Cucunguk

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      <text bytes="8952" sha1="cyue3yeabz4jg4uxjtvq2us6wr474zt" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Cucunguk
| image = Blaberus giganteus MHNT dos.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption =  (''Blaberus giganteus'') nu panjangna 9 cm.
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Artropoda]]
| classis = [[Serangga|Insékta]]
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| ordo = '''Blattodea'''
| subdivision_ranks = Famili
| subdivision = 
[[Blaberidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blattellidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blattidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cryptocercidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Polyphagidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nocticolidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}

'''Cucunguk''' (kadang kacalétot jadi '''cungunguk''') ([[Basa Indonésia]]:''Kecoa'') mangrupa [[serangga]] ti [[ordo]] '''Blattodéa''' ([[basa Yunani|Yun.]] ''blatta'' hartina &quot;cucunguk&quot;), kabagi kana kira 3.500 [[spésiés]] cucunguk dina 6 famili. Cucunguk mah aya di mana-mana, iwal di wewengkon kutub jeung pagunungan luhureun 2.000 m (lbl).

Nu ilahar kapanggih, di antarana [[cucunguk Amérika]] (''Periplaneta americana'') nu panjangna 3&amp;nbsp;cm, [[cucunguk Jérman]] (''Blattella germanica'') nu panjangna 1,5&amp;nbsp;cm, jeung cucunguk [[tropis]] nu kadang leuwih badag. Mun aya di sabudeureun wangunan (komo di jero mah), cucunguk téh dianggap [[hama]].

== Sajarah évolusionér jeung pancakaki ==
[[Gambar:Cockroach closeup.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Cucunguk]]
[[Fosil]] mirip cucunguk kapanggih ti periode [[Carboniferous]] 354–295 juta taun ka tukang. Tapi, ieu fosil mah sigana leuwih deukeut ka [[rinyuh]] jeung [[congcorang]]. Aya ogé nu nyangka yén justru rinyuh téh turunan cucunguk. Fosil cucunguk 'modéren' aya dina jaman [[Cretaceous]] awal. Ku sababaraha [[éntomolog]] mah, [[Mantodea]] jeung Blattodéa téh dihijikeun dina ordo [[Dictyoptera]].

== Biologi ==
Sacara umum mah cucunguk téh kaasup [[omnivora]], iwal spésiés ''Cryptocercus'' ti [[Cina]] jeung [[Amérika Serikat]] nu beuki kai. Najan awakna teu bisa nyerna [[selulosa]], cucunguk ieu mah boga hubungan [[simbiosis|simbiotik]] jeung [[protozoa]] nu nyerna selulosa, sahingga si cucungukna bisa ngala gizina. Cara kieu téh ciples jeung [[rinyuh]], sahingga panalungtikan mutahir mah ngarojong ka ngiserkeun ''Cryptocercus'' leuwih deukeut ka rinyuh. Lolobana mah cucunguk téh hirup di wewengkon nu iklimna tropis jeung [[subtropis]]. Sababaraha spésiés malah dalit pisan jeung kahirupan sapopoé manusa, sabab 'idek liher'na téh teu jauh ti dapur jeung tempat runtah.

Cucunguk [[bikang]] kadang mawa kapsul [[endog (biologi)|endog]] dina tungtung [[abdomén]]na. Cucunguk Jérman bikangna mawa kapsul nu ngandung 40-an endog. Kapsul téh bakal dilésotkeun mun geus deukeut ka megar. Kamekaran ti endog nepi ka sawawa méakkeun waktu 3–4 bulan, sedengkeun jangka hirupna bisa nepi ka sataun. Bikangna bisa bisa ngahasilkeun dalapan kapsul endog sapanjang hirupna (300-400 turunan dina kaayaan hadé!).Cucunguk biasa mah leuwih deui. Dina kapsulna bisa ngandung saratusan endog, sahingga saumur hirupna bisa ngahasilkeun sajuta turunan.

Cucunguk pangbadagna nyaéta cucunguk raksasa nu sok ngaliang ti Australia, nu panjangna bisa nepi ka 9&amp;nbsp;cm sarta beurat 30 gr. Nu rada mapakan téh ''[[Blaberus giganteus]]''. Sababaraha waktu ka tukang, kabéjakeun ayana cucunguk raksasa ti wewengkon [[Kalimantan]] nu hirup di guha, ukuranana nepi ka 10&amp;nbsp;cm, tapi gerakna laun [http://www.pikiran-rakyat.co.id/cetak/2006/042006/06/cakrawala/lain01.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100204/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.co.id/cetak/2006/042006/06/cakrawala/lain01.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}.

Cucunguk mah lolobana liar peuting ([[nokturnal]]), sarta sok ngajauhan [[cahya]]. Watek ieu teu lumaku pikeun [[cucunguk Oriéntal]] nu sok kairut ku cahya, sahingga jadi hama nu leuwih ngaganggu batan cucunguk biasa.

Cucunguk mangrupa salah sahiji serangga pangkuatanana, sabab bisa hirup sabulan tanpa dahar, sarta hirup tanpa hulu saminggu lilana. Cucunguk ogé bisa nahan napas salila 45 menit, ngalaunan pacu jantungna, sarta tahan radiasi [http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1996/12-13-1996/bomb.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410141827/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1996/12-13-1996/bomb.html |date=2006-04-10 }}.

== Sababaraha spésiés ==
[[Gambar:Common Cockroach - Project Gutenberg eText 16410.png|thumb|right|Cucunguk biasa (Blatta orientalis): a. bikang; b. jalu; c. bikang ti gigir; d. anakna.]]
* ''[[Periplaneta americana]]'', cucunguk Amérika
* ''[[Eurycotis floridana]]'', cucunguk kai Florida
* ''[[Blatta orientalis]]'', cucunguk Oriental
* ''[[Blattella germanica]]'', cucunguk Jérman
* ''[[Blattella asahinai]]'', cucunguk Asia
* ''[[Pycnoscelus surinamensis]]'', cucunguk Suriname
* ''[[Supella longipalpa]]'', cucunguk pita coklat
* ''[[Periplaneta australasiae]]'', cucunguk Australia
* ''[[Periplaneta fuliginosa]]'', cucunguk 'Smokybrown'
* ''[[Parcoblatta pennsylvanica]]'', cucunguk kai Pennsylvania
* ''[[Periplaneta brunnea]]'', cucunguk Coklat
* ''[[Blatta marimantaringisis]]'', cucunguk bau gedé hulu

== Cucunguk Madagaskar ==
Cucunguk Madagaskar (''Gromphadorhina portentosa'') nu sok disada téh serangga teu jangjangan ti leuweung [[Madagaskar]]. Gawéna nyumput dina sela-sela [[kulit kai]] [[tangkal|tatangkalan]] atawa dina tumpukan [[daun|dangdaunan]], ngahakanan sésa tutuwuhan kayaning daun jeung [[buah|bungbuahan]] nu ragrag. Cucunguk ieu kaasup [[organisme]] [[ovovivipar]], sarta kaasup cucunguk pangbadagna (bisa nepi ka 8&amp;nbsp;cm).

[[Prédator]] nu ngamangsa ieu cucunguk bakal kareuwaskeun ku dua hal: serangga ieu sadana tarik sarta sukuna cucukan. Sora ieu kaluar kawas piriwit nu ngaluarkeun angin tina [[spirakel]]na.

Najan hirup di [[leuweung]], cucunguk ieu sok kairut ku cahya ti paimahan, nepi ka nyelendep ka jero. Najan kitu, sato ieu tara ganggu. Malah bakal ingkah mun kaganggu. Sato ieu sok dipaké dina rupa-rupa acara hiburan, sabab, najan pikeun sabagian jalma mah tetep pikageuleuheun, cucunguk ieu teu jangjangan, gerakna laun, sarta teu bau. Cucunguk ieu ogé kungsi dipaké dina ujicoba robot [http://www.conceptlab.com/control/].

== Paripolah ==
Panalungtikan mutahir di Universitas Florida nunjukkeun yén cucunguk ninggalkeun tapak kimiawi dina [[tai]]na. Cucunguk lianna bakal nuturkeun tapak ieu ka tempat panyumputan cucunguk lianna, ka tempat nu aya hakaneun atawa cai. Hasil ieu panalungtikan bisa dipaké pikeun ngontrol hama cucunguk, misalna, ku cara méré tapak palsu ka tempat séjén sahingga cucungukna parindah ninggalkeun urang.

== Habitat ==

Cucunguk bisa nyaluyukeun manéh jeung rupa-rupa lingkungan, tapi karesepna mah di nu haneut modél di jero wangunan.

=== Kontrol hama ===
Sangkan aman mah, taya jalan iwal nyimpen sakabéh [[pangan|katuangan]] dina wadah anu ditutup rapet, wadah runtah kudu ditutupan kalawan rapet, sarta mindeng méré sihan dapur jeung rohangan lianna. Saluran-saluran cai nu bocor (sahingga cai ngeuyeumbeu) kudu geuwat dioméan, sarta liang-liang asup ka imah kudu nutup rapet, ulah aya lolongkrang. Mun cucungukna geus asup, bisa ogé maké bahan kimia, misalna [[asam borat]], atawa kapur anu dihususkeun ngusir (maéhan serangga).

== Sajarah ==
Sababaraha tulisan heubeul nyebutkeun yén sabangsaning cucunguk téh dipaké salaku ubar. [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (''[[abad ka-1]]''), [[Kamaluddin Addamiri]] jeung [[Abu Hanifah Addainuri]] (''[[abad ka-9]]'') nawarkeun ramuan ubar tina cucunguk hasil ngagiling atawa hasil ngagodog pikeun ngubaran kasakit ceuli, tatu, jeung kalainan/cacad kandungan.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.cockroach-pictures.com cockroach pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531040445/http://cockroach-pictures.com/ |date=2013-05-31 }} shares pictures and facts on cockroaches and their behavior, feeding habits and life cycle.
* [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7467.html UC Davis on Cockroaches]
* [http://pested.unl.edu/chapter1.htm Online Book about Cockroaches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118232729/http://pested.unl.edu/chapter1.htm |date=2008-01-18 }}
* [http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/cockroach_faq.html The Cockroach FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331131728/http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/cockroach_faq.html |date=2023-03-31 }}
* [http://darwinblog.blogspot.com/2005/12/transitional-species-in-insect_24.html Transitional Species in Insect Evolution] discusses the evolution of termites from cockroach ancestors
* [http://www.angelfire.com/oh2/Roaches/ Allpet Roaches] for roach enthusiasts
* [http://www.spidy.goliathus.com/english/gallery-cockroaches.php Cockroaches gallery]

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Cockroach|Cockroach]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (16 Maret 2006)
* Christopher O'Toole (éd.). 2002. ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders''. ISBN 1-55297-612-2
* Bernhard Klausnitzer. 1987. ''Insects: Their Biology and Cultural History''. ISBN 0-87663-666-0

[[Kategori:Blattodea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dépok, Cisompét, Garut</title>
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      <text bytes="9959" sha1="bhot3252xbw9lx02fk35riv8k4edp06" xml:space="preserve">{{kotakinfo Kalurahan
| nami = ᮓᮦᮞ ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪
| peta = 
| propinsi = Jawa Barat
| dati2 = Kabupatén
| nami dati2 = Garut
| nami kacamatan = Cisompét
| kalurahan = désa ᮓᮦᮞ 
| nami lurah = Bangbang Rasalim
| lega =1517 Ha 
| pangeusi =5730 
| kapadetan = 210
|RT=35|RW=10|kode pos=44174|website=https://depok.kecamatancisompet.id/|nama=Dépok ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪}}

'''Dépok''' nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan [[Cisompét, Garut|Cisompet, Garut]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]], Indonésia. Désa ieu nyaeta desa pangkidulna di Kacamatan Cisompet, Garut. Désa Dépok midang langsung sareng dengan [[Desa Sukanagara. Cisompet]], Garut  kalér. Kidul wates jeung Kacamatan [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] nyaéta Désa Paas jeung Désa Sirnabakti, gigireun beulah kulon ku Kacamatan [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] hususna Désa Bojong anu dipisahkeun ku  Padépokan Gunung Nagara jeung ka Wétan diwatesan ku Désa Karyasari Kacamatan [[Cibalong, Garut|Cibalong]] dipisahkeun ku Pakebonan Gunung Gajah.

== Sajarah ==
Nurutkeun Hikayat, ngaran Dépok téh pakait jeung padepokan. Ieu ngandung harti yén kampung éta asalna mangrupa padepokan tempat gegeden réhat . Sabenerna, numutkeun Ki Ecep (kasepuh desa), dina taun genep puluhan, Désa Depok masih kénéh jadi padumukan anu tradisina sarua jeung urang [[Baduy]]. Tapi sanggeus éta désa diduruk ku gorombolan DI/TII&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sundalandgeografi.blogspot.com/2017/07/kupas-situs-gunung-nagara-kecamatan.html|title=Kupas Situs Gunung Nagara Kecamatan Cisompet|last=Soerialaga|first=Dedi E. Kusmayadi|language=ID|accessdate=2022-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;, aya parobahan anu katingal bedasna. Ayeuna anjeun moal deui ningali imah-imah tihang anu ngajajar nyanghareupan kiblat.

Di Désa Dépok aya situs Gunung Nagara anu mangrupa makam karuhuninohong karajaan dina jaman Islam anu dipercaya minangka tempat rinéhna para raja-raja. Padépokan ieu nangtung minangka wujud panghormatan ka raja-raja anu jumeneng. Raja-raja anu aya di ieu komplék pamakaman nyaéta Éyang Ruhi Kudratullah, Éyang Balung Tunggal, Raja Kiansantang, Syéh Abdul Jabar, garwa [[Kiansantang|Raja Kiansantang]] (Ratu Gondowoni), Éyang Sembah Ibrohim jeung Éyang Raksabumi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/napak-tilas-situs-gunung-nagara-makam-keramat-para-raja-sunda-di-garut|title=Napak Tilas Situs Gunung Nagara, Makam Keramat Para Raja Sunda di Garut|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614144837/https://infogarut.id/napak-tilas-situs-gunung-nagara-makam-keramat-para-raja-sunda-di-garut |date=2023-06-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Situs Gunung Nagara diapit ku dua walungan, nya éta walungan Cikaso jeung walungan Cipalebuh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5080530/menakar-efektivitas-sodetan-sungai-cikaso-dan-cipalebuh-atasi-banjir-bandang-garut|title=Menakar Efektivitas Sodetan Sungai Cikaso dan Cipalebuh Atasi Banjir Bandang Garut|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nu cenah dianggap syariat pikeun ngagugurkeun dosa sangkan Sang Hyang Widi ngahampura. Ku kituna, Legenda Kian Santang Nurutkeun lolobana masarakat Dépok, Situs Gunung Nagara téh raket patalina jeung sumebarna agama Islam di wewengkon Garut Kidul anu sumebarna ku jasa Raja Kian Santang.

Ayana Kampung Dépok dipatalikeun jeung munculna Padépokan anu aya di sisi Walungan Cikaso jeung ayana situs Gunung Nagara anu ngabentuk lingkungan sosial masarakat Désa Dépok nepi ka ayeuna.

== Géografi ==

=== Wates Wilayah ===
Kalér            : Désa Sukanagara Kacamatan [[Cisompét, Cisompét, Garut|Cisompet]]

Kidul            : Désa Paas sareng Désa Sirnabakti Kacamatan Pameungpeuk

Kulon           : Désa Bojong Kacamatan Pameungpeuk

Wétan          : Désa Karyasari Kacamatan Cibalong

=== Topografi ===
Désa Depok aya di beulah kidul wewengkon Kabupatén [[Garut]] anu topografina [[pagunungan]] tur lungkawing. Wewengkon Désa Dépok mangrupa wewengkon diapit ku dua kacamatan di palih kulon, wétan jeung kidul, nya éta Kacamatan Cibalong jeung Kacamatan Pameungpeuk&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Qomariah|first=Maulani Nur Habibatul|date=2021-06-28|title=Raden Wangsa Muhammad : Tokoh Islamisasi di desa Cinunuk kecamatan Wanaraja kabupaten Garut tahun abad ke-19|url=https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/41561/|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Di kuloneun Désa Dépok aya bukit Padépokan, situs Gunung Nagara, watesna jeung Désa Bojong Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, jeung di wétanna diwatesanan ku Perkebunan Karét Gunung Gajah, anu padeukeut jeung Désa Karyasari, [[Cibalong, Garut|Cibalong]].

Désa Dépok ayana dina kaluhuran 40 - 100 m dpl

Walungan Cikaso nyaéta walungan pondok anu ngaliwatan Désa Depok sarta dialirkeun ka [[Samudra Hindia]]. Ieu walungan téh mangrupa walungan anu penting pikeun masarakat Désa Dépok salaku irigasi, sarta tempat asalna désa, sanajan lila-lila patempatan warga ngalih ka palihan napel ka caketeun Jalan Raya Garut - Pameungpeuk

=== Guna Lahan ===
Dumasar kana jenis taneuh jeung rupa bumi di Désa Dépok, tata guna lahan umumna dipaké pikeun pasawahan, kebon kalapa, jeung ngabuka lahan di leuweung&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mutakin|first=Jenal|last2=Damayanti|first2=Ayudita|last3=Pratama|first3=Rama Adi|date=2018-06-01|title=PENGARUH SISTEM TANAM DAN JARAK TANAM TERHADAP DOMINASI GULMA, PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PADI DI DESA DEPOK CISOMPET KABUPATEN GARUT|url=https://journal.uniga.ac.id/index.php/JPP/article/view/439|journal=JAGROS : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Sains (Journal of Agrotechnology Science)|language=id|volume=2|issue=2|pages=119–129|doi=10.52434/jagros.v2i2.439|issn=2775-0485}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Démografi==
Dina taun 2022, kacatet penduduk di Désa Dépok Kacamatan [[Cisompét, Garut|Cisompét]] Kabupatén Garut nyaéta 5.730 jiwa kalayan kapadetan 210 jiwa/km&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://depok.kecamatancisompet.id/first/wilayah|title=Desa Depok kec. Cisompet kab. Garut|website=Desa Depok kec. Cisompet kab. Garut|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-04}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mayoritas warga Désa Dépok téh urang Sunda (99%) ditambah padumuk ti suku séjén saperti urang Jawa, jrrd. Seuseueurna warga Désa Dépok padamel tani, sesana damel di séktor sanés.

Wewengkon padet seuseuerna ku masarakat anu cicing di wewengkon sabudeureun puseur administrasi Désa Dépok hususna di wewengkon sabudeureun Dusun Pangligaran sareng Dusun Cipicung.

=== Basa ===
[[Basa Sunda]] mangrupa basa nu sok dipaké ku masarakat Désa Dépok Kacamatan Cisompet salaku basa indung jeung basa tutur. Basa Indonésia ogé aktip dipaké salaku basa persatuan jeung atikan di Désa Dépok.

=== Agama ===
Sadayana masarakat Désa Dépok agamana [[Islam]]

== Atikan ==
Désa Dépok miboga fasilitas atikan ti tingkat PAUD nepi ka SD anu dikokolakeun ku pamaréntah atawa yayasan, boh negeri atanapi  swasta. Di handap ieu daptar fasilitas pendidikan di Désa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dapo.kemdikbud.go.id/sp/3/021109|title=Data Sekolah - Pauddikdasmen|website=dapo.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2022-12-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204033213/https://dapo.kemdikbud.go.id/sp/3/021109 |date=2022-12-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;:

=== TK ===
TK Aisyiyah Désa Dépok Kacamatan Cisompet 

=== Sakola Dasar ===

* SD Negeri 1 Depok 
* SD Negeri 2 Depok 
* SD Negeri 3 Depok

* MI Nurussalam Désa Dépok 

=== Atikan Menengah jeung Atikan Tinggi ===
Pikeun neraskeun ka atikan menengah, warga ngantunkeun budakna ka sakola di luar wewengkon Désa Dépok, saperti 

* SMP Negeri 2 Cisompet, 
* SMP Negeri 2 Pameungpeuk, 
* SMP Muhammadiyah Pameungpeuk, 
* SMA Negeri 5 Garut, 
* SMA Negeri 22 Garut jeung 
* SMK Gunung Nagara 

atawa neruskeun atikanana ku cara angkat ka luar daerah. Sababaraha warga Désa Dépok sakola nepi ka tingkat paguron luhur di wewengkon séjén, utamana di [[Garut|Kota Garut]], [[Kota Bandung]] jeung Kota [[Tasikmalaya]].

== Kaséhatan ==
Désa Dépok miboga fasilitas Puskesmas Désa Dépok anu ngindung langsung ti Puskesmas Cisompet Kabupatén Garut. Aya ragam fasilitas kaséhatan individu kayaning paramedics sarta layanan bidan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haryanto|first=Aji|last2=Hadi|first2=Ella Nurlaella|date=2009-06-01|title=Praktek Ibu dalam Perawatan Neonatus di Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat|url=https://journal.fkm.ui.ac.id/kesmas/article/view/201|journal=Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)|language=en-US|volume=3|issue=6|pages=243–248|doi=10.21109/kesmas.v3i6.201|issn=2460-0601}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204033201/https://journal.fkm.ui.ac.id/kesmas/article/view/201 |date=2022-12-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; di desa anu miboga kahontalan alus dina ngalaksanakeun sadaya kagiatanna. 

== Angkutan ==
Désa Dépok salaku désa anu strategis, diliwatan ku jalan Propinsi Garut - Pameungpeuk, mangrupa wewengkon anu ramé jeung jalur stratégis pikeun lalu lintas ti palihan Garut bagian kalér ka kidul. Angkutan khas masarakat Désa Dépok disebut angkutan désa &quot;Cisompétan&quot; anu ngalayanan jalur Pameungpeuk - Depok ti jam 05.00 WIB nepi ka jam 13.30 WIB. Salian ti éta, masarakat ogé mindeng ngagunakeun jasa pangkalan ojek anu sumebar di sababaraha RT/RW. Désa Dépok ogé kaliwatan jalur angkutan antar kota nyaéta elp atanapi minibus nu angkat ti [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] ka Garut Kota, atanapi Kota Bandung.

