Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 899 710735 660028 2026-06-25T05:26:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Géostatistik''' maké téori [[stochastic process|proses stokastik]] jeung [[statistical inference|kasimpulan statistik]] keur nalungtik fénoménagéografi. Géostatistik geus ilahar digunakeun dina widang géo-sciences. métodeu Géostatistik ogé dipaké di [[petroleum geology|geologi minyak]], [[hydrogeology|hidrogeologi]], [[meteorology|meteorologi]], [[oceanography|oseanografi]], [[geochemistry|geokimia]], [[forestry|kahutanan]], [[environmental control|kontrol lingkungan]], [[landscape ecology|ekologi lanskap]], [[agriculture|pertanian]] (hususna keur [[precision farming|kacocogan tatanen]]) jeung sajabana. Konsép dasar géostatistik nyaéta yén skala mangrupa ''variasi spasial''. Data spasial "terikat" nunjukkeun yén [[variability|variabiliti]] hampir sarua "tanpa" ningali lokasi titik data. Sanajan kitu, data spatial dina sababaraha kasus lain mangrupa data "terikat". Nilai data nu mana raket sacara spatial mibanda "variabiliti" anu saeutik dibandingkeun jeung nilai nu mana leuwih jauh antara hiji kanu séjénna. Sifat pola ieu béda-béda tina hiji susunan data ka susunan data nu séjénna; unggal susunan data mibanda fungsi nu "unik" sarta jarak antara dua titik data. Variabilitas ieu ilaharna diitung salaku fungsi nu disebut [[semivarian]]. Spatial [[autocorrelation]] bisa diitung ngagunakeun [[correlogram]]s, [[covariance function]]s jeung [[variogram]]s (=[[semivariogram]]s). Topik anu aya hubunganna: [[statistik]], [[géologi]], [[GIS]], [[remote sensing]], [[kriging]] == Rujukan == <references/> # Armstrong, M and Champigny, N, 1988, A Study on Kriging Small Blocks, CIM Bulletin, Vol 82, No 923 # Armstrong, M, 1992, [http://www.geostatscam.com/Adobe/DeGeo199207.pdf Freedom of Speech?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221032347/http://geostatscam.com/Adobe/DeGeo199207.pdf |date=2006-12-21 }} De Geéostatisticis, July, No 14 # Champigny, N, 1992, [http://www.geostatscam.com/Adobe/TNM19920518.pdf Geostatistics: A tool that works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907091841/http://geostatscam.com/Adobe/TNM19920518.pdf |date=2006-09-07 }}, The Northern Miner, May 18 # Clark I, 1979, [http://www.kriging.com/pg1979_download.html Practical Geostatistics], Applied Science Publishers, London # David, M, 1977, Géostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam # Hald, A, 1952, Statistical Théory with Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York # Chilés, J.P., Delfiner, P. 1999. Géostatistics: modélling spatial uncertainty, Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 695 pp. # Deutsch, C.V., Journel, A.G, 1997. GSLIB: Géostatistical Software Library and User's Guide (Applied Géostatistics Series), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 369 pp., http://www.gslib.com/ # Deutsch, C.V., 2002. Géostatistical Reservoir modéling, Oxford University Press, 384 pp., http://www.statios.com/WinGslib/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511095032/http://www.statios.com/WinGslib/index.html |date=2015-05-11 }} # Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava R.M.: Applied Géostatistics. 1989. # ISO/DIS 11648-1 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials-Part1: General principles # Journel, A G and Huijbregts, 1978, Mining Géostatistics, Academic Press # Kitanidis, P.K.: Introduction to Géostatistics: Applications in Hydrogéology, Cambridge University Press. 1997. # Lantuéjoul, C. 2002. Géostatistical simulation: modéls and algorithms. Springer, 256 pp. # Lipschutz, S, 1968, Théory and Problems of Probability, McCraw-Hill Book Company, New York. # Matheron, G. 1962. Traité de géostatistique appliquée. Tome 1, Editions Technip, Paris, 334 pp. # Matheron, G. 1989. Estimating and choosing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. # McGrew, J. Chapman, & Monroe, Charles B., 2000. An introduction to statistical problem solving in géography, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. # Merks, J W, 1992, [http://www.geostatscam.com/Adobe/TNM19920420.pdf Geostatistics or voodoo science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901132329/http://geostatscam.com/Adobe/TNM19920420.pdf |date=2006-09-01 }}, The Northern Miner, May 18 # Merks, J W, [http://www.geostatscam.com/Adobe/Abuse_stats.pdf Abuse of statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629194347/http://www.geostatscam.com/Adobe/Abuse_stats.pdf |date=2006-06-29 }}, CIM Bulletin, January 1993, Vol 86, No 966 # Myers, Donald E.; [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~donaldm/homepage/whatis.html "What Is Geostatics?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722212042/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~donaldm/homepage/whatis.html |date=2015-07-22 }} # Philip, G M and Watson, D F, 1986, Matheronian Géostatistics; Quo Vadis?, Mathematical Géology, Vol 18, No 1 # Sharov, A: Quantitative Population Ecology, 1996, http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/PopEcol/popecol.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605050231/http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/PopEcol/popecol.html |date=2002-06-05 }} # Shine, J.A., Wakefield, G.I.: A comparison of supervised imagery classification using analyst-chosen and géostatistically-chosen training sets, 1999, http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/044/gc_044.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020424165227/http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/044/gc_044.htm |date=2002-04-24 }} # Volk, W, 1980, Applied Statistics for Engineers, Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, New York. # Wackernagel, H. 2003. Multivariate géostatistics, Third edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 387 pp. # Youden, W J, 1951, Statistical Methods for Chemists: John Wiley & Sons, New York. ==Tempo ogé== * [[statistik]] * [[géologi]] * [[geodemographic segmentation]] * [[geographic information system]] (GIS) * [[remote sensing]] * [[kriging]] * [[pedometrics]] == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/land/OldStudentProjects/cs490-94to95/clang/kriging.html Kriging link, contains explanations of variance in geostats] *[http://www.u.arizona.edu/~donaldm/homepage/whatis.html Arizona university geostats page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722212042/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~donaldm/homepage/whatis.html |date=2015-07-22 }} *[http://www.ai-geostats.org A resource on the internet about geostatistics and spatial statistics] * [http://www.cg.ensmp.fr/bibliotheque On-Line Library that chronicles Matheron's journey from classical statistics to the new science of geostatistics] * [http://www.geostatscam.com A website that criticizes Matheronian geostatistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326205028/http://geostatscam.com/ |date=2004-03-26 }} [[Kategori:Élmu bumi]] [[Kategori:Statistika]] 45rlsbfeuodn17uecsa9jrev60crun7 0 3163 710741 673894 2026-06-25T09:02:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kembang''' nyaéta organ [[baranahan|réproduktif]] [[tangkal|tutuwuhan]] nu kaasup golongan ''angiosperm'' ([[tangkal kembangan]]; divisi Magnoliophyta). Fungsi kembang nyaéta pikeun ngahasilkeun [[siki]] tina ''réproduksi séksual''.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first =Rigg | publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen | location =Universitas Harvard | year =1862 }}</ref> Pikeun tutuwuhan leuwih luhur, siki téh mangrupa turunan, nu jadi alat sumebarna hiji [[spésiés]]. Sanggeus ngalaman fértilisasi, kembang laju tumuwuh jadi [[buah]] nu ngandung sikina. == Morfologi kembang == [[Gambar:Mature flower numbered.svg|thumb|right|250px|Bagian-bagian kembang sampurna. 1. Kembang sampurna, 2. Hulu [[putik]] (''stigma''), 3. Gagang putik (''stilus''), 4. Gagang sari (''filament'', bagian tina benang sari), 5. Sumbu kembang (axis), 6. artikulasi, 7. Gagang kembang (''pedicel''), 8.Kelenjar [[nektar]], 9. [[Benang sari]] (''stamen''), 10. [[Bakal buah]] (''ovum''), 11. [[Bakal siki]] (''ovulum''), 12. , 13. [[Bubuk sari]] (''pollen''), 14. Hulu sari (''anther''), 15. Perhiasan kembang (periantheum), 16. Makuta kembang (''corolla''), 17. Kongkolak kembang (calyx)]] Kembang nyaéta [[tangkal]] sarta [[daun]] anu barobah (ngarandapan modifikasi). Modifikasi ieu dilantarankeun ku dihasilkeunnana sajumlah [[énzim]] anu dirangsang ku sajumlah [[fitohormon]] nu tangtu. Diwangunna kembang kalawan heureut dikadalikeun sacara [[génetika|génetik]] sarta dina réa wanda diinduksi ku parobahan lingkungan nu tangtu, kawas [[vérnalisasi|suhu nu handap]], [[fotoperiodisme|lilana panyinaran]], sarta aya euweuhna cai. [[Gambar:Crateva_religiosa.jpg|thumb|left|Tuwuhan ''[[Crateva religiosa]]'' boga kembang sampurna: ngabogaan [[benang sari]] sarta [[putik]].]] Kembang disebut '''kembang sampurna''' lamun mibanda [[bagapurusa]] jalu (benang sari) sarta bagapurusa bikang (putik) sacara babarengan dina hiji awak (tangkal). Kembang anu kitu disebut kembang banci atawa hérmaprodit. Hiji kembang disebut '''kembang pepek''' lamun mibanda kabéh bagian utama kembang. Opat bagian utama kembang (ti luar ka jero) nyaéta: * [[Kongkolak kembang]] atawa ''calyx''; * [[Makuta kembang]] atawa ''corolla'' anu biasana ipis sarta bisa warna-warni pikeun narik sarangga anu mantuan prosés [[némpélkeun bubuk]] ([[basa Indonésia]]: [[penyerbukan]]); * Bagapurusa jalu atawa ''androecium'' (tina [[basa Yunani]] ''andros oikia'': ''imah jalu'') mangrupa [[benang sari]]; * Bagapurusa bikang atawa ''gynoecium'' (tina basa Yunani ''gynaikos oikia'': "imah bikang") mangrupa [[putik]]. Alat réproduksi bikang nyaéta [[daun buah]] atawa ''carpellum'' anu dina puhuna ngandung [[bakal buah]] (''ovarium'') jeung hiji atawa leuwih [[bakal siki]] (''ovulum'', loba ''ovula'') anu mawa gamet bikang) dina jero [[kantong émbrio]]. Dina tungtung putik aya [[hulu putik]] atawa ''stigma'' pikeun nampa [[bubuk sari]] atawa ''pollen''. [[Gagang putik]] atawa ''stylus'' boga andil minangka jalan pikeun pollen nuju bakal buah. Sanajan struktur kembang anu digambarkeun di luhur mangrupa struktur tuwuhan anu "umum", spésiés tuwuhan némbongkeun modifikasi anu pohara rupa-rupa. Modifikasi ieu dipaké para ahli [[botani]] pikeun néang hubungan antara hiji tuwuhan jeung anu séjénna. Contona, dua subkelas tina pepelakan kembangan dibédakeun ku jumlah alat kembangna: tuwuhan [[dikotil]] umumna miboga 4 atawa 5 alat (atawa kalipetan 4 atawa 5) sedengkeun tuwuhan [[monokotil]] mibanda tilu alat atawa kalipetanana. == Fungsi kembang == <!-- [[Image:Stigma3475.jpg|right|frame|Grains of pollen on stigma of a [[lily]]]] The function of a flower is to mediate the union of male and female gametes. The process is termed '''[[pollination]]'''. Many flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. Others rely on animals (especially insects) to accomplish this feat. The period of time during which this process can take place (the flower is fully expanded and functional) is called '''anthesis'''. Many flowers in nature have evolved to attract animals to pollinate the flower, the movements of the pollinating agent contributing to the opportunity for genetic recombinations within a dispersed plant population. Flowers that are insect pollinated are called '''''entomophilous''''' (literally "insect loving"). Flowers commonly have '''nectaries''' on their various parts that attract these animals. [[Bee]]s and [[bird]]s are common [[pollinator]]s: both have color vision, thus selecting for "colorful" flowers. Some flowers have patterns, called '''nectar guides''', that are evident in the [[ultraviolet]] range, visible to bees but not to humans. Flowers also attract pollinators by [[odor|scent]]. In any case, pollinators are attracted to the plant, perhaps in search of [[nectar]], which they eat. The arrangement of the ''stamens'' insures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator. In gathering nectar from many flowers of the same species, the pollinators transfer pollen between all of the flowers it visits. Flower scent is not always pleasant to our sense of smell. Some plants, such as ''[[Rafflesia]]'', the [[titan arum]], and the North American [[pawpaw]] (''Asimina triloba'') are pollinated by [[flies]], so produce a scent imitating rotting meat. Other flowers are pollinated by the wind, and the flowers of these species (for example, [[Poaceae|grasses]]) have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy". Wind pollinated flowers are referred to as '''''anemophilous'''''. Whereas the pollen of ''entomophilous'' flowers tends to be large grained, sticky, and contain significant [[protein]] (another "reward" for pollinators), ''Anemophilous'' flower pollen is usually small grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to [[insect]]s, though it may still be gathered, in times of dearth. Honeybees and bumblebees actively gather anemophilous corn ([[maize]]) pollen, though it is of little value to them. There is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. For example the showy and entomophilous [[goldenrod]] (''Solidago'') is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. Instead the [[allergen]] is usually the pollen of the contemporary bloom of anemophilous [[ragweed]] (''Ambrosia'') which can drift for many kilometers. --> == Kembang dina patamanan jeung hortikultur == <!-- ''Main and related articles at'': [[Gardening]], [[Horticulture]], [[List of flowers]], and [[Flower album]] [[Image:Sunflower3a.JPG|right|frame|[[Sunflower]] with bee]] --> == Kembang dina kasenian == <!-- The great variety of delicate and beautiful flowers has inspired the works of many poets. <i>Ah, Sun-flower weary of time,<br> Who countest the steps of the Sun,<br> Seeking after that sweet golden clime<br> Where the traveller's journey is done:<br> <br> Where the Youth pined away with desire,<br> And the pale Virgin shrouded in snow<br> Arise from their graves, and aspire<br> Where my Sun-flower wishes to go.</i> :– [[William Blake]], ''Ah! Sun-Flower'' The Roman goddess of flowers, gardens, and the season of Spring is [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]]. The Greek goddess of spring, flowers and nature is [[Chloris]]. <br style="clear:both;" /> --> == Kembang dina kahirupan sapopoé == <!-- In modern times, people have sought ways to cultivate, buy, wear, or just be around flowers and blooming plants, partly because of their agreeable smell. Around the world, florists sell flowers for a wide range of events and functions that, cumulatively, encompass one's lifetime: * For new births or christenings * As a corsage or boutonniere to be worn at social functions or for holidays * For wedding flowers for the bridal party, and decorations for the hall * As brightening decorations within the home * As a gift of remembrance for bon voyage parties, welcome home parties, and "thinking of you" gifts * For [[funeral]] flowers and flowers for the grieving Florists depend on an entire network of commercial growers and shippers to support this trade. --> == Kembang salaku lambang == <!-- Many flowers have important [[symbol|symbolic]] meanings in Western culture. The practice of assigning meanings to flowers is known as [[floriography]]. Some of the more common examples include: * Red [[rose|roses]] are given as a symbol of [[love]] and passion. * [[Poppy|Poppies]] are a symbol of consolation in time of death. In the [[UK]], red poppies are worn to commemorate soldiers who have died in times of war. * [[Iris (plant)|Irises]] are a symbol of [[death]]. * [[Daisy|Daisies]] are a symbol of innocence. --> == Ngaran kekembangan == {{col|2}} * kembang [[awi]]: eumbreuk * kembang [[bako]]: bosongot * kembang [[bawang]]: ulated * kembang [[bolang]]: ancal * kembang [[boléd]]: tela * kembang [[cabé]]: bolotot * kembang [[cau]]: jantung * kembang [[céngék]]: péncéngés * kembang [[cikur]]: jelengut * kembang [[eurih]]: ancul * kembang [[gedang]]: ingwang * kembang [[génjér]]: gélényé * kembang [[hoé]]: bubuay * kembang [[honjé]]: combrang * kembang [[jaat]]: jalinger * kembang [[jambé]]: mayang * kembang [[jambu aér]]: lenyap * kembang [[jarak]]: uing * kembang [[jéngkol]]: merekenyenyen * kembang [[jeruk]]: angkruk/angkes * kembang [[jotang]]: puntung * kembang [[kadu]]: olohok * kembang [[kalapa]]: suligar * kembang [[peuteuy]]: pendul * kembang [[kaso]]: curiwis * kembang [[kawung]]: pengis * kembang [[konéng]]: badul * kembang [[kulur]]: pelepes * kembang [[laja]]: jamotrot * kembang [[leunca]]: pengit * kembang [[limus]]: seleksek * kembang [[lopang]]: cacas * kembang [[muncang]]: rinduy * kembang [[pare]]: ringsang * kembang [[salak]]: sedek/gojod * kembang [[sampeu]]: dingdet * kembang [[taleus]]: ancal * kembang [[tangkil]]: uceng * kembang [[térong]]: moncorong * kembang [[tiwu]]: badaus * kembang [[waluh]]: aléwoh </div> == Rujukan jeung tumbu kaluar == * Rujukan ** éames, A. J. 1961. ''Morphology of the Angiosperms''. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. ** Esau, K. 1965. ''Plant Anatomy'', 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp. * Tumbu kaluar ** [http://www.cepolina.com/freephoto/tt/1-flower.htm 120 photos of flowers from Europe and USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050722000037/http://www.cepolina.com/freephoto/tt/1-flower.htm |date=2005-07-22 }} ** [http://la.essortment.com/floweranatomy_raxw.htm Flower Anatomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828192727/http://la.essortment.com/floweranatomy_raxw.htm |date=2005-08-28 }} ** [http://www.flowercouncil.org Flower Council of Holland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030082201/http://www2.flowercouncil.org/ |date=2011-10-30 }}. ** [http://www.lovetoknow.com/Flowers/flowers.htm Flower Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828235020/http://www.lovetoknow.com/Flowers/flowers.htm |date=2005-08-28 }} ** [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/Flowering.html Flowering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207052202/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/Flowering.html |date=2006-02-07 }} in [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ Kimball's Biology Pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409174437/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ |date=2006-04-09 }} ** [http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/flowers.htm The Flowers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817233714/http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/flowers.htm |date=2005-08-17 }} ** [http://house-flowers.com House Flowers Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201141535/http://house-flowers.com/ |date=2005-12-01 }}. ** [http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem160.html William Blake: ''Ah Sun-Flower''] ** [http://develop.consumerium.org/wiki/index.php/Flowers Flowers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214004022/http://develop.consumerium.org/wiki/index.php/Flowers |date=2005-12-14 }} at the Development Wiki of Consumerium Project ** [http://www.yellowikis.org/wiki/index.php/Category:NAICS:453110 Yellowikis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122041349/http://www.yellowikis.org/wiki/index.php/Category:NAICS:453110 |date=2005-11-22 }} list of Florists and Flower shops. ** [http://www.strykowski.net/fotografia_kwiaty_zdjecia.php Free flowers photos] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist}} [[kategori:Anatomi tutuwuhan]] [[kategori:Sistim baranahan]] {{biologi-stub}} np07xyr9tw8lylktl0rwuok9idic8fj 0 4076 710748 651321 2026-06-25T11:36:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Maung Sancang | status = {{StatusLeastConcern}} | image = Leopard (Panthera pardus).jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Maung Sancang Aprika di Kénya | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mamalia]] | ordo = [[Karnivora]] | familia = [[Felidae]] | genus = ''[[Panthera]]'' | species = '''''P. pardus''''' | binomial = ''Panthera pardus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]) | range_map = Leopard prevalence.png | range_map_width = 240px }} '''maung sancang''' (''Macan tutul'', ''Leopards'', ''Panthera pardus'') mangrupa salah sahiji ti opat '[[maung]]' dina genus [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]''. Dedeganana teu sarua, ti mimiti panjang saméter nepi ka ampir dua [[méter]], nu rata-rata beuratna antara 30-70 [[kilogram|kg]]. Nu [[jalu]] bisa leuwih ti 90 [[kilogram|kgs]], sedengkeun [[bikang]]na mah kira dua pertiluna. Ditilik tina ukuranana mah, maung sancang téh kaasup bangsa ucing pangkuatna sanggeus [[jaguar]]. maung sancang lolobana boga bulu konéng-emas kalawan totol hideung bentuk kembang '''[[Maung kumbang|Maung tarum]]''' (''panther'') mangrupa '''maung sancang''' (atawa [[jaguar]]) [[mélanistik]], boga [[mutasi]] nu ngabalukarkeun leuwih lobana produksi pigmén hideung ([[eumélanin]]) batan pigmén konéng emas (péomélanin). Hasilna, bulu ieu maung jadi ampir hideung meles, da mun disidikkeun mah totolna téh masih bisa katempo. Lian ti tarum, aya ogé [[maung bodas]]. Najan ukuranana badag, sato nu sok [[nokturnal|liar peuting]] sarta [[prédator]] [[arboréal]] téh hésé kawénéhanana. == Subspésiés == Aya kira 7-30 [[subspésiés]] maung sancang (salah sahijina geus lastari), najan teu sakabéhna ditampa ku para ahli: * [[Maung Tutul Aprika|maung sancang Aprika]], ''Panthera pardus pardus'' (lower risk, léast concern) * [[Maung Tutul Amur|maung sancang Amur]]*, ''Panthera pardus orientalis'' (critically endangered) * [[Maung Tutul Anatolia|maung sancang Anatolia]], ''Panthera pardus tulliana'' (critically endangered or possibly extinct) * [[Maung Tutul Arab|maung sancang Arab]], ''Panthera pardus nimr'' (critically endangered) * [[Maung Tutul Barbar|maung sancang Barbar]], ''Panthera pardus panthera'' (critically endangered) * [[Maung Tutul India|maung sancang India]]*, ''Panthera pardus fusca'' (lower risk, léast concern) * [[Maung Tutul Indo-Cina|maung sancang Indo-Cina]]*, ''Panthera pardus delacouri'' * [[Maung Tutul Iran|maung sancang Iran]]*, ''Panthera pardus saxicolor'' * [[Maung Tutul Jawa|maung sancang Jawa]]*, ''Panthera pardus meas'' (kaancam lastari) * [[Maung Tutul Judean Desert|maung sancang Judean Desert]], ''Panthera pardus jarvesi'' (kamungkinan lastari) * [[Maung Tutul Cina Kalér|maung sancang Cina Kalér]]*, ''Panthera pardus japonensis'' (kaancam lastari) * [[Maung Tutul Sinai|maung sancang Sinai]], ''Panthera pardus jarvisi'' * [[Maung Tutul Sunda|maung sancang Sunda]], ''Panthera pardus sondaicus'' (kaancam lastari) * [[Maung Tutul Arab Kidul|maung sancang Arab Kidul]], ''Panthera pardus nimr'' (critically endangered) * [[Maung Tutul Sri Langka|maung sancang Sri Langka]]*, ''Panthera pardus kotiya'' (kaancam lastari) * [[Maung Tutul Zanzibar|maung sancang Zanzibar]], ''Panthera pardus adersi'' (lastari) == Maung tarum == maung sancang pseudo-mélanistik boga kelir dasar nu normal, tapi ku sabab totolna kerep pisan, katémbongna kawas hideung meles. Di sababaraha spésiés, bagian nu kelirna hideung téh ngalegaan, antukna ukur nyésakeun garis coklat nu nunjukkeun kelir dasar Dina hiji makalah ngeunaan maung tarum Asia, [[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]] ngagunakeun poto kulit maung sancang ti India kidul; totolna baradag, nu masing-masing ngandung sababaraha totol antukna kawas jaguar atawa [[méong congkok]]. Kulit maung sancang Pocock lianna di India kidul totolna normal, tapi pigmén tambahanana loba pisan antukna kawas maung tarum totol konéng. <!-- Bentuk kelir lianna ngan dipikawanoh tina gambar jeung koléksi musium. There have been very rare examples where the spots of a normal black leopard have coalesced to give a jet black leopard with no visible markings. Pseudo-melanism (abundism) occurs in leopards. The spots are more densely packed than normal and merge to largely obscure the background colour. They may form swirls and, in some places, solid black areas. Unlike a true black leopard the tawny background colour is visible in places. One pseudo-melanistic leopard had a tawny orange coat with coalescing rosettes and spots, but white belly with normal black spots (like a black-and-tan dog). In Harmsworth Natural History (1910), R Lydekker described pseudo-melanistic leopard: ''There is, however, a peculiar dark phase in South Africa, a specimen of which was obtained in 1885 in hilly land covered with scrub-jungle, near Grahamstown. The ground-colour of this animal was a rich tawny, with an orange tinge; but the spots, instead of being of the usual rosette-like form, were nearly all small and solid, like those on the head of an ordinary leopard; while from the top of the head to near the root of the tail the spots became almost confluent, producing the appearance of a broad streak of black running down the back. A second skin had the black area embracing nearly the whole of the back and flanks, without showing any trace of the spots, while in those portions of the skin where the latter remained they were of the same form as in the first specimen. Two other specimens are known; the whole four having been obtained from the Albany district. These dark-coloured South African leopards differ from the black leopards of the northern and eastern parts of Africa and Asia in that while in the latter the rosette-like spots are always retained and clearly visible, in the former the rosettes are lost - as, indeed, is to a considerable extent often the case in ordinary African leopards - and all trace of spots disappears from the blacker portions of the skin.'' Another pseudo-melanistic leopard skin was described in 1915 by Holdridge Ozro Collins who had purchased it in 1912. It had been killed in Malabar, India that same year. ''The wide black portion, which glistens like the sheen of silk velvet, extends from the top of the head to the extremity of the tail entirely free from any white or tawny hairs ... In the tiger, the stripes are black, of a uniform character, upon a tawny background, and they run in parallel lines from the centre of the back to the belly. In this skin, the stripes are almost golden yellow, without the uniformity and parallelism of the tiger characteristics, and they extend along the sides in labyrinthine graceful curls and circles, several inches below the wide shimmering black continuous course of the back. The extreme edges around the legs and belly are white and spotted like the skin of a leopard ... The skin is larger than that of a leopard but smaller than that of a full grown tiger.'' In May 1936, the British Natural History Museum exhibited the mounted skin of an unusual Somali leopard. The pelt was richly decorated with an intricate pattern of swirling stripes, blotches, curls and fine-line traceries. This is different from a spotted leopard, but similar to a King Cheetah hence the modern cryptozoology term '''King Leopard'''. Between 1885 and 1934, six pseudo-melanistic leopards were recorded in the Albany and Grahamstown districts of South Africa. This indicated a mutation in the local leopard population. Other King Leopards have been recorded from Malabar in southwestern India. Shooting for trophies may have wiped out these populations.--> == Ciri pangbéda == [[Maung]], utamana nu totol, kadang sok pahili antara nu hiji jeung nu séjénna, komo mun nempona di kebon binatang atawa poto. maung sancang (''leopard'') téh deukeut pisan jeung [[jaguar]], tapi rada jauh jeung [[citah]] mah. Cara anu gampang pikeun ngabédakeunana nyaéta ku nganyahokeun ti mana asalna. maung sancang mah ayana ukur di Aprika jeung Asia, sedengkeun jaguar ukur di Amérika. Ciri lianna: maung sancang mah teu boga totol dina jero kembangna, sedengkeun jaguar, lian ti kembangna leuwih badag, ogé di jerona sok aya totolan. Nu diiwalkeun téh ukur dua: [[Maung Tutul Amur|maung sancang Amur]] jeung [[Maung Tutul Cina Kalér|maung sancang Cina Kalér]], nu leuwih leutik. Lian ti panémbongna, maung sancang jeung jaguar ogé mibanda pola paripolah nu sarupa. Jaguar bisa nyaluyukeun manéh kana rupa-rupa habitat, ti leuweung hujan nepi ka tegalan. Kitu ogé maung sancang nu bisa hirup di leuweung geledegan, tegalan, pagunungan, nepi ka sagara keusik. [[Citah]], najan habitatna méh sarupa jeung maung sancang, gampang pisan dibédakeunana. maung sancang mah leuwih beurat, leuwih ngeusi, babandingan hulu jeung awakna leuwih badag, sarta totolna mangrupa kembang, lain titik. Citah lumpatna leuwih tarik batan maung sancang, sarta hirupna leuwih condong [[sato diurnal|diurnal]], sedengkeun maung sancang mah sok liar peuting ([[sato nokturnal|nokturnal]]). Citah mah hirupna dina taneuh, sedengkeun maung sancang mah sok tétérékélan dina tatangkalan. == Sebaran jeung konservasi == Saméméh ayana pangaruh manusa, maung sancang téh mangrupa bangsa ucing nu paling sumebar di sakuliah dunya: ampir di sakuliah [[Aprika]] (iwal [[sagara keusik Sahara]]), ogé di [[Asia Minor]]. Urang masih bisa manggihan ieu sato di [[Tatar Arab]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Cina]], [[Sibéria]], [[Asia Tenggara]] darat, sarta [[pulo Jawa]] jeung [[Sri Langka]]. Salaku prédator badag, kahirupan maung sancang mah kaitung nyugemakeun. Dumasar panalungtikan, kiwari gé aya kira satengah juta maung sancang di sakuliah dunya. Tapi, kawas maung lianna, beuki dieu maung sancang gé beuki béakeun habitat, komo mun loba kénéh nu moro mah. ku sabab pinter nyamuni/nyaru, maung sancang kadang bisa hirup deukeut jeung padumukan manusa. == Sumber rujukan == * ''[[:en:Leopard|Leopard]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (9 Juni 2006) == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.bplhdjabar.go.id/current-issue.cfm?doc_id=466 Penetapan identitas fauna Jawa Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022901/http://www.bplhdjabar.go.id/current-issue.cfm?doc_id=466 |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://www.awf.org/wildlives/147 Leopard: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation] {{commons|Category:Felidae}} {{Wikispecies|Panthera pardus}} * ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_nimr/ images and movies of the South Arabian leopard ''(Panthera pardus nimr)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915165434/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_nimr/ |date=2008-09-15 }} * ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_kotiya/ images and movies of the Sri Lankan leopard ''(Panthera pardus kotiya)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725063918/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_kotiya/ |date=2008-07-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010718173837/http://members.aol.com/cattrust/leopard.htm The Cat Survival Trust: Leopard] * [http://home.globalcrossing.net/~brendel/leopard.html The Cyber Zoomobile: Leopard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228234850/http://home.globalcrossing.net/~brendel/leopard.html |date=2004-12-28 }} * [http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catfolk/ssaprd01.htm Catfolk Species Account: Leopard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217091923/http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catfolk/ssaprd01.htm |date=2004-12-17 }} * [http://www.amur-leopard.org/ Saving the Amur Leopard] * [http://www.pperrywildlifephotos.org.sz/ Leopards of Sabi Sand Game Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613064450/http://pperrywildlifephotos.org.sz/ |date=2006-06-13 }} [[Kategori:Panthera]] b849r8jecx5eqquwc3ezstths1xg43j 0 26242 710736 653528 2026-06-25T05:33:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nihongo|'''Hajime Furuta'''|古田 肇|extra=babar [[1947]]}} nyaéta [[governor of Japan|gubernur]] [[Préféktur Gifu]] di [[Jepang]], munggaran kapilih taun [[2005]].