSN''' || 20212453 |- | '''Status''' || Nagri |- | '''Akreditasi''' || A <ref>{{cite web |title=Informasi Lengkap SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://daftarsekolah.net/sekolah/23568/sdn-2-bangunsari |website=daftarsekolah.net |access-date=24 Méi 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Kapala Sakola''' || Risye Rianawati <ref>{{cite web |title=Data Pokok SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://dapo.kemendikdasmen.go.id/sekolah/8731F1B5A51C737B9C0D |website=dapo.kemendikdasmen.go.id |access-date=24 Méi 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | '''Alamat''' || Jl. Dusun Mulyasari RT 02 RW 06, Désa Bangunsari, Kec. Pamarican, Kab. Ciamis, Jawa Barat |} == Sajarah == Sakola ieu didirikeun dina 1 Januari 1960 kalawan No. SK Operasional 801/PRB/1960. Numutkeun data Dapodik, SK Izin Operasional panganyarna kaluar tanggal 28 Agustus 2025. == Tingkatan == SDN 2 Bangunsari nyadiakeun atikan pikeun tingkatan '''Dikdas''' (Pendidikan Dasar) kelas 1 dugi ka kelas 6. == Rujukan == <references /> <ref>{{cite web |title=SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20212453 |website=referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id |access-date=24 Méi 2026}}</ref> == Tumbu kaluar == * [https://sdn2bangunsari.sch.id/ Situs resmi SDN 2 Bangunsari] [[Kategori:Sakola dasar di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Sakola di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Pamarican]] erslrd6b7frlos4zwuqsp7pjxtmecvj 0 108610 710094 709757 2026-06-04T20:08:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walungan di Jawa Barat''' nyaéta daptar walungan anu aya di wewengkon [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Walungan-walungan ieu ngagaduhan peran penting dina kahirupan masarakat, ti mimiti jaman karajaan dugi ka ayeuna. Sababaraha di antarana, sapertos [[Sungai Citanduy|Citanduy]], [[Walungan Cikawung|Cikawung]], sareng [[Walungan Ciporoan|Ciporoan]], disebut dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]'' (1956) dina konteks konflik di Karajaan Bandjarpatroman.<ref>Prawiraatmadja, M. Karso. ''Wawatjan Kidung Lakbok''. Banjar: 31 Agustus 1956.</ref> == Daptar Walungan == Daptar ieu kalebet walungan utama anu ngalir di Jawa Barat: * [[Sungai Citarum]] – walungan pangpanjangna di Jawa Barat (323 km)<ref>[https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/09/22/140478/13-nama-sungai-di-jawa-barat Kompas.com. "13 Nama Sungai di Jawa Barat". 22 Séptémber 2022.]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-sungai-lintas-berdasarkan-wilayah-sungai-di-jawa-barat Open Data Jabar. "Jumlah Sungai Lintas Berdasarkan Wilayah Sungai di Jawa Barat".]</ref> * [[Sungai Citanduy]] – disebut '''Tjitanduj''' dina naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10)<ref>[https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/09/22/140478/13-nama-sungai-di-jawa-barat Kompas.com. "13 Nama Sungai di Jawa Barat". 22 Séptémber 2022.]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Walungan Cisadane]] – ngalir ti Gunung Pangrango ka Laut Jawa<ref>[http://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-sungai-lintas-berdasarkan-wilayah-sungai-di-jawa-barat Open Data Jabar. "Jumlah Sungai Lintas Berdasarkan Wilayah Sungai di Jawa Barat".]</ref> * [[Walungan Cimanuk]] – ngalir ti Gunung Galunggung ka Laut Jawa<ref>[http://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-sungai-lintas-berdasarkan-wilayah-sungai-di-jawa-barat Open Data Jabar. "Jumlah Sungai Lintas Berdasarkan Wilayah Sungai di Jawa Barat".]</ref> * [[Walungan Cikawung]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 6) salaku tempat perang * [[Walungan Ciporoan]] – disebut dina [[Kidung Lakbok]] (pupuh 10) == Rujukan == <references/> == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar walungan di Indonésia]] * [[Géografi Jawa Barat]] * [[Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Géografi Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] qrjjoqyil7qmv9z3qpho4hoj9b4lm23 0 108664 710089 710015 2026-06-04T17:29:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Singaperbaya II''' atawa '''Dalem Tambakbaya''' nyaéta raja kadua [[Kerajaan Kertabumi]] anu pusatna di [[Banjar Kolot]], ayeuna [[Kota Banjar]]. Anjeunna neruskeun pamaréntahan ti [[Rd.Ad. Singaperbaya]].<ref name="PPIDBanjar">{{Cite web|url=https://ppid.banjarkota.go.id/portal/system/public/uploads/informasi/1728881741.pdf|title=Sejarah Nama Kecamatan Banjar|publisher=PPID Kota Banjar|access-date=2 Juni 2026|page=1}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sajarah == Numutkeun dokumen resmi PPID Kota Banjar, Kerajaan Kertabumi diperkirakeun diadegkeun taun 1625. Singaperbaya II mimpin sanggeus Rd.Ad. Singaperbaya.<ref name="PPIDBanjar"/> Pusat pamaréntahanana aya di Banjar Kolot. Sateuacan aya karajaan, wewengkon éta mangrupa leuweung tarum anu loba dipaké minyak atsiri.<ref name="PPIDBanjar"/> == Warisan == Nami "Banjar" sorangan asalna ti "Banjar Patroman" dumasar kana dokumén anu sami.<ref name="PPIDBanjar"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} 5bq9o1vm8xuhk6vrdbvt3kqyspkwde1 0 108667 710071 710054 2026-06-04T12:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ '''Mendong''' |- ! Ngaran ilmiah | ''Fimbristylis globulosa'' / ''F. umbellaris'' |- ! Karajaan | [[Plantae]] |- ! Kulawarga | [[Cyperaceae]] |- ! Marga | ''[[Fimbristylis]]'' |- ! Spésiés | '''''F. globulosa''''' |} '''Mendong''' atawa '''Mendong wulung''' nyaéta ngaran pikeun tutuwuhan jinis jukut rawa nu ngahasilkeun rumpak pikeun bahan anyaman. Ngaran ilmiahna ''Fimbristylis globulosa'' atawa ''Fimbristylis umbellaris''. == Pedaran == Tutuwuhan ieu hirup ngarumpak dina taneuh lumpur, jangkungna bisa nepi ka 75 cm. Batangna segi tilu, teu boga daun beneran, ngan aya palapah di pangkalna. Kembangna ngumpul jadi payung, buahna leutik buleud kawas biji wijen.<ref name="florachina">{{cite web |url=https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026610 |title=Fimbristylis globulosa |website=Flora of China |access-date=4 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Budidaya == Mendong tumuwuh hadé di daérah rawa jeung sawah anu caina teu ngocor. Di [[Jawa Kulon]], loba dibudidayakeun ku patani di [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]], jeung [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]].<ref name="disbun">{{cite web |url=http://disbun.jabarprov.go.id/page/view/70-id-mendong |title=Mendong |website=Dinas Perkebunan Jawa Barat |access-date=4 Juni 2026 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410172812/http://disbun.jabarprov.go.id/page/view/70-id-mendong |date=2019-04-10 }}</ref> == Mangpaat == Rumpak mendong dipaké pikeun nyieun [[tikar]], tas, topi, jeung karajinan lianna. Di [[Tasikmalaya]], industri ieu jadi mata pencaharian utama masarakat.<ref name="kompas">{{cite news |date=13 Maret 2025 |title=Anyaman Mendong Tasikmalaya Tembus Pasar Amerika dan Jerman |work=Kompas.com |url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2025/03/13/185411578/anyaman-mendong-tasikmalaya-tembus-pasar-amerika-dan-jerman |access-date=4 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Anyaman]] * [[Tikar]] * [[Tasikmalaya]] == Tutumbu luar == * [https://www.efloras.org Flora of China - Fimbristylis globulosa] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Jukut]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan rawa]] [[Kategori:Anyaman Sunda]] [[Kategori:Ékonomi Tasikmalaya]] 1twoge7v2dy30xy4p7wlq5v6qa2vnbq 0 108668 710073 2026-06-04T13:12:11Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Papéda''' téh kadaharan wujud bubur [[sagu]] anu asalna ti [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung basisir kulon Papua. Ieu kadaharan biasana disuguhkeun jeung lauk tongkol atawa bubara anu dibumbuan ku konéng. Papéda warnana bodas sarta téksturna leueur kentel jiga elém kalayan rasa anu tawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediapublica.co/2013/04/02/papeda-makanan-khas-dari-timur-indonesia/|title=Papeda Makanan Khas dari Timur Indonesia|website=Media Publica}}</ref> Papéda mangru... 