== Wisata ==
Désa Dépok miboga sababaraha tujuan wisata, nyaéta Situs Padépokan Gunung Nagara minangka ciri anu geus dipikawanoh. Sajaba ti éta, aya sababaraha obyek wisata séjén kayaning:

* Padepokan Gunung Nagara
* Leuwi Tonjong
* Leuwi Tamiang

{{Cisompét, Garut}}
{{Kalurahan-pondok}}

== Rujukan ==
[[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Kabupatén Garut|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Cisompét, Garut|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>DVB</title>
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      <text bytes="11938" sha1="levpzp9wdzx5gw5vth7ebfcovc9wh4x" xml:space="preserve">'''DVB''', singgetan tina '''Digital Vidéo Broadcasting''', nyaéta hiji ''suite'' [[standar bébas]] nu ditarima sacara internasional keur [[televisi digital]]. Standar DVB diropéa ku ''DVB Project'', hiji konsorsium industri nu anggotana leuwih ti 270, tur dipublikasikeun ku hiji ''Joint Technical Committee'' (JTC) antara [[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]] (ETSI), [[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization]] (CENELEC) jeung [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU).
Interaksi sub-standar DVB dijéntrékeun dina ''DVB Cookbook'' ('''DVB-Cook''').

== Transmisi ==

Sistim DVB nyebarkeun data maké sababaraha cara, kaasup ngaliwatan '''[[televisi satelit|satelit]]''' ([[DVB-S]], [[DVB-S2]] katut [[DVB-H|DVB-SH]]; ogé [[DVB-SMATV]] keur distribusi ngaliwatan [[SMATV]]); '''[[televisi kabel|kabel]]''' ([[DVB-C]]); '''[[televisi téréstrial digital|televisi téréstrial]]''' ([[DVB-T]]) jeung televisi téréstrial digital keur ''[[handheld]]'' ([[DVB-H]]); sarta ngaliwatan '''[[gelombang mikro]]''' maké [[televisi téréstrial digital|DTT]] ([[DVB-MT]]), [[MMDS]] ([[DVB-MC]]), jeung/atawa standar [[MVDS]] ([[DVB-MS]])
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
These standards define the [[physical layer]] and [[data link layer]] of the distribution system. Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel interface (SPI), synchronous serial interface (SSI), or asynchronous serial interface (ASI). All data is transmitted in [[MPEG-2]] [[transport stream]]s with some additional constraints ('''DVB-MPEG'''). A standard for temporally compressed distribution to mobile devices ('''DVB-H''') was published in November 2004.

These distribution systems differ mainly in the [[modulation]] schemes used, due to the different technical constraints. DVB-S ([[SHF]]) uses [[QPSK]], 8PSK or 16-QAM. DVB-S2 uses QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK or 32APSK, at the broadcasters decision. QPSK and 8PSK are the only versions regularly used. DVB-C ([[VHF]]/[[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]) uses [[Quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM]]: 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM or 256-QAM. Lastly, DVB-T (VHF/UHF) uses 16-QAM or 64-QAM (or QPSK) in combination with [[COFDM]] and [[hierarchical modulation]]

== Eusi ==
Besides audio and vidéo transmission, DVB also defines data connections ('''DVB-DATA''' - [[EN]] 301 192) with [[return channel]]s ('''DVB-RC''') for several media ([[Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications|DECT]], [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]], [[Public Switched Telephone Network|PSTN]]/[[Integrated Services Digital Network|ISDN]], [[satellite]] etc.) and protocols ('''[[DVB-IPTV]]''': [[Internet Protocol]]; '''DVB-NPI''': network protocol independent).

Older technologies such as [[teletext]] ('''DVB-TXT''') and [[vertical blanking interval]] data ('''DVB-VBI''') are also supported by the standards to éase conversion. However for many applications more advanced alternatives like '''DVB-SUB''' for sub-titling are available.

== Enkripsi jeung metadata ==

The [[conditional access]] system ('''DVB-CA''') defines a common scrambling algorithm ('''DVB-CSA''') and a physical Common Interface ('''DVB-CI''') for accessing [[scramble]]d content. DVB-CA providers develop their wholly proprietary conditional access systems with reference to these specifications. Multiple simultanéous CA systems can be assigned to a scrambled DVB program stréam providing operational and commercial flexibility for the service provider.

DVB is also developing a Content Protection and Copy Management system for protecting content after it has been received ('''[[DVB-CPCM]]'''), which is intended to allow flexible use of recorded content on a home network or beyond, while preventing unconstrained sharing on the Internet. DVB-CPCM has been the source of much controversy in the popular press and
it's said that CPCM is the DVB's answer to the failed American Broadcast Flag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_critique.php |title=Europe's Broadcast Flag |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |date=September 29, 2005 |accessdate=2007-08-15 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20051013061942/www.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_critique.php |archivedate=2005-10-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013061942/http://www.eff.org/IP/DVB/dvb_critique.php |date=2005-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

DVB transports include [[metadata]] called Service Information ('''DVB-SI''', ETSI EN 300 468, ETSI TR 101 211) that links the various elementary stréams into coherent programs and provides human-réadable descriptions for [[electronic program guide]]s as well as for automatic séarching and filtering.

Recently, DVB has adopted a profile of the metadata defined by the [[TV-Anytime]] Forum ('''DVB-TVA''', ETSI TS 102323). This is an XML Schema based technology and the DVB profile is tailored for enhanced [[digital video recorder|Personal Digital Recorders]]. DVB lately also started an activity to develop a solution for [[IPTV]] ('''DVB-IPI''', ETSI TR 102033, ETSI TS 102034, ETSI TS 102814) which also includes metadata definitions for a broadband content guide ('''DVB-BCG''', ETSI publication expected December 2006).

== Software platform ==
The [[Multimedia Home Platform|DVB Multimedia Home Platform]] ('''DVB-MHP''') defines a [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based platform for the development of consumer vidéo system applications. In addition to providing abstractions for many DVB and MPEG-2 concepts, it provides interfaces for other féatures like network card control, application download, and layered graphics.

List of other [[Interactive television#User Interaction|user interaction software platforms]].

== Saluran keur balik deui (return channel) ==
DVB has standardised a number of return channels that work together with DVB(-S/T/C) to créate [[bi-directional]] communication. RCS is short for [[Return Channel Satellite]], and specifies return channels in [[C band|C]], [[Ku band|K&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;]] and [[Ka band|K&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;]] frequency bands with return bandwidth of up to 2 [[Mbit]]/s. DVB-RCT is short for [[Return Channel Terrestrial]], specified by ETSI EN 301958

== Adopsi ==

DVB-S and DVB-C were ratified in 1994. DVB-T was ratified in éarly 1997. The first commercial DVB-T broadcasts were performed by the [[United Kingdom]]'s [http://www.dtg.org.uk/ Digital TV Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124090756/http://www.dtg.org.uk/ |date=2008-01-24 }} (DTG) in late 1998. In 2003 [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] was the first aréa to completely stop broadcasting analog TV signals. Many Européan countries aim to be fully covered with digital television by [[2010]] and switch off [[PAL]]/[[SECAM]] services by then.

In its origin [[Europe]], in [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[India]] DVB is used throughout the aréas it covers or is at léast decided to be. This also holds true for cable and satellite in most [[Asia]]n, [[Africa]]n and many [[South America]]n countries. Many of these have not yet selected a format for digital terrestrial broadcasts (DTTV) and a few (Canada, Mexico and [[South Korea]]) chose [[Advanced Television Systems Committee|ATSC]] instéad of DVB-T.

In [[Malaysia]], a new Pay-TV station [http://www.mitv.com.my/ MiTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723222702/http://www.mitv.com.my/ |date=2008-07-23 }} began service in September 2005 using [[IPTV]] over [[DVB-T]] technology while lone satellite programming provider [[Astro (satellite TV)|ASTRO]] has been transmitting in DVB-S since its inception in 1996. Free-to-air DVB-T trials began in late 2006 with a simulcast of both RTM1 and RTM2 plus a new channel called RTM3/RTMi. In April 2007, RTM announced that the outcome of the test is favorable and expects DVB-T to go public by the end of 2007. Analog shut-off date is also announced to be sometime in 2015.

With the exception of [[Sky PerfecTV!]], [[Japan]] uses different formats in all aréas ([[Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting|ISDB]]), which are however quite similar to their DVB counterparts. SkyPerfect is a satellite provider using DVB on their 124 and 128 degrees éast satellites. Their satellite at 110 degrees éast does not use DVB, however.

In [[North America]], DVB-S is often used in signal compression and encoding of digital satellite communications alongside [[Hughes DSS]]. Unlike [[Motorola]]'s [[DigiCipher 2]] standard, DVB has a wider adoption in terms of the number of manufacturers of receivers. Cable operators either use DVB-C or [[OpenCable]]. Terrestrial HDTV broadcasts use ATSC digital encoding with [[8VSB]] modulation instéad of DVB-T's COFDM.

In [[Hong Kong]], several cable TV operators such as [[TVB Pay Vision]] and [[Cable TV Hong Kong|Cable TV]] have alréady started using DVB-S or DVB-C. The government has decided digital terrestrial broadcasting will start not later than 2007, and it is up to the broadcasters to decide which system to use. Originally it was thought that [[mainland China]] would adopt DVB-T, but instéad they have decided to créate their own digital television standard, the [[DMB-T/H]] standard, made in collaboration of two Chinese universities.

As of 2005, DVB-T television sets are not significantly more expensive than analog television sets.  Most popular in Europe are the set-top boxes that enable DVB-T to be received through an ordinary analogue television, with the price dropping remarkably in the last yéar.

In [[New Zealand]], DVB broadcasting is marketed under the [[Freeview (New Zealand)|Freeview]] brand name.  DVB-S broadcasts via satellite began on [[2 May]] [[2007]] and DVB-T (terrestrial) broadcasts are scheduled to begin in éarly 2008.  Initially, consumers will be required to purchase set-top boxes, as DVB-capable TV sets are not yet available in New Zéaland.

== Produk nu cocog jeung DVB ==

Companies that manufacture a product that is compliant to one or more DVB standards have the option of régistering a Declaration of Conformity for that product.  Wherever the DVB trademark is used in relation to a product – be it a broadcast, a service, an application or equipment – the product must be régistered with the DVB Project Office.

{{Wireless video}}
== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Standar ATSC]]
* [[DVB-C]] (Digital Vidéo Broadcasting - Cable)
* [[Digital terrestrial television]] (DTT atawa DTTV)
* [[Digital audio broadcasting]] (DAB)
* [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM)
* [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting]] (DMB)
* [[DVB-CPCM]] - Content Protection and Content Management
* [[ETSI Satellite Digital Radio]] (SDR)
* [[FTA Receiver]]
* [[IPTV]]
* [[List of digital television deployments by country]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* [http://www.dvb.org/ DVB Project]
* [http://www.dvb.org/technology/fact_sheets/ DVB Fact Sheets] including an introduction to the DVB Project
* [http://www.dvb-h.org/ Official DVB-H Information]
* [http://www.dvbservices.org/ DVB Services Sarl, MHP PKI Root Certificate Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204210931/http://www.dvbservices.org/ |date=2007-12-04 }}
* [http://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/dvbt/ DVB-T broadcasting with Linux]
* [http://www.dvbowners.com DVBOwners News Bites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117145304/http://www.dvbowners.com/ |date=2013-01-17 }}
* [http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/ DVB Worldwide]
* [http://www.dvb.org/technology/dvb-cpcm/ Information on DVB-CPCM from the DVB Project] including a Fact Sheet and FAQ
* [http://www.evd.ir DVB resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212151525/http://evd.ir/ |date=2020-02-12 }} DVB history, technical information and resources
* [http://www.dvb.org/graphics/internal/Adoption-Map_DVB-T.jpg DVB Adoption Map], DVB.org

{{Video formats}}

[[Kategori:Televisi digital]]
[[Kategori:High-definition television]]
[[Kategori:Standar bébas]]</text>
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    <title>Daptar setasiun radio di Indonésia</title>
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      <text bytes="41087" sha1="msjtbcvimjxk0qw9y0as3ha6mefby5s" xml:space="preserve">Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''.

== [[Sumatera]] ==

=== Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam ===
==== Dayeuh Sabang ====
* 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM

==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ====
* 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM
* 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM
* 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM
* 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM 
* 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM 
* 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM 
* 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }}
* 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }}
* 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM 
* 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }}
* 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM 
* 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com]
* 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM 
* 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com]
* 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM
* 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM
* 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM

==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ====
* 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM

==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ====
* 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3
* 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2
* 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1
* 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM
* 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM
* 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM
* 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM
* 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM

==== Kabupatén Bireuen ====
* 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM
* 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM
* 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ====
* 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ====
* 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ====
* 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM

==== Kabupatén aceh selatan  - Tapaktuan ====
* 88.9  Mhz - Radio SIT FM
* 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM
* 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ====
* 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM
* 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ====
* 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM

==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ====
* 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ====
* 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM
* 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM

==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ====
* Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang
* Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis

=== Sumatera Kulon ===
* [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }}
* [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ
* [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ
* [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }}
* [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }}
* [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }}
* [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }}
* [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz
* [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz
* [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz

=== Jambi ===
* [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ
* [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ

=== Kapuloan Bangka Belitung ===
* [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id]

=== Lubuklinggau ===
* [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }}
* [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }}

=== Palémbang ===
* Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ
* RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz
* Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ
* Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ
* RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ
* RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ
* Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ
* Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ
* Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ
* Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ
* Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ
* Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ
* Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ
* Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ
* Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ
* Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ
* Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ
* Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ
* Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ
* Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ
* Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ

=== Riau ===

==== Pekanbaru ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ
* Radio Pas FM 105MHZ 
* Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ
* Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ
* Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ
* Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ
* Radio CBSFM 101MHZ 
* Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ
* Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ
* Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ
* Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ
* Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ]
* Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ
* Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ
* Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ
* Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ
* Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ
* Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ
* Radio SF3 94.3MHZ
* Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ
* Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ
* Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ
* Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ
* Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ
* Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ
* Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ
* Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Talukkuantan ====

* Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ
* Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ

=== Kapuloan Riau ===

==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ====
* Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM

==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ====
* Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani)
* Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }}
* Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }}

==== Tembilahan ====
* Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com]

==== Batam ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }}
* Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi)
* Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ
* Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ
* Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ
* Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ
* Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ
* Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ
* Radio Bigs 104.7 FM
* Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM
* Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM

{{col-css3-end}}

== '''[[Jawa]] barat''' ==
'''Bandung'''
* Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM
* Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM
&lt;br /&gt;

==[[Jakarta]]==
'''AM'''
* Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019210102/http://www.kbr68h.com/ |date=2012-10-19 }}
* Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta
* Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta
* Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta
* Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz
* Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta
* Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta
* RRI 999 AM Jakarta
* Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta
* Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta
* Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta
* Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta
* RRI 1332 AM Jakarta
* Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz
* Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta
{{col-css3-end}}
'''FM'''
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }}
* Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com]
* GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ
* RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }}
* RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ
* Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ 
* Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com]
* Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }}
* Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ
* RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }}
* Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }}
* PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }}
* RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ
* Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ
[http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }}
* MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ
* Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ
* U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }}
* KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} 
* Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ
* Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com]
* Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com]
* Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ
* RDI: 97.1 MHZ
* Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ
[http://www.femaleradio.com]
* Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ
* GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ
[http://www.987genfm.com/]
* Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net]
* Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ
* Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com]
* Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi
* 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }}
* iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com]
* Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ
* Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} 
* Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta
* Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} 
* Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta
* Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta
* IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta
* Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta
* Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }}
* RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ
* Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta
* Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com]
* Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta
* Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta
* Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ
* Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ
* Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ
* Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ
* Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ
* REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

=== [[Banten]] ===

==== Banten ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id]
* EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM
* Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten
* Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten
* PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten
* Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten
* Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten
* Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang
* Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé
* HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten
{{col-css3-end|2}}

==== Bekasi ====
* Gaya: 93.60 MHZ
* M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz 
* Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ.
* Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ

=== [[Jawa Kulon]] ===
==== Sukabumi ====
* Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ
* LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 *

==== Bogor ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com]
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ
* Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ
* Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ
* Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ
* Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ
* Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ
* Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ
* RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ
* RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ
* Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Bandung ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }}
* Radio MGT 101.1 FM &quot;Spirit Of Your Life&quot;. Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/]
* Delta FM 94,4
* Female Radio 96,4
* Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung 
* Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM
* Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509193058/http://www.rasefm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM 
* Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} 
* Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} 
* 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314203753/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2008-03-14 }}
* Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }}
* Maestro FM 92.5 FM
* B Radio 95.6 FM
* Radio Maraghita FM 106.7
* MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }}
* K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }}
* Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM
* GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung
* Poshway 107.9 FM 
* Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }}
* [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }}
* Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM
* Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan 
* Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung
* Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung
* Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Cimahi ====
* AR 92.9 FM

==== Cirebon ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }}
* DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }}
* Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon 
* RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ
* Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ
* Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ
* Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ
* IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ
* Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ
* Prima Sonata FM
* Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon
* Salma FM
* Maritim FM

{{col-css3-end}}

==== Indramayu ====
* KC-10 87.9 FM
* TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA

==== Karawang ====
* Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381

==== Kuningan ====
* Rasuci FM 
* Kost FM

=== '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' ===

==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ====
'''FM'''
* Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM)
* Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5)
* MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM)
* Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU
* RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM)
* RSPD Paguyangan-brebes
'''AM'''
* RSPD AM
* Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)&lt;1026 Khz&gt;

==== Kudus ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz
* Muria AM 1440 Khz
* Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz
* Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz
* Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz
* Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz
* RTK FM 106.30 Mhz??
* UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Jepara ====
* R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz

==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ====
* Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK)
* IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN.
* Bima Sakti FM 96,8
* GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG )
* MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET.
* Prima FM 105,3.
* 
==== Pati ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz
* Pas FM 101.00 Mhz
* Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz
* Pop FM 90.80 Mhz
* Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz???
* Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz
* Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Purwokerto ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz
* RGM FM
* RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz
* Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz
* Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz
* Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz
* Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz
* Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz
* RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz
* Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2
* Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91
* Yasika FM 91.5
* Pop FM 91.9
* RGBS 92.3
* RRI PRO 1 93.1
* King FM 93.9
* SBS Purbalingga 94.7
* Ardi Lawt 96.4
* Dian Swara 98.2
* Prima FM 98.6
* RRI PRO 2 99
* Pop FM Banyumas 100.2
* Paduka FM 100.6
* Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4
* Crez FM 103
* Satria Ajibarang 103.9
* Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto
* Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3
* Metro FM 105.7
* Ria FM 106.5
* RRI PRO 3 107.3
* Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Purwodadi ====
* Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz

==== Salatiga ====
* Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ
* Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz
* Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ
* Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ

==== Semarang ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Pas FM: 106 Mhz - 
* RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ
* TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz
* Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz
* TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz 
* RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta
* Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz
* Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz
* RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ
* Female FM: 96.1 Mhz
* Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz
* Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz
* Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz
* Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz
* Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz
* RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz
* IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz
* Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz
* Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz
* Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz
* IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz 
* Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz
* Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz
* Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ
* Borobudur 
* Lusiana
* Kalimasada
* Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }}
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Surakarta ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }}
* PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar 
* Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group)
* PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM
* Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo
* SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar 
* GSM 97.6 FM
* Suara Slenk 92.5 FM
* MQ 100.9 FM
* Hizbullah 101.4 FM
* Imanuel FM
* JPI 106.3 FM
* Pro1 FM
* Pro2 FM
* Swara Graha 92.1
* Mentari FM
* Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* Kharisma 100.3 FM
* Metta 104.7 FM
* Solopos 103 FM
* Suara Wening Ati MQ FM
* UMS FM
* Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS
* Unisri FM
* Ramakusala FM
* Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM
* 89.6 STAR FM
* Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Prima 91.7 fm
* Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804
* Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888
* RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578
* IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4
* Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Tegal ====
* La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal
* Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* DLC
* Roshinta
* Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM)
* Radi Raka
* Paramount 106 FM

==== Magelang ====
* [[Magelang FM]]

=== [[Yogyakarta]] ===
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ
* Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ
* I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ
* Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ
* Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }}
* Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ
* PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ
* RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ
* Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ
* MQ FM 92.3 MHZ
* MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }}
* Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ
* Rama FM 93.5 MHZ
* Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ
* Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ
* Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ
* Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ
* Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ
* Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Ista FM 96.2 MHZ
* Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }}
* Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* EMC FM 97.8 MHZ
* Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ
* GCD FM 98.6 MHZ
* Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ
* Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }}
* Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ
* Prima FM 100.2 MHZ
* Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ
* Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ
* Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ
* Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }}
* Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }}
* RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ
* RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ
* Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ
* Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ
* Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ
* Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ
* Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }}
* Petra FM 105.7 MHZ
* [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }}
* Uty FM 106.9 MHZ
* Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ
* Global FM 107.6 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

=== [[Jawa Wétan]] ===

==== Batu - Malang ====
* Swara Buana FM
* Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ
* Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ
* Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ
* Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ
* Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ
* Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ
* Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ

==== Banyuwangi ====
*. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi
* Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }}
* Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi
* MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi

==== Blitar ====
*RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [http://www.donnafm.co.cc]
*Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya
*Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ
*Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ
*Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh )
*Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab )
*Istana FM 88.4 MHZ
*Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ
*Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ
*radio grast 91.6 Mhz
*Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz

==== Jember ====
* RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ
* RKPD Jember
* Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ
* Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ
* Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ
* Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/]
* Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ
* [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ
* Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }}
* Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ
* Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ
* Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ
* M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ

==== Malang ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ
* Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ
* Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz
* Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz
* Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ
* Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/]
* RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ
* Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ
* Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ
* Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ
* Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ
* Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ
* AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ
* Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ
* Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ
* Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ
* Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ
* Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ
* Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ
* Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ
* UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ
* FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ
* Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ
* Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ
* Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ
* Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }}
* Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ
* Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ
* Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Ngawi ====
* Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz
* Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz

==== Ponorogo ====
* Radio Gema Surya News, Music &amp; Culture
* Radio Duta Nusantara
* Romansa FM
* GONG FM
* Gress FM
* AVIDA FM
* Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz
* [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }}
* Suara Gontor FM
* Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ

==== Surabaya ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }}
* RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz
* JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ
* Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ
* RKIP - AM 1449 khz
* Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ
* Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }}
* EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/]
* Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net]
* Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id]
* SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ
* [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ
* Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }}
* [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id]
* Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/]
* Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }}
* Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }}
* Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }}
* Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }}
* [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }}
* Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }}
* Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/]
* JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }}
* Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/]
* Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }}
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Trenggalek ====
* [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }}
* Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }}
* Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ
* Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})

==== Tulungagung ====
* [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }}
* [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }}
* Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }}
* Radio Jos FM Tulungagung
* Radio Perkasa FM
* Radio jaya FM Tulungagung
* Radio RKS Tulungagung 
* Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ

== [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] ==

=== Bali ===
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Rock FM 88.2 MHZ
* R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ
* Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ
* Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ
* Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ
* Barong, AM 1188 MHZ
* Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ
* Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ
* Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ
* Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ
* Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ
* Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ
* FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ
* Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ
* Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ
* Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ
* Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ
* Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

=== Nusa Tenggara Kulon ===
* RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ
* Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ
* Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }}
* Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }}
* Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }}

== [[Kalimantan]] ==

=== Banjarmasin ===
* Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM

=== Balikpapan ===
* SBI 102,1 Mhz
* Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }}
* Smartfm 97.8 Mhz
* Swara Media 101.3
* RSPD 99,9 FM
* AMA FM 105,3 FM
* Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM
* phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }}
* Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio]

=== Berau ===
* RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }}

=== Bontang ===
* Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm

=== Martapura ===
* Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }}

=== Palangka Raya ===
* Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }}
* Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }}

=== Pontianak ===
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* RRI Pontianak
* Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM
* Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM
* RRI Pro 2 FM
* RRI Pro 3 FM
* Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }}
* Radio Mitra Mahardika
* Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Luar Pontianak ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Suara Sambas (104 Fm)
* Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi)
{{col-css3-end}}

=== Samarinda ===

* Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html]
* Radio One Way 95.2 FM
* Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }}
* Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }}
* Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM 
* Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM 
* Radio Mitra 102.7 FM
* Radio Paras 103.5 FM 
* Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM 
* Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM

=== Sampit ===
* Radio Pesona 100,3 FM

== [[Sulawesi]] ==
* Radio Komunitas
* Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ

=== Gorontalo === 
*Selebes 101 fm.
*SK FM.
*Nada 90,8fm.
*BPKB Radio 94.7 FM

=== Kendari ===
* RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz

=== Makassar ===
* RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ
* Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ

=== Manado ===
* RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ

=== Palu ===
* RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ

= Radio komunitas =

== Riau ==
== Tanjungpinang ==
* Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ

== Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta ==
=== Jakarta Wétan ===

* FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790
* Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon
* Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas
* RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790,
* Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770
* Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas
* Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun
* AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770
* N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas
* Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas
* RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas
* Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com]

=== Bandung ===
* Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ

=== Pontianak ===
* Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, 
* Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM

=== Luar Pontianak ===
* Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) 
* Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) 
* Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936
* Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak)
* Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak)
* Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak)
* Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak)
* Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau)
* Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi)

== Jawa Wétan ==
Blitar 
Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz

== Tulungagung ==
* [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }}
* [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }}
* Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz

== Jombang ==
* Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang

== Ponorogo ==
* Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ

== Trenggalek ==
* Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek
* Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ
* Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ
* Radio Komonitas  RBS FM panggul  Freq 107,30 mhz
# Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya  freg 107,30 mhz
[[Kategori:Radio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda UPI</title>
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      <text bytes="7820" sha1="pn2lzn3h81xznms7bicslni01bk8ezw" xml:space="preserve">'''Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (Hima Pensatrada)''' nyaéta himpunan anu aya di [[Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daérah (Sunda) UPI|Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daérah (Sunda)]], FPBS [[Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]], [[Bandung]].