{{fact}} Asli ti [[Gifu, Gifu]] sarta lulus ti [[University of Tokyo]], gawé di [[Ministry of International Trade and Industry]] ti [[1971]], diajar di [[École nationale d'administration]] di Perancis salaku pagawe departemen.{{fact}} == Rujukan == * {{cite web |url=http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0001/00001971.html |title=政治家情報 〜古田 肇〜 |work=[http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/ ザ･選挙] |publisher=''[[JANJAN]]'' |accessdate=2007-11-27 |language=Japanese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204023829/http://www.senkyo.janjan.jp/diet/profile/0001/00001971.html |date=2008-02-04 }} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.furutahajime.net/index.cgi Ramatloka resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206005155/http://furutahajime.net/index.cgi |date=2005-02-06 }} {{ja icon}} {{JapanGovernors}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Furuta, Hajime}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Pulitikeus Jepang]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1947]] [[Kategori:Jalma hirup]] [[kategori: Urang Préféktur Gifu]] pjur2heun3786u6ouotvybsxuxld1wg 0 27814 710730 703339 2026-06-25T01:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Airport | name = Bandara Internasional Arlanda | nativename = Stockholm-Arlanda flygplats | image = Airport Arlanda Sweden.jpg | IATA = ARN | ICAO = ESSA | type = Publik | owner = | operator = [[Swedish Civil Aviation Administration|Luftfartsverket]] | city-served = [[Stockholm]], [[Swédia]] | location = [[Munisipalitas Sigtuna]] | elevation-f = 137 | elevation-m = 42 | coordinates = {{coord|59|39|07|N|017|55|07|E|type:airport_region:SE}} | website = [http://www.arlanda.com/ www.arlanda.com] | metric-rwy = yes | r1-number = 01L/19R | r1-length-f = 10,830 | r1-length-m = 3,301 | r1-surface = [[Concrete]] | r2-number = 01R/19L | r2-length-f = 8,201 | r2-length-m = 2,500 | r2-surface = Aspal | r3-number = 08/26 | r3-length-f = 8,202 | r3-length-m = 2,500 | r3-surface = Concrete | stat-year = 2007 | stat1-header = Total panumpang | stat1-data = 17,877,913 | stat2-header = Panumpang internasional | stat2-data = 12,841,955 | stat3-header = Panumpang doméstik | stat3-data = 5,035,958 | footnotes = Sumber: [[DAFIF]]<ref name=WAD>{{WAD|ESSA|source=[[DAFIF]]}}</ref><ref name=GCM>{{GCM|ARN|source=[[DAFIF]]}}</ref> }} '''Bandara Arlanda-Stockholm''' {{Airport codes|ARN|ESSA}}, nyaéta hiji [[bandara]] internasional nu perenahna di [[Munisipalitas Sigtuna]], [[Swédia]], deukeuteun kota [[Märsta]], kurang leuwih 42&nbsp;km di béh kaléreun [[Stockholm]] tur ampir 40&nbsp;km, ku jalan mobil, di béh wétan kiduleun [[Uppsala]]. Lamun maké karéta mah jarakna ti Uppsala téh leuwih deukeut, sedengkeun jarak ti jeung ka puseur Stockholm mah sarua baé boh maké jalan mobil atawa jalur karéta. Bandara ieu perenahna di [[County Stockholm]], propinsi [[Uppland]]. Bandara ieu mangrupa bandara panggedéna di Swédia – taun 2006 mah mangrupa bandara panggedéna katilu di [[nagara Nordik]] – tur boga 17.91 juta panumpang taun 2007.<ref>[http://www.lfv.se/templates/LFV_MillerStatistik.aspx?id=48287 Trafik och statistik - LFV<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bandara ieu ogé mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu [[puseur pausahaan penerbangan|puseur]] [[Sistim Pausahaan Penerbangan Scandinavia]]. [[File:Stockholm-Arlanda-22-Rueckflug-2005-gje.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Stockholm-Bromma Airport]] * [[Stockholm-Skavsta Airport]] * [[Stockholm-Västerås Airport]] * [[Stockholm]] * [[Swedish Civil Aviation Administration]] * [[List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries]] * [[List of airports in Sweden]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{commons|Stockholm-Arlanda Airport}} * [http://www.arlanda.com/ Stockholm-Arlanda Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506175330/http://www.arlanda.com/ |date=2009-05-06 }}, official site * [http://www.stockholmairportcity.com/ Stockholm Airport City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520030957/http://www.stockholmairportcity.com/ |date=2009-05-20 }}, framtida guide hemsida * [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=74dcae967aea546d74a7587af4b63cc5]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, DesignsbyALX Google éarth modél of Arlanda air traffic conrtol tower * {{HybridMapLink|59.6519|17.9186|13}} * {{NWS-current|ESSA}} * {{ASN|ARN}} <!--Navigation box--> {{SwedishAirports|state=expand}} [[Kategori:Bandara di Stockholm]] [[Kategori:Métropolitan Stockholm]] [[Kategori:Bandara di Swédia]] [[Kategori:Angkutan di Stockholm]] [[Kategori:Wangunan jeung struktur di Stockholm]] [[Kategori:Tempat badaratna pesawat angkasa]] 2l37tawupadrmcm18jlnh9lguqmmmpz 0 27885 710744 651110 2026-06-25T09:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710744 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina [[matematika]] sarta, hususna, [[analisis fungsional]], '''konvolusi''' nyaéta [[operator]] matematis anu ngajadikeun dua [[fungsi (matematika)|fungsi]] ''x1'' jeung ''x2'' jadi fungsi katilu nu dianggap salaku vérsi modifikasi tina fungsi-fungsi asal. Konvolusi mangrupa hiji alat matematika dina [[élmu statistik]], [[pamrosésan citra|citra]], [[pamrosésan sinyal]], sarta [[persamaan diférential]]. [[Gambar:Convolution3.PNG|right|thumb|375px|'''Gambaran visual ngeunaan konvolusi.''']] == Définisi == Konvolusi tina dua sinyal <math>x_1 (t)</math> jeung <math>x_2 (t)</math>, nu dilambangkeun ku <math>x_1 (t) * x_2 (t)</math> nyaéta hiji sinyal anyar x(t) anu didéfinisikeun ku: : <math> x(t) = x_1 (t) * x_2 (t) = (x_1 * x_2 )(t) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x_1(\tau) x_2(t - \tau)\, d\tau.</math> == Sifat konvolusi == : <math>x_1 (t) * x_2 (t) = x_2 (t) * x_1 (t) \,</math> : <math>x_1 (t) * [x_2 (t) * x_3 (t)] = [x_1 (t) * x_2 (t)] * x_3 (t) \,</math> : <math>x_1 (t) * [x_2 (t) + x_3 (t)] = [x_1 (t) * x_2 (t)] + [x_1 (t) * x_3 (t)] \,</math> == Konvolusi jeung fungsi <math>\delta</math> == : <math>x_1 (t) * \delta (t) = \delta (t) * x_1 (t) = x_1 (t) \,</math> : <math>x_1 (t) * \delta (t - t_o) = \delta (t - t_o) * x_1 (t - t_o) = x_1 (t - t_o) \,</math> == Téoréma konvolusi == Lamun <math> \mathcal{F}\{x_1 (t)\}\,</math> atawa <math>X_1(\omega)</math> ngalambangkeun [[transformasi Fourier]] tina fungsi <math>x_1 (t)</math>, <math> \mathcal{F}\{x_2 (t)\}\,</math> atawa <math>X_2(\omega)</math> ngalambangkeun [[transformasi Fourier]] tina fungsi <math>x_2 (t)</math>, sarta <math>k</math> hiji konstanta, mangka: ::::<math> \mathcal{F}\{x_1 (t) * x_2 (t)\} = k\cdot \mathcal{F}\{x_1 (t)\}\cdot \mathcal{F}\{x_2 (t)\} = X_1 (\omega) \cdot X_2 (\omega)</math> sarta: <math> x_1 (t) * x_2 (t) \stackrel{\mathcal{F}}{\Longleftrightarrow}\quad X_1(\omega)\cdot X_2(\omega) \,</math> <math> x_1 (t) \cdot x_2 (t) \stackrel{\mathcal{F}}{\Longleftrightarrow}\quad \frac{1}{2\pi}\cdot X_1(\omega) * X_2(\omega) \,</math> == Tempo ogé == * [[Toeplitz matrix]] (convolutions can be considered a Toeplitz matrix operation where éach row is a shifted copy of the convolution kernel) ** [[Circulant matrix]] * [[Cross-correlation]] * [[Deconvolution]] * [[Dirichlet convolution]] * [[Titchmarsh convolution theorem]] * [[Convolution power]] * [[Analog signal processing]] * [[List of convolutions of probability distributions]] == Tumbu kaluar == {{Wiktionarypar|convolution}} * http://www.nitte.ac.in/downloads/Conv-LTI.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319210410/http://www.nitte.ac.in/downloads/Conv-LTI.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }} * [http://rkb.home.cern.ch/rkb/AN16pp/node38.html#SECTION000380000000000000000 Convolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221234856/http://rkb.home.cern.ch/rkb/AN16pp/node38.html#SECTION000380000000000000000 |date=2006-02-21 }}, on [http://rkb.home.cern.ch/rkb/titleA.html The Data Analysis BriefBook] * http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/convolve/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831101935/http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/convolve/index.html |date=2012-08-31 }} Visual convolution Java Applet. * http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/discreteconv2/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831102747/http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/discreteconv2/index.html |date=2012-08-31 }} Visual convolution Java Applet for Discrete Time functions. * [http://www.archive.org/details/Lectures_on_Image_Processing Lectures on Image Processing: A collection of 18 lectures in pdf format from Vanderbilt University. Lecture 7 is on 2-D convolution.], by Alan Peters. ** http://www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/~rap2/EECE253/EECE253_01_Intro.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324090441/http://www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/~rap2/EECE253/EECE253_01_Intro.pdf |date=2009-03-24 }} * [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/digitalimaging/processing/kernelmaskoperation/ Convolution Kernel Mask Operation Interactive tutorial] * [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Convolution.html Convolution] at [[MathWorld]] == Rujukan == # Hsu, Hwei P., Schaum's Outline of Théory and Problems of Analog and Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, 1993 [[Kategori:Matematika]] [[Kategori:Dasar telekomunikasi]] [[Kategori:Telekomunikasi]] [[Kategori:Pamrosésan sinyal]] lleyy5mlwkw6d4x48nvgt3texv3z62j 0 35328 710739 671389 2026-06-25T08:59:14Z Oceanmuse 22609 710739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:ChrisMartinManch030623 (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px]] '''Christoper Anthony John Martin''' atawa anu kasohor Chris Martin nyaéta [[vokalis]], [[gitaris]], katut [[pianis]] grup musik [[Coldplay]]<ref name="kapanlagi">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/c/chris_martin/ Profil Chris Martin-kapanlagi.com] (diaksés tanggal 20 Nopémber 2011)</ref><ref name="imdb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1112874/bio Chris Martin-bio-imdb.com] (diaksés tanggal 20 Nopémber 2011)</ref>. Lalaki anu gumelar di [[Devon]], [[Inggris]] tanggal [[2 Maret]] [[1977]] ieu sok ngagunakeun téhnik ''falsetto'' nalika nyanyi, sorana kassup warna ''tenor''<ref name="kapanlagi"/><ref name="imdb"/>. Chris nikah jeung [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] ([[5 Désémber]] [[2003]])<ref name="kapanlagi"/>. Chris boga 2 anak, di antarana Apple Blythe Alison Martin ([[14 Méi]] [[2004]]) jeung Moses Bruce ([[8 April]] [[2006]])<ref name="kapanlagi"/><ref name="imdb"/><ref name="chris"/>. Martin, anakna ti akuntan jeung guru ieu dididik di sakola [[Sherbourne]], diteruskeun di [[Universitas College London]], Martin nyokot program studi dunia kuno<ref name="chris">{{en}}[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/chris-martin.html Biografi Chris Martin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218221756/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/chris-martin.html |date=2011-12-18 }} (diaksés tanggal 20 Nopémber 2011)</ref>. Martin papanggih jeung [[Will Champion]], [[Guy Berryman]] jeung [[Jonny Buckland]] di Ieu [[universitas]] (±[[1990]]an)<ref name="chris"/>. Martin mulai nulis lagu jeung Jonny<ref name="chris"/>. Guy resep kana naon anu ditulis ku maranéhna terus mulai maénkeun [[bass]], sedengkeun Will mulai diajar [[drum]]<ref name="chris"/>. Chris Martin saparakanca terus mulai latihan sacara inténsip<ref name="chris"/>. Taun [[1998]], grup musikna anu dingaranan Coldplay]] ieu konsér di Féstival Manchester, sanggeus konsér, Coldplay nyieun kontrak jeung label ''Panda Fierce'' kalayan ''single Brothers and Sisters'', terus teu sababaraha lila ti Harita Coldplay nyieun kontrak jeung label rekaman ''Parlophone''<ref name="chris"/>. Salian jadi panyanyi, Chris Martin jueng Jon Buckland ([[gitaris]] Coldplay) kungsi tampil dina pilem ''Shaun of the Dead'' najan peranna teu pati loba<ref name="kapanlagi"/>. == Référénsi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Coldplay]] [[Kategori:Musisi Inggris]] [[Kategori:Gumelar taun 1977]] qe51abdro5u919zy69t6hpy7cat5heu 0 35383 710713 706277 2026-06-25T01:23:01Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah Adat Panjalin-2.jpg|jmpl|377x377px|Imah Adat Panjalin dina taun 2026]] '''Imah Adat Penjalin''' nyaéta imah adat nu aya di désa Panjalin Kidul, Kacamatan Sumberjaya, Kabupatén [[Majaléngka]].<ref name="Rumah Adat">[http://www.majalengkakab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34&Itemid=54 Rumah Adat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606121932/http://www.majalengkakab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34&Itemid=54 |date=2014-06-06 }} (Diakses tanggal 21 November 2001)</ref> Sacara astronomis imah adat ieu aya di koordinat 6º41’51” LS dan 108º21’25” BT.<ref name="Majalengka">[http://www.infowisata.web.id/2011/06/rumah-adat-penjalin.html Majalengka]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Diakses tanggal 21 November 2011)</ref> Imah Adat Penjalin mangrupa bukti [[sajarah]] atawa objek wisata [[budaya]] ti [[Raja Sanata]].<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> Dina taun 1982, Imah Adat Panjalin resmi ditetepkeun jadi salah sahiji wangunan cagar budaya di Majalengka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suaracirebon.com/2021/04/20/rumah-adat-panjalin-jadi-warisan-budaya/|title=Rumah Adat Panjalin Jadi Warisan Budaya|last=Admin|website=Suara Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref> Imah Adat Panjalin anu wangunna panggung sarta ampir kabéh bahanna tina kai ieu téh diwangun sakitar 300 taun ka tukang ku Raden Sanata. Tujuan diwangunana ieu imah téh nyaéta pikeun tempat dakwah jeung nyebarkeun agama Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1012034/29/rumah-adat-panjalin-saksi-bisu-penyebaran-islam-di-majalengka|title=Rumah Adat Panjalin, Saksi Bisu Penyebaran Islam di Majalengka|website=SINDOnews Daerah|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref> Saprak taun 2012, Imah Adat Panjalin geus kacatet jadi Warisan Budaya Tak Benda Indonésia kalayan nomer registrasi 2012002337.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=2337|title=WBTB {{!}} Beranda|website=warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref> Ayeuna, Imah Adat Panjalin ngan dipaké pikeun acara-acara tinangtu, saperti hari jadi Panjalin, guar bumi, atawa usum melak paré.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-5546252/rumah-adat-penjalin-saksi-bisu-penyebaran-islam-di-majalengka?page=2|title=Rumah Adat Penjalin, Saksi Bisu Penyebaran Islam di Majalengka|last=Bagaskara|first=Bima|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref> == Sajarah == Imah Adat Panjalin diwangun dina taun 1815 ku Raden Sanata, manéhna nyaéta katurunan ti [[Talaga]] nu keur guguru di pondok pasantrén [[Pager Gunung]], deukeut Kampung Panjalin.<ref name="Majalengka" /> [[Raden Sanéh]] nikah jeung [[Seruniyang]] nyaéta anak ti sesepuh Kampung Panjalin, nyaéta [[Raja Syahrani]].<ref name="Majalengka" /> [[Raja Syahrani]] na sorangan mangrupa katurunan ti [[Cirebon]] nu cicing, hirup, jeung maot di Panjalin.<ref name="Majalengka" /> Di tempat ieu manéhna nyebarkeun ajaran [[agama islam]].<ref name="Majalengka" /> Imah Adat ieu hampir sarua jeung imah adat [[Minahasa]].<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> Imah adat ieu baheulana dingaranan ''alas panjalin'' nu hartina ''hutan rotan''.<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> Imah Adat Penjalin ieu mangrupa imah panggung nu miboga 16 tiang panyoko tina [[kai]], ukuranna 9 x 9 m, léga na kira-kira 172 m2.<ref name="Majalengka" /> Imah adat ieu dibagi jadi dua bagian, nyaéta ruang hareup jeung ruang tengah.<ref name="Majalengka" /> Kadua bagian ieu diwatesan ku tembok nu dijieun tina [[kai]] nu dilengkepan maké [[panto]].<ref name="Majalengka" /> Imah adat ieu ngan boga hiji [[panto]] nu aya di gigir timur bagian hareup imah, sangkan bisa ngahontal [[panto]] kudu maké [[tarajé]].<ref name="Majalengka" /> Tembok imahna dijieun tina [[kai]].<ref name="Majalengka" /> Di luhureun imahna aya hiasan-hiasan géometris.<ref name="Majalengka" /> Imah bagian tengahna maké bambu boh tembokna boh lantaina.<ref name="Majalengka" /> Imah Adat Penjalin ieu geus hampir punah, ku lantaran leungitna benda-benda sajarah disababkeun ku kurangna perhatian ti pamaréntah.<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> Aksés ka imah adat ieu henteu hésé, tapi jalanna kurang alus jeung deui euweuh kandaraan umum pikeun ngahontal ka objek wisata [[budaya]] ieu.<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> Masih aya nu daratang ka imah adat ieu sanajan henteu loba teuing ogé, biasana unggal peuting [[jum'at]] aya pengunjung nu sok mareuting di dieu.<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> Pikeun bisa asup ka imah adat ieu teu ditangtuken sabaraha-sabarahana, saiklasna nu datang méré.<ref name="Rumah Adat" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> Gambar:Rumah Adat Panjalin bagian samping.jpg|Rumah Adat Panjalin bagéan samping dina taun 2026 Gambar:Rumah Adat Panjalin bagian pintu masuk.jpg|Rumah Adat Panjalin bagéan pintu asup dina taun 2026 Gambar:Rumah Adat Panjalin bagian pintu.jpg|Rumah Adat Panjalin bagéan pintu jero dina taun 2026 Gambar:Rumah Adat Panjalin bagian dalam rumah-4.jpg|Rumah Adat Panjalin bagéan jero dina taun 2026 Gambar:Rumah Adat Panjalin bagian dalam rumah-1.jpg|Rumah Adat Panjalin bagéan jero dina taun 2026 </gallery>{{Pondok}} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Imah Adat]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] k4pwxlzrywa3ak2jsylszs980cthh2m 0 36552 710733 705857 2026-06-25T04:03:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710733 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Téritori peuntas laut Perancis ngarah ka dieu. Pikeun nu milih Parlemén Éropana, tingali [[Téritori Peuntas Laut Perancis (pamilih parlemén Éropa)]]'' [[File:Outre-mer en.png|right|thumb|Departemén jeung téritori peuntas laut Perancis sarta klaimna di Antartika|400px]] {{Administrative divisions of France}} [[File:Flag of the Minister of Overseas France.svg|thumb|120px|Bandéra [[Mentri Perancis Peuntas Laut]]]] '''Departemén jeung Téritori Peuntas Laut Perancis''' ({{lang-fr|départements et territoires d'outre-mer}}, biasana disebut ''DOM-TOM'' {{IPA-fr|dɔmtɔm|}}<ref>[[About.com]], [http://french.about.com/od/vocabulary/g/domtom.htm Definition of ''les DOM-TOM''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906092540/http://french.about.com/od/vocabulary/g/domtom.htm |date=2015-09-06 }}</ref>) diwangun ti wewengkon nu diadministrasi ku [[Perancis]] di luar buana [[Éropa]]. Téritori-téritori ieu miboga rupa-rupa status hukum jeung tingkat otonomi nu bébéda, sanajan sakabéhna miboga pawakilan di [[Parlemén Perancis]] (iwal nu taya padumuk permanénna), jeung ku kituna miboga hak pilih dina pamilu [[Parlemén Éropa]]. Departemén jeung Téritori Peuntas Laut Perancis ngawengku wewengkon pulo-pulo di samudra [[Samudra Atlantik|Atlantik]], [[Samudra Pasifik|Pasiifik]], jeung [[Samudra Hindia|Hindia]], [[Guiana Perancis]] di basisir [[Amérika Kidul]], jeung sababaraha [[pulo-pulo periantartika]] ogé klaimna kana [[Antartika]]. 2.685.705 urang midumukan Departemén jeung Téritori Peuntas Laut Perancis dina Januari 2011.<ref name=population>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1332#inter1|title=Bilan démographique 2010|first=[[Government of France]]|last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2011-01-21}} {{fr icon}}</ref> Sacara hukum jeung administratifna, departemén béda pisan jeung téritori: dumasar kana konstitusi Perancis, hukum jeung régulasi Perancis umumna dipakékeun (perdata, pidana, adminstratif, sosial, pajak, jsb.), di departemén kawas di dartan utama. Tapi, hukum jeung régulasi katangtu bisa digunakeun pikeun kaayaan spésifik. Di téritori, prinsipna kabalikannana: téritori diparéntah ku statuta otonomi nu mungkinkeunnana pikeun nyieun hukumna sorangan, iwal pikeun sababraha widang (saperti patahanan, hubungan internasional, mata uang jeung padagangan internasional, hukum pangadilan jeung administratif), sakumaha disadiakeun di statuta otonomina, nu ditangtukeun ku pamaréntah puseur. Téritori, métropolitan, atawa Perancis peuntas laut nu didumukan, miboga pawakilan di [[Majelis Nasional Perancis]] sarta [[Sénat Perancis]]. Téritori jeung departemén peuntas laut diparéntah ku majelis, nu dipilih ku masarakat lokal, sarta Parlemén Perancis jeung [[Pamaréntah Perancis#Cabang éksekutif|Pamaréntah Perancis]] (di mana hiji [[Mentri pamaréntahan Perancis|anggota kabinét]], [[Mentri Perancis Peuntas Laut]], aya dina kakawasaan kana perkawis-perkawis ngeunaanyy téritori jeung departemén peuntas laut). ==Rupa-rupa status konstitusional== === Departemén jeung région peuntas laut=== *[[Guadeloupe]] (ti 1946) *[[Martinique]] (ti 1946) *[[Guiana Perancis]] (since 1946) *[[Réunion]] (ti 1946) *[[Mayotte]] (ti 2011) 1976–2003: téritori peuntas laut ''[[sui generis]]''; 2001–2003: kalawan panunjukan [[komunitas departeméntal Perancis|komunitas departeméntal]]; 2003–2011: Komunitas peuntas laut. Dina [[réferéndum status Mayotte 2009]], masarakat Mayotte milih pikeun janten departemén peuntas laut dina 2011, nu jadina saprak 31 Maret 2011. <!--For sources see the linked WP article. --> === Koléktivitas peuntas laut=== Kategori ieu dijieun kalawan pawangunan ulang konstitusional dina 28 Maret 2003. Masing-masing koléktivitas miboga hukum undanh-undang sorangganna. * [[Polinésia Perancis]] (1946–2003: téritori peuntas laut, ti 2003: koléktivitas peuntas laut) Status anyarna ti 2004 méréannana panunjukan nagara peuntas laut ({{lang-fr|pays d'outre-mer}}), tapi [[Déwan Konstitusional Perancis]] mertimbangkeun yén éta ngan panunjukan, sanés status nanaon. * [[Saint Pierre jeung Miquelon]] (1976–85: departemén peuntas laut, 1985–2003: téritori peuntas laut ''[[sui generis]]'', ti 2003: koléktivitas peuntas laut) Saint Pierre et Miquelon masih disebut ''{{lang|fr|collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon}}''. * [[Wallis jeung Futuna]] (1961–2003: téritori peuntas laut, ti 2003: koléktivitas peuntas laut). Umumna masih disebut salaku hiji ''{{lang|fr|territoire}}'' (''{{lang|fr|Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna}}''). * [[Koléktivitas Saint Martin|St. Martin]]: Dina 2003 populasi St. Martin jeung St. Barthélemy milih sangkan misah ti Guadeloupe pikeun nyieun koléktivitas peuntas laut Perancis sorangan.<ref>{{cite news |title=French Caribbean voters reject change |url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2003/12/09/voters.htm |work=Caribbean Net News |date=2003-12-09 |accessdate=2007-02-09 |quote=However voters on the two tiny French dependencies of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin, which have been administratively attached to Guadeloupe, approved the referendum and are set to acquire the new status of "overseas collectivity". }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318194043/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2003/12/09/voters.htm |date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> Dina 7 Pébruari 2007, [[Parlemén Perancis]] ngaloloskeun paméréan status COM ka dua yurisdiksi éta.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bruno |last=Magras |title=Letter of Information from the Mayor to the residents and non-residents, to the French and to the foreigners, of Saint Barthelemy |url = http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly108.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=St. Barth Weekly |page=2 |date=2007-02-16 |accessdate=2007-02-18 |quote=On February 7 of this year, the French Parliament adopted the law granting Saint-Barthélemy the Statute of an Overseas Collectivity. }}</ref> Status anyarna éféktif 22 Pébruari 2007 basa hukum éta dipikawanohkeun dina ''[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|Journal Officiel]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saint-Barth To Become An Overseas Collectivity |url=http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly107.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=St. Barth Weekly |page=2 |date=2007-02-09 |accessdate=2007-02-09}}</ref> Wewengkon-wewengkon éta tetep bagian ti [[Uni Éropa]], sakumaha ditegaskeun di [[Traktat Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:0042:0133:EN:PDF|title=Treaty of Lisbon, Article 2, points 287 and 293|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> * [[Saint Barthélemy|St. Barthélemy]] [[File:France-Constituent-Lands.png|thumb|300px|Lemah nu nyieun Républik Perancis.]] === Koléktivitas husus === * [[Kaledonia Anyar]] mangrupa hiji téritori peuntas laut ti 1946, tapi salaku hasil ti [[Pasatujuan Nouméa]] 1998, miboga status husus ''(statut particulier'' atanapi ''statut original'') dina 1999. Hiji kawarganagaraan Kaledonia Anyat dijieun, sarta pamindahan kakawasaan ti nagara Perancis dimimitian, pikeun aya dina 15 nepi ka 20 warsih.<ref>"Nouvelle-Calédonie", ''Le Petit Larousse'' (2010), Paris, page 1559.</ref> === Téritori peuntas laut === * [[Daratan Kidul jeung Antartika Perancis]] (Basa Perancis: ''Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises'', TAAF; téritori peuntas laut Perancis ti 1956). Dumasar kana aturan 2007-224 21 Pébruari 2007, [[Pulo nu Kasebar di Samudra Hindia]] minangka distrik ka-5 ti TAAF. === Nagara peuntsa laut === Status nagara peuntas laut (Basa Perancis: ''Pays d'outre-mer''), ditujukeun ka depéndensi Pasifik Perancis, teu pernah dijieun. Status Polinésia Perancis 2004 méréanna panunjukan ieu, tapi ngingetkeun ogé yén Polinésia Perancis asup ogé kana kategori komunitas peuntas laut. Déwan Konstitusional Perancis ngenyakeun yén panunjukan nagara pentas laut éta teu boga konsekuénsi légal. Ku sabab status Kaledonia Anyar teu boga ngaran sarta ku lantaran parleménna bisa nyieun hukum lokal, wewengkon éta kadang disebut nagara peuntas laut. ===Téritori alit=== * [[Pulo Clipperton]] (Basa Perancis: ''Île de Clipperton'' atanapi ''Île de la Passion'') (Basa Spanyol: ''Isla de la Pasión'') nyaéta hiji atol karang 9 kilométer pasagi nu aya 1.280 kilométer kulon-kiduleun Acapulco, Méksiko, di [[Samudra Pasifik]]. Wewengkon ieu minangka asét pribados nagara dina otoritas langsung pamaréntah Perancis, diadministrasi ku Mentri Perancis Peuntas Laut. ==Pawakilan pulitis di Parlemén Perancis== Kalawan 2.685.705 padumuk dina 2011, departemén peuntas laut Perancis miboga 4,1% ti populasi Républik Perancis.<ref name=population /> Aranjeunna miboga pawakilan di dua kamar [[Parlemén Perancis]]. ===Pawakilan di Majelis Nasional=== Di [[Législatur ka-13 (Perancis)|Législatur ka-13]] (2007–2012), departemén jeung téritori peuntas laut Perancis diwakilkeun ku 22 députi di [[Majelis Nasional Perancis]], miboga 3,8% ti 577 total députi di Majelis Nasional: *[[Réunion]]: 5 députi *[[Guadeloupe]]: 4 députi *[[Martinique]]: 4 députi *[[Guiana Perancis]]: 2 députi *[[Kaledonia Anyar]]: 2 députi *[[Polinésia Perancis]]: 2 députi *[[Mayotte]]: 1 députi *[[Saint Pierre jeung Miquelon]]: 1 députi *[[Wallis jeung Futuna]]: 1 députi *[[Saint Barthélemy]]: masih diwakilkeun ku députi Guadeloupe salaku pamilih ka-4-na, tacan miboga députina sorangan *[[Koléktivitas Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]: masih diwakilkeun ku députi Guadeloupe salaku pamilih ka-4-na, tacan miboga députina sorangan ===Pawakilan di Sénat=== Ti Séptémber 2008, departemén jeung téritori Perancis diwakilkeun ku 19 sénator di [[Sénat Perancis]], miboga 5,5% ti total 343 sénator di Sénat: *[[Guadeloupe]]: 3 sénator *[[Réunion]]: 3 sénator *[[Guiana Perancis]]: 2 sénator *[[Martinique]]: 2 sénator *[[Mayotte]]: 2 sénator *[[Polinésia Perancis]]: 2 sénator *[[Kaledonia Anyar]]: 1 sénator *[[Saint Barthélemy]]: 1 sénator *[[Saint Martin (Perancis)|Saint Martin]]: 1 sénator *[[Saint Pierre jeung Miquelon]]: 1 sénator *[[Wallis jeung Futuna]]: 1 sénator == Daptar Téritori Peuntas Laut Perancis== === Koléktivitas jeung departemén nu dieusian === Aya 11 : {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bandéra !! Ngaran !! Ibu Kota !! Populasi!! Aréa&nbsp;darat&nbsp;(km²) !! Status !! Lokasi !! Cutatan |- | {{flagicon|Guadeloupe|local|size=50px}} | [[Guadelup]] | [[Basse-Terre]] |align="center"| 404.000&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2009)</small><ref name=overseas_regions /> |align="right"| 1.628 | Departemén / région peuntas laut | [[Antillen]] | |- | {{flagicon|French Guiana|local|size=50px}} | [[Guiana Perancis]] | [[Cayenne]] |align="center"| 229.000&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2009)</small><ref name=overseas_regions>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS02137|title=Population des régions au 1er janvier|first=[[Government of France]]|last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2010-01-30}} {{fr icon}}</ref> |align="right"| 83.534 | Departemén / région peuntas laut | [[Amérika Kidul]] | |- | {{flagicon|New Caledonia|size=50px}} | [[Kalédonia Anyar]] | [[Nouméa]] |align="center"| 244.410&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2008)</small><ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.isee.nc/chiffresc/chiffresc.html#d%C3%A9mographie| title=CHIFFRES CLÉS - Démographie| author=Institut de la statistique et des études économiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie (ISEE)| format=PDF| accessdate=2009-01-13}}</ref> |align="right"| 18.575 | Koléktivitas&nbsp;''sui&nbsp;generis'' | Samudra Pasifik Kidul | Réferéndum kamerdikaanna direncanakeun pikeun dilaksanakeun antawa 2014 nepi ka 2019. |- | {{flagicon|Martinique|local|size=50px}} | [[Martinik]] | [[Fort-de-France]] |align="center"| 402.000&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2009)</small><ref name=overseas_regions /> |align="right"| 1.128 | Departemén / région peuntas laut | Antillen | |- | {{flagicon|Mayotte|local|size=50px}} | [[Mayotte]] | [[Mamoudzou]] |align="center"| 186.452&nbsp;<small>(July&nbsp;2007)</small><ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/zoom/mayotte/publications/inseeinfos/pdf/insee%20infos%20n32.pdf| title=INSEE Infos No 32| first=[[Government of France]]| last=[[INSEE]]| format=PDF|accessdate=2007-12-02}}</ref> |align="right"| 374 | Departemén / région peuntas laut | [[Afrika]]<br/>([[Selat Mosambik]]) | [[Réferéndeum status Mayotte 2009|Milih dina 29 Maret 2009 sangkan]] mertahankeun status departemén / région peuntas laut. Status éta éféktif 31 Maret 2011.