Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1113 711389 708840 2026-07-30T05:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tabel periodik unsur kimiawi''' nyaéta pintonan tabular [[unsur kimiawi]] nu dipikanyaho. Unsur-unsur disusun dumasar struktur [[éléktron]] antukna rupa-rupa [[sipat kimiawi]]na puguh susunanana sapanjang tabelna. Nu ditémbongkeun utamana [[nomer atom]] sarta [[lambang kimiawi]]na. [[Tabel periodik#Tabel periodik baku|Tabel baku]] nyadiakeun dasar-dasar nu perlu. Aya ogé [[Tabel periodik#Métode séjén pikeun mintonkeun unsur-unsur kimiawi|Métode séjén pikeun mintonkeun unsur-unsur kimiawi]] pikeun leuwih rinci atawa sawangan séjénna. == Golongan == [[Golongan tabel periodik|Golongan]] mangrupa kolom vértikal dina tabel periodik. Aya 18 golongan dina tabel periodik baku. Unsur-unsur nu sagolongan mibanda konfigurasi éléktron [[cangkang valénsi|valénsi]] nu sarua/mirip, nepi ka sipat-sipatna ogé mirip. === Nomer golongan === Aya tilu sistim [[golongan tabél periodik#Nomer golongan|nomer golongan]]; hiji maké wilangan Arab, sedengkeun nu séjénna wilangan Romawi. Ngaran wilangan Romawi mangrupa ngaran tradisional asli golongan; ngaran wilangan Arab mangrupa skéma nu leuwih anyar nu dirékoméndasikeun ku [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]]. Ieu skéma dijieun pikeun ngaganti dua sistim wilangan Romawi nu heubeul sabab ngalieurkeun ku ayana ngaran nu sarua pikeun maksud nu béda. == Tabél periodik baku == <table style="width: 80%;"> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Golongan tabel periodik|'''Golongan'''&nbsp;→]]</td> <td>[[Logam alkali|'''1''']]</td> <td>[[Logam alkali taneuh|'''2''']]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 3|'''3''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 4|'''4''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 5|'''5''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 6|'''6''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 7|'''7''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 8|'''8''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 9|'''9''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 10|'''10''']]</td> <td>[[Coinage metal|'''11''']]</td> <td>[[Unsur golongan 12|'''12''']]</td> <td>[[Golongan boron|'''13''']]</td> <td>[[Golongan karbon|'''14''']]</td> <td>[[Pniktogén|'''15''']]</td> <td>[[Kalkogén|'''16''']]</td> <td>[[Halogén|'''17''']]</td> <td>[[Gas mulya|'''18''']]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Periode tabel periodik|'''Periode'''&nbsp;↓]]</td> <td colspan="20"><br /> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 1|'''1''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:green;">1</span><br />[[Hidrogén|H]]</td> <td colspan="17"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">2</span><br />[[Hélium|He]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 2|'''2''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">3</span><br />[[Litium|Li]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">4</span><br />[[Berilium|Be]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td colspan="10"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">5</span><br />[[Boron|B]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">6</span><br />[[Karbon|C]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:green;">7</span><br />[[Nitrogén|N]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:green;">8</span><br />[[Oksigén|O]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:green;">9</span><br />[[Florin|F]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">10</span><br />[[Néon|Ne]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 3|'''3''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">11</span><br />[[Natrium|Na]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">12</span><br />[[Magnesium|Mg]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td colspan="10"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">13</span><br />[[Aluminium|Al]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">14</span><br />[[Silikon|Si]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">15</span><br />[[Fosfor|P]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">16</span><br />[[Walirang|S]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:green;">17</span><br />[[Klorin|Cl]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">18</span><br />[[Argon|Ar]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 4|'''4''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">19</span><br />[[Kalium|K]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">20</span><br />[[Kalsium|Ca]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">21</span><br />[[Skandium|Sc]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">22</span><br />[[Titanium|Ti]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">23</span><br />[[Vanadium|V]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">24</span><br />[[Kromium|Cr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">25</span><br />[[Mangan|Mn]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">26</span><br />[[Beusi|Fe]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">27</span><br />[[Kobalt|Co]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">28</span><br />[[Nikel|Ni]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">29</span><br />[[Tambaga|Cu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">30</span><br />[[Séng|Zn]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">31</span><br />[[Galium|Ga]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">32</span><br />[[Germanium|Ge]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">33</span><br />[[Arsén|As]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0"><span style="color:black;">34</span><br />[[Sélénium|Se]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:blue;">35</span><br />[[Bromin|Br]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">36</span><br />[[Kripton|Kr]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 5|'''5''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">37</span><br />[[Rubidium|Rb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">38</span><br />[[Stronsium|Sr]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">39</span><br />[[Itrium|Y]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">40</span><br />[[Zirkonium|Zr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">41</span><br />[[Niobium|Nb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">42</span><br />[[Molibdenum|Mo]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">43</span><br />[[Téhnetium|Tc]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">44</span><br />[[Rutenium|Ru]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">45</span><br />[[Rodium|Rh]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">46</span><br />[[Paladium|Pd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">47</span><br />[[Pérak|Ag]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">48</span><br />[[Kadmium|Cd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">49</span><br />[[Indium|In]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">50</span><br />[[Tin|Sn]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">51</span><br />[[Antimony|Sb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">52</span><br />[[Telurium|Te]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:black;">53</span><br />[[Iodin|I]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">54</span><br />[[Xenon|Xe]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 6|'''6''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">55</span><br />[[Sesium|Cs]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">56</span><br />[[Barium|Ba]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 191, 255);">*<br /></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192);"><span style="color:black;">71</span><br />[[Lutetium|Lu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">72</span><br />[[Hafnium|Hf]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">73</span><br />[[Tantalum|Ta]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">74</span><br />[[Tungsten|W]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">75</span><br />[[Rhenium|Re]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">76</span><br />[[Osmium|Os]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">77</span><br />[[Iridium|Ir]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">78</span><br />[[Platinum|Pt]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:black;">79</span><br />[[Emas|Au]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:blue;">80</span><br />[[Raksa (unsur)|Hg]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">81</span><br />[[Thallium|Tl]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">82</span><br />[[Timbal|Pb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:black;">83</span><br />[[Bismut|Bi]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99"><span style="color:black;">84</span><br />[[Polonium|Po]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99"><span style="color:black;">85</span><br />[[Astatin|At]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff"><span style="color:green;">86</span><br />[[Radon|Rn]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>[[Unsur periode 7|'''7''']]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff6666"><span style="color:black;">87</span><br />&nbsp;[[Francium|Fr]]&nbsp;</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead"><span style="color:black;">88</span><br />[[Radium|Ra]]</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 204);">**<br /></td> <td style="background-color: rgb(255, 192, 192);"><span style="color:red;">103</span><br />[[Lawrencium|Lr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">104</span><br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">105</span><br />[[Dubnium|Db]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">106</span><br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">107</span><br />[[Bohrium|Bh]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">108</span><br />[[Hassium|Hs]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">109</span><br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">110</span><br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">111</span><br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0"><span style="color:red;">112</span><br />[[Ununbium|Uub]]</td> <td bgcolor="#eceaec"><span style="color:red;">113<br />[[Ununtrium|Uut]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span style="color:red;">114</span><br />[[Ununquadium|Uuq]]</td> <td bgcolor="#eceaec"><span style="color:red;">115<br />[[Ununpentium|Uup]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#eceaec"><span style="color:#cccccc;">116<br />[[Ununhexium|Uuh]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#fcfecc"><span style="color:#cccccc;">117<br />[[Ununseptium|Uus]]</span></td> <td bgcolor="#ecfefc"><span style="color:#cccccc;">118<br />[[Ununoctium|Uuo]]</span></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="21"><br /> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" align="right">* '''[[Lantanida]]'''</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">57<br />[[Lanthanum|La]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">58<br />[[Cerium|Ce]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">59<br />[[Praseodymium|Pr]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">60<br />[[Neodymium|Nd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:red;">61</span><br />[[Promethium|Pm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">62</span><br />[[Samarium|Sm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">63</span><br />[[Europium|Eu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">64</span><br />[[Gadolinium|Gd]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">65</span><br />[[Terbium|Tb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">66</span><br />[[Dysprosium|Dy]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">67</span><br />[[Holmium|Ho]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">68</span><br />[[Erbium|Er]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">69</span><br />[[Thulium|Tm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff"><span style="color:black;">70</span><br />[[Ytterbium|Yb]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4" align="right">** '''[[Aktinida]]'''</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">89</span><br />[[Actinium|Ac]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">90</span><br />[[Thorium|Th]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">91</span><br />[[Protactinium|Pa]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:black;">92</span><br />[[Uranium|U]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">93</span><br />[[Neptunium|Np]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">94</span><br />[[Plutonium|Pu]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">95</span><br />[[Americium|Am]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">96</span><br />[[Curium|Cm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">97</span><br />[[Berkelium|Bk]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">98</span><br />[[Californium|Cf]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">99</span><br />[[Einsteinium|Es]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">100</span><br />[[Fermium|Fm]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">101</span><br />[[Mendelevium|Md]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc"><span style="color:red;">102</span><br />[[Nobelium|No]]</td> </tr> </table> <table align="center"> <caption>[[Dérét tabel periodik|Dérét Kimia Tabel Periodik]]</caption> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666">[[Logam alkali]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead">[[Logam alkali taneuh]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">[[Lantanida]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">[[Aktinida]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">[[Logam transisi]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">[[Poor metal]]</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">[[Métaloid]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">[[Nonlogam]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">[[Halogén]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">[[Gas mulya]]</td> </tr> </table> Sandi warna pikeun wilangan atom: * Unsur nu wilanganana <span style="color:blue;">'''biru'''</span> mangrupa cair na [[suhu jeung tekenan baku]] (standard temperature and pressure, STP); * nu <span style="color:green;">'''héjo'''</span> mangrupa gas na STP; * nu <span style="color:black;">'''hideung'''</span> mangrupa padet na STP; * nu <span style="color:red;">'''beureum'''</span> mangrupa [[Unsur sintétik|sintétik]] (sadayana padet na STP). * nu <span style="color:#808080;">'''abu-abu'''</span> can kapanggih. == Cara séjén ngabéréndélkeun unsur-unsur kimia == * [[Tabél periodik (baku)|Tabel baku]] (sarua jeung di luhur) nyadiakeun dasar. * [[Tabél periodik (konfigurasi éléktron)|Konfigurasi Éléktron]] * [[Tabél periodik (logam jeung nonlogam)|Logam jeung Nonlogam]] * [[Tabél periodik (balok)|Tabel periodik eusi balok]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar ngaran]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar lambang]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar wilangan atomik]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar titik golak]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar titik lééh]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar dénsitas]] * [[Daptar unsur dumasar beurat atom]] == Dadaran ngeunaan struktur tabel periodik == Jumlah [[cangkang éléktron]] hiji atom nangtukeun kaasup périodeu sabaraha. Unggal cangkang kabagi kana subcangkang nu béda-béda, di mana nambahna wilangan atom ngeusian nuturkeun urutan nu sacara kasar kawas kieu: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s 5g 6f 7d 8p ... ku sabab éléktron pangluarna nangtukeun pasipatan kimiana, unsur-unsur nu sagolongan téh mibanda pasipatan nu mirip. Unsur-unsur sagolongan nu natangga mibanda pasipatan fisika nu sarupa, najan [[massa]]na mah béda jauh. Unsur-unsur nu natangga dina hiji périodeu mibanda massa nu ampir sarua, tapi pasitapanana béda. Pikeun conto, unsur tatangga [[nitrogén]] (N) dina périodeu kadua dina tabel nyaéta [[karbon]] (C) jeung [[oksigén]] (O). Najan massana ampir sarua (ukur sababaraha [[unit massa atom]]), pasipatanana mah béda pisan, sakumaha nu katempo dina [[alotrop]]na: oksigén diatomik [[gas]] nu ngarojong durukan, sedengkeun nitrogén diatomik teu ngarojong durukan, sarta karbon mah mangrupa padetan nu teu bisa diduruk. Nu di luhur kontras pisan jeung kasus [[klorin]] (Cl) nu natangga jeung [[halogén]] séjén (golongan halogén), nyaéta [[florin]] (F) jeung [[bromin]] (Br). Najan massana béda pajauh, sipat alotropna mah sarupa pisan: kabéhanana [[tai hiang|korosif]] (nu ngandung harti gampang ngagabung jeung [[logam]] jadi [[uyah (kimia)|uyah]] [[halida logam]]); klorin jeung florin mangrupa gas, sedengkeun bromin cair. == Sajarah == ''Artikel utama: [[Sajarah tabel periodik]]'' Tabel asli dijieunna tanpa pangaweruh ngeunaan struktur jero [[atom]]: mun urang nyusun unsur-unsur dumasar [[massa atom]], lajeng ngaplot salah sahiji sipat séjénna kana massa atomna, one sees an undulation or ''periodicity'' to these properties as a function of atomic mass. Nu munggaran nengetan pola ieu nyaéta kimiawan [[Jérman]] [[Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner]], nu taun [[1829]], ngiberkeun sababaraha ''triad'' unsur-unsur nu sarupa: <table cellspacing="5"> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="3">Sababaraha triad</th> </tr><tr> <th>Unsur</th> <th>Massa atomik</th> <th>Dénsitas</th> </tr><tr> <td>klorin</td> <td>35.5</td> <td>0.00156 g/cm³</td> </tr><tr> <td>bromin</td> <td>79.9</td> <td>0.00312 g/cm³</td> </tr><tr> <td>iodin</td> <td>126.9</td> <td>0.00495 g/cm³</td> </tr> <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr> <td>kalsium</td> <td>40.1</td> <td>1.55 g/cm³</td> </tr><tr> <td>strontium</td> <td>87.6</td> <td>2.6 g/cm³</td> </tr><tr> <td>barium</td> <td>137</td> <td>3.5 g/cm³</td> </tr> </table> Ieu tuluy dituturkeun ku kimiawan Inggris [[John Alexander Reina Newlands]], nu taun [[1865]] ngémbarkeun yén unsur-unsur nu tipena sarua kaulang unggal selang dalapan unsur, nu ceuk manéhna bet mirip [[oktaf|oktaf musik]], najan ''hukum oktaf''na diseungseurikeun ku batur-baturna. Tungtungna, taun [[1869]] kimiawan Jérman [[Lothar Meyer]] jeung Rusia [[Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev]] ampir bareng ngembangkeun tabel periodik munggaran, nyusun unsur-unsur dumasar massa. Ngan, Mendeleev nempatkeun sababaraha unsur di luareun runtuyan massa nu geus maneuh sangkan papasanganana leuwih cocog pasipatanana antartatangga satabel, menerkeun kasalahan sababaraha massa atom, sarta ngaduga unsur-unsur séjén nu can kapanggih nu posisina aya dina sél-sél nu kosong kénéh. Mendeleev lajeng dihargaan ku papanggihanana ngeunaan struktur éléktronik unsur dina ahir [[abad ka-19]] jeung awal [[abad ka-20]]. == Sumberdaya séjén == * Mazurs, E.G., "''Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years''". University of Alabama Press, Alabama. 1974. * Bouma, J., "''An Application-Oriented Periodic Table of the Elements''". J. Chem. Ed., 66 741 (1989). == Baca ogé == * [[Golongan tabel periodik]] * [[Periode tabel periodik]] * [[Dérét kimiawi]] * [[Blok tabel periodik]] * [[Tabel isotop]] * [[Papanggihan unsur kimia]] * [[Unsur kimia di alam]] * Ngaran unsur sistimatik [[IUPAC]] * [[Tabel Periodik Unsur Kosmokimia dina Surya Mandala]] == Tumbu kaluar == * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm Presentation forms of the periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804040618/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm |date=2004-08-04 }}''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503003958/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm |date=2015-05-03 }}''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html Visual Periodic Table]''". ChemSoc.org. * Barbalace, Kenneth L., "''[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Biochemical Periodic Tables]''". KLBProductions.com. * "''[http://www.webelements.com Periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ |date=2014-01-04 }} (professional edition)''". WebElements. * Counterman, Craig, "''Periodic Table of the Elements : [http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ Atomic Number] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118200639/http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ |date=2006-01-18 }}''". MIT Course 3.091. * Holler, F. James, and John P. Selegue, "''[http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/ Periodic Table of Comic Books]''". Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky. 1996-2002. * Heilman, Chris, "''[http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html The Pictorial Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407011620/http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html |date=2004-04-07 }}''". (Includes alternate styles: Stowe, Benfey, Zmaczynski, Giguere, Tarantola, Filling, Mendeleev) * "''[http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm Periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119093914/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm |date=2005-01-19 }}''". Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division. * "''[http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/periodic_table.html Periodic Table of the Fermi Surfaces of Elemental Solids]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''". [http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ The Fermi Surface Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210041747/http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ |date=2020-12-10 }} * "''[http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi Interactive NMR Frequency Map]''". Texas A&M. * "''[https://www.science.co.il/elements/ Periodic Table Elements]''". Israel Science and Technology Directory. 1999-2004. (sorted by physical characteristics) * Barthelmy, David, "''[http://webmineral.com/chemical.shtml Periodic table]"'' Mineralogy Database. (mineral emphasis) * Gray, Théodore, "''[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/ Wooden Periodic Table Table]''" (with samples) * "''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html Periodic table applet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811140659/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html |date=2004-08-11 }}''". Dartmouth College. ([[Java programming language|Java]]) * Jacobs, Bob, "''[http://www.chemistrycoach.com/periodic_tables.htm Periodic Tables] (in case you were thinking that the Internet needed one more)''". The Chemistry Coach. * "''[http://periodictable.com/ Periodic Table].Com''". {{CabangKimia}} {{TabelPeriodik}} [[Kategori:Tabel periodik| ]] f1mdbld7gj5lc687t016xcclrpmu7en 0 1782 711390 622310 2026-07-30T05:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711390 wikitext text/x-wiki {|style="width: 100%" |- |[[Golongan tabel periodik|'''Golongan'''&nbsp;&rarr;]] |[[Unsur golongan 1|'''1''']] |[[Unsur golongan 2|'''2''']] |&nbsp; |[[Unsur golongan 3|'''3''']] |[[Unsur golongan 4|'''4''']] |[[Unsur golongan 5|'''5''']] |[[Unsur golongan 6|'''6''']] |[[Unsur golongan 7|'''7''']] |[[Unsur golongan 8|'''8''']] |[[Unsur golongan 9|'''9''']] |[[Unsur golongan 10|'''10''']] |[[Unsur golongan 11|'''11''']] |[[Unsur golongan 12|'''12''']] |[[Unsur golongan 13|'''13''']] |[[Unsur golongan 14|'''14''']] |[[Unsur golongan 15|'''15''']] |[[Unsur golongan 16|'''16''']] |[[Unsur golongan 17|'''17''']] |[[Unsur golongan 18|'''18''']] |- |[[Periode tabel periodik|'''Periode'''&nbsp;&darr;]] |colspan="20"|<br /> |- |[[Unsur periode 1|'''1''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|1<br />[[Hidrogén|H]] |colspan="17"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|2<br />[[Hélium|He]] |- |[[Unsur periode 2|'''2''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3<br />[[Litium|Li]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4<br />[[Beryllium|Be]] |colspan="11"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5<br />[[Boron|B]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6<br />[[Karbon|C]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|7<br />[[Nitrogén|N]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|8<br />[[Oxygen|O]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|9<br />[[Fluor|F]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|10<br />[[Néon|Ne]] |- |[[Unsur periode 3|'''3''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11<br />[[Natrium|Na]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12<br />[[Magnésium|Mg]] |colspan="11"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13<br />[[Aluminium|Al]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14<br />[[Silikon|Si]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15<br />[[Pospor|P]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16<br />[[Walirang|S]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|17<br />[[Klorin|Cl]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|18<br />[[Argon|Ar]] |- |[[Unsur periode 4|'''4''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19<br />[[Kalium|K]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20<br />[[Kalsium|Ca]] |<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21<br />[[Skandium|Sc]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22<br />[[Titanium|Ti]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23<br />[[Vanadium|V]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24<br />[[Kromium|Cr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25<br />[[Mangan|Mn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26<br />[[Iron|Fe]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27<br />[[Kobal|Co]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28<br />[[Nikel|Ni]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29<br />[[Tambaga|Cu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30<br />[[Zinc|Zn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31<br />[[Galium|Ga]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32<br />[[Jérmanium|Ge]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33<br />[[Arsénik|As]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34<br />[[Sélénium|Se]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|35<br />[[Bromin|Br]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|36<br />[[Kripton|Kr]] |- |[[Unsur periode 5|'''5''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37<br />[[Rubidium|Rb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38<br />[[Strontium|Sr]] |<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39<br />[[Itrium|Y]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40<br />[[Zirkonium|Zr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41<br />[[Niobium|Nb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42<br />[[Molibdenum|Mo]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43<br />[[Téhnétium|Tc]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44<br />[[Rutenium|Ru]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45<br />[[Rodium|Rh]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46<br />[[Paladium|Pd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47<br />[[Pérak|Ag]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48<br />[[Kadmium|Cd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49<br />[[Indium|In]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50<br />[[Tin|Sn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51<br />[[Antimoni|Sb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52<br />[[Telurium|Te]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53<br />[[Yodium|I]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|54<br />[[Xenon|Xe]] |- |[[Unsur periode 6|'''6''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55<br />[[Sésium|Cs]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56<br />[[Barium|Ba]] |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;"|*<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|71<br />[[Lutésium|Lu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72<br />[[Hafnium|Hf]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73<br />[[Tantalum|Ta]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74<br />[[Tungsten|W]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75<br />[[Rénium|Re]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76<br />[[Osmium|Os]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77<br />[[Iridium|Ir]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78<br />[[Platinum|Pt]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79<br />[[Emas|Au]]</td> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|80<br />[[Raksa|Hg]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|81<br />[[Talium|Tl]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|82<br />[[Timbal|Pb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|83<br />[[Bismut|Bi]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|84<br />[[Polonium|Po]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|85<br />[[Astatin|At]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px dashed black;"|86<br />[[Radon|Rn]] |- |[[Unsur periode 7|'''7''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|87<br />&nbsp;[[Fransium|Fr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|88<br />[[Radium|Ra]] |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;"|**<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|103<br />[[Lawrensium|Lr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|104<br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|105<br />[[Dubnium|Db]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|106<br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|107<br />[[Bohrium|Bh]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|108<br />[[Hassium|Hs]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|109<br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|110<br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|111<br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px dotted black;"|112<br />[[Kopernisium|Cn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|113<br />[[Nihonium|Nh]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|114<br />[[Flerovium|Fl]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|115<br />[[Moskovium|Mc]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|116<br />[[Livermorium|Lv]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcfecc;color:#cccccc;"|117<br />[[Tenesin|Ts]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ecfefc;color:#cccccc;"|118<br />[[Oganeson|Og]] |- |colspan="21"|<br /> |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|* '''[[Lantanida]]''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|57<br />[[Lantanum|La]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|58<br />[[Cerium|Ce]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|59<br />[[Praséodimium|Pr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|60<br />[[Néodimium|Nd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|61<br />[[Prométium|Pm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|62<br />[[Samarium|Sm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|63<br />[[Europium|Eu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|64<br />[[Gadolinium|Gd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|65<br />[[Terbium|Tb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|66<br />[[Disprosium|Dy]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|67<br />[[Holmium|Ho]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|68<br />[[Érbium|Er]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|69<br />[[Tulium|Tm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|70<br />[[Iterbium|Yb]] |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|** '''[[Aktinida]]''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|89<br />[[Aktinium|Ac]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|90<br />[[Torium|Th]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|91<br />[[Protaktinium|Pa]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|92<br />[[Uranium|U]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|93<br />[[Néptunium|Np]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|94<br />[[Plutonium|Pu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|95<br />[[Amérisium|Am]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|96<br />[[Kurium|Cm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|97<br />[[Berkelium|Bk]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|98<br />[[Kalifornium|Cf]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|99<br />[[Einsteinium|Es]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|100<br />[[Férmium|Fm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|101<br />[[Mendelevium|Md]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|102<br />[[Nobelium|No]] |} <table align="center"> <caption>[[Dérét tabel periodik|Deret Kimia Tabel Periodik]]</caption> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666">[[Logam alkali]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead">[[Logam alkali tanah]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">[[Lantanida]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">[[Aktinida]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">[[Logam transisi]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">[[Poor metal]]s</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">[[Métaloid]]</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">[[Nonlogam]]</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">[[Halogén]]</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">[[Gas mulya]]</td> </tr> </table> '''Wujud dina [[suhu jeung tekenan baku]] (''standard temperature and pressure'') * nu <span style="color:red;">beureum</span> mangrupa gas * nu <span style="color:green;">hejo</span> mangrupa cairan * nu <span style="color:black;">hideung</span> mangrupa padet '''Ayana di alam''' * <div style="border:solid 1px black;padding:1px;">nu kotakanana garis leuwih kolot batan [[Marcapada]] ([[unsur primordial]])</div> * <div style="border:dashed 1px black;padding:1px;">nu kotakanana pegat-pegat mucunghul sacara alami tina ''decay'' unsur kimia séjén</div> * <div style="border:dotted 1px black;padding:1px;">nu kotakanana titik-titik euweuh sacara alami ([[unsur sintetik]])</div> * <div style="border:none;padding:1px;">nu teu maké kotakan can kapanggih/disintesis</div> == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.webelements.com WebElements.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ |date=2014-01-04 }} {{TabelPeriodik}} [[Kategori:Tabel periodik]] 0ct7pmjz5ilq9ufgnis6qgfb7zxsa3k 0 3315 711380 700295 2026-07-29T23:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Elementbox_header | number=8 | symbol=O | name=oksigén | left=[[nitrogén]] | right=[[fluorine]] | above=- | below=[[sulfur|S]] | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_series | [[nonmetal]]s }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=16 | period=2 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | O,8| colorless }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|15.9994(3)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 6 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[gas]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gplstp | 1.429 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=54.36 | c=-218.79 | f=-361.82 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=90.20 | c=-182.95 | f=-297.31 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (O₂) 0.444 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (O₂) 6.82 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | (O₂)<br />29.378 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | &nbsp; | 61 | 73 | 90 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | −'''2''', −1<br />(neutral oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 3.44 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 1313.9 | 3388.3 | 5300.5 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|60]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|48]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-11 m|73]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|152]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 26.58 m}} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (gas, 27&nbsp;°C) 330 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7782-44-7 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=oxygen | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=16 | sym=O | na=99.762% | n=8 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=17 | sym=O | na=0.038% | n=9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=18 | sym=O | na=0.2% | n=10 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=green }} '''Oksigén''' mangrupa [[unsur kimia]] nu dina [[tabel periodik]] lambangna '''O''' jeung [[wilangan atom]] 8. Unsur ieu umum pisan, ayana lain ukur di [[Marcapada|Bumi]], tapi ogé di sakuliah alam, ilaharna mah dina bentuk kabeungkeut ku unsur séjén. Oksigén nu teu kabeungkeut (biasa disebut oksigén molekular, O₂), jaman baheula dihasilkeun tina [[métabolisme]] [[anaérob]] ([[archaea]] jeung [[baktéri]]). Sedengkeun kiwari, lolobana dihasilkeun tina prosés [[fotosintésis]], tilu parapatna hasil [[fitoplangton]] jeung [[ganggang]] di sagara, sarta saparapatna tina [[tangkal|tutuwuhan]]. '''Oksigén''' mangrupa bagian tina hawa anu ngalantarankeun mahluk hidup bisa harirup, lantaran lamun kakurangan waé dina keur diisep, éta aya akibatna nepikeun ka lingkungan rumah sakit kudu maké bantuan oksigén<ref name="sumber1">Manglé no 1984</ref>. Dina kaayaan alam jeung lingkungan urang normal, oksigén mangrupa zat anu kacida diperelukeunana pikeun ngambekan<ref name="sumber1"/>. Tapi dina kaayaan cara ayeuna, upamana waé polusi atawa pencemaran nu geus sakitu mahabuna, oksigén téh bisa robah jadi zat anu dingaranan "Radikal Bébas", sarta bakal ngadatangkeun karugian ka manusa<ref name="sumber1"/>. Upamana waé bisa ngalantarankeun panyakit bahaya cara kiwari<ref name="sumber1"/>. == Karakteristik == [[Gambar:Dioxygen-montage.png|100px|thumb|left|Dina kaayaan baku, dioksigén, O₂, bentukna gas.]] [[Gambar:Ozone-montage.png|100px|thumb||left|Ozon, O₃, molekul 3-atom, lolobana aya di lapisan stratosfir.]] Alotrop oksigén anu umum di Marcapada nyaéta [[dioksigén]], O₂, molekul diatomik anu [[beungkeut kimia|dibeungkeut]] dina [[konfigurasi éléktron]] [[oksigén triplét]]. Ieu beungkeut [[ordeu beungkeut|ordeuna]] dua, jauh leuwih pajeulit tina gambaran [[beungkeut ganda]] anu basajan<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.missouri.edu/~glaserr/wade4e/chapter15/dioxygen_t.html | title = Structure of Oxygen Molecule (triplet) | publisher = Glasser Group, University of Missouri-Columbia | accessdate = 2007-03-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913163524/http://web.missouri.edu/~glaserr/wade4e/chapter15/dioxygen_t.html |date=2007-09-13 }}</ref>. Oksigén triplét téh minangka [[kaayaan dasar]] molekul oksigén. [[Konfigurasi éléktron]] ieu molekul mibanda dua éléktron nyorangan nu nempatan dua orbital molekul. Ieu orbital kaasupkeun [[antibonding]], antukna beungkeut oksigén diatomik leuwwih lemah batan beungkeut [[nitrogén]] diatomik nu orbital molekul beungkeutanana kaeusi. Najan éléktron nyorangan ilaharna pakait jeung réaktivitas anu luhur, oksigén triplét mah rélatif (sarta untungna téh) teu réaktif dibanding jeung lolobana radikal. [[Oksigén nunggal]], ngaran nu dibikeun ka sababraha spésiés oksigén nu sakabéh spin éléktronna papacangan sarta boga énérgi leuwih luhur, leuwih réaktif ka molekul [[sanyawa organik|organik]] biasa. Di alam, oksigén nunggal biasana dibentuk tina cai dina fotosintésis ngagunakeun énérgi cahya panonpoé. Ieu molekul ogé dihasilkeun ku sistem imun salaku sumber oksigén aktif. [[Karoténoid]] dina organismeu fotosintétik jeung sasatoan boga peran utama pikeun nyerep énérgi ti oksigén nunggal nu dikonvérsi kana kaayaan dasar anu tanpa éksitasi, antukna henteu nyilakakeun jaringan. == Larapan == <!--Liquid oxygen finds use as an oxidizer in [[rocket]] propulsion. Oxygen is essential to [[respiration]], so oxygen supplementation has found use in [[medicine]]. People who climb [[mountain]]s or fly in [[airplane]]s sometimes have supplemental oxygen supplies (as air). Oxygen is used in [[welding]], and in the making of [[steel]] and [[methanol]]. Oxygen, as a mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use that extends into modern times. [[Oxygen_bar|Oxygen bars]] can be seen at parties to this day. In the 19th century, oxygen was often mixed with [[nitrous oxide]] to promote an [[analgesic]] effect; indeed, such a mixture ([[Entonox]]) is commonly used in medicine today. --> == Sajarah == Oksigén munggaran disabit-sabit ku [[Michał Sędziwój]], [[alkémis]] jeung [[filsuf]] Polandia ahir [[abad ka-16]]. Anjeunna nyebut gas anu kaluar tina [[niter]] haneut salaku "''the elixir of life''"<ref> {{cite journal | author = H. Guerlac | title = The Poets' Nitre | journal = [[Isis]] | year = 1954 | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 243-255 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753%28195409%2945%3A3%3C243%3ATPN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A }}</ref>. [[Robert Hooke]], [[Ole Borch]], [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], jeung [[Pierre Bayen]] geus bisa ngahasilkeun oksigén dina percobaanana [[abad ka-17]], tapi ku saurang ogé teu dianggap unsur<ref name="NBB299">Emsley (2001). ''Nature's Building Blocks'', kaca 299</ref>. Hiji percobaan nu dipingpin ku [[Joseph Priestley]], pendéta [[Karajaan Inggris Raya|Inggris]] ([[1 Agustus]] [[1774]]), mokuskeun [[cahya panonpoé]] kana [[raksa (II) oksida|oksida raksa]] ([[raksa (unsur)|Hg]]O) dina tabung gelas ngahasilkeun gas anu ku anjeunna dingaranan ''dephlogisticated air'' (baca [[téori flogiston]]). Anjeunna awas yén ku ayana éta gas, hurungna [[lilin]] jadi leuwih, sedengkeun beurit bisa leuwih aktif sarta hirup leuwih lana mun nyeuseup ieu gas. Sanggeus diseuseup ku sorangan, anjeunna nulis "Karasana kana bayah mah teu pati béda jeung udara biasa, tapi kana engapan jadi leuwih hampang."