== Sajarah ==
Dumasar gagasan mahasiswa nu munggaran; Karna Yudibrata (Drs), jeung Yus Rusyana (Prof. Dr), bareng jeung medalna Seksi Bahasa dan Sastra Sunda dina taun 1957, diwangun beungkeutan dina hiji kagiatan anu disebut “Bendé Rancagé”.

Marengan mekarna kagiatan kamahasiswaan di IKIP Bandung diatur jeung dipayuskeun dumasar prosedur anu resmi, dina taun 1962 diadegkeun “WARGA MAHASISWA BASA JEUNG SASTRA SUNDA” (WBSS). Kagiatan nu digarap ku WBSS leuwih dieuyeuban deui ku ayana Saba Reuma nu mangrupa kagiatan rékréasi ka hiji tempat (bari leumpang).

Luyu jeung robahna ngaran jurusan, dina taun 1983 WMBSS ngilu robah jadi Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah (HMPBD), kalayan kagiatan nu leuwih ditingkatkeun deui, boh rupana boh ajén kagiatanana.

Kalayan harepan nembongkeun deui komara Sunda dina taun 1986 HMPBD robah deui jadi “Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Sunda (Hima Pensatrada) FPBS IKIP Bandung” nepi ka kiwari, nu rédaksina dirobah deui jadi “Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (Hima Pensatrada) FPBS UPI” dina taun 2003.

Nepi ka kiwari, Hima Pensatrada terus ngusahakeun pikeun ngaguar jeung ngamekarkeun kagiatan kamahasiswaan nu diwariskeun ti inohong-inohong mahasiswa saméméhna. Lian ti éta dironjatkeun ogé kasaimbangan kagiatan dina widang penalaran, minat jeung bakat, jeung karaharjaan anggota.

== Pupuhu WMBSS, HMPBD jeung Hima Pensatrada ti mangsa ka mangsa ==
=== Warga Mahasiswa Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (WMBSS) ===
Alam Sutawijaya (1962-1964)
&lt;br /&gt;Agus Suriamiharja (1964-1970)
&lt;br /&gt;Dudung Ajat Saputra (1970-1977)
&lt;br /&gt;Asep Suhendar (1977-1978)
&lt;br /&gt;Taufik Faturrahman (1978-1979)
&lt;br /&gt;Edi Suhendar (1979-1980)
&lt;br /&gt;Dedi Koswara (1980-1981)
&lt;br /&gt;Cicih Sundarsih (1981-1982)
&lt;br /&gt;Nana Kurniadi (1982-1983)
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah (HMPBD) ===
Ganjar Priatna (1983-1984)
&lt;br /&gt;Herlan Saepulloh (1984-1985)
&lt;br /&gt;Iyos Ana Rosmana (1985-1986)
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Sunda (Hima Pensatrada) ===
Apip Ruhamdani (1986-1987)
&lt;br /&gt;Dani Suhandani (1987-1988)
&lt;br /&gt;Gunawan (1988-1989)
&lt;br /&gt;Uus Sugiana (1989-1990)
&lt;br /&gt;Yudi budiman (1990-1991)
&lt;br /&gt;Timan (1991-1992)
&lt;br /&gt;Asep Dachlan (1992-1993)
&lt;br /&gt;Kardiman (1993-1994)
&lt;br /&gt;Entoh (1995-1996)
&lt;br /&gt;Retty Isnendes (1996-1997)
&lt;br /&gt;Uhud Solehudin (1997-1998)
&lt;br /&gt;Nanin Nuraningsih (1998-1999)
&lt;br /&gt;Hernawan (1999-2000)
&lt;br /&gt;Asep Fajar Ansori(2000-2001)
&lt;br /&gt;Dadan Hamdani (2001-2002)
&lt;br /&gt;Iid Abdul Muiz (2002-2003)
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Himpunan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (Hima Pensatrada) ===
Jana Sujana (2003-2004)
&lt;br /&gt;Tarlan (2004-2005)
&lt;br /&gt;Diqi Munawar Shodiq (2005-2006)
&lt;br /&gt;Adhika Nurkholis Aziz (2006-2007)
&lt;br /&gt;Yanuarisnandar Mauludi (2007-2008)
&lt;br /&gt;Karsim (2008-2009)
&lt;br /&gt;Dadang Nasuha (2009-2010)
&lt;br /&gt;Dede Riza (2010-2011)
&lt;br /&gt;Diky Arliana (2011-2012)
&lt;br /&gt;Iman Nurdin (2012-2013)
&lt;br /&gt;Risky Ashary (2013-2014)
&lt;br /&gt;Yedi Sudrajat (2014-2015)
&lt;br /&gt;Deska Mahardika Putri (2015-2016)
&lt;br /&gt;Anggit Galih G. (2016-2017) 
&lt;br /&gt;M.Andri Yuriansyah (2017-2018)
&lt;br /&gt;Tri Wahyu Juliana (2018-2019)
&lt;br /&gt;Sandi Kusnadi (2019-2020)
&lt;br /&gt;Ahmad Djubaeri Ramdani (2020-2021)
&lt;br /&gt;Mochammad Rafli Aziz (2021-2022)
&lt;br /&gt;Mohamad Danil Rizaldi (2022-2023)
&lt;br /&gt;Muhammad Fauzan Ramadhan (2023-2024)
&lt;br /&gt;Rizki Muhammad Nur (2024-2025)                                                                                                                                                                      
&lt;br /&gt;Agus Rahmat Hidayat (2025-2026)

== VISI jeung MISI Hima Pensatrada ==
Visi jeung Misi Hima Pensatrada nyaéta tujuan Hima Pensatrada nu aya dina Anggaran Dasar Hima Pensatrada BAB VII pasal 11 nu eusina “Hima Pensatrada FPBS UPI ngabogaan tujuan pikeun ngawangun insan akademis anu kritis, religius jeung revolusioner kalawan nepi ka ngabogaan rasa tanggung jawab tur partisipasi aktif dina enggoning ngawujudkeun pangwangunan nasional”.

== Fungsi ==
Hima Pensatrada FPBS UPI mibanda fungsi salaku wujud tina kadaulatan mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah FPBS UPI pikeun ngawadahan, nyalurkeun aspirasi sarta pikeun mekarkeun potensi anu aya di mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah FPBS UPI luyu jeung aturan konstitusi nu geus disapukan. (AD Bab VI pasal 10)

== Kaanggotaan ==
Anggota Hima Pensatrada FPBS UPI nyaéta mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah nu lulus tina Pengaderan. (AD Bab VIII pasal 12)
Nu dimaksud lulus tina pengaderan nyaéta lulus tina kagiatan Mitra Sunda nu ngawengku Wawanohan, Latihan Dasar Kapamingpinan Mahasiswa (LDKM) jeung Saba Reuma. (ART Bab I pasal 1)

== Lambang ==

Lambang hima pensatrada nyaéta kujang, tarate, gunung, jangjang garuda, dikurilingan ku tulisan HIMPUNAN MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN BASA JEUNG SASTRA SUNDA FPBS UPI anu aya dina hiji buleudan warna koneng emas kalayan warna dasar bulao kolot.

=== Harti simbolis lambang: ===

&lt;br /&gt;Kujang miboga harti jati diri Sunda
&lt;br /&gt;Jangjang miboga harti alat pikeun ngahontal tujuan
&lt;br /&gt;- Taraté miboga harti katingtriman
&lt;br /&gt;- Gunung miboga harti kayakinan anu kuat sarta cita-cita anu luhung
&lt;br /&gt;- Buleudan miboga harti hiji beungkeutan kakulawargaan
&lt;br /&gt;- Warna konéng emas ngalambangkeun kamulyaan jeung karaharjaan
&lt;br /&gt;- Warna bulao kolot nandakeun sumanget keur bajoang

== Kagiatan Hima Pensatrada ==
Hima Pensatrada miboga sababaraha kagiatan insidental nyaéta MITSUN (Mitra Sunda), RBS ( Riksa Budaya Sunda), jeung Bendé Rancagé.

====== 1. Mitra Sunda ======
Mitra Sunda nyaéta kagiatan pengkaderan pikeun mahasiswa anyar jurusan Pendidikan Basa jeung Sastra Sunda. Kagiatanna ngawengku wawanohan, LDKM ( Latihan Dasar Kapamingpinan Mahasiswa), jeung Sabareuma. Biasana Kagiatanna lumangsung antara sasih Séptember dugi ka Nopember.

====== 2. Riksa Budaya Sunda ======

Riksa Budaya Sunda nyaéta kagiatan pikeun miéling poé basa indung sadunya nu tujuanna pikeun basa jeung budaya Sunda tetep hirup jeung digunakeun dina kahirupan sapopoé. Biasana kagiatanana mangrupa pasanggiri-pasanggiri tingkat SMP/SMA/Satata Sa-Jawa Barat. Ieu acara lumangsung sasih Pébruari.

====== 3. Bendé Rancagé ======

Bendé Rancagé mangrupa salah sahiji kagiatan tina Tridarma Perguruan Tinggi nyaéta ''Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat'' (P2M). Ieu kagiatan tereh sarua jeung kagiatan KKN( ''Kuliah Kerja Nyata''), nu ngabedakeun nyaéta dina durasi waktuna. Bendé Rancagé mah kurang leuwih saminggu, ari KKN mah biasana opat puluh poé. biasana ieu kagiatan lumangsung dina sasih April.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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== Karatagan Hima Pensatrada ==
&lt;br /&gt;ku: Imang Sugianto
&lt;br /&gt;Pensatrada nanjeur nyanding komara
&lt;br /&gt;Hurung ngempur pamorna Ki Sunda 
&lt;br /&gt;Cangkring kujang nu jadi perlambang
&lt;br /&gt;Lébér wawanénna diri
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Lemah UPI baligeusan ngajadi
&lt;br /&gt;FPBS pamiangan tandang
&lt;br /&gt;Meuseuh diri pigeusaneun bakti
&lt;br /&gt;Wadahna hima digjaya
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Seuweu siwi jati Sunda 
&lt;br /&gt;Pangrumat pangraksa budaya
&lt;br /&gt;Mahasiswa sirung bangsa
&lt;br /&gt;Geusan tandang makalangan

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]]
* [[Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daérah (Sunda) UPI|Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Daerah]]

== Tumbu Luar ==
* [http://www.upi.edu UPI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726045842/https://www.upi.edu/ |date=2023-07-26 }}
* [http://www.pensatrada.blogspot.com Blog Hima Pensatrada]
* [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=82458116770 Group Facebook Hima Pensatrada]

[[Kategori:Organisasi mahasiswa di Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caah déngdéng</title>
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      <text bytes="3385" sha1="ih5iiyouurgelgjy6kwiamtj1xgkqi9" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Granite Falls 26437.JPG|jmpl|Caah déngdéng di walungan Stillaguamish, Amérika Kalér]]
[[Gambar:Elden Springs Road July 22, 2013 (9348035980).jpg|jmpl|Jalan ruksak tapak caah déngdéng]]
'''Caah déngdéng''' nyaéta [[cai]] nu datang ngadadak ngagulidag gedé kalawan henteu lumangsung lila.&lt;ref name=Ella&gt;{{Cite book | title =Mencerdasi bencana: banjir, tanah longsor, tsunami, gempa bumi, gunung api, kebakaran| first =Ella | last =Yulaelawati| publisher = Grasindo| location =Jakarta| year =2008| NO ISBN=9789790254244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caah déngdéng ilaharna dimimitian ku hujan gedé ti beulah girang, hujan nu ngagebrét ngabalukarkeun [[cai]] gedé ngagulidag ka susukan malidkeun naon baé nu kaliwatan.&lt;ref name=Ella/&gt; Susukan nu ngadadak pinuh ku [[cai]] kapeungpeukan ku [[runtah]] nu kabawa [[palid]], lila-lila runtah ngaggunduk di hiji tempat kawas bendungan cai dadakan.&lt;ref name=Ella/&gt; Beuki lila cai di susukan beuki pinuh, antukna éta bendungan téh runtag ngagulidagkeun cai gedé naker ka hilir.&lt;ref name=Ella/&gt; Ieu cai nu ngagulidag datang ngadadak sok disebut caah déngdéng.&lt;ref name=Ella/&gt;

Sababaraha kaayaan tempat nu bisa waé ngarandapan caah déngdéng:
# [[Daérah]] nu remen ngarandapan hujan gedé
# [[Taneuh]]na loba [[batu]] atawa [[cadas]] nu balukarna cai henteu loba suub kana [[taneuh]]
# Kaliliwatan cai susukan
# Tempat nu kungsi ngarandapan caah saméméhna.&lt;ref name=Tim&gt;{{Cite book | title =Seri Bencana Alam di Indonesia: Banjir dan Tanah Longsor| first =Tim Editor | last =Atlas dan Geografi| publisher =Erlangga for Kids| location =Jakarta| year =2007| NO ISBN=9789790153325}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tempat-tempat nu kungsi katarajang caah déngdéng hadéna ulah dicicingan deui, kudu pindah néang tempat séjén nu sakira aman.&lt;ref name=Suryana/&gt; ku lantaran bisa waé hiji mangsa, éta tempat baris ngarandapan deui caah.&lt;ref name=Suryana&gt;{{Cite book | title =Rapid assessment bencana Indonesia| first =Lilik | last =Kurniawan| publisher =Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPP) [dan] Hanss Seidel Foundation (HSF)| location =Jakarta| year =2006| NO ISBN=9789798801303}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQIEgn-j4H4 Scottish Flash Flood]
* [http://www.floodrisk.net Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601205453/http://floodrisk.net/ |date=2013-06-01 }}
* [http://floodsafety.com/media/ffa/contents_index.htm Flash Flood Alley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529053013/http://www.floodsafety.com/media/ffa/contents_index.htm |date=2018-05-29 }}
* [http://www.floodsafety.com/ Flash Flood Safety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512144131/http://www.floodsafety.com/ |date=2018-05-12 }}
* [http://www.rankinstudio.com/flashfloods Great footage of flash floods]
* [http://floodsafety.com/media/maps/texas/index.htm Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412144803/http://floodsafety.com/media/maps/texas/index.htm |date=2023-04-12 }}
* [http://www.apfm.info/cee_workshop.htm Workshop Proceedings Flash Flood Management]
* [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/iao_FFW.php Workshop Proceedings Flash Flood Forecasting]
{{Commons | Category:Floods | floods | alignement=right}}

[[Kategori:Bencana alam]]</text>
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    <title>Serbelawan, Dolok Batu Nanggar, Simalungun</title>
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      <text bytes="1499" sha1="rhkgbqurfznir8iuk7egvru4j6zoqcr" xml:space="preserve">'''Mengenal &quot;ASLI SERBELAWAN OFFICIAL&quot;, Portal Media Rujukan Utama dan Nomor Satu di Kota Serbelawan'''

'''SERBELAWAN''' – Di era digital di mana arus informasi bergerak sangat cepat, kehadiran media lokal yang berakar kuat pada komunitas menjadi sangat vital. Di Kota Serbelawan, peran tersebut diambil alih dengan gemilang oleh '''ASLI SERBELAWAN OFFICIAL''', sebuah platform digital yang kini menjadi rujukan informasi utama bagi warga kota dan sekitarnya.

Beroperasi melalui akun Instagram dengan ''username'' '''@asli.serbelawan''', platform yang dikategorikan sebagai &quot;Situs Web Berita &amp; Media&quot; ini telah mengukuhkan dirinya sebagai ''Akun Portal Media Resmi Kota Serbelawan No #1''. Dengan verifikasi centang biru yang menghiasi profilnya, akun ini menawarkan tingkat kredibilitas dan kepercayaan yang tinggi di mata publik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-22|title=Serbelawan, Dolok Batu Nanggar, Simalungun|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbelawan,_Dolok_Batu_Nanggar,_Simalungun&amp;oldid=29259210|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;


'''Serbelawan''' nyaéta salah sahiji Kalurahan di [[Dolok Batu Nanggar, Simalungun|kacamatan Dolok Batu Nanggar]], [[Kabupatén Simalungun]],  [[Propinsi]] [[Sumatra Kalér]], [[Indonésia]].

{{Dolok Batu Nanggar, Simalungun}}

{{Kalurahan-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Kabupatén Simalungun|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Dolok Batu Nanggar, Simalungun|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Dolok Batu Nanggar, Simalungun|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thoriq bin Ziyad</title>
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      <text bytes="50663" sha1="l6wpbsrinv6fchs03poejukq54ppfc5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Thoriq bin Ziyad&lt;br /&gt;{{Lang|ar|طارق بن زياد}}
| title         = El Tuerto
| image         = File:The_Moorish_Castle.jpg
| birth_date    = 670 M
| death_date    = 720 M
| birth_place   = Berber Afrika Kaler
| death_place   = 
| placeofburial = 
| allegiance    = [[Khalifah Sulaiman]]
| branch        = 
| serviceyears  = 
| rank          = [[Panglima perang]]
| unit          = 
| commands      = 
| battles       = 
| laterwork     = 
}}
'''Thoriq bin Ziyad''' (670&lt;ref name=&quot;Alatas, Alwi 20072&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 42&lt;/ref&gt; - 720) ({{lang-ar|طارق بن زياد}}), dikenal dina sajarah Spanyol minangka légénda nu disebut Taric él Tuérto&lt;ref&gt;Istilah Taric el Tuerto kaluar dina sawatara karya para panulis barat taun 1800-an, di antarana Washington Irving, Henry Coppee jeung nu sejenna. Tong dihartikeun sacara harfiah, Thoriq hanteu pecak.&lt;/ref&gt;(Taric si panon hiji), nyaéta hiji jéndral ti dinasti Umayyah nu mingpin panalukan muslim ka wewengkon Andalusia (Spanyol, Portugis, Andorra, Gibraltar jeung sabudeureunna) dina taun 711 M.

Dina usum panas taun [[711]] [[Maséhi]] (92 AH), Thoriq bin Ziyad miang ka Andalusia. Dina tanggal 29 April 711, pasukan Thoriq badarat di Gibraltar (ngaran Gibraltar asalna tina bahasa Arab. ''Jabal Tariq'' nu hartina Gunung Thoriq). 

Sanggeus badarat, dirina ngahurungkeun sumanget jihad ka pasukanna sangkan perang nu suhud karna Alloh. Dongéng ngadurukan kapal nu remen kadenge ku urang saméméh ieu ngan rékaan wungkul lantaran para pajoang Islam bajoang teu aya lain lintang ti hayang sabener-benerna nanjeurkeun agama Allah tanpa kudu nyieun hal nu saperti ngaduruk kapal téa, sajabana taya bukti nu kokoh jeung ngadukung kana dongéng éta téh. 

Pasukan Thoriq nyerang Andalusia sarta di usum panas taun 711 hasil ngahontal kameunangan nu nangtukeun lawan karajaan Visigoth, di mana rajana, Roderick perlaya dina tanggal 19 Juli 711 dina Perang Guadalete. Sanggeus éta, Thoriq manjing gupernur wewengkon Andalusia méméh ahirna disaur mulang ka Damaskus ku Khalifah Walid I. 

== Taun-taun Awal ==

=== Asal Usul Thoriq bin Ziyad ===
Asal usul Thoriq teu dipikanyaho sacara pasti. Numutkeun sajarawan Syauwi Abu Khalil nu dicutat ku Alwi Alatas, aya nu nyebukeun minangka turunan ti Bani Hamdan ti Pérsia, atawa suku Lahm. Aya ogé nu nyebutkeun Thoriq asalna ti bangsa Vandals. Ngan, loba sajarawan nu nganggap dirina turunan ti bangsa Berber. Numutkeun Alwi Alatas, Thoriq asalna ti kulawarga muslim sarta ti bubudak geus dididik sacara Islam ku ramana dina mangsa kakawasaan Uqbah bin Nafi di Ifiqiya.