<br/>Diklaim ogé ku [[Komoro]] |- | {{flagicon|French Polynesia|size=50px}} | [[Polinésia Perancis]] | [[Papeete]] |align="center"| 264.000&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2009)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ispf.pf/ISPF/EnqRep/EtatCivil.aspx|title=Enquêtes & Répertoires > Etat Civil|author=Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF)|accessdate=2009-09-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118005940/http://www.ispf.pf/ISPF/EnqRep/EtatCivil.aspx |date=2012-01-18 }}</ref> |align="right"| 4.167 | Koléktivitas peuntas laut | [[Samudra Pasifik|Samdra Pasifik Kidul]] | |- | {{flagicon|Réunion|size=50px}} | [[Réunion]] | [[Saint-Denis (Réunion)|Saint-Denis]] |align="center"| 817.000&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2009)</small><ref name=overseas_regions /> |align="right"| 2.512 | Departemén / région peuntas laut | [[Afrika]]<br /> ([[Samudra Hindia]]) | |- | {{flagicon|Saint Barthelemy|local|size=50px}} | [[Saint-Barthélemy]] | [[Gustavia, Saint-Barthélemy|Gustavia]] |align="center"| {{sort|008,450|8,450}}&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2007)</small><ref name=St_Martin_SPM_SB>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2007|title=Populations légales 2007 pour les départements et les collectivités d'outre-mer|first=[[Government of France]]|last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2010-01-30}} {{fr icon}}</ref> |align="right"| 21 | Koléktivitas peuntas laut | Antillen | Misah ti [[Guadelup]] dina 22 Pébruari 2007. |- | {{flagicon|Saint Martin|local|size=50px}} | [[Koléktivitas Saint-Martin|Saint-Martin]] | [[Marigot, Saint-Martin|Marigot]] |align="center"| {{sort|035,925|35,925}}&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2007)</small><ref name=St_Martin_SPM_SB /> |align="right"| 53 | Koléktivitas peuntas laut | Antillen | Misah ti [[Guadelup]] dina 22 Pébruari 2007. |- | {{flagicon|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon|local|size=50px}} | [[Saint-Piér jeung Mikélon]] | [[Saint-Piér, Saint-Piér jeung Mikélon|Saint-Piér]] |align="center"| {{sort|006,099|6,099}}&nbsp;<small>(Jan.&nbsp;2007)</small><ref name=St_Martin_SPM_SB /> |align="right"| 242 | Koléktivitas peuntas laut | Tenggaraeun [[Kanada]] | |- | {{flagicon|Wallis and Futuna|local|size=50px}} | [[Wallis jeung Futuna]] | [[Mata-Utu]] |align="center"| {{sort|013,484|13,484}}&nbsp;<small>(Jul.&nbsp;2008)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=poplegalescom&page=recensement/poplegalescom/popcircwallisetfutuna.htm|title=Les populations des circonscriptions du Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna|first=[[Government of France]]|last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2009-01-13}} {{fr icon}}</ref> |align="right"| 274 | Koléktivitas peuntas laut | Samudra Pasifik Kidul | |- |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3"| Kacindekan |- ! Status !! Populasi (Jan. 2011)<ref name=population />!! Aréa darat (km²) |- | Departemén / Région Peuntas Laut |align="right"| 1.890.705 |align="right"| 91.847 |- | Koléktivitas Peuntas Laut & Kaledonia Anyar |align="right"| 795.000 |align="right"| 23.632 |- ! Total |align="right"| '''2.685.705''' |align="right"| '''120.049''' |} === Wewengkon nu teu dieusian === (Umumna teu dieusian, iwal ku panalungtik/élmuwan di stasion panalungtikan) {| class="wikitable" ! Bandéra !! Ngaran !! Ibu Kota !! Aréa&nbsp;darat&nbsp;(km²) !! Status !! Lokasi !! Cutatan |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Banc du Geyser]] | - |align="right"| 1 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Afrika<br/>(Selat Mosambik) | Diklaim ku [[Madagaskar]] jeung [[Komoro]] |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Bassas da India]] | - |align="right"| 1 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Afrika<br/>(Selat Mosambik) | Diklaim ku [[Madagaskar]] |- |{{flagicon|France|size=50px}} | [[Pulo Clipperton]] | - |align="right"| 7 | Asét pribados nagara Perancis | Kuloneun Méksiko | Diklaim ku [[Méksiko]] |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Kapuloan Crozet]] | [[Alfred Faure]] |align="right"| 352 | Distrikk [[TAAF]] | Samudra Hindia Kidul | |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Pulo Europa|Europa]] | - |align="right"| 28 | [[TAAF]] district | Africa<br/>(Mozambique Channel) | Claimed by [[Madagascar]] |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Kapuloan Glorioso]] | - |align="right"| 5 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Samudra Hindia | Diklaim ku [[Komoro]], [[Madagaskar]], jeung [[Seychéll]] |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Juan de Nova]] | - |align="right"| 5 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Afrika<br/>(Selat Mosambik) | Diklaim ku [[Madagaskar]] |- | {{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Kapuloan Kerguelen]] | [[Port-aux-Français]] |align="right"| 7.215 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Samudra Hindia Kidul | |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Pulo Saint-Paul]] jeung<br/>[[Pulo Amsterdam]] | [[Martin-de-Viviés]] |align="right"| 66 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Samudra Hindia | |- |{{theflagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|50px}} | [[Pulo Tromelin]] | - |align="right"| 1 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | Samudra Hindia | Diklaim ku [[Mauritius]] |} === Antartika === {| class="wikitable" ! Bandéra !! Ngaran !! Ibu Kota !! Aréa&nbsp;darat&nbsp;(km²) !! Status !! Lokasi !! Katerangan |- | [[File:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|50px]] | [[Lemah Adélie]] |[[Dumont d'Urville]] |align="right"| 432.000 | Distrik [[TAAF]] | [[Antartika]] | Dina [[Sistim Traktat Antartika]] |} ==Kota ageung di Perancis peuntas laut== Dumasar populasina di [[unité urbaine|wewengkon pakotaan]]: *[[Pointe-à-Pitre]]&ndash;[[Les Abymes]] ([[Guadeloupe]]): 178.631 inhabitants (dina 2008) *[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] ([[Réunion]]): 175.053 (dina 2008) *[[Fort-de-France]] ([[Martinique]]): 171.628 (dina 2008) *[[Nouméa]] ([[Kaledonia Anyar]]): 163.723 (dina 2009) *[[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint-Pierre]] ([[Réunion]]): 148.273 (dina 2008) *[[Papeete]] ([[Polinésia Perancis]]): 131.695 (dina 2007) *[[Saint-Paul, Réunion|Saint-Paul]] ([[Réunion]]): 103.008 (dina 2008) *[[Cayenne]] ([[Guiana Perancis]]): 102.089 (dina 2008) ==Tempo ogé== *[[Kakaisaran kolonial Perancis]] *[[Babagian administratif Perancis]] *[[Pamaréntah Perancis]] *[[Daptar pulo/kapuloan nu diadministrasi ku Perancis di Samudra Hindia jeung Pasifik]] *[[Komune di Perancis]] *''[[Outremer]]'' *[[Perancis Métropolitan]] *[[La Francophonie|Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] *[[Daptar posési jeung koloni Perancis]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} * Robert Aldrich and John Connell, France's Overséas Frontier, Cambridge University Press, 1992 ==Bacaan salajengna== * Frédéric Monera, L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel - Paris : L.G.D.J., 2004 [http://www.fnac.com/Shelf/article.asp?PRID=1601897&Mn=2&Ra=-1&To=0&Nu=2&Fr=3] [http://www.lgdj.fr/rech_rapide.php?_Sess=c22f5de9dee93f9554d169596caad970&_Mots=monera&_TypeCode=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923201826/http://www.lgdj.fr/rech_rapide.php?_Sess=c22f5de9dee93f9554d169596caad970&_Mots=monera&_TypeCode= |date=2006-09-23 }}; ==Tumbu kaluar== *[http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/outremer/front?id=outremer/decouvrir_outre_mer Loka resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051012070337/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/outremer/front?id=outremer%2Fdecouvrir_outre_mer |date=2005-10-12 }} *[http://www.vie-publique.fr/decouverte_instit/instit/instit_3_7_0_q0.htm Pamekaran baheula jeung ayeuna babagian administratif peuntas laut Perancis saperti pays d'outre-mer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929093246/http://www.vie-publique.fr/decouverte_instit/instit/instit_3_7_0_q0.htm |date=2006-09-29 }} {{fr icon}} {{French overseas departments and territories}} {{EU Dependencies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Teritori Jeung Departemen Peuntas Laut Perancis}} [[Kategori:Departemén, koléktivitas, jeung téritori peuntas laut Perancis| ]] [[Kategori:Babagian Perancis]] [[zh:法国行政区划#海外]] 3t6rjrvhz29dhj9lv6vq6gtqle11s2i 0 39228 710737 710566 2026-06-25T05:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the multinational corporation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox company | name = Honda Motor Company, Ltd. |native_name= 本田技研工業株式会社<br>''Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha'' | logo = [[File:Honda-logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.35]] | caption = | type = [[Public company]] | traded_as = {{tyo|7267}}<br />{{nyse|HMC}} | foundation = [[Hamamatsu]], Japan ({{Start date|1948|09|24}}) | founder = [[Soichiro Honda]]<br />[[Takeo Fujisawa]] | location = [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan | key_people = [[Takanobu Ito]] ([[President]], [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and Representative Director) | area_served = Worldwide | industry = [[Automotive]]<br />[[Aviation]]<br/>[[Telematics]] | products = [[Automobile]]s<br />[[Motorcycle]]s<br />[[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]s<br />[[Electrical generator]]s<br />[[Water pumps]]<br />[[Landscape maintenance|Lawn and garden equipment]]s<br />[[Rotary tiller|Tiller]]s<br />[[Outboard motor]]s<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Jet aircraft]]s<br />[[Jet engine]]s<br />[[Thin-film solar cell]]s<br/>[[Internavi]] | divisions = [[List of Honda vehicles|Honda]]<br/>[[List of Honda motorcycles|Honda Motorcycles]] | subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List| '''Transportation''' * [[American Honda Motor Company]] ** [[Acura]] ** [[Honda Aircraft Company]] ** [[Honda Performance Development|HPD]] * [[Honda Automobile (China) Company]](50%) ** [[Guangqi Honda Automobile]](50%) *** Li Nian ([[Everus]]) * [[Honda India|Honda Seil Cars India]] ** [[Hero MotoCorp]] ** [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]] * [[Dongfeng Honda]](50%) '''Air Transportation''' * [[Honda Airport|Honda Airways]] '''Sports''' * [[Honda Racing F1]] * [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda Racing]] '''Engines''' * [[GE Honda Aero Engines]](50%) International * [[Honda Atlas|Honda Pakistan]] * [[Honda Canada Inc.]] * [[Honda Taiwan]] * [[Honda of the UK Manufacturing|Honda UK ltd.]]}} | revenue = {{loss}} {{yen|7.948 trillion|link=yes}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:HMC&fstype=ii|title=FY2012 Consolidated Financial Results: Toyota Motor Company |accessdate=15 June 2011 |year=2011 |month=May}}</ref> | operating_income = {{loss}} {{yen|231.36 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | net_income = {{loss}} {{yen|211.48 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --> | assets = {{gain}} {{yen|11.780 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | equity = {{loss}} {{yen|4.402 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> |num_employees = 179,060 (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=HMC&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC) |accessdate=29 September 2008}}</ref> | homepage = {{URL|http://world.honda.com/}} }} {{nihongo|'''Honda Motor Company, Ltd.'''|本田技研工業株式会社|Honda Giken Kōgyō [[Kabushiki gaisha|KK]]|{{IPA-ja|honꜜda|IPA|Honda_giken_kougyou.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|h|ɒ|n|d|ə}}}} nyaéta [[pausahaan publik multinasional]] Jepang utamana dipikawanoh minangka produsén [[mobil]] jeung [[motor]]. Honda geus jadi produsén sapédah motor pangbadagna di dunya saprak taun 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cases in contemporary strategy analysis |first1= Robert M. |last1= Grant |first2= Kent E. |edition= 3rd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-4051-1180-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XF7V9w8ByrcC&pg=PA172 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |last2= Neupert |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Six men who built the modern auto industry |first= Richard Alan |last= Johnson |publisher=[[MotorBooks International]] |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-7603-1958-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CArfq7tV0OIC&pg=PA52 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> sarta pangbadagna sadunya produsén [[internal combustion engine]]s diukur dumasar volume, mroduksi leuwih ti 14 juta mesin pembakaran internal saban taun.<ref name="Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc., Marysville, Ohio - Press room">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174|title=FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD|last=Miller|first=Edward|date=18 April 2008|publisher=Honda.com|accessdate=28 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025434/http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174 |date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda ngéléhkeun [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2001 pikeun jadi produsén mobil pangbadagna kadua di Jepang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=3266&ref=archive |title=Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. – Latest Car News from 4Car |publisher=Channel4.com |accessdate=22 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |title=The History of Honda |publisher=Cars-directory.net |accessdate=22 November 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512075512/https://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |date=12 May 2020 }}</ref> {{As of|August 2008}} Agustus 2008, Honda ngéléhkeun [[Chrysler]] minangka produsén mobil pangbadagna kaopat di Amérika Sarikat.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news|last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html |title=Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=1 January 2011 |date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Honda nyaéta produsén mobil pangbadagna katujuh di dunya di tukangeun [[Toyota]], [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen AG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], ssarta [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2010.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Honda nyaéta produsén mobil kahiji Jepang pikeun ngarilis hiji mérek mentéréng berdedikasi, [[Acura]], taun 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Sajaba ti bisnis inti mobil sarta sapédah motor maranéhanana, Honda ogé mroduksi parabot taman, mesin kalautan, parahu pribadi sarta pambangkit listrik. Saprak taun 1986, Honda geus kalibet kalayan kecerdasan jieunan / panalungtikan robotika sarta ngarilis robot [[ASIMO]] taun 2000. Maranéhanana ogé geus ngalalana ka rohang jomantara kalayan ngawangun [[GE Honda Aero Engines]] taun 2004 sarta [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet]], dijadwalkeun baris dirilis taun 2012. Honda berinvestasi kira-kira 5% tina pandapatan dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.<ref name="America's Most Admired Companies: Honda">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Honda|last=Taylor|first=Alex III|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001034/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm |date=29 August 2013 }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} Ti keur ngora, pangadeg Honda, [[Soichiro Honda]] (本田 宗一郎, ''Honda Sōichirō'') (17 Nopember 1906 – 5 Agustus 1991) mibanda minat kana mobil. Manéhna digawé minangka montir di bengkel Shokai Art, di mana manéhna ngahadéan mobil-mobil sarta maranéhanana diilukeun dina balapan. Taun 1937, kalayan waragad ti saurang kawawuhan, Kato Shichirō, Honda ngawangun [[Tōkai region|Tōkai]] Seiki (éastern Séa Precision Machine Company) pikeun nyieun [[piston ring]]s sarta kaluar ti béngkél Art Shokai.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus kagagalan mimiti, Tōkai Seiki meunang kontrak pikeun masok ring piston pikeun [[Toyota]], tapi kontrak dieureunkeun alatan goréngna kualitas produk maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus ngaluuhan sakola téknik, teu junun, sarta ngadatangan pabrik-pabrik di sakumna Jepang pikeun leuwih nyurtian kualitas kontrol prosés Toyota, Honda mampuh, taun 1941, kalayan ngahasilkeun ''ring piston'' ditarima ku Toyota, ngagunakeun prosés otomatis anu bisa ngagawékeun buruh perang sanajan teu calakan .<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/> Tōkai Seiki ditempatkeun di handapeun kadali [[Departemen Perdagangan sarta Industri]] (disebut Departemén Mesiu sanggeus 1943) dina mimiti Perang Dunya II, sarta Soichiro Honda diturunkeun ti présidén pikeun direktur manager sénior sanggeus Toyota meuli 40% saham ti pausahaan. .<ref name=Alexander2008/> Honda ogé mantuan usaha perang kalayan mantuan pausahaan séjén dina ngaotomatisasi produksi kolécér pasawat militér.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Hubungan Honda dironjatkeun kalayan personil di Toyota. ''[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]'' sarta ''[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'' baris jadi instrumén dina période pascaperanng.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Serangan pasawat bomber ''US [[B-29]]'' ngancurkeun Yamashita nu Tōkai Seiki taun 1944, sarta pabrik Itawa runtuh ku [[gempa bumi Mikawa 1945]], sarta Soichiro Honda ngajual sésa-sésa pausahaan ka Toyota sanggeus perang saharga ¥450,000, sarta ngagunakeun hasilna pikeun ngadegkeun ''Honda Technical Research Institute'' bulan Oktober 1946.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Falloon2005/> Kalayan staf 12 jelema anu digawé dina gubug legana {{convert|172|sqft|adj=on}} , maranéhanana ngawangun sarta ngajual [[sapédah motor]] improvisasi, ngagunakeun kiriman 500 mesin [[two-stroke]] ''50&nbsp;cc'' [[Tohatsu]] [[sésa perang]] radio ''[[Engine-generator|generator engines]]''.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Sabot mesin béak, Honda mimiti ngawangun salinan maranéhanana sorangan tina mesin Tohatsu, sarta masok para langganan pikeun ngilukeun sapédah maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Ieu téh [[Honda Model A]], katelahna ''Bata Bata'' pikeun sora mesin anu dijieun.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sapédah motor kumplit kahiji, kalayan rangka alus sarta mesin anu dijieun ku Honda, taun 1949 [[Honda Model D|Model D]], Honda anu kahiji kalayan ngaran ''Dream'' .<ref name=Falloon2005/> Honda Motor Company tumuwuh dina waktu singget pikeun jadi produsén pangbadagna di dunya sapédah motor taun 1964. Produksi mobil munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda T360|T360]] Mini treuk, anu mimiti dijual dina bulan Agustus 1963..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1962autoproduction/text/05.html |title=Honda Worldwide, History |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> Dirojong ku mesin bensin leutik 356 cc sagaris-4, éta diklasifikasikeun pajeg mobil murah ''[[Kei car]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/03/hondas-wild-9000-rpm-mid-engine-rwd-t360-pickup-of-1963/ |title=Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963 |date=30 March 2010 |author=Paul Niedermeyer |publisher=The Truth about Cars }}</ref> Produksi mobil sport munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda S500|S500]], anu dituturkeun ku produksi T360 dina bulan Oktober 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |title=Sporting Hondas – Classic Buyer’s Guide |date=21 September 2010 |author= |publisher=New Zealand Classic Car magazine }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205600/http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Salila sawatara dékadeu ka hareup, Honda digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun lini produk sarta ékspor ka nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya. Taun 1986, Honda suksés ngawanohkeun méré k [[Acura]] ka pasar Amérika dina usaha pikeun meunangkeun tempat di pasar [[kandaraan mentéréng]]. Taun 1991 Honda ngawanohkeun supercar [[Honda NSX]] , kandaraan ''monocoque'' munggaran anu sakabéh-aluminium anu ngagabungkeun V6 mid-engine kalayan timing variabel-valve .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1990thensx/text01/index.html|title=Let’s Build a Sportscar!|publisher=Honda|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Saterusna, taun 1995 ngadegkeun ''[[Honda Aircraft Company]]'' kalayan tujuan mroduksi pasawat jét Honda .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/history-of-honda-motor-company/|title=The History of Honda Motor Company|date=18 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> == Corporate profile and divisions == [[File:Honda aoyama.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Minato, Tokyo|Honda headquarters]] building in [[Minato, Tokyo]]]] '''Honda''' is héadquartered in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]], as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], London, Paris and Switzerland. The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zéaland, Malaysia, Indonésia, India, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan and Perú. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a yéar éarlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-yéar high against the dollar.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> '''Honda's Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Géographical Regions in 2007'''<ref>[[Wikinvest:stock/Honda Motor Company (HMC)/Breakdown Net Sales Other Operating Revenue Geographical Markets|Breakdown of net sales and other operating revenue by geographical markets from company 20Fs]]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Géographic Region ! Total revenue (in millions of [[Japanese yen|¥]]) |- | Japan || 1,681,190 |- | North America || 5,980,876 |- | Europe || 1,236,757 |- | Asia || 1,283,154 |- | Others || 905,163 |} [[American Honda Motor Company]] is based in Torrance, California. [[Honda Canada Inc.]] is héadquartered in [[Markham, Ontario]],<ref>{{Cite news | last = Mangion | first = Patrick | title = Markham saves Honda deal | newspaper=Yorkregion.com | page = 1 | year = 2007 | date = 08-27 | url = http://www.yorkregion.com/article/44477 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }} It was originally planned to be located in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], but delays led them to look elsewhere.</ref> their manufacturing division, [[Honda of Canada Manufacturing]], is based in [[Alliston, Ontario]]. Honda has also créated joint ventures around the world, such as [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda Siel Cars]] and [[Hero Honda|Hero Honda Motorcycles]] in India,<ref>Share Manthan : http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429013427/http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda |date=29 April 2010 }}</ref> [[Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group|Guangzhou Honda]] and [[Dongfeng Honda]] in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and [[Honda Atlas]] in Pakistan. Following the Japanese éarthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2 day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It's thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period. == Leadership == {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" width="175" | Name ! scope="col" width="70" | Yéars |- | [[Soichiro Honda]] || 1948–1973 |- | Kiyoshi Kawashima || 1973–1983 |- | Tadashi Kume || 1983–1990 |- | [[Nobuhiko Kawamoto]] || 1990–1998 |- | Hiroyuki Yoshino || 1998–2004 |- | [[Takeo Fukui]] || 2004–2009 |- | Takanobu Ito || 2009— |} == Products == === Automobiles === {{For|a list of vehicles|List of Honda vehicles}} [[File:Hondajazzsport.JPG|thumb|right|2011 [[Honda Jazz]] (Indian rampart)]] [[File:2008 Honda Accord.jpg|thumb|right|2008 [[Honda Accord]] (USA-Canada)]] [[File:2006-2009 Honda Civic VTi sedan (2018-10-19) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Eighth Generation [[Honda Civic]] (Asian Version)]] Honda's global lineup consists of the [[Honda Fit|Fit]], [[Honda Civic|Civic]], [[Honda Accord|Accord]], [[Honda Insight|Insight]], [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]], [[Honda Legend|Legend]] and two versions of the Odyssey, [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|one for North America]], and [[Honda Odyssey (international)|a smaller vehicle]] sold internationally. An éarly proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda's lineup varies by country and may féature vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] [[minivan]] and the [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]], Honda's first light-duty uni-body [[pickup truck]]. Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive modéls includes the [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)#Europe|Honda Civic five-door hatchback]] sold in Europe. Honda's automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the [[Honda T360]], a [[kei car]] truck built for the Japanese market.<ref name=tjra>{{cite journal | editor-first = Jonathan | editor-last = Barr | title = 1965 Honda T500F Flat Bed Utility | journal = The Japanese Restorer in Australia | month = July/September | year = 2003 | issue = 4 | location = [[Bald Hills, Queensland]], Australia | page = 15 }}</ref> This was followed by the two-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]], the [[Honda S500]] also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the [[Honda L700]]. Honda's first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered [[Honda 1300]] in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn't the first two-door hatchback built. That was the [[Honda N360]], another ''Kei car'' that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appéared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the [[Honda Life]] that was water-cooled. The Honda Life represented Honda's efforts in competing in the ''kei'' car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The [[Honda Life#Life Step Van|Life StepVan]] had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appéars to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine, a large cargo aréa with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain. As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing after [[World War II]], where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had heritage before the war, it appéars that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic, have always employed [[front-wheel-drive]] powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the éarly 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the création of the first Japanese luxury chain [[Acura]], and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the [[Honda NSX]], which also introduced [[variable valve timing]] technology, Honda calls [[VTEC]]. The Civic is a line of [[compact car]]s developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the [[Toyota Corolla]], introduced in 1968, has been in production longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/our_history/product_history/pdf/corolla.pdf|title=Toyota Corolla History|work=Toyota Motor Corp}}</ref> The Civic, along with the Accord and [[Honda Prelude|Prelude]], comprised Honda's vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the modél lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more [[upmarket]], and it currently slots between the [[Honda Fit|Fit]] and Accord. Honda produces [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Civic hybrid]], a [[hybrid electric vehicle]] that competes with the [[Toyota Prius]], and also produces the [[Honda Insight|Insight]] and [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]]. In 2008, Honda incréased global production to meet demand for [[small car]]s and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrids]] in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer [[minivan]]s and [[sport utility vehicle]]s as [[light-truck|light truck]] sales fell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20auto.html?_r=1|title=The Smaller the Better, Automakers Are Finding|last=Vlasic|first=Bill|coauthors=Bunkley, Nick|date=20 June 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Yéar from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of the Year]] from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors. It is reported that Honda plans to incréase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal yéar 2011, from 14.8% in previous yéar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/honda-20101127.html |title=Report: Honda planning to double hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% next fiscal year |date=27 November 2010 |publisher=Green Car Congress }}</ref> Five of [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five modéls are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight ({{convert|53|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF ({{convert|46|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX ({{convert|43|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid ({{convert|42|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), and 2010– Honda Insight ({{convert|41|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined).<ref>Scott Doggett [http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/"EPA Lists Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars From 1984 to Present" Green car advisor – Edmunds, 10 June 2010. (mpg revised in accordance with 2008 regulation change)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020194846/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/ |date=20 October 2010 }}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> The [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|ACEEE]] has also rated the [[Honda Civic GX|Civic GX]] as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive yéars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |title=the greenest vehicles of 2008 |publisher=greenercars.org |accessdate=1 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |date=10 September 2007 }}</ref> === Motorcycles === {{For|a list of motorcycle products|List of Honda motorcycles}} Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955.<ref name=Alexander2008/> At its péak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.<ref name=Alexander2008/> During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency [[Grey Advertising]], Honda créated an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan "You meet the nicest people on a Honda." In contrast to the prevailing negative steréotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three yéars, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles.<ref name="Frank2003">{{cite book|author=Aaron Frank|title=Honda Motorcycles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&pg=PA42|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=12 July 2003|publisher=MotorBooks International|isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9|pages=41–43}}</ref> Taking Honda's story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market alréady occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda's strategy and the réasons for their success.<ref name="Richard P. Rumelt">http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/HONDA</ref> The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from [[economies of scale]] and [[learning curve]] effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and [[economies of scope|scope]].<ref name="MorrisonDivision1993">{{cite book|author1=Allen J. Morrison|author2=United Nations. Transnational Corporations and Management Division|title=Transnational corporations and business strategy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvQcQFFONzkC&pg=PA64|accessdate=1 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-08537-3|pages=65–66}}</ref> [[File:2004supercub.jpg|thumb|right|2004 [[Honda Super Cub]]]] The second explanation was offered in 1984 by [[Richard Pascale]], who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm's entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of "miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning" – in other words, Honda's success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy.<ref name="PascaleHondaEffect">{{cite book | title=Transnational corporations and business strategy | publisher=Taylor & Francis | author=Morrison, Allen J. | authorlink=Richard Pascale | pages=64–92 | isbn=0-415-08537-3}}</ref> For example, Honda's initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300&nbsp;cc. Honda's motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distanes of the US highways.<ref name="Frank2003"/> When the téam found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of [[San Francisco]] attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]] instéad.<ref name="Frank2003"/> The most recent school of thought on Honda's strategy was put forward by [[Gary Hamel]] and [[C. K. Prahalad]] in 1989. Créating the concept of [[core competency|core competencies]] with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda's success was due to its focus on léadership in the technology of internal combustion engines.<ref name="HamelPrahalad1994">{{cite book|author1=Gary Hamel|author2=C. K. Prahalad|title=Competing for the future|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PlML2w8dhJ0C&pg=PA204|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=1 July 1994|publisher=Harvard Business Press|isbn=978-0-87584-416-9|page=204}}</ref> For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda's entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a [[case study]] for téaching introductory strategy at [[business school]]s worldwide.<ref name="ClarkeLamoreaux2009">{{cite book|author1=Sally H. Clarke|author2=Naomi R. Lamoreaux|author3=Steven W. Usselman|title=The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ho6hmHrCjCEC&pg=PA223|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=10 March 2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5892-5|page=223}}</ref> === Power equipment === Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/power/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Timeline – Power Products |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><br> Honda power equipment réached record sales in 2007 with 6,4&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308002707/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf |date=8 March 2010 }}</ref> By 2010 <small>([[Fiscal year]] ended 31 March)</small> this figure had decréased to 4,7&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024549/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf |date=25 January 2011 }}</ref> Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/power/overview/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Power Products, Overview |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref> Honda power equipment includes: {{columns-list|3| *[[Engine]] *[[Tiller]] * [[Lawn mower]] * [[Lawn mower|Riding mower]] * [[String trimmer|Trimmer]] * [[Mower]] * [[Leaf blower|Blower]] * [[Sprayer]] * [[Hedge trimmer]] * [[Snowthrower]] * [[Engine-generator|Generator]], [[welding power supply]] * [[Honda pumps|Pumps]] * [[Outboard engine]] * [[Inflatable boat]] * [[Mobility scooter|Electric 4-wheel Scooter]] * Compact Household [[Cogeneration]] Unit }} === Engines === {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} [[File:Hondaoutboard.jpg|thumb|right|Honda [[Outboard motor]] on a [[pontoon boat]]]] Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the [[2010 Indianapolis 500]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/about/engine.aspx |title=Honda Racing Engines |publisher=Racing.honda.com |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic.<ref name="INDY1">{{cite web |publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway |url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/ |title=Indy 500 }}</ref> Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a [[V8 engine|V8]] for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American déalers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and [[Acura]]s), with American Honda reportedly sending one déaler a shipment of [[V8 (beverage)|V8 beverage]]s to silence them.<ref>{{cite web|last=News |first=Automotive |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10064387-48.html |title=Green-car era poses test for Honda, The Car Tech blog – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=17 October 2008 |accessdate=22 November 2009}}</ref> Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as réasons for the termination of this project.<ref>{{cite web |title= Honda S2000, CR-Z convertible follow Acura NSX and V8 to scrap heap |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/06/honda-s2000-cr-z-convertible-follow-acura-nsx-and-v8-to-scrap-h/ |accessdate=25 October 2010 |first= Sam |last= Abuelsamid |date= 6 January 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> === Robots === [[File:HONDA ASIMO.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[ASIMO]] at [[Expo 2005]]]] [[ASIMO]] is the part of Honda's [http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/history/history.html Research & Development robotics program]. It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with [[Honda E0]] moving through the ensuing [[Honda E series]] and the [[Honda P series]]. Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centiméters tall, ASIMO resembles a small [[astronaut]] wéaring a backpack, and can walk on [[biped|two feet]] in a manner resembling human [[Walking|locomotion]], at up to {{convert|6|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}. ASIMO is the world's only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently.<ref>Frequently asked questions about ASIMO [http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-faq.pdf]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</ref> However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase. Honda's robot [[ASIMO]] (see below) as an R&D project brings together expertise to créate a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps. 2010 marks the yéar Honda has developed a machine capable of réading a user's brainwaves to move [[ASIMO]]. The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and néar-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface.<ref>http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/1938/digital-life/japan-plans-mind-reading-devices</ref> === Aircraft === {{utama|Honda HA-420 HondaJet}} Honda has also pioneered new technology in its [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet|HA-420 HondaJet]], manufactured by its subsidiary [[Honda Aircraft Company]], which allows new levels of reduced drag, incréased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} === Solar cells === Honda's solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Héadquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; présidént and Céo: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of [[thin-film solar cells]] for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/news/2008/c081023Thin-Film-Solar-Cells |title=Honda Worldwide &#124; October 23, 2008 "Honda Soltec Begins Sales of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Public and Industrial Use" |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> === Mountain bikes === {{See also|Honda RN-01 G-cross}} Honda has also built a [[Downhill mountain biking|downhill racing bicycle]] known as the Honda RN-01. It is not available for sale to the public. The key féature of this bike is the géarbox, which replaces the standard [[Derailleur gears|derailleur]] found on most bikes. Honda has hired several péople to pilot the bike, among them [[Greg Minnaar]]. The téam is known as Téam G Cross Honda. === ATV === {{See also|Honda Rincon}} Honda also builds [[all-terrain vehicles]] (ATV). == Motorsports == Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others. === Automobile === {{See also|Honda Racing F1}} [[File:Rubens Barrichello 2006 Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rubens Barrichello]] driving for Honda]] Honda entered [[Formula One]] as a constructor for the first time in the [[1964 Formula One season|1964 season]] at the [[1964 German Grand Prix|German Grand Prix]] with [[Ronnie Bucknum]] at the wheel. [[1965 Formula One season|1965]] saw the addition of [[Richie Ginther]] to the téam, who scored Honda's first point at the [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]], and Honda's first win at the [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexican Grand Prix]]. [[1967 Formula One season|1967]] saw their next win at the [[1967 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]] with [[John Surtees]] as their driver. In [[1968 Formula One season|1968]], [[Jo Schlesser]] was killed in a Honda RA302 at the [[1968 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]]. This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that yéar. After a léarning yéar in 1965, Honda-powered [[Brabham]]s dominated the 1966 French [[Formula Two]] championship in the hands of [[Jack Brabham]] and [[Denny Hulme]]. As there was no Européan Championship that séason, this was the top F2 championship that yéar. In the éarly 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to [[Ron Tauranac]]'s [[Ralt]] téam. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their éarlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd's [[Judd (engine)|Engine Developments]] company produced a turbo "Brabham-Honda" engine for use in [[open wheel car|IndyCar]] racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for [[Bobby Rahal]] at Pocono. Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the [[Spirit (racing team)|Spirit]] téam, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and éarly 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive [[Formula One]] Constructors Championships. [[WilliamsF1]] won the crown in [[1986 Formula One season|1986]] and [[1987 Formula One season|1987]]. Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Téam [[McLaren]] won the title in [[1988 Formula One season|1988]], [[1989 Formula One season|1989]], [[1990 Formula One season|1990]] and [[1991 Formula One season|1991]]. Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related [[Mugen-Honda]] company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]] and [[Jordan Grand Prix]]. Honda debuted in the [[Champ Car|CART IndyCar World Series]] as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival [[Indy Racing League|IRL]] [[IndyCar Series]]. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the [[Indianapolis 500]], and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers' Championship, Drivers' Championship and Rookie of the Yéar titles. In 2006, Honda became the sole engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the [[2006 Indianapolis 500]], for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/results/detail.aspx?date=2006_05_28|title=Last Lap Victory for Franchitti Seals 2007 IndyCar Title|accessdate=14 January 2008}}</ref> During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own téam. The project was aborted after the déath of its technical director, [[Harvey Postlethwaite]]. Honda instéad came back as an official engine supplier to [[British American Racing]] (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR téam in 2004 before buying the téam outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix]] with driver [[Jenson Button]]. It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72322|title=Honda confirm immediate F1 pull out |accessdate=5 December 2008 | work=Autosport}}</ref> The téam was sold to former téam principal [[Ross Brawn]], renamed [[Brawn GP]] and subsequently [[Mercedes GP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21227.html|title=Brawn GP arrives |accessdate=6 March 2009}}</ref> Honda became an official works téam in the [[British Touring Car Championship]] in 2010. === Motorcycles === {{utama|Honda Racing Corporation}} [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda RC212V]] raced by [[Dani Pedrosa]]]] [[Honda Racing Corporation]] (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the création of léading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite téams, and rider education programs. Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international [[motorsport]]. In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the [[Isle of Man TT]] race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow [[Mike Hailwood]] to claim their first [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] victories in the 125 and 250&nbsp;[[Cubic centimetre|cc]] classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and [[1967 British motorcycle Grand Prix|1967]]. Honda's race bikes were known for their "sleek & stylish design" and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000&nbsp;rpm, 125&nbsp;cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250&nbsp;cc and 297&nbsp;cc bikes. In 1979, Honda returned to [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] with the [[monocoque]]-framed, [[four-stroke]] [[NR500]]. The [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 féatured non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, éach with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve aréa to compete with the dominant [[two-stroke]] racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 séason, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in [[1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1983]], Honda won their first 500&nbsp;cc [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] World Championship with [[Freddie Spencer]]. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as [[Mick Doohan]] and [[Valentino Rossi]]. In the [[Motocross World Championship]], Honda has claimed six world championships. In the [[World Enduro Championship]], Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with [[Stefan Merriman]] in 2003 and with [[Mika Ahola]] from 2007 to 2010. In [[observed trials]], Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider [[Eddy Lejeune]]. == Electric and alternative fuel vehicles == [[File:2009 Honda Civic NGV--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2009 [[Honda Civic GX]] hooked up to Phill refueling system]] [[File:Honda Civic Clean Models USA & BRA.jpg|thumb|right|Top: Brazilian [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] [[Honda Civic]]. Below: U.S. [[Honda Civic Hybrid]].]] <!--[[File:HondaInsight.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (First generation).]]--> [[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (Second generation).]] [[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[hydrogen]] [[fuel cell]] vehicle]] === Compressed natural gas === The [[Honda Civic GX]] is the only purpose-built [[natural gas vehicle]] (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |title=2008 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) Available |author=Christine Gable and Scott Gable |publisher=About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels |accessdate=18 October 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011214336/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |date=11 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/ |title=2009 Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Vehicle |publisher=Honda |accessdate=18 October 2008}}</ref> The Honda Civic GX first appéared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on [[compressed natural gas]]. The car looks and drives just like a contemporary [[Honda Civic]] LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cléanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA).<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/ozone/eac/pr051231_eac_tx_northeast.pdf "Sixth Biannual Report On The Early Action Compact For Northeast Texas"], p.5.</ref><ref>[http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ "Natural Gas Myths"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150337/http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ |date=29 September 2011 }}, Myth 2.</ref> First léased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained déalers certified to service the GX. Before that, only [[fleet vehicles|fleets]] were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was reléased in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car.<ref>[http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=2006101966979 "Honda Press Release"], 19 October 2006</ref> Home refueling is available for the GX with the addition of the [[Phill Home Refueling Appliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080215084754/http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archivedate=15 February 2008 |title=FuelMaker Corporation – World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=15 February 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> === Flexible-fuel === Honda's Brazilian subsidiary launched [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] versions for the [[Honda Civic]] and [[Honda Fit]] in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these modéls run on any blend of [[hydrous]] ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]) and [[w:common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20-E25 gasoline]].<ref name="HondaFlex">{{cite news |url=http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |author=Ricardo Ghigonetto |publisher=Honda (Brazil) |title=Honda apresenta tecnologia Flex |date=November 20061 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618152740/http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |date=18 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="4Rodas">{{cite news |url=http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |author=Marcelo Moura |publisher=Revista Quatro Rodas |title=Testes: Honda Civic EXS Flex x Honda Civic EXS |date=January 2007 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220054457/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |date=20 February 2009 }}</ref> Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit modéls.<ref name="HondaFlex"/><ref name="4Rodas"/> Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions.<ref name="4Rodas"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Testes_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=37317 |author=Luís Felipe Figueiredo |publisher=WebMotors |title=Honda Fit LXL Flex, um japonês versátil|date=9 February 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/interpressmotor/noticias/item15731.shl |author=Alberto Polo Junior |publisher=Interpress Motor |title=Versão Flex do Honda Fit chega na sexta por R$ 46.340|date=12 December 2006|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref> In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the [[Honda City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/07/29/honda-starts-building-flex-fuel-city-sedan-in-brazil/|title=Honda starts building flex-fuel City sedan in Brazil|publisher=AutoblogGreen|date=29 July 2009|accessdate=3 August 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel modéls sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles,<ref name="ANFAVEA06">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120104144/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales''.</ref> jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007,<ref name="ANFAVEA07">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041043/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> and réaching 93,361 in 2008.<ref name="ANFAVEA08">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150754/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> Due to the success of the flex versions, by éarly 2009 a hundred percent of Honda's automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports.<ref name="ANFAVEA09">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html|title=Autoveículos – Produção em 2009|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813215230/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html |date=13 August 2006 }} ''Up to February 2009. See "Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível " Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009)''.</ref> In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the [[CG 150 Titan Mix]] is sold for around US$2,700.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html |publisher=G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo |title=Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml |author=Agencia EFE |publisher=Folha Online |title=Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d|publisher=UNICA|title=Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo|date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804191617/http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7B5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7D |date=4 August 2009 }}</ref> === Hybrid electric === In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial [[hybrid electric car]] sold in the U.S. market, the [[Honda Insight]], just one month before the introduction of the [[Toyota Prius]], and initially sold for US$20,000.<ref name="TwoBillion">{{Cite document | last = Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages= 28, 64–65, and 168–168 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], New York | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7}}</ref><ref name=NYT2/> The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of {{convert|70|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} for the EPA's highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time.<ref name="TwoBillion"/><ref name=NYT2/> Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles.<ref name=NYT2>{{Cite news|title=The Once and Future Mileage King |author=Jerry Garrett |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/automobiles/27HONDA.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=The%20Once%20and%20Future%20Mileage%20King&st=cse&oref=slogin}}</ref> Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in its home nation of Japan in February 2009, and reléased it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the léast expensive hybrid available in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda Insight: America's most affordable hybrid at $19,800|work=Honda|publisher=Motor Authority|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html|accessdate=21 March 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041609/http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda expects to sell 200,000 of the vehicles éach yéar, with half of those sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=4510 |title=Honda Announces Additional Details on New Small Hybrid Vehicle – Honda – Press Releases |publisher=Corporate.honda.com |date=20 May 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the [[Honda Civic Hybrid]] (2003 modél) in the U.S. market,.<ref name="TwoBillion"/> It was followed by the [[Honda Accord Hybrid]], offered in modél yéars 2005 through 2007. Sales of the [[Honda CR-Z]] began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.<ref name=GCC0210>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/crz-20100227.html|title=Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=13 March 2010|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In an interview in éarly February 2011, a Honda executive disclosed that Honda produces around 200,000 hybrids a yéar in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110202-703049.html |title=Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon |date=2 February 2011 |author=Yoshio Takahashi |publisher=Dow Jones newswire }}</ref> === Hydrogen fuel cell === In [[Takanezawa]], Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line [[Honda FCX Clarity|FCX Clarity]], a [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle]]. More efficient than a [[hybrid electric vehicle|gas-electric hybrid vehicle]], the FCX Clarity combines [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor. The vehicle itself does not emit any [[pollutants]] and its only by products are héat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an [[internal combustion engine]] to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a [[lithium ion battery]] to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through [[regenerative braking]], thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17fuelcell.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | title=Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum | author=Fackler, Martin |work=New York Times | date=17 June 2008 | accessdate=17 June 2008}}</ref> Honda will reléase the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) granted $6.8&nbsp;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7&nbsp;million USD éach.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19car-t.html?pagewanted=4&ref=magazine| title=Batteries Not Included |work=New York Times | author=Clive Thompson|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=19 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/08/carb-grants-6-8-billion-for-four-hydrogen-refueling-stations/| title=CARB grants $6.8&nbsp;million for four hydrogen refueling stations| publisher=[[Autobloggreen]] | author=Sebastian Blanco|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=17 June 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> == Marketing == === Japan === [[File:Honda CLIO Japan Car dealership Saitama.jpg|thumb|right|Honda Clio ([[Saitama, Saitama]], Japan)]] Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify their sales distribution channels, and créated '''Honda Verno''', which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature.<ref name="n5">[http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2005/c051214.html Honda　国内四輪　新販売チャネル施策と、アキュラブランド導入を発表] Honda公式サイト 2005年12月14日</ref><ref>[http://www.honda.co.jp/guide/corporate-profile/global/japan/ Honda｜会社案内｜会社概要｜Hondaのグローバル展開｜日本] Honda公式サイト</ref> The establishment of ''Honda Verno'' coincided with its new sports compact, called the [[Honda Prelude]]. Later, the [[Honda Vigor]], the [[Honda Ballade]], and the [[Honda Quint]] were added to ''Honda Verno'' stores. As sales progressed, Honda créated two more sales channels, called '''Honda Clio''' in 1984, and '''Honda Primo''' in 1985. The ''Honda Clio'' chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda déalerships before 1978, like the [[Honda Accord]], and ''Honda Primo'' sold the [[Honda Civic]], [[kei cars]], such as the [[Honda Today]], [[supermini]]s like the [[Honda Capa]], along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, motorcycles, and scooters. A styling tradition was established when ''Honda Primo'' and ''Clio'' began operations, in that all ''Verno'' products had the réar license plate installed in the réar bumper, while ''Primo'' and ''Clio'' products had the réar license plate installed on the trunk lid or réar door for minivans. As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese "[[Japan "bubble economy"|bubble economy]]", "supermini" and "kei" vehicles that were specific to ''Honda Primo'' were "[[badge engineered]]" and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both ''Honda Verno'' and ''Honda Clio'' locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of ''Honda Cars'' déalerships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/japan/ |title=Honda Timeline |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called ''[[:ja:ホンダアクセス|Honda Access]]'' for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate "[[keiretsu]]" partner [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name [[:ja:ギャザズ|Gathers]], which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as [[Autobacs]]. Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called ''[[:ja:Auto Terrace|Honda Auto Terrace]].'' *All cars sold at [[:ja:ベルノ店|Honda Verno]] [[Honda Prelude]], [[Honda Integra]], [[Honda CR-X]], [[Honda Vigor]], [[Honda Saber]], [[Honda Ballade]], [[Honda Quint]], [[Honda Crossroad]], [[Honda Element]], [[Honda NSX]], [[Honda HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio Spike]], [[Honda S2000]], [[Honda CR-V]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda MDX]], [[Honda Rafaga]], [[Honda Capa]], and the [[Honda Torneo]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:クリオ店|Honda Clio]] [[Honda Accord]], [[Honda Legend]], [[Honda Inspire]], [[Honda Avancier]], [[Honda S-MX]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Lagreat]], [[Honda Stepwgn]], [[Honda Elysion]], [[Honda Stream]], [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey (int'l)]], [[Honda Domani]], [[Honda Concerto]], [[Honda Accord Tourer]], [[Honda Logo]], [[Honda Fit]], [[Honda Insight]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda Mobilio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |title=Honda Mobilio |publisher=PT Honda Prospect Motor |date= |accessdate=10 January 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122160801/http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>, and the [[Honda City]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:プリモ店|Honda Primo]] [[Honda Civic]], [[Honda Life]], [[Honda Acty]], [[Honda Vamos]], [[Honda Vamos|Honda Hobio]], [[Honda Ascot]], [[Honda Ascot#Ascot Innova (CB3/4)|Honda Ascot Innova]], [[Honda Torneo]], [[Honda Civic Ferio]], [[Honda Freed]], [[Honda Mobilio]], [[Honda Orthia]], [[Honda Capa]], [[Honda Today]], [[Honda Z]], and the [[Honda Beat]] {{commons category|Honda dealerships}} === International efforts === In 2003, Honda reléased its ''[[Cog (television commercial)|Cog]]'' advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To maké the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a [[Rube Goldberg Machine]] made entirely out of car parts from a [[Honda Accord (Japan and Europe seventh generation)|Honda Accord Touring]]. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled [[Pre-production car|pre-production]] modéls of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and [[Garrison Keillor]] spéaking the tagline, "Isn't it nice when things just... work?" It took 606 takes to get it perfect.<ref name="Honda 2003 UK Ad campaign">{{cite web|title=Lights! Camera! Retake!|publisher=Telegraph |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080129213751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/13/nhonda13.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/04/13/ixhome.html |accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> In 2004, they produced the ''[[Grrr (advertisement)|Grrr]]'' advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 ''Impossible Dream'' advert. [[File:MonctonHonda.JPG|thumb|A post 2005 style Honda dealership in [[Moncton]], Canada]] In December 2005, Honda reléased ''[[Impossible Dream (Honda advert)|The Impossible Dream]]'' a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zéaland, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder's dréam to build performance vehicles. While singing the song "[[The Impossible Dream (The Quest)|Impossible Dream]]", a man réaches for his racing helmet, léaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to réappéar piloting a [[hot air balloon]], with Garrison Keillor saying "I couldn't have put it better myself" as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical ''[[Man Of La Mancha]]'', sung by [[Andy Williams]]. In 2006, Honda reléased its ''Choir'' advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This féatured a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown. In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during modél close-out sales for the current yéar before the start of the new [[model year]], Honda's advertising has féatured an [[animated character]] known simply as [[Mr. Opportunity]], voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]]. The casual looking man talked about various déals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase "I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'", followed by him "knocking" on the television screen or "thumping" the spéaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as [[Tetris]] and [[Thomas The Tank Engine]]. In late 2006, Honda reléased an ad with [[ASIMO]] exploring a muséum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spréading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an [[astronaut]] suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: "More forwards please". Honda also sponsored [[ITV Sport|ITV's]] coverage of [[Formula One]] in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high. In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as "Hondamentalism". The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda reléased its [http://www.honda.co.uk/hondamentalism/?campaignid=CM059600W01G Hondamentalism] campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, "An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey", while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a gréat light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics. At the beginning of 2008, Honda reléased – the ''Problem Playground''. The advert outlines Honda's environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the [[FCX Clarity]], a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert féatures large scale puzzles, involving [[Rubik's Cube]]s, large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle. On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with [[Channel 4]], broadcast a live advertisement. It showed [[skydivers]] jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. The next flight of one of the two planes involved resulted in a [[2008 Spain Pilatus PC-6 crash|fatal crash]] as the plane broke apart in mid-air.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Sweney |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/02/advertising.spain |title=Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 2 June 2008|accessdate=27 September 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, American Honda reléased the ''Dream the Impossible'' documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: ''The Secret to Success'', ''Kick Out the Ladder'' and ''Mobility 2088''. They féature Honda employees as well as [[Danica Patrick]], [[Christopher Guest]], [[Ben Bova]], Chee Péarlman, [[Joe Johnston]] and [[Orson Scott Card]]. The film series plays at dréams.honda.com. === Sports === In Australia, Honda advertised héavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel "Ten". In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 [[Indy Racing League]] séason. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda's racing heritage, Honda claimed it "built" cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. Skeptics{{Who|date=July 2009}} have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda ''powered'' (engined) machines, wheréas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 téams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 téam have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. .{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} The late F1 driver [[Ayrton Senna]] stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda "the greatest company in the world".{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the [[National Hockey League]], the [[Anaheim Ducks]] of the NHL, and the arena named after it: [[Honda Center]]. Honda also sponsors [[The Honda Classic]] golf tournament and is a sponsor of [[Major League Soccer]]. The "[[Honda Player of the Year]]" award is presented in United States soccer. The "[[Honda Sports Award]]" is given to the best female athlete in éach of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], as "Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year." Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the [[Los Angeles Marathon]] since 2010 in a three-yéar sponsorship déal with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free [[Honda Accord]]. Since 1989, the [[Honda Campus All-Star Challenge]] has been a [[quizbowl]] tournament for [[Historically black colleges and universities]]. == Facilities (partial list) == {{utama|List of Honda facilities}} == Mainstream models == {{See also|List of Honda motorcycles|List of Honda vehicles}} == Sales == {{refimprove section|date=December 2011|reason=Only one year is referenced. If references are not supplied then the whole table should be deleted}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Calendar yéar ! Total US sales |- | 1999 | 1,076,893 |- | 2000 | 1,158,860 |- | 2001 | 1,207,639 |- | 2002 | 1,247,834 |- | 2003 | 1,349,847 |- | 2004 | 1,394,398 |- | 2005 | 1,462,472 |- | 2006 | 1,509,358 |- | 2007 | 1,551,542<ref name=sales2008/> |- | 2008 | 1,284,261<ref name=sales2008>[http://www.hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723041408/http://hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 |date=23 July 2012 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | 1,150,784<ref name=sales2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |title=Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107094813/http://hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |date=7 January 2011 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | 1,230,480<ref name=sales2010/> |- | 2011 | 1,147,285 |- | 2012 | 1,422,785 |} == See also == {{Portal|Japanese Car|Tokyo|Companies}} *[[Comparison of Honda water-pumps]] *[[Honda advanced technology]] *[[Honda Airport]] *[[Honda Battle of the Bands]] *[[Honda F.C.]] (Football (soccer) club) *[[Honda Heat]] (Rugby union club) *[[Honda Type R]] *[[List of Honda assembly plants]] *[[List of Honda transmissions]] *[[Internavi]] == Notes == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name= Alexander2008>{{Citation |title= Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History |first= Jeffrey W. |last= Alexander |publisher= UBC Press |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8248-3328-2 |pages= 112–116, 197–211 }}</ref> <ref name=Falloon2005>{{Citation |first=Ian |last= Falloon |title= The Honda Story |publisher= Haynes |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-85960-966-X |pages= 9–13}}</ref> <ref name=Sakiya1982>{{Citation |title= Honda Motor: the men, the management, the machines |first= Tetsuo |last= Sakiya |editor-first= Timothy |editor-last= Porter |publisher= [[Kodansha]] |year= 1982 |isbn= 978-0-87011-522-6 }}</ref> <ref name=Frank2003>{{cite book | title= Honda Motorcycles | first= Aaron | last= Frank | publisher= MotorBooks International | year= 2003 | page=42 | isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |pages=19–21 }}</ref> }} == References == *"Move Over, Volvo: Honda Sets New Safety Standard for Itself", an article in the "News" section of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]'', on [[page (paper)|page]] 32 *[http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html 2004 Annual Corporate Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502074402/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html |date=2 May 2010 }} *The story of Honda's entry and growth in the American market is documented in [[Terry Sanders]]' film [[The Japan Project: Made in Japan]]. [http://www.honda.lv/ Honda] *[http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 Honda's Midlife Crisis: Honda's slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710033605/http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 |date=10 July 2006 }} *[http://corporate.honda.com/america/history.aspx Honda's Corporate History] == External links == {{Commons category|Honda}} *[http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide site] *[http://www.honda.co.jp/pressroom/library/ Honda Press Library] (Japanese, but with graphical timelines of car and bike modéls) *{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Automobiles}} *{{dmoz|Recreation/Motorcycles/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Motorcycles}} {{Honda}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{Honda Timeline}} {{Honda motorcycles}} {{Japanese Automobile Industry}} {{Major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers}} {{TOPIX 100}} {{Nikkei 225}} }} [[Kategori:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] [[Kategori:Honda| ]] [[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]] [[Kategori:Boat builders]] [[Kategori:Car manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Companies based in Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Companies established in 1948]] [[Kategori:Lawn and garden tractors]] [[Kategori:Moped manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Scooter manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Tractor manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Truck manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Marine engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Indy Racing League engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:1948 establishments in Japan]] 0mlmm2erpc25s2041jvln1d0tme11si 0 46275 710698 684661 2026-06-25T00:42:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ABS resin formula.PNG|thumb|150px|Komponen bahan ABS]] '''''Akrilonitril-butadiena-stirena (ABS)''''' nyaéta bahan [[Termoplastik]] anu diwangun tina graft/cangkokan kopolimér, maksudna molekul ieu diwangun tina ranté ''polibutadien'' anu kaluar tina bagéan tengah ranté tulang tonggong kopolimer ''stirena-akrilonitril (SAN)'' anu leuwih gedé pangaruhna di mana ''SAN'' anu henteu mibanda kantétan/(liontin) ''polibutadiena''. Ieu dijieun ku jalan ngaleyurkeun ''polibutadiena'' dina ancuran ''akrilonitril'' jeung ''stirena'' ''monomer'' anu satérusna [[polimer]]isasi ''monomer'' jeung pangantétna (''inisiator radikal bebas''). [[ABS]] ogé bisa dilakukeun sajéroeun prosés [[émulsi]], anu mana ancuran [[Karét|latéks]] disayagikeun pikeun ''polibutadiena'' di dieu ''stirena'' jeung ''akrilonitril'' dihijikeun terus dikopolimerkeun. Jumlah anu loyog tina unggal [[kopolimer]], panjang ranté kantétan polimer, jeung undakan ''interlinking'' bisa disaluyukeun ngajadi [[pageuh]], ieu anu mangrupa sarat anu dipaké nyieun [[produk]]. Dasarna tilu komponén ieu méré kasaimbangan sipat, ''butadiena''-na nambahan kana kakuatan dampak sipat heuras anu hadé, ''acrylonitrile''-na mibanda sipat tahan panas, jeung ''stiréna'' méré kakuatan kopolimér. ABS dianggap hasil pangropéa plastik anu alus (nyaéta, bisa dijadikeun pilihan keur gaganti [[logam]] di bagéan struktural). Bahan ieu ogé bisa dijieun maké mesin [[injeksi|injéksi]], mesin [[Mesin Tiup|blow]], atawa di[[Mesin Ekstrusi|ékstrusi]]. [[File:Plastic-recyc-07.svg|miniatur|150px|[[Kode Daurulang]] Bahan ABS]] ''Kopolimer'' ''akrilonitril''-''butadiena''-''stirena'' (ABS) Loba dimangpaatkeun kana pakakas rumah tangga, Elektronik, kandaraan (interior). Dasarna kopolimer stirena-akrilonitril diropéa ku butadiene rubber, ABS ngahijikeun kakuatan polibutadien anu [[heuras]] jeung teuas ''poliakrilonitril'' ditambah ''[[Polistiréna|polystyrene]]''. ABS geus dipatenkeun dina taun 1948 diwanohkeun ka pasar ''internasional'' ku Borg-Warner Corporation dina taun 1954.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/science/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-copolymer Rujukan Sejen depinisi ABS]</ref> [[File:Grãos de plástico ABS (ABS plastic grains).jpg|150px|thumb|right|Guruntulan bahan ABS]] [[File:Lego Color Bricks.jpg|thumb|right|150px| Kaulinan batu bata [[Lego]] tina bahan ABS]] == Sipat Pisik<ref>[http://www.siim.com/docs/RAE-1018.pdf Properties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165329/http://www.siim.com/docs/RAE-1018.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>== {| class="wikitable" |- |Kakuatan meral ditarik( % ) || 45 |- | Koefisien gesekan || 0,5 |- | Traksi Modul( GPa ) || 2,1-2,4 |- | Kakuatan ditarik( MPa ) || 41-45 |- | Kakuatan rengat/beulah( J m-1 ) || 200-400 |- | Nyerep Cai dina 24 jam ( % ) || 0.3-0.7 |- | Kepadatan ( g cm-3 ) || 1,05 |- |Tahan tina [[Radiasi]]|| Ditarima |- | Ketahanan tina Ultra-violats || Goreng |} == Pamangpatan== Plastik ABS ieu dimangpaatkeun dina loba widang utamana dina [[industri]], tabel di handap ngagambarkeun pamangpaatan umum bahan ABS: {| class="wikitable centre" |+ Aplikasi/Pamangpaatan Bahan ABS dibagéan Konsumen: |-align="center" bgcolor="#ffbbbb" ! scope=col | [[Industri]] ! scope=col | [[Aplikasi]] |- | '''Industri Plastik''' | Filamen anu dipaké printer 3D, produksi pipa, Citakan [[injeksi]] Jeung Wadah Kosmetik. |- | '''Industri Hiburan jeung kaulinan''' | Produksi kaulinan barudak [[lego]], momobilan, kotak spiker, pamuter vidéo, Jeung sajabana. |- | '''Industri Elekronik jeung Teknologi''' |[[Telepon]], [[komputer]], [[TV]], [[kalkulator]], Remot, Pakakas [[meuleum]] [[roti]], Papan Ketik, Dispenser Jeung réa-réa deui |- | '''[[ndustri]] [[Ka]]i''' | [[Gagang]] [[Laci]], lis/bar [[Sorolok]]an, panyarandéan [[korsi]], Panyambung panel [[kai]]. |- | ''' Komponen Otomotip''' | [[Helm]], [[Batok]] odo méter, sabagéan dasbor mobil, awak motor, jeung réa-réa deui. |- |colspan="3"|''Cutatan:<ref>[http://www.yamaha.com/yamahavgn/CDA/ContentDetail/ModelSeriesDetail.html?CNTID=2322&CTID=266300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429035637/http://www.yamaha.com/yamahavgn/CDA/ContentDetail/ModelSeriesDetail.html?CNTID=2322&CTID=266300 |date=2009-04-29 }} Yamaha Corporation of America</ref><ref>http://designinsite.dk/htmsider/k0001.htm Design inSite</ref><ref>[http://www.safetarget.pt/ProtVisual.htm Safetarget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006233629/http://www.safetarget.pt/ProtVisual.htm |date=2008-10-06 }} Capacetes de segurança.</ref><ref>[http://dn.sapo.pt/inicio/portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1311761 Diário de Notícias] Jogo de guerra utiliza réplicas de armas de elite.</ref><ref>http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4374944.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043049/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4374944.html |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> |} ==Batasan Pikeun Pamaké== ABS téh stabil pikeun dekomposisi sajeroeun pamakéan jeung pangolahan [[polimer]] dina kaayaan normal di mana paparan karsinogen sahandapeun batas anu geus disaluyuan ditempat gawe. Tapi, dina panas suhu leuwih ti (400 °C) ABS bisa laleupasan deui komponenna: butadiene ([[karsinogenik]] bagi manusia), akrilonitril (mungkin [[karsinogenik]] bagi manusia), dan styrene. ==Tutumbu Kaluar== *[http://www.machinist-materials.com/comparison_table_for_plastics.htm Katangtuan Pamake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504020850/http://machinist-materials.com/comparison_table_for_plastics.htm |date=2007-05-04 }} *[http://www.ides.com/plastics/default.htm Rupa-rupa Bahan Plastik] ==Tempo Ogé== # Mesin [[Injeksi]]/''Injection Moulding'' # [[Mesin Tiup]]/''Blow Molding'' # [[Mesin Ekstrusi]]/''Extrusion'' # [[Mesin Forming]] jeung [[Thermoforming]] # [[Mesin Rotomoulding]] # [[Mesin Film]]/ Blown film {{Pondok}} ==Dicutat Tina== {{Reflist|3}} [[Kategori:Bahan]] [[Kategori:Polimér]] [[Kategori:Plastik]] 4keecrwxsre4zpinzvfiqmzkthnoi0w 0 49781 710746 690069 2026-06-25T10:08:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Kuda nil (Hippopotamus) | image = Hipopotamos.jpg | image_caption = ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' | regnum = [[Animalia]] | divisio = [[Chordata]] | subdivisio = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Hippopotamidae]] | genus = ''[[Hippopotamus]]'' | species = ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' }} [[File:Hippo.ogv|thumb|Kuda nil]] '''Kuda nil''' (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') nyaéta [[sato]] [[mamalia]] semi-akuatik gedé nu kapanggih ngojay di situ di [[Afrika]] sub-sahara.<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[http://a-z-animals.com/animals/hippo/ Hippo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311155533/http://a-z-animals.com/animals/hippo/ |date=2016-03-11 }} (diakses 8 Maret 2016)</ref> Sanajan béda rupa, hippopotamus sabenerna dianggap patali pisan jeung [[paus]] salaku dua sato nu miboga nini moyang sarua nu aya antara 54 juta taun ka tukang.<ref name="hiji"/> Kuda nil resep kana [[cai]], sabab éta kunaon jalma [[Yunani]] méré ngaran "Kuda wahangan".<ref name="dua">{{en}}[http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/hippopotamus/ Hippopotamus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114002745/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/hippopotamus/ |date=2010-01-14 }} (diakses 8 Maret 2016)</ref> Kuda nil méakeun nepi ka 16 jam sapoé ngeueum na di [[wahangan]] jeung [[situ]] pikeun ngajaga [[awak]] gedéna tiis tina cahya [[panon poé]] [[Afrika]] nu panas.<ref name="dua"/> Kuda nil miboga [[anatomi]] jeung rupa kawas gentong awak nu pohara gedéna jeung boga panjang nepi ka lima méter jeung beurat leuwih ti opat ton, dibarengan ku [[suku]] nu pendék jeung gempal.<ref name="hiji"/> Sanajan boga awak pohara gedéna, [[mamalia]] [[cai]] ieu bisa gerak alus na cai, jeung lumpat di darat kalawan gancang.<ref name="tilu">{{en}}[http://www.nature-wildlife.com/hipptxt.htm Hippopotamus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705011206/http://www.nature-wildlife.com/hipptxt.htm |date=2012-07-05 }} (diakses 8 Maret 2016)</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Hippopotamidae]] 9b86htlauczpjlc03sjnki1olhjqi0e 0 99031 710743 651070 2026-06-25T09:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = King's College London | image_name = File:KCLCoatOfArms.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Lambang King's College London | latin_name = Collegium Regale Londiniense<ref>https://www.academia.edu/3066617/The_memorial_inscription_to_Joseph_Anstice</ref> | motto = {{Lang-la|Sancte et Sapienter}} | mottoeng = With Holiness and Wisdom | established = 1829 (mimiti ngajar di sakola kaséhatan di taun 1561)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/about/history/index.aspx |title=Our history |publisher=King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine |accessdate=13 February 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122315/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/about/history/index.aspx |date=18 October 2018 }}</ref> | type = [[Universitas panalungtikan]] [[Universitas negeri|negeri]] | endowment = [[Pound sterling|£]]258.1&nbsp;juta {{small|(tanggal 31 Juli 2019)}}<ref name="KCL 2018/19">{{cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/orgstructure/ps/finance/statements/2018-19-financial-statements.pdf|title=Financial Statements for the year to 31 July 2019|accessdate=24 December 2019|publisher=King's College London}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924122317/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/orgstructure/ps/finance/statements/2018-19-financial-statements.pdf |date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> |budget = [[Pounds sterling|£]]902.0 juta {{small|(2018–19)}}<ref name="KCL 2018/19"/> | head_label = Chairman of the Council | head = [[Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt|Lord Geidt]] | chancellor = [[Anne, Putri Karajaan|Putri Karajaan]]<br />{{small|(minangka kanselir di [[Universitas London]])}} | dean = [[Richard Burridge (priest)|Richard Burridge]] | principal = [[Ed Byrne (akademik)|Ed Byrne]] | free_label = Visitor | free = [[Justin Welby]]<br />{{small|(as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] ''[[ex officio]]'')}} | academic_staff = 4,520<ref name=HESAstaff /> | administrative_staff = 2,740<ref name=HESAstaff>{{cite web|format=XLSX |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/staff/download/staffinst1415.xlsx |publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency]] |title=2014/15 Staff by HE provider |accessdate=21 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318014603/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/staff/download/staffinst1415.xlsx |archivedate=18 March 2016 }}</ref> | students = 30.565 (2016/2017) <ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> | undergrad = 18.255 (2016/2017) <ref name="HESA citation" /> | postgrad = 13.215 (2016/2017) <ref name="HESA citation" /> | doctoral = | city = London | country = United Kingdom | campus = Urban | colours = {{scarf|{{cells|3|#003c7a}}{{cell|#e2231a}}{{cells|3|#003c7a}}{{cell|#e2231a}}{{cells|3|#003c7a}}}} Blue & King's red<ref name="Branding Essentials">{{cite web|title=Branding Essentials|url=https://internal.kcl.ac.uk/erd/depts/brand-and-marketing-portal/design-and-vi/branding-guidelines/branding-essentials-2018-11-27.pdf|website=Branding Essentials November 2018|accessdate=24 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | mascot = [[King's College London Students' Union#Mascot|Reggie the Lion]] | website = {{official URL}} | logo = [[File:King's College London logo.svg|150px]] | footnotes = | coor = {{coord|51|30|43.00|N|0|06|58.00|W|display=title|type:edu}} | affiliations = [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]<br />[[European University Association|EUA]]<br />[[Francis Crick Institute]]<br />[[Golden triangle (universities)|Golden triangle]]<br />[[Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities]]<br />[[iCUBE]]<br />[[King's Health Partners]]<br />[[LSGL]]<br />[[MedCity (London)|MedCity]]<br />[[PLuS Alliance]]<br />[[Royal Academy of Music]]<br />[[RADA]]<br />[[Russell Group]]<br />[[SES (universities)|SES]]<br />[[Thomas Young Centre]]<br />[[Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe|UNICA]]<br />[[University of London]]<br />[[Universities UK]] }} '''King's College London''' (disingget '''KCL''') nyaéta hiji universitas panalungtikan anu aya di [[London]], [[Britania Raya]]. Kampus ieu diadegkeun di taun [[1829]]. King's College London mangrupa salah sahiji universitas anu pangkolotna di [[Inggris]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkuliah.com/2014/09/profil-kings-college-london-kcl.html|title=Profil King’s College London (KCL)|website=Berkuliah.com|accessdate=2020-02-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219205106/http://www.berkuliah.com/2014/09/profil-kings-college-london-kcl.html |date=2020-02-19 }}</ref> == Sajarah == King's College London diadegkeun ku Raja [[George IV]] jeung Duke of Wellington (harita Perdana Menteri) di taun [[1829]] minangka paguron luhur dina garéja [[Inggris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/overview|title=King's College London - Overview|website=www.kcl.ac.uk|accessdate=2020-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mastersportal.com/universities/164/kings-college-london.html|title=King's College London - London - United Kingdom - MastersPortal.com|website=www.mastersportal.com|accessdate=2020-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/kings-college-london|title=King's College London|website=www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> === Guratmangsa === Ieu runtuyan di handap mangrupa guratmangsa sajarah mekarna King's College London ti mangsa ka mangsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/dates|title=King's College London - Timeline|website=www.kcl.ac.uk|accessdate=2020-02-23}}</ref> * 1828 - Panglawungan anu munggaran diayakeun pikeun ngabahas dasar King's College London, anu dipingpin ku Duke of Wellington. * 1829 - Raja [[George IV]] nandatangan piagam karajaan ti King's College London. * 1831 - King's College London sarta departemén juniorna, KIng's College School, dibuka. * 1835 - Associateship of King's College London (AKC) mimitian dibérékeun ka mahasiswa KCL. * 1836 - Yayasan [[Universitas London]] diadegkeun. * 1839 - Gelar ti Universitas London mimitian dibérékeun ka mahasiswa KCL. * 1839 - Pangwangunan Rumah Sakit King's College di Portugal Street di kaléreun Strand. * 1846 - Departemén Téologi dibuka di King's College London. * 1855 - Departemén peuting anu munggaran, dibuka. * 1860 - Sakola kaperawatan anu diadegkeun ku Florence Nightingale dibuka di Rumah Sakit St. Thomas. * 1871 - Rumah Sakit St. Thomas pindah ka wangunan anu ayeuna di Lambeth, ku sabab wangunan anu heubeul pikeun pangwangunan Stasion London Bridge. King's College London ngayakeun kuliah éksténsi munggaran pikeun awéwé. *1873 - Sarikat Siswa munggaran ngadeg di King's College London *1885 - Departemén Ladies's King dibuka di Kensington Square. *1888 - ''Rumah Sakit Guy'' jadi rumah sakit umum munggaran di Inggris anu ngadegkeun sakola gigi. *1890 - Day Training College pikeun palatihan guru dibuka. *1895 - Politéknik di beulah kidul-kulon dibuka, tuluy jadi Chelsea College anu ngagabung jeung King's College London di taun [[1985]]. *1897 - King's College School pindah ka Wimbledon. *1901 - Rumah Sakit Gigi Karajaan London jeung Sakola Bedah Gigi ngagabung jeung UMDS, tuluy meunang gelar 'karajaan'-na *1902 - ''King's College Ladies's Department'' robah ngaran jadi ''King's College Women's Department.'' *1903 - Sakabéh tés kaagamaan di King's College London dihapus. *1910 - ''King's College Women's Department'' robah ngaran jadi ''King's College for Women.'' *1913 - Rumah Sakit King's College anu anyar, dibuka di Denmark Hill. *1915 - Departemén Seni jeung Sains King's College for Women dipindahkeun ka Strand. Sedengkeun Departemén Rumah Tangga jeung Ilmu Sosial dibuka di Campden HIll, Kensington. *1923 - King's Dental School diadegkeun diadegkeun minangka bagian ti Fakultas Kadokteran di Dénmark Hill. Rumah Sakit audsley dibuka minangka rumah sakit Déwan Kota London pikeun perawatan dini panyakit méntal akut. *1928 - ''The Household and Social Science Department of King's'' robah ngaran jadi ''King's College for Household and Social Science''. *1948 - Ku sabab alesan Layanan Kaséhatan Nasioal, sakola-sakola médis saperti Guy's, King's, sarta St. Thomas' robah wangunna jadi rumah sakit. Sakola kadokteran Maudsley ganti ngaran jadi Institut Psikiatri. *1953 - ''King's College for Household and Social Science'' ganti ngaran jadi Queen Elizabeth College. *1971 - Sakola Luhur Sains jeung Téhnologi Chelsea ngagabung jeung Universitas London sarta ganti ngaran jadi Chelsea College. *1983 - Rumah Sakit Gigi Royal ti ''London School of Dental Surgery'' ngagabung jeung ''Guy's Dental School'' sarta ''United Medical and Dental School'' milik Guy jeung St. Thomas's Hospitals (UMDS) dibentuk. Fakultas Kadokteran jeung Kadokteran Gigi King's College ngahiji jeung King's College London. *1985 - Queen Elizabeth College jeung Chelsea College ngagabung jeung King's College London. *1997 - Institut Psikiatri ngagabung jeung King's College London. *1998 - UMDS ngagabung jeung King's College London. Departemén Studi Kaperawatan King's ngagabung jeung Institut Kaperawatan Nightingale pikeun ngabentuk ''Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery'' di King's College London. *2001 - Pabukon Chancery Lane, anu asalna tina Gedong Kantor Catatan Publik, dibuka. Tuluy ganti ngaran jadi Pabukon Maughan di taun 2002. *2004 - Universitas ngarayakeun milangkalana anu ka-175 kalawan program acara husus. == Kampus == [[File:KCL Campuses with label2.jpg|250px|thumb|Peta kampus-kampus King's College London]] King's College London miboga lima kampus, nyaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/visit|title=Our campuses {{!