710073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papéda''' téh kadaharan wujud bubur [[sagu]] anu asalna ti [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung basisir kulon Papua. Ieu kadaharan biasana disuguhkeun jeung lauk tongkol atawa bubara anu dibumbuan ku konéng. Papéda warnana bodas sarta téksturna leueur kentel jiga elém kalayan rasa anu tawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediapublica.co/2013/04/02/papeda-makanan-khas-dari-timur-indonesia/|title=Papeda Makanan Khas dari Timur Indonesia|website=Media Publica}}</ref> Papéda mangrupa kadaharan anu loba ngandung serat, saeutik [[Kolesterol|koléstérol]], jeung ngandung gizi pisan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Papeda, Makanan Sehat Khas Papua - Tribunnews.com|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/lifestyle/2013/12/10/papeda-makanan-sehat-khas-papua|newspaper=Tribunnews.com|access-date=2026-06-04|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Référénsi == 0oj8tmp6zdpdfawu5sjau4kdofbw598 710075 710073 2026-06-04T13:22:02Z Pijri Paijar 27067 710075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papéda''' téh kadaharan wujud bubur [[sagu]] anu asalna ti [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung basisir kulon Papua. Ieu kadaharan biasana disuguhkeun jeung lauk tongkol atawa bubara anu dibumbuan ku konéng. Papéda warnana bodas sarta téksturna leueur kentel jiga elém kalayan rasa anu tawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediapublica.co/2013/04/02/papeda-makanan-khas-dari-timur-indonesia/|title=Papeda Makanan Khas dari Timur Indonesia|website=Media Publica}}</ref> Papéda mangrupa kadaharan anu loba ngandung serat, saeutik [[Kolesterol|koléstérol]], jeung ngandung gizi pisan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Papeda, Makanan Sehat Khas Papua - Tribunnews.com|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/lifestyle/2013/12/10/papeda-makanan-sehat-khas-papua|newspaper=Tribunnews.com|access-date=2026-06-04|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Sajarah == Di rupa-rupa wilayah basisir jeung dataran handap di Papua, sagu teh jadi bahan dasar keur rupa-rupa kadaharan. Sagu bakar, sagu lempeng, jeung sagu bola jadi kadaharan anu panglobana dipikawanoh di sababaraha pelosok Papua, hususna dina tradisi kuliner masarakat adat di Kabupatén Mappi, Asmat, nepi ka Mimika. ''Papeda'' mangrupa salah sahiji olahan has sagu anu babari pisan kapanggihna, utamana di Wilayah Maluku jeung Papua. Antropolog sarta Ketua Lembaga Riset Papua, Johszua Robert Mansoben, nyebutkeun yén ''papeda'' leuwih dipikawanoh sacara lega dina tradisi masarakat adat Sentani di Situ Sentani, Taikat di Arso, sarta Manokwari.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Belanga dan Papeda|url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/12/belanga-dan-papeda|newspaper=National Geographic Indonesia|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref> Papéda kasohor pisan di kalangan masarakat adat di Papua kawas sélér Sentani jeung Arso di Jayapura sarta sélér-sélér di Manokwari, Papua Kulon. Keur masarakat di Papua jeung Maluku, papéda téh lain saukur kadaharan biasa. Malah, papéda mah dihormat jeung disakralkeun kulantaran remen disuguhkeun dina upacara-upacara adat, sabab mitologi sagu dianggap salaku lalakon kajadian manusa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/manokwari/kuliner/550395/mengenal-sejarah-papeda-makanan-khas-papua-dan-maluku|title=Mengenal Sejarah Papeda Makanan Khas Papua Dan Maluku|first=Primanitasri|website=RRI|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Salah sahijina, papéda mindeng disuguhkeun dina upacara ''Watani Kame''. Upacara éta diayakeun salaku tanda anggeusna siklus kapapaténan saurang jalma. Kadaharan papéda ieu bakal dibagikeun ka jalma-jalma anu mangmantuangkeun dina éta upacara. Salian ti urusan maot, papéda ogé jadi suguhan penting dina upacara kalahiran anak munggaran di Inanwatan, Sorong Kidul, Papua Kulon. Dina upacara ieu, papéda biasana disuguhkeun bareng jeung daging babi. Masih di Inanwatan, papéda gé mindeng didahar ku kaum awéwé keur nahan rasa peurih pas keur ditato.<ref name=":0" /> Henteu ngan di Papua hungkul, papéda ogé jadi kadaharan penting dina siklus kahirupan sélér Nuaulu di Pulo Seram, Maluku. ''Papeda'' anu disebut salaku ''sonar monne'' ieu teh jadi suguhan dina ritual parayaan mangsa pubertas saurang parawan. Tapi, sélér Nuaulu jeung sélér Huaulu nyaram awéwé anu keur héd keur ngasakeun papéda kulantaran dianggap tabu.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == 5dgznrhi1u2b3pt17j788d285xbj0se 710076 710075 2026-06-04T13:34:02Z Pijri Paijar 27067 710076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papéda''' téh kadaharan wujud bubur [[sagu]] anu asalna ti [[Kapuloan Maluku]] jeung basisir kulon Papua. Ieu kadaharan biasana disuguhkeun jeung lauk tongkol atawa bubara anu dibumbuan ku konéng. Papéda warnana bodas sarta téksturna leueur kentel jiga elém kalayan rasa anu tawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediapublica.co/2013/04/02/papeda-makanan-khas-dari-timur-indonesia/|title=Papeda Makanan Khas dari Timur Indonesia|website=Media Publica}}</ref> Papéda mangrupa kadaharan anu loba ngandung serat, saeutik [[Kolesterol|koléstérol]], jeung ngandung gizi pisan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Papeda, Makanan Sehat Khas Papua - Tribunnews.com|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/lifestyle/2013/12/10/papeda-makanan-sehat-khas-papua|newspaper=Tribunnews.com|access-date=2026-06-04|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Sajarah == Di rupa-rupa wilayah basisir jeung dataran handap di Papua, sagu teh jadi bahan dasar keur rupa-rupa kadaharan. Sagu bakar, sagu lempeng, jeung sagu bola jadi kadaharan anu panglobana dipikawanoh di sababaraha pelosok Papua, hususna dina tradisi kuliner masarakat adat di Kabupatén Mappi, Asmat, nepi ka Mimika. ''Papeda'' mangrupa salah sahiji olahan has sagu anu babari pisan kapanggihna, utamana di Wilayah Maluku jeung Papua. Antropolog sarta Ketua Lembaga Riset Papua, Johszua Robert Mansoben, nyebutkeun yén ''papeda'' leuwih dipikawanoh sacara lega dina tradisi masarakat adat Sentani di Situ Sentani, Taikat di Arso, sarta Manokwari.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Belanga dan Papeda|url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/12/belanga-dan-papeda|newspaper=National Geographic Indonesia|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref> Papéda kasohor pisan di kalangan masarakat adat di Papua kawas sélér Sentani jeung Arso di Jayapura sarta sélér-sélér di Manokwari, Papua Kulon. Keur masarakat di Papua jeung Maluku, papéda téh lain saukur kadaharan biasa. Malah, papéda mah dihormat jeung disakralkeun kulantaran remen disuguhkeun dina upacara-upacara adat, sabab mitologi sagu dianggap salaku lalakon kajadian manusa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/manokwari/kuliner/550395/mengenal-sejarah-papeda-makanan-khas-papua-dan-maluku|title=Mengenal Sejarah Papeda Makanan Khas Papua Dan Maluku|first=Primanitasri|website=RRI|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Salah sahijina, papéda mindeng disuguhkeun dina upacara ''Watani Kame''. Upacara éta diayakeun salaku tanda anggeusna siklus kapapaténan saurang jalma. Kadaharan papéda ieu bakal dibagikeun ka jalma-jalma anu mangmantuangkeun dina éta upacara. Salian ti urusan maot, papéda ogé jadi suguhan penting dina upacara kalahiran anak munggaran di Inanwatan, Sorong Kidul, Papua Kulon. Dina upacara ieu, papéda biasana disuguhkeun bareng jeung daging babi. Masih di Inanwatan, papéda gé mindeng didahar ku kaum awéwé keur nahan rasa peurih pas keur ditato.<ref name=":0" /> Henteu ngan di Papua hungkul, papéda ogé jadi kadaharan penting dina siklus kahirupan sélér Nuaulu di Pulo Seram, Maluku. ''Papeda'' anu disebut salaku ''sonar monne'' ieu teh jadi suguhan dina ritual parayaan mangsa pubertas saurang parawan. Tapi, sélér Nuaulu jeung sélér Huaulu nyaram awéwé anu keur héd keur ngasakeun papéda kulantaran dianggap tabu.<ref name=":0" /> == Mangpaat keur kaséhatan == Papéda kadaharan tradisional has [[Indonésia Wétan]] anu bahanna tina sagu, boga rupa-rupa mangfaat anu kacida alusna keur kasehatan awak kulantaran kandungan nutrisina anu loba jeung alami. Salaku sumber karbohidrat kompléks, papéda sanggup méré énergi tambahan sacara instan sarta ngajaga stamina awak sangkan tetep fit salila aktivitas, kalayan éfék matak waregna leuwih lila tibatan sangu. Salian ti jadi bahan bakar awak, ngadahar papéda ogé alus pisan keur ngalancarkeun panyatélan (pencernaan) jeung nyegah hésé ngising (sembelit) berkat kandungan serat jeung pati resistan di jerona. Pati resistan ieu fungsina salaku prébiotik anu méré nutrisi keur bakteri bageur di jero peujit, nepi ka kasaimbangan mikrobioma dina panyatélan tetep terjaga kalayan hadé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4253243/lima-manfaat-papeda-untuk-kesehatan|title=Lima manfaat papeda untuk kesehatan|last=antaranews.com|website=Antara News|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oresa.id/news/133/ternyata-papeda-kaya-akan-manfaat-lho-apa-saja-ya-cek-di-sini-yuk|title=TERNYATA PAPEDA KAYA AKAN MANFAAT LHO.. APA SAJA YA? CEK DI SINI YUK..|website=oresa.