Numutkeun pamanggih séjén, Thoriq bin Ziyad téh manten budak Musa bin Nusayr. Musa ngabébasken sanggeus ningal poténsi Thoriq, tuluy nempatkeun dina pasukanna. Bisa jadi Thoriq bin Ziyad geus aya di pasukan Musa bin Nusayr waktu Musa karak nepi di Qayrawan. Tapi, waktu éta Thoriq can pati dikenal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alatas, Alwi 20072&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 42&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawatara sajarawan nyatetkeun yén Thoriq mibanda sababaraha vérsi ngaran:

# Al-Idrisi, géografer Muslim ti abad ka-12, nyebut nami Thoriq ku Thoriq bin Abdullah bin Wanamu al-Zanati.
# Ibnu Idhari nyebut ngaran lengkep Thoriq bin Ziyad bin Abdullah bin Walghu bin Warfajum bin Nabarghasan bin Walhas bin Yatufat bin Nafzaw.
# Ibnu Idhari ogé nyebutkeun ngaran lengkepna ku Tariq bin ZIyad bin Abdullah bin Rafhu bin Warfajum bin Yanzghasan bin Walhas bin Yatufat bin Nafzaw.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciri-ciri Thoriq ===


Thoriq nyaéta hiji pameget nu taarna jenong jeung ngagaduhan karang hideung nu dituwuhan ku rambut dina taktak kéncana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 88&lt;/ref&gt;

== Légénda Kadataangan Thoriq ==
Saheunteuna aya dua légénda ngeunaan kadatangan Thoriq bin Ziyad ka Andalusia. légénda éta téh kieu:

=== Légénda Awéwé Kolot ===
Mangsa Thoriq karak ngabébaskeun Kota Algeciras, aya hiji awéwé kolot nu ménta pikeun panggih jeung Thoriq. Sanggeus diwidian ku Thoriq, awéwé kolot éta ngajéntrékeun dongéngna yén baréto manéhna ngabogaan hiji salaki. Salakina sok nyarita yén hiji mangsa engké, nagri ie bakal ditalukkeun ku hiji jéndral ti luar. Jénderal ieu mibanda taar nu jenong jeung karang hideung nu dituwuhan rambut dina taktak kéncana. Ngadangu kitu, Thoriq gera-gera muka taktak kénca nu mémang mibanda tanda persis nu dijéntrékeun awéwé tadi. Pasukan Thoriq gé kasima.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 88-89&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Légénda Istana 27 Gembok ===
Kerajaan Visigoth ngabogaan hiji karaton nu kacida éndahna di Toleda jeung ngabogaan 27 gembok. Raja-raja saméméhna salawasna pesen yén aya kajadian naon waé, karaton téh teu meunang diasupan ku saurang ogé. Tiap raja nu anyar malahan nambahan hiji gembok hingga aya kana 27 gembokna. Mangsa Roderick manjing raja, manéhna panasaran ku jero karaton éta. Dina hiji poé, manéhna ngabongkar sakabéh gembok nu aya jeung asup ka karaton. Tétéla di jero karaton téh aya hiji rohangan deui nu dikonci. Sanggeus ngabongkar konci rohangan éta, Roderick asup deui ka rohangan nu leuwih jero deui. 

Tétéla dina rohangan éta téh aya hiji perkamén nu eusina lukisan jalma-jalma nu naraék kuda. Maranéhna maké baju nu kasar, pinuh ku kokotor, marake sorban, jeung pedangna mareleungkung. Aya ogé tulisan,

&quot;Iraha waé ruang panyalindungan ieu dilanggar katut mantra nu aya dina ieu jéro poci, jalma-jalma nu kagambar dina poci ieu bakal nyerbu Andalusia, ngarugrugkeun singgasana rajana, sarta ngawasa sakuliah nagari&quot;

Roderick kasieunan sanggeus maca éta jeung yakin yén musibah bakal tumiba ka dirina.&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 10-12&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sasayogian Pangbébasan Andalusia ==

=== Carita Julian jeung Putrina ===
Julian téh pangawasa Ceuta. Dirina nandatangan  jangji pasini damai jeung Kakhalifahan ngaliwatan Musa bin Nusayr. Julian ngabogaan hij putri nu kacida geulisna nu ngaranna Florinda.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 76&lt;/ref&gt; Demi hubungan nu hadé jeung Visigoth, Florinda dikirim ka karaton Roderick pikeun diajar. Roderick katarik ati jeung hayang ngawin Florinda, tapi Florinda nolak. Roderick ambek tuluy ngarampas kahormatan Florinda jeung ngancam sangkan teu bébéja ka sasaha ngeunaan kajadian éta. Tapi, ku pinter-pinterna, Florinda hasil nyeulendepkeun hiji surat ka luar karaton Roderick jeung ngirimkeun ka Julian, bapana, ngabéjaan naon nu kajadian.

Julian ambek kacida jeung sumpah pikeun ngancurkeun Roderick. Dirina harita kénéh nuju ka karaton Roderick pikeun nyokot Florinda. Julian ngarang carita yén geureuhana keur geuring parna jeung ngarepkeun Florinda aya di sagigireun indungna pikeun ngarawatna. Ngadenge kitu, Roderick gé ngijinan Florinda balik jeung bapana. Sanggeus hasil ngamankeun Florinda di karaton Ceuta, Julian ngajugjug padumukan Musa bin Nusayr, ménta sangkan nyerang Visigoth.

Awalna, Musa nolak lantaran mangsa harita Semenanjung Iberia can dikenal di kalangan kau muslimin. Tapi, Julian terus ngadeseh. Akhirna ,Musa ménta Julian pikeun nyerang Semenanjung Iberia maké pasukan leutik pikeun nunjukkeun kadarianna. Julian ngalaksanakeun paréntah éta. Dirina mawa dua kapal jeung nyerang Algeciras. Isukna, Julian hasil mulang jeung nunjukkeun harta rampasan perang ka Musa nu jumlahna réa. Musa antukna percaya ka Julian.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 81&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngirim Surat ka Khalifah ===
Musa saharita kénéh ngirim surat ka Khalifah Al Walid di Damaskus, ménta ijin pikeun ngabébaskeun Semenanjung Iberia. Waleran ti Al Walid datang.

&quot;Sakuduna kirim heula pasukan leutik ka negéri itu hingga maranéhna bisa nyerang jeung mawa  béja ka anjeun ngeunaan naon-naon nu aya di nagri éta. Mangkahadé! Tong nepi kaum muslimin musnah ku téror jeung bahaya sagara.&quot;

Musa ngirim balesanna,

&quot;Ieu mah lain sagara, tapi ngan terusan sempit. Basisirna katempo ti kajauhan.&quot;

Al Walid ngabales deui suratna.

&quot;Teu nanaon. Tetep kirim pasukan bubuka ka ditu!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 81&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pasukan Ékspédisi ===
Sanggeus meunang widi ti khalifah, Musa bin Nusayr ngirim pasukan ékspédisi awal ka wilayah Semenanjung Iberia. Pasukan ieu dipingpin ku Tarif bin Malik (Tarif Abu Zar'ah bin Malik Al-Mughaferi). Tarif mingpin 500 tentara nu di jerona aya 100 kavaleri. Tarif miang maké opat siki kapal. maranéhna balabuh di pulo pangkidulna ti Semenanjung Iberia. Engké, pulo ieu bakal dingaranan kota Tarifa nu asalna tina ngaran Tarif bin Malik.

Tarif saharita migawé paréntah Musa pikeun nyerang daérah pangdeukeutna ti tempatna badarat. Sanggeus hasil, Tarif balik ka Musa bin Nusayr bari mawa harta rampasan perang nu réa. Dirina ogé nyebut nagri éta ku sebutan Jazirat al-Khafra (pulo nu hejo) pikeun nyebut Semenanjung Iberia.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 81-82&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangbébasan Dimimitian ==

=== Pasukan Miang ===
Musa bin Nusayr nunjuk Thoriq bin Ziyad pikeun mingpin pangbébasan ieu. Thoriq mawa 12.000 tentara nu mayoritasna nyaéta bangsa Berber. Ngan 300 urang ti bangsa Arab jeung 700 urang ti bangsa Afrika. Julian ti Ceuta mancén tugas salaku intél jeung tukang nuduhkeun jalan pasukan. Pasukan miang ti Ceuta maké kapal Julian nu nyamur. Aangkutanna pasukan dijalankeun sacara bulak balik ti peuting ngaméh teu nyurigakeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 83&lt;/ref&gt;

Pas méméh badarat, Thoriq mutuskeun pikeun ngaleyep heula. Dina saréna inyana ngimpi pendak jeung Nabi Muhammad nu dikuliling ku urang-urang Muhajirin jeung Anshar. Aranjeuna nyarandak pedang nu geus ngabar. Salajengna Nabi Muhammad ngadawuh ka Thoriq:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Tong geuneuk tong maleukmeuk, hé Thoriq. Sampurnakeun naon anu ditakdirkeun keur anjeun pikeun ngalakukeunna!&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Tuluy Thoriq lugay jeung ngarasa yakin kameunangan aya di pihakna. Dirina nyaritakeun ngimpi ieu ka prajurit-prajurit muslim nu aya di kapal babarengan.&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat.&lt;/ref&gt;

Awalna Thoriq niat badarat di Algeciras tapi teu jadi da kota éta dijaga ku pasukan Visigoth. Akhirna, Thoriq jeung pasukanna badarat di Calpe, lebah wétan Algeciras. Engkéna, Calpe diganti ngaranna jadi Jabal Al-Fatah (Gunung Kameunangan). Tapi, tempat éta téh leuwih dikenal ku ngaran Jabal Tariq atwa Gibraltar.

=== Jénderal Perang ===
Thoriq mawa jénderal-jénderal perang tanggoh, nyaéta:

* Tarif bin Malik.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 83&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mughyet ar-Rum.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt; Hiji mualaf ti Yunani kabangsaanna Romawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC3&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 83&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abdul Malik al-Moafir.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 88&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kaula al-Yahudi (ngagabung pandeuri).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9247-kaula-al-yahudi&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;

=== Pidato Thoriq bin Ziyad ===
Numutkeun P. De Gayango, sakumaha dicutat ku Ahmad Thomson,&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 19-21&lt;/ref&gt; Di handap ieu di antara pidato nu ditepikeun Thoriq bin Ziyad ka para prajuritna:


''&quot;Kamana aranjeun bisa lumpat bari musuh di hareupeun jeung sagara satukangeun? Demi Alloh! Teu aya kasalametan pikeun aranjeun kajaba tina wawanén jeung katungkuhan haté aranjeun. Tinimbangkeun kaayaan aranjeun: aranjeun nangtung di saluhureun pulo ieu saupama barudak yatim nu kapecleungkeun ka dunya; aranjeun upama tinimu jeung musuh nu kuat ngepung wakul buaya manggap lir ibarat galura amarah sagara nu ngagolak, sarta ngirim prajurit-prajurit nu teu kaitung lobana ka aranjeun, bala tantara baju wesi jeung dilengkepan ku sagala pakarang nu kungsi aya.''

''Naon nu bisa dipaké pikeun ngalawan maranéhna?''

''Aranjeun teu mibanda pakarang séjén kajaba pedang, teu boga paerlengkepan séjén kajaba nu geus dirampas ti musuh. Ku alatan kitu, aranjeun kudu nyerang musuh sagancang-gancangna atawa lamun hanteu, tanwandé hasrat pikeun nyerah bakal tumuwuh, angin kameunangan moal deui niup ka pihak aranjeun, sarta musuh bakal ganti wawanén nu hésé dikadalikeun!''

...

''Aranjeun apal yén Khalifah Al Walid bin Abdul Malik geus milih aranjeun siga milih sakitu lobana pahlawan ti kalangan jalma-jalma nu gedé wawanén. Aranjeun nyaho yén ménak-ménak gedé daratan ieu ngabogaan kahayang nu gedé pikeun ngajadikeun aranjeun jadi anak-anakna jeung ngiket aranjeun ku jatuk rami, ngan mun aranjeun ngabagéakeun pangperangan sakumaha kuduna jalma-jalma gedé wawanén jeung pajoang sajati, sarta jadi ksatria nu wani. Aranjeun nyaho yén rahmat Alloh nganti aranjeun mun aranjeun siap pikeun nanjeurken kalimat-Na jeung ngijabkeun agama-Na di tanah ieu.''

...

''Lamun aranjeun ngalaksanakeun paréntah-paréntah kuring, tangtu urang bakal meunang!&quot;''

=== Kidung Thoriq bin Ziyad ===
Numutkeun Alwi Alatas, Thoriq ogé ngajomatarakeun hiji kidung pikeun nyumangétan pasukanna:

Urang geus naék kapal

Siapkeun pikeun méntas

Jeung Alloh bakal ngagéntos nyawa, harta,

jeung kulawarga urang ku surga

Saéstuna bener yén teu aya

Nu sakitu ku urang dipiharep di dunya ieu

Sakumaha ogé teu penting pikeun urang

Kumaha pinanggih pati basa meunang

harga nu sakitu diarep-arepna&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangbébasan Andalusia Tahap Kahiji ==
Catétan: loba pamanggih ngeunaan urutan pangbébasan kota demi kota nu dilakukeun Thoriq, Musa jeung pasukanna. Urutan pangbébasan dina ieu artikel ngan salah sahiji vérsi di antara réa vérsi séjén.

=== Pangbébasan Kota Cartagena ===
Kota kahiji nu dibébaskeun ku Thoriq nyaéta Cartagena. Kota ieu teu jauh ti Gibraltar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 88&lt;/ref&gt; Thoriq ngirim pasukan nu dipingpin ku Abdul Malik al-Moafir. Sanggeus hasil dibébaskeun, ngaran kota éta sempet diganti jadi ''Qartayannat al Halfa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain#Middle_Ages&lt;/ref&gt;''

=== Pangbébasan Kota Algeciras ===
Kota satuluyna nu dibébaskeun Thoriq nyaéta Algeciras. Abdul Malik al Moafir ditugaskeun ku Thoriq jadi pangawas kota ieu sawatara Thoriq nuluykeun pangbébasan kota-kota séjén.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 88&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tempur Ngalawan Theodomir ===
Theodomir (Arab: Tudmir) nyaéta ponggawa karajaan Visigoth kidul. Pasukanna mapag Thoriq sarta tempur ragot. Pasukan Theodomir eleh, tuluy manéhna ngirim surat ka Roderick nu ngajéntrékeun yén Visigoth geus diserang. Tapi, Theodomir sorangan salamet jeung jaga bakal nyinghareupan deui pasukan kaom muslimin pikeun kadua kalina.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA2&quot;&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 88&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perang Guadalete ===
Sanggeus maca surat ti Theodomir, Roderick nu mangsa harita keur perang ngalawan Basque saharita kénéh ngeureunkeun perangna sarta ngajugjug ka Kordoba.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 90&lt;/ref&gt; Di dinya Roderick nyusun kakuatan pikeun mapag Thoriq. manéhna ménta bantuan ti Witiza, para gupernurna, jeung budak-budak nu dipiboga hingga hasil ngumpulkeun 40.000 - 100.000 prajurit.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 91&lt;/ref&gt; Sawatara éta, pasukan Thoriq jumlahna 7.000 - 12.000 prajurit pikeun ngalawan Roderick téh.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 102&lt;/ref&gt; Roderick eleh jeung tiwas. Perang ieu dikenal ku sebutan Perang Guadalete, perang Guadlquivir,&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 96&lt;/ref&gt; atawa perang Wadi Lakka.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 111&lt;/ref&gt; Pelayo téh hiji ménak Visigoth nu hasil lolos tina Perang Guadalete. Jaga manéhna nyumput di gugunungan, nyusun kakuatan pikeun ngarebut Andalusia deui, hasil-hasil 800 tahun ka hareupna.

=== Pangbébasan Kota Sidonia ===
Musa bin Nusayr ngirim surat ka Thoriq, ménta sangkan nunda heula pangbébasan. Dirina niat miang ka Semenanjung Iberia jeung ilibiung langsung dina pangbébasan. Tapi, Thoriq boga tinimbang séjén. Lamun, pangbébasan ditunda, Angkeuhan Visisgoth bakal hasil ngawangun kakuatanna deui. Ku alatan kitu, sanggeus Perang Guadalete réngsé, Thoriq nuluykeun pangbébasanna ka kota-kota séjén. Salah sahijina nyaéta Sidonia. Di jaman Spanyol modern, kota ieu dikenal ku ngaran Kota Medina -Sidonia. Pangbébasan kota ieu dibantu ku urang Yahudi nu saméméhna ditindes ku Visigoth. Maranéhna lalumpatan muka panto gerbang kota pikeun ngabagéakeun pasukan Thariq bin Ziyad.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 112&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Moron ===
Réngsé pangbébasan Sidonia, Thoriq nuluykeun ka kota Moron. Sarua jeung Sidonia, pangbébasan Moron gé dirojong ku urang Yahudi. Tuluy Thoriq nyérénkeun kapamingpinan kota saheulaanan ka urang Yahudi sawatara dirina nuluykeun pangbébasan.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 112&lt;/ref&gt; dina jaman kuno, kota ieu ngaranna Mawror. Di jaman modérn, Kota Moron ganti ngaran jadi Moron de la Frontéra.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ayto-morondelafrontera.org/opencms/opencms/morondelafrontera/content/turi/info/info_historia-y-cultura.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Carmona ===
Réngsé pangbébasan Moron, Thoriq maju deui ngabébaskeun kota Carmona.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 112&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Alcala de Guadaira ===
Réngsé Carmona hasil dibuka, Thoriq jeung pasukanna maju ka Kota Alcala de Guadaira.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Guada%C3%ADra#history&lt;/ref&gt; Thoriq gé bisa ngéléhkeun kota ieu kalayan gampang.&lt;ref&gt;http://books.google.co.id/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''&lt;small&gt;Pangbébasan Kota Guadalajara&lt;/small&gt;''' ===
Thoriq maju ka Kota Guadalajara jeung hasil nembus kota éta.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Castile-La_Mancha#Al-Andalus_foundation&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Ecija ===
Satuluyna, Thoriq ngabébaskeun kota Ecija. Pasukan Thoriq hasil néwak gupenur Ecija jeung sarta nawarkeun hiji pasini daméi. Pasinina nyaéta gupernur kudu nyérénkeun Ecija jeung nyérénkeun pajak sacara rotin. Pikeun walesanna, manéhna bakal tetep maréntah Ecija.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 113-114&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Kordoba ===
Thoriq ngirim Mughyer ar-Rumi jeung 700 pasukan kuda pikeun ngabébaskeun Kordoba. Tétala, Kordoba dipangnahankeun ku 400 tentara nu kacida kuatna sarta mibanda asupan [[cai]] nu réa. Ku perang rongkah, Mughyet hasil nembus bénténg kota sarta ngarebut sakuliah kota. Kabéh pasukan Kordoba nu nyésa nyalindung ka hiji garéja di kulon kota nu asupan caina teu kawates nu ngalir ti gunung. Sanggeus ngepung pasukan Kordoba salila 3 bulan, Mughyet ngutus Rabah, hiji jalma ti bangsa Afrika, pikeun nyusup ka garéja. Para prajurit Kordoba néwak Rabah bari bingung naha kulitna hideung, teu cara maranéhna nu barodas. Rabah hasil kabur maké hiji siasat sarta ngabéjaan lebahna asupan cai. Mughyet saharita maréntahkeun pikeun motong asupan cai éta. Pasukan Kordoa nu teu bisa nahan tina rasa haus akhirna ngalakukeun maéhan manéh massal sarta ngaduruk garéja tempat maranéhna nyalindung. Akhirna Mughyet hasil ngabébaskeun Kordoba bari jeung hésé capé gé.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 115-120&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Granada ===
Pasukan pangbébasan Granada dimiangkeun babarengan jeung pasukan Mughyet. Teu kungsi lila, Granada gé bisa dibébaskeun.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 115&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Almunecar ===
Pasukan Thoriq tuluy ngajugjug Kota Almunecar. Dirina teu manggih kasusah dina muka Almunecar.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car#Muslim_rule&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Toledo ===
Thoriq jeung pasukanna nu séjén miang ngajugjug Toledo, ibu kota Visigoth. Tétéla, Toledo geus kosong ditinggalkeun ku pangeusina. Tharik ninggalkeun sajumlah leutik pasukanna pikeun ngajaga Tolede sedeng dirina nuluykeun pangbébasan.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 121&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Medinat Al-Maida ===
Thoriq nuluykeun lalampahan, ngajugjug kota Medinat Al Maida (Kota méja), nyaéta kota leutik di deukeu Toledo. Medinat Al Maida téh ngaran paméré kaom muslimin Andalusia, sedeng ngaran aslina teu kanyahoan.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 121&lt;/ref&gt; Di kota ieu Thoriq jeung pasukanna manggihan harta rampasan perang nu loba pisan. Maranéhna tuluy mawa jeung ngumpulkeun bareng jeung harta rampasan lain di Toledo. Di handap ieu banda-banda nu katimu ku Thoriq:

# Méja Sulaiman. Ieu téh nyaéta Méja milik Nabi Sulaiman bin Daud cenah dipaok ti karatonna dibawa ka Spanyol.
# Kitab-kitab kuno Injil, Taurat jeung Zabur jumlahna 21 salinan.
# Hiji kitab kuno ngeunaan Nabi Ibrahim.
# Hiji kitab kuno ngeunaan Nabi Musa.
# Kitab-kitab kuno élmu alam, nyéta ngeunaan obat-obatan, sasatoan jeung nu séjénna.
# Makuta emas jeung inten milik raja Visigoth jumlahna 27.
# Kitab-kitab kuno para filsup.
# Hihiasan jeung karya seni nu sakitu éndahna.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 121&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 23&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus saruntuyan pangbébasan ieu, Thoriq jeung pasukanna istirahat di Toledo.

== Pangbébasan Andalusia Tahap Kadua ==
Catétan: loba pamanggih ngeunaan urutan pangbébasan kota demi kota nu dilakukeun Thoriq, Musa jeung pasukanna. Urutan pangbébasan dina ieu artikel ngan salah sahiji vérsi di antara réa vérsi séjén.