}} Visit King’s {{!}} King’s College London|website=www.kcl.ac.uk|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> * Kampus Dénmark Hill, tempat ayana Institut Psikiatri sarta nyadiakeun fasilitas pikeun Institut Kadokteran Gigi. * Kampus Guy's, tempat ayana Fakultas Biomédis jeung Ilmu Kaséhatan sarta Institut Kadokteran Gigi. * Kampus St. Thomas', perenahna di deukeut kampus Waterloo. * Kampus Strand, perenahna di beulah kalér [[Walungan Thames]], tempat ayana Fakultas Seni jueng Humaniora. * Kampus Waterloo, tempat ayana ''Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery'' sarta fasilitas pikeun fakultas séjén. == Fakultas == Di King's College London, aya salapan fakultas, nyaéta:<ref name=":0" /> # Fakultas Seni jeung Humaniora # Fakultas Kadokteran # Fakultas Kaperawatan jeung Kabidanan # Institut Kadokteran Gigi # Fakultas Imu Sosial jeung Kawijakan Publik # Fakultas Biomédis jeung Ilmu Kaséhatan # Fakultas Hukum # Institut Psikiatri # Fakultas Ilmu Fisika jeung Téknik == Galéri == <gallery> File:Macadam Building, King's College, Surrey street, London.jpg|Gedong Macadam File:Guy's Campus, King's College London.jpg|Kampus Guy's File:King's College London Denmark Hill.jpg|Kampus Denmark Hill </gallery> == Tingali ogé == * [[Universitas]] * [[Universitas London]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Inggris]] [[Kategori:Universitas di Inggris]] 6454x2wog4m1tn6tinkfzl6j0esd2xf 0 103307 710732 625245 2026-06-25T02:40:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubuay''' atawa dina istilah latѐnna '''''[[Plectocomia elongata]]''''' nyaѐta salah sahiji tutuwuhan daѐrah Asia utamana ti daѐrah Indonésia [[kulon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id/artikel/rotan-badak-atau-bubuay/|title=Rotan badak atau bubuay {{!}} Biodiversity Warriors|last=Pasaribu|first=David|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221134015/https://biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id/artikel/rotan-badak-atau-bubuay/ |date=2022-02-21 }}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] r7jg01csc1r15nw7hng5i30w3oqvukw 0 103644 710742 667333 2026-06-25T09:20:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Spésiés tutuwuhan ti suku Moraceae}} {{Speciesbox |image = Ficus drupacea 10.JPG |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Urostigma |species = drupacea |authority = Thunb. }} '''Kiara wunuk''' atawa '''kiara gambir''' ('''''Ficus drupacea''''') nyaéta tutuwuhan tropis pituin Asia Tenggara jeung Australia Kalér-ngétan (disebarkeun ka wewengkon tropis séjénna, kaasup [[Puérto Riko]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322183|title=Ficus drupacea in Flora of China @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2018-07-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614062003/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322183 |date=2022-06-14 }}</ref> Kaasup [[ara meulit]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=8138|title=National Parks Board, Singapore: Ficus drupacea|last=|first=|date=2013|website=NParks Flora & Fauna Web|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 19, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721015711/https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=8138 |date=July 21, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Urostigma/Section_Urostigma/Subsection_Conosycea/Ficus_drupacea.htm|title=Ficus drupacea - FigWeb|website=www.figweb.org|access-date=2018-07-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706031243/http://www.figweb.org/Ficus/Subgenus_Urostigma/Section_Urostigma/Subsection_Conosycea/Ficus_drupacea.htm |date=2022-07-06 }}</ref><ref name="RFK8">{{cite web |title=Ficus drupacea |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/ficus_drupacea.htm |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> mitembeyan daur hirup salaku [[épipit]] dina tangkal nu leuwih gedé anu lila-lila bakal 'kalegleg'. Cirina tumuwuh rapet, [[buah]]na [[konéng]] nepi ka [[beureum]], kulit [[kai]]na bodas semu [[hawuk]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficudrup/ficudrup_en.html|title=Ficus drupacea - MORACEAE|website=www.biotik.org|access-date=2018-07-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415144354/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficudrup/ficudrup_en.html |date=2023-04-15 }}</ref> It can reach heights of 10–30 meters (33–98&nbsp;ft).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Buahna jadi kahakanan [[japati]], penyerbukanana ku ''Eupristina belgaumensis.''<ref name=":2" /> Itu spésiés bisa hirup di basisir nepi ka leuweung di pagunungan, nepi ka 1000&nbsp;m.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Taksa infraspésipik == Variétas ''F. drupacea'' di antarana:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50114028|title=Tropicos {{!}} Name - Ficus drupacea Thunb.|website=www.tropicos.org|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref> * ''Ficus drupacea'' var. ''auranticarpa'' (Elmer) Corner * ''Ficus drupacea'' var. ''drupacea'' * ''Ficus drupacea'' var. ''glabrata'' Corner * ''Ficus drupacea'' var. ''pedicellata'' Corner * [[Ficus drupacea var. pubescens|''Ficus drupacea'' var. ''pubescens'']] (Roth) Corner * ''Ficus drupacea'' var. ''subrepanda'' (Wall. ex King) D. Basu == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2886717}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ficus]] [[Kategori:Moraceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] li5h5ayyyhzbq3cy9v061my5nbjjglq 0 106242 710738 678130 2026-06-25T06:41:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Dacrycarpus imbricatus kz1.jpg|jmpl|Daun Jamuju]] '''Jamuju''' nyaéta tutuwuhan nu bentukna tangkal, tina kulawarga ''[[Podocarpaceae]]''. Tutuwuhan nu boga ngaran ilmiah ''[[Dacrycarpus imbricatus]]'' ieu asalna tina bioma iklim [[tropis]] baseuh, nu sumebar ti [[China]] (Guangxi, Yunnan kalér-kulon), Indo-China, nepi ka Pasifik kidul-kulon. Ngaran ilmiah ''Dacrycarpus imbricatus'' munggaran diwanohkeun ku [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] dina taun 1969.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://plantamor.com/species/profile/dacrycarpus/imbricatus#gsc.tab=0|title=Dacrycarpus imbricatus|website=plantamor.com|accessdate=2025-02-15}}</ref> Spesies ''Dacrycarpus'' sumebar di [[Selandia Baru]] jeung Fiji, di sakuliah Kaledonia Baru, Nugini, Indonesia, Malaysia jeung Filipina nepi kaMyanmar bagian kalér jeung Tiongkok bagian kidul. Karinékaan panggedéna (lima spesies) ayana di Papua.<ref name=":0" /> == Karakter Jamuju == Tangkal Jamuju (''Dacrycarpus imbricatus'') bisa tumuwuh nepi ka jangkungna 50 meter, kalayan diaméter tangkalna 50-70 cm. Bagian handap tangkalna lempeng sarta teu ngabogaan cabang nepi ka 20 meter. Tajuk tangkal ieu biasana ngabentuk kubah, kalayan cabang nu lobana sumebar. Kulit tangkal kasar sarta boga léntisél, warnana coklat poék atawa hideung. Sedengkeun kulit bagian jerona boga warna pink nepi ka coklat semu beureum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id/artikel/jamuju-atau-kayu-embun/|title=Jamuju atau Kayu Embun {{!}} Biodiversity Warriors|website=biodiversitywarriors.kehati.or.id|accessdate=2025-02-18}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan-Hayati Mayang Arum]] atm9duu39b51putsoo466hk1j9fprv8 14 107850 710699 705887 2026-06-25T01:06:16Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710699 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [[meta:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID:_23651979) Wiki Cagar Budaya]] 4k6w9wqwx60g88agt54cjn7lv3bsxjp 710700 710699 2026-06-25T01:06:29Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710700 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [[meta:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID:_23651979) Wiki Cagar Budaya]] qznmlhq0u7qaken5iw2e7b3fp8u3ywp 710701 710700 2026-06-25T01:08:17Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710701 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID:_23651979)|Wiki Cagar Budaya]] m0f2npn6jfh1m5hfi2ies2skbffu01v 710702 710701 2026-06-25T01:09:52Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710702 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [[Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID: 23651979)|Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] tlkwark1el0l232n3edjn75ramy1ait 710703 710702 2026-06-25T01:13:17Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710703 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [[meta:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID:_23651979)|Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] kw8locge1x1anj9bwk0p6qjki6vc66h 710704 710703 2026-06-25T01:14:01Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710704 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [[meta:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID:_23651979)|Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] 0ozcdq7y46dgvr222ewc1uq0o1koaf7 710705 710704 2026-06-25T01:14:48Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710705 wikitext text/x-wiki Artikel nu aya di handap ieu kaasup artikel dina proyek [[meta:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia Community Fund/Rapid Fund/Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 (ID:_23651979)|Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] kw8locge1x1anj9bwk0p6qjki6vc66h 0 107878 710721 705884 2026-06-25T01:24:32Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Petilasan Prabu Siliwangi (7).jpg|jmpl|Patilasan Prabu Siliwangi ]] '''Patilasan Prabu Siliwangi Majalengka''' nyaeta salah sahiji cagar budaya anu aya di Desa Pajajar, Kecamatan Rajagaluh, Kabupaten Majalengka, Jawa Barat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-5716334/petilasan-prabu-siliwangi-di-majalengka-terkesan-mistis-namun-menyejukkan|title=Petilasan Prabu Siliwangi di Majalengka, Terkesan Mistis Namun Menyejukkan|last=Bagaskara|first=Bima|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-02-24}}</ref> == Sajarah == Di belah kaler gunung Ciremai, diwangun leuweung jeung pondok pikeun tetirah jeung tempat tapa brata<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://portalmajalengka.pikiran-rakyat.com/khazanah/pr-838927628/mitos-dan-mistis-patilasan-prabu-siliwangi-di-majalengka|title=MITOS dan MISTIS Patilasan Prabu Siliwangi di Majalengka|last=Sodikin|first=Rahman Prayitno|website=Portal Majalengka|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-24}}</ref> sarta tawasulan<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/melihat-jejak-prabu-siliwangi-di-desa-pajajar-majalengka-konon-dulu-sosoknya-menghilang-di-sini-76115-mvk.html|title=Melihat Jejak Prabu Siliwangi di Desa Pajajar Majalengka, Konon Dulu Sosoknya Menghilang di Sini|website=merdeka.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-24}}</ref> kanggo Prabu Siliwangi.Dina sabudeureun patilasan, aya dua sumber cai nyaeta Sanghyang Talaga Pancuran dan Sanghyang Talaga Emas. Aya oge situ nyaeta Situ Cikahuripan jeung Situ Cipadung.<ref name=":0" /> Prabu Siliwangi mindeng kana patapaan pikeun neangan wangsit di Sanghyang Widhi.<ref name=":1" /> Pancuran Talaga Emas sok dipake ku masarakat anu boga hajat pikeun wasilah<ref name=":1" /> ku sabab dianggap mawa berkah.<ref name=":2" /> == Prabu Siliwangi == Prabu Siliwangi atawa Prabu Dewataprana Sri Baduga Maharaja nyaeta pamingpin Kerajaan Pajajaran ti taun 1482 nepi ka taun 1521.<ref name=":0" /> Dumasar kana carita anu aya di masarakat, konon Prabu Siliwangi ngaleungit di tempat ieu sawaktos anjeunna keur tapa.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] epf8rnpzz5fcqfxip9ol0mkw9mkyy5v 0 107879 710725 705909 2026-06-25T01:25:55Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Situs Pangindelan Emas.jpg|jmpl|323x323px|Kaayaan Situs Pangindelan Emas dina taun 2026]] '''Situs Pangindelan Emas''' atawa disebut '''Pengindelan Emas''' mangrupa salah sahiji situs paninggalan mangsa Kasultanan Banten anu geus resmi ditetepkeun jadi cagar budaya di wewengkon [[Banten]] Lama. Perenahna aya di kampung Sukadiri, [[Kasunyatan]], [[Kasemen, Sérang|Kasemen]], [[Kota Sérang]], Banten, pas pisan ayana di tengah pasawahan warga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB001536|title=Pengindelan Emas|last=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|website=budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id|publisher=Kemendikbudristek|accessdate=24 Februari 2026}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Profil Budaya dan Bahasa Kota Serang Provinsi Banten|last=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Pusat Data dan Statistik Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=2019|isbn=978-602-8449-19-9.|location=Jakarta|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/22864/1/Profil%20budaya%20dan%20bahasa%20Kota%20Serang%20Provinsi%20Banten.pdf}}</ref> Situs Pangindelan Emas téh panyaring cai pamungkas ti Walungan Cibanten saentas ngaliwatan Pangindelan Abang jeung Pangindelan Putih. Cai beresih hasil panyaringan dialirkeun ka Keraton Surosowan sarta ka sababaraha titik di kota pikeun kabutuhan cai sapopé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banten.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/pr-3279700344/pengindelan-putih-dan-pengindelan-emas-di-banten-lama-segera-ditetapkan-jadi-cagar-budaya|title=Pengindelan Putih dan Pengindelan Emas di Banten Lama segera Ditetapkan jadi Cagar Budaya|last=Mamora|first=Rukman Nurhalim|website=Trust Banten|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-24}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=RAGAM PUSAKA BUDAYA BANTEN|last=DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA PROVINSI BANTEN|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Banten dan Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Banten|year=2005|location=Serang|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/25723/2/Buku%20Ragam%20Pusaka%20Banten.pdf}}</ref> Kayaanana ayeuna ngan nyésakeun satengah wangunan kalayan hateup nu geus ancur, sanajan sésa saluran cai tinu bata nu masih aya.<ref name=":1" /> == Sajarah == Situs Pangindelan Emas dibangun dina mangsa Kasultanan Banten nyaéta Sultan Maulana Yusuf dina taun 1570-1580 M.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banpos.co/artikel/2025/11/21/melampaui-zamannya-ini-teknologi-smart-water-kesultanan-banten-di-tasikardi-yang-kini-terlupakan/|title=Melampaui Zamannya, Ini Teknologi &#8216;Smart Water&#8217; Kesultanan Banten di Tasikardi yang Kini Terlupakan|last=Hapidin|first=Lukman|website=Banten Pos|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-24}}</ref> Wangunan bata anu wangunna pasagi panjang ieu téh mangrupa salah sahiji karya Lucas Cardeel.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Banten]] ee008ycgke9ocz2c9bx3wr8o7yvkpmt 0 107885 710724 705908 2026-06-25T01:25:47Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Situs Pangindelan Abang-1.jpg|jmpl|396x396px|Kaayaan Situs Pangindelan Abang dina taun 2026]] '''Situs Pangindelan''' '''Abang''' atawa disebut '''Pengindelan''' '''Abang''' mangrupa salah sahiji situs paninggalan mangsa kejayaan Kasultanan Banten nu geus resmi ditetepkeun jadi cagar budaya di wewengkon [[Banten]] Lama dina taun 16 Juni 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://banten.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-pengindelan-abang-bunker-air-di-masa-kesultanan-banten-c1c2-01-p52lr-8vj18k|title=Pengindelan Abang, Bunker Air di Masa Kesultanan Banten|last=Tifani|first=Anggun|website=IDN Times Banten|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id|title=Pengindelan Abang|last=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|website=referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id|accessdate=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB001534}}</ref> Lokasina aya di Jln. Tasikardi Banten Lama, Pamengkang, Kec. Kramatwatu, Kabupaten [[Serang]], Banten, anu perenahna aya di tengah pasawahan warga sarta kurang leuwih 300 méter di kiduleun situs Pengindelan Putih.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Profil Budaya dan Bahasa Kota Serang Provinsi Banten|last=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Pusat Data dan Statistik Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=2019|isbn=978-602-8449-19-9|location=Jakarta}}</ref> Situs Pangindelan Abang téh panyaring cai pangmimitina atawa nu munggaran. Cai ti Walungan Cibanten téh mimitina dialirkeun ka Pangindelan Abang, tuluy ngalir ka Pangindelan Putih, sarta anu pamungkas disaring deui di [[situs Pangindelan Emas]]. Cai beresih hasil panyaringan dialirkeun ka Keraton Surosowan sarta ka sababaraha titik di kota pikeun kabutuhan cai sapopé.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=RAGAM PUSAKA BUDAYA BANTEN|last=DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA PROVINSI BANTEN|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Banten dan Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Banten|year=2005|location=Serang}}</ref> Ayeuna wangunan Pangindelan Abang masih kénéh nangtung kalayan struktur anu weuteuh, ti mimiti hateup nepi ka bagian pidingna. Tapi kitu, kaayaan fisikna némbongkeun tanda-tanda turunna kualitas, nu diciri ku tumuwuhna lukut sarta piding jeung hateupna nu ngahideung.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Situs Pangindelan Abang diwangun dina mangsa Kasultanan Banten nyaéta Sultan Maulana Yusuf dina taun 1570-1580 M.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banpos.co/artikel/2025/11/21/melampaui-zamannya-ini-teknologi-smart-water-kesultanan-banten-di-tasikardi-yang-kini-terlupakan/|title=Melampaui Zamannya, Ini Teknologi &#8216;Smart Water&#8217; Kesultanan Banten di Tasikardi yang Kini Terlupakan|last=Hapidin|first=Lukman|website=Banten Pos|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-26}}</ref> Wangunan bata anu wangunna pasagi panjang ieu téh mangrupa salah sahiji karya Hendrik Lucasz Cardeel.<ref name=":0" /> == Referensi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Banten]] qn0893kto25cxqj0cjq2fac3fkq3wo9 0 107886 710718 705974 2026-06-25T01:24:04Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan 19.jpg|jmpl|305x305px|Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan atawa Masjid Pangéran Kejaksan]] '''Masjid Pangeran Kejaksan''', anu ogé sok disebut '''Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan''', mangrupa salasahiji masjid pangkolotna anu boga ajén sajarah di [[Kota Cirebon]]. Masjid ieu diperkirakeun geus diadegkeun kira-kira taun 1480 Masehi. Nepi ka ayeuna, masjid kasebut geus ditetepkeun minangka situs cagar budaya, kaayaanana masih dirumat kalayan hadé, sarta terus dipaké minangka pusat kagiatan kaagamaan ku masarakat sabudeureunana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harianpelitanews.id/tajug-agung-pangeran-kejaksan-didirikan-oleh-syekh-syarif-abdurrahim-tahun-1480-resmi-jadi-cagar-budaya/|title=Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan didirikan oleh Syekh Syarif Abdurrahim Tahun 1480, Resmi Jadi Cagar Budaya|website=Harian Pelita News|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-26}}</ref> == Sajarah == Dumasar kana katerangan dina papan informasi anu dipasang di hareupeun wangunan, Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan diperkirakeun geus ngadeg ti taun 1479–1480 Masehi, nepi ka umurna ayeuna geus leuwih ti lima abad. Sanajan kaasup wangunan anu kacida heubeulna, wangunan asli tajugna kénéh katingali pageuh tur ajeg. Tihang-tihang pangrojong utama anu diwangun dina abad ka-15 ku Pangéran Kejaksan masih kénéh nangtung sarta nepi ka ayeuna tetep dipaké minangka struktur utama wangunan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7092933/tajug-agung-pangeran-kejaksan-masjid-tua-di-cirebon-berusia-5-abad|title=Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan, Masjid Tua di Cirebon Berusia 5 Abad|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> Salain unsur arsitéktur kai éta, dina bagian témbok lawang asup tajug ogé katingali hiasan mangrupa piring-piring keramik anu masih kénéh napel. Ieu hal nuduhkeun ciri has wangunan kaagamaan baheula di wewengkon Cirebon sarta nambahan ajén sajarah jeung ajén sénina.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{commons}} q5mqs1sc8kc43q9iiw2st9qxp700hep 0 107890 710726 706133 2026-06-25T01:26:04Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Situs Pengindelan Putih (1).jpg|jmpl]] '''Situs Pengindelan Putih''' nyaéta salah saiji cagar budaya anu aya di kota [[Serang]], Provinsi [[Banten]] peninggalan ti [[Kasultanan Banten]] anu miboga fungsi salaku instalasi saringan cai ti [[Sungai Cibanten]] pikeun peryogi dina lingkungan Keraton Kasultanan Banten,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirtanews.co.id/2025/10/07/dua-pengindelan-banten-lama-segera-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya/|title=Dua Pengindelan Banten Lama Segera Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya – Tirtanews|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> sarta pikeun masarakat dina sabudeureun Keraton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianbanten.co.id/jejak-teknologi-air-kesultanan-banten-mengenal-tiga-pengindelan-di-waduk-tasikardi/|title=Jejak Teknologi Air Kesultanan Banten: Mengenal Tiga Pengindelan di Waduk Tasikardi|last=Redaksi|website=Harianbanten.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> == Sajarah == Ada tilu pengindélan dumasar kana proses penyaringan cai ti Sungai Cibanten nyaéta [[Situs Pangindelan Abang|situs pengindelan abang]], situs pengindélan putih, jeung [[Situs Pangindelan Emas|situs pengindelan emas]]. Katilu pengindelan eta dijieun ku [[Héndrik Lukasz Cardeel]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/teknologi-penyaringan-air-di-kesultanan-banten-dwe9e|title=Teknologi Penyaringan Air di Kesultanan Banten|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|website=Historia.ID|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> == Prosés penyaringan cai == Wangunan situs pengindélan putih dijieun ti batu bata segi opat, aya lengkungan di bagian hateup, aya hiji panto di belah kalér, sarta aya lobang lingkaran dina dua sisi anu sabalikna. Pengindélan éta tiasa nampung cai nepi ka 56,7-100,24 m³.<ref name=":1" /> Téhnologi penyaringan cai mangrupa gabungan ti kaarifan lokal eung budaya Tiongkok sarta Walanda, tiasa ditempo ti wangunan sarta sistem irigasi jeung saluran cai anu ngahubungkeun waduk jeung istana. Cai kiruh ti situ Tasikardi disaring heula, mimiti ti situs pengindelan abang, teras ka situs pengindelan putih, jeung nu terakhir dina situs pengindelan emas.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] m58das7ofa9rezjm8txjimj3d2y9tsc 0 107894 710717 709556 2026-06-25T01:23:57Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Keraton Surosowan (2).jpg|jmpl]] '''Karaton Surosowan''' nyaéta salah sahiji cagar budaya anu aya di kecamatan Kasemén, kawasan Banten Lama,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/sisa-sisa-kejayaan-banten-di-reruntuhan-keraton-surosowan/|title=Sisa-Sisa Kejayaan Banten di Reruntuhan Keraton Surosowan|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> kota [[Serang]], Provinsi [[Banten]] dumasar kana Kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 139/M1998 jeung Keputusan Bupati Sérang Nomor 430/Kep 459-Huk/2006 anu diwangun dina masa pamarentahan Sultan [[Maulana Hasanuddin]] salaku sultan Banten kahiji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kanwil-banten/baca-artikel/17595/Keraton-Surosowan-Peninggalan-Masa-Kejayaan-Kesultanan-Banten.html|title=Keraton Surosowan, Peninggalan Masa Kejayaan Kesultanan Banten|last=Asya|first=Heri|accessdate=1 Maret 2026}}</ref> Karaton ieu baheulana puseur karajaan jeung istana sultan Banten.<ref name=":1" /> Ngaran surosowan dumasar kana basa Jawa nyaéta suro jeung sowan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvrijakartanews.com/article/News/6647|title=Asal Usul Keraton Surosowan, Pusat Pemerintahan Kerajaan Banten yang Masih Populer|website=tvrijakartanews.com|accessdate=2026-03-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624223400/https://tvrijakartanews.com/article/News/6647 |date=2025-06-24 }}</ref> == Pangwangunan == Karaton Surosowan diwangun dina taun 1526-1570 dina masa Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin. Sajarah pangwangunan karaton ieu aya patalina jeung wewengkon anu dibéré ku Sunan Gunung Jati ka putrana, Sultan Maulana Hasanudin.<ref name=":1" /> Pangwangunan keraton ieu aya opat tahap. Kahiji, tembok diwangun ti batu batu bata dina sabudeureun karaton anu miboga tinggi nepi ka 100-125 meter. Kadua, pangwangnan témbok bagian jero nu miboga fungsi keur nahan témbakan sarupaning bénténg. Katilu, pangwangunan rohangan-rohangan dina sapanjang témbok belah kalér jeung tatambihan lantai pikeun ngahontal tembok panahan. Kaopat, aya parobahan dina panto gerbang belah kalér jeung belah wétan.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Dina masa pamarentahan Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa taun 1680, karaton surosowan tos sababaraha kali ngalaman karuksakan ku sabab paséa jeung Sultan Haji. Saanggeus Sultan Haji jantén diangkat ku VOC, anjeunna ngalereskeun wawangunan karaton dina taun 1672-1687 ku sabab dibantosan ku urang Walanda nyaéta Hendrik Laurenzns Cardeel. Ku sabab Cardeel miboga jasa dina pamugaran karaton, anjeunna dibere gelar Pangéran Wiraguna.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 1808, karaton ieu diruksak deui ku sabab aya sengkéta antara Walanda anu dipingpin ku Daéndels jeung sultan Banten dina zaman eta. Pangrusakan keraton nepi ka taun 1832.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] 4bmahe1aa3psemniifzohn6x32myrvb 0 107895 710720 706389 2026-06-25T01:24:23Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pabrik Tenun Prujakan (Fabriek Tenoen) 24.jpg|jmpl|356x356px|Pabrik Tenun Prujakan (Fabriek Tenoen), Cirebon]] '''Pabrik Tenun Prujakan (Fabriek Tenoen)''' mangrupa hiji wangunan pabrik industri tékstil anu miboga ajén sajarah, perenahna di Jl. Parujakan No. 22, Pekalangan, Kecamatan Pekalipan, [[Kota Cirebon]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]]. Ieu pabrik jadi salah sahiji bukti penting kamekaran industri tékstil di basisir kalér Pulo Jawa dina mangsa kolonial [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]], hususna dina widang pertenunan jeung produksi lawon. Wangunan Pabrik Tenun Prujakan kaasup kana kategori wangunan cagar budaya ku pamaréntah Kota Cirebon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cirebonkota.go.id/pariwisata/kesenian-daerah/situs-cirebon/|title=SITUS CIREBON - Pemerintah Kota Cirebon|website=cirebonkota.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808231221/https://cirebonkota.go.id/pariwisata/kesenian-daerah/situs-cirebon/ |date=2025-08-08 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Numutkeun kana surat kabar ''[[De Locomotief]]'' édisi 10 Agustus 1938, pabrik tenun éta diadegkeun dina taun 1926 ku Pak Shamsoedin, saurang nonoman asal Palembang anu dipikawanoh énergik, rajin digawé, sarta miboga tekad anu kuat. Dina awal ngadegna, usaha ieu ngan maké dua alat tenun leungeun kalayan hasil produksi sakitar hiji nepi ka dua sarung sapoé. Dina mangsa harita, skala usahana can bisa disebut kagiatan manufaktur. Sapuluh taun ti harita, usaha éta ngalaman kamekaran anu pesat. Salian ti ayana di Prujakan, Pak Shamsoedin ogé miboga pabrik di Geraksan, Kali Tandjoen, jeung Beber anu aya di luar wewengkon Kota Cirebon. Sacara gembleng, kapasitas produksina ngahontal 500 alat tenun leungeun jeung 101 alat tenun mesin, kalayan jumlah pagawé sakitar 1.000 urang, boh lalaki boh awéwé. Hasil produksina ngawengku lawon tenun, sarung, lawon sutra, jeung lawon poplin. == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{commons}} g3eg8y5zt35zoxzjufv682fnlmnw494 0 107896 710728 706145 2026-06-25T01:26:18Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Sumur Ketandan 11.jpg|jmpl|347x347px|Sumur Ketandan]] '''Sumur Katandan Mbah Kuwu Sangkan Cirebon''' atawa '''Sumur Ketandan''' lain saukur sumber cai, tapi mangrupa hiji situs anu miboga ajén simbolik jeung kultural. Ieu sumur dipandang minangka sumur karamat lantaran ngagambarkeun papaduan antara carita sajarah, sistem kapercayaan, jeung tradisi masarakat [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]], hiji wewengkon di [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/167147/sejarah-sumur-katandan-mbah-kuwu-sangkan-cirebon-yang-kini-sering-disebut-sumur-keramat|title=Sejarah Sumur Katandan Mbah Kuwu Sangkan Cirebon, yang Kini Sering Disebut Sumur Keramat|website=Indonesiana.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> Ieu sumur perenahna di kompléks [[Karaton Kasepuhan Cirebon|Karaton Kasepuhan]]; sacara géografis, lokasina aya di wewengkon anu padeukeut langsung jeung Alun-alun Karaton Kasepuhan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/ciremaitoday/cerita-sumur-peninggalan-pangeran-cakrabuana-diyakini-bisa-melunturkan-sihir-1tpnmqJAxuJ|title=Cerita Sumur Peninggalan Pangeran Cakrabuana, Diyakini Bisa Melunturkan Sihir|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> Lingkungan sabudeureun Sumur Ketandan dipikawanoh tiis jeung asri, katandaan ku ayana tangkal caringin anu diperkirakeun geus umurna puluhan taun. Dina kapercayaan masarakat satempat, ieu sumur dianggap karamat sarta dipercaya miboga kamampuhan pikeun nétralkeun pangaruh sihir ogé mantuan nyageurkeun sababaraha panyakit tangtu.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-5162420/3-air-sumur-keramat-di-cirebon-ini-diyakini-mampu-usir-penyakit|title=3 Air Sumur Keramat di Cirebon Ini Diyakini Mampu Usir Penyakit|last=Wamad|first=Sudirman|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> Sumur ieu miboga jero sakitar opat méter kalayan diaméter kurang leuwih hiji méter sarta wangunna pasagi. Nepi ka ayeuna, sumur éta dilaporkeun teu kungsi ngalaman kakeringan.