Atlas

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'''Peta''' atawa '''atlas''' mangrupa gambaran dua-diménsi pikeun rohangan tilu diménsi. Élmu nyieun peta disebut [[kartografi]].

== Pedaran ==
Atlas baheula mah tara jelas, sarta biasana mah sok dilieurkeun ku masalah mana nu jadi puseurna. Sigana mah tujuan dijieunna peta gé lain pikeun tujuan géografis, sabab leuwih condong midangkeun sajarah nu patali jeung éta wewengkon.

Loba peta boga ''skala'', nu nangtukeun sabaraha badag objék dina peta dibandingkeun jeung ukuran sabenerna maranéhanana. Skala nu leuwih gedé nembongkeun leuwih jéntré, perlu peta nu leuwih gedé pikeun mintonkeun wewengkon nu sarua. Sanajan kitu, sababaraha peta teu digambar kana skala - conto kawentar nyaéta peta London Underground.
&lt;!--
If the map covers a large area of the surface of a globe, such as [[Earth|the Earth]], it also has a [[map projection|projection]], a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. One commonly used for navigation is the [[Mercator Projection]]; other popular projections are polar and a variety of equal-area projections.

The features shown on a map vary according to its purpose. For example, a [[road]] map may or may not show [[railroad]]s, and if it does, it may show them less clearly than [[highway]]s.

Maps can be political or geographical. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the geographical is to show features of [[physical geography]] such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[Geologic fault|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures.

Many surveying projects have been carried out by the military. An example of this the [[British]] [[Ordnance Survey]] (which now is a civilian government agency).

Because maps are abstract representations of the world they are not neutral documents and must be carefully interpreted. It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. [[Lewis Carroll]] made this point humorously in ''Sylvie and Bruno'' with his mention of a fictional map that had &quot;the scale of a mile to the mile.&quot; A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that &quot;we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well.&quot;
--&gt;

== Peta éléktronik ==

For maps on a computer display, e.g. from the web or locally stored on CD-ROM or harddisk, zooming in méans enlarging the scale, either by showing a smaller aréa in the same viewing window or by showing the same aréa in a larger viewing window, and one of the following:
* replace the map by a more detailed one
* enlarge the same map without enlarging the [[pixel]]s, hence show more detail
* enlarge the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the quality of one's vision, possibly more detail can be seen; if a computer display does not show adjacent pixels réally separate, but overlapping instéad (this does not apply for an [[LCD]] display, but may apply for a [[cathode ray tube|CRT]]), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail.

Combinations are possible, e.g. the second applying for text and the third for the outline of a map féature such as a forest, a building etc. Also the map may have layers which are partly [[raster graphics]] and partly [[vector graphics]].

For a single raster graphics image the second applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display; on further zooming in, the third applies.

For a [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]-file typically the second applies. The incréase in detail is, of course, limited to the information contained in the file: enlarging a curve it may eventually become a series of straight line segments, or other standard géometric figures such as arcs of circles.

A variation of the third possibility is that interpolation is performed.

Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in. A variation of the first possibility above is that more text is displayed (such as more town names), but that for the rest of the image the second applies.

See also [[Webpage#Graphics]], [[Portable Document Format#Layers]].

== Peta na Wikipédia ==
[[Daptar nagara|Unggal artikel nagara]] kudu nyadiakeun peta nagarana, ogé [[Daptar éntitas subnasional|bagian-bagian tina nagara éta]]. ''Tempo ogé [[Peta dunya]], [[Peta na Wikipédia]].''

== Tumbu jeung acuan ==

=== Acuan ===
* David Buisseret, ed., ''Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, [ISBN 0-226-07987-2]
* Mark Monmorier, ''How to Lie with Maps'', [ISBN 0-226-53421-9]

=== Tempo ogé ===
* [[Atlas (kartografi)]]
* [[Peta topografik]]
* [[Peta géologis]]

=== Tumbu kaluar ===
* [http://www.multimap.com/ Multimap world atlas]: on UK, US, Canada, Australia and Western Europe more detailed than the rest of the world
* [http://www.expedia.com/pub/agent.dll?qscr=mmfn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723060809/http://www.expedia.com/pub/agent.dll?qscr=mmfn |date=2004-07-23 }} - [[Microsoft]]/[[Encarta]]/[[Expedia]] world atlas, for North America and Europe to street level.
* [http://www.mapquest.com/maps MapQuest]: on US, Canada and Western Europe more detailed than the rest of the world
* [http://maps.yahoo.com Yahoo Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313184016/http://maps.yahoo.com/ |date=2009-03-13 }}: on US, Canada, Germany, France, Spain, Italy
* [http://de.maps.yahoo.com/ Yahoo Germany]: on France, UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Switzerland, Benelux
* [http://www.mapsouthpacific.com/ Map South Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316042315/http://www.mapsouthpacific.com/ |date=2005-03-16 }}: on Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia
* [http://mapapps.esri.com/routing/]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - [[ESRI]] atlas of the US
* [http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020547/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ |date=2008-12-05 }}
* [http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/ Small country maps, conveniently linked from continent maps]
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps UT scanned collection]: by the [[University of Texas at Austin]]
* [http://www.citoplan.nl/citoplan/img/legenda_groot.gif Example of legend (Cito-Plan city maps)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015183447/http://www.citoplan.nl/citoplan/img/legenda_groot.gif |date=2004-10-15 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20040619192908/http://www.geocities.com/marcoschmidt.geo/geo-data.html
* [http://nationalmap.usgs.gov/ USGS National Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224231610/https://nationalmap.usgs.gov/ |date=2016-12-24 }}

&lt;!-- Hidden because meta-content can't be in the main article namespace
''See also [[Wikipedia:Proposed syntax for standard maps]]''
''See also [[Wikipedia:Map]]''
--&gt;

[[Kategori:Kartografi]]</text>
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    <title>Cucunguk</title>
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| color = pink
| name = Cucunguk
| image = Blaberus giganteus MHNT dos.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption =  (''Blaberus giganteus'') nu panjangna 9 cm.
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Artropoda]]
| classis = [[Serangga|Insékta]]
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| ordo = '''Blattodea'''
| subdivision_ranks = Famili
| subdivision = 
[[Blaberidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blattellidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blattidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cryptocercidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Polyphagidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nocticolidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}

'''Cucunguk''' (kadang kacalétot jadi '''cungunguk''') ([[Basa Indonésia]]:''Kecoa'') mangrupa [[serangga]] ti [[ordo]] '''Blattodéa''' ([[basa Yunani|Yun.]] ''blatta'' hartina &quot;cucunguk&quot;), kabagi kana kira 3.500 [[spésiés]] cucunguk dina 6 famili. Cucunguk mah aya di mana-mana, iwal di wewengkon kutub jeung pagunungan luhureun 2.000 m (lbl).

Nu ilahar kapanggih, di antarana [[cucunguk Amérika]] (''Periplaneta americana'') nu panjangna 3&amp;nbsp;cm, [[cucunguk Jérman]] (''Blattella germanica'') nu panjangna 1,5&amp;nbsp;cm, jeung cucunguk [[tropis]] nu kadang leuwih badag. Mun aya di sabudeureun wangunan (komo di jero mah), cucunguk téh dianggap [[hama]].

== Sajarah évolusionér jeung pancakaki ==
[[Gambar:Cockroach closeup.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Cucunguk]]
[[Fosil]] mirip cucunguk kapanggih ti periode [[Carboniferous]] 354–295 juta taun ka tukang. Tapi, ieu fosil mah sigana leuwih deukeut ka [[rinyuh]] jeung [[congcorang]]. Aya ogé nu nyangka yén justru rinyuh téh turunan cucunguk. Fosil cucunguk 'modéren' aya dina jaman [[Cretaceous]] awal. Ku sababaraha [[éntomolog]] mah, [[Mantodea]] jeung Blattodéa téh dihijikeun dina ordo [[Dictyoptera]].

== Biologi ==
Sacara umum mah cucunguk téh kaasup [[omnivora]], iwal spésiés ''Cryptocercus'' ti [[Cina]] jeung [[Amérika Serikat]] nu beuki kai. Najan awakna teu bisa nyerna [[selulosa]], cucunguk ieu mah boga hubungan [[simbiosis|simbiotik]] jeung [[protozoa]] nu nyerna selulosa, sahingga si cucungukna bisa ngala gizina. Cara kieu téh ciples jeung [[rinyuh]], sahingga panalungtikan mutahir mah ngarojong ka ngiserkeun ''Cryptocercus'' leuwih deukeut ka rinyuh. Lolobana mah cucunguk téh hirup di wewengkon nu iklimna tropis jeung [[subtropis]]. Sababaraha spésiés malah dalit pisan jeung kahirupan sapopoé manusa, sabab 'idek liher'na téh teu jauh ti dapur jeung tempat runtah.