<ref name="NBB299"/> Tanpa sakanyaho Priestley, ahli farmasi [[Swédia]] [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] geus ngahasilkeun oksigén ku cara manaskeun oksida raksa jeung rupa-rupa [[nitrat]] kira taun [[1772]]. Anjeunna nuliskeun papanggihanana ieu dina naskah anu dikirimkeun ka pamedal taun 1775. hanjakalna téh, ieu naskah kakara medal taun 1777<ref name="NBB300">Emsley (2001). ''Nature's Building Blocks'', kaca 300</ref>. Anjeunna nyebut ieu gas salaku 'udara seuneu' (''fire air'') ku sabab éta gas téh hiji-hijina anu geus kanyahoan ngarojong durukan. Salajeungna ieu gas disebut 'udara vital' (''vital air'') ku sabab vital pikeun hirupna sasatoan. Kimiawan [[Prancis]], [[Antoine Lavoisier]], ngakukeun yén manéhna sacara mandiri manggihan zat anyar. Tapi kanyataanana, manéhna kungsi didongéngan ku Priestley ngeunaan hasil percobaanana. Pon kitu ogé Scheele kungsi medar papanggihanana ka Lavoisier dina surat [[30 Séptémber]] [[1774]]<ref name="NBB300"/>. Ku Lavoisier, ieu unsur anyar téh dingaranan ''oxygéne'', tina akar [[basa Yunani]] nu hartina "nu ngabentuk [[asam]]". Ieu téh dumasar kana anggapan—nu tétéla salah—yén sakabéh asam ngandung oksigén. Najan dicawad ku para élmuwan Inggris, ''oxygen'' diasupkeun kana basa Inggris. Hal ieu di antarana alatan ayana [[sajak]] nu muji-muji ieu gas nu judulna "Oxygen" dina buku populér ''[[The Botanic Garden]]'' (1791) karya [[Erasmus Darwin]], akina [[Charles Darwin]]<ref name="NBB300"/>. [[Kondénsasi]] oksigén munggaran dicobaan taun [[1883]] ku [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] jeung [[Karol Olszewski]], dua profésor ti [[Universitas Jagiellonian]]. == Pancén biologis == === Fotosintésis jeung réspirasi === Di alam, oksigén bébas dihasilkeun tina [[fotolisis]] cai dina [[fotosintésis]]. [[Ganggang héjo]] jeung [[sianobaktéri]] di lingkungan laut ngahasilkeun kira 70% oksigén bébas anu dihasilkeun ku Bumi<ref>[[#Reference-idFenical1983|Fenical 1983]], "Marine Plants"</ref>. Réaksi lengkep anu dibasajankeun pikeun fotosintésis nyaéta<ref>[[#Reference-idBrown2003|Brown 2003]], 958</ref> ::6{{kim|C||O|2}} + 6{{kim|H|2|O}} + [[foton]] → {{kim|C|6|H|12|O|6}} + 6{{kim|O|2}} <small>(karbon dioksida + cai + cahya sarangéngé → glukosa + dioksigén)</small> Évolusi fotolitik oksigén lumangsung di jero [[mémbran tilakoid]] organismeu fotosintétik sarta merlukeun énérgi opat [[foton]]<ref>Thylakoid membranes are part of [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] in algae and plants while they simply are one of many membrane structures in [[cyanobacteria]]. In fact, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from [[cyanobacteria]] that were once symbiotic partners with the progenerators of plants and algae</ref>. Ieu prosés téh loba hambalanana, nu ngahasilkeun gradién [[proton]] di antara mémbran tilakoid, nu dipaké pikeun nyintésis [[adénosin trifosfat|ATP]] dina [[fotofosforilasi]]<ref name="Raven">[[#Reference-idRaven2005|Raven 2005]], 115–27</ref>. Sésa {{kim|O|2}} sanggeus oksidasi molekul cai dileupaskeun ka atmosfir<ref>Oksidasi cai dikatalisan ku kompléks [[énzim]] nu ngandung [[mangan]] nu katelah ''oxygen evolving complex'' (OEC) atawa ''water-splitting complex'' nu aya patalina jeung sisi luménal mémbran tilakoid. Dina ieu prosés, mangan téh [[Kofaktor (biokimia)|kofaktor]] penting di sagigireun [[kalsium]] jeung [[klorida]] anu kudu aya dina réaksina.(Raven 2005)</ref>. Molekul dioksigén ({{kim|O|2}}) téh ésénsil pikeun [[réspirasi sélulér]] pikeun sakabéh [[organismeu aérobik]]. Oksigén dipaké di [[mitokondria]] pikeun mantuna ngahasilkeun [[adénosin trifosfat]] (ATP) dina [[fosforilasi oksidatif]]. Réaksi pikeun réspirasi aérob sabalikna tina fotosintésis, nu mun dibasajankeun réaksina kieu: ::{{kim|C|6|H|12|O|6}} + 6{{kim|O|2}} → 6{{kim|C||O|2}} + 6{{kim|H|2|O}} + 2880 kJ·mol^-1 Di [[vertebrata]], {{kim|O|2}} ngalaman [[difusi]] nembus mémbran dina bayah nepi ka [[sél getih beureum]]. [[Hémoglobin]] meungkeut {{kim|O|2}}, antukna kelirna robah tina beureum kolot jadi burahay<ref>CO₂ is released from another part of hemoglobin (baca [[Bohr effect]])</ref><ref name="GuideElem48"/>. Sato séjén ngagunakeun [[hémosianin]] ([[Moluska]] jeung sababaraha [[arthropoda]]) atawa [[héméritrin]] ([[lancah]] jeung [[hurang]])<ref name="NBB298"/>. Saléter getih bisa ngaleyurkeun 200&nbsp;cc {{kim|O|2}}<ref name="NBB298"/>. [[Spésiés oksigén réaktif]], contona baé ion [[superoksida]] ({{kim|O|2|−}}) jeung [[hidrogén peroksida]] ({{kim|H|2|O|2}}), mangrupa pasésaan tina pamakéan oksigén dina awak mahluk hirup<ref name="NBB298"/>. Sabalikna ti éta, sabagian [[sistem imun]] organismeu nu leuwih luhur justru ngahasilkeun péroksida, superoksida, jeung oksigén nunggal pikeun ngancurkeun kuman nu narajang. Spésiés oksigén réaktif ogé penting dina [[réspons hipersénsitif]] tutuwuhan nalika ngalawan serangan patogén<ref name="Raven"/>. Dina kaayaan reureuh, jalma sawawa nyeuseup 1,8 nepi ka 2,4 gram oksigén per menit<ref>[http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6224560-description.html "For humans, the normal volume is 6-8 liters per minute."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906215440/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6224560/description.html |date=2010-09-06 }}</ref>. Jumlah-jamléh, mun lobana manusa dianggap 6,6 miliar, oksigén nu diseuseup per taunna téh beuratna nepi ka 6 miliar ton per taun<ref>(1,8 g)*(60 menit)*(24 jam)*(365 poé)*(6,6 miliar jalma)/1.000.000 = 6,24 miliar ton</ref>. <!-- ===Build-up in the atmosphere=== [[Image:Oxygenation-atm.png|thumb|left|300px|O₂ build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no O₂ produced; 2) O₂ produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O₂ starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O₂ sinks filled and the gas accumulates]] Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in [[Earth's atmosphere]] before photosynthetic [[archaea]] and [[bacteria]] evolved. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the [[Paleoproterozoic]] era (between 2.5 and 1.6&nbsp;billion years ago). At first, the oxygen combined with dissolved [[iron]] in the oceans to form [[banded iron formation]]s. Free oxygen started to gas out of the oceans 2.7&nbsp;billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7&nbsp;billion years ago.<ref name="Campbell">[[#Reference-idCampbell2005|Campbell 2005]], 522–23</ref> The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the [[anaerobic organism]]s then living to [[extinction]] during the [[oxygen catastrophe]] about 2.4&nbsp;billion years ago. However, [[cellular respiration]] using O₂ enables [[aerobic organism]]s to produce much more ATP than anaerobic organisms, helping the former to dominate Earth's [[biosphere]].<ref name="Freeman">[[#Reference-idFreeman2005|Freeman 2005]], 214, 586</ref> Photosynthesis and cellular respiration of {{chem|O|2}} allowed for the evolution of [[eukaryotic cell]]s and ultimately complex multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. Since the beginning of the [[Cambrian]] era 540&nbsp;million years ago, {{chem|O|2}} levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% per volume.<ref name="geologic">[[#Reference-idBerner1999|Berner 1999]], 10955–57</ref> Towards the end of the [[Carboniferous]] era (about 300&nbsp;million years ago) atmospheric {{chem|O|2}} levels reached a maximum of 35% by volume,<ref name=geologic/> allowing insects and amphibians to grow much larger than today's species. Human activities, including the burning of 7&nbsp;billion [[tonne]]s of [[fossil fuel]]s each year have had very little effect on the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere.<ref name="NBB303"/> At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000&nbsp;years to regenerate the entire {{chem|O|2}} in the present atmosphere.<ref>[[#Reference-idDole1965|Dole 1965]], 5–27</ref> --> == Jumlah di alam == Oksigén mangrupa komponén tunggal panglobana di [[atmosfir]] Bumi (20.947% dumasar eusi). Proporsi ieu ngajadikeun oksigén élémén anu kadua paling loba sanggeus nitrogén (78.17%). Nu leuwih luhur permukaan, tingkat oksigén bakal beuki ipis saeutik demi saeutik nepi ka luar angkasa di mana euweuh oksigén bebas. Di alam, oksigén biasana nyampur sareng gas lain seperti Nitrogén, Boron, karbon dioksida. Sadengkeun, pikeun kebutuhan industri, biasana dianggo oksigén murni. Metode pikeun misahkeun gas tertentu ti udara secara umum ngaranna gas separation / kromatografi kolom. Biasana, industri sapertos ADY GAS [https://adysaputro23.blogspot.com/2020/11/0821-2742-4060-jual-activated-alumina.html jual activated alumina] sareng molecular sieve pikeun media penyaring gas. == Sanyawaan == Alatan [[éléktronégativitas]]na, oksigén ngabentuk [[beungkeut kimia]] jeung sakabéh unsur dina prosés [[oksidasi]], iwal sababaraha gas milya jeung [[flor]]. Lian ti éta, logam mulya (misalna baé [[emas]] jeung [[platina]]) teu bisa langsung ngagabung jeung oksigén. Sanyawa kawas emas oksida ukur bisa dihasilkeun ngaliwatan prosés anu teu langsung. Sanyawaan oksigén anu paling umum nyaéta [[cai]]. Nu séjénna, di antarana baé [[silika]] (dina [[keusik]], [[gelas]], [[batu (géologi)|batu]], jsb.) jeung sanyawaan karbon, kayaning [[karbon dioksida]] (CO₂), [[alkohol]] (R-OH), [[karbonil]] (R-CO-H atawa R-CO-R), jeung [[asam karboksilat]] (R-COOH). [[radikal (kimia)|Radikal]] anu dioksigénan samodél [[klorat]] (ClO₃⁻), [[perklorat]] (ClO₄⁻), [[kromat]] (CrO₄²⁻), [[dikromat]] (Cr₂O₇²⁻), [[permanganat]] (MnO₄⁻), jeung [[nitrat]] (NO₃⁻) mangrupa agén pangoksidasi. [[Fosfor]] penting pisan sacara biologis dina bentuk ion [[fosfat]] (PO₄³⁻). Logam-logam bisa ngabeungkeut atom oksigén, contona beusi dina [[beusi (III) oksida]] (Fe₂O₃) anu ilahar disebut [[tai hiang]]. [[Ozon]] (O₃) dibentuk tina prosés éléktrostatik anu aya oksigénna. == Oksigén Terlarut == Oksigén Terlarut (dissolved oxygen) nyaéta gas oksigén (O₂) anu terlarut dina cai. Oksigén terlarut diperyogikeun ku lauk sareng makhluk hirup lainna pikeun ngahirup udara. Oksigén terlarut ogé diperyogikeun ku [[Baktéri|bakteri]] dekomposer pikeun ngarusak (dekomposisi) sareng ngaburaikeun materi organik janten non-organik. Nilai oksigén terlarut biasana diékspresikeun ku ppm (parts per million / bagian per juta) atawa mg/L. [https://www.adywater.com/2015/05/081322599149-do-meter-cara-pengukuran.html Satuan DO] nyaeta mg/L. Salaku contoh, ngarah lauk tiasa hirup sareng berkembang, nilai oksigén terlarut standar umum na 5 mg/L. Balong lauk anu profésional nempatkeun aerator atawa pompa nu ngajaga nilai oksigén terlarut di balong dina jangkauan aman pikeun lauk. Alat pikeun ngukur oksigén terlarut ngaran na DO meter (dissolved oxygen meter). [https://www.hargadometer.com/2015/09/dissolved-oxygen-do-meter-harga-do.html Harga DO meter] gumantung spesifikasi na sarenga aplikasi na, aya nu mirah pikeun rumah tangga aya ogé nu rada awis pikeun industri. == Pemisahan Gas Oksigén == Pemisahan gas oksigén dari hawa bebas pikeun produksi oksigén murni nganggo produk nu disebat molecular sieve. Aya beberapa tipe molecular sieve anu aya di pasaran, nyaéta: [https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-hp-size-0-4-0-8-mm-xintao.html Molecular Sieve 13X HP 0,4-0,8 mm] [https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-hp-size-1-6-2-5-mm-xintao.html Molecular Sieve 13X HP 1,6-2,5 mm] [https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-apg-1-7-2-5-mm-xintao.html Molecular Sieve 13X APG 1,7-2,5 mm] [https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-size-1-7-2-5.html Molecular Sieve 13X 1,7-2,5 mm] [https://www.adywater.com/2021/12/ready-stock-molecular-sieve-13x-size-3.html Molecular Sieve 13X 3-5 mm] == Isotop == Anu geus kanyahoan, oksigén boga tujuh welas [[isotop]] nu [[massa atom]]na antara 12.03 u nepi ka 28.06 u. Nu stabil aya tilu: ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O, jeung ¹⁸O, tapi nu panglobana mah ¹⁶O (leuwih ti 99.7%). [[Radioisotop]]na boga satengah-umur kurang ti tilu menit. == Kawaspadaan == <!--Oxygen can be [[Oxygen toxicity|toxic]] at elevated [[partial pressure]]s. This is important in some forms of [[scuba]] diving, such as with a [[rebreather]]. Certain derivatives of oxygen, such as [[ozone]] (O₃), [[singlet oxygen]], [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[hydroxyl radical]]s and [[superoxide]], are also highly toxic. The body has developed mechanisms to protect against these toxic species. For instance, the naturally-occurring glutathione can act as an antioxidant, as can bilirubin which is normally a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid [[combustion]] and therefore are [[fire]] and [[explosion]] hazards in the presence of [[fuel]]s. This is true as well of compounds of oxygen such as chlorates, perchlorates, dichromates, etc. Compounds with a high oxidative potential can often cause chemical [[burn (injury)|burns]]. The fire that killed the [[Apollo 1]] crew on a test launchpad spread so rapidly because the pure oxygen atmosphere was at normal atmospheric pressure instead of the one third pressure that would be used during an actual launch. (See [[partial pressure]].) Oxygen derivatives are prone to form [[free radicals]], especially in metabolic processes. Because they can cause severe damage to cells and their [[DNA]], they are thought to be related to cancer and aging. --> == Baca ogé == * [[uji Winkler pikeun oksigén leyur]] pikeun cara ngukur jumlah oksigén nu [[leyur]] na cai. * [[Oksidasi]] * [[lapisan ozon]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} * Wikipédia basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Oxygen|Oxygen]]''. Dicutat 20 Séptémber 2007. * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026034224/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html |date=2007-10-26 }} * [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/main_asd Nist atomic spectra database] * [http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202125304/http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html |date=2011-02-02 }}: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989 == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Oxygen}} * [http://www.priestleysociety.net Priestley Society, Dedicated to Joseph Priestley the man who discovered oxygen] * [http://www.best-home-remedies.com/minerals/oxygen.htm Oxygen - Benefits, Deficiency Symptoms And Food Sources] * [http://www.josephpriestley.info Joseph Priestley Information Website, about the man who discovered oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604052848/http://josephpriestley.info/ |date=2017-06-04 }} * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026034224/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html |date=2007-10-26 }} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/O/index.html WebElements.com – Oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055211/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/O/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele008.html It's Elemental – Oxygen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802052440/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele008.html |date=2015-08-02 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20021002150956/http://members.tripod.com/tjaartdb0/html/oxygen_toxicity.html Oxygen Toxicity] * [http://www.uigi.com/oxygen.html Oxygen (O2) Properties, Uses, Applications] * [http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Oxygen Computational Chemistry Wiki] {{Tabél périodik}} [[Kategori:Nonlogam]] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] 0kk7gvv9h9palgwncu99kmyvjw4ex1b 0 3927 711393 667433 2026-07-30T07:26:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711393 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Elementbox_header | number=16 | symbol=S | name=Walirang (sulfur) | left=[[pospor]] | right=[[klorin]] | above=[[oksigén|O]] | below=[[selenium|Se]] | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[nonlogam]] }} {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=16 | period=3 | block=p }} {{Elementbox_appearance | lemon yellow<br />[[Image:sulfur.jpg|125px| ]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-26 kg|32.065]][[Daptar unsur dumasar massa atom|(5)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[Néon|Ne]]&#93; 3s² 3p⁴ }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 6 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[padet]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (alpa) 2.07 }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (béta) 1.96 }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (gamma) 1.92 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 1.819 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=388.36 | c=115.21 | f=239.38 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=717.8 | c=444.6 | f=832.3 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | (mono) 1.727 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | (mono) 45 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 22.75 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 375 | 408 | 449 | 508 | 591 | 717 | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | ortorombik }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | −1, ±2, 4, '''6'''<br />(oksida [[asam]] kuat) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.58 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 999.6 | 2252 | 3357 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|100]] }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-11 m|88]] }} {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|102]] }} {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|180]] }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | (amorp)<br />2×10¹⁵ }} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | (amorp)<br />0.205 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 7.7 }} {{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.0 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7704-34-9 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | isotopesof=sulfur | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=32 | sym=S | na=95.02% | n=16 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=33 | sym=S | na=0.75% | n=17 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=34 | sym=S | na=4.21% | n=18 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=35 | sym=S | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|87.32 d]] | dm=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de=0.167 | pn=35 | ps=[[chlorine|Cl]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=36 | sym=S | na=0.02% | n=20 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#a0ffa0 | color2=black }}--> [[File:Sulfur - El Desierto mine, San Pablo de Napa, Daniel Campos Province, Potosí, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|275px|Walirang]] '''Walirang''' mangrupa [[unsur kimia]] nu dina [[tabel periodik]] lambangna '''S''' (''sulfur'') jeung [[nomer atom]] 16.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Verhandelingen_van_het_Bataviaasch_genoo.html?hl=id&id=aENaAAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of JavaRigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =528}} Disungsi 29 Mei 2024</ref> Walirang ''Nonlogam'' [[valénsi (kimia)|multivalén]] nu jumlahna di alam kawilang loba, tanpa rasa, sarta tanpa bau. Dina bentuk alami, walirang mangrupa padetan ''kristalin'' warna [[konéng]], minangka unsur murni atawa minangka mineral [[sulfida]] atawa [[sulfat]]. Walirang mangrupa unsur ésénsial pikeun kahirupan, sarta aya dina dua rupa [[asam amino]] ésénsial. Mangpaat komersilna di antarana pikeun [[gemuk]], ''[[mesiu]]'', [[korék api]], ''[[inséktisida]],'' jeung ''[[fungisida]]''. == Ciri penting == [[Gambar:Burning-sulfur.png|thumb|left|Sapotong walirang lééh jadi cairan beureum-getih. Mun diduruk, warna seuneuna [[bulao]].]] Dina hawa rohangan, walirang téh padetan warna konéng-caang. Najan walirang téh kawentar ku bauna - kawas bau [[endog]] kacingcalang - asal sabenerna mah tina [[hidrogén sulfida]] (H₂S); walirang unsur mah euweuh bauan. Mun diduruk, bakal ngahasilkeun [[sulfur dioksida]], sahingga seuneuna bulao. Walirang teu leyur dina cai, tapi [[kaleyuran|leyur]] dina [[karbon disulfida]]. [[Wilangan oksidasi]] walirang biasana −2, +2, +4 jeung +6. Walirang bisa ngabentuk sanyawaan nu stabil jeung unsur naon waé, iwal gas mulya.<ref name=”Kom”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Ensiklopedia_Pelajar_dan_Umum.html?hl=id&id=jeC7B8RjuX8C#v=onepage&q=batu%20apung%20adalah&f=false| title =Ensiklopedia Pelajar dan UmumKomandoko| last =Komandoko| first =Gamal | publisher =Pustaka Widyatama| location =Jakarta| year =2010|ISBN=9789796103713|pages =82}} Disungsi24 Januari 2023</ref> Dina ujud padet, walirang téh tadina mah bentukna makuta siklik [[molekul]] S₈. Tapi, di sagigireun S₈, walirang boga sababaraha [[alotropi|alotrop]]. Mun hiji atomna leungit, jadi S₇ nu ngajadikeun kelir konéng walirang. Sabalikna, tatanggana nu leuwih hampang, [[oksigén]], nu penting mah ngan aya dua bentuk: O₂ jeung O₃. [[Selenium]], analog walirang nu leuwih beurat, bisa ogé ngabentuk cingcin, tapi leuwih mindeng kapanggih dina ujud ranté [[polimér]]. [[Kristalografi]] walirang mah kompléks, sabab alotrop walirang kabentuk gumantung kana kaayaan anu husus. [[Struktur kristal]]na béda-béda, tapi nu ilahar mah S₈ '''[[rombik]]''' jeung '''[[monoklinik]]'''. Nu jadi ciri walirang, nyaéta [[viskositas]] walirang lééh nu teu cara cairan séjén: naék nuturkeun hawa alatan kabentukna ranté polimér. Tapi, mun geus nepi kana temperatur nu cukup mah, viskositasna téh nyirorot, sabab aya cukup énérgi nu bisa dipaké pikeun megatkeun ranté polimérna. Walirang [[amorp]] atawa "plastik" bisa dihasilkeun ku cara niiskeun kalawan gancang waliran lééh. [[Kristalografi sinar X]] nunjukkeun yén bentuk amorp mibanda struktur héliks nu diwangun ku dalapan atom per kurilingna. Bentuk ieu [[métastabil]] dina hawa rohangan, tapi lila-lila bakal balik deui jadi bentuk kristalin. Prosés ieu lumangsung dina jangka sababaraha jam nepi ka sababaraha poé, tapi mun dikatalisan mah bisa leuwih gancang. == Mangpaat == Walirang loba mangpaatna dina aplikasi industri. Turunan utamana, [[asam sulfat]] ([[hidrogén|H]]₂S[[oksigén|O]]₄), walirang kaasup unsur penting pikeun bahan baku utama di industri. Walirang paling loba dipaké dina produksi asam sulpat, sabab asam sulpat ieu penting pisan pikeun rupa-rupa industri, sahingga konsumsi bahan kimia ieu bisa jadi ukuran kamekaran industri di hiji nagara. Walirang ogé dipaké dina [[batré (listrik)|batré]], [[detergén]], [[vulkanisasi]] [[karét]], [[fungisida]], jeung pabrik pupuk [[pospat]]. [[Sulpit]] dipaké pikeun ngabodaskeun [[kertas]] jeung minangka pangawét [[anggur (inuman)|anggur]] jeung [[buah|bungbuahan]] nu digaringkeun. ku sabab watekna nu bisa kaduruk, walirang ogé dipaké dina [[korék api]], [[mesiu]], jeung 'pemadam kebakaran'. Natrium atawa amonium [[natrium tiosulpat|tiosulpat]] dipaké minangka panyampur pikeun nyitak poto. [[Magnésium sulpat]], dipaké dina rupa-rupa kagiatan, di antarana minangka tambahan asupan [[magnésium]] pikeun pepelakan. Ahir [[1700-an]], tukang mébel ngagunakeun walirang lééh pikeun ngahasilkeun [[inlay]] hiasan dina karyana. Tapi, ku sabab nalika walirang dilééhkeun téh ngahasilkeun [[sulfur dioksida]], kamonésan ieu ditaringgalkeun. == Peran biologis == [[Asam amino]] [[sistéin]] jeung [[métionin]] ngandung walirang, nya kitu ogé [[polipéptida]], [[protéin]], jeung [[énzim]] nu ngandung asam amino ieu. Hal ieu nunjukkeun yén walirang téh mangrupa komponén penting pikeun sakabéh [[sél (biologi)|sél]] hirup. [[Beungkeut disulfida]] antarpolipéptida penting pisan pikeun ngabentuk struktur protéin. <!