<ref name=":1" /> Sumur ieu ngajadikeun unsur legenda jeung spiritualitas minangka bagian anu teu bisa dipisahkeun tina sajarah masarakat satempat. Sumur Katandan Mbah Kuwu Sangkan lain ngan saukur dipaké pikeun nyokot cai, tapi ogé miboga ajén sajarah jeung ma’na anu penting dina kontéks budaya sarta tradisi masarakat Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Sumur Ketandan 17.jpg|jmpl|332x332px|Kaayaan di luar sumur]] Sumur Ketandan mangrupa tinggalan sajarah anu dipatalikeun jeung Pangéran Cakrabuana atawa Radén Walangsungsang, putra [[Prabu Siliwangi]], raja [[Karajaan Pajajaran]], sarta diperkirakeun asalna ti sakitar abad ka-14. Salian dipikawanoh minangka tokoh panyebar agama [[Islam]] di wewengkon Cirebon, dina tradisi lokal Pangeran Cakrabuana ogé disebut minangka saurang nelayan anu néangan lauk di perairan Cirebon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7716871/menelisik-kisah-situs-keramat-sumur-ketandan-kasepuhan-cirebon|title=Menelisik Kisah Situs Keramat Sumur Ketandan Kasepuhan Cirebon|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar}}</ref> Dina kontéks éta, Sumur Ketandan dipaké ku Pangéran Cakrabuana pikeun kaperluan ngolah hasil tangkapan laut, saperti nyieun tarasi, ogé minangka tempat nyimpen jala sanggeus nangkep lauk rebon di laut Cirebon. Dina mangsa harita, lokasi sumur ieu kawilang deukeut jeung garis basisir, sarua halna jeung Masjid Pejlagrahan anu ogé mangrupakeun tinggalan Pangéran Cakrabuana.<ref name=":2" /> == Référénsi == {{commons}} [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] rl8b03bcf5x944e01nm0ux2zz772diq 0 107897 710719 706013 2026-06-25T01:24:14Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Menara PDAM Tuparev 18.jpg|kiri|jmpl|338x338px|Wangunan Munara Cai PDAM Tuparév, Cirebon]] '''Munara Cai PDAM Tuparév''' anu perenahna di Jalan Tuparév mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan ikonik sakaligus struktur pangluhurna di [[Kota Cirebon]]. Ieu wangunan boga fungsi minangka réservoir, nyaéta tempat panampungan cai bersih anu saterusna disaluyukeun (didistribusikeun) ka masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3653984/cerita-menara-air-tertinggi-di-asia-tenggara-dan-wali-kota-masuk-penjara|title=Cerita Menara Air Tertinggi di Asia Tenggara dan Wali Kota Masuk Penjara|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> Munara ieu aya di kompléks kantor Perumda Air Minum Tirta Giri Nata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7101125/kisah-menara-air-cirebon-sentuhan-pki-dan-tertinggi-di-asia-tenggara|title=Kisah Menara Air Cirebon, Sentuhan PKI dan Tertinggi di Asia Tenggara|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> Dina bagian awak munara aya tulisan ucapan ''“Selamat Datang”'' jeung ''“Selamat Jalan”'', anu negeskeun fungsina minangka pananda hiji kawasan. Ieu wangunan dipikanyaho miboga riwayat sajarah anu panjang dina kamekaran sistem panyadiaan cai bersih di Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> Munara cai éta perenahna pas di wewengkon tapel wates antara Kota Cirebon jeung [[Kabupatén Cirebon]]. Kalawan jangkungna sakitar 28 méter sarta ditopang ku dalapan pilar, struktur ieu gampang katingali ti kajauhan. Dina tradisi lisan masarakat satempat, munara cai ieu sok disebutkeun kungsi jadi salah sahiji munara pangluhurna di kawasan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia]] [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Kidul Wétan]] dina mangsa kajayaanana.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Lamun ditulusur leuwih jero, munara cai PDAM anu aya di Jalan Tuparev diperkirakeun geus aya ti mangsa [[Hindia-Walanda|kolonial]] dina awal abad ka-19. Dina tahap awal pangwangunanna, struktur ieu masih mangrupa munara anu ukuranana leutik. Sapanjang kabutuhan cai bersih di Kota Cirebon beuki ngaronjat, munara éta tuluy dimekarkeun sarta dilegaan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Menara PDAM Tuparev 22.jpg|jmpl|Wangunan munara lamun ditinggali ti handap]] Asup kana ahir abad ka-19, kabutuhan cai bersih di Kota Cirebon terus ningkat. Sanajan kitu, rarancang ngawangun munara cai anu leuwih gedé can bisa langsung diwujudkeun. Pangwangunan kakara bisa dilaksanakeun dina awal abad ka-20 sanggeus ngalangkungan prosés panalungtikan anu panjang, hususna dina nangtukeun sumber cai baku. Mimiti mah, cai direncanakeun rék dialirkeun ti wewengkon Linggarjati, tapi pilihan ieu dianggap kurang merenah lantaran cai gampang kakeueum ku rereged alatan jarak distribusina anu cukup jauh.<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus ngalangkungan rupa-rupa tinimbangan téknis jeung kaséhatan, para ahli ti pamaréntah kolonial Walanda mutuskeun pikeun ngamangpaatkeun sumber cai ti Cipaniis di [[Kabupatén Kuningan]]. Milih lokasi ieu dumasar kana kualitas caina anu leuwih hadé ogé kaayaan jalur distribusina anu kawilang leuwih aman, sanajan miboga tingkat kahéséan sorangan.<ref name=":0" /> Salian ngalibetkeun tanaga jeung rarancang ti pihak kolonial, pangwangunan sarta pamekaran munara cai ieu ogé ngalibetkeun peran masarakat pribumi, utamana dina mangsa sanggeus kamerdikaan. Dina période kapamingpinan Wali Kota Cirebon R. S. A. Prabowo anu asalna ti [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]] (PKI), munara cai éta dimekarkeun deui sangkan mampuh nyumponan kabutuhan cai bersih anu terus ningkat.<ref name=":0" /> Ngaliwatan sababaraha tahap pamekaran éta, munara cai PDAM Tuparev kungsi dipikawanoh minangka salah sahiji munara cai pangluhurna di kawasan Asia Tenggara, sakaligus jadi pananda penting dina sajarah panyadiaan cai bersih di Kota Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> == Kiwari == Nepi ka ayeuna, munara cai PDAM anu perenahna di Jalan Tuparév masih kénéh difungsikeun minangka sarana panampungan cai bersih kalayan kapasitas aliran ngahontal sakitar 900 liter per detik. Pas pisan di handapeun munara cai anu dicét konéng éta nangtung kantor puseur Perumda Air Minum Tirta Giri Nata di Kota Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{Commons}} jpd457jofthi4re5bzdwzruhy28xnrm 0 107899 710715 706144 2026-06-25T01:23:20Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Polsek Ciruas (7).jpg|jmpl]] '''Kapolisian Séktor Ciruas''' nyaéta kantor polisi anu kaasup salah sahiji cagar budaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003181|title=Kantor POLSEK Ciruas|first=Kemendikdasmen|accessdate=23 Februari 2026}}</ref> nu aya di Jalan Raya Sérang-Jakarta Km 8, Kecamatan Ciruas, Kabupaten Sérang, provinsi Banten. Kantor polisi ieu kaasup wangunan zaman kolonial Walanda anu miboga gaya indis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusantara62.com/ragam/pr-3716215895/polsek-ciruas-gedung-peninggalan-kolonial-jadi-cagar-budaya-di-serang-banten|title=Polsek Ciruas, Gedung Peninggalan Kolonial Jadi Cagar Budaya di Serang Banten - Nusantara 62|last=Nusantara62 01|first=Tim|website=Polsek Ciruas, Gedung Peninggalan Kolonial Jadi Cagar Budaya di Serang Banten - Nusantara 62|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> == Wawangunan == Aya dua wangunan di Kapolisian Séktor Ciruas nyaéta wangunan di belah kulon jeung wangunan di belah wetan. Nu aya di belah kulon dimangpaatkeun pikeun puseur palayanan kapolisian. Fasad kadua wangunan eta nyanghareup ka arah kalér atawa ka jalan raya.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] aupp9mdt8g130yl2ix40x6uly6mi63t 0 107900 710709 706157 2026-06-25T01:22:21Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Speelwijk (20).jpg|jmpl]] '''Bénténg Speelwijk''' nyaéta wangunan zaman [[Walanda]] anu diwangun dina abad ka-17,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5800013/mengenal-benteng-speelwijk-wisata-bersejarah-cocok-untuk-libur-keluarga|title=Mengenal Benteng Speelwijk, Wisata Bersejarah Cocok untuk Libur Keluarga|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> ayeuna kaasup salah sahiji cagar budaya anu aya di kota Sérang, provinsi [[Banten]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/benteng-speelwijk-benteng-penghormatan-untuk-jendral-hindia-belanda/|title=Kabar Cagar Budaya dari Banten Bernama Benteng Speelwijk|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> Dina zaman éta, aya dua bénténg nu diwangun di [[Jakarta]] jeung Banten salaku bagian tina usaha Walanda pikeun ngendalikeun jeung ngajaga kakawasaan di Indonésia nyaéta bénténg Speelwijk jeung bénténg Batavia.<ref name=":0" /> Beda jeung bénténg Batavia nu miboga peran stratégis dina ngajaga jeung ngendalikeun perdagangan rempah-rempah di Jakarta, bénténg Speelwijk diwangun pikeun ngajaga jalur dagang Walanda jeung ngendalikeun aksés ka palabuhan Banten. Bénténg Speelwijk nyanghareup ka laut. Namung, bénténg ieu sanés ngan ukur diwangun pikeun ngalawan serangan laut ku sababaraha bangsa, sapertos Portugis sareng Inggris, di Banten. Benteng Speelwijk mangrupikeun trik Walanda pikeun ngawasa [[Kasultanan Banten]].<ref name=":0" /> == Pangwangunan == Bénténg ieu diwangun dina taun 1681-1685, dina zaman pamaréntahan [[Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar]] saangeus ramana nyaéta [[Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa]] dimakzulkeun. Luas bénténg ieu teu pati béda jeung luas [[Karaton Surosowan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Menapaki Kejatuhan Kesultanan Banten {{!}}|url=https://www.republika.id/posts/58380/menapaki-kejatuhan-kesultanan-banten|newspaper=republika.id|access-date=2026-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Bénténg teras dipugar deui dina taun 1685 jeung 1731. Gaya arsitékturna ngagabungkeun gaya Éropa sareng unsur lokal. Sanajan benteng teu pati badag, posisi bentengna strategis sarta éféktif dina ngawas cai sabudeureun.<ref name=":0" /> Ngaran Bénténg Speelwijk dicokot tina ngaran gubernur jenderal dina waktos éta, [[Cornelis Speelman]]. Bénténg diwangun di basisir kalér Jawa minangka pertahanan jeung ngalawan serangan musuh. Dina zaman éta, Walanda teh musuh [[Portugal|Portugis]] jeung [[Inggris]].<ref name=":1" /> == Kaayaan kiwari == Bénténg Speelwijk ayeuna geus janten sisa-sisa ruruntuhan, geus dibongkar jeung sababaraha bagean malah geus rata jeung taneuh. Wewengkon bénténg anu lega ayeuna parantos dirobih janten lapangan maén bal anu gawangna tos dipasang sacara permanén, janten tempat kaulinan pikeun masarakat satempat.<ref name=":1" /> Dina témbok luhur kaléreun panto gerbang, aya hiji munara pangawas anu kokoh. Di jero munara, aya liang salebarna hiji méter anu baheulana dipaké pikeun nyimpen meriam anu siap medal, munara ieu disebut bastion. Bastion ieu hiji-hijina liang sésana dina munara kiwari, yén sabenerna aya tilu bastion di munara.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] bkv9k60t14zjxh9a62ekoom6v5hlty4 0 107901 710723 706006 2026-06-25T01:25:39Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Danau Tasikardi-4.jpg|jmpl|405x405px|Situ Tasikardi dina taun 2026]] '''Situ Tasikardi''' mangrupa situ jieunan nu perenahna di Désa Margasana, Kacamatan Kramatwatu, Kota [[Sérang, Sérang|Sérang]], Provinsi [[Banten]]. Ieu situ mangrupa salasahiji cagar budaya titinggal ti mangsa pamarétahan Sultan Maulana Yusuf nu geus ditetepkeun sacara resmi dina taun 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB000237|title=Tasik Ardi|last=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|year=2022|website=budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2 Maret 2026}}</ref> Perenahna kurang leuwih 10 km ti puseur Kota Sérang, ngaran Tasikardi sorangan asalna tina basa Sunda Kuno nu hartina 'situ jieunan'. Dina mangsa ayeuna, situ tasikardi lain ngan ukur situs sajarah, tapi ogé dimangpaatkeun jadi tempat rékréasi masakarat sabudeureunana. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://banten.idntimes.com/travel/destination/danau-tasikardi-peninggalan-kasultanan-banten-00-lm183-0bnl53|title=Danau Tasikardi Peninggalan Kasultanan Banten|last=Hyperlocal|first=IDN Times|website=IDN Times Banten|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> == Sajarah == Situ Tasikardi diwangun dina mangsa pamaréntahan Sultan Maulana Yusuf (1570-1580 M), salaku tempat panyimpangan sultan jeung kulawargana. Situ ieu mangrupa karya arsiték urang Walanda nyaéta Hendrik Lucas Cardeel, nu miboga fungsi salaku nampung cai ti Walungan Cibanten pikeun ngairian sawah, sarta jadi sumber cair beresih pikeun karaton jeung masarakat sabudeureunana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Profil Budaya dan Bahasa Kota Serang Provinsi Banten|last=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Pusat Data dan Statistik Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.|year=2019|location=Jakarta|url=https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/22864/1/Profil%20budaya%20dan%20bahasa%20Kota%20Serang%20Provinsi%20Banten.pdf}}</ref> Cai ti Tasikardi dialirkeun ka Karaton Surosowan ngagunakeun pipa tina taneuh liat anu diaméterna 2,40 méter. Saacan digunakeun, cai téh disaring heula sacara husus ngaliwatan tilu tahapan panyaringan, nyaéta [[situs Pangindelan Abang]], [[situs Pengindelan Putih]], sarta [[situs Pangindelan Emas]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Andiyan|first=Andiyan|last2=Budianto|first2=Eddy|date=2021-06-20|title=Penerapan Konsep Arsitektur Kontemporer pada Penataan Cagar Budaya Situ Tasikardi|url=https://jurnal.syntaxliterate.co.id/index.php/syntax-literate/article/view/3163|journal=Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia|language=en-US|volume=6|issue=6|pages=2624–2636|doi=10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i6.3163|issn=2548-1398}}</ref> Di tengah situ aya hiji pulo ngaranna Pulo Kaputrén, anu baheukana dipaké pikeun tempat tafakur (nyepi) ku ibuna Sultan. Di éta pulo, masih kénéh aya wangunan titinggal jaman Kasultanan Banten, saperti balong paranti nampung cai, pendopo jeung kamar mandi. Ngan, lila-lila fungsi ieu situ téh robah. Nu asalna saukur tempat ulin kulawarga Sultan, ayeuna mah Situ Tasikardi geus jadi tempat rékréasi pikeun masarakat umum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Lian ti éta, dina taun 1706 ieu situ ogé kungsi jadi tempat keur narima tamu ti Walanda, nyaéta Cornellis de Bruin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Banten]] kimdmyu0bs6cxqy1m6pcz301r98xvgs 0 107902 710711 707263 2026-06-25T01:22:41Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung Juang Perpustakaan Kota Serang - 02.jpg|kiri|jmpl|298x298px|Gedong Juang 45 Kota Sérang, anu kiwari dipaké perpustakaan]] '''Gedong Juang 45 Kota Sérang''' anu diperkirakeun diwangun sakitar taun 1808 mangrupa wangunan cagar budaya tinggalan mangsa [[Hindia-Walanda|kolonial Walanda]]. Dina awalna, ieu gedung dipaké minangka tangsi militér atawa markas pikeun ngarojong kaamanan wewengkon karésidénan. Gedong ieu perenahna di Jalan Ki Masjong No. 12, Kotabaru, Kecamatan Serang, [[Kota Sérang]], [[Banten]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://siaran-berita.com/sejarah-gedung-juang-45/|title=Sejarah Gedung Juang 45 {{!}} Siaran Berita|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robianto|first=Irfan|date=2017|title=Upaya Pelestarian Bangunan Gedung Juang 45 Kota Serang, Banten|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/116592#:~:text=%22Gedung%20Juang%2045%22%20Kota%20Serang,kepentingan%20keamanan%20sebuah%20kota%20Karesidenan.|journal=}}</ref> Ayeuna, fungsina geus robah jadi puseur literasi, tempat nyimpen arsip perjuangan, sarta dokuméntasi sajarah para tokoh Banten. Salian ti éta, gedung ieu ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun muterkeun vidéo dokuménter ngeunaan sajarah Kota Serang.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Asal-usul Gedong Juang 45 Kota Sérang bisa ditulusur nepi ka mangsa pamaréntahan kolonial Walanda. Sakitar taun 1818, Létnan Jéndral Anthing ngajukeun rarancang pangwangunan barak militér di wewengkon Sérang ka [[Gubernur Jéndral Hindia Walanda]]. Usulan ieu mucunghul lantaran kaayaan kaamanan di Banten can stabil sanggeus runtuhna [[Karaton Surosowan]], puseur pamaréntahan [[Kasultanan Banten]]. Pamaréntah kolonial nganggap perlu ayana puseur pertahanan anyar pikeun ngajaga kadali pulitik jeung militér di daérah éta.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Gedung Juang Perpustakaan Kota Serang - 17.jpg|jmpl|280x280px|Tihang-tingah anu masih dijaga kaaslianana]] Sacara arsitéktural, gedong ieu diwangun ku gaya has kolonial Walanda. Ciri utamana nyaéta témbok anu kandel, jandéla kai ukuran gedé, sarta buruan anu lega, nu ngagambarkeun karakter wangunan administratif jeung militér abad ka-19. Rarancang ieu lain saukur miboga ajén éstétis, tapi ogé nimbangkeun aspék pertahanan sarta katahanan kana [[iklim tropis]].<ref name=":0" /> Nalika [[Jepang]] ngajajah Indonésia dina taun 1942, fungsi wangunan ieu robah sacara drastis. Gedung ieu dijadikeun markas pulisi militér Jepang, nyaéta Kempeitai. Dina mangsa éta, gedung ieu jadi saksi rupa-rupa kajadian tragis alatan kakerasan jeung tekenan pamaréntahan militér Jepang ka rahayat Banten, sanajan sumanget perlawanan tetep tumuwuh.<ref name=":0" /> Asup kana mangsa révolusi kamerdikaan, dina 10 Oktober 1945, gedung ieu jadi lokasi patempuran penting. Dina kapamingpinan K.H. Syam’un babarengan jeung para pejuang Tentara Kaamanan Rahayat (TKR), rahayat Banten nyerang markas Jepang anu nempatan gedong éta. Patempuran lumangsung tarik pisan nepi ka ahirna pasukan Indonésia hasil ngarebut éta gedong.<ref name=":0" /> == Kiwari == [[Gambar:Gedung Juang Perpustakaan Kota Serang - 30.jpg|kiri|jmpl|291x291px|Jandéla anu masih asli]] Kajadian éta jadi kasang tukang dingarananana Gedong Juang 45 minangka simbol perjuangan jeung pangorbanan rahayat Banten dina ngahontal kamerdikaan [[Indonésia]]. Sanggeus kamerdikaan, gedung ieu kungsi difungsikeun minangka kantor pamaréntahan sarta fasilitas umum, nyaéta perpustakaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://serangkota.go.id/detailpost/sekarang-gedung-juang-sebagai-destinasi-wisata-sejarah-baru-kota-serang|title=Sekarang Gedung Juang Sebagai Destinasi Wisata Sejarah Baru Kota Serang - Portal Pemerintah Kota Serang|last=CMS|first=Kota Serang|website=Kota Serang CMS|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://selatsunda.com/gedung-juang-45-jadi-destinasi-wisata-edukasi-sejarah-apa-saja-fasilitasnya/|title=Gedung Juang 45 Jadi Destinasi Wisata Edukasi Sejarah, Apa Saja Fasilitasnya?|last=Selatsunda|first=Redaksi|website=Selatsunda.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banten.tribunnews.com/2021/02/03/perpustakaan-kota-serang-berada-di-gedung-juang-45-miliki-koleksi-10-ribu-buku|title=Perpustakaan Kota Serang Berada di Gedung Juang 45, Miliki Koleksi 10 Ribu Buku|website=Tribunbanten.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://golagongkreatif.com/gedung-juang-45-kota-serang-jadi-perpustakaan/|title=Gedung Juang 45 Kota Serang Jadi Perpustakaan? - GolAGongKreatif|last=golagong|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bantentv.com/berita/perpustakaan-gedung-juang-45-alternatif-liburan-akhir-pekan/|title=Perpustakaan Gedung Juang 45, Alternatif Liburan Akhir Pekan|last=News|website=BANTENTV.COM|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, ajén sajarah jeung arsitékturna ngadorong Pamaréntah Kota Serang pikeun ngalestarikeunana. Dina 8 Januari 2010, gedong ieu sacara resmi ditetepkeun minangka wangunan cagar budaya dumasar kana tinimbangan ajén sajarah, arsitéktur, jeung sosial-budaya anu dipimilikna. == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{commons}} tlky6g7d3skjmfhmj860wpuvizp2zrk 0 107903 710712 707509 2026-06-25T01:22:49Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung Negara Cirebon tampak depan-3.jpg|jmpl|389x389px|Gedong Nagara Cirebon dina taun 2026]] '''Gedong Nagara Cirebon''' mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan titinggal mangsa kolonial [[Walanda]] nu aya di [[Kota Cirebon]], perenahna di Kalurahan Kesenden, Kacamatan [[Kejaksan, Cirebon|Kejaksan]]. Ieu gedong diwangun dina taun 1865 nalika mangsa pamaréntahan Albert Wilhem Kinder De Camurecq.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/sejarah-dan-sosial/sejarah-gedung-kenegaraan-cirebon-beserta-perkembangannya-237SRyDg6zi|title=Sejarah Gedung Kenegaraan Cirebon beserta Perkembangannya|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ihsani Fadhillah & Chandra|first=Syifa & Sasurya|date=30 April 2023|title=Proporsi dan Keseimbangan Fasar pada Bangunan Kolonial Gedung Negara|url=https://ejournal.sttcirebon.ac.id/index.php/jas/article/view/|journal=Jurnal Arsitektur Vol. 15 (No. 1): 17|doi=10.59970/jas.v15i1.98|access-date=2 Maret 2026}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baheula ngaran ieu wangunan téh Gedong Karésidénan anu fungsina salaku imah dines pikeun résidén Cirebon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Soewarno., Nurhidayah., Rahadian|first=Nurtati., Nurhidayah., Erwin|date=2022-07-16|title=KONTEKSTUAL DALAM ARSITEKTUR: Adaptasi Bangunan di Komplek Gedung Negara Cirebon|url=https://e-journal.ukri.ac.id/index.php/arcade/article/view/1017|journal=Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE, 6(2), 220–230|doi=10.31848/arcade.v6i2.1017|access-date=2 Maret 2026}}</ref> Luyu jeung parobahan jaman, fungsi Gedong Nagara Cirebon téh sababaraha kali alih fungsi. Nepi ka ayeuna, ieu gedong sering dipaké pikeun tempat pertemuan, acara seni budaya, sarta salah sahiji tujuan wisata sajarah anu utama di Kota Cirebon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://cirebon.jawapos.com/%E2%81%A0viralpedia/2515212575/menelusuri-sejarah-dan-keindahan-gedung-negara-karesidenan-cirebon|title=Jawa Pos Cirebon - Menyusuri Cirebon Lewat Berita|website=cirebon.jawapos.com|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> == Sajarah == Gedong Nagara Cirebon dioperasikeun jadi imah dines résidén Cirebon dina taun 1865 nepi ka taun 1974. Tuluy fungsi ieu wangunan téh kacatet sababaraha kali robah atawa alih fungsi nepi ka ayeuna.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ti mimiti taun 1999 nepi ka 2018, ieu gedong dipaké pikeun Kantor Badan Koordinasi Pemerintahan dan Pembangunan (BKPP) Wilayah III Cirebon. Sanggeus kagiatan kantor éta dieureunkeun dina ahir taun 2018, wangunan ieu dimekarkeun jadi ''Creative Center'' Cirebon. Ayeuna wangunnana dipaké pikeun rupa-rupa kagiatan acara seni budaya jeung objék wisata édukasi. Fungsi wangunan ieu teh luyu jeung statusna salaku wangunan cagar budaya Kota Cirebon anu geus diresmikeun saprak taun 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] 6op3nzfhhugzurhlog3ph00l25w94ta 0 107904 710714 706033 2026-06-25T01:23:12Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Kantor Bupati Serang - 04.jpg|jmpl|311x311px|Wangunan kantor Bupati Sérang, Banten]] '''Kantor Bupati Sérang''' mangrupa gedong pamaréntahan anu jadi puseur administrasi Pamaréntah [[Kabupatén Sérang]], Provinsi [[Banten]]. Ieu wangunan dipaké minangka tempat damel Bupati Sérang jeung jajaran parangkat daérah dina ngalaksanakeun roda pamaréntahan kabupatén. Wangunan ieu nangtung di Jalan Veteran No. 1, Kotabaru, Kecamatan Sérang, Kota Sérang. == Sajarah == Kantor Bupati Sérang réngsé diwangun dina taun 1826. Pangwangunan gedung ieu dilaksanakeun lantaran kantor bupati saméméhna anu aya di Kaibon, Banten, dianggap geus teu nyukupan deui. Wangunan anu nyanghareup ka kidul, pas ka arah alun-alun Kota Sérang, ti mimiti geus ditempatan ku Bupati Sérang kadua, Agus Raja R.A. Jajakusumaningrat (1840–1849), anu ngagentos Pangeran Adi Santika (1816–1827). Nepi ka ayeuna, gedung éta tetep dipaké minangka kantor sakaligus imah dinas Bupati Sérang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-597239704/kisah-sejarah-di-balik-kokohnya-tiang-gedung-pendopo-bupati-serang-banten-saksi-kekuasaan-kolonial-belanda|title=Kisah Sejarah di Balik Kokohnya Tiang Gedung Pendopo Bupati Serang Banten, Saksi Kekuasaan Kolonial Belanda|last=Mutmainah|first=Ucu|website=Kabar Banten|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> Tina segi arsitéktur, wangunan ieu miboga denah wangun pasagi panjang kalayan pondasi anu kuat tur pageuh. Aya 32 pilar gaya Tuskan warna bodas anu nyangga wangunan ieu. Dina awal pangwangunanna, kompléks éta ngawengku wangunan utama, rohangan rapat, rohangan tempat cicing, dapur, imah pangabantu, beranda hareup, rohangan dahar, rohangan panginepan, nepi ka kandang kuda. Sacara umum, kaayaan wangunan ieu masih kénéh kaurus kalayan hadé nepi ka ayeuna.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Kantor Bupati Serang - 27.jpg|kiri|jmpl|330x330px|Tihang-tihang wangunan]] Sajarah gedung ieu teu bisa dipisahkeun tina lalampahan kolonial di Banten. Kadatangan armada Walanda dina taun 1596 jadi awal asupna pangaruh kolonial. Dina taun 1603, maranéhna ngadegkeun kantor dagang (loji) pikeun ngamonopoli perdagangan rempah-rempah. Sanajan kitu, alatan sikap tegas Sultan Banten, kantor éta ahirna dipindahkeun ka Jayakarta dina taun 1611.<ref name=":0" /> Dina 5 Januari 1808, Gubernur Jéndral Hindia Walanda kahiji, [[Herman Willem Daendels]], netepkeun [[Jayakarta]] minangka puseur pamaréntahan kalayan ngaran Batavia. Kawijakan ieu ngahasilkeun sistem birokrasi anyar, anu ngajadikeun sultan jeung bupati minangka pagawé pamaréntah kolonial.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan Banten harita, Sultan Abu Nasser Muhammad Ishak Zainul Muttaqin, nolak ngaku kakawasaan Daendels. Konflik memuncak dina 21 November 1808 nalika utusan Daendels dipaéhan di hareupeun gapura Keraton Surosowan. Salaku balasan, Daendels nyerang sarta ngawasa keraton, tuluy nangkep jeung ngasingkeun Sultan ka [[Ambon]].<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus éta, Daendels ngangkat Sultan Aliyudin II minangka pangawasa anu tunduk ka pamaréntah kolonial. Kawijakan éta micu perlawanan anu dipingpin ku Pangéran Ahmad. Lantaran dicurigai kalibet, Sultan deui ditangkep, sarta bénténg ogé [[Karaton Surosowan]] diruntuhkeun.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Kantor Bupati Serang - 17.jpg|jmpl|338x338px|Wangunan ditinggali ti gigir]] Nalika Inggris ngawasa Jawa dina kapamingpinan [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] dina taun 1811, Kasultanan Banten dipingpin ku Sultan Syafrudin anu berkedudukan di Keraton Kaibon. Raffles tuluy maksa Sultan pikeun nyerahkeun kakawasaan pamaréntahan sarta ngarobah statusna jadi bupati. Ti harita, Kasultanan Banten béak, sarta wewengkonna dijadikeun karésidénan dina pamaréntahan kolonial.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 1828, puseur pamaréntahan Kabupaten Banten dipindahkeun ti [[Karaton Kaibon|Kaibon]] ka wewengkon kidul anu saterusna mekar jadi Kota Sérang. Pamaréntah kolonial ngawangun Sérang minangka kota kolonial kalayan rupa-rupa wangunan gaya [[Éropa]]. Minangka ibu kota Karésidénan Banten, Sérang jadi puseur kagiatan utama di kawasan éta. Salah sahiji wangunan anu masih nangtung pageuh nepi ka ayeuna nyaéta Kantor Bupati Sérang.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{commons}} mytg9z6a8o2kbqwfex4zbftjmqd56k7 0 107905 710729 706041 2026-06-25T01:26:26Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tugu''' '''Kamerdékaan Cirebon''' atawa disebut '''Tugu Kejaksan Cirebon''' mangrupa hiji wangunan anu bentukna siga patlot, jangkungna kurang leuwih 3 méter. Ieu tugu perenahna di parapatan Jalan Siliwangi, Kacamatan [[Kejaksan, Cirebon|Kejaksan]], [[Kota Cirebon]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/arsip/cirebon-merdeka-lebih-dulu-956375|title=Cirebon Merdeka Lebih Dulu|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02|last=Tempo|year=2009}}</ref> Sajaba jadi salah sahiji cagar budaya anu aya di Kota Cirebon, ieu tugu téh mangrupa bukti sajarah (situs fisik) tempat dibacakeunnana téks proklamasi kamerdékaan di wewengkon Cirebon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01671078/tugu-proklamasi-di-cirebon-saksi-bisu-pra-kemerdekaan-indonesia|title=Tugu Proklamasi di Cirebon, Saksi Bisu Pra Kemerdekaan Indonesia|last=Septiadi|first=Egi|website=pikiran-rakyat.com|publisher=Pikiran Rakyat|accessdate=02 Maret 2026|year=2020}}</ref> [[Gambar:Tugu Kemerdekaan Cirebon-1.jpg|jmpl|441x441px|Tugu Kamerdékaan Cirebon dina taun 2026]] == Sajarah == Dina tanggal 15 Agustus 1945 di alun-alun Kejaksan anu ayeuna perenahna di aréa Tugu Kamerdékaan atawa Tugu Kejaksan téh jadi lokasi tempat dibacakeunana téks proklamasi kamerdékaan. Peristiwa proklamasi nu dibacakeun ku dr Soedarsono (Kepala Rumah Sakit Kesambi nu ayeuna jadi RSUD Gunung Jati) téh sabenerna miheulaan proklamasi nasional nu diayakeun di Jakarta dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2023/08/14/337/2864093/kisah-proklamasi-kemerdekaan-lebih-awal-di-cirebon-tugu-pensil-jadi-saksi|title=Kisah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Lebih Awal di Cirebon, Tugu Pensil Jadi Saksi : Okezone News|last=Okezone|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-02|publication-date=15 Agustus 2023}}</ref> Kasang tukang ayana proklamasi di Cirebon dipicu ku kabar éléhna Jepang ka Sekutu tina siaran Radio BBC London dina tanggal 14 Agustus 1945. Ieu informasi téh ngajurung Sutan Sjahrir pikeun méré paréntah ka kelompok pamuda di daérah sangkan sagancangna mroklamirkeun kamerdékaan, lantaran harita aya béda sawangan jeung golongan Soekarno-Hatta di Jakarta ngeunaan iraha waktuna proklamasi nasional. Kulantaran informasi ngeunaan diundurna rencana proklamasi di Jakarta teu nepi ka wewengkon Cirebon, dina tanggal 15 Agustus 1945 dr. Soedarsono tetep macakeun téks proklamasi di hareupeun 100 nepi ka 150 urang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uici.ac.id/sejarah-proklamasi-kemerdekaan-15-agustus-di-cirebon/|title=Sejarah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan 15 Agustus di Cirebon|last=Muhtar|website=UICI|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-02|year=2024|publisher=UICI}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Pas sataun sanggeus Indonésia merdéka, nyaéta 17 Agustus 1946, diwangun hiji tugu peringatan di parapatan Jalan Jalan Siliwangi, Jalan Kartini, jeung Jalan Kolektor. Ieu tugu fungsina salaku situs sajarah (penanda historis) tina kajadian dibacakeunana proklamasi di wewengkon Cirebon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/tugu-pensil-kota-cirebon-saksi-bisu-proklamasi-versi-syahrir-dikumandangkan-15-agustus-1945/2|title=Tugu Pensil Kota Cirebon Saksi Bisu Proklamasi versi Syahrir Dikumandangkan 15 Agustus 1945|first=Miftahudin|website=jabar.inews.id|publisher=Jabar inews|accessdate=2 Maret 2026|last=Miftahudin|year=2023}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] 9gunn714ft7qeq8gx93rqu1lyc76obc 0 107907 710727 706079 2026-06-25T01:26:10Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710727 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:SMPN 15 Cirebon (1).jpg|jmpl]] '''SMP Negeri 15 Cirebon''' nyaéta sakola anu aya di Jalan Pasuketan No. 19, Kota Cirebon, Provinsi Jawa Barat anu kaasup wangunan cagar budaya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hidayatullah|first=Moh Machali|last2=Adriani|first2=Yovita|date=2025-04-30|title=PERUBAHAN FUNGSI DAN BENTUK ARSITEKTUR PADA BANGUNAN CAGAR BUDAYA SMP NEGERI 15 KOTA CIREBON|url=https://ejournal.sttcirebon.ac.id/index.php/jas/article/view/181|journal=Jurnal Arsitektur|language=id|volume=17|issue=1|pages=25–32|issn=2685-6166}}</ref> Sakola ieu diwangun di luhureun taneuh anu luasna 3.030 m.