Cucunguk [[bikang]] kadang mawa kapsul [[endog (biologi)|endog]] dina tungtung [[abdomén]]na. Cucunguk Jérman bikangna mawa kapsul nu ngandung 40-an endog. Kapsul téh bakal dilésotkeun mun geus deukeut ka megar. Kamekaran ti endog nepi ka sawawa méakkeun waktu 3–4 bulan, sedengkeun jangka hirupna bisa nepi ka sataun. Bikangna bisa bisa ngahasilkeun dalapan kapsul endog sapanjang hirupna (300-400 turunan dina kaayaan hadé!).Cucunguk biasa mah leuwih deui. Dina kapsulna bisa ngandung saratusan endog, sahingga saumur hirupna bisa ngahasilkeun sajuta turunan.

Cucunguk pangbadagna nyaéta cucunguk raksasa nu sok ngaliang ti Australia, nu panjangna bisa nepi ka 9&amp;nbsp;cm sarta beurat 30 gr. Nu rada mapakan téh ''[[Blaberus giganteus]]''. Sababaraha waktu ka tukang, kabéjakeun ayana cucunguk raksasa ti wewengkon [[Kalimantan]] nu hirup di guha, ukuranana nepi ka 10&amp;nbsp;cm, tapi gerakna laun [http://www.pikiran-rakyat.co.id/cetak/2006/042006/06/cakrawala/lain01.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100204/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.co.id/cetak/2006/042006/06/cakrawala/lain01.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}.

Cucunguk mah lolobana liar peuting ([[nokturnal]]), sarta sok ngajauhan [[cahya]]. Watek ieu teu lumaku pikeun [[cucunguk Oriéntal]] nu sok kairut ku cahya, sahingga jadi hama nu leuwih ngaganggu batan cucunguk biasa.

Cucunguk mangrupa salah sahiji serangga pangkuatanana, sabab bisa hirup sabulan tanpa dahar, sarta hirup tanpa hulu saminggu lilana. Cucunguk ogé bisa nahan napas salila 45 menit, ngalaunan pacu jantungna, sarta tahan radiasi [http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1996/12-13-1996/bomb.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410141827/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1996/12-13-1996/bomb.html |date=2006-04-10 }}.

== Sababaraha spésiés ==
[[Gambar:Common Cockroach - Project Gutenberg eText 16410.png|thumb|right|Cucunguk biasa (Blatta orientalis): a. bikang; b. jalu; c. bikang ti gigir; d. anakna.]]
* ''[[Periplaneta americana]]'', cucunguk Amérika
* ''[[Eurycotis floridana]]'', cucunguk kai Florida
* ''[[Blatta orientalis]]'', cucunguk Oriental
* ''[[Blattella germanica]]'', cucunguk Jérman
* ''[[Blattella asahinai]]'', cucunguk Asia
* ''[[Pycnoscelus surinamensis]]'', cucunguk Suriname
* ''[[Supella longipalpa]]'', cucunguk pita coklat
* ''[[Periplaneta australasiae]]'', cucunguk Australia
* ''[[Periplaneta fuliginosa]]'', cucunguk 'Smokybrown'
* ''[[Parcoblatta pennsylvanica]]'', cucunguk kai Pennsylvania
* ''[[Periplaneta brunnea]]'', cucunguk Coklat
* ''[[Blatta marimantaringisis]]'', cucunguk bau gedé hulu

== Cucunguk Madagaskar ==
Cucunguk Madagaskar (''Gromphadorhina portentosa'') nu sok disada téh serangga teu jangjangan ti leuweung [[Madagaskar]]. Gawéna nyumput dina sela-sela [[kulit kai]] [[tangkal|tatangkalan]] atawa dina tumpukan [[daun|dangdaunan]], ngahakanan sésa tutuwuhan kayaning daun jeung [[buah|bungbuahan]] nu ragrag. Cucunguk ieu kaasup [[organisme]] [[ovovivipar]], sarta kaasup cucunguk pangbadagna (bisa nepi ka 8&amp;nbsp;cm).

[[Prédator]] nu ngamangsa ieu cucunguk bakal kareuwaskeun ku dua hal: serangga ieu sadana tarik sarta sukuna cucukan. Sora ieu kaluar kawas piriwit nu ngaluarkeun angin tina [[spirakel]]na.

Najan hirup di [[leuweung]], cucunguk ieu sok kairut ku cahya ti paimahan, nepi ka nyelendep ka jero. Najan kitu, sato ieu tara ganggu. Malah bakal ingkah mun kaganggu. Sato ieu sok dipaké dina rupa-rupa acara hiburan, sabab, najan pikeun sabagian jalma mah tetep pikageuleuheun, cucunguk ieu teu jangjangan, gerakna laun, sarta teu bau. Cucunguk ieu ogé kungsi dipaké dina ujicoba robot [http://www.conceptlab.com/control/].

== Paripolah ==
Panalungtikan mutahir di Universitas Florida nunjukkeun yén cucunguk ninggalkeun tapak kimiawi dina [[tai]]na. Cucunguk lianna bakal nuturkeun tapak ieu ka tempat panyumputan cucunguk lianna, ka tempat nu aya hakaneun atawa cai. Hasil ieu panalungtikan bisa dipaké pikeun ngontrol hama cucunguk, misalna, ku cara méré tapak palsu ka tempat séjén sahingga cucungukna parindah ninggalkeun urang.

== Habitat ==

Cucunguk bisa nyaluyukeun manéh jeung rupa-rupa lingkungan, tapi karesepna mah di nu haneut modél di jero wangunan.

=== Kontrol hama ===
Sangkan aman mah, taya jalan iwal nyimpen sakabéh [[pangan|katuangan]] dina wadah anu ditutup rapet, wadah runtah kudu ditutupan kalawan rapet, sarta mindeng méré sihan dapur jeung rohangan lianna. Saluran-saluran cai nu bocor (sahingga cai ngeuyeumbeu) kudu geuwat dioméan, sarta liang-liang asup ka imah kudu nutup rapet, ulah aya lolongkrang. Mun cucungukna geus asup, bisa ogé maké bahan kimia, misalna [[asam borat]], atawa kapur anu dihususkeun ngusir (maéhan serangga).

== Sajarah ==
Sababaraha tulisan heubeul nyebutkeun yén sabangsaning cucunguk téh dipaké salaku ubar. [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (''[[abad ka-1]]''), [[Kamaluddin Addamiri]] jeung [[Abu Hanifah Addainuri]] (''[[abad ka-9]]'') nawarkeun ramuan ubar tina cucunguk hasil ngagiling atawa hasil ngagodog pikeun ngubaran kasakit ceuli, tatu, jeung kalainan/cacad kandungan.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.cockroach-pictures.com cockroach pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531040445/http://cockroach-pictures.com/ |date=2013-05-31 }} shares pictures and facts on cockroaches and their behavior, feeding habits and life cycle.
* [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7467.html UC Davis on Cockroaches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310125242/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7467.html |date=2016-03-10 }}
* [http://pested.unl.edu/chapter1.htm Online Book about Cockroaches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118232729/http://pested.unl.edu/chapter1.htm |date=2008-01-18 }}
* [http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/cockroach_faq.html The Cockroach FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331131728/http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/cockroach_faq.html |date=2023-03-31 }}
* [http://darwinblog.blogspot.com/2005/12/transitional-species-in-insect_24.html Transitional Species in Insect Evolution] discusses the evolution of termites from cockroach ancestors
* [http://www.angelfire.com/oh2/Roaches/ Allpet Roaches] for roach enthusiasts
* [http://www.spidy.goliathus.com/english/gallery-cockroaches.php Cockroaches gallery]

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Cockroach|Cockroach]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (16 Maret 2006)
* Christopher O'Toole (éd.). 2002. ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders''. ISBN 1-55297-612-2
* Bernhard Klausnitzer. 1987. ''Insects: Their Biology and Cultural History''. ISBN 0-87663-666-0

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| extended to =
}}
'''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]].

Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&amp;nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&amp;nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&amp;nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&amp;nbsp;GB.

Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html
|title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release)
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Seán Byrne
|date = 2007-02-23
|work = cdrfreaks.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |date=2007-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}&lt;/ref&gt; pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/ |date=2008-08-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]].

Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray  [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&amp;nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&amp;nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]].

== Sajarah ==
{{Optical disc authoring}}
[[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]]
Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asal ===
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar.

The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html
|title =  Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|date=  2000-10-11
|work = cdrinfo.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html
|title = Replacement for DVD unveiled
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Barry Fox
|date=  2002-02-19
|work = newscientist.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members.