--[[Homocysteine]] and [[taurine]] are also sulfur containing amino acids but are not coded for by [[DNA]] nor are they part of the [[primary structure]] of proteins. Some forms of [[bacterium|bacteria]] use [[hydrogen sulfide]] (H₂S) in the place of water as the [[electron]] donor in a primitive [[photosynthesis]]-like process. Sulfur is absorbed by [[plant]]s from soil as the [[sulfate]] [[ion]]. Inorganic sulfur forms a part of [[iron-sulfur cluster]]s, and sulfur is the bridging ligand in the [[copper|Cu]]_A site of [[cytochrome c oxidase]]. Sulfur is an important component of [[CoA|coenzyme A]] == Environmental impact == The burning of [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] by industry and power plants liberates huge amounts of [[sulfur dioxide]] (S[[oxygen|O]]₂) which reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid. This sulfuric acid is a component of [[acid rain]], which lowers the [[pH]] of [[soil]] and freshwater bodies, resulting in substantial damage to the [[natural environment]] and [[chemical weathering]] of statues and architecture. Fuel standards increasingly require sulfur to be extracted from [[fossil fuel]]s to prevent the formation of acid rain. This extracted sulfur is then refined and represents a large portion of sulfur production. == History == [[Image:SulfurCrystal.jpg|thumb|left|Sulfur crystal]] Sulfur ([[Sanskrit]], ''sulvere''; [[Latin]] ''sulpur'') was known in ancient times, and is referred to in the [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Pentateuch]] ([[Genesis]]). The word itself is almost certainly from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''sufra'' meaning yellow, from the bright color of the naturally-occurring form. English translations of the Bible commonly refer to sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to the name of 'Fire and brimstone' [[sermon]]s, which sinners are reminded of their fate of eternal damnation. It is from this part of the Bible that [[hell]] is implied to "smell of sulfur", although as mentioned above sulfur is in fact odorless. The "smell of sulfur" usually refers to the odor of [[hydrogen sulfide]], e.g. from rotten eggs. Burning sulfur produces [[sulfur dioxide]], the smell associated with burnt matches. [[Homer]] mentioned "pest-averting sulfur" in the [[8th century BC]] and in [[424 BC]], the tribe of [[Boeotia]] destroyed the walls of a city by burning a mixture of coal, sulfur, and tar under them. Sometime in the [[12th century]], the [[China|Chinese]] invented [[gun powder]] which is a mixture of [[potassium nitrate]] ([[potassium|K]][[nitrogen|N]][[oxygen|O]]₃), [[carbon]], and sulfur. Early [[alchemy|alchemists]] gave sulfur its own alchemical symbol which was a triangle at the top of a cross. In the late [[1770s]], [[Antoine Lavoisier]] helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element and not a compound. In 1867, sulfur was discovered in underground deposits in [[Louisiana]] and [[Texas]]. The overlying layer of earth was [[quicksand]], prohibiting ordinary mining operations. Therefore the [[Frasch process]] was utilized. == Occurrence == [[Image:SulfurUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Sulfur]] [[Image:NZ sulfur NI.jpg|thumb|right|Sulfur crystalites at [[Wai-o-tapu]] [[hot springs]], [[New Zealand]]]] Elemental sulfur can be found near [[hot spring]]s and [[volcanic]] regions in many parts of the world, especially along the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. These occurrences are the basis for the traditional name brimstone, since sulfur could be found near the brims of volcanic craters. Such volcanic deposits are currently exploited in [[Indonesia]], [[Chile]], and [[Japan]]. Significant desposits of elemental sulfur also exist in [[salt domes]] along the coast of the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and in [[evaporite]]s in eastern Europe and western Asia. The sulfur in these deposits is believed to come from the action of [[anaerobic bacteria]] on [[sulfate]] minerals, especially [[gypsum]]. Such deposits are the basis for commercial production in the [[United States]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Ukraine]]. Sulfur extracted from oil, gas and the [[Athabasca Oil Sands]] has become a glut on the market, with huge stockpiles of sulfur in existence throughout Alberta. [[Image:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sulfur mined in [[Alberta]], prepared for shipment at [[Vancouver|Vancouver, B. C.]]]] Common naturally-occurring sulfur compounds include the metal [[sulfide]]s, such as [[pyrite]] (iron sulfide), [[cinnabar]] (mercury sulfide), [[galena]] ([[lead sulfide]]), [[sphalerite]] (zinc sulfide) and [[stibnite]] (antimony sulfide); and the metal sulfates, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), [[alunite]] (potassium aluminium sulfate), and [[barite]] (barium sulfate). [[Hydrogen sulfide]] is the gas responsible for the odor of rotten [[egg (biology)|eggs]]. It occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, such as from [[hydrothermal vent]]s, and from bacterial action on decaying sulfur-containing organic matter. The distinctive colors of [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s [[volcano|volcanic]] moon, [[Io (moon)|Io]], are from various forms of molten, solid and gaseous sulfur. There is also a dark area near the [[Moon|Lunar]] [[Impact crater|crater]] [[Aristarchus (crater)|Aristarchus]] that may be a sulfur deposit. Sulfur is also present in many types of [[meteorite]]s. ''See also [[:Category:Sulfide minerals|Sulfide minerals]], [[:Category:Sulfate minerals|Sulfate minerals]].'' == Compounds == [[Hydrogen sulfide]] has the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. Dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is acidic and will react with metals to form a series of metal sulfides. Natural metal sulfides are common, especially those of iron. Iron sulfide is called [[pyrite]], the so called ''fool's gold''. Interestingly, pyrite can show semiconductor properties.[http://home.earthlink.net/~lenyr/iposc.htm] [[Galena]], a naturally occurring lead sulfide, was the first [[semiconductor]] discovered, and found a use as a signal [[rectifier]] in the "cat's whiskers" of early [[crystal radio]]s. Many of the unpleasant odors of organic matter are based on sulfur-containing compounds such as [[Methanethiol|methyl]] and [[Ethanethiol|ethyl mercaptan]] used to scent natural gas so that leaks are easily detectable. The odor of [[garlic]] and "[[skunk]] stink" are also caused by sulfur-containing organic compounds. However, not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant; for example, [[grapefruit mercaptan]], a sulfur-containing [[terpene|monoterpenoid]] is responsible for the characteristic scent of [[grapefruit]]. Polymeric sulfur nitride has metallic properties even though it does not contain any [[metal]] atoms. This compound also has unusual electrical and optical properties. This polymer can be made from [[tetrasulfur tetranitride]] S₄N₄. Phosphorus sulfides are important in synthesis. For example, P₄S₁₀ and its derivatives [[Lawesson's reagent]] and [[naphthalen-1,8-diyl 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide]] are used to replace oxygen from some organic molecules with sulfur. Other important compounds of sulfur include: '''Inorganic sulfur compounds:''' * [[Sulfide]]s (S^2-), a complex family of compounds usually derived from S^2-. [[Cadmium sulfide]] (CdS) is an example. * [[Sulfites]] (SO₃^2-), the salts of [[sulfurous acid]] (H₂SO₃) which is generated by dissolving SO₂ in water. Sulfurous acid and the corresponding sulfites are fairly strong reducing agents. Other compounds derived from SO₂ include the pyrosulfite or metabisulfite ion (S₂O₅²⁻). * [[Sulfate]]s (SO₄^2-), the salts of [[sulfuric acid]]. Sulfuric acid also reacts with SO₃ in equimolar ratios to form [[pyrosulfuric acid]] (H₂S₂O₇). * [[sodium thiosulfate|Thiosulfates]] (sometimes referred to as thiosulfites or "hyposulfites") (S₂O₃²⁻). Thiosulfates are used in photographic fixing (HYPO) as reducing agents. Ammonium thiosulfate is being investigated as a [[cyanide]] replacement in leaching [[gold]].[http://doccopper.tripod.com/gold/AltLixiv.html] * [[Sodium dithionite]], Na₂S₂O₄, is the highly reducing dianion derived from hyposulfurous/dithionous acid. * [[Sodium dithionate]] (Na₂S₂O₆). * [[Polythionic acid]]s (H₂S_''n''O₆), where ''n'' can range from 3 to 80. * [[Peroxymonosulfuric acid]] (H₂SO₅) and [[peroxydisulfuric acid]]s (H₂S₂O₈), made from the action of SO₃ on concentrated [[hydrogen peroxide|H₂O₂]], and [[sulfuric acid|H₂SO₄]] on concentrated H₂O₂ respectively. * [[Sodium polysulfide]]s (Na₂S_x) * [[Sulfur hexafluoride]], SF₆, a dense gas at ambient conditions, is used as nonreactive and nontoxic propellant * Sulfur nitrides are chain and cyclic compounds containing only S and N. [[Tetrasulfur tetranitride]] S₄N₄ is an example. * [[Thiocyanate]]s contain the SCN^- group. Oxidation of thiocyanoate gives [[thiocyanogen]], (SCN)₂ with the connectivity NCS-SCN. '''Organic sulfur compounds''' (where R, R', and R'' are organic groups such as CH₃): * [[Thioether]]s have the form ''R''-S-''R′''. These compounds are the sulfur equivalents of [[ether]]s. * [[Sulfonium]] ions have the formula RR'S-'R'", i.e. where three groups are attached to the cationic sulfur center. [[Dimethylsulfoniopropionate]] ([[DMSP]]; (CH₃ )₂S⁺CH₂CH₂COO^-) is a sulfonium ion, which is important in the marine organic sulfur cycle. * [[Thiol]]s (also known as mercaptans) have the form R-SH. These are the sulfur equivalents of [[alcohol]]s. * [[Thiolate]]s ions s have the form R-S^-. Such anions arise upon treatment of [[thiol]]s with base. * [[Sulfoxide]]s have the form ''R''-S(=O)-''R''&prime. A common sulfoxide is [[dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]]. * [[Sulfone]]s have the form ''R''-S(=O)₂-''R''&prime. A common sulfone is sulfolane C₄H₈SO₂. ''See also [[:category:Sulfur compounds|Sulfur compounds]].'' == Isotopes == Sulfur has 18 [[isotope]]s, of which four are stable: ³²S (95.02%), ³³S (0.75%), ³⁴S (4.21%), and ³⁶S (0.02%). Other than ³⁵S, the [[radioactive isotopes]] of sulfur are all short lived. ³⁵S is formed from [[cosmic ray]] [[spallation]] of ⁴⁰[[argon|Ar]] in the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]]. It has a [[half-life]] of 87 days. When sulfide [[mineral]]s are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δS-34 values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ[[carbon|C]]-13 and δS-34 of co-existing [[carbonate]]s and sulfides can be used to determine the [[pH]] and [[oxygen]] [[fugacity]] of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. In most [[forest]] ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in [[hydrology|hydrologic]] studies. Differences in the [[natural abundance]]s can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the ³⁴S of ecosystem components. [[Rocky Mountain]] lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δS-34 values from lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate. == Precautions == Carbon disulfide, carbon oxysulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide should all be handled with care. Although '''[[sulfur dioxide]]''' is sufficiently safe to be used as a [[food additive]] in small amounts, at high concentrations it reacts with moisture to form [[sulfurous acid]] which in sufficient quantities may harm the [[lungs]], [[eyes]] or other [[Biological tissue|tissues]]. In creatures without lungs such as insects or plants, it otherwise prevents [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]]. '''[[Hydrogen sulfide]]''' is quite [[toxic]] (more toxic than [[cyanide]]). Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until it is too late.--> == Baca ogé == * [[Daur walirang]] * [[Beungkeut disulfida]] * [[Sulfonium]] S⁺, S⁺R₃ == Rujukan == {{reflist |2 }} * ''[[:en:Sulfur|Sulfur]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (11 April 2006) * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/16.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Sulfur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016165802/http://www.periodic.lanl.gov/elements/16.html |date=2004-10-16 }} * R. Steudel (éd.). 2003. Elemental Sulfur and Sulfur-Rich Compounds. ''Topics in Current Chemistry'' (230 & 231). Springer, Berlin. == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Sulfur}} * [http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol2/allotropy/z129.htm Sulfur phase diagram.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223201329/http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol2/allotropy/z129.htm |date=2010-02-23 }} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/S/index.html WebElements.com – Sulfur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063109/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/S/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} * [https://www.adywater.com/2023/07/h2s-removal-unit-mengapa-h2s-harus.html H2S Removal Unit] * [http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/s.html chemicalelements.com/sulfur] {{Tabél périodik}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Nonlogam]] [[Kategori:Sulfur]] dgggqc6gabxctr12j6cccsgyhtlo1yl 0 8729 711391 700299 2026-07-30T06:06:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|Transistor ogé mangrupa ngaran nu ilahar keun [[radio transistor]] taun 1960-an.}} [[Gambar:Transistors.agr.jpg|thumb|200px|Rupa-rupa transistor]] '''Transistor''' nyaéta [[parangkat sémikonduktor]] nu miboga tilu terminal, bisa digunakeun keur [[panguat éléktronik amplifier|nguatkeun]], [[nyaklar]], nytabilkeun voltase, [[modulasi]] sinyal, sarta loba deui kagunaan séjénna. Transistor mangrupa blok wangunan dasar tina [[integrated circuit]] (IC) analog atawa digital -- [[sirkuit]] nu dipaké ngoperasikeun [[komputer]], [[telepon sélulér]], jeung [[éléktronika]] modéren séjénna. == Pangwanoh == Kecap ''transistor'' mangrupa kecap pondokna tina ''transfer varistor''. Dingaranan kitu sabab hiji sinyal asupan digunakeun keur ngarobah [[résistansi]] dina jalur sinyal kaluaran ([[varistor]] nyaéta ''variable [[resistor]]''). Transistor kabagi jadi dua kategori utama: [[bipolar junction transistor]] (BJT) jeung [[field effect transistor]] (FET). Panerapan arus dina BJT jeung tegangan dina FET antara asupan jeung terminal ''common'' bakal nambah [[konduktivitas listrik|konduktivitas]] antara terminal ''common'' jeung kaluaran, antukna arus pangaturannana ngalir di antarana. Keur leuwih jéntré ngeunaan operasi dua tipe transistor ieu, tempo [[field effect transistor]] jeung [[bipolar junction transistor]]. Dina [[sirkuit analog]], transistor dipaké dina [[Panguat elektronik|panguat]], (panguat arus saarah, panguat sora, panguat frékuénsiradio), jeung [[Regulator linier|Sumber daya nu diregulasi]] linier. Transistor ogé dipaké dina [[sirkuit digital]] nu mana fungsina minangka sakelar. Sirkuit digital ngawengku [[lawang logika]], [[random access memory]] (RAM), [[mikroprosesor]], jeung [[pamroses sinyal digital]] ''(digital signal processors)'' (DSP). {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} == Pentingna transistor == The transistor is considered by many to be one of the gréatest inventions in modérn history, ranking in importance with the [[printing press]], [[automobile]] and [[telephone]]. It is the key active component in practically all modérn [[electronics]]. Its importance in today's society rests on its ability to be [[mass production|mass produced]] using a highly automated process ([[Semiconductor fabrication|fabrication]]) that achieves vanishingly low per-transistor costs. Although millions of individual (known as ''discrete'') transistors are still used, the vast majority of transistors are fabricated into [[integrated circuits]] (also called ''microchips'' or simply ''chips'') along with [[diodes]], [[resistors]], [[capacitors]] and other [[electronic components]] to produce complete electronic circuits. A [[logic gate]] comprises about twenty transistors wheréas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, can use as many as 1.7 billion transistors (MOSFETs) [http://www3.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/201969.htm?page=6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025133936/http://www3.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/201969.htm?page=6 |date=2006-10-25 }}. The transistor's low cost, flexibility and reliability have made it a universal device for non-mechanical tasks, such as digital computing. Transistorized circuits have replaced [[electromechanical]] devices for the control of appliances and machinery as well. It is often less expensive and more effective to use a standard [[microcontroller]] and write a [[computer program]] to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function. Because of the low cost of transistors and hence digital computers, there is a trend to [[Digitizing|digitize]] information. With digital computers offering the ability to quickly find, sort and process [[digital]] information, more and more effort has been put into making information digital. As a result, today, much media data is delivered in digital form, finally being converted and presented in analog form by computers. Aréas influenced by the [[Digital Revolution]] include [[television]], [[radio]], and [[newspaper]]s. == Sajarah == {{dablink|Tempo [[Parangkat sémikonduktor#Sajarah perkembangan parangkat sémikonduktor|parangkat sémikonduktor]] keur sajarah nu leuwih écés.}} The first patents for the transistor principle were registered in Germany in [[1928]] by [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]]. In [[1934]] German physicist Dr. [[Oskar Heil]] patented the field-effect transistor. It is not cléar whether either design was ever built, and this is generally considered unlikely. On [[22 December]] [[1947]] [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] succeeded in building the first practical [[point-contact transistor]] at [[Bell Labs]]. This work followed from their war-time efforts to produce extremely pure [[germanium]] "crystal" mixer diodes, used in [[radar]] units as a [[frequency mixer]] element in [[microwave]] radar receivers. éarly tube-based technology did not switch fast enough for this role, léading the Bell téam to use solid state [[diode]]s instéad. With this knowledge in hand they turned to the design of a [[triode]], but found this was not at all éasy. Bardeen eventually developed a new branch of [[surface physics]] to account for the "odd" behaviour they saw, and Bardeen and Brattain eventually succeeded in building a working device. [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]] needed a generic name for the new invention: "Semiconductor Triode", "Solid Triode", "Surface States Triode", "Crystal Triode" and "Iotatron" were all considered, but "transistor," coined by [[John R. Pierce]], won an internal ballot. The rationale for the name is described in the following extract from the company's Technical Memoranda calling for votes: {{quotation|Transistor. This is an abbreviated combination of the words "[[transconductance]]" or "transfer", and "[[varistor]]". The device logically belongs in the varistor family, and has the transconductance or transfer impedance of a device having gain, so that this combination is descriptive.|Bell Telephone Laboratories — [http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/namememo.gif Technical Memorandum (May 28, 1948)]}} Bell put the transistor into production at [[Western Electric]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]. They also licensed it to a number of other electronics companies, including [[Texas Instruments]], who produced a limited run of [[transistor radio]]s as a sales tool. Another company liked the idéa and also decided to take out a license, introducing their own radio under the brand name [[Sony]]. éarly transistors were "unstable" and only suitable for low-power, low-frequency applications, but as transistor design developed, these problems were slowly overcome. Over the next two decades, transistors gradually replaced the éarlier [[vacuum tube]]s in most applications and later made possible many new devices such as [[integrated circuit]]s and [[personal computer]]s. Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain were honored with the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Bardeen would go on to win a second Nobel in physics, one of only two péople to receive more than one in the same discipline, for his work on the exploration of [[superconductivity]]. In August 1948 German physicists Herbert F. Mataré (1912– ) and Heinrich Walker (ca. 1912–1981), working at [[Compagnie des Freins et Signaux Westinghouse]] in [[Paris]], [[France]] applied for a patent on an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection process which they called the "transistron." Since Bell Labs did not maké a public announcement of the transistor until June 1948, the transistron was considered to be independently developed. Mataré had first observed transconductance effects during the manufacture of germanium duodiodes for German radar equipment during [[World War II|WWII]]. Transistrons were commercially manufactured for the French telephone company and military, and in 1953 a solid-state radio receiver with four transistrons was demonstrated at the [[Düsseldorf]] Radio Fair. <gallery> Image:Transistor curve tracer.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' Image:Transistor curve tracer detail1.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' (detail 1) Image:Transistor curve tracer detail2.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' (detail 2) Image:Transistor curve tracer parts.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' (parts) </gallery> == Tipe == {{float_begin|side=right}} |- align = "center" | [[Gambar:BJT symbol PNP.svg|50px]] || PNP || [[Gambar:JFET P-Channel Labelled.svg|80px]] || P-channel |- align = "center" | [[Gambar:BJT symbol NPN.svg|50px]] || NPN || [[Gambar:JFET N-Channel Labelled.svg|80px]] || N-channel |- align = "center" | BJT || || JFET || {{float_end|caption=BJT and JFET symbols}} Transistors are categorized by: * Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide * Structure: [[Bipolar junction transistor|BJT]], [[JFET]], IGFET ([[MOSFET]]), [[IGBT]], "other types" * Polarity: [[NPN]], [[PNP (transistor polarity)|PNP]], N-channel, P-channel * Maximum power rating: low, medium, high * Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, [[radio frequency]] (RF), [[microwave]] (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term <math>f_\mathrm{T}</math>, an abbreviation for "frequency of transition." The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain). * Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair * Physical packaging: through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array Thus, a particular transistor may be described as: ''silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch''. === Bipolar junction transistor === The '''[[bipolar junction transistor]]''' (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals are named ''emitter'', ''base'' and ''collector''. Two [[p-n junction]]s exist inside a BJT: the ''base/collector junction'' and ''base/emitter junction''. The BJT is commonly described as a current-operated device because the emitter/collector current is controlled by the current flowing between base and emitter terminals. Unlike the FET, the BJT is a low input-impedance device. The BJT has a higher [[transconductance]] than the FET. Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct with light (photons) as well as current. Devices designed for this purpose are called [[phototransistor]]s. === Field-effect transistor === The '''[[field-effect transistor]]''' (FET), sometimes called a ''unipolar transistor'', uses either electrons (N-channel FET) or holes (P-channel FET) for conduction. The three main terminals of the FET are named ''source'', ''gate'' and ''drain''. On some FETs a fourth connection to the body (substrate) is provided, but normally the body is connected internally to the source. A [[voltage]] applied between the gate and source controls the current flowing between the source and drain. In FETs the source/ drain current flows through a conducting channel néar the ''gate''. This channel connects the ''source'' region to the ''drain'' region. The channel conductivity is varied by the electric field generated by the voltage applied between the gate/source terminals. In this way the current flowing between the source and drain is controlled. Like bipolar transistors, FETs can be made to conduct with light (photons) as well as voltage. Devices designed for this purpose are called phototransistors. FETs are divided into two families: '''junction FET''' ([[JFET]]) and '''insulated gate FET''' (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as '''metal-oxide-semiconductor FET''' ([[MOSFET]]), from their original construction as a layer of metal (the gate), a layer of oxide (the insulation), and a layer of semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a PN [[diode]] with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid state equivalent of the vacuum tube [[triode]] which, similarly, forms a diode between its [[grid]] and [[cathode]]. Also, both devices operate in the ''depletion mode'', they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage. MESFETs are JFETs, in which the [[p-n junction#Reverse-bias|reverse biased]] PN junction is replaced by a semiconductor-metal [[Walter H. Schottky|Schottky]]-junction. These, and the HEMFETs (high electron mobility FETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport, are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies (microwave frequencies; several GHz). FETs are further divided into '''depletion-mode''' and '''enhancement-mode''' types. Mode refers to the polarity of the gate voltage with respect to the source at the threshold of conduction. For N-channel depletion-mode FETs the gate is negative with respect to the source while for N-channel enhancement-mode FETs the gate is positive, at the threshold of conduction. For both modes, if the gate voltage is made more positive the source/drain current will incréase. For P-channel devices the polarities are reversed. Néarly all JFETs are depletion-mode types and most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types. === Tipe transistor séjénna === * [[Unijunction transistor]]s can be used as simple pulse generators. They comprise a main body of either P-type or N-type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at éach end (terminals ''Base1'' and ''Base2''). A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal (''Emitter''). * '''Dual gate FETs''' have a single channel with two gates in [[cascode]]; a configuration that is optimized for '''high frequency amplifiers''', '''mixers''', and [[oscillators]]. * '''Transistor arrays''' are used for general purpose applications, '''function generation''' and low-level, '''low-noise amplifiers'''. They include two or more transistors on a common '''substrate''' to ensure close paraméter matching and thermal tracking, characteristics that are especially important for '''long tailed pair''' amplifiers. * [[Darlington transistor]]s comprise a medium power BJT connected to a power BJT. This provides a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use. * [[IGBT transistor|Insulated gate bipolar transistors]] ([[IGBT transistor|IGBTs]]) use a medium power IGFET, similarly connected to a power BJT, to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use. IGBTs are particularly suitable for héavy-duty industrial applications. The [[Asea Brown Boveri]] (ABB) '''5SNA2400E170100''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022052727/http://library.abb.com/GLOBAL/SCOT/scot256.nsf/VerityDisplay/71B8625C035676C2C1256F9000471D3C/$File/5SNA%202400E170100_5SYA%201555-02Aug%2004.pdf] illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced. Intended for three-phase power supplies, this device houses three NPN IGBTs in a case méasuring 38 by 140 by 190&nbsp;mm and weighing 1.5&nbsp;kg. éach IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes. * [[Single-electron transistor]]s (SET) consist of a gate island between two tunnelling junctions. The tunnelling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor. [http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech/single_electron_transistor.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924050715/http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech/single_electron_transistor.html |date=2006-09-24 }}[http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/9/7/1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831021019/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/9/7/1. |date=2006-08-31 }} * Complete list of transistor types [http://t-transistor.com T-Transistor.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035950/http://t-transistor.com/ |date=2007-03-12 }} === Bahan sémikonduktor === The first BJTs were made from [[germanium]] (Ge) and some high power types still are. [[Silicon]] ([[Si]]) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high performance versions now employ the '''compound semiconductor''' material [[gallium arsenide]] ([[GaAs]]) and the '''semiconductor alloy''' [[silicon germanium]] ([[SiGe]]). Single element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is described as '''elemental'''. Characteristics of the most common semiconductor materials used to maké transistors are given in the table below: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |+Semiconductor material characteristics !Semiconductor <br /> material !Junction forward <br /> voltage <br /> V @ 25&nbsp;°C !Electron mobility <br /> m/s @ 25&nbsp;°C !Hole mobility <br /> m/s @ 25&nbsp;°C !Max. junction temp. <br /> °C |- !Ge |0.27 || 0.39 || 0.19 || 70 to 100 |- !Si | 0.71 || 0.14 || 0.05 || 150 to 200 |- !GaAs | 1.03 || 0.85 || 0.05 || 150 to 200 |- !Al-Si junction | 0.3 || — || — || 150 to 200 |} The ''junction forward voltage'' is the voltage applied to the emitter-base junction of a BJT in order to maké the base conduct a specified current. The current incréases exponentialally as the junction forward voltage is incréased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this méans that less power is required to "drive" the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decréases with temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is approximately −2.1 mV/°C. The ''[[electron mobility]]'' and ''[[hole mobility]]'' columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an [[electric field]] of 1 volt per méter applied across the material. In general, the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor. The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect. However, Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenide: its maximum temperature is limited, it has relatively high [[Reverse leakage current|leakage current]], it cannot withstand high voltages and it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits. Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar [[NPN]] transistor tends to be faster than an equivalent [[PNP (transistor polarity)|PNP]] transistor type. GaAs has the fastest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this réason that GaAs is used in high frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the '''high electron mobility transistor''' ([[HEMT]]), has a [[Heterojunction|heterostructure]] (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has double the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12&nbsp;GHz. '''Max. junction temperature''' values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers' data sheets. This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be damaged. '''Al-Si junction''' refers to the high-speed (aluminum-silicon) semiconductor-metal barrier diode, commonly known as a [[Schottky diode]]. This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a '''parasitic''' reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process. === Kemasan === [[Gambar:Transistor-photo.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Through-hole transistors (tape measure marked in [[centimetre]]s)]] Transistors come in many different packages ([[:Category:Chip carriers|chip carriers]]) (see images). The two main categories are ''[[Through-hole technology|through-hole]]'' (or ''leaded''), and ''surface-mount'', also known as '''surface mount device''' ([[Surface-mount technology|SMD]]). The '''ball grid array''' ([[Ball grid array|BGA]]) is the latest surface mount package (currently only for large '''transistor arrays'''). It has solder "balls" on the underside in place of léads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high frequency characteristics but lower power rating. Transistor packages are made of glass, metal, ceramic or plastic. The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics. Power transistors have large packages that can be clamped to [[heat sink]]s for enhanced cooling. Additionally, most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal can/metal plate. At the other extreme, some surface-mount '''microwave''' transistors are as small as grains of sand. Often a given transistor type is available in different packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistor's functions to the terminals is not: different transistor types can assign different functions to the package's terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number- i.e. BC212L and BC212K). == Panggunaan == In the éarly days of transistor circuit design, the [[bipolar junction transistor]], or BJT, was the most commonly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for digital and analog circuits because of their éase of manufacture and speed. However, the [[MOSFET]] has several desirable properties for digital circuits, and since major advancements in digital circuits have pushed MOSFET design to state-of-the-art. MOSFETs are now commonly used for both analog and digital functions. [[Gambar:BJT_Switch.png|thumb|100px|BJT Transistor used as an electronic switch]] [[Gambar:BJT_Amplifier.png|thumb|100px|Amplifier-Circuit Diagram]] <!-- [[Image:BJT_Amplifier_Waveform.png|thumb|100px|Amplifier-Waveforms]] --> === Saklar === Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including [[Switched-mode power supply|switched-mode power supplies]] and low power applications such as [[logic gates]]. === Panguat === From [[mobile phone]]s to [[television]]s, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for [[sound reproduction]], [[Transmitter|radio transmission]], and [[signal processing]]. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually incréased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Transistors are commonly used in modérn musical instrument amplifiers, where circuits up to a few hundred [[watt]]s are common and relatively chéap. Transistors have largely replaced valves in instrument amplifiers. Some musical instrument amplifier manufacturers mix transistors and vacuum tubes in the same circuit, to utilize the inherent benefits of both devices. === Komputer === The "first generation" of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of héat and were bulky, and unreliable. The development of the transistor was key to computer miniaturization and reliability. The "second generation" of computers, through the late [[1950s]] and [[1960s]] féatured boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic memory cores. Subsequently, transistors, other components, and their necessary wiring were integrated into a single, mass-manufactured component: the [[integrated circuit]]. Transistors incorporated into integrated circuits have replaced most discrete transistors in modérn [[digital]] computers. == Kauntungan transistor dibandingkeun jeung solobong vakum == Before the development of transistors, [[vacuum tube]]s (or in the UK '''thermionic valves''' or just '''valves''') were the main active components in electronic equipment. The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are: * Smaller size (despite continuing miniaturization of vacuum tubes) * Highly automated manufacture * Lower cost (in volume production) * Lower possible operating voltages (but vacuum tubes can operate at higher voltages) * No warm-up period (most vacuum tubes need 10 to 60 seconds to function correctly) * Lower power dissipation (no héater power, very low saturation voltage) * Higher reliability and gréater physical ruggedness (although vacuum tubes are electrically more rugged. Also the vacuum tube is much more resistant to '''nucléar electromagnetic pulses''' ([[EMP|NEMP]]) and '''electrostatic discharge''' ([[Electrostatic discharge|ESD]])) * Much longer life (vacuum tube cathodes are eventually exhausted and the vacuum can become contaminated) * Complementary devices available (allowing circuits with '''complementary-symmetry''': vacuum tubes with a polarity equivalent to PNP BJTs or P type FETs are not available) * Ability to control large currents (power transistors are available to control hundreds of amperes, vacuum tubes to control even one ampere are large and costly) * Much less [[microphonic]] (vibration can modulate vacuum tube characteristics, though this may contribute to the sound of [[guitar amplifiers]]) " ''Nature abhors a vacuum tube'' " Myron Glass (see [[John R. Pierce]]), [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]], circa 1948. == Gallery == A wide range of transistors has been available since the [[1960s]] and manufacturers continually introduce improved types. A few examples from the main families are noted below. Unless otherwise stated, all types are made from silicon semiconductor. Complementary pairs are shown as NPN/PNP or N/P channel. Links go to manufacturer datasheets, which are in [[PDF]] format. (On some datasheets the accuracy of the stated transistor category is a matter of debate.) * [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3903-D.PDF 2N3904]/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3906-D.PDF 2N3906], [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC182-D.PDF BC182] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723095810/http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC182-D.PDF |date=2008-07-23 }}/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC212-D.PDF BC212] and [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC546-D.PDF BC546]/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC556B-D.PDF BC556]: Ubiquitous, BJT, general-purpose, low-power, complementary pairs. They have plastic cases and cost roughly ten cents U.S. in small quantities, making them popular with hobbyists. * [[AF107]]: Germanium, 0.5 watt, 250&nbsp;MHz PNP BJT. * BFP183: Low power, 8&nbsp;GHz microwave NPN BJT. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528164459/http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM194.pdf LM394]: "supermatch pair", with two NPN BJTs on a single substrate. * [http://www.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/9288.pdf 2N2219A]/[http://www.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/9037.pdf 2N2905A]: BJT, general purpose, medium power, complementary pair. With metal cases they are rated at about one watt. * [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3055-D.PDF 2N3055]/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3055-D.PDF MJ2955]: For yéars, the venerable NPN 2N3055 has been the "standard" power transistor. Its complement, the PNP MJ2955 arrived later. These 1&nbsp;MHz, 15 A, 60 V, 115 W BJTs are used in audio power amplifiers, power supplies, and control. * 2SC3281/2SA1302: Made by [[Toshiba]], these BJTs have low-distortion characteristics and are used in high-power audio amplifiers. They have been widely counterfeited [http://sound.westhost.com/counterfeit.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218091102/http://sound.westhost.com/counterfeit.htm |date=2008-12-18 }}. * [http://www.