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Rusyanti|date=Taun 2012|title=Interaksi Budaya pada Bentuk Rumah Pecinan Cirebon|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323478540_Interaksi_Budaya_pada_Bentuk_Rumah_Pecinan_Cirebon/fulltext/5a980689a6fdccecff0c0baa/Interaksi-Budaya-pada-Bentuk-Rumah-Pecinan-Cirebon.pdf|journal=Purbawidya|access-date=3 Maret 2026}}</ref> == Kagiatan Ékstrakurikuler == Kagiatan ékstrakurikuler nu aya dina sakola ieu nyaéta: Paskibra, PMR, Pramuka, Kasenian, Olahraga diantawisna aya Taekwondo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smpn15cirebon.sch.id/kegiatan/|title=EKSTRAKURIKULER – SMP Negeri 15 Kota Cirebon|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-03}}</ref> == Wangunan == == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] oopadcr1paaklapitzxgzx3coui29xd 0 107950 710716 706262 2026-06-25T01:23:48Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Keraton Kaibon-7.jpg|jmpl|396x396px|Kondisi Karaton Kaibon dina taun 2026]] '''Karaton Kaibon''' mangrupa salah sahiji [[karaton]] paninggalan [[Kasultanan Banten]] nu perenahna di Kota [[Sérang, Sérang|Sérang]], ayana di Kalurahan Kasunyatan, Kacamatan Kasemen, Sérang, [[Banten]]. Ieu karaton diwangun sakitar taun 1815, tapi tuluy diancurkeun ku Walanda dina taun 1832, nu ngan nyesakeun pondasi, témbok wangunan, jeung gapura karaton hungkul.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Keraton Kaibon: Sejarah, Arsitektur, Fungsi, dan Potensi Cagar Budaya Menurut Analisis SWOT".|last=Malihatunnnajiah, Eneng; et al.|publisher=Haura Publishing|year=2021|isbn=978-623-320-629-7|location=Sukabumi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id/cagarbudaya/objek/KB000236|title=Keraton Kaibon|last=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|year=2022|website=budaya.data.kemdikbud.go.id|publisher=Pusdatin Kemendikbudristek|accessdate=09 Maret 2026}}</ref> Dina taun 1998, Karaton Kaibon resmi ditetepkeun jadi salah sahiji situs cagar budaya di Kota Sérang.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/situs-cagar-budaya-di-banten-lama-pylb4|title=Situs Cagar Budaya di Banten Lama|last=Putri|first=Risa Herdahita|website=Historia.ID|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref> Ayeuna, Karaton Kaibon sok dipaké jadi salah sahiji wisata édukasi pikeun masarakat di Kawasan Banten Lama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antarafoto.com/id/view/2409650/wisata-sejarah-keraton-kaibon|title=Wisata sejarah Keraton Kaibon {{!}} ANTARA Foto|website=antarafoto.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref> == Sajarah == Lamun ditinggal tina ngaranna, Kaibon téh hartina 'Kaibuan' nyaéta tempat cicing pikeun ibuna Sultan. Karaton Kaibon mangrupa titinggal ti Sultan Syafiuddin, Sultan Banten anu mingpin dina periode 1809-1815. Sanggeus Sultan wafat, tahta karajaan diwariskeun ka putrana anu umurna kakara lima taun. Ku sabab putrana masih leutik, pikeun samentara waktu pamaréntahan dijalankeun ku ibuna, nyaéta Ratu Aisyah.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> == Galeri == <gallery showfilename="yes"> Gambar:Keraton Kaibon-5.jpg|Keraton Kaibon dina taun 2026 Gambar:Keraton Kaibon-15.jpg|Keraton Kaibon dina taun 2026 Gambar:Keraton Kaibon-4.jpg|Keraton Kaibon dina taun 2026 Gambar:Keraton Kaibon-10.jpg|Keraton Kaibon dina taun 2026 Gambar:Keraton Kaibon-18.jpg|Keraton Kaibon dina taun 2026 Gambar:Eks Keraton Kaibon - panoramio.jpg|Reruntuhan Keraton Kaibon dina taun 2010 </gallery> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Banten]] [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] q6qxoij5dtjdy07k04c7cou644yfp4y 0 107951 710722 706272 2026-06-25T01:25:31Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SDN Pulasaren 01 Cirebon''' mangrupa salah sahiji sakola dasar nagri sakaligus jadi salah sahiji wangunan cagar budaya di Kota Cirebon titinggal jaman kolonial [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]]. Perenahna aya di Jalan Pulasaren Nomer 35, Pulasaren, Pekalipan, [[Kota Cirebon]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Kulon.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/residu/satuanpendidikan/detail/20222336|title=SDN PULASAREN 1|last=Kementrian Pendidikan dasar dan Menengah|website=data.kemendikdasmen.go.id|publisher=Kementrian Pendidikan dasar dan Menengah|accessdate=09 Maret 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://cirebon.ayoindonesia.com/berita-pantura/pr-94827378/6-sekolah-bersejarah-di-kota-cirebon-ada-taman-kanak-kanak-hingga-tempat-istirahat-biksu|title=6 Sekolah Bersejarah di Kota Cirebon, Ada Taman Kanak-kanak hingga Tempat Istirahat Biksu - Ayo Cirebon|last=Lia|first=Erika|website=6 Sekolah Bersejarah di Kota Cirebon, Ada Taman Kanak-kanak hingga Tempat Istirahat Biksu - Ayo Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esakip.cirebonkota.go.id/assets/files/laporan/Laporan_Interim_Triwulan_IV_DINAS_KEBUDAYAAN_DAN_PARIWISATA_2021.pdf|title=Laporan Interim Triwulan IV DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA 2021|last=DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA CIREBON|website=esakip.cirebonkota.go.id|publisher=DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA CIREBON|accessdate=09 Maret 2026}}</ref> == Sajarah == Wangunan SDN Pulasaren 01 Cirebon diwangun dina taun 1908 ku pamaréntah [[Walanda]]. Pas mimiti diadegkeun, ieu wangunan dipaké pikeun ''Holland Chineesche School'' (HCS), nyaéta sakola dasar husus pikeun barudak turunan Tionghoa. HCS ngalarapkeun kurikulum pendidikan Walanda sarta maké basa Walanda salaku basa pangantar utamana. Lilana sakola di dieu téh nyaéta 7 taun, ti mimiti kelas hiji nepi ka kelas tujuh.<ref name=":0" />[[Gambar:SDN Pulasaren 01 Cirebon bagian depan-2.jpg|jmpl|357x357px|SDN Pulasaren 01 Cirebon taun 2026]] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] cxqy2fsl441eg0k4tr6wad7r5dzi7gu 0 108017 710734 708786 2026-06-25T04:43:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Expo 2025''' (2025年日本国際博覧会, Nisennijūgo-nen Nippon Kokusai Hakurankai,atawa anu disebut 大阪・関西万博 Ōsaka–Kansai Banpaku jadi panyingkatan.) nayeta pameran dunya anu di ayakeun jeung di satujuan ku Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), anu ditempatkeun di Osaka, Jepang. Pameran ieu lumangsung salila genep bulan dinu taun 2025, mimiti dibuka dina kaping 13 April 2025 jeung ditutup dinu kaping 13 Oktober 2025, ngabogaan waktu sakitar 184 poe. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-30|title=Expo 2025|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_2025&oldid=28910357|language=id}}</ref> Expo 2025 mangrupikeun salah sahiji acara internasional panggedéna, ngahijikeun nagara-nagara pikeun nunjukkeun inovasi, téknologi, budaya, sareng ideu ngeunaan masa depan dunya. Acara ieu dilaksanakeun ti abad ka-19 sareng janten platform pikeun nagara-nagara pikeun nunjukkeun prestasina dina sagala rupa widang. Dina taun 2025, Jepang sakali deui bakal ngayakeun World Expo, Expo 2025 Osaka, anu diayakeun di Osaka. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-30|title=Expo 2025|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_2025&oldid=28910357|language=id}}</ref> == Téma Expo 2025 == Téma utama Expo 2025 nyaéta "Ngarancang Masarakat Masa Depan pikeun Kahirupan Urang," anu hartosna ngarancang masarakat masa depan pikeun kahirupan urang. Téma ieu ngagambarkeun usaha global pikeun nyiptakeun kahirupan anu langkung saé ngaliwatan téknologi, inovasi, sareng kolaborasi internasional. Salian téma utama, Expo 2025 ogé ngagaduhan tilu subtéma penting: Nyalametkeun Nyawa - museurkeun kana kaséhatan manusa sareng ngajagaan kahirupan. Empowering Lives - highlights atikan, téhnologi, sarta ngaronjatkeun kualitas kahirupan. Nyambungkeun Kahirupan - nekenkeun pentingna hubungan sareng gawé babarengan antara bangsa. Ngaliwatan téma ieu, Expo 2025 ngajak masarakat global mertimbangkeun kumaha téknologi sareng inovasi tiasa dianggo pikeun nyiptakeun masarakat anu langkung sustainable sareng harmonis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brasilexpoosaka2025.com/content/expoosaka/br/pt.html|title=Expo Osaka 2025 {{!}} ApexBrasil (PT)|website=brasilexpoosaka2025.com|accessdate=2026-03-17}}</ref> == Sajarah EXPO Osaka 2025 == Expo mangrupikeun paméran internasional skala ageung anu diayakeun sacara périodik sareng ngalibetkeun seueur nagara di sakumna dunya. Anu kahiji dilaksanakeun dina 1851 di London kalayan nami Great Exhibition. Saprak harita, sagala rupa nagara geus ganti hosted Dunya Expos. Tujuan utama World Expo nyaéta pikeun ngamajukeun inovasi, téknologi, budaya, sareng ideu anu tiasa gaduh dampak anu positif pikeun masarakat global. Loba pamanggihan penting mimiti diwanohkeun dina acara ieu, kayaning telepon, televisi, sarta sagala rupa inovasi téhnologis lianna. World Expo diayakeun dina pangawasan organisasi internasional anu disebut Bureau International des Expositions, anu tanggung jawab pikeun netepkeun jadwal, téma, sareng standar pikeun ngalaksanakeun World Expos. Organisasi ieu mastikeun yén unggal Expo ngagaduhan tujuan anu jelas sareng nguntungkeun masarakat global. Jepang sorangan boga sajarah signifikan dina hosting World Expo. Nagara ieu ngayakeun Expo 1970 Osaka, anu dianggap salah sahiji Expo anu paling suksés dina waktosna. Kasuksésan ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji alesan kunaon Jepang dipercayakeun janten host Expo deui di 2025.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-30|title=Expo 2025|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_2025&oldid=28910357|language=id}}</ref> INDONESIA Ilubiung dina WORLD EXPO Dina World Expo 1970 di Osaka, Indonésia milu munggaran dina Expo. Éta parantos ilubiung dina World and Specialized Expos ti saprak éta. Pikeun ningkatkeun partisipasina dina ekspo, Indonésia ngagabung ka BIE dina taun 1997. Dua Penghargaan Perunggu dipasihkeun ka paviliunna di World Expo 2005 Aichi sareng hiji kanggo desainna di World Expo 2010 Shanghai. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expo2025indonesia.id/expo/history|title=Indonesia Pavilion - Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai|website=expo2025indonesia.id|accessdate=2026-03-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251029062209/https://expo2025indonesia.id/expo/history |date=2025-10-29 }}</ref> == Lokasi Expo == Expo 2025 bakal dilaksanakeun di Pulo Yumeshima, pulo buatan anu aya di Teluk Osaka. Pulo ieu kapilih jadi lokasi Expo sabab boga rohangan anu cukup pikeun nampung rupa-rupa paviliun nagara jeung fasilitas pendukung séjénna. Salaku Expo munggaran anu diayakeun di hiji pulo, Yumeshima dirancang kalayan sistem transportasi anu modern sareng efisien. Nu datang bisa ngahontal situs Expo ku karéta, beus, kapal, atawa angkutan umum lianna. Pamakéan kendaraan pribadi di pulo ogé diwatesan pikeun ngirangan kamacetan sareng polusi. Saterusna, wewengkon Expo dirancang kalayan konsép futuristik némbongkeun rupa-rupa téknologi canggih, kaasup kandaraan listrik sarta angkutan ramah lingkungan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expo2025.or.jp/en/expo-map-index/map/|title=Map|website=Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan Official Website|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-17}}</ref> == Partisipasi Global == Expo 2025 ngalibatkeun partisipasi langkung ti 150 nagara sareng organisasi internasional, masing-masing ngawangun paviliun nyalira pikeun mintonkeun budaya, téknologi, sareng inovasi na. Paviliun-paviliun ieu dirancang kalayan konsép unik anu ngagambarkeun idéntitas unggal nagara. Pangunjung Expo tiasa ngajalajah rupa-rupa paviliun pikeun diajar ngeunaan kamekaran téknologi, budaya, sareng ideu ka hareup anu ditawarkeun ku nagara-nagara anu milu. Paviliun-paviliun ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji daya tarik utama Expo, nyayogikeun pangalaman atikan sareng interaktif pikeun para pengunjung. Sababaraha paviliun malah mintonkeun téknologi futuristik sapertos robotika, kecerdasan jieunan, sareng inovasi énergi terbarukan anu dipiharep tiasa ngabantosan ngarengsekeun rupa-rupa masalah global. == Indonesia di Panutupan World Expo 2025 Osaka == Dinu kaping 12 Oktober 2025 Indonesia hadir dinu acara EXPO Osaka 2025 ieu sahari sacaan acara eta ditutup dinu kaping 13 Oktobe r 2025. Tema anu dijieun ku Indonesia dinu acara ieu “Thriving in Harmony: Nature, Culture, Future” anu ngabogaan harti ngabangun budaya hirup anu saimbang, yang bermakna membangun budaya hidup seimbang, salaras jeung alam, ekeu kamajuan jeung kalangsungan kahirupan dibumi. Tema ieu teh sajalan pisan ejeung visi Indoenesia EmAS 2045. Paviliun Indonesia lain ngan nyajikeun kakayaan alam wungkul tapina kalobaan budaya Indoensia, pelungan ejeung potensi ekonomi, jeung kerja sama dinu invertasi atawa kerja sama bareng dinu panggung global dunya. <ref>https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/artikel-gpr/detail/jelang-penutupan-world-expo-2025-osaka-paviliun-indonesia-catat-berbagai-capaian-penting{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Program Indonesia di EXPO Osaka 2025 == Proyék anu dipilih salaku "Praktik Pangsaéna" kedah ningkatkeun kualitas kahirupan manusa, gaduh dampak anu jelas sareng nyata, hasil tina gawé bareng anu efektif antara rupa-rupa éntitas (umum/swasta sareng warga), sareng tiasa dianggo pikeun daérah sanés. Salajengna, proyék-proyék anu dipilih salaku prakték pangsaéna diperkirakeun aya hubunganana sareng salah sahiji sub-téma Expo: "Saving Lives," "Empowering Lives," atanapi "Connecting Lives." Widang sareng daérah anu aya hubunganana sareng subtéma ieu didaptarkeun salaku conto dina lingkup téma anu dibahas dina "Minggu Téma" Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Jepang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expo2025indonesia.id/expo/program|title=Indonesia Pavilion - Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai|website=expo2025indonesia.id|accessdate=2026-03-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101153715/https://expo2025indonesia.id/expo/program |date=2025-11-01 }}</ref> == Capaian Indonesia di EXPO Osaka 2025 == Paviliun Indonésia junun ngayakeun langkung ti 104 forum bisnis sareng rapat hiji-hiji kalayan komitmen investasi anu langkung ti AS $28,3 milyar. Pencapaian ieu ditimbulkeun tina sababaraha kasapukan, saperti 20 Nota Kesepahaman (MoU), 9 Letter of Intent, 2 Joint Venture Agreement, 1 Joint Statement, jeung 11 perjanjian penjualan paket wisata. Nepi ka tanggal tutup, Paviliun Indonésia geus kacatet leuwih ti 3,5 juta nu datang, ngaleuwihan target awal 2,8 juta nu datang. Pencapaian ieu ogé dirojong ku dedikasi para patugas penghubung anu ngajabat salila genep bulan sapinuhna salaku pangdeudeul Anjungan Indonésia, méré sémah pangalaman langsung ngeunaan silaturahmi Indonésia. Paviliun Indonésia ogé meunang panghargaan pérak dina kategori Desain Pameran pikeun paviliun anu diwangun sorangan anu legana leuwih 1.500 m2 ti Bureau International des Expositions. Panghargaan ieu ditampi ku Vivi Yulaswati, Deputi Bidang Perekonomian dan Transformasi Digital Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Bappenas, salaku Konsul Jenderal Paviliun Indonesia di World Expo 2025 Osaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bappenas.go.id/berita/paviliun-indonesia-di-expo-2025-osaka-sebuah-perjalanan-melintasi-alam-budaya-dan-masa-depan-PLvYO|title=Paviliun Indonesia di Expo 2025 Osaka: Sebuah Perjalanan Melintasi Alam, Budaya, dan Masa Depan {{!}} Kementerian PPN/Bappenas|website=bappenas.go.id|accessdate=2026-03-17}}</ref><ref>https://www.komdigi.go.id/berita/artikel-gpr/detail/jelang-penutupan-world-expo-2025-osaka-paviliun-indonesia-catat-berbagai-capaian-penting{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Category: WikiSuarana-Zulaihamaryam]] [[Category: WikiSuarana]] = Rujukan = <references /> 8308sfwtq38yr9ayuzbv4ojzyh3xpua 14 108557 710706 709468 2026-06-25T01:15:28Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710706 wikitext text/x-wiki Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon WikiLatih di Tasikmalaya kaping 31 Mei 2026 ngeunaan wangunan cagar budaya anu aya di Jawa Kulon, utamana Tasik dina proyek Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] twesonyrjq2ml7yrvn53wh9rsy4jnwg 0 108692 710710 710249 2026-06-25T01:22:31Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 710710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Polresta Serang Kota - 03.jpg|jmpl|325x325px|Gedong ex OSVIA]] '''Gedong ex OSVIA ''(Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren)''''' anu perenahna di [[Kota Sérang]], [[Banten]], mangrupakeun salah sahiji cagar budaya penting titinggal jaman kolonial Walanda anu diadegkeun sakitar taun 1900.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/4088402/jejak-pemerintahan-kolonial-belanda-di-bangunan-tua-osvia-banten|title=Jejak Pemerintahan Kolonial Belanda di Bangunan Tua Osvia Banten|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> Baheulana, ieu tempat teh dipake salaku sakola kedinasan jang nyitak pamong praja atawa birokrat bumiputera. Struktur wangunanana anu ikonik jeung kandel ku ajén sajarah teh masih kénéh nangtung tohaga nepi ka ayeuna, sarta ayeuna dialihfungsikeun jadi Markas Kepolisian Resor Kota (Polresta) Serang Kota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://serangkab.go.id/berita/potret-sejarah-pendidikan-banten-masa-lalu-kota-serang-pusat-pendidikan-gedung-sekolah-tumbuh-subur|title=Pemerintah Kabupaten Serang {{!}} Rincian Berita|website=serangkab.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Sajarah == Wangunan Polrésta Sérang Kota anu ayeuna teh tétéla nyimpen ajén sajarah anu luar biasa salaku urut komplék sakola OSVIA ''(Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren)''. Di jaman [[Hindia-Walanda]], sakola kedinasan tingkat menengah ieu téh ibarat "IPDN jaman baheula" anu nyitak calon pamong praja atawa birokrat bumiputera. Mimitina mah ngaranna ''Hoofden School'' (Sakola Para Pamimpin) kalayan masa diajar 5 taun, saacan tungtungna diperpanjang jadi 7 taun dina taun 1908 jang budak anu umurna 12–16 taun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/amp/pr-597488776/sejarah-osvia-bangunan-bersejarah-peninggalan-belanda-saat-ini-jadi-mapolres-kota-serang|title=Sejarah OSVIA Bangunan Bersejarah Peninggalan Belanda, Saat ini Jadi Mapolres Kota Serang - Kabar Banten|website=kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> Ayana OSVIA di Sérang téh kaasup sakola géngsi kacida, sabab ti sakuliah [[Indonésia]] jaman harita, ngan aya genep kota anu boga sakola ieu, nyaéta Sérang, [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Magelang]], [[Madiun]], [[Blitar]], jeung [[Probolinggo]]. Ieu ngabuktikeun yén ti baheula kénéh, Serang geus diposisikeun salaku kota pendidikan anu penting, ngaréndéng jeung sakola-sakola kolonial séjénna saperti ELS, HIS, nepi ka ''Normaal School'' (anu ayeuna jadi Makorem 064/Maulana Yusuf).<ref name=":0" /> Dina lalakonna, sakéhéng cabang OSVIA dihijikeun jadi MOSVIA dina taun 1927 sarta pusatna di Magelang. Ayeuna, sageus kungsi ditalian ku Polres Serang saacan aya pamékaran, gedong cagar budaya ieu dipaké ku Polrésta Sérang Kota jang ngalayanan publik saperti nyieun SIM jeung SKCK.<ref name=":0" /> == Arsitéktur == Arsitéktur asli ieu wangunan téh masih kajaga pisan kalayan hadé. Mimiti ti ubin aula anu kuno, tihang-tihang kai anu masih tohaga di Gedong Serba Guna, nepi ka struktur panto jeung jandélana, kabéhanana dirawat tanpa ngarobah bentuk aslina sabab ditangtayungan ku undang-undang. <ref name=":0" /> == Galéri == <gallery> Polresta Serang Kota - 03.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 07.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 14.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 15.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 18.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 23.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 26.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 29.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 30.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 32.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 33.jpg Polresta Serang Kota - 40.jpg </gallery> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{commons}} eyzf75yx5si0u4rp1031kdl24bx5ehd 0 108718 710747 710467 2026-06-25T11:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Panggung Mappanretasi 2023.jpg|jmpl|Panggung Mappanretasi]] Mappanretasi nyaéta upacara adat suku Bugis anu dilaksanakeun saban taun di Basisir Pagatan, Kabupatén Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Kidul. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mc.tanahbumbukab.go.id/mulai-tahun-ini-sebutan-mappanretasi-dihilangkan/|title=Mulai Tahun Ini Sebutan Mappanretasi Dihilangkan|last=admin|website=Portal Berita Tanah Bumbu|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref> Mappanretasi nyaéta upacara adat suku Bugis anu dilaksanakeun saban taun di Basisir Pagatan, Kabupatén Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Kidul. Mangrupikeun tradisi budaya suku Bugis minangka wujud rasa sukur ka Gusti Nu Maha Suci anu melimpah-limpah hasil laut oge janten tempat ngumpulna sagala rupa etnis di lingkungan sosial. Tradisi ieu ngajak masarakat Tanah Bumbu sangkan bisa ngalestarikeun lautna minangka wujud rasa syukur kana limpahan Rahmat ti Allah SWT anu geus maparin kabeungharan laut anu bisa dimangpaatkeun ku masarakat. Harmoni antara masarakat jeung alam dina wujud laut kudu terus dijaga sangkan urang bisa terus ngarasakeun mangpaatna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kalsel.kemenag.go.id/cetak/358563/Pesta-Adat-Mappanretasi-Simbol-Syukur-Masyarakat-|title=Pesta Adat Mappanretasi Simbol Syukur Masyarakat|last=Humas}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tujuan Mappanretasi == Tujuan ngalaksanakeun Mappanretasi sacara umum ngawengku tilu pungsi utama: Spiritual: Hiji wujud komunikasi jeung alam atawa Gusti pikeun ménta berkah tur panyalindungan tina musibah. Sosial: Nguatkeun kebersamaan jeung ngajaga karukunan antarwarga. Budaya: Ngajaga warisan karuhun sangkan ajén moral jeung jati diri budaya henteu punah. Palaksanaan upacara adat ieu mangrupa palaksanaan rasa syukur para pamayang suku Bugis Pagatan kana hasil laut anu disayogikeun. Tradisi ieu dilaksanakeun unggal taun dina bulan April, minggu katilu atawa minggu kaopat, sabab dina bulan éta aya pergantian musim ti usum kulon ka usum tenggara. Sacara praktis, mappanretasi' dilaksanakeun ku dua sandro (dukun), sandro sandro anu jadi agénda awéwé, boh sandro anu jadi agénda awéwé. Sandro awéwé biasana nyiapkeun sagala rupa fasilitas jeung sasajén pikeun diapungkeun di laut dina puncak upacara mappanretasi', sedengkeun Sandro jalu ditugaskeun mingpin prosés faring laut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Mappanretasi-Pagatan|title=Mappanretasi Pagatan » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiLatih Bogor 2026]] pofo4kowapelhhl3msv15b9yvucqlwv 0 108725 710731 710469 2026-06-25T02:23:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 710731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Berita Merdeka Online.png|jmpl]] '''Berita Merdeka Online''' mangrupikeun salah sahiji média bérita daring di Indonésia anu berbadan hukum sarta kadaptar di Dewan Pers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pernyataan Penilaian dan Rekomendasi (PPR) Dewan Pers Nomor: 32/PPR-DP/VIII/2020 Tentang Pengaduan Sevlend Cahyo Widi Seroanto Terhadap beritamerdekaonline.com|work=[[Dewan Pers]]|access-date=https://www.dewanpers.or.id/berita/detail/1752/pernyataan-penilaian-dan-rekomendasi-ppr-dewan-pers-nomor-32-ppr-dp-viii-2020-tentang-pengaduan-sevlend-cahyo-widi-seroanto-terhadap-beritamerdekaonline-com|url=https://www.dewanpers.or.id/berita/detail/1752/pernyataan-penilaian-dan-rekomendasi-ppr-dewan-pers-nomor-32-ppr-dp-viii-2020-tentang-pengaduan-sevlend-cahyo-widi-seroanto-terhadap-beritamerdekaonline-com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Média ieu resmi diadegkeun dina 6 April 2015 sarta asalna tina Berita Merdeka, hiji koran mingguan anu mimiti medal di Provinsi Bengkulu sarta masih terbit nepi ka ayeuna. Média ieu diadegkeun ku Musdamori. Sapanjang kamekaranana, jaringan Beritamerdekaonline.com geus ngalegaan ka 15 provinsi jeung 78 kabupatén/kota di sakuliah Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritamerdekaonline.com/berita-merdeka-online-sebelumya-media-cetak-berita-terbaru-kabar-terbaru-hari-ini/berita-merdeka/|title=Berita Merdeka Online Sebelumya Media Cetak – Berita Terbaru, Kabar Terbaru Hari Ini|last=Online|first=Admin Berita Merdeka|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-14}}</ref> == Referensi == bm2nd8sq79vdlsax8udkkt2ahxmbyay 0 108734 710740 710685 2026-06-25T08:59:45Z Oceanmuse 22609 710740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|King of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = King Baldwin IV.png | alt = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 1174–1185 | coronation = 15 Juli 1174 | cor_type = [[Coronations of the kings and queens of Jerusalem|Coronation]] | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = Baldwin V (1183–85) | reg_type = Co-king | regent1 = {{plainlist| *[[Miles of Plancy]] (1173–74) *[[Raymond III of Tripoli]] (1174–76) *[[Guy ti Lusignan]] (1183)}} | reg_type1 = Regents | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = [[Agnes of Courtenay]] | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 23–24) | death_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | burial_place = [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] }} Baldwin IV (1161-1185),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Baldwin IV {{!}} Crusader, Leper, Regent {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baldwin-IV-king-of-Jerusalem|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2026-06-20|language=en}}</ref> anu kawentar ku ''leper king'' atawa raja kusta, nya éta raja Karajaan Yerusalem ti taun 1174<ref name=":0" /> nepi ka pupusna dina taun 1185.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ijl.ilsl.br/detalhe_artigo.php?id=MTAyNw==&secao=EDITORIAL|title=ILSL - Internacional Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases- EDITORIAL- Leprosy and the case of king Baldwin iv of Jerusalem: mycobacterial disease in the crusader states of the 12th and 13th centuries|website=ijl.ilsl.br|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Baudouin naék tahta nalika umurna kakara tilu welas taun, sanajan harita anjeunna keur kaserang panyakit kusta. Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun sababaraha usaha pikeun nahan jeung ngawatesan beuki ngagedéna kakawasaan pangawasa Muslim, nyaéta [[Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi|Salahuddin al-Ayyubi]] atawa ceuk urang Barat mah Saladin. Sanajan kitu, sabagéan gedé mangsa pamaréntahanana dicirian ku pasalia pamadegan jeung paséa pulitik di antara para bangsawan karajaan. Sapanjang mangsa pamaréntahanana, utamana dina ahir hirupna, Baldwin IV nyanghareupan pasualan ngeunaan panerus tahta. Anjeunna usaha milih ahli waris anu merenah sarta nyegah timbulna krisis suksesi anu bisa ngaganggu kaayaan nagara. Ku cara milih para panaséhat anu miboga kamampuh jeung pangaweruh anu hadé, Baldwin IV sanggup mingpin nagara Tentara Salib anu makmur sarta ngajaga éta karajaan tina ancaman Salahuddin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecollector.com/baldwin-iv-death-fall-kingdom-jerusalem/|title=Why the Kingdom of Jerusalem Fell Apart the Moment Baldwin IV Died|last=Firth|first=Ashley|website=TheCollector|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Kolotna Baldwin, nyaéta ''[[King Amalric]]'' jeung ''[[Agnes of Courtenay]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amalric I {{!}} Crusader King, Latin Kingdom, Holy Land {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amalric-I|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2026-06-20|language=en}}</ref> papisah nalika Baldwin kakara umur dua taun. Nalika yuswana salapan taun, anjeunna dikirim pikeun diajar jeung dididik ku ''[[William of Tyre]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elizabethchadwick.com/blog/primary-source-saturday-baldwin-iv-the-leper-king/|title=PRIMARY SOURCE SATURDAY: Baldwin IV The Leper King|website=Elizabeth Chadwick|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Dina mangsa atikan éta, Willelmus mimiti nengetan aya tanda-tanda awal panyakit kusta dina diri Baldwin. Sanajan kitu, panyakit éta kakara bisa dipastikeun sanggeus anjeunna ngagantikeun ramana jadi raja. Sanggeus nyaho yén dirina kaserang kusta, Baldwin mimiti ngalaman cacad dina leungeun jeung rarayna. Najan rasa dina anggota awakna laun-laun ngurangan, anjeunna tetep bisa ngawasa rupa-rupa kaparigelan, saperti nunggang kuda jeung mingpin pasukan dina peperangan nepi ka taun-taun panungtungan hirupna. Nalika Baldwin naék tahta, pamaréntahanana mimitina diwakilan ku ''[[Miles of Plancy]]''. Sanggeus éta, kalungguhan wali karajaan dicangking ku [[Raymond III]], ''[[Count of Tripoli]]'' nepi ka Baldwin dianggap geus bisa mingpin dina taun 1176.<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus éta, indungna balik deui ka karaton, sarta hubungan Baldwin jeung indungna ogé jeung lanceuk tirina, ''[[Joscelin III of Edessa]]'', jadi leuwih raket. == Référénsi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} 6w10cszv52cw090wenbfueyh68x9xfj 14 108737 710707 2026-06-25T01:17:05Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 Nyieun kaca anyar Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon kopdar daluring Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 kaping 27 Juni 2026 [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] 710707 wikitext text/x-wiki Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku pamilon kopdar daluring Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 kaping 27 Juni 2026 [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] 2qwnpknfh15o7ydxscjg8ivekdz7iaz 14 108738 710708 2026-06-25T01:21:02Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 Nyieun kaca anyar Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku tim proyek Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 salian ti kopdar daluring jeung WikiLatih [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] 710708 wikitext text/x-wiki Anu kaasup dina kategori ieu nyaéta artikel-artikel anu dijieun ku tim proyek Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0 salian ti kopdar daluring jeung WikiLatih [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 3.0]] 8h5a469ir36q04s7j3p6fajraxkdxtp 0 108739 710745 2026-06-25T09:42:04Z KnightMove 27776 Mindahkeun ka [[Adolf Hitler]] 710745 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Adolf Hitler]] to3zv3tskyh70bdzlf5z3pksacnoz8g