The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062709/https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |date=2017-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray  standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs.

=== Kompetisi jeung HD DVD ===

The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&amp;PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&amp;PageNum=2 |date=2007-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011126/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |date=2007-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html |date=2007-08-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray |date=2009-06-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |date=2007-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25&quot; [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |date=2007-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Attempts to avoid a format war ====

The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's &quot;iHD&quot; (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalemate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html |date=2008-01-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to &quot;work more smoothly with personal computers&quot;.  The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;DaggersDrawn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards,  Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher=|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html|archivedate=2008-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumours surfaced that an &quot;unnamed partner&quot; had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalemate&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DaggersDrawn&quot;/&gt; At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |date=2009-07-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray  adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray|archivedate=2005-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd|archivedate=2007-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun ===

The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html
|title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge
|accessyear = 2007-10-17
|author = Martyn Williams
|date=  2004-08-05
|work = pcworld.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped.
The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/
|title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification
|accessdate = 2007-10-17
|author = Tony Smith
|date=  2006-01-06
|work = theregister.co.uk
}}&lt;/ref&gt; AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yVZZ|archivedate=2012-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html 
|title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan
|accessdate=2007-10-17 
|author=
|date= 2006-03-31
|work= foxnews.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp
|title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player
|accessdate= 2007-10-17
|author= Dan Costa
|date= 2006-06-15
|work= pcmag.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |date=2007-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt; The first movies using dual layer discs (50&amp;nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html
| title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review
| accessdate = 2007-09-15
| date = 2006-10-10
| last = Bracke
| first = Peter M.
| work = HighDefDigest.com
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html |date=2007-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699.

HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021072645/http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |date=2007-10-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales   |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disc structure ==
=== Laser and optics ===

Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a &quot;blue&quot; (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&amp;nbsp;nm and 780&amp;nbsp;nm respectively.

The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&amp;nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum &quot;[[spatial resolution|spot size]]&quot; on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.)

=== Hard-coating technology ===
Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary.

[[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.

== Software standards ==
=== Codecs ===
[[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques.

The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed.

The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&amp;nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;

For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Java software support ===
{{utama|BD-J}}
At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard.

=== Kode wewengkon ===
[[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html
 | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video
 | language =
 | accessdate = 2007-01-14
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Region code !! Aréa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392
 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control?
 | language = 
 | accessdate = 2006-08-29
 | year = 2006
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]].
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]].
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]].
|-
|}

This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are &quot;ALL&quot; region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe.

=== Digital rights management ('''DRM''') ===
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dellbd-romprotection&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |date=2007-03-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They have been at léast partially circumvented.

'''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]].

Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

'''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html&lt;/ref&gt;  BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:&lt;ref name=&quot;dellbd-romprotection&quot;/&gt;
* examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
* verify that the player's keys have not been changed.
* execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.
* transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it.

If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases.

The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website].

BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |date=2007-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.

When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them.

== Player profiles ==
The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |date=2007-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Féature&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |date=2007-10-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0)
! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1)
! BD-Live (Profile 2)
|-
| Built-in persistent memory
| 64 KB
| 64 KB
| 64 KB
|-
| Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}}
| –
| 256 MB
| 1 GB
|-
| Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]])
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}}
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| [[Virtual file system]]
| Optional
| Mandatory
| Mandatory
|-
| Internet connection capability
| No
| No
| Mandatory
|}
{{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory.

{{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary

On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by &quot;Bonus View&quot; as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.&lt;ref name=&quot;BonusView&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html |date=2008-12-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.&lt;ref&gt;[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]&lt;/ref&gt; On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on &quot;Bonus View&quot; hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186 |date=2007-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Backward compatibility ==
While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]].

== List of Blu-ray devices ==
&lt;!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource:
http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
! Device name
! Manufacturer
! Type of device
! Release date
! Approximate price
|-
| [[PlayStation 3]]
| [[Sony]]
| [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1)
| [[November 11]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]399&lt;ref name=&quot;PS3price&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&amp;STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&amp;EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;/499$
|-
| [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]]
| [[Panasonic]]
| Stand-alone player
| 2006
| [[United States dollar|US$]]599
|-
| DMP-BD30
| [[Panasonic]]
| Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1)
| 2007
| [[United States dollar|US$]]500
|-
| [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]]
| [[Sony]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[December 4]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]1000
|-
| BD-P1200
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[January 8]], [[2007]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]799
|-
| BD-P1000
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| [[June 20th]], [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]450 
|-
| [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]]
| [[Sony]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]499
|-
| [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }}
| [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| 
|-
| BD-P1400
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]499
|-
| BDP-LX70
| [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. )
|-
| BDP-LX80
| Pioneer
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HP1
| [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]]
| Stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-AV1
| Sharp
| BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-AV10
| Sharp
| BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HDW15
| Sharp
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| December 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| AQUOS BD-HDW20
| Sharp
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| December 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DMR-E700BD
| [[Panasonic]]
| Blu-ray/DVD Recorder
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW200
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BR100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html
 | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback
 | accessdate = 2006-10-13
 | year = 2006
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html |date=2006-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }}
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW800
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| DIGA DMR-BW900
| Panasonic
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1)
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-V7
| [[Sony]] 
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-V9
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| 
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-T50
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-T70
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-L70
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| BDZ-X90
| Sony
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player
| November 2007
| JP Only. open price
|-
| [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX]
| [[VidaBox]]
| [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
| 
| 
|-
| BH-100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml
 | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive
 | accessdate = 2007-04-15
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[LG Electronics]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
|  [[January 7]], [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BH-200
| [[LG Electronics]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
|  [[October]], [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BD-UP5000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109
 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive
 | accessdate = 2007-04-15
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Samsung]]
| Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD)
| 
| 
|-
| [[VAIO]] AR Series
| [[Sony]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2006
|
|-
| [[VAIO]] FZ Series
| [[Sony]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2007
|  
|-
| XPS M1710
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| December 2006
| [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599
|-
| XPS M1730
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
|
|
|-
| XPS M2010
| [[Dell]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| Pavilion Desktop
| [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive)
| [[9 May]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| TravelMate 8215WLMi&lt;ref name=&quot;travelmate_blu-ray&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |date=2007-12-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Acer]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 2006
| 
|-
| ASUS Lamborghini VX2&lt;ref name=&quot;travelmate_blu-ray&quot;/&gt;
| [[ASUSTek]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| ASUS Lamborghini W2W&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&amp;model=1834&amp;l1=5&amp;l2=22&amp;l3=192&amp;l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[ASUSTek]]
| [[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
| 
| 
|-
| BDC-2202
| [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
| PC drive
| [[May 2]], [[2007]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]299&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html
 | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release
 | accessdate = 2007-05-04
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html |date=2007-05-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| DH-401S&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=about:blank
 | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive
 | accessdate = 2007-10-31
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[LiteOn]]
| PC drive
| [[31 October]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BC-1205PT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php
 | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive
 | accessdate = 2007-09-09
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[ASUS]]
| PC drive
| [[9 September]] [[2007]]
| 
|-
| BWU-100A
| [[ASUS]]
| Recordable PC drive
| [[July 18]] [[2006]]
| [[United States dollar|US$]]699 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html
 | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive
 | accessdate = 2007-05-04
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html |date=2009-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| DZ-BD7A&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]]
| Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]]
| 
|
|-
| DZ-BD7HA&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA,  Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&amp;level=4&amp;section=products&amp;parent=details&amp;nav=left&amp;path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]]
| Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder
| 
|  
|-
| Lite-On DH-4O1S&lt;ref name=&quot;cheap-199-player&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |date=2008-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]]
| Read Only PC Drive
| 
| [[United States dollar|US$]]199&lt;ref name=&quot;cheap-199-player&quot;/&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --&gt;
Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corporate support ==

{{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}}
[[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]]

Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/
 | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format &quot;Blu-ray Disc&quot; Established
 | publisher=SONY Press Release
 | language =
 | date=  February 19, 2002
 | accessdate = 2007-08-31
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]].

Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe.  Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.&lt;ref name=&quot;HDOutsideUS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]&lt;/ref&gt;

It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]].  [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray |date=2008-11-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958 |date=2007-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats.

It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}&lt;/ref&gt; including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&amp;page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important.

Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs.  They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&amp;item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&amp;item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html
 | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format
 | accessdate = 2007-06-17
 | year = 2007
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html |date=2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&amp;ResLibraryID=20345&amp;Category=1027
 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores
 | accessdate = 2007-06-17
 | year = 2007
 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about 
 | title = About Netflix 
 | accessdate = 2007-12-13
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/
 | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray 
 | accessdate = 2007-12-13
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726&lt;/ref&gt; While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html
 | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format
 | accessdate = 2007-07-29
 | year = 2007
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html|archivedate=2007-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a &quot;jaw-dropping&quot; sum for the end cap displays.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&amp;ctrack=5&amp;cset=true
 | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion
 | accessdate = 2007-09-10
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format.  Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD.  Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm
 | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs
 | accessdate = 2007-08-20
 | year = 2007
 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html
 | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg)
 | accessdate = 2007-08-20
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html
 | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray
 | accessdate = 2007-08-21
 | year = 2007
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&amp;en=fe619b851abc0231&amp;ei=5124&amp;partner=permalink&amp;exprod=permalink 
 | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival 
 | accessdate = 2007-08-21
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  
 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&amp;cs=1 
 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg 
 | accessdate = 2007-09-19
 | year = 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison ==
{{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}}
{{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}}
The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&amp;nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&amp;nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;tripleApproved&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943
| title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All
| accessdate = 2007-09-15
| date=  2007-09-13
| last = Fulton III
| first = Scott M.
| work = BetaNews
| language = English
}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&amp;nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&amp;nbsp;GB disc&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;&gt;[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]&lt;/ref&gt; while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&amp;nbsp;GB dual layer format.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt;

In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt;

In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&amp;nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).&lt;ref name=&quot;DDplus_whitepaper&quot;&gt;[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com&lt;/ref&gt; Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]].

As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt; which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.&lt;ref name=&quot;BDaudio_support&quot;&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.&lt;ref name=&quot;bluraystats&quot;/&gt; In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with &quot;repeat field flags&quot;). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}}

There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region.

Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |date=2007-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ongoing development ==
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&amp;nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics (&quot;Hitachi used a standard drive.&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=3
 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY
 | language = 
 | accessdate = 2007-09-27
 | year = 2005
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=3 |date=2007-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493
 | title =  Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback
}}&lt;/ref&gt;   
Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K).  Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&amp;nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&amp;nbsp;GB data layers.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDK200GB_announcement&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=127
 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&amp;nbsp;GB CAPACITY
 | publisher = TDK
 | accessdate = 2006-11-27
 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]]
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&amp;recid=127 |date=2006-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&amp;nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&amp;nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656
| title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow
| accessdate = 2007-04-24
| date=  2007-01-10
| last = Yam
| first = Marcus
| work = DailyTech
| language = English
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html
 | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology
 | accessdate = 2006-05-30
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt; This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure.

[[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&amp;nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&amp;nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&amp;nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]&lt;/ref&gt;  TDK has also produced a 200&amp;nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.&lt;ref name=&quot;TDK200GB_announcement&quot;/&gt;

== Variants ==
=== BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc ===
BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&amp;nbsp;Mbit/s.
These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html
| title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring
| accessdate = 2007-08-19
| format = HTML
| work = 
| language = English
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html |date=2008-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]]

=== AVCREC ===
AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD.

=== Blu-ray Disc recordable ===
{{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}}
[[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]].

=== HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs ===
Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[List of Blu-ray Movies]]
* [[Blu-ray Disc Association]]
* [[Format war]]
* [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA)
* [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]]
* [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals
* [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries
* [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]]

=== Tehnologi cakram alternatif ===
* [[HD DVD]]
* [[AVCHD]]
* [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]]
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD)
* [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format
* [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]]
* [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&amp;nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008
* [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs
* [[PH-DVD]]
* [[Protein-coated disc]]
* [[Tapestry Media]]
* [[Ultra Density Optical]]
* [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]]
* [[LS-R]] – a &quot;layer selection&quot; technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}}
{{Portal|Blu-ray}}
* [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association]
* [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site]
* [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA]
* [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }}
* [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology]
* [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories]
* [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS]
* [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing]
* [http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }} by Hugh Bennett
* [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD...
* [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray]

=== Warta ===
* [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]].
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]].
* [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&amp;nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]].
* [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]].
* [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]].
* [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]].
* [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&amp;&amp;article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&amp;&amp;article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]].
* [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles]
{{Home_video}}

{{HighDefinitionMedia}}

[[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]]
[[Kategori:Platform Java]]
[[Kategori:High-definition television]]
[[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]]
[[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]]
[[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]]
[[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]]
[[Kategori:DVD]]
[[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]]</text>
      <sha1>6ikpf6lllrjixjktfsikplw4aiims1t</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hideki Tojo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3975" sha1="f7fdnpqd8mo6iuh421cdfb573xxso5b" xml:space="preserve">{{Japanese name|Tojo}}
{{Infobox_President | name = Hideki Tojo
|nationality = [[Japanese people|Jepang]]
|image       = Tojo2.jpg
|order       = [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40
|term_start  = [[18 Oktober]] [[1941]]
|term_end    = [[22 Juli]] [[1944]]
|monarch     = [[Hirohito|Kaisar Showa]]
|deputy      = [[wikt:Unknown|Unknown]]
|predecessor = [[Fumimaro Konoe]]
|successor   =
|birth_date  = {{birth date|1884|12|30|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
|death_date  ={{death date and age|1948|12|23|1884|12|30|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
|party       = 
|spouse      = 
|religion    = 
|signature=Hideki Tojo signature.svg|right|50px|thumb]]
|}}
'''Hideki Tojo''' ([[Kyūjitai]]: 東條 英機; [[Shinjitai]]: 東条 英機; ''{{Audio|ja-tojo_hideki.ogg|Tōjō Hideki}}'') ([[30 Désémber]] [[1884]] &amp;ndash; [[23 Désémber]] [[1948]]) nyaéta saurang [[General|Jendral]] di [[Imperial Japanese Army|Tentara Kakaisaran Jepang]] tur [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]] ka-40 salila [[World War II|Perang Dunya II]], ti [[18 Oktober]] [[1941]] nepi ka [[22 Juli]] [[1944]]. Sanggeus tamat perang, Tojo was [[sentenced to death|dihukum mati]] keur [[Japanese war crimes|kajahatan perang]] ku [[International Military Tribunal of the Far East]].

==Catetan==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat|Hideki Tōjō}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
*{{Japanese prime ministers-NDL|142}}
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWtojo.htm Hideki Tojo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224053518/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWtojo.htm |date=2009-02-24 }} Biography.
*[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/hideki_tojo.html Hideki Tojo Quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124703/http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/hideki_tojo.html |date=2012-01-11 }}
*[http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/hideki_tojo_17.html Trial Watch]
*[http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/19420527-tojo.htm Address by Tojo Hideki, Premier of Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009171726/http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/19420527-tojo.htm |date=2007-10-09 }}

{{wikiquote}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[Hajime Sugiyama]] | title=[[Imperial Japanese Army General Staff|Chief of General Staff]] | years=1944 | after=[[Yoshijiro Umezu]]}} 
{{succession box | before=[[Shunroku Hata]] | title=[[Ministry of War of Japan|War Minister]] | years=1940-1944 | after=[[Hajime Sugiyama]]}} 
{{succession box | before=[[Harumichi Tanabe]] | title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] | years=1941-1942 | after=[[Michio Yuzawa]]}} 
{{succession box | before=[[Shigenori Togo]] | title=[[Mentri Luar Negri (Jepang)|Mentri Luar Negri]] | years=1942 | after=[[Masayuki Tani]]}} 
{{succession box | before=[[Kunihiko Hashida]] | title=[[Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Minister for Education]] | years=1942 | after=[[Nagakage Okabe]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Nobusuke Kishi]] | title=[[Minister of Commerce]] | years=1943 | after=abolished}}
{{succession box | before= none | title=[[Munitions Ministry (Japan)|Minister of Munitions]] | years=1943-1944 | after=Ginjiro Fujiwara}}
{{end box}}

{{Japanese prime ministers}}

{{pondok}}

|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1948|12|23|mf=y}}
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tojo, Hideki}}
[[Kategori:Nu dihukum di Pangbuian Tokyo]]
[[Kategori:Urang Jepang nu dihukum alatan kajahatan perang]]
[[Kategori:Nu dihukum alatan kajahatan agrési internasional]]
[[Kategori:Nu dihukum alatan kajahatan keur kamanusaan]]
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1884]]
[[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1948]]
[[Kategori:Urang Tokyo]]
[[Kategori:Pulitisi nu diéksekusi]]
[[Kategori:Jéndral Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Urang Jepang nu anti komunis]]
[[Kategori:Nu dihukum gantung]]
[[Kategori:Perdana Mentri nu diéksekusi]]
[[Kategori:Perdana Mentri Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Pupuhu pulitik Perang Dunya II]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daptar setasiun radio di Indonésia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>712023</id>
      <parentid>711429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-12T04:39:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="41506" sha1="defpxqu48cxi94ss70ptu425o2dtw6j" xml:space="preserve">Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''.