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/4491.pdf BU508]: NPN, 1500 V power BJT. Designed for [[television]] horizontal deflection, its high voltage capability also makes it suitable for use in ignition systems. * [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/MJ11012-D.PDF MJ11012/MJ11015]: 30 A, 120 V, 200 W, high power Darlington complementary pair BJTs. Used in audio amplifiers, control, and power switching. * [http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/2N%2F2N5457.pdf 2N5457]/[http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/2N%2F2N5460.pdf 2N5460]: [[JFET]] (depletion mode), general purpose, low power, complementary pair. * BSP296/BSP171: [[IGFET]] (enhancement mode), medium power, néar complementary pair. Used for logic level conversion and driving power transistors in amplifiers. * [http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf3710.pdf IRF3710] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012014719/http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf3710.pdf |date=2006-10-12 }}/[http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf5210.pdf IRF5210] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218131500/http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf5210.pdf |date=2008-12-18 }}: [[IGFET]] (enhancement mode), 40 A, 100 V, 200 W, néar complementary pair. For high-power amplifiers and power switches, especially in automobiles. == Pabrik transistor == * [http://www.advancedpower.com/ APT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016024753/http://www.advancedpower.com/ |date=2006-10-16 }} * [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] * [[Infineon Technologies]] * [http://www.irf.com/ IRF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108221347/http://www.irf.com/ |date=2015-01-08 }} * [http://www.ixys.com/ IXYS Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724180930/http://www.ixys.com/ |date=2013-07-24 }} * [http://www.onsemi.com/ ON Semiconductor] * [http://www.panasonic.com/industrial/semi/ Panasonic Semiconductors] * [[Powerex]] * [http://www.rohm.com/products/index.html Rohm] * [http://www.sanyo.com/semiconductors/transistors/ Sanyo Transistors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015193244/http://www.sanyo.com/semiconductors/transistors/ |date=2006-10-15 }} * [http://www.semikron.com/ Semikron] * [[STMicroelectronics]] * [http://www.semicon.toshiba.co.jp/eng/index.html Toshiba Semiconductor] * [http://www.zetex.com/ Zetex Semiconductors] == Tempo ogé == * [[Transistor avalans]] * [[Band gap]] * [[Bipolar junction transistor]] * [[Compound transistor]] * [[Transistor Darlington]] * [[Field effect transistor]] * [[FREDFET]] * [[IGBT]] * [[NPN]] * [[PNP (polaritas transistor)|PNP]] * [[Sémikonduktor]] * [[Transkonduktansi]] * [[Transrésistansi]] * [[Transistor count]] * [[Modél transistor]] * [[Transistor tilu lawang]] * [[Solobong vakum]] * [[Hukum Moore]] * [[Very-large-scale integration]] == Référénsi == === Patén === * {{US patent|2524035}} — J. Bardeen et. al. * {{US patent|2569347}} — W. Shockley === Buku === * {{cite book | author = Amos S W & James M R | title = Principles of Transistor Circuits | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-7506-4427-3 }} * {{cite book | author = [[Paul Horowitz|Horowitz, Paul]] & Hill, Winfield | title = The Art of Electronics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1989 | id = ISBN 0-521-37095-7 }} * {{cite book | author = Riordan, Michael & Hoddeson, Lillian | title = Crystal Fire | publisher = W.W Norton & Company Limited | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0-393-31851-6 }} The invention of the transistor & the birth of the information age * {{cite book | author = Warnes, Lionel | title = Analogue and Digital Electronics | publisher = Macmillan Press Ltd | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0-333-65820-5 }} * {{cite book | author = Williams, Tim | title = EMC for Product Designers | edition = 3rd edition | publisher = Butterworth Heinemann | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 0-7506-4930-5 }} === Séjénna === * {{cite conference | author = Armand Van Dormael | title = The French Transistor | booktitle = Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Conference on the History of Electronics, Bletchley Park, June 2004 | url = http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/Che2004/VanDormael.pdf }} * {{cite news | title = Herbert F. Mataré, An Inventor of the Transistor has his moment | date = [[24 February]] [[2003]] | publisher = The New York Times | url = http://www.mindfully.org/Technology/2003/Transistor-Matare-Inventor24feb03.htm }} * {{cite journal | author = Michael Riordan | year = 2005 | month = November | title = How Europe Missed the Transistor | journal = IEEE Spectrum | volume = 42 | issue = 11 | pages = 52–57 | id = {{ISSN|0018-9235}} }} * {{cite book | author = C. D. Renmore | year = 1980 | title = Silicon Chips and You }} == Tumbu luar == {{Wikibook|Transistors}} * [http://www.audiouk.com/info/transistor.htm ''AudioUK's Milestones]''. Photograph of first working transistor * [http://www.pbs.org/transistor/ ''Transistorized]''. Historical and technical information from the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * [http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/exhibit/exhibit.php?id=159270&lid=1 ''IEEE Virtual Museum, Let's Get Small: The Shrinking World of Microelectronics'']. All about the history of transistors and integrated circuits. * [http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/ ''The Transistor Legacy Then and Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013151451/http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/ |date=2006-10-13 }}''. From [[Lucent Technologies]] ([[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]/[[AT&T]]) * [http://www.aps.org/apsnews/1100/110004.cfm ''This Month in Physics History: [[November 17]] to [[December 23]] [[1947]]: Invention of the First Transistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422095529/http://www.aps.org/apsnews/1100/110004.cfm |date=2006-04-22 }}''. From the [[American Physical Society]] * [http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1997/Dec/hour1_121297.html ''50 Years of the Transistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714010051/http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1997/Dec/hour1_121297.html |date=2007-07-14 }}''. From [[Science Friday]], [[December 12]] [[1997]] * [http://www.ck722museum.com/ ''The CK722 Museum]''. Website devoted to the "classic" hobbyist germanium transistor * [http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/index.html ''Bob's Virtual Transistor Museum & History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121085317/http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/index.html |date=2008-01-21 }}''. Treasure trove of transistor history * [http://people.msoe.edu/~reyer/regency/ ''1954 to 2004, the TR-1's Golden Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616144326/http://people.msoe.edu/~reyer/regency/index5.html |date=2009-06-16 }}''. In depth coverage of the Regency radio. * [http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs_transistor.html The Bell Systems Memorial on Transistors]. * [http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/parts/cross.html ''Jerry Russell's Transistor Cross Reference Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216152926/http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/parts/cross.html |date=2007-02-16 }}''. * [http://home.wanadoo.nl/electro1/avr/outlines.htm Pictures of TO and SOT packages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915003200/http://home.wanadoo.nl/electro1/avr/outlines.htm |date=2006-09-15 }} * [http://amasci.com/amateur/transis.html How transistors work] * [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=000D5D9F-A849-1330-A54583414B7F0000 Transistor Flow Control] - Scientific American Magazine (October 2005) [[Kategori:Transistor]] [[Kategori:Éléktronika]] 23kv05klcw4nbyuh0govjjkjcmuvzk6 0 16525 711387 710005 2026-07-30T04:09:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sistim koordinat géografi''' digunakeun pikeun nunjukkeun lokasi di Bumi ku dua atawa tilu koordinat tina [[koordinat bal#koordinat bal|sistim koordinat bal]] nu dilarapkeun jeung sumbu puteran [[Bumi]]. [[Gambar:WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png|thumb|400px|Peta [[Bumi]] nu nuduhkeun [[gurat usum]] (horizontal) jeung [[gurat wanci|wanci]] (vértikal), proyéksi Eckert VI; [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/political_world.pdf large version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613024528/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/political_world.pdf |date=2007-06-13 }} (pdf, 1.8MB)]] == Diménsi kahiji jeung kadua: gurat usum jeung wanci == [[Gambar:Geographic_coordinates_sphere.svg|right|390px|phi lintang jeung lambda lintang]] <!-- Borrowing from theories of ancient [[Babylonian]]s, later expanded by the famous [[History of Ancient Greece|Greek]] thinker and geographer [[Ptolemy]], a full circle is assigned 360 [[degree (angle)|degree]]s (360°). *[[latitude]] (Lat.) is the angle between any point and the [[equator]]. Lines of constant latitude are called [[circle of latitude|parallel]]s. They trace circles on the surface of Earth, with each [[Geographical pole|pole]] being 90 degrees ([[north pole]] 90° N; [[south pole]] 90° S). The equator, an imaginary line that divides the globe into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, is located at 0° latitude. *[[longitude]] (Long.) is the angle east or west of an arbitrary point on Earth: The [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) is the international zero-longitude point (longitude=0 degrees). The [[Antipodes|antipodal]] meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. Lines of constant longitude are called [[meridian (geography)|meridian]]s. The meridian passing through Greenwich is the [[Prime Meridian]]. Unlike parallels, all meridians are halves of great circles, and meridians are not parallel: they intersect at the north and south poles. By combining these two angles, the horizontal position of any location on Earth can be specified. For example, [[Baltimore, Maryland]] (in the [[United States|USA]]) has a latitude of 39.3° North, and a longitude of 76.6° West ({{coor d|39.3|N|76.6|W|}}). So, a vector drawn from the center of Earth to a point 39.3° north of the equator and 76.6° west of Greenwich will pass through Baltimore. This latitude/longitude "webbing" is known as the common '''''graticule'''''. There is also a complementary '''transverse graticule''' (meaning the graticule is shifted 90°, so that the poles are on the horizontal equator), upon which all [[spherical trigonometry]] is ultimately based.--> <!-- a whole separate article on "transverse graticule" is planned --> <!-- Traditionally, degrees have been divided into [[Minute of arc|minutes]] ( ′ ) and [[Arcsecond|seconds]] ( ″ ). There are several formats for degrees, all of them appearing in a Lat.-Long. order: * '''DM''' Degree:Minute (49:30.0-123:30.0) * '''DMS''' Degree:Minute:Second (49:30:00-123:30:00) * '''DD''' Decimal Degree (49.5000-123.5000), generally with 4 decimal numbers. To change from DM or DMS to DD, Decimal degrees = whole number of degrees, plus minutes divided by 60, plus seconds divided by 3600. Decimal division is now the most common and standard. The equator is obviously an important part of this coordinate system, it represents the zeropoint of the latitude angle, and the halfway point between the poles. The equator is the [[fundamental plane]] of the geographic coordinate system. All spherical coordinate systems define such a fundamental plane. Latitude and Longitude values are established based on an associated [[Geodetic system]] or [[datum]] such as [[World Geodetic System|WGS 84]]. In other words, the same exact point on the earth’s surface will be expressed by different latitude and longitude values, depending on the reference datum. In popular GIS software, data projected in latitude/longitude is often specified via a 'Geographic Coordinate System'. For example, data in latitude/longitude with the [[datum]] as the [[North American Datum]] of 1983 is denoted by 'GCS_North_American_1983'. ==Third dimension: altitude, height, depth == To completely specify a location on, in, or above Earth, one has to also specify the elevation. The elevation specifies the vertical position of the location relative to some measure of Earth's surface. This could be expressed in terms of the vertical distance to Earth below, but, because of the ambiguity of "surface" and "vertical", is more commonly expressed relative to a more precisely defined [[datum]] such as [[mean sea level]] (as height [[above mean sea level]]) or the [[geoid]]. The distance to Earth's center is a practical coordinate both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Various elevation / height coordinates either with respect to the surface or some other datum are [[altitude]], [[height]], and [[depth]]. == Geostationary coordinates == [[Geostationary]] satellites (e.g., television satellites ) are over the equator. So, their position related to Earth is expressed in longitude degrees. Their latitude does not change, and is always zero over the equator. --> == Tempo ogé == * [[Sistim informasi géografi]] (Géographic information system, GIS) * [[Sistim posisi global]] (Global Positioning System, GPS) * [[Konvérsi koordinat géografi]] * [[Geocode]] * [[Tropic of Cancer]] * [[Tropic of Capricorn]] * [[Great-circle distance]] explains how to find that quantity if one knows the two latitudes and longitudes. * [[Proyéksi peta]] * [[Sistim koordinat Universal Transverse Mercator]] == Rujukan == <div class="references-small"> * ''Portions of this article are from Jason Harris' "Astroinfo" which is distributed with [[KStars]], a desktop planetarium for [[Linux]]/[[KDE]]. See [http://edu.kde.org/kstars/index.phtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043629/http://edu.kde.org/kstars/index.phtml |date=2008-05-17 }}'' </div> == Tumbu luar == * [http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/mapcoo.html Mathematics Topics-Coordinate Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324100727/http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map/mapcoo.html |date=2010-03-24 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html Geographic coordinates of countries (CIA World Factbook)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |date=2017-11-07 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/ Worldwide Geogr.Coordinates & Satellite images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512235943/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/ |date=2007-05-12 }} * [http://www.geonames.org/ Global Gazetteer] [[Kategori:Sistim koordinat]] [[Kategori:Kartografi]] [[Kategori:Navigasi]] [[Kategori:Geocode]] osmajawpn2w3m5hxcfplqrdvykhvngs 0 20085 711388 703757 2026-07-30T04:17:38Z ~2026-42400-75 37160 /* */ wel 711388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babad''' nyaéta carita nu patali jeung hiji patempatan atawa ilaharna mah [[karajaan]] nu dipercaya minangka sajarah. Numutkeun ''Kamus Umum Bahasa Sunda'' babad téh miboga harti dongéng anu ngandung unsur-unsur sajarah.<ref name=”Lut”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa SundaLuthfiyani| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu| publisher =Frasa Lingua| location =Jakarta| year =2016|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =23}} Disungsi25 Désémber 2024</ref> Sedengkeun ''Kamus Istilah Sastra'' dijéntrékeun yén babad téh mangrupa carita wanda heubeul anu medar riwayat luluhur atawa kajian-kajadian penting jaman baheula di salah sahiji daérah, biasana ti mimiti muka éta wewengkon. Ari para ahli mah nyebutkeun babad téh carita anu memper sajarah atawa sajarah anu dibungbuan ku dongéng.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cahara Basa|last=Faturohman|first=Taufik|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2017|isbn=978-602-7785-33-5|location=Bandung|pages=91}}</ref> Patali jeung pangaruh [[Jawa]], karéréaan babad ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]], upamana [[Babad Godog]], [[Babad Panjalu]], [[Babad Cirebon]], [[Babad Banten]], [[Babad Sumedang]], jsb. Ditilik tina jihat sajarah, babad téh lain bukti nu bisa dijieun sumber [[sajarah]], tapi sahenteuna bisa dipaké pikeun bahan babandingan dina ngulik sajarah. Biasana dianalisis heula kalawan kritis, nepi ka meunang hiji kacindekan. Ieu hal téh dilantarankeun eusi babad salian ti nyaritakeun hal-hal nu patali jeung sajarah, ogé réa pisan nyaritakeun hal-hal nu pamohalan, sipatna ''fiktif'', saperti jalma bisa ngapung, jalma sakti, jsté, anu nyampak dina karya-karya [[sastra|ewean]] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} == Rujukan == # Rosidi, Ajip.dkk. 2000. Ensiklopedi Sunda: Alam, Manusia, Budaya (Termasuk Budaya Cirebon dan Betawi), Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. # http://www.garut.id{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. {{Sastra-pondok}} {{Daptar-babad}} [[Kategori:Babad]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] d06jvfv5zioiawh8k4g3cfnou5gyxlo 711394 711388 2026-07-30T11:04:45Z Font8388608 37090 ←Ngabolaykeun révisi [[Special:Diff/711388|711388]] ku [[Special:Contributions/~2026-42400-75|~2026-42400-75]] ([[User talk:~2026-42400-75|Obrolan]]) Revert vandalism 711394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babad''' nyaéta carita nu patali jeung hiji patempatan atawa ilaharna mah [[karajaan]] nu dipercaya minangka sajarah. Numutkeun ''Kamus Umum Bahasa Sunda'' babad téh miboga harti dongéng anu ngandung unsur-unsur sajarah.<ref name=”Lut”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa SundaLuthfiyani| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu| publisher =Frasa Lingua| location =Jakarta| year =2016|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =23}} Disungsi25 Désémber 2024</ref> Sedengkeun ''Kamus Istilah Sastra'' dijéntrékeun yén babad téh mangrupa carita wanda heubeul anu medar riwayat luluhur atawa kajian-kajadian penting jaman baheula di salah sahiji daérah, biasana ti mimiti muka éta wewengkon. Ari para ahli mah nyebutkeun babad téh carita anu memper sajarah atawa sajarah anu dibungbuan ku dongéng.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cahara Basa|last=Faturohman|first=Taufik|publisher=Geger Sunten|year=2017|isbn=978-602-7785-33-5|location=Bandung|pages=91}}</ref> Patali jeung pangaruh [[Jawa]], karéréaan babad ditulis dina wangun [[wawacan]], upamana [[Babad Godog]], [[Babad Panjalu]], [[Babad Cirebon]], [[Babad Banten]], [[Babad Sumedang]], jsb. Ditilik tina jihat sajarah, babad téh lain bukti nu bisa dijieun sumber [[sajarah]], tapi sahenteuna bisa dipaké pikeun bahan babandingan dina ngulik sajarah. Biasana dianalisis heula kalawan kritis, nepi ka meunang hiji kacindekan. Ieu hal téh dilantarankeun eusi babad salian ti nyaritakeun hal-hal nu patali jeung sajarah, ogé réa pisan nyaritakeun hal-hal nu pamohalan, sipatna ''fiktif'', saperti jalma bisa ngapung, jalma sakti, jsté, anu nyampak dina karya-karya [[sastra]]. ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} == Rujukan == # Rosidi, Ajip.dkk. 2000. Ensiklopedi Sunda: Alam, Manusia, Budaya (Termasuk Budaya Cirebon dan Betawi), Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. # http://www.garut.id{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. {{Sastra-pondok}} {{Daptar-babad}} [[Kategori:Babad]] [[Kategori:Proyek kurikulum]] 3n7hzju5y0gsqoq1rrdhs3q2iknwdz1 0 24554 711386 660256 2026-07-30T03:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siaran''' nyaéta [[distribution (business)|distribusi]] [[Signalling (telecommunication)|sinyal]] sora ([[Sound|audio]]) jeung/atawa gambar ([[vidéo]]) anu ngirimkeun program-program ka para pamiarsa atawa kaum dangu. Aya rupa-rupa sistem siaran. Sistem siaran anu paling loba nyaéta siaran lokal sawates sahiji wewengkon kota jeung wewengkon anu leuwih heureut ti batan kota. Contona siaran nu maké daya listrik leutik anu mancarkeun program-program [[radio]] atawa [[televisi]] di hiji kota. Conto liana, sistim siaran ''[[public address]]'' institusional, anu ngirimkeun pesen-pesen nonverbal jeung musik di jero hotél, [[pasar]] [[swalayan]] atawa [[rumah sakit]] pikeun para tamu. Kalayan ngagunakeun pamancar ''repeater'', sistem [[satelit]], malah kabel, pamancar siaran radio jeung televisi nasional bisa boga cakupan dina skala nasional. Pamancar siaran radio jeung televisi ogé bisa ngawengku wilayah anu leuwih lega, saperti [[benua]]. ''Channel'' [[Internet]] malah bisa ngadistribusikaeun téks atawa musik ngamalir (stréamed) ka sakuliah dunya. Siaran anu dipancarkeun ka sajumlah leutik pamiarsa kaum dangu anu geus ditangtukeun disebut siaran nu kawates atawa ''[[narrowcast]]ing''. Program-program [[televisi]] jeung [[radio]] didistribusikeun ngaliwatan siaran radio atawa siaran [[cable television|kabel]], atawa mindeng ogé duanana sakaligus. Ku cara ngagunakeun alat anu ngodekeun sinyal di stasiun pamancar jeung alat panarjamah kode di [[imah]], kiwari dimungkinkeun hadirna layanan-layanan program [[langganan]] jeung layanan [[bayaran-per-program tontonan]]. Siaran ngawangun ségmén [[média massa]] anu kacida gedéna. Sacara ékonomi, dumasar kana métode kumaha hiji lambaga panyiaran miboga waragad, aya sababaraha cara supaya kalangsungan lambaga panyiaran bisa sinambung: * sumbangan waktu jeung kaahlian ti para sukarélawan (ilahar pikeun siaran komunitas) * pangmayaran langsung ti [[pamaréntah]] ka lambaga panyiaran pikeun publik * pangmayaran ti pamaréntah sacara henteu langsung saperti mangrupa ijin * hibah ti unsur-unsur yayasan atawa badan usaha * panjualan iklan atawa ''[[advertising]]'' atawa sponsorship * biaya [[langganan]] atawa [[kaanggotaan]] Loba lambaga panyiaran anu ngagantungkeun hirupna kana gabungan tina [[modél usaha]] ieu. Contona, [[National Public Radio]], hiji jaringan non-komérsial di [[Amérika Sarikat]], narima hibah ti ''[[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]'' (anu dina gilirannana narima waragad ti pamaréntah AS), narima bayaran ngaliwatan kaanggotaan publik, jeung ogé ngajual "extended credits" ka pausahaan-pausahaan. == Siaran rekaman jeung siaran langsung == Urang bisa siaran ngagunakeun rékaman jeung siaran sacara langsung. Siaran ngagunakeun rékaman ngamungkinkeun koréksi kasalahan jeung ngaleungitkeun materi anu kaleuleuwihan atawa teu dipikahayang, nyusun ulang, nerapkeun ''[[slow-motion]]'' jeung pangulangan, sarta téknik-téknik lain pikeun ningkatkeun pidangan program. Sanajan kitu, sabagian siaran langsung ogé, saperti siaran olah raga jarak jauh, bisa ngasupkeun sababaraha aspék kasebut saperti klip ''slow motion'' asupna bal kana gawang dina siaran langsung kasebut. Kakurangan tina siaran rékaman