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Henteu ngan mangfaat keur panyatélan hungkul, kuliner anu téksturna kenyal ieu ogé boga peran penting dina ngajaga kaséhatan jantung jeung urat getih. Kandungan antioksidan polifénol, kawas flavonoid jeung tanin di jero sagu, éféktif pisan keur ngalawan radikal bébas, neken kadar koléstérol jahat (LDL) sarta trigliserida, jeung ningkatkeun koléstérol bageur (HDL). Alhasil, risiko ayana plak dina urat getih anu bisa ngabalukarkeun serangan jantung jeung stroke bisa dikurangan. Mangfaat ieu bakal leuwih optimal berkat ayana kandungan kalium anu mantuan ngaléasankeun kategangan pinding urat getih sarta mantuan awak miceun kaleuwihan uyah ngaliwatan cikiih, nepi ka tekanan getih tetep stabil. Keur jalma anu boga panyakit diabétés atawa anu hayang ngontrol gula getih, papéda ogé bisa jadi pilihan kadaharan anu aman sabab pati resistanna sanggup ningkatkeun métabolismé jeung nyegah naékna kadar glukosa sacara drastis sanggeus dahar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/manfaat-sagu-mulai-dari-makanan-pokok-hingga-industri-tekstil|title=6 Manfaat Sagu bagi Kesehatan yang Sayang untuk Dilewatkan|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Salian ti éta, papéda méré dampak positif keur sistem struktur jeung ékskrési (pembuangan) awak. Kandungan mineral penting kawas kalsium, fosfor, jeung magnesium di jerona fungsina aktip keur nguatkeun struktur tulang jeung huntu, sarta nurunkeun risiko gangguan sendi kawas osteoporosis jeung arthritis. Lobana kadar fosfor dina papéda ogé kanyahoan bisa mantuan ngalancarkeun prosés kiih, anu sacara teu langsung ngarojong gawé ginjal dina miceun zat-zat sésa kawas asam urat jeung kaleuwihan cai sacara optimal. Ku sagala kahadéan éta, papéda anu bébas gluten ieu cocog pisan diasupkeun kana menu dahar sapopoé saliku kadaharan anu loba gizi demi ngawujudkeun kaséhatan kulawarga sagemblengna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/jarang-diketahui-ini-4-manfaat-tepung-sagu-bagi-kesehatan|title=Jarang Diketahui, Ini 4 Manfaat Tepung Sagu bagi Kesehatan|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> == Référénsi == n03ioaghcmgtpd8fpb44gmfk1qvv7yo 0 108669 710074 2026-06-04T13:16:59Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca anyar Kacamatan Cineam 710074 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ '''Kacamatan Cineam''' |- ! Nami | Cineam |- ! Propinsi | [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! Kabupatén | [[Tasikmalaya]] |- ! Kode Kemendagri | 32.06.21 |- ! Situs | [https://cineam.tasikmalayakab.go.id/ cineam.tasikmalayakab.go.id] |} '''Kacamatan Cineam''' nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia. == Géografis == Kacamatan Cineam perenahna di Kabupatén Tasikmalaya. Wates wilayahna can dicantumkeun.<ref>Profil Kacamatan Cineam. Pamaréntah Kacamatan Cineam. 2026. https://cineam.tasikmalayakab.go.id/. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref> == Pamaréntahan == Kacamatan Cineam ngawengku sababaraha désa/kelurahan<ref>Profil Kacamatan Cineam. Pamaréntah Kacamatan Cineam. 2026. https://cineam.tasikmalayakab.go.id/. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref> == Démografi == Data jumlah padumuk jeung kapadetan can dicantumkeun.<ref>Profil Kacamatan Cineam. Pamaréntah Kacamatan Cineam. 2026. https://cineam.tasikmalayakab.go.id/. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref> == Atikan == Dumasar kana Data Referensi Kemendikdasmen taun 2026, di Kacamatan Cineam kacatet aya 22 sakola dasar tingkat SD Negeri<ref>Daftar SD Negeri per Kacamatan Cineam. Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah RI. 2026. https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021215/3/jf/all/s1. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref> Sababaraha sakola anu kacatet di antarana nyaéta SDN 1 Rajadatu anu aya di Désa Rajadatu, SDN 3 Cineam di Désa Ciampanan, jeung SDN Cigondang di Désa Cikondang<ref>Daftar SD Negeri per Kacamatan Cineam. Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah RI. 2026. https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/dikdas/021215/3/jf/all/s1. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref> == Poténsi == Poténsi daérah Kacamatan Cineam can dicantumkeun.<ref>Profil Kacamatan Cineam. Pamaréntah Kacamatan Cineam. 2026. https://cineam.tasikmalayakab.go.id/. Diaksés 4 Juni 2026.</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> bc9ydl0k9ov4zsp3cgy044qqtkio01m 2 108670 710080 2026-06-04T15:09:33Z Jungle Dinasty 36853 Nyieun kaca anyar Hello im Jungle Dinasty, been using and crawling wikipedia for a decades but lost my OG account :( pretty sad but we move!<div style="border-top-left-radius: 10px 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px 10px; font-size: 1.6875em; font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.05em; padding-bottom: 0.05em; color: #FFF; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0c04b3 10%, #f1efe6 100%);"> <span style="display: inline-block; padding: .3em; margin: 0 0 0 .5em;margin: auto">Gambar:Wikipedia_logo_... 710080 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello im Jungle Dinasty, been using and crawling wikipedia for a decades but lost my OG account :( pretty sad but we move!<div style="border-top-left-radius: 10px 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px 10px; font-size: 1.6875em; font-weight: bold; padding-top: 0.05em; padding-bottom: 0.05em; color: #FFF; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0c04b3 10%, #f1efe6 100%);"> <span style="display: inline-block; padding: .3em; margin: 0 0 0 .5em;margin: auto">[[Gambar:Wikipedia_logo_puzzle_globe_spins_horizontally_and_vertically,_revealing_the_contents_of_all_of_its_puzzle_pieces,_without_background.gif|67x67px]]</span> <span style="font-family: Avenir,sans-serif;">Jungle Dinasty</span> {{font|text=OG Wikipedian|font=Times New Roman|size=30px}} </div><div style="margin-left:1%;"> ----</div> 4qycoc63nlv7o1cr6ntt3srl4h25u6w 0 108671 710081 2026-06-04T15:11:57Z Jungle Dinasty 36853 Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar (lahir 9 April 2005) nyaéta saurang aktivis asal Indonésia. Anjeunna mangrupakeun pangadeg organisasi hak asasi manusa Aktivis Indonesia NGO sarta Ketua Umum Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Komisariat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya (HMI FK UB) 710081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|2005|4|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Malang]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | known_for = Panggiat kampanye hak asasi manusa | education = [[Universitas Brawijaya]] | employer = [[Amnesty International]] [[Greenpeace]] | occupation = Aktivis | title = Ketua Umum [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Indonesia)]] | boards = | children = | parents = | relatives = [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] (mamang) }} '''Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar''' (lahir 9 April 2005) nyaéta saurang aktivis asal Indonésia. Anjeunna mangrupakeun pangadeg organisasi hak asasi manusa Aktivis Indonesia NGO sarta Ketua Umum [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Indonesia)|Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Komisariat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya (HMI FK UB)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketua HMI FK UB Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Siapkan Revolusi Internal |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/192902/ketua-hmi-fk-ub-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-siapkan-revolusi-internal |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-08 |title=Aktivis Muda Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Pimpin HMI FK UB, Bawa Arah Baru Pergerakan Mahasiswa Kedokteran – HMI FK UB |url=https://www.hmifkub.com/aktivis-muda-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-pimpin-hmi-fk-ub-bawa-arah-baru-pergerakan-mahasiswa-kedokteran/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=id}}</ref> Raynan meunang pangajén ''The Best Medical Faculty Ambassador'' ti [[Universitas Brawijaya]] dina taun 2025 sarta dianggap minangka salah sahiji aktivis anu boga pangaruh dina mingpin bab Kastrat dina bulan Méi jeung Oktober 2025 ku [https://ismki.or.id/ ISMKI].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profil Raynan: Aktivis Muda Peraih Gelar The Best Faculty of Medicine Ambassador 2025 |url=https://www.netralnews.com/profil-raynan-aktivis-muda-peraih-gelar-the-best-faculty-of-medicine-ambassador-2025/L3FaWEZMby84b2hUUWgzU1hpdjFTZz09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Anjeunna mangrupikeun putra ti dokter spesialis panon Darwan Triyono, sarta kaponakan ti urut Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan Indonésia [[Hadi Tjahjanto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Hubungan Menarik Aktivis Muhammmad Raynan Rizky Akbar Yang Ternyata Keponakan Dari Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/hubungan-menarik-aktivis-muhammmad-raynan-rizky-akbar-yang-ternyata-keponakan-dari-ex-menkopolhukam-ri/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-26 |title=Terkuak!! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar adalah Keponakan dari Mantan Menkopolhukam Hadi Tjahjanto! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mukholladun/6a15a6fdc925c46ab871bb84/terkuak-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-adalah-keponakan-dari-mantan-menkopolhukam-hadi-tjahjanto |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> ==Karir Aktivisme Pulitik== Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar ngamimitian kagiatan aktivismena nalika kuliah di Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengenal Sosok Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, Aktivis Pergerakan dari Malang |url=https://www.netralnews.com/mengenal-sosok-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-aktivis-pergerakan-dari-malang/ZmJBbXkra2RTRGk4L21KcmtPbXJ0UT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nalika masih janten mahasiswa kedokteran, anjeunna aktip dina advokasi mahasiswa, inisiatif partisipasi warga, sarta diskusi pulitik ngeunaan démokrasi, kawijakan publik, jeung partisipasi nonoman di Indonésia. Anjeunna dipikawanoh minangka sosok anu ngadorong mahasiswa kedokteran pikeun leuwih aktip dina urusan sosial jeung pulitik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Profil Lengkap Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, Aktivis dari Kedokteran UB |url=https://www.netralnews.com/profil-lengkap-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-aktivis-dari-kedokteran-ub/R2M0U0RrbVE2VWw5ajlWZEdPUndFZz09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Dina Désémber 2023, Raynan ngadegkeun [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi non-pamaréntah (NGO)]] Aktivis Indonesia sarta salajengna ngajabat salaku pangadeg jeung koordinator organisasi éta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=Kisah Inspiratif Raynan, Aktivis HAM Dari Kedokteran Brawijaya {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/kisah-inspiratif-raynan-aktivis-ham-dari-kedokteran-brawijaya/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Organisasi éta diadegkeun minangka platform mandiri anu museur kana advokasi publik, partisipasi warga, sarta nyebarkeun isu sosial, pulitik, ékonomi, jeung budaya anu aya patalina jeung masarakat Indonésia.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 2024, anjeunna janten anggota Parlemén Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]]. Dina taun 2025, anjeunna ngajabat salaku Menteri Aksi, Kajian, jeung Propaganda dina parlemén mahasiswa éta, kalayan kalibet dina nyusun kajian kawijakan, mobilisasi mahasiswa, sarta kampanye advokasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kisah Raynan, Mahasiswa Kedokteran yang kini menjadi Aktivis dan Pendiri NGO |url=https://www.netralnews.com/kisah-raynan-mahasiswa-kedokteran-yang-kini-menjadi-aktivis-dan-pendiri-ngo/eXJzR0dpeS9COVhveUJIVWx3WXUzQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Sapanjang taun 2025, Raynan muncul minangka salah sahiji tokoh penting dina gerakan mahasiswa di lingkungan Kompleks Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]], anu ngawengku Fakultas Kedokteran, Kedokteran Gigi, jeung Élmu Kaséhatan. Anjeunna ilubiung sarta ngakoordinasikeun rupa-rupa aksi mahasiswa ngeunaan tata kelola démokratis, akuntabilitas nagara, kawijakan belanja publik, sarta panolakan kana sababaraha inisiatif législatif anu dianggap kontroversial. Salah sahiji épisode aktivismena anu paling kasohor lumangsung nalika aksi protes ngalawan révisi Undang-Undang Tentara Nasional Indonésia (TNI) dina Maret 2025, nalika anjeunna dilaporkeun ngabantu ngagerakkeun mahasiswa tina fakultas-fakultas kaséhatan di Malang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rapid Rise of Indonesian Activist Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar |url=https://en.netralnews.com/the-rapid-rise-of-indonesian-activist-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar/QVREeFhyT1F0TEtpNDNPOEF2RXNpQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Pébruari 2026, Raynan narima mandat salaku Formatur Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI) Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]] pikeun masa bakti 2026–2027. Anjeunna teras resmi ngajabat minangka Ketua Umum HMI FK UB dina Maret 2026. Dina kapamingpinanana, organisasi éta nekenkeun pangwangunan kader, diskursus intelektual, partisipasi warga, sarta reformasi organisasi pikeun nguatkeun peran mahasiswa kedokteran dina urusan publik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resmi Menjadi Ketua Umum HMI FK UB, Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Rebrand Organisasi |url=https://www.netralnews.com/resmi-menjadi-ketua-umum-hmi-fk-ub-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-rebrand-organisasi/MDRuTVdYcE8rL0tnWkYyUXNDU01CQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Salaku koordinator Aktivis Indonesia jeung pamingpin HMI FK UB, Raynan ngamajukeun partisipasi pulitik nonoman, keterlibatan dina démokrasi, kabébasan nyatakeun pamadegan, sarta kalibetna mahasiswa dina ngaréngsékeun rupa-rupa pasualan sosial. Aktivismena ogé dipatalikeun jeung usaha pikeun ngawangun hubungan anu leuwih raket antara komunitas akademik jeung gerakan masarakat sipil di Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raynan dan Wajah Baru Pergerakan Mahasiswa Kedokteran |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/191524/raynan-dan-wajah-baru-pergerakan-mahasiswa-kedokteran |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref> ==Kontrovérsi jeung Hubungan Kulawarga jeung Pamaréntah== Dina taun 2025, sababaraha média Indonésia jeung panitén pulitik ngalaporkeun yén Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar miboga hubungan kulawarga jeung urut Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan sarta urut Panglima TNI, [[Hadi Tjahjanto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Hubungan Menarik Aktivis Muhammmad Raynan Rizky Akbar Yang Ternyata Keponakan Dari Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/hubungan-menarik-aktivis-muhammmad-raynan-rizky-akbar-yang-ternyata-keponakan-dari-ex-menkopolhukam-ri/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-26 |title=Terkuak!! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar adalah Keponakan dari Mantan Menkopolhukam Hadi Tjahjanto! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mukholladun/6a15a6fdc925c46ab871bb84/terkuak-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-adalah-keponakan-dari-mantan-menkopolhukam-hadi-tjahjanto |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Numutkeun laporan éta, Raynan mangrupakeun kaponakan [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] ngaliwatan hubungan kulawarga gedé anu asalna ti Malang, Jawa Wétan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-28 |title=Aktivis HAM Kerabat Menkopolhukam! Fakta Menarik Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/aktivis-ham-kerabat-menkopolhukam-fakta-menarik-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Laporan ieu narik perhatian publik sabab Raynan geus leuwih tiheula dipikawanoh minangka aktivis mahasiswa jeung pangatur organisasi masarakat sipil sacara mandiri saméméh hubungan kulawarga éta dipikanyaho ku masarakat. Sababaraha panitén nyorot béda anu cukup mencolok antara karir [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] dina widang militér jeung pamaréntahan jeung kalibetna Raynan dina gerakan mahasiswa, [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi non-pamaréntah]], sarta advokasi nonoman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-24 |title=Terungkap! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar punya hubungan Keluarga dengan Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mediamahasiswa/6a13039d110fce25cc17f272/terungkap-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-punya-hubungan-keluarga-dengan-ex-menkopolhukam-ri |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Sanggeus laporan éta sumebar, sawatara diskusi dina média sosial nyorot sipat hubungan kulawarga anu dianggap teu disangka-sangka éta. Nepi ka ayeuna teu aya bukti anu nunjukkeun yén hubungan kulawarga éta miboga peran langsung dina karir aktivisme atawa kagiatan organisasi Raynan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raynan: Aktivis yang Menghapus Stigma bahwa Mahasiswa Kedokteran Apatis |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/189147/raynan-aktivis-yang-menghapus-stigma-bahwa-mahasiswa-kedokteran-apatis |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== * [[Hak asasi manusa di Indonésia]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tautan luar== {{Portal bar|Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rizky Akbar, Muhammad Raynan}} [[Category:Alumni Universitas Brawijaya]] [[Category:Aktivis Indonésia]] [[Category:Aktivis hak asasi manusa Indonésia]] [[Category:Kalahiran 2005]] qkxm764qiysnw5tlnk2xrmium4l8s9i 710085 710081 2026-06-04T15:48:41Z Jungle Dinasty 36853 710085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|2005|4|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Malang]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | education = [[Universitas Brawijaya]] | occupation = Aktivis | boards = | children = | parents = | relatives = [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] (mamang) |image=Dokumentasi Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar.jpg}} '''Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar''' (lahir 9 April 2005) nyaéta saurang aktivis asal Indonésia. Anjeunna mangrupakeun pangadeg organisasi hak asasi manusa Aktivis Indonesia NGO sarta Ketua Umum [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Indonesia)|Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Komisariat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya (HMI FK UB)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketua HMI FK UB Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Siapkan Revolusi Internal |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/192902/ketua-hmi-fk-ub-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-siapkan-revolusi-internal |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-08 |title=Aktivis Muda Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Pimpin HMI FK UB, Bawa Arah Baru Pergerakan Mahasiswa Kedokteran – HMI FK UB |url=https://www.hmifkub.com/aktivis-muda-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-pimpin-hmi-fk-ub-bawa-arah-baru-pergerakan-mahasiswa-kedokteran/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=id}}</ref> Raynan meunang pangajén ''The Best Medical Faculty Ambassador'' ti [[Universitas Brawijaya]] dina taun 2025 sarta dianggap minangka salah sahiji aktivis anu boga pangaruh dina mingpin bab Kastrat dina bulan Méi jeung Oktober 2025 ku [https://ismki.or.id/ ISMKI].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profil Raynan: Aktivis Muda Peraih Gelar The Best Faculty of Medicine Ambassador 2025 |url=https://www.netralnews.com/profil-raynan-aktivis-muda-peraih-gelar-the-best-faculty-of-medicine-ambassador-2025/L3FaWEZMby84b2hUUWgzU1hpdjFTZz09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Anjeunna mangrupikeun putra ti dokter spesialis panon Darwan Triyono, sarta kaponakan ti urut Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan Indonésia [[Hadi Tjahjanto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Hubungan Menarik Aktivis Muhammmad Raynan Rizky Akbar Yang Ternyata Keponakan Dari Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/hubungan-menarik-aktivis-muhammmad-raynan-rizky-akbar-yang-ternyata-keponakan-dari-ex-menkopolhukam-ri/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-26 |title=Terkuak!! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar adalah Keponakan dari Mantan Menkopolhukam Hadi Tjahjanto! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mukholladun/6a15a6fdc925c46ab871bb84/terkuak-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-adalah-keponakan-dari-mantan-menkopolhukam-hadi-tjahjanto |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> ==Karir Aktivisme Pulitik== Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar ngamimitian kagiatan aktivismena nalika kuliah di Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengenal Sosok Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, Aktivis Pergerakan dari Malang |url=https://www.netralnews.com/mengenal-sosok-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-aktivis-pergerakan-dari-malang/ZmJBbXkra2RTRGk4L21KcmtPbXJ0UT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nalika masih janten mahasiswa kedokteran, anjeunna aktip dina advokasi mahasiswa, inisiatif partisipasi warga, sarta diskusi pulitik ngeunaan démokrasi, kawijakan publik, jeung partisipasi nonoman di Indonésia. Anjeunna dipikawanoh minangka sosok anu ngadorong mahasiswa kedokteran pikeun leuwih aktip dina urusan sosial jeung pulitik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Profil Lengkap Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, Aktivis dari Kedokteran UB |url=https://www.netralnews.com/profil-lengkap-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-aktivis-dari-kedokteran-ub/R2M0U0RrbVE2VWw5ajlWZEdPUndFZz09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Dina Désémber 2023, Raynan ngadegkeun [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi non-pamaréntah (NGO)]] Aktivis Indonesia sarta salajengna ngajabat salaku pangadeg jeung koordinator organisasi éta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=Kisah Inspiratif Raynan, Aktivis HAM Dari Kedokteran Brawijaya {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/kisah-inspiratif-raynan-aktivis-ham-dari-kedokteran-brawijaya/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Organisasi éta diadegkeun minangka platform mandiri anu museur kana advokasi publik, partisipasi warga, sarta nyebarkeun isu sosial, pulitik, ékonomi, jeung budaya anu aya patalina jeung masarakat Indonésia.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 2024, anjeunna janten anggota Parlemén Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]]. Dina taun 2025, anjeunna ngajabat salaku Menteri Aksi, Kajian, jeung Propaganda dina parlemén mahasiswa éta, kalayan kalibet dina nyusun kajian kawijakan, mobilisasi mahasiswa, sarta kampanye advokasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kisah Raynan, Mahasiswa Kedokteran yang kini menjadi Aktivis dan Pendiri NGO |url=https://www.netralnews.com/kisah-raynan-mahasiswa-kedokteran-yang-kini-menjadi-aktivis-dan-pendiri-ngo/eXJzR0dpeS9COVhveUJIVWx3WXUzQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Sapanjang taun 2025, Raynan muncul minangka salah sahiji tokoh penting dina gerakan mahasiswa di lingkungan Kompleks Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]], anu ngawengku Fakultas Kedokteran, Kedokteran Gigi, jeung Élmu Kaséhatan. Anjeunna ilubiung sarta ngakoordinasikeun rupa-rupa aksi mahasiswa ngeunaan tata kelola démokratis, akuntabilitas nagara, kawijakan belanja publik, sarta panolakan kana sababaraha inisiatif législatif anu dianggap kontroversial. Salah sahiji épisode aktivismena anu paling kasohor lumangsung nalika aksi protes ngalawan révisi Undang-Undang Tentara Nasional Indonésia (TNI) dina Maret 2025, nalika anjeunna dilaporkeun ngabantu ngagerakkeun mahasiswa tina fakultas-fakultas kaséhatan di Malang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rapid Rise of Indonesian Activist Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar |url=https://en.netralnews.com/the-rapid-rise-of-indonesian-activist-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar/QVREeFhyT1F0TEtpNDNPOEF2RXNpQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Pébruari 2026, Raynan narima mandat salaku Formatur Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI) Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]] pikeun masa bakti 2026–2027. Anjeunna teras resmi ngajabat minangka Ketua Umum HMI FK UB dina Maret 2026. Dina kapamingpinanana, organisasi éta nekenkeun pangwangunan kader, diskursus intelektual, partisipasi warga, sarta reformasi organisasi pikeun nguatkeun peran mahasiswa kedokteran dina urusan publik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resmi Menjadi Ketua Umum HMI FK UB, Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Rebrand Organisasi |url=https://www.netralnews.com/resmi-menjadi-ketua-umum-hmi-fk-ub-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-rebrand-organisasi/MDRuTVdYcE8rL0tnWkYyUXNDU01CQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Salaku koordinator Aktivis Indonesia jeung pamingpin HMI FK UB, Raynan ngamajukeun partisipasi pulitik nonoman, keterlibatan dina démokrasi, kabébasan nyatakeun pamadegan, sarta kalibetna mahasiswa dina ngaréngsékeun rupa-rupa pasualan sosial. Aktivismena ogé dipatalikeun jeung usaha pikeun ngawangun hubungan anu leuwih raket antara komunitas akademik jeung gerakan masarakat sipil di Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raynan dan Wajah Baru Pergerakan Mahasiswa Kedokteran |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/191524/raynan-dan-wajah-baru-pergerakan-mahasiswa-kedokteran |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref> ==Kontrovérsi jeung Hubungan Kulawarga jeung Pamaréntah== Dina taun 2025, sababaraha média Indonésia jeung panitén pulitik ngalaporkeun yén Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar miboga hubungan kulawarga jeung urut Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan sarta urut Panglima TNI, [[Hadi Tjahjanto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Hubungan Menarik Aktivis Muhammmad Raynan Rizky Akbar Yang Ternyata Keponakan Dari Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/hubungan-menarik-aktivis-muhammmad-raynan-rizky-akbar-yang-ternyata-keponakan-dari-ex-menkopolhukam-ri/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-26 |title=Terkuak!! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar adalah Keponakan dari Mantan Menkopolhukam Hadi Tjahjanto! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mukholladun/6a15a6fdc925c46ab871bb84/terkuak-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-adalah-keponakan-dari-mantan-menkopolhukam-hadi-tjahjanto |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Numutkeun laporan éta, Raynan mangrupakeun kaponakan [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] ngaliwatan hubungan kulawarga gedé anu asalna ti Malang, Jawa Wétan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-28 |title=Aktivis HAM Kerabat Menkopolhukam! Fakta Menarik Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/aktivis-ham-kerabat-menkopolhukam-fakta-menarik-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Laporan ieu narik perhatian publik sabab Raynan geus leuwih tiheula dipikawanoh minangka aktivis mahasiswa jeung pangatur organisasi masarakat sipil sacara mandiri saméméh hubungan kulawarga éta dipikanyaho ku masarakat. Sababaraha panitén nyorot béda anu cukup mencolok antara karir [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] dina widang militér jeung pamaréntahan jeung kalibetna Raynan dina gerakan mahasiswa, [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi non-pamaréntah]], sarta advokasi nonoman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-24 |title=Terungkap! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar punya hubungan Keluarga dengan Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mediamahasiswa/6a13039d110fce25cc17f272/terungkap-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-punya-hubungan-keluarga-dengan-ex-menkopolhukam-ri |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Sanggeus laporan éta sumebar, sawatara diskusi dina média sosial nyorot sipat hubungan kulawarga anu dianggap teu disangka-sangka éta. Nepi ka ayeuna teu aya bukti anu nunjukkeun yén hubungan kulawarga éta miboga peran langsung dina karir aktivisme atawa kagiatan organisasi Raynan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raynan: Aktivis yang Menghapus Stigma bahwa Mahasiswa Kedokteran Apatis |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/189147/raynan-aktivis-yang-menghapus-stigma-bahwa-mahasiswa-kedokteran-apatis |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== * [[Hak asasi manusa di Indonésia]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tautan luar== {{Portal bar|Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rizky Akbar, Muhammad Raynan}} [[Category:Alumni Universitas Brawijaya]] [[Category:Aktivis Indonésia]] [[Category:Aktivis hak asasi manusa Indonésia]] [[Category:Kalahiran 2005]] djd8mb5pvl8m3txdmmc5v457uiizhte 0 108672 710082 2026-06-04T15:33:19Z Jungle Dinasty 36853 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Short description|Pulitikus Indonésia jeung urut perwira militér (lahir 1963)}} '''Marsekal TNI (Purn.) Hadi Tjahjanto''' (lahir 8 Nopémber 1963) nyaéta saurang pulitikus jeung urut perwira militér Indonésia anu kungsi ngajabat salaku Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan dina Kabinét Indonésia Maju dina mangsa kapersidenan [[Joko Widodo]], ngagantikeun [[Mahfud MD]] sanggeus mundur tina jabatanana. Saméméhna, anjeunna mangrupa perwira T... 710082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pulitikus Indonésia jeung urut perwira militér (lahir 1963)}} '''Marsekal TNI (Purn.) Hadi Tjahjanto''' (lahir 8 Nopémber 1963) nyaéta saurang pulitikus jeung urut perwira militér Indonésia anu kungsi ngajabat salaku Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan dina Kabinét Indonésia Maju dina mangsa kapersidenan [[Joko Widodo]], ngagantikeun [[Mahfud MD]] sanggeus mundur tina jabatanana. Saméméhna, anjeunna mangrupa perwira [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia Angkatan Udara]] (TNI AU) anu kungsi ngajabat salaku Panglima [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia]] ka-20. Anjeunna lulusan [[Akademi Angkatan Udara]] sarta Sakola Penerbang TNI AU. Dina taun 2017, anjeunna diangkat ku Présidén [[Joko Widodo]] pikeun ngajabat minangka Panglima TNI.<ref>Evan Laksmana, ''What can we expect from Indonesia's new defence chief?'', The Strategist, 13 Désémber 2017.</ref> Sateuacanna, Hadi ogé kungsi ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Militer Présidén Joko Widodo. Présidén tuluy nyalonkeun anjeunna ka [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] salaku hiji-hijina calon Panglima TNI pikeun ngagantikeun [[Gatot Nurmantyo]]. Anjeunna sacara resmi dilantik dina 8 Désémber 2017. Hadi janten perwira kadua ti Angkatan Udara sanggeus [[Djoko Suyanto]] anu hasil ngajabat posisi Panglima TNI dina sajarah TNI. ==Kahirupan Mimiti jeung Pendidikan== [[File:Joseph Dunford and Hadi Tjahjanto 180910-D-PB383-008 (42796095050).jpg|left|thumb|Hadi Tjahjanto babarengan jeung Ketua Joint Chiefs of Staff Amérika Sarikat, Jéndral [[Joseph Dunford]], di Waikiki, Hawaii, 10 Séptémber 2018.]] Bapana Hadi, Bambang Sudardo, mangrupa anggota personel Pangkalan Udara Abdulrachman Saleh. Kaayaan ieu jadi inspirasi pikeun Hadi pikeun asup ka Akademi Angkatan Udara sanggeus lulus SMA. Sanggeus ngaréngsékeun pendidikan di Akademi Angkatan Udara jeung Sakola Penerbang dina taun 1987, anjeunna jadi saurang pilot. Tugas awalna dilaksanakeun di pangkalan udara anu sarua jeung tempat bapana kungsi ngawula, nyaéta di [[Malang]].<ref>{{cite news|title=8 Fakta Menarik tentang Calon Panglima TNI Hadi Tjahjanto|work=KOMPAS.com|date=6 Désémber 2017}}</ref> ==Kulawarga== Hadi Tjahjanto lahir dina 8 Nopémber 1963 di Singosari, Malang, Jawa Wétan, Indonésia. Anjeunna nikah jeung Nanik Istumawati, sarta miboga dua urang anak, nyaéta Hanica Relingga Dara Ayu jeung Handika Relangga Bima Yogatama.[5] Tjahjanto asalna ti kulawarga anu miboga akar katurunan di Jawa Wétan. Bapana, Bambang Sudardo, kungsi ngajabat minangka anggota Angkatan Udara Indonésia di Pangkalan Udara Abdul Rachman Saleh di Malang, anu jadi salah sahiji pangaruh utama kana kaputusanana pikeun ngudag karir militér ngaliwatan Akademi Angkatan Udara Indonésia. Numutkeun sababaraha laporan anu diterbitkeun ku média Indonésia dina taun 2026, Tjahjanto mangrupakeun mamang ti aktivis mahasiswa jeung pejuang hak asasi manusa Indonésia, Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, pangadeg Aktivis Indonesia NGO sarta Ketua Umum Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya (HMI FK UB). Hubungan kulawarga ieu narik perhatian publik alatan béda anu cukup mencolok antara karir Tjahjanto dina widang militér jeung pamaréntahan jeung kagiatan Raynan dina gerakan mahasiswa sarta organisasi masarakat sipil. ==Dinas Militér== ===Karir Mimiti=== Sanggeus sababaraha taun ngapungkeun pesawat angkut ringan [[CASA C-212 Aviocar]], Hadi dipromosikeun jadi perwira latihan skuadron dina taun 1993. Dina taun 1996 anjeunna mimiti ngoperasikeun pesawat angkut anu leuwih gedé. Taun 1997 anjeunna dipercaya jadi komandan skuadron sarta dipindahkeun ka Pangkalan Udara Adisumarmo di [[Surakarta]]. Satuluyna anjeunna ogé ditugaskeun di Pangkalan Udara Adisutjipto bari terus naék dina jenjang karir militérna. Antara taun 2010 nepi ka 2011, anjeunna ngajabat salaku Komandan Lanud Adisumarmo. Dina mangsa éta anjeunna mimiti wawuh jeung Walikota Surakarta waktu harita, nyaéta [[Joko Widodo]]. Karirna teras lumangsung salaku juru bicara TNI AU dina taun 2013 sarta Komandan Lanud Abdulrachman Saleh dina taun 2015. Sanggeus Joko Widodo kapilih jadi présidén, Hadi diangkat jadi Sekretaris Militer Présidén dina 25 Juli 2015 sarta meunang kenaikan pangkat jadi Marsekal Muda TNI. o0o0buginhdciuod5i3q3e1bu78t1fy 710083 710082 2026-06-04T15:34:58Z Jungle Dinasty 36853 710083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pulitikus Indonésia jeung urut perwira militér (lahir 1963)}} '''Marsekal TNI (Purn.) Hadi Tjahjanto''' (lahir 8 Nopémber 1963) nyaéta saurang pulitikus jeung urut perwira militér Indonésia anu kungsi ngajabat salaku Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan dina Kabinét Indonésia Maju dina mangsa kapersidenan [[Joko Widodo]], ngagantikeun [[Mahfud MD]] sanggeus mundur tina jabatanana. Saméméhna, anjeunna mangrupa perwira [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia Angkatan Udara]] (TNI AU) anu kungsi ngajabat salaku Panglima [[Tentara Nasional Indonésia]] ka-20. Anjeunna lulusan [[Akademi Angkatan Udara]] sarta Sakola Penerbang TNI AU. Dina taun 2017, anjeunna diangkat ku Présidén [[Joko Widodo]] pikeun ngajabat minangka Panglima TNI.