== [[Sumatera]] ==

=== Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam ===
==== Dayeuh Sabang ====
* 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM

==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ====
* 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM
* 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM
* 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM
* 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM 
* 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM 
* 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM 
* 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }}
* 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }}
* 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM 
* 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }}
* 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM 
* 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com]
* 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM 
* 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com]
* 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM
* 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM
* 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM

==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ====
* 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM

==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ====
* 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3
* 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2
* 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1
* 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM
* 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM
* 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM
* 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM
* 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM

==== Kabupatén Bireuen ====
* 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM
* 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM
* 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ====
* 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ====
* 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ====
* 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM

==== Kabupatén aceh selatan  - Tapaktuan ====
* 88.9  Mhz - Radio SIT FM
* 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM
* 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ====
* 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM
* 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ====
* 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM

==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ====
* 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM

==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ====
* 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM
* 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM

==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ====
* Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang
* Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis

=== Sumatera Kulon ===
* [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }}
* [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ
* [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ
* [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }}
* [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }}
* [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }}
* [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }}
* [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz
* [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz
* [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz

=== Jambi ===
* [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ
* [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ

=== Kapuloan Bangka Belitung ===
* [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id]

=== Lubuklinggau ===
* [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }}
* [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }}

=== Palémbang ===
* Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ
* RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz
* Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ
* Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ
* RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ
* RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ
* Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ
* Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ
* Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ
* Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ
* Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ
* Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ
* Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ
* Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ
* Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ
* Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ
* Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ
* Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ
* Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ
* Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ
* Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ

=== Riau ===

==== Pekanbaru ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ
* Radio Pas FM 105MHZ 
* Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ
* Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ
* Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ
* Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ
* Radio CBSFM 101MHZ 
* Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ
* Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ
* Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ
* Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ
* Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ]
* Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ
* Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ
* Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ
* Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ
* Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ
* Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ
* Radio SF3 94.3MHZ
* Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ
* Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ
* Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ
* Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ
* Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ
* Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ
* Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ
* Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Talukkuantan ====

* Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ
* Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ

=== Kapuloan Riau ===

==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ====
* Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM

==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ====
* Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani)
* Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }}
* Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }}

==== Tembilahan ====
* Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com]

==== Batam ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }}
* Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi)
* Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ
* Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ
* Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ
* Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ
* Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ
* Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ
* Radio Bigs 104.7 FM
* Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM
* Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM

{{col-css3-end}}

== '''[[Jawa]] barat''' ==
'''Bandung'''
* Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM
* Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM
&lt;br /&gt;

==[[Jakarta]]==
'''AM'''
* Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019210102/http://www.kbr68h.com/ |date=2012-10-19 }}
* Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta
* Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta
* Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta
* Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz
* Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta
* Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta
* RRI 999 AM Jakarta
* Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta
* Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta
* Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta
* Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta
* RRI 1332 AM Jakarta
* Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz
* Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta
{{col-css3-end}}
'''FM'''
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }}
* Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com]
* GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ
* RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }}
* RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ
* Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ 
* Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com]
* Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }}
* Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ
* RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }}
* Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }}
* PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }}
* RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ
* Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ
[http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }}
* MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ
* Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ
* U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }}
* KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} 
* Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ
* Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com]
* Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com]
* Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ
* RDI: 97.1 MHZ
* Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ
[http://www.femaleradio.com]
* Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ
* GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ
[http://www.987genfm.com/]
* Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114403/http://deltafm.net/ |date=2008-07-04 }}
* Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ
* Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com]
* Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi
* 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }}
* iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063912/http://www.traxonsky.com/ |date=2008-03-16 }}
* Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ
* Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} 
* Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta
* Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} 
* Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta
* Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta
* IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta
* Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta
* Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }}
* RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com]
* RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ
* Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta
* Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com]
* Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta
* Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta
* Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ
* Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ
* Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ
* Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ
* Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ
* REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

=== [[Banten]] ===

==== Banten ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id]
* EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM
* Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten
* Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten
* PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten
* Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten
* Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten
* Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang
* Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé
* HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten
{{col-css3-end|2}}

==== Bekasi ====
* Gaya: 93.60 MHZ
* M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz 
* Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ.
* Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ

=== [[Jawa Kulon]] ===
==== Sukabumi ====
* Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ
* LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 *

==== Bogor ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com]
* Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ
* Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ
* Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ
* Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ
* Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ
* Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ
* Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ
* RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ
* RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ
* Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Bandung ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }}
* Radio MGT 101.1 FM &quot;Spirit Of Your Life&quot;. Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/]
* Delta FM 94,4
* Female Radio 96,4
* Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung 
* Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM
* Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509193058/http://www.rasefm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM 
* Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} 
* Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} 
* 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314203753/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2008-03-14 }}
* Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }}
* Maestro FM 92.5 FM
* B Radio 95.6 FM
* Radio Maraghita FM 106.7
* MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }}
* K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }}
* Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM
* GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung
* Poshway 107.9 FM 
* Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }}
* [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }}
* Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM
* Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan 
* Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung
* Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung
* Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Cimahi ====
* AR 92.9 FM

==== Cirebon ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }}
* DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }}
* Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon 
* RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ
* Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ
* Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ
* Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ
* IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ
* Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ
* Prima Sonata FM
* Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon
* Salma FM
* Maritim FM

{{col-css3-end}}

==== Indramayu ====
* KC-10 87.9 FM
* TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA

==== Karawang ====
* Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381

==== Kuningan ====
* Rasuci FM 
* Kost FM

=== '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' ===

==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ====
'''FM'''
* Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM)
* Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5)
* MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM)
* Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU
* RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM)
* RSPD Paguyangan-brebes
'''AM'''
* RSPD AM
* Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)&lt;1026 Khz&gt;

==== Kudus ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz
* Muria AM 1440 Khz
* Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz
* Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz
* Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz
* Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz
* RTK FM 106.30 Mhz??
* UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Jepara ====
* R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz

==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ====
* Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK)
* IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN.
* Bima Sakti FM 96,8
* GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG )
* MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET.
* Prima FM 105,3.
* 
==== Pati ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz
* Pas FM 101.00 Mhz
* Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz
* Pop FM 90.80 Mhz
* Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz???
* Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz
* Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Purwokerto ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz
* RGM FM
* RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz
* Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz
* Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz
* Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz
* Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz
* Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz
* RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz
* Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2
* Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91
* Yasika FM 91.5
* Pop FM 91.9
* RGBS 92.3
* RRI PRO 1 93.1
* King FM 93.9
* SBS Purbalingga 94.7
* Ardi Lawt 96.4
* Dian Swara 98.2
* Prima FM 98.6
* RRI PRO 2 99
* Pop FM Banyumas 100.2
* Paduka FM 100.6
* Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4
* Crez FM 103
* Satria Ajibarang 103.9
* Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto
* Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3
* Metro FM 105.7
* Ria FM 106.5
* RRI PRO 3 107.3
* Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Purwodadi ====
* Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz

==== Salatiga ====
* Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ
* Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz
* Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ
* Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ

==== Semarang ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Pas FM: 106 Mhz - 
* RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ
* TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz
* Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz
* TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz 
* RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta
* Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz
* Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz
* RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ
* Female FM: 96.1 Mhz
* Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz
* Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz
* Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz
* Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz
* Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz
* RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz
* IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz
* Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz
* Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz
* Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz
* IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz 
* Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz
* Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz
* Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ
* Borobudur 
* Lusiana
* Kalimasada
* Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }}
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Surakarta ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }}
* PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar 
* Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group)
* PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM
* Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo
* SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar 
* GSM 97.6 FM
* Suara Slenk 92.5 FM
* MQ 100.9 FM
* Hizbullah 101.4 FM
* Imanuel FM
* JPI 106.3 FM
* Pro1 FM
* Pro2 FM
* Swara Graha 92.1
* Mentari FM
* Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* Kharisma 100.3 FM
* Metta 104.7 FM
* Solopos 103 FM
* Suara Wening Ati MQ FM
* UMS FM
* Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS
* Unisri FM
* Ramakusala FM
* Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM
* 89.6 STAR FM
* Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Prima 91.7 fm
* Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804
* Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888
* RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578
* IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4
* Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Tegal ====
* La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal
* Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* DLC
* Roshinta
* Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM)
* Radi Raka
* Paramount 106 FM

==== Magelang ====
* [[Magelang FM]]

=== [[Yogyakarta]] ===
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ
* Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ
* I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ
* Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ
* Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }}
* Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ
* PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ
* RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ
* Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ
* MQ FM 92.3 MHZ
* MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }}
* Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ
* Rama FM 93.5 MHZ
* Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ
* Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ
* Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ
* Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ
* Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ
* Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Ista FM 96.2 MHZ
* Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }}
* Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* EMC FM 97.8 MHZ
* Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ
* GCD FM 98.6 MHZ
* Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ
* Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }}
* Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ
* Prima FM 100.2 MHZ
* Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ
* Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ
* Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ
* Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }}
* Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }}
* RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ
* RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ
* Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ
* Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ
* Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ
* Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ
* Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }}
* Petra FM 105.7 MHZ
* [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }}
* Uty FM 106.9 MHZ
* Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ
* Global FM 107.6 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