=== Kadatangan Musa bin Nusayr ===
Musa bin Nusayr datang ka Semenanjung Iberia dibarengan ku 18.000 tentara&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 125&lt;/ref&gt; pikeun ngarojong Thoriq ngalakukeun pangbébasan. Dirina datang dina Ramadhan 93 H (Juni 712 M).&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 202&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun sawatara sumber, Julian jeung pasukanna gé ngilu dina rombongan ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis, David Levering 2008&quot;&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 203&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nyiringna Sahabat Nabi ===
Bareng jeung Musa, sumping ogé hiji sahabat Nabi Muhammad yuswana ampir 100 taun, wastana Abu al-Munaizir. Numutkeun sajarawan Ar Razi, Abu al Munaizir téh minangka salah sawios sahabat nabi panganomna.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 126&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nyiringna Tabiin ===
Kajaba ti éta loba para tokoh tabiin nu nyariring. Numutkeun Alwi Alatas, aranjeuna téh nyaéta

# Hans as-San'ani
# Ibnu Rabah al-Lakhmi
# Abdullah bin Yazid al-Ma'arefi al-Jobeli
# Hayyan ibnu Abi Hoblah
# Iyadh bin Uqbah al-Fihri
# Habib bin Abi Ubaidah
# Abdullah bin Said
# Ibnu Shamasah
# Al-Mughirah bin Abi Burdah Nashitt bin Kinanah al-Adri
# Hayyat bin Reja at-Tamimi.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 126-130&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Seville ===
Musa bin Nusayr saharita tanginas. Babarengan jeung pasukanna ngabébaskeun kota-kota nu can sempet dibébaskeun ku Thoriq. Dina waktu singket, Seville hasil dibébaskeun.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 130&lt;/ref&gt; Musa ngajadikeun kota ieu minangka ibu kota Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 139&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Niebla ===
Sanggeus Seville, Musa gerak nuju ka kota Niebla. Teu hésé, Niebla gé saharita dibébaskeun.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 130&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Faro ===
Musa gerak deui ngajugjug Kota Faro. Kalayan gampang, Kota Faro gé hasil dibuka.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 130&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Beja ===
Musa ayeuna mah ngajugjug ka Kota Beja. Kota ieu nyaéta kota garnisun nu diwangun ku Julius Caesar.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 202&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Malaga ===
Musa mecah pasukanna. maréntahkeun putrana, Abdul 'Ala bin Musa, pikeun mawa pasukan ngajugjug Malaga. Tanpa hehésé, Abdul 'Ala hasil muka kota Malaga.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 131&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Evora ===
Musa maréntahkeun Abdul Aziz bin Musa, putrana nu lain, pikeun ngajugjug Kota Evora. Sarua siga saméméhna, Evora ogé babari dibébaskeun.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 131&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Jaen ===
Abdul Aziz bin Musa ogé hasil ngabébaskeu n Jaen.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_peninsula#Conquest_.28710.E2.80.93756.29&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Sagunto ===
Satuluyna, Abdul Aziz bin Musa ngajugjug Sagunto. Dirina jeung pasukanna hasil muka lawang kota.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagunto#History&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Murcia ===
Abdul Aziz bin Musa ngajugjug Kota Murcia. Theodomir sajauh ieu hasil mangnahankeun kotana ku sakitu hadéna najan ku saeutik prajurit. manéhna ménta sangkan sakabéh wanita pikeun maké baju wesi jeung ngangkat gondéwa di puncak-puncak bénténg. Ieu ngajadikeun Abdul Aziz nyangka yén maranéhna keur ngalawan pasukan nu kacida réana.

Ku alatan siasat éta, Abdul Aziz ménta pasini daméi sarta Theodomir nyatujuan. Theodomir dimeunangkeun ngawasa Murcia katut hukum nu ditetepkeunna asal mayar pajeg taonan dina wanda duit, sisikian, cuka, madu, minyak jeung anggur.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 205&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 131-132&lt;/ref&gt; Jaga, kaum Muslim Andalusia nyebut tempat éta Bilad Tudmir (Nagri Tudmir).&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 132&lt;/ref&gt; Satuluyna ieu janji pasini antara Theodomir jeung kaum muslimin:

&quot;(Tudmir) moal

* méré panglindungan pikeun buron jeung musuh-musuh urang
* Ngajurung pikeun jalma nu dilindungan pikeun sieun ka urang
* Nyumputkeun béja ngeunaan musuh-musuh urang.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 205&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Zaragoza ===
Musa bin Nusayr katut pasukanna ngajugjug Kota Merida. Tetéla, pasukan Merida kacida kuatna sarta kaum muslimin teu bisa meunang. Nepi ka ampir datang Idul Fitri, pasukan Musa teu sanggup nembus Merida. Dina poéan Idul Fitri, Musa maréntahkeun para prajuritna ngawarnaan rambut jeung janggotna ku warna beureum pikeun ngareuah-reuah Idul Fitri. Pasukan Visigoth nu teu nyaho naon-naon kasima lantaran rambut pasukan Musa robah jadi beureum. Musa sadar kana hal éta saharita nyieun tindakan. Isukna, dirina maréntahkeun prajuritna pikeun ngawarnaan buukna ku warna hideung. Prajurit Visigoth gé kasima deui. Maranéhna cumarita, 

&quot;Kami geus nempo raja maranéhna, hiji kolot tapi bisa robah jadi ngora deui. Ku kituna turutan nasehat kami, yén urang kudu datang ka manéhna jeung nedunan kahayangna, sabab urang moal sanggup nyanghareupan jalma-jalma siga kitu&quot;

Antukna, dijieun janji daméi siga nu dilakukeun di sababaraha kota séjén. Maranéhna kudu mayar pajeg taunan siga kota lianna.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 132-134&lt;/ref&gt;

Numutkeun David Levering Lewis, cara ieu can hasil sapinuhna ngajadikeun pasukan Visigoth sumerah. Mangsa éta wé Julian katut pasukanna api-api ngabalad. Dirina ménta dibukakeun lawang panto. Sanggeus asuh ka jero kota, pasukan Julian niupkeun béja yén Musa jeung pasukanna téh nyaéta prajurit déwa nu mampu ngarobah tangtungan jeung umur maranéhna sakahayang. Maranéhna maréntah pasukan Visigoth pikeun nyerah waé. Akhirna janji damai gé dijieun.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 204&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Talavera ===
Pasukan Musa nyimpang ka Kota Talavera pikeun ngabébaskeunna méméh nuju ka Zaragoza bareng jeung Thoriq.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina#Muslim_conquest&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Zaragoza ===
Kota Zaragoza dikenal ogé ku ngaran Saragossa. Sanggeus muka Kota Merida, Musa mecah pasukanna jadi dua. Abdul Aziz bin Musa nuluykeun lalampahan sedeng musa sorangan nepungan Thoriq di Toledo (pamanggih séjén nyebutkeun di Kota Talavera, belah kulon Toledo).&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 206&lt;/ref&gt; Musa jeung Thoriq ngagabungkeun pasukan jeung hasil ngabébaskeun Zaragoza.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 136&lt;/ref&gt; Zaragoza mangsa harita téh pusat Romawi Kuno. Di kota ieu, Musa ngadegkeun Masjid Agung Sarkusta. Kiwari masjid ieu gé robah jadi Katedral La Seo.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 207&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Burgos ===
Sanggeus éta, pasukan ngajugjug ka Kota Burgos sarta bisa dibébaskeun kalayan gampang. Salah sahiji désa nu dibébaskeun ngaranna Désa Amaya.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgos#History&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_(Burgos)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Coimbra ===
Abdul Aziz bin Musa nu mawa pasukan cukup réa harita ngajugjug Kota Coimbra, Ayeuna ayana di Portugal. Kota ieu bisa dibébaskeun kalayan teu hésé.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 205&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Santarem ===
Réngsé ti éta, Abdul Aziz ngajugjug Santare. Sarua siga Coimbra, lawang Santarem gé bisa dibuka kalayan gampang.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 205&lt;/ref&gt; Kiwari Santarem aya di wewengkon Portugal.

=== Pangbébasan Kota Mertola ===
Pasukan Musa ngajugjug Mertola sarta hasil ngéléhkeun tentara-tentara panjaga kota.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rtola#Islamic_rule&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Salamanca ===
Pasukan Musa ngajugjug Salamanca sarta hasil muka lawangna.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca#History&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Valencia ===
Valencia ogé hasil dibébasken sanggeus tarung ragot.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)#Middle_Ages&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Valladolid ===
Pasukan gerak ka arah Valladolid sarta bisa muka lawang kotana.&lt;ref name=&quot;en.wikipedia.org&quot; /&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Barcelona ===
Rengsa Zaragoz, Musa jeung Thoriq ngajugjug Barcelona sarta hasil ngabébaskeun kota éta kalayan gampang.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 136&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ada legenda yang menyebutkan bahwa Thariq dan Musa berhasil menembus Gunung Pyrennes, Prancis Selatan, dan membebaskan kota Narbonne, Avignon, dan Lyons. Kemudian pasukan mereka menuju sungai Rhone. Mereka bertekad akan meneruskan perjalanan sampai ke Gerbang Konstantinopel, membuka Konstantinopel, dan berjalan sampai ke istana khalifah di Damaskus. Namun, itu tidak jadi dilakukan karena khalifah Al-Walid keburu memanggil Thariq dan Musa untuk kembali ke Damaskus. Alwi Alatas menolak kisah ini, katanya, &quot;kecil kemungkinan mereka melakukan itu. Bagaimanapun pasukan Muslimin hanya 25.000 orang sementara wilayah Al-Andalus sudah terlampau luas untuk dikontrol, apalagi penduduknya 4-5 juta orang&quot; (halaman 137)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Leon ===
Thoriq jeung Musa ngabagi pasukanna. Thoriq mecut kudana ka Provinsi Leon jeung Castile. Ngabébaskeun Kota Leon, Spanyol, sanggeus perang rongkah.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 207&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Astorga ===
Réngsé ti dinya, Thoriq ngajugjug Astorga. Di dieu Thoriq kalayan gampang bisa muka lawang kota sarta ngawasana.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 207&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbebasan Kota Oviedo ===
Musa ngajugjug Oviedo nu aya dina kakawasaan Karajaan Asturia. Teu kungsi lila, akhirna Musa bisa ngawasa kota.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 207&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangbébasan Kota Gijon ===
Thoriq ngajugjug Kota Gijon sarta hasil ngabébaskeunna.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n#Middle_Ages_and_Modern_Era&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuluykeun Pangbébasan ===
Musa jeung Thoriq nuluykeun pangbébasan ngajujug ka arah kulon Andalusia, tapi ngaran kota jeung urutanna teu kanyahoan. Bérés ti dinya marulang ka Toledo.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 139&lt;/ref&gt;

== Status Wilayah Ceuta ==
Alatan geus réa ngabantu pasukan Thoriq, Julian tetep diantepkeun ngawasa Ceuta pikeun ngahormatanna. Thoriq ngan ngawajibkeun ngirim pajeg taunan. Engkéna, wanci Julian geus maot, wilayah Ceuta karak diasupkeun kana aréa kakhalifahan Islam. Sedengkeun nasib Florinda teu kanyahoan deui.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 139-140&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kondisi Pasca Pangbébasan ==

=== Pulitik ===
Thoriq bin Ziyad diangkat jadi gupernur Andalusia pikeun saheulaanan. Dirina bareng jeung Musa bin Nusayr nanjeurkeun hukum Islam ka sakuliah Semenanjung Iberia.&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 28&lt;/ref&gt; Para pamingpin nu geus nanda tangan pasini daméi jeung pasukan Thoriq wajib mayar pajeg taunan jeung ngaku kakawasaan kakhalifahan Islam. Minangka walesanna, Maranéhna diijinan ngabogaan pamaréntahan nu mandiri. Maranéhna gé dilindungan sakumaha warga lianna.

Thoriq ngupayakeun ngaréngsékeun hak-hak nu saméméhna dirampas ku Roderick, contona kasus Witiza. Witiza téh pangawasa Semenanjung Iberia méméh Roderick. Tapi, taun 710 M, Roderick ngayakeun kudéta ka pamaréntahan Witiza hingga ka tiwasna. Harta-harta Witiza gé loba nu direbut. Dina Perang Guadalete, pasukan pangrojong Witiza nu diringkid ku Roderick biluk ka Thoriq. Pasukan Witiza satuju ngabantu Thoriq ku imbalan Thoriq mikeun hak maranéhna nu dirampas ku Roderick, nyaéta 3.000 paternakan&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 96&lt;/ref&gt; jeung 1.000 désa.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 108&lt;/ref&gt;

Réngsé Perang Guadalete, anak-anak Witiza manggihan Thoriq sarta ménta nyaosan jangjina. Thoriq ménta maranéhna pikeun nepungan Musa bin Nusayr di Qayrawan, dirina bakal ngaréngsékeun urusan maranéhna. Thoriq gé ngabantu nuliskeun surat rékomendasi ngeunaan kasus éta. Sanggeus maca surat sarta pangjéntréan ti barudak Witiza, Musa nedunan kahayangna. Dirina malikkeun hak maranéhna nu geus dirampas ku Roderick, nyaéta 3.000 paternakan jeung 1.000 désa.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 107-108&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sosial-Ekonomi ===
Méméh pangbébasan Andalusia, Visigoth maraktékkeun Latifundium. Nyaéta hiji prakték pangolahan tanah nu pagawena téh para budak, siga industri kekebonan dina jaman kiwari. Numutkeun David Levering Lewis, ekonomi Visigoth diwangun di saluhuren pangbudakan.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 180&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus Thoriq datang tanah éta dibagi-bagi ka patani lokal. Sabagéan gedé budak ogé dibébaskeun atawa maranéhna ngabébaskeun manéh sorangan maké tebusan (dina jaman Visigoth, budak teu dimeunangkeun nebus anjeun).

Thoriq gé ngabebankeun pajeg umum ka sakabéh masyarakat, arek manéhna muslim, nasrani atawa yahudi. Khusus pangeusi nasrani jeung yahudi, aya pajeg pribadi atawa mun teu mampu, kudu ngaganti ku wajib militer. Pajeg ieu ngahambalan luyu kana tingkat profesionalitas maranéhna. Mingkin profesional jeung beunghar, pajegna mingkin gedé. Kajaba ti éta, aya ogé kelompok masyarakat bébas pajeg, Maranéhna nyaéta:

* awéwé
* Barudak
* Biarawan
* Jalma cacad
* Jalma gering
* Tukang jajaluk
* Hamba sahaya&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomson 2004&quot;&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 26&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pelayo ti Asturias ===
Semenanjung Iberia réngsé dikawasa kajaba Asturias. Aya hiji ménak Visigoth nu ngaranna Pelayo, meureun pangawal pribadi Roderick. Pelayo hasil kabur tina Perang Guadalete jeung nyusun pasukan deui. Dina hiji poé maranéhna nyerang Thoriq, tapi teu hasil. Pelayo jeung pangiringna kadeseh nepi tinggal 30 lalaki jeung 10 awéwé. Maranéhna tuluy nyingkah ka daérah Covadonga, daérah nu lamping jeung réa pasir. Pasukan Thoriq terus ngepung Maranéhna nepi Pelayao jeung pangiringna kalaparan. Maranéhna ngan bisa ngadaharan madu nu dikumpulkeun tina tatangkalan nu dareukeut.

Pasukan Thoriq mikir teu perlu ngundag Pelayo deui lantaran manéhna jeung pangiringna bakal paéh kalaparan sorangan. Ku lantaran kitu, Maranéhna ninggalkeun Pelayo jeung mopohokeun kajadian éta. Ieu téh kasalahan fatal pasukan Thoriq. Teu disangka-sangka, Pelayo hasil batahan tina kalaparan jeung nyusun ulang kakuatanna deui. Pelayo ngadegkeun Kerajaan Asturias jeung jadi cikal bakal kakuatan mangsa pika hareupeun nu hasil ngusir Kaum Muslimin ti Semenanjung Iberia.&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 28-29&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toléransi Agama ala Thoriq ==

=== Kondisi pra-Islam ===
Awalna kondisi hubungan antar agama cukup hadé di Visigoth. Tapi, kabéh robah waktu Dewan Toledo Katujuh ngumumkeun hiji dékrit, &quot;Raja moal ngajénan saurang ogé nu lain Katolik dina karajaanna&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 183-184&lt;/ref&gt; Bangsa Yahudi dipaksa pindah agama jadi Katolik jeung dijadikeun budak sedengkeun Kristen Unitarian dianggap bid'ah ku karajaan. Kariaan agama, samodél Paskah, palaksanaan hukum dahareun jeung nikah agamis dilarang. Antukna rébuan urang Yahudi kabur ka Pyrennes di kidul kulon Perancis. Kaum Yahudi téh minangka kelompok nu paling kasiksa, ku alatan kitu basa pasukan Thoriq datang, Maranéhna atoh lantaran ngandung harti Visigoth geus runtuh. Maranéhanna gé ngabantu Thoriq muka lawang kota.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 184-187&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kondisi Sabada Pangbébasan ===
Aya hiji jangji daméi nu loba digunemkeun ngeunaan toléransi agama. Téks ieu ngabogaan tanggal 713 M, disusun ku Abdul Aziz bin Musa jeung Theodomir. Di handpa ieu téks nu hubungan jeung toléransi agama:&lt;blockquote&gt;
* ''&quot;Umat Karesten dimeunangkeun pikeun tétap ngabogaan garéja-garéja jeung biara-biarana, kitu ogé kaum Yahudi dimeunangkeun miboga sinagog-sinagogna...&quot;'' 
* ''&quot;Komunitas-komunitas Karesten jeung Yahudi tetep nyepeng jeung nerapkeun hak hukum otonom dina unggal pasalia nu teu mamawa hak-hak kaum Muslim. Maranéhna gé ngabogaan pamingpin-pamingpin sorangan, uskup-uskup, sarta komite (ménak nu ditunjuk) pikeun ngawakilan maranéhna dina pamaréntahan Muslim.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thomson 20042&quot;&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman 26&lt;/ref&gt;'' 
* ''&quot;Panganutna moal ditandasa atawa dijadikeun tahanan...Maranéhna moal dipaksa dina hal agama, garéjana moal didurukan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 205&lt;/ref&gt;'' 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;Thoriq jeung pasukanna ngupayakeun nanjeurkeun toléransi agama kalayan maksimal. Kelompok nu pangatohna ku kawijakan ieu téh nyaéta Yahudi, lantaran saméméhna sakitu tunggarana ku tekenan Visigoth. Tapi, lian ti Yahudi, kelompok Nasrani gé nunjukkeun minat nu kuat. David Levering Lewis ngoméntaran masalah toléransi ieu ku nyarita:

&quot;Tradisi kabébasan relatif tina hal-hal sipil jadi diajénan pisan di Andalusia, ku hasil nu sakitu hadéna hingga loba turunan aristokrat jeung rakyat Katolik siap pikeun nurut ka pangawasa muslim sakumaha urang-urang Yahudi di Kordoba  jeung Sevilla.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 205&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pasalia Thoriq jeung Tokoh Séjénna ==

=== Pasalia Thoriq-Musa ===

==== Kasus Pangbébasan Andalusia ====
Sabada Perang Guadalete, Musa ngirim surat ka Thoriq, ménta sangkan nunda pangbébasan semet ka dirina nepi ka Andalusia. Tapi, harita Thoriq teu nurut ka Musa. Tinimbang Thoriq nyaéta lamun dirina nunda pangbébasan, mangka Visigoth bakal hasil nyusun kakuatan jeung nyerang balik pasukan Thoriq. Ku alatan éta, Thoriq tetep nuluykeun pangbébasanna.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 112&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa Musa panggih jeung Thoriq di Toledo, Musa masih ingeut kajadian éta sarta kacida ambekna. Musa mecut Thoriq di hareupeun pasukanna sorangan sarta ngasupkeun ka panjara. Tapi Musa saharita nyadar yén kalakuanna ka Thoriq kacida kaleuleuwihi. Antukna, Thoriq dibébaskeun jeung diangkat deui jadi pamingpin pasukan. Satuluyna, duaan nuluykeun pangbébasan Andalusia.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 135-136&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kasus Méja Sulaiman ====
Thoriq manggihan Méja Sulaiman di Kota Medinat al Maida. Tapi, Musa ménta Thoriq pikeun nyérénkeun Méja Sulaiman jeung sakabéh harta rampasan perang ka dirina. Thoriq neukteuk salah sahiji suku méja jeung disumputkeun. Basa Musa nanyakeun soal suku méja nu leungit, Thoriq nyarita yén pas kapanggih gé memang geus kitu. Musa ngaku ka Al Walid yén dirina nu manggihan Méja Sulaiman jeung harta rampasan séjénna.

Mangsa Musa jeung Thoriq dipanggil ka Damaskus pikeun nyérénkeun harta rampasan, Khalifah Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik (Al Walid tos ngantukeun méméh sidang kasus Méja Sulaiman dijalankeun) nanyakeun ngeunaan kunaon suku Méja Sulaiman kapotong. Musa nyarita yén ti dituna. Harita Thoriq ngaluarkeun suku méja nu saméméhna beunang motong téa. éta nunjukkeun yén Thoriq nu sabenerna manggihan Méja Sulaiman. Khalifah Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik bendu jeung ngahukum Musa.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 143-144&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pasalia Thoriq-Rughyet ===
Numutkeun Alwi Alatas, Thoriq sempet pasea jeung Rughyet. Wanci Thoriq mulang ka Damaskus, Khalifah Sulaiman bin ABdul Malik ngagéroan Rughyet pikeun dipénta pamanggihna kumaha lamun dirina ngangkat Thoriq jadi gupernur Andalusia.

Rughyet nolak bari nyarita yén éta téh pibahayaeun teuing, lantaran:

&quot;Lamun mah Thoriq ménta rakyat Andalusia pikeun sholat teu nyinghareup Kabah, tangtu maranéhna bakal nurut,&quot; ceuk Rughyet.

Rughyet ngagambarkeun yén rakyat Andalusia kacida taatna ka Thoriq jeung bisa ngabahayakeun kalungguhan Khalifah. Antukna Sulaiman teu jadi ngangkat Thoriq jadi deui gupernur Andalusia.

Waktu Thoriq ngadangu hal ieu, dirina nepungan Rughyet jeung nanyakeun alesanna kunaon Rughyet nyarita siga kitu. Rughyet nyebutkeun yén dirina ngabales Thoriq lantaran Thoriq kungsi ngarampas tawanan milik Rughyet.

&quot;Lamun mah anjeun ngantep kuring bareng jeung tahanan kuring jeung heunteu ngarebutna, kuring bakal ngantepkeun Andalusia aya di lengeun anjeun.&quot; ceuk Rughyet.&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 148-149&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taun-Taun Ahir Thoriq bin Ziyad ==
Sanggeus sawatara mangsa jadi gupernur Andalusia, Thoriq bin Ziyad disaur mulang ku Khalifah Al Walid ka Damaskus.&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 208&lt;/ref&gt; Taun-taun akhir hirup Thoriq bin Ziyad masih pinuh ku lalangse jeung can kasusud. Thoriq wafat tahun 720 M di Damaskus.