nu kahiji nyaéta pamiarsa kaum dangu bisa nyaho hasil tina hiji kajadan ti sumber lain. Anu kadua, siaran rékaman nyegah panyiar pikeun nyimpang tina hiji ''[[screenplay|script]]'' resmi. Loba kajadian anu diiklankeun sabagé siaran langsung padahal ngandung rékaman (kadang-kadang disebut sabagé "live-to-tape"). Contona, tontonan artis musisi anu tandang ka sahiji stasiun radio pikeun midangkeun [[konser]] jero studio. Dina ha lieu, artis diwawancara langsung tapi musik anu dimaénkeun mangrupa rékaman. Hiji siaran bisa didistribusikeun ngaliwatan sababaraha alat fisik. Lamun datangna langsung ti [[studio]] sahiji stasiun pamancar [[radio station|radio]] atawa [[television station|tv]], siaran bener-bener dikirim ngaliwatan ''[[air chain]]'' ka ''[[transmiter]]'' jeung terus ti [[Antenna (radio)|antene]] nu némpél dina [[Radio masts and towers|munara]] ka sakuliah dunya. Program siaran, langsung atawa rékaman, ogé bisa datang ngaliwatan hiji [[satelit komunikasi]]. Stasiun-stasiun pamancar siaran bisa babarengan mancar ''[[simulcast]]'' dina waktu anu babarengan ngaliwatan tumbu [[gelombang mikro]] atawa satelit. Diibusi materi ka stasiun pamancar ogé bisa ngaliwatan média fisik, saperti ''[[videotape]]'' analog atawa digital, [[CD]], [[DVD]], jeung kadang-kadang format liana. Di sisi pamiarsa kaum dangu, sinyal program bisa datang ngaliwatan jomantara persis saperti [[stasiun pamancar radio]] atawa [[stasiun TV]] ka [[antenna (radio)|antene]] jeung panarima (''[[receiver (radio)|receiver]]''), atawa bisa datang ngaliwatan [[TV kabel]] [http://www.diwaxx.ru/] atawa [[radio kabel]] (atawa "[[wireless cable]]") ngaliwatan stasiun atawa langsung ti hiji jaringan. [[Internét]] ogé bisa mawa program siaran radio atawa TV ka panarima, husuna ngagunakeun ''[[multicast]]ing'' anu ngamungkinkeun sinyal jeung [[rubakpita]] dibagi ka pamiarsa kaum dangu. == Siaran Radio di Indonesia == === Sajarah === Dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, waktu Indonésia ngaproklamasikeun kamardékaannana, proklamasi kamerdékaan kasebut dipancarkeun ka sakuliah Indonésia ngagunakeun hiji pamancar jieunan saurang amatir radio anu ngaranna Gunawan. Jasa Gunawan diaku ku Pamaréntah. Sabagé panghargaan, pamancar radio jieunannana dipintonkeun dina muséum Nasional Indonésia. Dr Abdulrachman Saleh jeung Jusuf Ronodipuro ogé nyieun pamancar radio anu ditempatkeun dibagian Faal Sekolah Tabib Tinggi Jakarta (anu satuluyna jadi FKUI) sarta dina tanggal 22 Agustus 1945 ngajomantarakeun “The Voice of Free Indonesia”. Dina peuting tanggal 11 Séptémber 1945, di imahna Adang Kadarisman, Dr. Abdulrachman Saleh mingpin rapat anu nandakeun ngadegna Radio Républik Indonésia (RRI). Para hadirin rapat ngawengku utusan daérah urut stasiun panyiaran Jepang. Satutas hasil ngawasa gedong urut stasiun siaran radio Jepang, Hoso Kyoku, Pamaréntah ngajadikeun ieu gedong salaku gedong siaran RRI Jakarta. Stasiun radio kasebut ngajomantara terus tepi ka lumangsungna “Agresi Militer Belanda kahiji” tanggal 21 Juli 1947. Ti mimiti harita, para pamingpin RRI kaasup Jusuf Ronodipuro ditangkep Walanda. Gedong jeung alat siaranna masih bisa dipaké tapi digunakeun sabagé alat siaran radio NICA Walanda. Sacara nasional, RRI ngajomantara ti Yogyakarta jeung sajumlah stasiun lianna anu masih dina kakawassan Républik Indonésia. ==== Daftar Siaran Radio anu nyiarkeun kandungan lokal kasundaan ==== # Radio Pertanian Ciawi (RPC); 95,3 FM, 846 AM Stéréo # Radio Républik Indonésia 2 Bogor == Siaran Televisi di Indonesia == === Sajarah === Dina taun 1961, Pamaréntah Indonésia mutuskan pikeun ngaasupkeun proyék média massa televisi kana jero proyék pangwangunan ''Asian Games'' IV anu dikoordinasikeun ku Urusan Proyék ''Asian Games'' IV. Dina tanggal 25 Juli 1961, Menteri Penerangan ngaluarkeun SK Menpen No. 20/SK/M/1961 ngeunaan pambentukan Panitia Persiapan Televisi (P2T). Dina tanggal 23 Oktober 1961, Presidén Soekarno anu keur aya di Wina ngirimkeun téléks ka Menteri Penerangan mangsa harita, Maladi, pikeun gancang-gancang nyiapkeun proyék televisi kalayan jadwal: # Ngawangun studio di urut AKPEN di Senayan (TVRI ayeuna). # Ngawangun dua pamancar: 100 watt jeung 10 Kw kalayan munara anu jangkungna 80 [[méter]]. # Nyiapkeun ''software'' (program jeung tanaga). Dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1962, TVRI mimiti ngayakeun siaran percobaan dina acara HUT Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia XVII ti buruan Istana Merdéka Jakarta, kalayan pemancar cadangan anu kakuatannana 100 watt. Tuluy dina tanggal 24 Agustus 1962, TVRI ngajomantara pikeun munggaran kalayan acara siaran langsung upacara pambukaan ''Asian Games'' IV ti stadion utama Gelora Bung Karno. Dina tanggal 20 Oktober 1963, dikaluarkan Keppres No. 215/1963 ngeunaan pambentukan Yayasan TVRI kalayan Pimpinan Umum Presidén RI. Dina taun 1964, mimiti ditaratas pangwangunan Stasiun Panyiaran Daérah dimimitian ku TVRI Stasiun Yogyakarta, anu satuluyna diteruskeun ku pangwangunan Stasiun Medan, Surabaya, Ujungpandang (Makassar), Manado, Denpasar jeung Balikpapan (bantuan Pertamina). === Daftar Siaran Televisi anu nyiarkeun kandungan lokal kasundaan === # Pajajaran == Tingali ogé == {{commonscat|Radio}} {{wikibooks|Marketing}} {{Wiktionary}} * [[Lisénsi siaran]] * [[Jaringan siaran]] * [[Cablecast]] * [[Dead air]] * [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) * [[History of broadcasting]] * [[Radio Internet]] * [[Radio Internet]] * [[List of broadcast satellites]] * [[NaSTA]] * [[Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network]] (NBMA) * [[Outside broadcast]] * [[Radio Act of 1927]] * [[Streaming media]] * [[Studio television]] == Rujukan == * Kahn Frank J., ed. ''Documents of American Broadcasting,'' fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984). * Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. ''American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television'' (Hastings House, 1975). == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.radio-locator.com Radio Locator], for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information. * [http://www.arbitron.com Arbitron] Offers studies on American radio listening habits and basic station information. * [http://www.scribd.com/doc/1028/Radio-and-Television/ Answers to several questions about radio and television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210080941/http://www.scribd.com/doc/1028/Radio-and-Television |date=2009-02-10 }} * [http://www.eradiovibes.com/ Webcaster Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213100312/http://www.eradiovibes.com/ |date=2007-12-13 }} Promotions, news and listing * [http://www.tvnewsday.com TVNewsday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422230738/http://www.tvnewsday.com/ |date=2019-04-22 }}, Current news about the U.S. TV broadcasting industry * [http://www.waveguide.co.uk/news.htm Waveguide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627170233/http://www.waveguide.co.uk/news.htm |date=2009-06-27 }} Broadcasting News * [http://dxradio.50webs.com/ SWDXER] ¨The SWDXER¨ - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips. * [http://www.infoplease.com/ipea/A0151956.html Broadcasting Timeline] * [http://www.scribd2.com/doc/1768/Some-stories-about-popular-inventions-and-discoveries/ Stories about the inventions of Radio and television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826063621/http://www.scribd2.com/doc/1768/Some-stories-about-popular-inventions-and-discoveries/ |date=2009-08-26 }} * [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/broadcast/ Middle East Broadcast News] — ''ArabianBusiness.com'' == Bacaan salajengna == {{cleanup-list}} * Barnouw Erik. ''The Golden Web'' (Oxford University Press, 1968); ''The Sponsor'' (1978); ''A Tower in Babel'' (1966). * Briggs Asa. ''The BBC--the First Fifty Years'' (: Oxford University Press, 1984). * Briggs Asa. ''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom'' (Oxford University Press, 1961). * Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. ''Mass Media Between the Wars'' (Syracuse University Press, 1984). * Douglas B. Craig. ''Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920-1940'' (2005) * Tim Crook; ''International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice'' Routledge, 1998 * [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96697140 John Dunning; ''On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio'' Oxford University Press, 1998]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952). * Gibson Géorge H. ''Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919-1976'' (Praeger Publishers, 1977). * Maclaurin W. Rupert. ''Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry'' (The Macmillan Company, 1949). * Robert W. McChesney; ''Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928-1935'' Oxford University Press, 1994 * Gwenyth L. Jackaway; ''Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939'' Praeger Publishers, 1995 * Lazarsfeld Paul F. ''The People Look at Radio'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1946). * Tom McCourt; ''Conflicting Communication Interests in America: The Case of National Public Radio'' Praeger Publishers, 1999 * Peers Frank W. ''The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920- 1951'' (University of Toronto Press, 1969). * Alan Taylor. ''We, the media...", The Hollywood Representation of News Broadcasting, 1976-1999, Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 418, ISBN 3-631-51852-8 * Ray William B. ''FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation'' (Iowa State University Press, 1990). * Rosen Philip T. ''The modérn Stentors; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920-1934'' (Greenwood Press, 1980). * William A. Rugh; ''Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics'' Praeger, 2004 * Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. ''A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939'' (Basil Blackwell, 1991). * Schramm Wilbur, ed. ''Mass Communications'' (University of Illinois Press, 1960). * Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990). * Slater Robert. ''This . . . is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Yéars'' (Prentice Hall, 1988). * F. Leslie Smith, John W. Wright II, David H. Ostroff; ''Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States'' Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998 * Sterling Christopher H. ''Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920-1983'' (Praeger, 1984). * Sterling Christopher, and Kittross John M. ''Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting'' (Wadsworth, 1978). * White Llewellyn. ''The American Radio'' (University of Chicago Press, 1947). {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Siaran]] bcqt14x0j1cwykq2gdimic1vkz96bxx 0 31927 711379 654088 2026-07-29T20:08:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mata uang''' atawa '''duit''' nyaéta pakakas pikeun mayar jual beuli [[ékonomi]], anu dipaké di hiji [[nagara]]. Pikeun [[Indonésia]], mata uangna nyaéta [[rupiah]]. Jaman baheula, manusa primitip tacan ngagunakeun duit atawa pakakas tukeur. Ieu alatan dina wayah éta manusa bisa minuhan kabéh kahayangna ti [[alam]] sakurilingna. Sabot sumberdaya alam anu maranéhanana paké béak, maranéhanana pindah sarta mimitian ngagunakeun sumberdaya alam anu aya di sakurilingna deui. Sabot mecenghulna kabudayaan kuna, manusa mimitian nukeur barang bogana jeung barang milik batur, anu disebut barter. Saterusna sanggeus jaman leuwih maju, manusa mimitian ngagunakeun pakakas tukeur, sanajan tacan mangrupa duit. Pakakas ieu disebut "duit barang". Kakara sanggeus manusa ngawasa pamakéan tulisan sarta hurup, dipikawanoh duit anu kawas ayeuna, atawa disebut "duit kapercayaan" ([[basa Perancis]]: ''monnaie fiduciaire''). == Tumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [http://www.ratesfx.com/resources/currency.html RatesFX Currency Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722005159/http://www.ratesfx.com/resources/currency.html |date=2010-07-22 }} * {{en}} [http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/ Loka Ramat Duit Kertas Dunya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320121235/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/ |date=2007-03-20 }} * {{id}} [http://matauang.com/konversi.php Konvérsi Tukeur Mata Uang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305150120/http://matauang.com/konversi.php |date=2010-03-05 }} {{Uncategorized|date=April 2017}} 2hl1p996034o8lhtlwprn1qy0u96jw7 0 36000 711392 654960 2026-07-30T06:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Yogyakarta Indonesia Tugu-Yogyakarta-01.jpg|thumb|250px|right]] '''Tugu Yogyakarta''' mangrupa cicirén [[Kota Yogyakarta]] nu paling kasohor.<ref name="Jogja">[http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/museum-and-monument/tugu-jogja/ Jogja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216125146/http://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta%2Dtourism%2Dobject/museum%2Dand%2Dmonument/tugu%2Djogja/ |date=2011-12-16 }} (Diakses tanggal 4 Desember 2011)</ref> Letak na aya di tengah perempatan Jalan Pangeran Mangkubumi, Jalan Jendral Soedirman, Jalan A.M Sangaji jeung Jalan Diponegoro.<ref name="Jogja" /> Umur Tugu Yogyakarta sakitar 3 abad anu miboga makna magis jeung neundeun bukti sajarah [[kota Yogyakarta]].<ref name="Jogja" /> Tugu Yogyakarta diadegkeun ku Hamengkubuwana I, pangadeg kraton Yogyakarta.<ref name="Tugu">[http://www.wisatanesia.com/2010/12/tugu-yogyakarta.html Tugu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109010219/http://www.wisatanesia.com/2010/12/tugu-yogyakarta.html |date=2011-01-09 }} (Diakses tanggal 4 Desember 2011)</ref> Tugu ieu diadegkeun sataun sanggeus [[Kraton Yogyakarta]] diadegkeun.<ref name="Jogja" /> Nalika mimiti diadegkeun, wangunan ieu ngagambarkeun Manunggaling Kawula Gusti, sumanget persatuan rakyat jeung pangawasa pikeun ngalawan penjajah.<ref name="Jogja" /> Sumanget persatuan atawa nu sok disebut golong gilig ieu kagambarkeun dina wangunan tugu, wangun tiangna berbentuk gilig (silinder) sarta wangun puncakna berbentuk golong (bunder), ku kitu na dingaranan [[Tugu Golong-Gilig]].<ref name="Jogja" /> Sacara rinci, wangunan ieu dibangun berbentuk tiang silinder nu ngerucut ka luhur.<ref name="Jogja" /> Bagian handapna mangrupa pager nu ngurilingan tugu, sedengkeun bagian luhurna berbentuk buleud.<ref name="Jogja" /> Jangkungna wangunan tugu ieu sakitar 25 méter.<ref name="Jogja" /> Tugu Yogyakarta ayeuna mah dijadikeun salah sahiji objék pariwisata Yogya, nu sering disebut “tugu pal putih” (pal, nu hartina tugu), ku lantaran warna cat nu dipaké tetep waé bodas.<ref name="Tugu" /> {{Pondok}} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Yogyakarta]] [[Kategori:Tugu]] jynpcoodammrcj7ic66hx9u7z923999 0 73031 711385 658520 2026-07-30T02:12:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Panyakit |Name = Raheut |Image = Cut, leg.jpg |Caption = Bitis handap nu raheut kakoét |Field = [[Emergency medicine]] |ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|14|0|t|08}}-{{ICD10|T|14|1|t|08}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|872}}-{{ICD9|893}} |ICDO = |OMIM = |MedlinePlus = |eMedicineSubj = |eMedicineTopic= |MeshID = D014947 }} '''Raheut''' nyaéta jenis [[tatu]] nu kawilang gancang lita deui, nu mana kulit téh soéh lantaran kakeureut, kagesruk atawa katojos (raheut gudawang), atawa ogé aya tinggangan gaya mintul nu nyumebabkeun raheut di jeroeun kulit (raheut wuwung). Dina [[patologi]], ieu secara husus nujul kana [[tatu]] ku pakarang seukeut nu ngaruksak [[dérmis]] kulit. == Papasingan == Dumasar undak kontaminasina, raheut bisa dipasingkeun jadi: * Raheut beresih - ngahaja diraheutkeun dina kaayaan stéril nu mana taya organismeu nu asup, jeung kulit gancang lita deui tanpa komplikasi. * Raheut kakontaminasi - biasana balukar tina tatu nu teu kahaja; Aya organismeu patogén jeung banda asing dina raheutna. * Raheut kainféksi - raheutna dibarengan ku ayana organismeu patogén nu baranahan, némbongkeun tanda klinis inféksi (katempo konéng, nyeri, beureum, aya [[nanah]]<nowiki/>an). * Raheut kolonisasi - kaayaan kronis, nu ngandung organismeu patogén, hésé cageurna (raheut digégél). === Gudawang === Raheut gudawang mah bisa dipasing-pasingkeun dumasar obyék nu ngabalukarkeun raheutna: * Insisi atawa raheut kakeureut - disababkeun ku banda atawa pakarang seukeut kayaning péso, bedog, atawa beling. * Laserasi atawa raheut kakoét- raheut nu dibalukarkeun ku banda seukeut ataw mintul anu ngoét kana kulit, nu ngabalukarkeun nyurudcudanna [[getih]] kawas cimata.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pediatrics|first1=American Academy of|title=First Aid for Families|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9780763755522|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NDmgAL22s4C&pg=PA39|language=en}}</ref> * Abrasi (grazes) - raheut déét nu mana lapisan kulit pangluhurna (épidermis) kakoét. Abrasi sok disababkeun lantaran kakoét, baréd, bohak, barud atawa raméd. * Avulsion - raheut nu mana struktur awak kapeunggas sacara paksa tina awakna nu normal. Mangrupa jenis amputasi nu ékstrem, leupasna bagéan awak lain ku cara dipotong. * Raheut kasura - disababkeun ku banda nu nyocog kulit, kayaning sempalan kuku, cucuk, awi, harupat, paku atawa jarum. * Raheut katusuk - disababkeun ku banda kayaning péso nu asup jeung kaluar tina kulit. * Raheut katémbak - disababkeun ku [[pélor]] atawa [[proyéktil]] kawas [[jamparing]] jsb. nu nyeleber asup kana awak atawa parat ngaliwatan awak. Bisa jadi aya dua raheutna, hiji tempat asup jeung hiji deui tempat kaluarna. === Wuwung === Raheut wuwung mah saenya tara disebut raheut, lantaran teu baloboran getih, ngan sok disebutna mah raheut di jero atawa getih wuwung ([[geuneuk]]): * Hématoma (atawa getih wuwung) - disababkeun ku ruksakna pangbuluh getih nu dina satuluyna nyumebabkeun getih ngagulung di handapeun kulit barining teu kaluar. ** Hématoma nu asalna tina patologi pangbuluh getih internal nyaéta ''petechiae'', ''purpura'', jeung ''ecchymosis''. Dipasing-pasingkeun dumasar ukuranna. ** Hématoma nu asalna tina sumber éksternal nyaéta kontusi, ilaharna mah disebut peupeur atawa [[geuneuk]]. * Tatu kacepét - disababkeun ku gaya gencétan nu ékstrim sahingga nyumebabkeun getih wuwung di daérah nu kacepétna. <gallery> File:Vulnus incisum.jpg|Nelasan manéh maké banda seukeut File:Finger abrasion.jpg|Raheut gudawang (avulsion) Image:Footpuncture.JPG|Suku kasura jero kacida nepi ka inféksi. Image:Knee puncture.JPG|Tuur nu katémbak ku [[jamparing]]. File:Finger cut.jpg|Insisi: Ramo kakeureut. Image:Schnitt in Fingerkuppe.jpg|Kakeureut nepi ka nyolékatna kulit jariji kénca. File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - E 39 - Infirmary in Candjambary, Guinea-Bissau - Cleaning the wound - 1974.tif|Abrasi dina bitis. Guinea-Bissau, 1974 </gallery> == Patofisiologi == Pikeun nyageurkeun raheut, awak sacara alamiah ngalakonan saruntuyan lampah nu sacara koléktif, dipikawanoh minangka [[prosés nyageurkeun tatu]]. Sok sanajan kitu, aya babaraha tarékah nu dilakukeun ku manusa pikeun nyageurkeun raheut, di antarana: === Babadotan === Daun [[babadotan]] geus dimangpaatkeun ku masarakat, utamana masarakat Sunda pikeun jadi ubar dina nyageurkeun raheut.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.budidaya-petani.com/2013/12/manfaat-dan-khasiat-bandotan-ageratum.html|title=Manfaat dan Khasiat Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.)|website=Budidaya Petani|accessdate=2018-02-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124040203/http://www.budidaya-petani.com/2013/12/manfaat-dan-khasiat-bandotan-ageratum.html |date=2018-01-24 }}</ref> Daun babadotan nu anyar metik dikumbah nepi beresih, tuluy digecek nepi ka lemes.<ref name=":0" /> Beunang ngagecek téh ditaplokkeun kana bagéan anu raheut, aya ogé nu tuluy dibuntel ku [[perban]].<ref name=":0" /> === Minyak keletik === Minyak mangrupa bahan lian nu sok dipaké pikeun ngabantu nyageurkeun raheut.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.wcei.net/2016/10/12-wound-care-fun-facts|title=12 Wound Care Fun Facts|date=2016-10-28|newspaper=WCEI - Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-24}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aya nu dibalurkeun kana raheutna, aya ogé nu dipakékeun kana perban. Minyak méré babaraha palindungan tina inféksi. Minyak ogé nyegah perban hambéh teu napel kana raheut.<ref name=":1" /> Ari minyak nu dipakéna biasana minyak kalapa atawa [[Keletik|minyak keletik]]. === Madu === Jalma nu mimiti ngamangpaatkeun madu pikeun ngubaran raheut nyaéta urang Mesir.<ref name=":1" /> Madu bisa nyegah paradangan, sangkan nguranganna kanyeri jeung [[bareuh]] dina raheut sahingga jadi gancang lita.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://manfaat.co/manfaat-madu-untuk-luka.html|title=Manfaat Madu Untuk Mempercepat Penyembuhan Luka|date=2016-06-16|newspaper=Manfaat.Co|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-24}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kusabab madu ngandung osmolaritas nu kawilang euyeub, bisa nyerep cairan dina raheut jeung deuih bisa ngoméan sirkulasi udara di aréa nu raheut. Madu méré éfék antibaktéri jeung antioksidan, sangkan bisa ngabantu ngahambat éfék tina radikal bébas.<ref name=":2" /> Lian ti kitu, madu ogé mibanda kandungan zat séjén kayaning ''hydrogen peroksida'' nu éféktif dina maéhan kuman jeung baktéri.