=== [[Jawa Wétan]] ===

==== Batu - Malang ====
* Swara Buana FM
* Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ
* Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ
* Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ
* Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ
* Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ
* Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ
* Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ

==== Banyuwangi ====
*. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi
* Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }}
* Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi
* MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi

==== Blitar ====
*RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [http://www.donnafm.co.cc]
*Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya
*Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ
*Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ
*Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh )
*Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab )
*Istana FM 88.4 MHZ
*Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ
*Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ
*radio grast 91.6 Mhz
*Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz

==== Jember ====
* RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ
* RKPD Jember
* Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ
* Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ
* Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ
* Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/]
* Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ
* [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ
* Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }}
* Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ
* Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ
* Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ
* M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ

==== Malang ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ
* Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ
* Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz
* Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz
* Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ
* Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/]
* RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ
* Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ
* Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ
* Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ
* Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ
* Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ
* AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ
* Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ
* Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ
* Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ
* Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ
* Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ
* Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ
* Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ
* UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ
* FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ
* Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ
* Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ
* Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ
* Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }}
* Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ
* Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ
* Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Ngawi ====
* Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz
* Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz

==== Ponorogo ====
* Radio Gema Surya News, Music &amp; Culture
* Radio Duta Nusantara
* Romansa FM
* GONG FM
* Gress FM
* AVIDA FM
* Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz
* [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }}
* Suara Gontor FM
* Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ

==== Surabaya ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }}
* RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz
* JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ
* Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ
* RKIP - AM 1449 khz
* Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ
* Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }}
* EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/]
* Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net]
* Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223144617/http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id/ |date=2008-02-23 }}
* SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ
* [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ
* Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }}
* Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }}
* [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id]
* Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114403/http://deltafm.net/ |date=2008-07-04 }}
* Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }}
* Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }}
* Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }}
* Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }}
* [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }}
* Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }}
* Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/]
* JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }}
* Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/]
* Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }}
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Trenggalek ====
* [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }}
* Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }}
* Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ
* Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})

==== Tulungagung ====
* [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }}
* [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }}
* Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }}
* Radio Jos FM Tulungagung
* Radio Perkasa FM
* Radio jaya FM Tulungagung
* Radio RKS Tulungagung 
* Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ

== [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] ==

=== Bali ===
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Rock FM 88.2 MHZ
* R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ
* Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ
* Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ
* Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ
* Barong, AM 1188 MHZ
* Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ
* Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ
* Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ
* Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ
* Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ
* Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ
* FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ
* Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ
* Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ
* Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ
* Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ
* Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ
{{col-css3-end}}

=== Nusa Tenggara Kulon ===
* RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ
* Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ
* Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }}
* Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }}
* Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }}

== [[Kalimantan]] ==

=== Banjarmasin ===
* Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM

=== Balikpapan ===
* SBI 102,1 Mhz
* Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }}
* Smartfm 97.8 Mhz
* Swara Media 101.3
* RSPD 99,9 FM
* AMA FM 105,3 FM
* Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM
* phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }}
* Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio]

=== Berau ===
* RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }}

=== Bontang ===
* Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm

=== Martapura ===
* Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }}

=== Palangka Raya ===
* Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }}
* Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }}

=== Pontianak ===
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* RRI Pontianak
* Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM
* Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM
* RRI Pro 2 FM
* RRI Pro 3 FM
* Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id]
* Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }}
* Radio Mitra Mahardika
* Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas
{{col-css3-end}}

==== Luar Pontianak ====
{{col-css3-begin|2}}
* Suara Sambas (104 Fm)
* Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi)
{{col-css3-end}}

=== Samarinda ===

* Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html]
* Radio One Way 95.2 FM
* Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }}
* Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }}
* Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM 
* Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM 
* Radio Mitra 102.7 FM
* Radio Paras 103.5 FM 
* Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM 
* Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM

=== Sampit ===
* Radio Pesona 100,3 FM

== [[Sulawesi]] ==
* Radio Komunitas
* Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ

=== Gorontalo === 
*Selebes 101 fm.
*SK FM.
*Nada 90,8fm.
*BPKB Radio 94.7 FM

=== Kendari ===
* RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz

=== Makassar ===
* RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ
* Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ

=== Manado ===
* RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ

=== Palu ===
* RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ

= Radio komunitas =

== Riau ==
== Tanjungpinang ==
* Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ

== Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta ==
=== Jakarta Wétan ===

* FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790
* Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon
* Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas
* RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790,
* Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770
* Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas
* Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun
* AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770
* N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas
* Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas
* RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas
* Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com]

=== Bandung ===
* Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ

=== Pontianak ===
* Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, 
* Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM

=== Luar Pontianak ===
* Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) 
* Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) 
* Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936
* Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak)
* Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak)
* Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak)
* Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang)
* Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak)
* Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau)
* Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi)

== Jawa Wétan ==
Blitar 
Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz

== Tulungagung ==
* [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }}
* [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }}
* Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz

== Jombang ==
* Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang

== Ponorogo ==
* Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ

== Trenggalek ==
* Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek
* Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ
* Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ
* Radio Komonitas  RBS FM panggul  Freq 107,30 mhz
# Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya  freg 107,30 mhz
[[Kategori:Radio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Guramé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5063" sha1="5oqcakh90b780wpnzwnuqbu3g2d8uoe" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| image = Osphronemus goramy 2008 G1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Osphronemus goramy''
| name = Gurami
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| familia = [[Osphronemidae]]
| genus = ''[[Osphronemus]]''
| species = '''''O. goramy'''''
| binomial = ''Osphronemus goramy''
| binomial_authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépéde|Lacépéde]], [[1801]]
}}

'''Gurame''' (''Osphronemus goramy'') nyaéta spésiés lauk cai tawar ti kulawarga [[Osphronemidae]] anu miboga ajén ékonomi sarta budaya anu luhur di Tatar Sunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten1996&quot;&gt;Whitten, T., et al. (1996). ''The Ecology of Java and Bali''. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. Kaca 271. ISBN 962-593-072-8.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu lauk asalna ti Asia Tenggara sarta parantos dipiara sacara turun-tumurun di balong-balong masarakat Sunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat2013&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M. (2013). &quot;The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography&quot;. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology''. Supplement No. 27: 451. [https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/rbz-supp27.pdf Link Web]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;Iei  jinis [[lauk]] [[cai]] anu biasa didahar ku [[manusa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;&gt;[http://www.warintekjogja.com/warintek/warintekjogja/warintek_v3/datadigital/bk/gurame.pdf Gurame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125092603/http://www.warintekjogja.com/warintek/warintekjogja/warintek_v3/datadigital/bk/gurame.pdf |date=2011-11-25 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 3 November 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Riwayat Taksonomi ==
Lauk guramé munggaran ditalungtik sarta didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku **Bernard Germain de Lacépède** dina taun 1801 dina buku monumentalna ''Histoire Naturelle des Poissons''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacepede1801&quot; /&gt; Lacépède nempatkeun ieu lauk dina genus ''Osphronemus'', anu sacara étimologi asalna tina basa Yunani, ''ospre'' (ngambeuhan) sarta ''nema'' (benang/anténa), nujul kana cécépét dadana anu manjang kawas benang.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBase2026&quot;&gt;Froese, R. &amp; Pauly, D. (Eds). (2026). &quot;Osphronemus goramy&quot;. ''FishBase''. [https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Osphronemus-goramy.html Link Web].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pemerian (Ciri Mandiri) ==
Wangun [[awak]]na gepéng tur rubak.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; [[Tonggong]]na aya [[warna]] beureuman sedengkeun dina [[beuteung]]na hawuk semu koneng.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; [[Lauk]] kaasup kana kulawarga [[Anabantidae]], turunan [[Helostoma]] sarta bangsa [[Labyrinthici]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; [[Lauk]] guramé asalna ti tatar [[Sunda]] ([[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]), tuluy sumebar ka [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Ceylon]] sarta [[Australia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; [[Lauk]] guramé rada lila gedéna dibandingkeun [[lauk]] [[cai]] nu séjén.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; Wewengkon di [[Indonésia]] anu jadi puseur [[pamijahan]] guramé  nyaéta: [[Sumatera]], [[NTB]] jeung [[Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; Sedengkeun di luar nagari nyaéta: [[Thailand]], [[Jepang]] jeung [[Filipina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleeker1850&quot;&gt;Bleeker, P. (1850). &quot;Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Midden- en Oost-Java&quot;. ''Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen''. Vol 23: 10. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43975549#page/342/mode/1up Link Web].&lt;/ref&gt;

Jenis [[lauk]] guramé anu dipikawanoh ku [[masarakat]] dumasar kana wangunna aya dua nyaéta guramé [[soang]] jeung guramé [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;&gt;[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/perikanan/air%20tawar/budidaya_ikan_gurame.pdf Budidaya Ikan Gurame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131065557/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/perikanan/air%20tawar/budidaya_ikan_gurame.pdf |date=2012-01-31 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 3 November 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Guramé [[soang]] [[awak]]na rada manjang, [[sisit]]na ogé rubak, panjangna bisa nepi ka 65&amp;nbsp;cm, sedengkeun beuratna bisa nepi ka 8 kilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;/&gt; Guramé [[Jepang]] [[awak]]na rada pondok, [[sisit]]na ogé laleutik panjangna gé ngan ukur nepi ka 45&amp;nbsp;cm, beuratna kurang ti 4,5 kilo.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;/&gt; Lamun ditilik tina [[warna]]na, aya tilu rupa guramé, nyaéta guramé hideung, bodas sarta belang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;/&gt;