<ref>Evan Laksmana, ''What can we expect from Indonesia's new defence chief?'', The Strategist, 13 Désémber 2017.</ref> Sateuacanna, Hadi ogé kungsi ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Militer Présidén Joko Widodo. Présidén tuluy nyalonkeun anjeunna ka [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] salaku hiji-hijina calon Panglima TNI pikeun ngagantikeun [[Gatot Nurmantyo]]. Anjeunna sacara resmi dilantik dina 8 Désémber 2017. Hadi janten perwira kadua ti Angkatan Udara sanggeus [[Djoko Suyanto]] anu hasil ngajabat posisi Panglima TNI dina sajarah TNI. ==Kahirupan Mimiti jeung Pendidikan== [[File:Joseph Dunford and Hadi Tjahjanto 180910-D-PB383-008 (42796095050).jpg|left|thumb|Hadi Tjahjanto babarengan jeung Ketua Joint Chiefs of Staff Amérika Sarikat, Jéndral [[Joseph Dunford]], di Waikiki, Hawaii, 10 Séptémber 2018.]] Bapana Hadi, Bambang Sudardo, mangrupa anggota personel Pangkalan Udara Abdulrachman Saleh. Kaayaan ieu jadi inspirasi pikeun Hadi pikeun asup ka Akademi Angkatan Udara sanggeus lulus SMA. Sanggeus ngaréngsékeun pendidikan di Akademi Angkatan Udara jeung Sakola Penerbang dina taun 1987, anjeunna jadi saurang pilot. Tugas awalna dilaksanakeun di pangkalan udara anu sarua jeung tempat bapana kungsi ngawula, nyaéta di [[Malang]].<ref>{{cite news|title=8 Fakta Menarik tentang Calon Panglima TNI Hadi Tjahjanto|work=KOMPAS.com|date=6 Désémber 2017}}</ref> ==Kulawarga== Hadi Tjahjanto lahir dina 8 Nopémber 1963 di Singosari, Malang, Jawa Wétan, Indonésia. Anjeunna nikah jeung [[Nanik Istumawati]], sarta miboga dua urang anak, nyaéta [[Hanica Relingga Dara Ayu jeung Handika Relangga Bima Yogatama]]. Tjahjanto asalna ti kulawarga anu miboga akar katurunan di Jawa Wétan. Bapana, Bambang Sudardo, kungsi ngajabat minangka anggota Angkatan Udara Indonésia di Pangkalan Udara Abdul Rachman Saleh di Malang, anu jadi salah sahiji pangaruh utama kana kaputusanana pikeun ngudag karir militér ngaliwatan Akademi Angkatan Udara Indonésia. Numutkeun sababaraha laporan anu diterbitkeun ku média Indonésia dina taun 2026, Tjahjanto mangrupakeun mamang ti aktivis mahasiswa jeung pejuang hak asasi manusa Indonésia, [[Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar]], pangadeg Aktivis Indonesia NGO sarta Ketua Umum Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya (HMI FK UB). Hubungan kulawarga ieu narik perhatian publik alatan béda anu cukup mencolok antara karir Tjahjanto dina widang militér jeung pamaréntahan jeung kagiatan Raynan dina gerakan mahasiswa sarta organisasi masarakat sipil. ==Dinas Militér== ===Karir Mimiti=== Sanggeus sababaraha taun ngapungkeun pesawat angkut ringan [[CASA C-212 Aviocar]], Hadi dipromosikeun jadi perwira latihan skuadron dina taun 1993. Dina taun 1996 anjeunna mimiti ngoperasikeun pesawat angkut anu leuwih gedé. Taun 1997 anjeunna dipercaya jadi komandan skuadron sarta dipindahkeun ka Pangkalan Udara Adisumarmo di [[Surakarta]]. Satuluyna anjeunna ogé ditugaskeun di Pangkalan Udara Adisutjipto bari terus naék dina jenjang karir militérna. Antara taun 2010 nepi ka 2011, anjeunna ngajabat salaku Komandan Lanud Adisumarmo. Dina mangsa éta anjeunna mimiti wawuh jeung Walikota Surakarta waktu harita, nyaéta [[Joko Widodo]]. Karirna teras lumangsung salaku juru bicara TNI AU dina taun 2013 sarta Komandan Lanud Abdulrachman Saleh dina taun 2015. Sanggeus Joko Widodo kapilih jadi présidén, Hadi diangkat jadi Sekretaris Militer Présidén dina 25 Juli 2015 sarta meunang kenaikan pangkat jadi Marsekal Muda TNI. 7fpl4l74tc5e0lizhpemf5612hwdp7u 0 108673 710090 2026-06-04T17:48:35Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Nyieun kaca anyar ngeunaan Kacamatan Purwadadi, Kabupatén Ciamis, kalayan data géografi, administrasi, démografi, Bendung Manganti, sareng hubungan sareng Kidung Lakbok. 710090 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' |- ! Nami | Purwadadi |- ! Propinsi | [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! Kabupatén | [[Ciamis]] |- ! Luas | 50,52 km²<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Kode pos | 46385<ref name="situs"/> |- ! Kode Kemendagri | 32.07.35<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Situs | [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id] |} '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Kacamatan ieu aya di wewengkon anu baheula disebut [[Bandjarpatroman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Dina naskah éta, dicaritakeun perang antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] di wewengkon sabudeureun ieu. == Géografi == Kacamatan Purwadadi boga luas wilayah '''50,52 km²'''. Kantor kacamatan perenahna di Jl. Lakbok - Sidareja, Purwajaya, Purwadadi, Kabupatén Ciamis, kode pos 46385.<ref name="situs">[https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kacamatan Purwadadi]. Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Wilayah Administrasi == Kacamatan Purwadadi kabagi kana '''9 désa''', nyaéta:<ref name="bps"/> # Bantardawa # Karangpaningal # Kutawaringin # Padaringan # Pasirlawang # Purwadadi # Purwajaya # Sidarahayu # Sukamulya Désa panglegana nyaéta kalayan luas 7,86 km², sedengkeun désa pangleutikna kalayan luas 3,49 km².<ref name="bps"/> == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kabupatén Ciamis taun 2023, jumlah penduduk Kacamatan Purwadadi nyaéta '''40.936 jiwa''' kalayan kapadetan penduduk '''810 jiwa/km²'''. Rasio jenis kelaminna nyaéta 101,39, hartina unggal 100 jiwa awéwé aya 101 jiwa lalaki.<ref name="bps">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. "Kecamatan Purwadadi Dalam Angka 2024", Tabel 3.1 Penduduk Menurut Desa 2023, hlm 33. 26 Séptémber 2024. [https://ciamiskab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/c9f6feb90678e8b31691e454/kecamatan-purwadadi-dalam-angka-2024.html] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Sebaran penduduk dumasar désa taun 2023 === # Karangpaningal: 6.413 jiwa # Purwajaya: 5.919 jiwa # Sidarahayu: 5.252 jiwa # Purwadadi: 4.736 jiwa # Padaringan: 4.604 jiwa # Sukamulya: 4.248 jiwa # Pasirlawang: 3.872 jiwa # Kutawaringin: 2.994 jiwa # Bantardawa: 2.898 jiwa Jumlah penduduk panglobana aya di Désa Karangpaningal, sedengkeun jumlah pangleutikna aya di Désa Bantardawa.<ref name="bps"/> == Pamaréntahan == Kacamatan Purwadadi mangrupa Organisasi Pamaréntah Daérah di lingkup Kabupatén Ciamis. Kacamatan ieu dipingpin ku saurang Camat.<ref name="situs"/> == Sosial jeung Budaya == Tanggal 16 Juli 2025, Pamaréntah Kacamatan Purwadadi ngagelar rapat koordinasi persiapan HUT ka-80 RI tingkat kacamatan di Aula Kantor Kacamatan Purwadadi. Rapat dipingpin ku plt. Camat Purwadadi sarta dihadiran ku Forkopimcam, kepala désa, Koramil, Polsek, jeung tokoh masarakat.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Rapat Koordinasi Persiapan HUT Ke-80 RI Tingkat Kecamatan Digelar di Purwadadi". 16 Juli 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/rapat-koordinasi-persiapan-hut-ke-80-ri-tingkat-kecamatan-digelar-di-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> Tanggal 14 Agustus 2025, Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka ka-64 tingkat Kacamatan Purwadadi lumangsung khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka Ke-64 Tingkat Kecamatan Purwadadi Berlangsung Khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi". 14 Agustus 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/upacara-peringatan-hari-pramuka-ke-64-tingkat-kecamatan-purwadadi-berlangsung-khidmat-di-lapangan-bakti-dharma-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Bendung Manganti === Di Kacamatan Purwadadi, tepatna di Désa Sidarahayu, aya '''Bendung Manganti''' atawa ''Sri Manganti''. Bendung ieu mangrupikeun infrastruktur irigasi anu penting pikeun ngairigasi wewengkon [[Lakbok]], Sidareja, sareng Cihaur.<ref name="detik">detik.com. "Mengenal Bendung Manganti Ciamis, Benteng Air untuk 22.640 Hektar Sawah". 15 Januari 2024. [https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-7142345/mengenal-bendung-manganti-ciamis-benteng-air-untuk-22-640-hektar-sawah] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref><ref name="polres">Polres Ciamis. "Bendungan Manganti". [https://resciamis.jabar.polri.go.id/bendungan-manganti/] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Purwadadi]] ib8wa1qtj9h5o2735yyf6ovirffzpih 710091 710090 2026-06-04T17:58:38Z HenriPurwanto 36661 /* Bendung Manganti */ 710091 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' |- ! Nami | Purwadadi |- ! Propinsi | [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! Kabupatén | [[Ciamis]] |- ! Luas | 50,52 km²<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Kode pos | 46385<ref name="situs"/> |- ! Kode Kemendagri | 32.07.35<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Situs | [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id] |} '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Kacamatan ieu aya di wewengkon anu baheula disebut [[Bandjarpatroman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Dina naskah éta, dicaritakeun perang antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] di wewengkon sabudeureun ieu. == Géografi == Kacamatan Purwadadi boga luas wilayah '''50,52 km²'''. Kantor kacamatan perenahna di Jl. Lakbok - Sidareja, Purwajaya, Purwadadi, Kabupatén Ciamis, kode pos 46385.