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} 3m28o8o5f0x1w1dlg0idzw2q0o5uzxp 0 99173 711381 681369 2026-07-30T00:25:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Detail dari pandemi virus korona di Jepang}} {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Jepang | map1 = COVID-19 outbreak Japan per capita cases map.svg | legend1 = Peta kasus ieu dikonfirmasi unggal 100.000 warga dumasar kana préféktur | map2 = | legend2 = | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[Jepang]] | first_case = [[Préféktur Kanagawa]] | arrival_date = 16 Januari 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] | recovery_cases = 16,008<ref name="mhlw"/>（{{date|2=DMY}}） | deaths = 935<ref name="mhlw">{{cite web | title=新型コロナウイルス感染症の現在の状況と厚生労働省の対応について（令和２年６月19日版） | url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_11993.html | website=厚生勞動省 | language=ja | accessdate=20 June 2020 | date=19 June 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621004814/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_11993.html |date=21 June 2020 }}</ref>（{{date|2=DMY}}） | confirmed_cases = 17,740<ref name="mhlw"/>（{{date|2=DMY}}） | active_cases = 797<ref name="mhlw"/>（{{date|2=DMY}}） | total_ili = | website = }} '''Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Jepang''' mimmiti dikonfirmasi kaayaanana di tanggal [[16 Januari]] [[2020]]. Jepang mangrupa nagara kadua anu ngonfirmasi ayana [[panyakit]] [[COVID-19]] di luar [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] saenggeus [[Thailand]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Japan confirms first case of coronavirus that has infected dozens in China|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/16/national/science-health/japan-first-coronavirus-case/|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|date=2020-01-16|access-date=2020-03-18|issn=0447-5763|language=en-US}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127063253/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/16/national/science-health/japan-first-coronavirus-case/ |date=2020-01-27 }}</ref> Nepi ka tanggal [[17 Maret]] 2020, geus aya 829 kasus sarta 29 urang anu tilar dunya.<ref name=":3" /> == Mimitina == Mimitina, kasus koronavirus di [[Jepang]] kapanggih ku positipna hiji warga nagara warga [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] di Préféktur Kanagawa di tanggal [[16 Januari]] [[2020]].<ref name=":0" /> Tuluy di tanggal [[13 Pébruari]] 2020, aya wanoja 80 taun anu tilar dunya ku sabab ieu virus anu dikonfirmasi di [[Préféktur Kanagawa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200214074112-4-137812/bukan-china-jepang-umumkan-korban-tewas-akibat-corona|title=Bukan China, Jepang Umumkan Korban Tewas akibat Corona|last=Redaksi|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Manéhna geus dirawat ti tanggal [[1 Pébruari]]. Salian ti positip koronavirus, manéhna ogé ngidap panyakit séjén anu geus parah.<ref name=":1" /> Ieu mangrupa kasus kematian munggaran ku sabab koronavirus di Jepang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/02/13/210554865/jepang-konfirmasi-kematian-pertama-kasus-virus-corona|title=Jepang Konfirmasi Kematian Pertama Kasus Virus Corona|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/berita-duka-jepang-laporkan-kematian-pertama-pasien-virus-corona|title=Berita duka, Jepang laporkan kematian pertama pasien virus corona - Page all|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Salian ti éta, Jepang mangrupa nagara munggaran anu manggihan kasus pasén anu beunang deui koronavirus saenggeus cageur. Di tanggal 27 Pébruari, wanoja di Osaka ngonfirmasi yén manéhna positip deui saenggeus dirawat tuluy cageur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4916760/kasus-pertama-di-jepang-wanita-di-osaka-ini-2-kali-terinfeksi-corona|title=Kasus Pertama di Jepang, Wanita di Osaka Ini 2 Kali Terinfeksi Corona|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229002454/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4916760/kasus-pertama-di-jepang-wanita-di-osaka-ini-2-kali-terinfeksi-corona |date=2020-02-29 }}</ref> == Sumebarna virus == Saenggeus virus ieu mimiti kakonfirmasi di Osaka di tanggal 16 Januari 2020, virus ieu sumebar di sakabéh wewengkon di Jepang. Anu paling parah nyaéta di [[Préféktur Hokkaido]], préféktur di beulah kalér Jepang. Nepi ka pamaréntah daérah préféktur éta netepkeun kaayaan darurat ti tanggal 28 Pébruari 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/virus-corona-menggila-hokkaido-nyatakan-keadaan-darurat|title=Virus corona menggila, Hokkaido nyatakan keadaan darurat - Page all|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/q6eryp335|title=Hokkaido Nyatakan Keadaan Darurat Virus Corona|website=Republika Online|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read274305/hokkaido-nyatakan-keadaan-darurat-corona-penduduk-diminta-tetap-tinggal-di-rumah|title=Hokkaido Nyatakan Keadaan Darurat Corona, Penduduk Diminta Tetap Tinggal di Rumah|website=Warta Ekonomi|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319035034/https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read274305/hokkaido-nyatakan-keadaan-darurat-corona-penduduk-diminta-tetap-tinggal-di-rumah |date=2020-03-19 }}</ref> Per tanggal éta, tina 214 kasus anu aya di Jepang, 54 kasus asalna ti Préféktur Hokkaido.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200228093251-4-141064/cegah-corona-meluas-jepang-liburkan-semua-sekolah|title=Cegah Corona Meluas, Jepang Liburkan Semua Sekolah|last=Sebayang|first=Rehia|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Pamaréntah daérah préféktur éta ménta supaya warga tetep cicing di imahna séwang-séwangan.<ref name=":2" /> Ieu di handap nyaéta tabél sumebarna kasus koronavirus di Jepang per tanggal 16 Maret 2020.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00657/coronavirus-cases-in-japan-by-prefecture.html|title=Coronavirus Cases in Japan by Prefecture|website=nippon.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Préféktur !Inféksi |- |Hokkaido |152 |- |Akita |1 |- |Miyagi |1 |- |Fukushima |2 |- |Gunma |6 |- |Tochigi |2 |- |Ibaraki |1 |- |Saitama |32 |- |Chiba |32 |- |Tokyo |102 |- |Kanagawa |58 |- |Niigata |19 |- |Yamanashi |2 |- |Shizuoka |3 |- |Nagano |4 |- |Ishikawa |6 |- |Aichi |122 |- |Gifu |2 |- |Mie |8 |- |Shiga |3 |- |Kyoto |15 |- |Osaka |108 |- |Nara |4 |- |Wakayama |15 |- |Hyogo |82 |- |Tokushima |1 |- |Kagawa |1 |- |Kochi |12 |- |Ehime |2 |- |HIroshima |1 |- |Yamaguchi |1 |- |Fukuoka |3 |- |Kisah |1 |- |Oita |1 |- |Nagasaki |1 |- |Kumamoto |5 |- |Miyazaki |1 |- |Okinawa |3 |} == Dampak == Loba pisan dampak anu dihasilkeun tina sumebarna ieu virus di Jepang. Di antarana nyaéta diperékeunna sakola, ti mimiti SD nepi ka SMA, kaitung ti tanggal [[2 Maret]] nepi ka [[6 April]] 2020 sacara nasional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200228093251-4-141064/cegah-corona-meluas-jepang-liburkan-semua-sekolah|title=Cegah Corona Meluas, Jepang Liburkan Semua Sekolah|last=Sebayang|first=Rehia|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Saacanna, tarékah ieu geus dilaksanakeun ku pamaréntah daérah [[Tokyo]], [[Osaka]], sarta [[Hokkaido]] ti tanggal 27 Pébruari 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2020/02/26/125117/seluruh-sekolah-di-hokkaido-jepang-ditutup-karena-corona|title=Seluruh Sekolah di Hokkaido Jepang Ditutup karena Corona|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> === Pariwisata === Kauntungan tina séktor pariwisata nurun ku sabab ayana ieu wabah. Tempat-tempat hiburan saperti Tokyo Disneyland, Tokyo DisneySea, Universal Studios Japan, ditutup saheulaanan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1314303/begini-pengaruh-virus-corona-terhadap-pariwisata-jepang|title=Begini Pengaruh Virus Corona Terhadap Pariwisata Jepang|last=Cahyana|first=Ludhy|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4190568/tokyo-disneyland-dan-sejumlah-tempat-wisata-lain-di-jepang-tutup-sementara-akibat-corona|title=Tokyo Disneyland dan Sejumlah Tempat Wisata Lain di Jepang Tutup Sementara Akibat Corona|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> Malahan mah féstival kembang sakura anu tadina rék dilaksanakeun usum semi taun ayeuna teu jadi dilaksanakeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4192033/dampak-wabah-corona-festival-bunga-sakura-di-jepang-tahun-ini-ditiadakan|title=Dampak Wabah Corona, Festival Bunga Sakura di Jepang Tahun Ini Diriadakan|last=|first=|website=Liputan6|publisher=|accessdate=19 Maret 2020}}</ref> === Olimpiade Tokyo 2020 === Ti saprak sumebarna ieu virus di Jepang, loba anu ngahariwangkeun lumangsungna gelaran Olimpiade 2020 di Tokyo. Komo deuih wabah [[COVID-19|koronavirus 2019]] ieu geus ditetepkeun jadi pandémi global ku WHO. Ningali tina gelaran acara-acara lianna di sakuliah dunya, saperti kajuaraan-kajuaraan BWF (saperti Swis Open, India Open, Singapore Open, jeung Malaysia Open),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inews.id/sport/all-sport/dampak-korona-bwf-tunda-4-turnamen-besar-setelah-all-england-2020|title=Dampak Korona, BWF Tunda 4 Turnamen Besar Setelah All England 2020|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-17}}</ref> [[MotoGP]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/sport/2020/03/18/seri-motogp-dibatalkan-dan-ditunda-karena-wabah-corona-para-pembalap-terancam-tidak-dibayar|title=Seri MotoGP Dibatalkan dan Ditunda karena Wabah Corona, Para Pembalap Terancam Tidak Dibayar|website=Tribunnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-17}}</ref> sarta [[Formula Hiji|Formula 1]] anu bedo dilaksanakeun luyu jeung jadwalna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read276570/imbas-corona-gelaran-f1-ditunda-hingga-juni-2020|title=Imbas Corona, Gelaran F1 Ditunda Hingga Juni 2020|website=Warta Ekonomi|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316132204/https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read276570/imbas-corona-gelaran-f1-ditunda-hingga-juni-2020 |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref> Sanajan kitu, [[Perdana Mentri Jepang|Perdana Menteri Jepang]], [[Shinzo Abe]], optimis tur keukeuh yén Olimpiade Tokyo bisa dilaksanakeun luyu jeung jadwal, nyaéta ti [[24 Juli]] nepi ka [[9 Agustus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.tv/article/71721/wabah-virus-corona-mengancam-jepang-ingin-olimpiade-2020-tokyo-tetap-diadakan|title=Wabah Virus Corona Mengancam, Jepang Ingin Olimpiade 2020 Tokyo Tetap Diadakan|website=KOMPAS.tv|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-17}}</ref> Manéhna geus nyiapkeun sagala rupa sangkan Olimpiade bisa dilaksanakeun tepat waktu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/sports/read/2020/03/15/11400078/di-tengah-wabah-corona-pm-jepang--persiapan-olimpiade-tokyo-2020-jalan|title=Di Tengah Wabah Corona, PM Jepang: Persiapan Olimpiade Tokyo 2020 Jalan Terus|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-17}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pandémi]] * [[COVID-19]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] [[Kategori:Jepang]] ll695r4oosq5dvvwve743tmnvxtk5rg 0 102179 711384 651686 2026-07-30T01:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Prada Samlawi |image = [[File:Prada Samlawi.jpg|thumb|Prada Samlawi, Pejuang asli [[Rumpin]]]] |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = [[Rumpin]], [[Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]] |known_for = [[Pahlawan|Pejuang]] [[Kemerdekaan Indonesia]] |death_date =1948 |death_place = [[Bangunjaya, Cigudeg, Bogor|Bangunjaya]], [[Cigudeg, Bogor|Cigudeg]], [[Kabupaten Bogor|Bogor]] |spouse = |children = |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |party = |spouse = |children = |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = |religion = [[Islam]] }} '''Prada Samlawi''' (lahir di [[Rumpin]], [[Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]]) mangrupikeun salah [[pahlawan|bajoang kabebasan]] [[Indonesia]] sareng mangrupikeun pejuang asli daérah [[Rumpin]]. Ngarana diabadikan janten nami jalan utama di [[Rumpin|Kecamatan Rumpin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceklissatu.com/news/hari-pahlawan-prada-samlawi-pejuang-yang-terlupakan/|title=Hari Pahlawan Prada Samlawi, Pejuang Yang Terlupakan|website=ceklissatu.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410013041/https://ceklissatu.com/news/hari-pahlawan-prada-samlawi-pejuang-yang-terlupakan/ |date=2021-04-10 }}</ref> ==Perjuangan== Prada Samlawi nyalira mangrupikeun putra asli [[Rumpin]], [[Kabupaten Bogor]]. Salila hirupna, manéhna kalibet ngusir [[penjajahan Belanda|penjajah Belanda]] ti nagara, utamina di daérah ''Bumi Tegar Beriman'' ([[Bogor]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metropolitan.id/2020/08/berjuang-usir-belanda-hingga-tewas-dibakar/|title=Samlawi Berjuang Usir Belanda hingga Tewas Dibakar|website=www.metropolitan.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410014201/https://www.metropolitan.id/2020/08/berjuang-usir-belanda-hingga-tewas-dibakar/ |date=2021-04-10 }}</ref> Manéhna diitung cukup pikeun teu resep ka penjajah. Prada Samlawi katelah jalma anu teu sieun ngusir penjajah. Wani na rada émut, utamina réréncangan dina panangan, di mana nalika éta Prada Samlawi aya di unit Bagian III, anu dipimpin ku Sersan Sairin. Prada Samlawi kedah paeh dina yuswa ngora pisan sakitar 35 taun. Anjeunna pupus nalika kalibet dina gelut di daérah Kampung Sentuk, [[Bangunjaya, Cigudeg, Bogor|Desa Bangunjaya]], [[Cigudeg, Bogor|Kecamatan Cigudeg]] dina [[1948]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radarbogor.id/2020/11/09/hari-pahlawan-2020-prada-samlawi-pejuang-asal-rumpin-yang-terlupakan|title=Hari Pahlawan 2020 : Prada Samlawi, Pejuang Asal Rumpin yang Terlupakan|website=www.radarbogor.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109073059/https://www.radarbogor.id/2020/11/09/hari-pahlawan-2020-prada-samlawi-pejuang-asal-rumpin-yang-terlupakan/ |date=2020-11-09 }}</ref> Sateuacanna, Samlawi sateuacan angkat, nyungkeun ngadamel [[kadaharan|pepes ikan]], tapi nalika asak, manéhna henteu gaduh waktos kanggo tuang pékan lauk. <blockquote> “Aing ngagaduhan inpormasi ti jalma anu ningali langsung di Désa Sentuk. Saatos sholat Djohor, Prada Samlawi diséréd sareng dihijikeun, teras diduruk, saatosna manéhna diculkeun ku pélor. Ngadéngé berita éta, Aing langsung ngaluarkeun cimata, ”ceuk Ozos. </blockquote> Prada Samlawi sanés ngan ukur [[TNI|prajurit]] anu taat ka atasanna. Tapi anjeunna teras-terasan rajin [[sholat|ibadah]], sanaos manéhna aya di daérah anu pikasieuneun pisan dina waktos éta. Abah Ugan, batur ti Prada Samlawi dina waktos éta, ningali langsung saatos manéhna dieksekusi. ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} bht032ovbxub8gs27psib35svwmxhms 0 104931 711382 664450 2026-07-30T00:40:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pantai Keusik Luhur''' nyaéta salah sahiji pantai anu aya di Désa Kertamukti, Kacamatan Cimerak, Kabupatén Pangandaran, Propinsi Jawa Barat. Pantai ieu jarakna kira-kira 30 kilométer ti puseur dayeuh [[Pangandaran, Pangandaran|Pangandaran]] sarta bisa ditempuh dina waktu 1 jam 15 menit ti puseur dayeuh.Sanajan rada jauh, pintonan pantai masih patut perjalanan panjang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-keusik-luhur.html|title=Pantai Keusik Luhur Pangandaran: Lokasi, Wisata, Rute|last=Aisha|first=Mendy|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-02-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203050620/https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-keusik-luhur.html |date=2024-02-03 }}</ref> Pantai Keusik Luhur mangrupikeun tempat anu pas pikeun kagiatan mancing. Anjeun tiasa mancing ti luhur gawir karang. Nanging, anjeun kedah ati-ati ngajaga kasalametan anjeun tina karang anu seukeut sareng keras.Bari nungguan nyekel dina rod fishing Anjeun, Anjeun bisa ngambekan dina hawa pantai jeung ngarasakeun kaéndahan alam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-keusik-luhur.html|title=Pantai Keusik Luhur Pangandaran: Lokasi, Wisata, Rute|last=Aisha|first=Mendy|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-02-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203050620/https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-keusik-luhur.html |date=2024-02-03 }}</ref> Pantai ieu mangrupikeun lokasi anu sampurna pikeun ngaraosan sunrise sareng surup. Karang anu indah sapanjang pantai, angin sepoi-sepoi sareng ombak anu nabrak ngajantenkeun suasana langkung asri. Pantulan panonpoé dina bentang cai laut nyiptakeun warna emas anu aheng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-keusik-luhur.html|title=Pantai Keusik Luhur Pangandaran: Lokasi, Wisata, Rute|last=Aisha|first=Mendy|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-02-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203050620/https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-keusik-luhur.html |date=2024-02-03 }}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Pangandaran, Ciamis]] dsqfyy23ed4j0sdlywdnvob4mzxxbiw 0 107680 711383 709221 2026-07-30T01:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 711383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pelecing kangkung.JPG|jmpl|Plecing kangkung]] '''Plecing kangkung''' téh salah sahiji kadaharan has Indonésia asalna ti Bali jeung Lombok. Plecing kangkung dijieunna tina kangkung nu direbus, tuluy dihidangkeun dina kaayaan tiis jeung seger bari dibarengan sambel tomat. Sambelna dijieun tina cabé rawit, uyah, tarasi, jeung tomat, kadang ditambahan peresan jeruk limau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bilebante.com/id_ID/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/|title=Plecing Kangkung Khas Lombok - Desa Wisata Hijau Bilebante|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224190026/https://bilebante.com/id_ID/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/ |date=2025-12-24 }}</ref> == Sajarah kadaharan == Plecing kangkung téh salasahiji kuliner tradisional asal Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Ieu kadaharan dipikawanoh minangka sajian basajan anu bahan utamana kangkung, tuluy dituang jeung sambel pedas has daérahna. Campuran éta ngahasilkeun rasa nu kuat bari sakaligus ngagambarkeun idéntitas kuliner masarakat Lombok. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/kuliner/d-7366546/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok-sejarah-hingga-manfaat-bagi-tubuh|title=Plecing Kangkung Khas Lombok: Sejarah hingga Manfaat Bagi Tubuh|last=Kusuma|first=Zheerlin Larantika Djati|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-12-18}}</ref> Dina sajarahna, plecing kangkung lain ngan ukur jadi tuangeun sapopoé, tapi ogé ngagambarkeun tradisi agraris masarakat satempat. Kangkung anu dipaké biasana dipelak di lahan nu loba cai, saperti walungan leutik jeung sawah, sarta kualitasna gumantung pisan kana kasadiaan cai. Kadaharan ieu geus diwariskeun ti jaman karuhun sarta tetep jadi bagian penting tina budaya kuliner NTB nepi ka kiwari. Dina cara nyajikeunna, kangkung direbus nepi ka satengah asak, tuluy dihidangkeun jeung sambel anu dijieun tina cabé, terasi, tomat, uyah, jeung vetsin. Pikeun nambahan tékstur jeung rasa, plecing kangkung mindeng ditambahan taoge, kacang panjang, jeung parutan kalapa.<ref name=":0" /> Salaku pangiring hayam taliwang di Pulo Lombok, plecing kangkung biasana dihidangkeun jeung tambahan sayuran saperti taoge, kacang panjang, kacang taneuh goréng, atawa urap. Bahan plecing kangkung di Bali mah teu saloba nu di Lombok, biasana ngan kangkung, sambel, kuah pindang, jeung kacang. Bédana, plecing kangkung Lombok mah kudu maké taoge, sedengkeun di Bali taoge téh pilihan waé. Di Bali, plecing kangkung ogé mindeng dihidangkeun babarengan jeung hayam betutu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poroslombok.com/artikel/sejarah-pelecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/|title=Sejarah Pelecing Kangkung Khas Lombok|last=Redaksi|website=POROS LOMBOK|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223015719/https://poroslombok.com/artikel/sejarah-pelecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/ |date=2025-12-23 }}</ref> Kangkung anu dipaké pikeun ieu kadaharan ogé has pisan. Henteu sarua jeung kangkung sayur anu biasa kapanggih di Pulo Jawa, tapi mangrupa kangkung cai anu biasana dipelak di walungan anu ngalir ku cara husus, nepi ka ngahasilkeun batang kangkung anu gede jeung renyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kecilungresto.com/2023/05/10/menilik-plecing-kangkung-beserta-sejarahnya/|title=Menilik plecing kangkung beserta sejarahnya – Kecilung Kitchen & Resto|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-12-18}}</ref> == Mangpaat plecing kangkung khas Lombok == Plecing kangkung lain ngan ukur kasohor ku rasa pedasna anu has, tapi ogé miboga nilai gizi anu mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan awak. Kangkung salaku bahan utama ngandung rupa-rupa zat penting anu ngabantu fungsi awak manusa.<ref name=":0" /> * Vitamin C ngabantu ningkatkeun sistim imun jeung daya tahan awak. * Karotenoid, lutein, jeung vitamin A ngarojong kaséhatan panon sarta mantuan nyegah panyakit degeneratif saperti katarak. * Zat beusi gunana pikeun nyegah anemia ku cara ngabantu pembentukan sél getih beureum. * Antioksidan anu luhur mantuan ngajaga sél tina karuksakan sarta boga poténsi ngurangan résiko kanker. * Konsumsi kangkung ogé patali jeung ngajaga kaséhatan ati jeung nyegah karuksakan organ éta. * Sababaraha kandunganana dipercaya bisa mantuan ngungkulan hésé sare (insomnia), sangkan kualitas sare jadi leuwih hadé. == Répérénsi == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus Mataram]] [[Kategori:Hidangan Lombok]] cokrocybtras8qlstxwpd9fa1wq2c4l