== Réspirasi sarta Mijahkeun ==
Lauk guramé kaasup kana ordo ''[[Anabantiformes]]'', nyaéta kelompok lauk anu miboga alat napas tambahan mangrupa ''[[labirin]]''.  Organ ieu ngamungkinkan guramé pikeun nyokot oksigén langsung tina hawa bebas, sahingga tiasa hirup dina cai anu kirang oksigén.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBase2026&quot; /&gt; Salian ti éta, guramé unik margi indung jaluna bakal nyieun ''sayang'' (sarang) tina tapas kalapa atawa jukut pikeun neundeun endog sarta ngajagana nepi ka meubeut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten1996&quot; /&gt;

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Osphronemidae]]
[[Kategori:Sato ingon]]
[[Kategori:Lauk darat]]
[[Kategori:Lauk]]
[[Kategori:Sato cai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hideo Kojima</title>
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      <text bytes="3024" sha1="8x2y81meznl9j6ge58e2tl391vuk55y" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Kojima Hideo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Kojima Hideo]]
'''Hidéo Kojima''' ({{nihongo|''Kojima Hideo''|小島 秀夫}}) gumelar di[[Setagaya]], [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]], [[24 Agustus]] [[1963]]) nyaéta salah saurang perancang kaulinan vidéo anu gawé pikeun [[Konami]], anu statusna sabagé Wakil présidén [[Konami Computer Entertainment]] [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ign_bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stars.ign.com/objects/963/963391_biography.html|title=IGN: Hideo Kojima Biography|accessdate=2011-11-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116080116/http://stars.ign.com/objects/963/963391_biography.html |date=2007-11-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna ayeuna jadi kepala studio di [[Kojima Productions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;konami_pr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.konami-digital-entertainment.co.jp/en/news/release/2009/0317/index.html|title=Announcement of Personnel Changes (March 17, 2009)|accessdate=2011-11-13|date=2009-03-17|publisher=Konami}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506061857/http://www.konami-digital-entertainment.co.jp/en/news/release/2009/0317/index.html |date=2009-05-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awal Hirup==
Gumelar di [[Tokyo, Jepang]] taun [[1963]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ign_bio&quot; /&gt;, Kojima ngabewarakeun yén dina awal hirupna anjeunna osok miboga urusan jeung nu ngarana maot.&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=2004-04-22|journal=EDGE Magazine|issue=136|pages=69–74|title=Hideo Kojima Versus the Big Robots}}&lt;br /&gt;Transkripsi tidak resmi juga tersedia di metalgearsolid.org [http://www.metalgearsolid.org/show_features.php?id=141] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713075005/http://www.metalgearsolid.org/show_features.php?id=141 |date=2007-07-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika anjeunna leutik kénéh, kaluarga Kojima pindah ka hiji kota leutik nu ngarana Shiraski.&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot; /&gt; Tuluy, kaluargana pindah deui ka [[Kawanishi, Hyōgo]] di provinsi Kansai.&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot; /&gt; Pangalaman cicing di imah sorangan tur diisolasi masih kénéh mangaruhan anjeunna nepi ka ayeuna, &quot;Iraha waé kuring wisata tuluy mondok di hotel kuring langsung lalajo TV nalika kuring asup ka kamar.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot; /&gt;

Mimitina anjeunna hoyong jadi seniman atawa ilustrator, anjeunna osok kuciwa ku aturan-aturan masarakat [[Jepang]] anu osok manggihan kaamanan jeung pagawéan anu gajina alus.&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot; /&gt; Anjeunna ogé kuciwa ku sabab pamanna ogé saurang seniman tapi kasusahan dina segi ekonomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot; /&gt; Ahirna anjeunna pindah kana nyieun film jeung babaturanna anu boga kamera [[8mm]].&lt;ref name=&quot;edge136&quot; /&gt;

==Rujukan==

{{reflist}}

== Tingali ogé ==

* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0463620/ Hideo Kojima IMDb]
* [http://www.kojimaproductions.jp/ Kojima Productions]
* [https://rawg.io/creators/hideo-kojima Hideo Kojima RAWG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906195317/https://rawg.io/creators/hideo-kojima |date=2019-09-06 }}
* [https://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,50433/ Hideo Kojima Mobygames]
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Desainer Video Game]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bonére</title>
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      <text bytes="5390" sha1="ql7f7qpzb48c0de9rzi3j3ukl46nknd" xml:space="preserve">{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Boneiru
|conventional_long_name = Bonére
|common_name = Bonére
|image_flag = Flag of Bonaire.svg
|image_coat =Blason de Bonaire (Antilles néerlandaises).svg|90px
|image_map = Bonaire in its region.svg
|national_anthem = ''&quot;[[Tera di Solo y suave biento]]&quot;''
|official_languages = [[Basa Walanda]], [[Papiamentu]]&lt;ref name=languages&gt;Papiamentu bisa dipaké dina hubungan jeung pamaréntah&lt;/br&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011|title=Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba|language=Dutch|publisher=wetten.nl|accessdate=2011-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|regional_languages= 
|government_type = ''Tingali [[Pulitik Walanda]]''
|leader_title1 = Gubernur Létnan
|leader_name1 =  [[Glenn Thodé]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Monarki konstitusional]]
|sovereignty_note = Bagian ti [[Walanda]]
|capital = [[Kralendijk]]
|largest_city = [[Kralendijk]]
|area_magnitude = 1_E12
|area=294
|areami² = 113
|population_census = 15.800
|population_census_year = 2010
|population_density = 49
|population_densitymi² = 99
|population_density_rank = karéngking salaku bagian ti A. W.
|utc_offset = -4
|time_zone = -4
|latd=12|latm=15|latNS=N|longd=68|longm=28|longEW=W
|currency = [[Dolar AS]]
|currency_code = USD
|drives_on = katuhu
|cctld = [[.an]],&lt;ref&gt;Domain pikeun [[Antillen Walanda]] masih aktip sanggues pameupeusannana. Kode [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]], BQ, dibentuk pikeun &quot;Bonére, Sint Eustatius, Saba&quot;. ({{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/support/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/iso-3166-1_decoding_table.htm#BQ|title=ISO 3166-1 decoding table|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|accessdate=2010-12-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225191705/https://www.iso.org/iso/support/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/iso-3166-1_decoding_table.htm#BQ |date=2018-12-25 }}) Hiji [[ccTLD]] Internét can dibentuk ku [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]], jeung teu kawanoh upami badé dibuka pikeun pandaptaran.&lt;/ref&gt; [[.nl]]
|calling_code = 599
|footnote1 = &lt;big&gt;'''[[Portal:Karibia|Portal Karibia]]'''&lt;/big&gt;
}}

'''Bonére''' ({{lang-nl|Bonaire}}, [[Papiamentu]]: ''Boneiru'') nyaéta hiji [[Walanda Karibia|munisipalitas husus]] (resmina ''[[Badan umum (Walanda)|badan umum]]'') ti [[Walanda]],&lt;ref name=WOLBES&gt;{{nl icon}} {{Cite web |title=Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba&lt;br /&gt;(Law on the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba) |work=[[Pamaréntah Walanda]] |url=http://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/31954_wet_openbare_lichamen |accessdate=14 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu ngawengku pulo [[Karibia]], Bonére, sarta islét nu teu didumukan, [[Klein Bonére]]. Bareng jeung [[Aruba]] sarta [[Curaçao]], Bonére ngawangun kelompok nu disebut [[kapuloan ABC (Antillen Leutik)|kapuloan ABC]] dina [[Antillen Leeward]], rantéy kapuloan kidul ti [[Antillen Leutik]]. Bonaire baheula bagian ti [[Antillen Walanda]] nepi ka [[Pameupeusan Antillen Walanda|pameupeusannana]] dina 10 Oktober 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/95861-antillen-opgeheven-op-10102010.html|title=Antillen opgeheven|publisher=NOS Nieuws|date=2009-11-18|accessdate=2010-10-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224143841/http://nos.nl/artikel/95861-antillen-opgeheven-op-10102010.html |date=2009-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; basa Bonére (kaasup Klein Bonére) jadi munisipalitas husus dina nagara Walanda.