== Kutipan-Kutipan Ngeunaan Thoriq bin Ziyad ==

* &quot;Thoriq téh hiji jalma nu ludengan, gagah, leuwih mikacinta perang dibandingkeun harta banda&quot; (Henry Coppee)&lt;ref&gt;Henry Coppee. ''History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors: With a Sketch of the Civilization which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe'' halaman 343&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;manéhna (Thoriq bin Ziyad) pasti can kolot-kolot teuing, hiji panunggang kuda nu sakitu cingcetna, jeung pasti lahir minangka hiji pamingpin&quot; (David Levering Lewis)&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 170&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Saperti (Julius) Caesar, Thoriq téh nyaéta hiji tukang tarohan nu mampu ngailhaman tentarana pikeun mati bajoang ku pinuh pangabakti ngalawan halangan nu pikasieuneun&quot; (David Levering Lewis)&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 194&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kutipan-Kutipan Pembébasan Andalusia ==

* &quot;Dina peuting kadatangan Islam di Benua Éropa, paradaban Éropa ngan -jeung mémang, teu leuwih ti hiji kamungkinan...Nu méré jangji bangkitna deui Éropa justru nyaéta paradaban baru umat Islam nu bakal ditransfer ku Thoriq bin Ziyad katut sababaraha rébu prajurit Berberna ti [[Afrika Kalér]] ka Hispania&quot; (David Levering Lewis)&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, David Levering. 2008. ''The Greatness of Al-Andalus: Ketika Islam Mewarnai Peradaban Barat. ''Serambi: Jakarta halaman 172 dan 215&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Mangsa cahaya bebeneran nyorot Spanyol, réalitas otentik negéri ieu kabuka dina alur nu pangcaangna&quot; (Americo Castro)&lt;ref&gt;Thomson, Ahmad dan Muhammad 'Ata' Ur Rahim. 2004. ''Islam Andalusia: Sejarah Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan''. Gaya Media Pratama: Ciputat halaman VII&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Maranéhna (Visigoth) saharita digantikeun ku 'Heulang-Heulang Arab jeung Afrika' nu lain wungkul ngarebut Semennanjung Iberia ti leungeun Bangsa Visigoth, tapi ogé ngukir salah sahiji mozaik pangéndahna dina paradaban dunia&quot; (Alwi Alatas)&lt;ref&gt;Alatas, Alwi. 2007. ''Sang Penakluk Andalusia: Thariq ibn Ziyad dan Musa ibn Nusayr''. Zikrul: Jakarta halaman 67&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==

* Penaklukan Spanyol dan Portugal oleh Bani Umayyah
* Al-Andalus
* Moor
* Al-Hurr bin Abdurrahman
* Roderic
* Musa bin Nushair
* Tharif bin Malik

== Referensi ==
{{col|3}}
{{reflist}}
[[Kategori:Tokoh Islam]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fluoksetin</title>
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{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Infobox drug
| verifiedrevid = 456481815
| image = Fluoxetine.svg
| image2 = R-and-S-fluoxetine-enantiomers-based-on-HCl-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png
| width2 = 250
| alt = 
| caption = Fluoxetine (top),&lt;br /&gt;(''R'')-fluoxetine (left), (''S'')-fluoxetine (right)
| drug_name = 
| type = 
| IUPAC_name = ''N''-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
| chirality = [[Racemic mixture]]

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|f|l|u|ˈ|ɒ|k|s|ə|t|iː|n}}
| tradename = Prozac, Sarafem, Adofen, other
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|fluoxetine-hydrochloride}}
| MedlinePlus = a689006
| DailyMedID = Fluoxetine
| licence_EU = yes
| licence_US = Fluoxetine
| pregnancy_AU = C
| pregnancy_US = C
| legal_status = 
| addiction_liability = None&lt;ref name=Hub2001&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=John R. |last2=Martin |first2=Peter R. | name-list-format = vanc |title=Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled |date=2001 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780824744977 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY1kFYk98mQC&amp;pg=PA26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| routes_of_administration = Ngaliwatan baham
| pregnancy_category = 
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_CA = Rx-only
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = Rx-only
| class = [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI)

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;
| bioavailability = 60–80%
| protein_bound = 94–95%
| metabolism = [[Liver]] (mostly [[CYP2D6]]-mediated)
| metabolites = norfluoxetine, desmethylfluoxetine
| onset = 
| elimination_half-life = 1–3 poé (acute)&lt;br&gt;4–6 poe(chronic)
| excretion = Urin (80%), fésés (15%)

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 54910-89-3
| ATC_prefix = N06
| ATC_suffix = AB03
| PubChem = 3386
| IUPHAR_ligand = 203
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00472
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3269
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 01K63SUP8D
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00326
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 5118
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 41

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;
| C = 17| H = 18| F = 3| N = 1| O = 1
| molecular_weight = 309.33&amp;nbsp;g·mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
| smiles = CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| melting_point = 179
| melting_notes = 
| melting_high = 182
| boiling_point = 395
| boiling_notes = 
| solubility = 14
}}
'''Fluoksetin''' nyaéta antidepresan nu kaasup kana kelas ''Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor'' (SSRI), ubar ieu biasa dipaké pikeun ngubaran gangguan [[déprési]] mayor, [[bulimia nervosa]] (ganguan dahar), gangguan obsesif-kompulsif, gangguann panik, sarta gangguan dysphoric pramenstruasi (PMDD).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/fluoxetine.html|title=Fluoxetine: Drug Uses, Dosage &amp; Side Effects|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/fluoxetine-depression-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-and-bulimia-nervosa|title=Fluoxetine for depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and bulimia nervosa {{!}} Medicines for Children|website=www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk|accessdate=2020-06-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022063920/https://www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/fluoxetine-depression-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-and-bulimia-nervosa |date=2020-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/fluoxetine/article.htm|title=fluoxetine, Prozac, Sarafem: Facts about Side Effects|website=MedicineNet|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00472|title=Fluoxetine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000334/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00472 |date=2019-04-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Fluoksetin nyaéta ubar antidepsresan nu sadia dina bentuk tablét, kapsul, sarta cairan. Flueksotin kaasup kana kelas ''Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor'' (SSRI), miboga fungsi pikeun ngubaran déprési mayor, bulimia nervosa (gangguan makan), [[gangguan obsesif-kompulsif]] (OCD), gangguan panik, dan gangguan dysphoric pramenstruasi (PMDD). Salian ti éta ubar ieu ogé biasa dipaké pikeun ningkatkeun kaayaan haté, napsu dahar, jeung énergi, bisa nurunkeun rasa sieun, kahariwang, nurunkeun paripolah pipilih dahareun ka pasén bulimia, sarta serangan panik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a689006.html|title=Fluoxetine: MedlinePlus Drug Information|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/fluoxetine/|title=Fluoxetine {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa {{!}} Sistem Saraf Pusat|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607155545/https://www.farmasi-id.com/fluoxetine/ |date=2020-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/fluoxetine/|title=Fluoxetine : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mipa-farmasi.com/2016/06/fluoksetin.html|title=Fluoksetin|last=Unknown|website=Pharmacy Care|accessdate=2020-06-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607155544/http://www.mipa-farmasi.com/2016/06/fluoksetin.html |date=2020-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Cara gawé ==
Ubar ieu gawé kucara ningkatkeun aktifitas jeung sirkulasi hiji zat  kimia dina otak nu biasa disebut serotonin nu bisa mantuan ngajaga kasaimbangan mental.  Ku ngaronjatna kadar serotonin, ku kituna kasaimbangan kimia dina jero otak barobah jeung bisa ngungkulan gejala katilu gangguan [[psikologi]] éta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/fluoxetine/|title=Fluoxetine {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa {{!}} Sistem Saraf Pusat|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607155545/https://www.farmasi-id.com/fluoxetine/ |date=2020-06-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fluoksetin ogé kadang dipaké jeung ubar lianna babarengan, ubar lianna disebut ''[[olanzapine]]'' (''Zyprexa'') pikeun ngubaran déprési manik atawa nu ilahar disebut [[gangguan bipolar]]. Kombinasi ieu ogé bisa dipaké pikeun ngubaran déprési sanggeus sahenteuna 2 ubar lianna geus dicobaan tanpa gejala nu hasil. Lamun anjeun ogé nginum ubar ''olanzapine'' (Zyprexa), baca aturan pangobatan ''[[Zyprexa]]'' jeung sakabéh hal nu kudu diperhatikeun sarta intruksi lianna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/fluoxetine|title=Fluoxetine|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara maké ==
Turutkeun anjuran [[dokter]] sarta baca aturan paké saacan nginum ubar ieu. Fluoksetin bisa diinum saacan, sanggeus, atawa keur dahar, inum maké cai hérang. Biasana hasilna karék karasa sanggeus 1-2 minggu pangobatan lumangsung. Ngan biasana butuh waktu 4-5 minggu pikeun ngarasakeun hasil nu maksimal. Ulah nambahan atawa ngurangan dosis nu geus diresépkeun ku dokter, pastikeun nginum ubar ieu sacara rutin supaya ngahasilkeun nu maksimal, sok sanajan gejalana ngurangan, pangobatan ieu kudu dituluykeun saluyu jeung arahan dokter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ngaran lian jeung ngaran dagang ==

=== Ngaran lian ===
Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran lian tina fluoksetin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* Fluoxetin
* Fluoxetina
* Fluoxétine
* Fluoxetine
* Fluoxetinum

=== Ngaran dagang ===
Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran dagang pikeun fluoksetin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* Nopres, 
* Deprezac, 
* Noxetine, 
* Elizac 20, 
* Prestin, 
* Andep,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/fluoxetine-side-effects.html|title=Fluoxetine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ansi 20, 
* Courage, 
* Antiprestin, 
* Kalxetin, 
* Zac, 
* Foransi, 
* Fluoxetine HCL, 
* Oxipres, 
* Prozac

== Interaksi Fluoksetin ==
Ieu di handap interaksinu bisa karasa mun fluksetin diinum jeung ubar lianna:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/fluoxetine.html|title=Fluoxetine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Miboga résiko nyababkeun sindrom [[serotonin]] nu bisa ngakibatkeun leuwih parna, mun diinum jeung ubar serotonin lianna, kayaning [[sumatriptan]], [[fentanyl]], [[tramadol]], [[lithium]], [[buspirone]], sarta antidepresan [[trisiklik]] (misalna [[amitriptilin]] jeung [[doxapin]]). Mun nginum fluoksetin jeung amitriptilin babarengan bisa nyababkeun sedasi, biwir garing, titinggalian teu jelas, konstipasi jeung réténsi urin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amitriptyline-with-fluoxetine-168-0-1115-0.html|title=Amitriptyline and fluoxetine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bisa ningkatkeun résiko perdarahan, mun diinum jeung [[aspirin]], ubar antiinflamasi ''nonsteroid'' (misalna [[diklofenak]]), atawa [[warfarin]].
*Pamakéan [[bupropion]] jeung fluoksetin bisa ningkatkeun résiko kejang nu jarang kajadian mun ngan salah sahhiji ubar nu diinum. Salian ti éta, bupropion bisa nyababkeun ningkatna kadar fluoksetin dina getih nu bisa nyababkeun ningkatna éfék samping lianna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupropion-with-fluoxetine-440-0-1115-0.html|title=Bupropion and fluoxetine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Pamakéan buspirone jeung fluoksetin bisa ningkatkeun résiko kaayaan nu langka sarta parna nu disebut sindrom serotonin, nu gejalana kayaning linglung, halusinasi, kejang, parobahan ékstrim tekanan darah, ningkatna ratug jantung, panas awak, késangan nu leuwih loba tibatan biasana, panasa tiris atawa ngadégdég, diaré, kejang otot, trémor, sarta dina kasus nu leuwih parna bisa nyababkeun koma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/buspirone-with-fluoxetine-441-0-1115-0.html|title=Buspirone and fluoxetine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Éfék samping ==
Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum fluoksetin:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

* gejala [[flu]] kayaning [[irung]] mangpet, bersin, nyeri [[tikoro]] 
* Tunduh, lieur, ngarasa geumpeur
* Sebel, nyeri [[beuteung]], 
* Ningkatna napsu dahar, parobahan beurat awak 
* Hésé saré ([[insomnia]])
* Turunna kahayang ''seks'', [[Peluh|impoténsi]], atawa hésé ngarasakeun orgasmé atawa
* [[Biwir]] garing.

== Tutumbu kaluar ==

* [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/fluoxetine.html Interaksi ubar]
* [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/fluoxetine-side-effects.html Éfék samping]

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Ubar]]</text>
      <sha1>bpn34l2jehs2l78ypcunixygi10vmr3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mackenyu</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="17181" sha1="9cggv7m20e1evu4t5ubkva6639vk5ff" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Mackenyu&lt;br&gt;真剣佑
| image              = SS 2023-09-20 at 10.20.26 AM.png
| caption            = Mackenyu (2023)
| birth_name         = Mackenyu Maeda
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1996|11|16}}
| birth_place        = [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
| occupation         = Aktor
| yearsactive        = 2005–ayeuna
}}
{{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Maeda'''|前田 真剣佑|Maeda Makken'yū|lahir Nopémber 16, 1996}}, katelah sacara profésional salaku {{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Arata'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=新田真剣佑 TOP COAT |url=https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |website=TOP COAT (retrieved by Wayback Machine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107045115/https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |access-date=2018-02-03|archive-date=2020-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;|新田 真剣佑|Arata Makken'yū||lead=yes}} atanapi ngan saukur '''Mackenyu''', nyaéta aktor Jepang. Anjeunna putra [[Sonny Chiba]] sareng Tamami Chiba.

== Filmografi ==
=== Pilem ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karakter
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Catetan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Tadaima''
| George
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|title=The Story &amp;mdash; Tadaima|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=tadaimathemovie.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future]]''
| Eiji Tomari
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|title=劇場版 仮面ライダードライブ サプライズ・フューチャー|access-date=February 19, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Take a Chance''
| Masa
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|title=Take a Chance (2015)|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=Filmaffinity|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 1]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Arata Wataya
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Flaughy.jp%2F1440040230084120424 |title=''Mackenyu''}} laughy.jp Retrieved 2016-6-16 (Google translation)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 2]]''
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|title=ちはやふる 下の句|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115757/https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Night's Tightrope]]''
| Hikaru Makise
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|title=新田真剣佑 作品一覧|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115756/https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Nigakute Amai|Bittersweet]]''
| Atsushi Babazono
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Let's Go, Jets!''
| Kōsuke Yamashita
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|title=広瀬すず「チア☆ダン」に中条あやみや真剣佑出演、アメリカロケ敢行|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I]]''
| [[Okuyasu Nijimura]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|script-title=ja:山崎賢人、「ジョジョの奇妙な冒険」記者会見で山田孝之の髪型イジりにキレられず|access-date=2016-09-28|publisher=natalie|language=Japanese|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164545/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164545/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390 |date=2016-09-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Peach Girl (film)|Peach Girl]]''
| Kazuya &quot;Tōji&quot; Tōjigamori
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
| ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]''
| Cadet Ryoichi
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 3]]''
| Arata Wataya
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|title=ちはやふる 結び|access-date=July 25, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Over Drive (film)|Over Drive]]''
| Naozumi Hiyama
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|title=OVER DRIVE|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Impossibility Defense''
| Asao Momose
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Code Blue (TV series)|Code Blue: The Movie]]''
| Akio Kishida
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''12 Suicidal Teens''
| Shinjirō
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Ghoul S]]''
| Sōta
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[NiNoKuni]]''
| Haru (voice)
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|title=二ノ国|access-date=June 11, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127085609/https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[Kaiji: Final Game]]''
| Minato Hirose
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|title=「カイジ」藤原竜也主演で9年ぶり映画化、福本伸行による完全オリジナルストーリー|access-date=May 31, 2019|work=Natalie|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535 |date=June 12, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Our 30-Minute Sessions''
| Aki Miyata
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|title=Our 30-Minute Sessions|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Asmik Ace|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343 |date=October 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō]]''
| Guest of VIP room
| Cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|title=新田真剣佑「とんかつDJアゲ太郎」に友情出演、北村匠海や伊藤健太郎と4年ぶり集結|access-date=October 3, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115748/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115748/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| ''Brave: Gunjō Senki''
| Aoi Nishino
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|title=「群青戦記」新田真剣佑で実写映画化！高校生アスリートが戦国時代にタイムスリップ|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[The Master Plan (2021 film)|The Master Plan]]''
| Makoto
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|title=EXILE岩田剛典＆新田真剣佑、初共演でバディに「名も無き世界のエンドロール」映画化|access-date=June 16, 2020|work=Modelpress|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Rurouni Kenshin: The Final]]''
| [[Yukishiro Enishi]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|title=新田真剣佑が「るろうに剣心」で縁を演じる、大友啓史「眼差しの強さに惹かれた」|access-date=February 13, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
|-
| ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Revenge of Scar'' 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Scar (Fullmetal Alchemist)|Scar]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|title=実写『鋼の錬金術師』完結編が二部作で公開決定！新田真剣佑、内野聖陽、舘ひろしも新たに参加|access-date=May 2, 2022|work=Cinematoday|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004638/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Final Alchemy''
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2023
| ''[[Knights of the Zodiac (film)|Knights of the Zodiac]]''
| [[Pegasus Seiya]]
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2021-09-21 |title=Mackenyu, Madison Iseman, Sean Bean, Famke Janssen to Star in Live-Action 'Knights of the Zodiac' Adaptation (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922005543/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

===Televisi===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karakter
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Catetan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Yume wo Ataeru''
| Masaaki
| [[Wowow]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|title=夢を与える|access-date=December 11, 2021|work=The Television|archive-date=December 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211060024/https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''Sakurasaku''
| Ippei
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palaku utama
|style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |title=サクラ咲く |work=TCエンタテインメント |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211195738/https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Tomorrow, I'll Surely Love You Again''
| Shouta
| [[Fuji TV]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |title=明日もきっと君に恋をする |work=Socket Co., Ltd |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211193706/https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Brass Dreams''
| Ren Kitora
| [[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television|TBS]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |title=仰げば尊し |work=modelpress |language=ja |publisher=Net Native |date=3 Jun 2016 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211160205/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Fugitive Boys''
| Ichihashi Tetsuto
| [[Fuji TV]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reileen |date=2017-07-09 |title=Upcoming Summer JDramas 2017 |url=https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=ARAMA! JAPAN |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160747/https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
| ''[[Todome no Kiss|Kiss that Kills]]''
| Takauji Namiki
| [[Nippon TV|NTV]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|title=「トドメの接吻」新田真剣佑インタビュー&quot;最難関&quot;な役に向き合う 山崎賢人にキュンとした現場での姿とは？|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Model Press|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Two Homelands'' 
| Yu Amada
| [[TV Tokyo]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|title=高良健吾×新田真剣佑、『二つの祖国』初共演対談 「考えるきっかけになれば」|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Oricon|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Our Dearest Sakura''
| Aoi Kijima 
| NTV
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |title=同期のサクラ｜日本テレビ |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja |access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024438/https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''Remote de Korosareru''
| Nomura Yusaku
| NTV
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jadefrost |date=2020-07-25 |title=NTV Drama Special 2020 ~ Remote de Korosareru |url=https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=Jdrama Weblog |language=en |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160743/https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| ''The End of the Tiny World: Half A Year Later''
| Makoto
| dTV
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |
|-
| ''Ichikei's Crow: The Criminal Court Judges''
| Bunta Ishikura
| [[Fuji TV]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichikei's Crow - The Criminal Court Judges |url=https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=FUJI TELEVISION NETWORK, INC. |language=en-US |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413081442/https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2023–ayeuna
| ''[[One Piece (2023 TV series)|One Piece]]''
| [[Roronoa Zoro]]
| [[Netflix]]
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Netflix's One Piece Live-Action Cast Revealed |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=comicbook. |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109222601/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Commonscat|Mackenyu}}.
*[https://www.mackenfamily.jp mackenfamily.jp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070049/https://www.mackenfamily.jp/ |date=2023-10-30 }}
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5018289/ Mackenyu - IMDb]
*[https://www.instagram.com/mackenyu/ Mackenyu - Instagram]
*[https://twitter.com/mackenyu1116 Mackenyu - Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arata, Mackenyu}}
[[Kategori:Aktor]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eduard Douwes Dekker</title>
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      <text bytes="6938" sha1="34pqtdlwo63aqaimq7mdu7ud1vum8rp" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Eduard Douwes Dekker - 001.jpg|jmpl|Eduard Douwes Dekker]]
'''Eduard Douwes Dekker''', anu katelah Multatuli, nyaéta panulis Walanda anu kasohor ku karyana anu paling kasohor, [[Max Havelaar]], anu diterbitkeun taun 1860. Karya ieu mangrupikeun novel sindiran anu ngiritik perlakuan anu teu adil para kolonialis ka penduduk pribumi di Hindia Walanda. Anjeunna gaduh lanceuk namina Jan, anu mangrupikeun akina tokoh gerakan kamerdikaan [[Indonésia]], Ernest Douwes Dekker, anu langkung katelah Danudirja Setiabudi.

== Keur leutik ==
Eduard babar di [[Amsterdam]]. Bapana mangrupikeun kaptén kapal anu suksés sacara finansial, jadi kulawargana séhat jeung berpendidikan. Eduard terus asup ka sakola Latin anu méré manéhna aksés pikeun nuluykeun diajar di universitas. Mimitina, Eduard némbongkeun kamajuan dina atikanana sabab anjeunna murid unggulan jeung calakan. Sanajan kitu, sakumaha waktu kaliwat, manéhna mimitian ngarasa bosen, nu ngakibatkeun turunna prestasi akademik na. Hasilna, bapana nyandak anjeunna kaluar ti sakola jeung diarahkeun anjeunna digawekeun di kantor dagang.

== Pakasaban ==
Pikeun Eduard, panempatan na di kantor dagang ngajadikeun anjeunna ngarasa terasing tina sosialisasi jeung babaturan ti kulawarga well-off na; malah, manéhna dianggap lowly ku jadi pembantu di kantor pausahaan tekstil leutik. Di dinya, anjeunna mimiti ngarasa kumaha éta janten miskin sareng di handapeun masarakat. Pikeun opat taun, anjeunna dilumangsungkeun karya ieu, nu ninggalkeun gambaran unforgettable sapanjang hirupna. Sakumaha anu didugikeun ku Paul van 't Veer dina biografi Multatuli, pangalaman hirup tina posisi pangaruh teras janten bagian tina jajaran handap masarakat, muka panonna kana kanyataan yén seueur jalma henteu ngagaduhan pangaruh atanapi panyalindungan.

Pikeun Eduard, kahirupan di kota terpencil ieu sabenerna leuwih nikmat. Salaku anggota pamaréntahan sipil anu boga kalungguhan anu cukup luhur, ditambah ku umur ngora, manéhna ngarasa boga kakuatan hébat. Sanajan tugas administrasi, keuangan, jeung yudisial, anjeunna tétéla teu resep pakasaban sarta ahirna ninggalkeun eta. Pamariksaan anu dilakukeun ku atasan ngungkabkeun karugian anu ageung dina kas pamaréntahanana, ogé sikep Eduard anu teu malire kana peringatan atasan.