<ref name="situs">[https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kacamatan Purwadadi]. Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Wilayah Administrasi == Kacamatan Purwadadi kabagi kana '''9 désa''', nyaéta:<ref name="bps"/> # Bantardawa # Karangpaningal # Kutawaringin # Padaringan # Pasirlawang # Purwadadi # Purwajaya # Sidarahayu # Sukamulya Désa panglegana nyaéta kalayan luas 7,86 km², sedengkeun désa pangleutikna kalayan luas 3,49 km².<ref name="bps"/> == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kabupatén Ciamis taun 2023, jumlah penduduk Kacamatan Purwadadi nyaéta '''40.936 jiwa''' kalayan kapadetan penduduk '''810 jiwa/km²'''. Rasio jenis kelaminna nyaéta 101,39, hartina unggal 100 jiwa awéwé aya 101 jiwa lalaki.<ref name="bps">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. "Kecamatan Purwadadi Dalam Angka 2024", Tabel 3.1 Penduduk Menurut Desa 2023, hlm 33. 26 Séptémber 2024. [https://ciamiskab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/c9f6feb90678e8b31691e454/kecamatan-purwadadi-dalam-angka-2024.html] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Sebaran penduduk dumasar désa taun 2023 === # Karangpaningal: 6.413 jiwa # Purwajaya: 5.919 jiwa # Sidarahayu: 5.252 jiwa # Purwadadi: 4.736 jiwa # Padaringan: 4.604 jiwa # Sukamulya: 4.248 jiwa # Pasirlawang: 3.872 jiwa # Kutawaringin: 2.994 jiwa # Bantardawa: 2.898 jiwa Jumlah penduduk panglobana aya di Désa Karangpaningal, sedengkeun jumlah pangleutikna aya di Désa Bantardawa.<ref name="bps"/> == Pamaréntahan == Kacamatan Purwadadi mangrupa Organisasi Pamaréntah Daérah di lingkup Kabupatén Ciamis. Kacamatan ieu dipingpin ku saurang Camat.<ref name="situs"/> == Sosial jeung Budaya == Tanggal 16 Juli 2025, Pamaréntah Kacamatan Purwadadi ngagelar rapat koordinasi persiapan HUT ka-80 RI tingkat kacamatan di Aula Kantor Kacamatan Purwadadi. Rapat dipingpin ku plt. Camat Purwadadi sarta dihadiran ku Forkopimcam, kepala désa, Koramil, Polsek, jeung tokoh masarakat.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Rapat Koordinasi Persiapan HUT Ke-80 RI Tingkat Kecamatan Digelar di Purwadadi". 16 Juli 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/rapat-koordinasi-persiapan-hut-ke-80-ri-tingkat-kecamatan-digelar-di-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> Tanggal 14 Agustus 2025, Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka ka-64 tingkat Kacamatan Purwadadi lumangsung khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka Ke-64 Tingkat Kecamatan Purwadadi Berlangsung Khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi". 14 Agustus 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/upacara-peringatan-hari-pramuka-ke-64-tingkat-kecamatan-purwadadi-berlangsung-khidmat-di-lapangan-bakti-dharma-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Bendung Manganti === Di Kacamatan Purwadadi, tepatna di Dusun Karangsari, Désa Sidarahayu, aya '''Bendung Manganti''' atawa ''Sri Manganti''.<ref>[https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwscitanduy/infrastruktur/8 BBWS Citanduy PUPR. "Bendung Manganti". Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.]</ref> Bendung ieu mangrupikeun infrastruktur irigasi anu penting pikeun ngairigasi wewengkon [[Lakbok]], Sidareja, sareng Cihaur.<ref name="detik"/> == Tingali ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Purwadadi]] 9zjfv697oet98mf3pjjarthorwr4yqf 710092 710091 2026-06-04T18:03:27Z HenriPurwanto 36661 Ngabenerkeun kasalahan rujukan: nambahan definisi lengkap ref name=detik, name=pupr, name=polres dina bagian Bendung Manganti. 710092 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' |- ! Nami | Purwadadi |- ! Propinsi | [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! Kabupatén | [[Ciamis]] |- ! Luas | 50,52 km²<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Kode pos | 46385<ref name="situs"/> |- ! Kode Kemendagri | 32.07.35<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Situs | [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id] |} '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Kacamatan ieu aya di wewengkon anu baheula disebut [[Bandjarpatroman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Dina naskah éta, dicaritakeun perang antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] di wewengkon sabudeureun ieu. == Géografi == Kacamatan Purwadadi boga luas wilayah '''50,52 km²'''. Kantor kacamatan perenahna di Jl. Lakbok - Sidareja, Purwajaya, Purwadadi, Kabupatén Ciamis, kode pos 46385.<ref name="situs">[https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kacamatan Purwadadi]. Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Wilayah Administrasi == Kacamatan Purwadadi kabagi kana '''9 désa''', nyaéta:<ref name="bps"/> # Bantardawa # Karangpaningal # Kutawaringin # Padaringan # Pasirlawang # Purwadadi # Purwajaya # Sidarahayu # Sukamulya Désa panglegana nyaéta kalayan luas 7,86 km², sedengkeun désa pangleutikna kalayan luas 3,49 km².<ref name="bps"/> == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kabupatén Ciamis taun 2023, jumlah penduduk Kacamatan Purwadadi nyaéta '''40.936 jiwa''' kalayan kapadetan penduduk '''810 jiwa/km²'''. Rasio jenis kelaminna nyaéta 101,39, hartina unggal 100 jiwa awéwé aya 101 jiwa lalaki.<ref name="bps">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. "Kecamatan Purwadadi Dalam Angka 2024", Tabel 3.1 Penduduk Menurut Desa 2023, hlm 33. 26 Séptémber 2024. [https://ciamiskab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/c9f6feb90678e8b31691e454/kecamatan-purwadadi-dalam-angka-2024.html] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Sebaran penduduk dumasar désa taun 2023 === # Karangpaningal: 6.413 jiwa # Purwajaya: 5.919 jiwa # Sidarahayu: 5.252 jiwa # Purwadadi: 4.736 jiwa # Padaringan: 4.604 jiwa # Sukamulya: 4.248 jiwa # Pasirlawang: 3.872 jiwa # Kutawaringin: 2.994 jiwa # Bantardawa: 2.898 jiwa Jumlah penduduk panglobana aya di Désa Karangpaningal, sedengkeun jumlah pangleutikna aya di Désa Bantardawa.<ref name="bps"/> == Pamaréntahan == Kacamatan Purwadadi mangrupa Organisasi Pamaréntah Daérah di lingkup Kabupatén Ciamis. Kacamatan ieu dipingpin ku saurang Camat.<ref name="situs"/> == Sosial jeung Budaya == Tanggal 16 Juli 2025, Pamaréntah Kacamatan Purwadadi ngagelar rapat koordinasi persiapan HUT ka-80 RI tingkat kacamatan di Aula Kantor Kacamatan Purwadadi. Rapat dipingpin ku plt. Camat Purwadadi sarta dihadiran ku Forkopimcam, kepala désa, Koramil, Polsek, jeung tokoh masarakat.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Rapat Koordinasi Persiapan HUT Ke-80 RI Tingkat Kecamatan Digelar di Purwadadi". 16 Juli 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/rapat-koordinasi-persiapan-hut-ke-80-ri-tingkat-kecamatan-digelar-di-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> Tanggal 14 Agustus 2025, Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka ka-64 tingkat Kacamatan Purwadadi lumangsung khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka Ke-64 Tingkat Kecamatan Purwadadi Berlangsung Khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi". 14 Agustus 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/upacara-peringatan-hari-pramuka-ke-64-tingkat-kecamatan-purwadadi-berlangsung-khidmat-di-lapangan-bakti-dharma-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Bendung Manganti === Di Kacamatan Purwadadi, tepatna di Dusun Karangsari, Désa Sidarahayu, aya '''Bendung Manganti''' atawa ''Sri Manganti''.<ref name="pupr">BBWS Citanduy, Ditjen SDA Kementerian PUPR. "Bendung Manganti". [https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwscitanduy/infrastruktur/8] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> Bendung ieu mangrupikeun infrastruktur irigasi anu penting pikeun ngairigasi wewengkon [[Lakbok]], Sidareja, sareng Cihaur.<ref name="detik">detik.com. "Mengenal Bendung Manganti Ciamis, Benteng Air untuk 22.640 Hektar Sawah". 15 Januari 2024. [https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-7142345/mengenal-bendung-manganti-ciamis-benteng-air-untuk-22-640-hektar-sawah] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref><ref name="polres">Polres Ciamis. "Bendungan Manganti". [https://resciamis.jabar.polri.go.id/bendungan-manganti/] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Purwadadi]] j0eg08544ucce7076ufwkxq8irn5t3d