Kusabab kalakuanana teu malire peringatan ti atasan jeung leungitna kas pamaréntah, Eduard dipecat samentara tina jabatanna ku Gubernur Sumbar, Jenderal Michiels. Sataun di Padang teu boga panghasilan. Nepi ka Séptémber 1844 manéhna meunangkeun idin pikeun balik deui ka [[Batavia]], dimana manéhna direhabilitasi ku pamaréntah sarta dibéré &quot;duit tunggu&quot;. Diajar tina pangalaman goréngna di Natal, Eduard digawé ogé salaku agén pamaréntah, sarta dina taun 1846, anjeunna diangkat jadi pagawe tetep jeung pangkat lajeng naek jadi komisaris di kantor padumuk Purworejo.

Prestasi gawéna nyababkeun anjeunna diangkat jadi sekretaris residen pikeun ngaganti pajabat saméméhna. Sanaos anjeunna henteu ngagaduhan gelar diploma salaku sarat pikeun janten pejabat pamaréntahan anu luhur, Eduard ngalebetkeun lamaran ka Gubernur Jenderal sareng suksés nampi pangakuan pikeun prestasina. Gagalna dina Natal dianggap kasalahan anu tiasa dihampura ku atasan.

Dina karir saterusna, Eduard diangkat jadi sekretaris residen di Manado dina ahir April 1849, nu mangrupakeun puncak karir pangalusna na. Anjeunna akur pisan sareng residen Scherius anu punjulna, sareng nampi perhatian pejabat di Bogor kusabab pandangan progresifna ngeunaan parobahan sistem hukum kolonial. Karir Éduard terus ningkat nepi ka manéhna jadi asistén residen, posisi pangluhurna kadua di antara perwira militer Hindia Walanda waktu éta, sarta ditugaskeun ka Ambon dina bulan Pebruari 1851.

== Kahirupan di Hindia-Walanda ==
Nalika bapana balik ti lalampahan hiji, anjeunna noticed parobahan dina kahirupan Eduard sarta kapribadian. Hal ieu ngajadikeun anjeunna niatna nyandak anjeunna dina lalampahan. Jaman harita, di [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] aya kasempetan pikeun néangan kakayaan jeung jabatan, boh pikeun anu nyakola boh anu henteu.

Taun 1838, Eduard angkat ka [[Pulo Jawa]] sareng dugi ka Batavia dina taun 1839 salaku pelaut anu teu berpengalaman dina kapal ramana. Kalayan bantosan ti kenalan ramana, teu lami Eduard ngagaduhan padamelan salaku PNS di kantor Pengawasan Keuangan Batavia. Tilu taun ti harita, anjeunna ngalamar janten patugas sipil di Sumatera Barat, sareng ku Gubernur Jenderal Andreas Victor Michiels, anjeunna dikirim ka kota Natal anu terpencil salaku kontrol.

Sajeroning cuti di Walanda, tétéla Éduard teu bisa ngatur kauanganna kalawan hadé; Hutang numpuk sarta anjeunna mindeng leungit judi. Sanajan geus ngalamar perpanjangan cuti di Walanda, manéhna jeung pamajikanana ahirna balik deui ka [[Batavia]] dina 10 Séptémber 1855. Teu lila sanggeus éta, Eduard diangkat jadi asistén padumuk Lebak di kiduleun Karesidenan [[Banten]] nu basisna di Rangkasbitung. dina Januari 1856.

Éduard ngalaksanakeun tugasna kalayan hadé sareng tanggung jawab. Tapi, manéhna manggihan yén kaayaan di Lebak kacida goréngna, malah leuwih goreng ti dilaporkeun.

== Kajadian di Lebak ==
Bupati Lebak anu dina sistem kolonial Hindia Walanda harita diangkat jadi kapala pamaréntahan pribumi kalawan sistem hak waris geus nyekel kakawasaan salila 30 taun. Nanging, kaungkabkeun yén anjeunna ngalaman kasusah kauangan anu serius sabab biaya rumah tanggana ngaleuwihan panghasilan anu didamel tina jabatanna. Balukarna, manéhna kapaksa ngandelkeun panghasilan tina pagawéan paksa anu dipaksakeun ka warga kacamatanna.

Eduard Douwes Dekker manggihan yén tanaga gawé paksa anu diwajibkeun ka warga kacamatan geus ngaleuwihan wates, malah manggihan praktek pemerasan anu dilakukeun ku Bupati Lebak katut aparatna ku cara nungtut hasil tatanén jeung ingon-ingon ti warga, mindeng kalawan harga anu kacida murahna. .

Teu lila sanggeus ditugaskeun ka Lebak, Eduard Douwes Dekker nulis surat ka atasanna, Residen C.P. Brest van Kempen, pinuh ku émosi ngeunaan kajadian di wewengkonna. Eduard naroskeun ka bupati sareng putra-putrana ditahan sareng kaayaan anu salah ditalungtik. Keukeuh Eduard ngabalukarkeun rumor yén pejabat saméméhna diganti anjeunna maot alatan karacunan, nyieun Eduard ngarasa kaancam, kitu ogé kulawargana. Lian ti éta, nganjang ka Lebak Bupati Cianjur nu tétéla dulur bupati Lebak, matak Eduard hariwang, bakal beuki ngajagi warga.

Atasanna, Brest van Kempen, kaget ku laporan anu ditampi ti Eduard, sareng sanaos ngalaksanakeun pamariksaan di tempat, nampik pamundut Eduard. Eduard teras nyuhunkeun kasus éta diteruskeun ka Gubernur Jenderal A.J. Duymaer van Twist, katelah liberal. Nanging, sanaos tindakan ieu dilaksanakeun, Eduard leres-leres nampi peringatan anu kuat. Kuciwa ku panolakan kana kalakuanana, Eduard ngirimkeun pamenta pengunduran diri, anu saterusna disatujuan ku atasanna.</text>
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    <title>Curug Sanghyang Tarajé</title>
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      <text bytes="5645" sha1="oklepv8o46zlxaatzn06wduqpglpbsf" xml:space="preserve">'''Curug Sanghyang Tarajé''' Nyaéta hiji curug anu perenahna di [[Kabupatén Garut]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/curug-sanghyang-taraje-tangganya-para-raja|title=Curug Sanghyang Taraje Tangganya Para Raja|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]]. '''Sanghyang''' hartina gelar kahormatan pikeun déwa atawa raja baheula. Sedengkeun '''[[Tarajé]]''' dina basa Sunda hartina tangga, jadi sacara umum curug ieu boga harti tangga anu dipaké ku para déwa pikeun naék ka kayangan.&lt;ref name=Pri&gt;{{Cite book | title = Resonansi Pemikiran ke-28: Mengasah Kompetensi Guru dan Pengabdian Berbasis Religi pada Masa Kurikulum Merdeka| first =Priyono| last = Ninuk Dyah Ekowati, Imam Ustadi, Temy Yulianti, Djoko Heriyanto, Agus Prasmono, Yulia Enshanty, Femy Marlia Lestari, Sigid Sriwanto, Kunthum Ria Anggraheny, Nia Amalia, Sigit Muhammad, Shinta Harimulyanti, Ibnu Hasan, Jajang Susatya, Edi Rianto| publisher =Muhammadiyah University Press| location =Universitas Muhamadiyah Surakarta| year =2023| pages =136|ISBN=9786023615797|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=unLoEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA136&amp;dq=taraje&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0k9TkqriLAxX34zgGHViwN2EQ6AF6BAgDEAE#v=onepage&amp;q=taraje&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi –  10  Fébruari  2025)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Legenda ==
Numutkeun carita rahayat, Curug Sanghyang Tarajé kungsi dipaké ku [[Sangkuriang]] Pikeun Nyokot béntang di langit sanggeus dipénta ku Dayang Sumbi. Saterusna, di sabudeureun curug ieu aya hiji batu anu dipercaya minangka tapak suku Sangkuriang 

Aya ogé legénda séjén anu nyebutkeun yén Curug Sanghyang Tarajé mangrupakeun tangga anu dipaké ku para déwa-déwi pikeun naék ka khayangan. Éta sababna tempat ieu dianggap suci sarta boga unsur mistis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sukabumiupdate.com/life/150277/3-legenda-curug-sanghyang-taraje-tapak-sangkuriang-hingga-tangga-menuju-kayangan|title=3 Legenda Curug Sanghyang Taraje, Tapak Sangkuriang Hingga Tangga Menuju Kayangan - Sukabumi Update|last=Salma|first=Nida|website=3 Legenda Curug Sanghyang Taraje, Tapak Sangkuriang Hingga Tangga Menuju Kayangan - Sukabumi Update|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Wisata ==
Ngadongdon ka '''Curug Sanghyang Tarajé''' lain ngan saukur ningali kaéndahan curugna, tapi ogé bisa ngalakukeun rupa-rupa kagiatan anu matak pikabetaheun.

=== kémping di Alam Kabuka ===
Lamun resep kémping, tempat ieu cocog pisan! Sabudeureun curug aya lahan nu datar jeng lega, jadi sémah bisa ngadegkeun ténda jeung ngarasakeun kaayaan peuting di alam [[leuweung]]. Sora curug anu ngaguruh ogé bisa jadi lalaguan saré alami nu teu kapanggih di tempat séjén.

=== Lalajo Kaéndahan Alam ===
Hawa anu seger, suasana anu tenang, jeung pintonan [[cai]] curug anu megah ngajadikeun tempat ieu idéal pikeun leuleuy. Cocog pikeun sémah nu hayang miceun capé, jauh ti riweuh kota, jeung sakadar nikmati momen.

=== Motrét Spot Éndah ===
Curug Sanghyang Tarajé mangrupakeun tempat anu hadé pikeun nyandak gambar. Panorama curugna anu jangkung jeung masih asri bisa dijadikeun latar tukang pikeun potreta nu éndah. Henteu kudu jadi fotografer profésional, sabab di dieu sagalana geus alami geulis!

=== Petualangan Trekking ===
Pikeun nepi ka curug, sémah kudu '''treking''' heula ngaliwatan  [[leuweung]] jeung jalur anu lumayan nangtang. Tapi, sakabéh kasang tukang éta kasorang ku pemandangan anu matak éndah. Léngkah demi léngkah, sémah bakal disuguhan ku suasana alam anu segar jeung asri, ngajadikeun perjalanan nu teu waka hilap.

== Lokasi jeung Aksés ==
Pikeun nepi ka '''Curug Sanghyang Tarajè''' ti puseur Kabupatén Garut, jarakna kurang leuwih '''45 KM''' ka arah kidul-kulon. '''Rute''' anu bisa dipilih nyaéta ngalangkungan [[Kacamatan Cikajang]]'''.''' Sateuacan nepi ka puseur Cikajang, di pertigaan urang kudu méngkol ka katuhu  arah [[Kacamatan Bungbulang]] 

Sanggeus ngaliwatan Curug orok, teruskeun perjalanan ka [[Kampung Cisandaan]]''',''' Désa Pananjung, Kacamatan Pamulihan'''.'''  Di dinya aya pertigaan, méngkol ka '''katuhu''' deui pikeun asup ka [[Désa Pakénjéng]], nu mana Curug Sanghyang Tarajé perenahna teu jauh ti ditu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wisata.app/diary/curug-sanghyang-taraje-garut-wisata-air-terjun|title=Curug Sanghyang Taraje: Air Terjun Indah di Garut|website=Wisata App|language=en|accessdate=2025-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072801/https://wisata.app/diary/curug-sanghyang-taraje-garut-wisata-air-terjun |date=2025-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pikeun '''transportasi''', cara anu paling gampang  nyaéta maké kandaraan pribadi. Tapi, lamun teu mawa kandaraan, bisa maké angkot jurusan Cikajang-Pananjung, teras diteruskeun maké ojég nepi ka lokasi.

== Fasilitas Jeung harga tikét ==
Di tempat ieu geus disayagikeun sababaraha '''fasilitas''' saperti '''tempat parkir, toilét, gazébo, pamandian/kolam renang, warung dahareun, jeung mushola'''. Harga tikét asup kira-kira Rp10.000, sedengkeun parkirna Rp.2.000 pikeun motor jeung Rp5.000 pikeun mobil. Waktu operasionalna ti jam 08.00-17.00 WIB&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wisata.app/diary/curug-sanghyang-taraje|title=Curug Sanghyang Taraje: Harga Tiket Masuk dan Akses Lokasi|website=Wisata App|language=en|accessdate=2025-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072800/https://wisata.app/diary/curug-sanghyang-taraje |date=2025-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]]
[[Kategori:Kacamatan pamulihan]]
[[Kategori:Wisata Garut]]</text>
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    <title>Prasasti Sanghyang Tapak</title>
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      <text bytes="5958" sha1="6u1yi0cewr7ef0zloauvl6xhs29xguz" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Sanghyang Tapak inscription.jpg|jmpl|'''Prasasti Sanghyang Tapak''']]
Prasasti Sanghyang Tapak (ogé katelah prasasti Jayabupati atawa prasasti Cicatih), mangrupakeun prasasti kuna tanggal 952 saka (1030 M), diwangun ku 40 baris merlukeun 4 potongan batu pakeun nulis. Dina prasasti disebutkeun ngadegna wewengkon suci ditangtayungan disebut Sanghyang Tapak ku Raja Sunda ngaranna [[Sri Jayabupati|Jayabhupati]].

== Pamanggihan ==
Opat batu ieu kapanggih di gigir walungan Cicatih di Cibadak, [[Kabupatén Sukabumi|Sukabumi]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]]. Tilu kapanggih deukeut Kampung Bantar Muncang, sedengkeun hiji kapanggih deukeut Kampung Pangcalikan. Prasasti-prasasti ditulis dina [[aksara Kawi]] jeung [[Basa Kawi|basa kawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Karawang dalam Lintasan Peradaban: Seri pertama monografi workshop-penelitian 2015|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OF7xDQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA174&amp;dq=bahasa+prasasti+sanghyang+tapak&amp;hl=id&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=bahasa%20prasasti%20sanghyang%20tapak&amp;f=false|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|date=2017-02-19|isbn=978-602-433-426-0|language=id|first=Truman|last=Simanjuntak|first2=Retno|last2=Handini|first3=Sugeng|last3=Riyanto (ed.)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiwari éta opat prasasti disimpen di Musieum Nasional [[Indonésia]], kalayan kodeu D 73 (Cicatih), D 96, D 97, jeung D 98.

Tanggal prasasti Jayabupati diusulkeun tanggal 11 Oktober 1030. Nurutkeun Pustaka Nusantara, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati ngarajaan salila 12 taun (952–964) saka (1030–1042 M). Gaya prasasti teh nembongkeun gaya aksara Jawa Timur. Henteu ngan aksara, basa, jeung gaya, tapi ngaran menak raja sarua jeung ngaran karajaan di karaton Dharmawangsa. Sri Jayabhupati dina Carita Parahyangan disebut Prabu Detya Maharaja. Manéhna nyaéta raja Sunda ka-20 sanggeus [[Sri Maharaja Tarusbawa|Tarusbawa]].

== Eusi ==

==== Alih Aksara ====
Nihan alihaksara tilu prasasti kahiji nurutkeun etnolog [[C.M. Pleyte]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Paririmbon Sunda (Jawa Barat)|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ir7VCgAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA96&amp;dq=prasasti+sri+jayabhupati+museum+jakarta&amp;hl=id&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=prasasti%20sri%20jayabhupati%20museum%20jakarta&amp;f=false|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan|date=1992-01-01|language=id|first=Emon|last=Suryaatmana|first2=Undang Ahmad|last2=Darsa|first3=Ane|last3=Erlyane|first4=Tiem|last4=Wartini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''D 73:''' //O// ''Swasti shakawarsatita 952 karttikamasa tithi dwadashi shuklapa-ksa. ha. ka. ra. wara tambir. iri- ka diwasha nira prahajyan sunda ma-haraja shri jayabhupati jayamana- hen wisnumurtti samarawijaya shaka-labhuwanamandaleswaranindita harogowardhana wikra-mottunggadewa, ma-''

'''D 96:''' ''gaway tepek i purwa sanghyang tapak ginaway denira shri jayabhupati prahajyan sunda. mwang tan hanani baryya baryya shila. irikang lwah tan pangalapa ikan sesini lwah. Makahingan sanghyang tapak wates kapujan i hulu, i sor makahingan ia sanghyang tapak wates kapujan i wungkalagong kalih matangyan pinagawayaken pra-sasti pagepageh. mangmang sapatha.''

'''D 97:''' ''sumpah denira prahajyan sunda. lwirnya nihan.''

'''D 98:''' //O// ''indah ta kita kamung hyang Hara Agasti purbba, Daksina, Paccima, Uttara, Agniya neritibayabya aicanya urddhadah rawi caci patalapawanahutasanapah bhayu akaca teja sanghyang maho-ratra saddhya yaksa raksa-sa picaca preta sura, Garuda, Graha, kinaramahoraga catwara lokapala Yama Baruna Kuwera bacawa mwang putra dewata Panca kucika nandicwara mahakala du-Rggadewi ananta surindra anakta hyang kalam- R tyu gana bhuta sang prasiddha mulu manarira'' ''umasukisarwwajanma ata regnyaken iking sa- patha samaya sumpah pamangmang ni lebu ni paduka haji sunda iriki ta kamung hyang kabeh. .........paka dya umalapa ikan..... i sanghyang tapak ya patyananta ya kamung hyang denta t patiya siwak kapalanya cucup etekna belah dadanya inum rahnya rantan ususnya wekasaken pranantika............. .......i sanghyang kabeh tawat hana wwang baribari cila irikang lwah i Sanghyang tapak apan iwak pakan parnnahnya kapangguh i sanghyang..... ......maneh kaliliran Paknanya kateke dlaha ning dlaha....... .......paduka haji i sunda umade- makna kadarman....... ing samangkana wekaet Paduka haji i sunda sanggum nti ring kulit i kata kamanah ing kanang..... ...... i sanghyang tapak makatepa lwah watesnya i hulu i sanghyang tapak i...... ....... i hilir mahingan i-rikang..... umpi ing wungkal gde kalih. Iwruhhanta kamung hyang kabeh'' //O//

==== Tarjamahan ====
Tarjemahan D 73, D 96, dan D 97:

Katengtreman jeung karaharjaan. Dina taun Saka 952, bulan Kartika tanggal 12 bagian caang, poé Hariang, Kaliwon, poé kahiji, Wuku Tambir. Ari raja [[karajaan Sunda]], Maharaja Sri Jayabhupati Jayamanahén Wisnumurti Samarawijaya Sakalabuwanamandaleswaranindita Haro Gowardhana Wikramottunggadewa, nyieun tapak suku di Sanghiyang Tapak beulah wetan. Didamel ku Sri Jayabhupati, raja karajaan Sunda. Teu aya anu tiasa ngalanggar aturan ieu. Di bagian walungan ieu, fishing teu diwenangkeun, di wewengkon pamujaan Sanghyang Tapak deukeut hulu cai. Jauh ka wates Sanghyang Tapak anu ditandaan ku dua tangkal gedé. Kitu tulisan ieu dijieun, dijungjung ku sumpah karajaan Sunda.

Tarjamahan D 98:

Kacida éndahna anjeun, O Hiyang Siwa, Agas-Tya, Wetan, Kidul, Kulon, Kaler, Tenggara, Kulon Kidul, Kaler, Kaler, Puncak, nadir, panonpoe, bulan, bumi, cai, angin, seuneu, walungan, kawasaan, akasa, cahaya, Sanghyang Malam, surup, Yaksha, Raksasa, Pisaca (sajenis dongeng, naga-naga), Sura, Garuda, (buaya, Garuda) dunya, Yama, Varuna, Kuwera, Besawa jeung putra Dewata Panca Kusika, banteng Siwa, Mahakala, Dewi Durga, Ananta (Dewa Naga), Surin-Dra, putra Hiyang Kalamercu, Gana (dewa), Buta (samacam raksasa), para arwah. Muga-muga anjeun ogé jelmaan sareng gaduh sadayana. Anjeun ngagerakkeun supata, jangji, sumpah, jeung panggero raja Sunda. Duh, uninga sadayana [[Hyang]].

== Referensi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Karatagan Pahlawan</title>
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      <text bytes="2934" sha1="3wd04y5827vfs99ha2qkrlwxl7g3mry" xml:space="preserve">'''Karatagan Pahlawan''' nyaéta lagu daerah basa Sunda asal Jawa Barat anu bernuansa patriotisme. Lagu ieu diciptakeun ku '''Koko Koswara''' atanapi anu kasohor ku ngaran '''Mang Koko'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;budaya&quot;&gt;[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Karatagan-Pahlawan Karatagan Pahlawan]. Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia. 13 Désémber 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jabarhits&quot;&gt;[https://www.jabarhits.com/jawa-barat/pr-4983996895/lirik-tembang-karatagan-pahlawan-beserta-terjemahannya-lagu-daerah-asal-jawa-barat-nuansa-patriotisme Lirik tembang ‘Karatagan Pahlawan’ Beserta Terjemahannya]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. JabarHits.com. 28 Juli 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah jeung hartina ==
Lagu ieu diciptakeun pikeun ngobarkeun sumanget juang pahlawan dina ngabela kamerdikaan Indonesia. Judul &quot;Karatagan Pahlawan&quot; hartina kira-kira ''kategeguhan pahlawan'' atanapi ''keteguhan hati pahlawan''. Lirikna ngagambarkeun tekad anu bulat, henteu bimbang, sareng pantang mundur dina merjuangkeun bangsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tirto&quot;&gt;[https://tirto.id/lirik-lagu-karatagan-pahlawan-dari-jawa-barat-untuk-17-agustus-guPT Lirik Lagu Karatagan Pahlawan dari Jawa Barat untuk 17 Agustus]. Tirto.id. 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kecap konci dina lagu ieu nyaéta '''&quot;Teu honcéwang&quot;''', anu hartina ''henteu bimbang'' atanapi ''mantap tekadna''.&lt;ref name=&quot;honcewang&quot;&gt;[[Honcewang]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lirik lagu ==
Lirik lengkepna numutkeun Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia:&lt;ref name=&quot;budaya&quot;/&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Teu honcewang sumoreang&lt;br&gt;
Tekadna pahlawan bangsa&lt;br&gt;
Cadu mundur pantrang mulang&lt;br&gt;
Mun maksud tacan laksana&lt;br&gt;
Berjuang keur lemah cai&lt;br&gt;
Lali rabi tur tegang pati&lt;br&gt;
Taya basa menta pamulang tarima&lt;br&gt;
Ikhlas rido keur korban merdeka&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Sinatria danalaga&lt;br&gt;
Bela bangsa jeung nagara&lt;br&gt;
Dibarengan tekad suci&lt;br&gt;
Berjuang keur lemah cai&lt;br&gt;
Teu ngingetkeun ka dirina&lt;br&gt;
Asal nagri bangsa waluya&lt;br&gt;
Kadar jembar raharja mukti wibawa&lt;br&gt;
Gembleng tujuan Pahlawan Bangsa
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Catetan: Aya sababaraha varian lirik anu beredar di média online.&lt;ref name=&quot;insertlive&quot;&gt;[https://www.insertlive.com/film-dan-musik/20250807195246-197-375987/lirik-lagu-karatagan-pahlawan-bahasa-sunda Lirik Lagu Karatagan Pahlawan Bahasa Sunda]. Insertlive.com. 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;&gt;[https://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/jawa-baratjabar/karatagan-pahlawan/ Lirik Karatagan Pahlawan - Jawa Barat/JaBar]. KapanLagi.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangaruh budaya ==
Lagu ieu sering dinyanyikeun dina upacara 17 Agustus sareng acara-acara anu patali jeung sajarah perjuangan di Jawa Barat. Lagu ieu jadi salah sahiji lagu wajib pikeun ngingetkeun sumanget nasionalisme di kalangan masarakat Sunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;tirto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jabarhits&quot;/&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Honcewang]]
* [[Koko Koswara]]
* [[Lagu Sunda]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{stub}}

[[Kategori:Lagu Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Lagu perjuangan]]
[[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Jawa Barat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leila Khaled</title>
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      <text bytes="17367" sha1="76vprbtgw6eikwigswuhjgwv15gw49v" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Leila Khaled rised punch.jpg|jmpl|Leila Khaled]]
'''Leila Khaled''' ([[Basa Arab|Arab]]: ليلى خالد [ˈlajla ˈxaːled]; babar 9 April 1944) nyaéta saurang aktivis [[Paléstina (wewengkon)|Paléstina]] jeung urut militan anu jadi anggota ''[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]'' (PFLP). Manéhna kasohor alatan perenna dina dua kajadian ngabajak pesawat, jeung jadi awéwé kadua anu kalibet dina operasi jiga kitu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://alif.id/perempuan/leila-khaled-ikon-perempuan-palestina-yang-tak-pernah-mati|title=Leila Khaled, Ikon Perempuan Palestina yang Tak Pernah Mati|website=Alif.ID - Berkeislamanan dalam Kebudayaan|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Khaled mimiti dipikawanoh sacara lega gara-gara perenna dina ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 dina taun 1969, sarta salah sahiji tina opat pangbajakan babarengan di [[Dawson's Field]] dina taun saterusna salaku bagian tina kampanye ''Black September'' di [[Yordania]]. Sanggeus ditéwak jeung dipenjara, manéhna dibébaskeun dina prosés tukeuran tahanan jeung sandera sipil anu diculik ku anggota PFLP séjénna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paramadina-pusad.or.id/dilema-leila/|title=PUSAD Paramadina {{!}} Dilema Leila Sang Pembajak|language=id|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Keur leutik ==
Khaled babar tanggal 9 April 1944 di [[Haifa]], wilayah Mandat Paléstina, ti kolot anu urang Arab. Kulawargana ngungsi ka [[Libanon]] dina tanggal 13 April 1948 salaku bagian tina kajadian pangusiran jeung pangungsian Paléstina taun 1948, sarta ninggalkeun bapana di ditu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina umur 15 taun, nuturkeun lacak lanceukna, manéhna gabung jeung Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (pan-Arab)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=5412&amp;searchFor=Jansen|title=Palestinian patriot {{!}} Jordan Times|website=www.jordantimes.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; anu mimitina diadegkeun dina ahir taun 1940-an ku [[George Habash]], anu harita keur jadi mahasiswa kedokteran di ''[[American University of Beirut]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm|title=Aviation Security International|website=www.avsec.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827170102/http://www.avsec.com/interviews/leila-khaled.htm |date=2008-08-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cabang Paléstina tina ieu gerakan satuluyisna robah jadi ''Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PFLP) sanggeus Perang Genep Poé taun 1967. Khaled ogé kungsi ngajar sawatara waktu di [[Kuwait]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onepalestine.org/resources/articles/My_People_Shall_Live.html|title=My People Shall Live|website=www.onepalestine.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kajadian Pangbajakan ==

=== Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 (1969) ===
Dina tanggal 29 Agustus 1969, Khaled jadi bagian tina tim anu ngabajak Pesawat TWA Penerbangan 840 anu keur hiber ti Roma ka [[Tel Aviv]], sarta mindahkeun jalur hiber pesawat Boeing 707 éta ka [[Damaskus]]. Nurutkeun sawatara sumber média, pimpinan PFLP ngira yén Yitzhak Rabin, anu harita jadi duta besar Israél keur Amérika Sarikat, aya di jero pesawat éta; padahal mah euweuh. Khaled ngaku yén manéhna maréntahkeun pilot pikeun ngapungkeun pesawat luhureun kota Haifa, sangkan manéhna bisa nempo tempat lahirna. Euweuh korban anu tatu, tapi sanggeus sakabéh panumpang turun, para pangbajak ngabeledugkeun bagian irung pesawat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='I made the ring from a bullet and the pin of a hand grenade'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/26/israel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2001-01-26|access-date=2026-05-27|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Katharine|last=Viner}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/leila-khaled-her-own-words|title=Leila Khaled: In Her Own Words {{!}} ADL|website=www.adl.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus kajadian pangbajakan ieu, poto manéhna (nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams) keur nyepeng bedil AK-47 jeung maké kaffiyeh sumebar di rupa-rupa média. Alatan hal éta, manéhna ngalaman genep kali operasi plastik dina irung jeung gado pikeun nyamurkeun identitasna sangkan bisa milu deui dina pangbajakan di mangsa hareup, sarta lantaran manéhna embung katelah salaku ikon (simbol).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/interview-leila-khaled-palestine|title=The Interview: Leila Khaled {{!}} New Internationalist|website=newint.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/leila-khaled-the-poster-girl-of-palestinian-militancy-international-womans-day/|title=leila khaled the poster girl of palestinian militancy international womans day|last=Orford|first=Emily|website=Pluto Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 (1970) ===
Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1970, Khaled jeung Patrick Argüello, saurang warga Amérika-Nikaragua, nyoba ngabajak Pesawat El Al Penerbangan 219 ti Amsterdam ka New York. Ieu aksi mangrupa bagian tina pangbajakan Dawson's Field, nyaéta runtuyan pangbajakan anu lumangsung méh bareng anu dilakukeun ku PFLP. Khaled jeung Argüello ngancam bakal ngabeledugkeun granat lamun maréhna teu diidinan asup ka kokpit. Pilot nolak nuturkeun kahayang maréhna, sarta kalah ngalegotkeun pesawat nyirorot ka handap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/16/el-al-pilots-harrowing-tale-of-outmaneuvering-hijacker-invited-to-speak-at-s-f-state/|title=El Al pilot's harrowing tale of outmaneuvering hijacker Leila Khaled|last=Pine|first=Dan|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan rupa-rupa sumber béda pamanggih ngeunaan runuyan kajadianana, dina kaributan anu lumangsung, aya anu neunggeul sirah Argüello ku botol wiski; Argüello némbak sarta nyideraan saurang kru, jeung dikabarkeun ngalungkeun granat (anu teu bitu) ka arah panumpang; sarta agén kaamanan pesawat (''sky marshal'') némbak Argüello sababaraha kali nepi ka tatu parah sarta maot. Pilot mindahkeun jalur pesawat ka Bandara Heathrow di London. Ambulans mawa kru anu tatu jeung Argüello ka rumah sakit. Kru pesawat salamet, sedengkeun Argüello maot di jero ambulans. Khaled ditéwak, sanajan engkéna dibébaskeun deui dina prosés tukeuran sandera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hijacked-1970-hijackings/|title=1970 Hijackings {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/331008|title=Unlawful Interference Boeing 707-458 4X-ATB, Sunday 6 September 1970|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/people-involved-and-affected/|title=The People Involved and Affected {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan kiwari ==
Dina sababaraha wawancara, Khaled kungsi nyebutkeun yén manéhna jadi resep ka Britania Raya ([[Inggris]]) gara-gara jalma mimiti anu ngalongok manéhna di jero panjara saurang patugas imigrasi malah nanya naha manéhna bisa datang ka éta nagara tanpa visa anu sah. Manéhna ogé jadi akrab jeung dua pulisi awéwé anu ditugaskeun keur ngajaga manéhna di [[Ealing]], sarta satuluyisna osok silih kirim surat. Khaled terus datang deui ka Inggris pikeun jadi panyatur nepi ka taun 2002. Sanajan kitu, dina taun 2005, kedutaan gedé Inggris nolak méré [[visa]] nalika manéhna diondang jadi panyatur dina acara ''Féile an Phobail'' di Belfast. Tungtungna, manéhna tetep bisa nyarita ka jalma-jalma di acara éta ngaliwatan sambungan vidéo (''video link'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/13953|title=A just solution is the way out of conflict - Leila Khaled {{!}} An Phoblacht|website=www.anphoblacht.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nurutkeun Khaled, sabenerna euweuh anu ngaranna prosés perdamaian Arab-Israél. Manéhna nyatakeun, &quot;Éta mah prosés politik anu kauntunganana aya di pihak Israél, lain keur urang. Maréhna nyepeng kabéh kartu keur maén, sedengkeun urang Paléstina euweuh keur prioritaskeun, komo deui kaayaan PLO keur teu ngahiji.&quot; Khaled ogé ngadukung gerakan politik Kurdi anu aya di sabudeureun ''Peoples' Democratic Party'' (HDP), sarta ngaitkeun kasaruaan nasib antara rahayat Paléstina jeung urang Kurdi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|title=Iconic liberation activist at HDP congress: Long live Palestine, long live Kurdistan!|last=English|first=Duvar|website=https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2020/02/24/iconic-liberation-activist-at-hdp-congress-long-live-palestine-long-live-kurdistan|language=tr-TR|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/guncel/dbp-albay-i-dais-katletti-34323|title=DBP: Albay’ı DAİŞ katletti|website=ANF News|language=tr|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mimiti aub kana dunya politik, jadi anggota Déwan Nasional Paléstina (''Palestinian National Council''), jeung remen mucunghul di acara ''World Social Forum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200906257801/Governance/Features/The-activistocracy.html|title=InfoChange India News &amp; Features development news India - The activistocracy|last=Administrator|website=infochangeindia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/dinamic.php?pagina=coletivas_280105_ing|title=Fórum Social Mundial|website=www.forumsocialmundial.org.br|accessdate=2026-05-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609163921/http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/dinamic.php?pagina=coletivas_280105_ing |date=2007-06-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1521|title=PNN - Palestine News Network - Palestine on the table at World Social Forum in Kenya|website=english.pnn.ps|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Khaled nikah jeung saurang dokter ngaranna Fayez Rashid (1950–2023) sarta matuh babarengan jeung dua anak lalakina, Bader jeung Bashar, di Amman, Yordania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://irelandsown.net/leilakhalid2.html|title=Ireland's OWN: Women Freedom Fighters|last=Gould|first=Dawn-Michele|website=irelandsown.net|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna saurang anu teu ngagem ageman (irrelijius). Kisah hirupna kungsi dijadikeun pilem anu judulna ''Leila Khaled, Hijacker'', anu disutradaraan ku sineas Paléstina, Lina Makboul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.972mag.com/interview-with-leila-khaled-bds-is-effective-but-it-doesnt-liberate-land/|title=Interview with Leila Khaled: 'BDS is effective, but it doesn't liberate land'|last=Magazine|first=+972|website=+972 Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=1027937&amp;p=7551027|title=Subject Guides: Streaming Video Guides: Area Studies -- Middle East and North Africa|last=Kelshian|first=Rob|website=subjectguides.library.american.edu|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem ieu munggaran dipidangkeun dina bulan Novémber 2005 dina acara ''International Documentary Film Festival'' di [[Amsterdam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilakhaled.com/leila_frames.html|title=Leila Khaled - Hijacker|website=www.leilakhaled.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Leila Khaled: Hijacker (2005) {{!}} MUBI|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/leila-khaled-hijacker|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Novémber 2017, Khaled ditolak asup ka kota [[Roma]], [[Italia]], di [[Bandara Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino]], sarta dipaksa kudu balik deui ka [[Amman]] lantaran manéhna mangrupa anggota ti kelompok anu dianggap organisasi téroris ku pamaréntah Italia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornaleditalia.org/news/cronaca/892943/Leila-Khaled-respinta-a-Fiumicino.html|title=Leila Khaled respinta a Fiumicino - giornaleditalia|website=www.ilgiornaleditalia.org|accessdate=2026-05-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129095505/http://www.ilgiornaleditalia.org/news/cronaca/892943/Leila-Khaled-respinta-a-Fiumicino.html |date=2017-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina pertengahan Séptémber 2020, Khaled dijadwalkeun pikeun nyarita dina konferensi virtual Zoom di ''San Francisco State University'' anu diayakeun ku Rabab Abdulhadi jeung Tomomi Kinukawa. Sanajan kitu, alatan lobina desakan tina koalisi kelompok [[Yahudi]] &quot;End Jewish Hatred&quot;, pihak ''Zoom Video Communications'' bareng jeung YouTube sarta Facebook, ngalarang acara konferensi éta ngagunakeun aplikasi sarta platform vidéo maréhna, kalawan alesan patuh kana aturan kontrol ékspor, sanksi, jeung undang-undang anti-térorisme [[Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization|title=Zoom Draws a Line|last=Flaherty|first=Colleen|website=Inside Higher Ed|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/|title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled|last=Greschler|first=Gabriel|website=J.|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dina Budaya Populér ==
Khaled kungsi dijadikeun objék lukisan potrét anu sakabéhna dijieun tina lipen, judulna &quot;The Icon&quot;. Karya seni ieu dijieun ku seniman Amer Shomali ngagunakeun 14 warna jeung 3.500 lipstik. Lagu anu judulna &quot;Like Leila Khaled Said&quot; tina albeum ''Wilder'' (1981) bogana grup musik ''The Teardrop Explodes'' mangrupa lagu cinta keur Khaled. Nu nulis laguna, Julian Cope, nyebutkeun yén éta téh lagu cinta keur manéhna &quot;sabab kuring mikir manéhna téh geulis pisan. Tapi kuring nyaho yén sakabéh carita éta sabenerna mah siga béja goréng.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://screamingsecrets.com/discography/tx_albums/html/a_5.html|title=TEARDROP EXPLODES DISCOGRAPHY {{!}} ALBUMS|website=screamingsecrets.com|accessdate=2026-05-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040716055135/http://screamingsecrets.com/discography/tx_albums/html/a_5.html |date=2004-07-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nepi ka taun 2018, manéhna diabadikeun dina wujud lukisan témbok (mural) di ''International Wall'' di Jalan Falls, Belfast, Irlandia Kalér. Éta mural dijieun dumasar kana poto Khaled nu dicokot ku Eddie Adams keur nyepeng AK-47 kalayan aya bandéra Paléstina di tukangeunana. Gambar manéhna dipajang bareng jeung gambar pejuang Républik Irlandia, Oglach Charlie Hughes, sarta aya tulisan &quot;Perjuangan Urang Bakal Terus Lumangsung&quot;. Déwan Kota Johannesburg ogé ngesahkeun kaputusan dina bulan Novémber 2018 pikeun ngarobah ngaran Jalan Sandton Drive di Johannesburg jadi Jalan Leila Khaled.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/2018-12-01-fight-over-renaming-of-sandton-drive-after-palestinian-leila-khaled/|title=Fight over renaming of Sandton Drive after Palestinian Leila Khaled|last=MABOTJA|first=KGOPI|website=IOL|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kantor konsulat Amérika Sarikat di Johannesburg perenahna aya di jalan éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news/the-american-consulate-at-1-leila-khaled-drive|title=The American Consulate at 1 Leila Khaled Drive? {{!}} Politicsweb|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/817781/ramaphosa-steps-in-over-sandton-drive-name-change/|title=Ramaphosa steps in over Sandton Drive name change|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nu nulis carita, Chris Boucher, nyebutkeun yén manéhna méré ngaran karakter pejuang liar &quot;Leela&quot; dina serial ''Doctor Who'' dumasar kana ngaran Khaled. Lagu kasapuluh dina albeum ''Friværdi'' anu dirilis tanggal 26 Séptémber 2005 ku grup band rock asal Dénmark, ''Magtens Korridorer'', miboga judul &quot;Leila Khaled&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Magtens Korridorer – Leila Khaled|url=https://genius.com/Magtens-korridorer-leila-khaled-lyrics|accessdate=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salian ti éta, ''Leila Khaled: Hijacker'' nyaéta pilem dokuméntér taun 2006 ngeunaan Leila Khaled anu dijieun ku sineas Swédia-Paléstina, Lina Makboul.

Dina albeum ''Olive no Ki no Shita de'' anu dirilis taun 2007 ku panyanyi rock Jepang, Panta, aya lagu anu judulna &quot;Leila's Ballade&quot;. Lirik ieu lagu ditulis ku urut anggota Tentara Beureum Jepang, Fusako Shigenobu, jeung anakna, Mei Shigenobu. Ngaran Khaled ogé disebut ku grup musik ''Fun-da-mental'' dina lagu &quot;Mother India&quot; dina CD ''Love India'' (2010) anu sumebar lega di Amérika Sarikat ngaliwatan Starbucks. Dina taun 2012, Khaled diondang kana acara paringetan 40 taun kajadian pambantaian Bandara Lod ku kelompok sayap kénca radikal Jepang di Kyoto. Dina acara éta, Panta nembangkeun lagu kasebut langsung di hareupeun Khaled.

== Référénsi ==
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    <title>Dunya Malayu</title>
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{{plainlist|style=padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;|
{{Legend|#DB111C|Daérah anu paling sering dianggap bagian tina dunya Malayu&lt;br&gt;([[Brunéi]], [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Timor Lésté]])}}
{{Legend|#ECB700|Daérah anu sacara historis dipangaruhan ku budaya Malayu ([[Pilipina]], [[Sri Langka]], [[Thailand]])}}}}|450px]]

'''Dunya Malayu''' atawa '''ranah Malayu''' atawa '''Alam Malayu''' ([[Basa Indonésia]]/[[Basa Malayu]]: ''Dunia Melayu'' atawa ''Alam Melayu'') nyaéta konsép pulitik atawa éksprési anu geus dipaké ku rupa-rupa pangarang jeung kelompok pikeun nunjukkeun sababaraha konsép anu béda, anu asalna tina rupa-rupa interpretasi ngeunaan 'Malayu' boh salaku [[urang Malayu|kelompok étnis]], salaku kategori ras, salaku kelompok linguistik, atawa salaku kelompok budaya. Panggunaan istilah Melayu dina seueur konseptualisasi seuseueurna dumasar kana pangaruh budaya Malayu anu nyebar, khususna anu diwujudkeun ngaliwatan panyebaran [[basa Malayu]] di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] sapertos anu dititénan ku kakuatan kolonial anu béda-béda salami Jaman Panemuan sareng panyebaran Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ooi 2009 181&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ooi|2009|p=181}}&lt;/ref&gt; Istilah ieu tetep kontroversial pisan di [[Indonésia]] sareng di luar daérah anu nganggo [[basa Malayu]], sabab dianggap sarat politis sareng teu aya patalina sareng budaya tibatan murni budaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hasanah |first=Uswatun |last2=Magfirah |first2=Royyan |last3=Setiawati |first3=Andini |last4=Nurhasanah |date=27 Méi 2024 |title=Menelusuri Kontroversi Klaim Budaya Perspektif Indonesia-Malaysia dalam Sengketa Warisan Budaya |url=https://ejournal.indo-intellectual.id/index.php/imeij/article/view/1065 |journal=Indo-MathEdu Intellectuals Journal |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=2505–2513 |doi=10.54373/imeij.v5i2.1065 |issn=2808-5078 |doi-access=free }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203035810/https://ejournal.indo-intellectual.id/index.php/imeij/article/view/1065 |date=2025-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Konsép dina rentang teritorial anu panglegana ieu tiasa diterapkeun ka daérah anu sinonim sareng Austronesia, tanah air masarakat Austronesia, anu manjang ti Pulo Paskah di wétan dugi ka [[Madagaskar]] di kulon.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Farrer|2009|p=26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pedaran sapertos kitu asalna tina istilah ras Malayu dina ahir abad ka-18 anu parantos dipopulerkeun ku para orientalis pikeun ngagambarkeun bangsa Austronesia. Dina kamekaran panalungtikan salajengna, ras Malayu dikategorikeun salaku basa Malayo-Polinesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hakim |first=Lukmanul |date=2017 |title=THE MALAY WORLD IN HISTORY: STUDY ON MALAY IDENTITY |url=https://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/jmis/article/view/3838 |journal=Journal of Malay Islamic Studies |volume=1 |pages=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina harti anu langkung heureut, dunya Malayu parantos dianggo salaku sinonim pikeun ''sprachraum'' Malayu, nujul kana nagara-nagara sareng wilayah anu nganggo [[basa Malayu]] di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]], dimana standar basa Malayu anu béda-béda mangrupikeun basa nasional atanapi ragamna mangrupikeun basa minoritas anu penting. Istilah dina harti ieu ngawengku [[Brunéi]], [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]] sareng [[Thailand|Thailand Kidul]], sareng sakapeung dianggo silih genti sareng konsép 'Kapuloan Malayu' sareng 'Nusantara'.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Amin Sweeney|2011|p=295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salaku alternatif, para sarjana modéren ngabenerkeun anggapan anu langkung lega ngeunaan dunya Malayu ieu, ku cara ngadéfinisikeunana salaku daérah pulitik sareng budaya. Dina kontéks ieu, dunya Malayu jadi hiji wewengkon anu jadi tanah air [[urang Malayu|étnis Malayu]], anu sacara historis diparéntah ku kasultanan-kasultanan anu silih tandingan, dimana rupa-rupa basa jeung nilai-nilai budaya Malayu dominan. Wewengkon ieu ngawengku daérah basisir Semenanjung Malaya, [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sareng pulo-pulo alit di antawisna.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Milner|1982|p=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Benjamin 2002 7&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Benjamin|Chou|2002|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wee|1985|pp=61–62}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
* [[Imah Malayu]]
* [[Urang Malayu]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Inohong Malayu]]</text>
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