==Tempo ogé==
*[[Walanda Karibia]]
*[[Laut Karibia]]
*[[Antillen Leeward]]
*[[Daptar inohong Bonére]]

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Commons category|Bonaire}}
;Pamaréntah
*[http://www.gov.an/ www.gov.an] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018032207/http://www.gov.an/ |date=2010-10-18 }} - portal pamaréntah resmi Antillesn Walanda
*[http://www.bonairegov.nl/index.php?lang=en Bonairegov.nl] - loka resmi pamaréntah Bonére

;Informasi pulo
*{{wikivoyage|Bonaire}}
*[http://www.tourismbonaire.com/ TourismBonaire.com] - Loka Pariwisata Resmi Bonére
*[http://www.ilovebonaire.com/ BONHATA - Bonaire Hotel and Tourism Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808162148/http://ilovebonaire.com/ |date=2016-08-08 }}
*[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/caribbean/bonaire/index.htm Lonely Planet - Bonaire]
*[http://www.bonaireviews.com/ Bonaireviews.com] loka Bonére kalawan poto panorama
;Alam
*[http://www.bmp.org/ Bonaire National Marine Park]
*[http://www.bonairenature.com/ Bonaire Nature]
*[http://www.washingtonparkbonaire.org/ Taman Nasional Washington Slagbaai]

;Warta
*[http://www.bonairereporter.com/ Bonaire Reporter]

;WebCams
*[http://www.breathebonaire.com/ Breathe Bonaire] - webcams langusng ti Bonaire (kaasup webcam megapixel jero laut kahiji)
*[http://www.bonairewebcams.com/ BonaireWebCams.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124134655/http://www.bonairewebcams.com/ |date=2012-01-24 }} - webcams langsung ti pulo Bonaire
{{Coord|12.16|N|68.23|W|type:isle_region:BQ|display=title}}
{{Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}

{{nagara-geo-stub|Bonére}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonere}}
[[Category:Bonére| ]]
[[Category:Antillen Walanda]]
[[Category:Karajaan Walanda]]
[[Category:Walanda Karibia]]
[[Category:Antillen Leutik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Laut Kaspia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8594" sha1="ct73kj4herx977qmbazs16m5yjlrqbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox lake
| lake_name          = Laut Kaspia
| image_lake         = Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg
| caption_lake       = Citra [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] ti [[Terra (satelit)|satelit Terra]]
| image_bathymetry   =
| caption_bathymetry =  l
| location           =
| coords             = {{Coord|41|40|N|50|40|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}}
| type               = [[Endorhéis]], Asin, Permanén, Alami
| inflow             = Walungan [[Walungan Volga|Volga]], [[Walungan Ural|Ural]], [[Walungan Kura|Kura]], [[Walungan Terek|Terek]]
| outflow            = [[Panguapan]]
| catchment          = {{convert|3626000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;vanderLeeden&quot;/&gt;
| basin_countries    = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Rusia]], [[Turkménistan]]
| length             = {{Convert|1030|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| width              = {{Convert|435|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| area               = {{convert|371000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}}
| depth              = {{convert|187|m|-1|abbr=on}}
| max-depth          = {{Convert|1025|m|-1|abbr=on}}
| volume             = {{convert|69400|km3|cumi|-2|abbr=on}}
| residence_time     = 250 taun
| shore              = {{convert|7000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}
| elevation          = {{convert|-28|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| frozen             =
| islands            = [[:Category:Pulo di Laut Kaspia|26+]] (''tempo [[#Pulo-pulo|di handap]]'')
| islands_category   = Pulo di Laut Kaspia
| cities             = [[Baku]] (Azerbaijan), [[Rasht]] (Iran), [[Aktau]] (Kazakhstan), [[Makhachkala]] (Rusia), [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkménistan|Türkmenbaşy]] (Turkménistan), jsb.
| reference          = &lt;ref name=&quot;vanderLeeden&quot;&gt;van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., ''The Water Encyclopedia.'' Second Edition. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990, page 196.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Laut Kaspia''' ({{lang-az|Xəzər dənizi}}, {{lang-fa| دریای مازندران /دریای خزر|Daryaye Caspian atanapi دریای مازندران|Daryâ-ye Mazandaran}}, {{lang-ru|Каспийское море}}, {{lang-kk|Каспий теңізі}}, {{lang-tk|Hazar deňizi}}) nyaéta [[wewengkon cai]] katutup nu panggedéna di [[Marcapada]] dumasar legana. Laut ieu miboga aréa permukaan {{Convert|371000|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}} (teu kaasup [[Garabogazköl Aylagy]]) sarta volume {{Convert|78200|km3|mi3|-2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;LakeNet&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8762 Lake Profile: Caspian Sea]. ''LakeNet.''&lt;/ref&gt; laut ieu wawatesan jeung [[Rusia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkménistan]], sarta [[Kazakhstan]].

Masarakat kuna di [[wewengkon basisir]]na ngarasaan Laut Kaspia salaku hiji [[samudra]], meureunan ku lantaran kaasinanna sarta kalegaanna. Laut ieu miboga [[kadar uyah]] kira-kira 1,2%, kirang leuwih sapertilu kadar garam umum [[cai laut]]. Di Iran, laut ieu disebut ''Daryâ-ye Mazandaran'' (دریای مازندران), hartina &quot;Laut [[Mazandaran]]&quot; dina [[Basa Pérsia]], sarta kadang ogé Daryâ-ye Khazar.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.briancoad.com/Introduction/caspianseabasin.htm Drainage Basins - Caspian Sea]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Caspian sea Ibn Hawqal.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Laut Kaspia (Bahr ul-Khazar). Ibn Hawqal]]
[[File:Caspian sea in Persian (IRAN) Empire 1747.JPG|thumb|220px|Laut Kaspia dina Kakaisaran Pérsia (IRAN) 1747]]

==Kota-kota di deukeut Laut Kaspia==
Kota-kota kuna di basisireunna kaasup 
* [[Hyrcania]], nagara kuna di kalér Iran
* [[Bandar Anzali|Anzali]], [[Propinsi Gilan]], Iran
* [[Astara, Iran|Astara]], [[Propinsi Gilan]], Iran
* [[Tamisheh]], [[Propinsi Mazandaran]], Iran
* [[Atil, Khazaria]]
* [[Khazaran]]
* [[Baku]], Azerbaijan
* [[Derbent]], [[Dagéstan]], Russia

Kota-kota modérn
[[File:View of night Baku, 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Baku]], ibu kota [[Azerbaijan]], nyaéta kota panggedéna nu aya di basisir Laut Kaspia.]]
[[File:TurkmenbashiSea.jpg|thumb|Basisir Laut Kaspia, [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkménistan]].]]
[[File:Caspian Sea Kazakhstan Mangistau.jpg|thumb|Laut Kaspia deukeut [[Aktau]], région [[Propinai Mangystau|Mangistau]], Kazakhstan]]

Kota-kota utami di basisir Laut Kaspia:
* [[Azerbaijan]]
** [[Astara, Azerbaijan|Astara]]
** [[Baku]]
** [[Rayon Gobustan|Gobustan]]
** [[Khudat]]
** [[Khachmaz (kota)|Khachmaz]]
** [[Lankaran]]
** [[Nabran]]
** [[Neftchala]]
** [[Shabran]]
** [[Rayon Siazan|Siyazan]]
** [[Oil Rocks]]
** [[Sumqayit]]
[[File:Mazandaransea02.jpg|thumb|Basisir Laut Kaspia, deukeut Bandar Anzali, Iran]]
[[File:Babolsar darya.jpg|thumb|Laut Kaspia [[Babolsar]], Iran]]
* [[Iran]]
** [[Ali Abad]]
** [[Amol]]
** [[Astanéh-e Ashrafiyyeh|Astanéh-ye Ashrafiyeh]]
** [[Astara, Iran|Astara]]
** [[Babol]]
** [[Babolsar]]
** [[Bandar Anzali]]
** [[County Bandar-e-gaz|Bandar-e-gaz]]
** [[Bandar Torkaman]]
** [[Behshahr]]
** [[Chaloos]]
** [[Fenderesk]]
** [[Ghaem Shahr]]
** [[Gonbad-e-Kavus|Gonbad-e Kavus]]
** [[Gorgan]]
** [[Jooybar]]
** [[Kordkuy]]
** [[Lahijan]]
** [[Langrud]]
** [[Mahmood Abad]]
** [[Neka]]
** [[Nowshahr]]
** [[Noor, Iran|Nur]]
** [[Ramsar, Mazandaran|Ramsar]]
** [[Rasht]]
** [[Rudbar]]
** [[Roudsar|Rudsar]]
** [[Sari, Iran|Sari]]
** [[Tonekabon]]
* [[Kazakhstan]]
** [[Atyrau]] (baheulana Guriev)
** [[Aqtau]] (baheulana Shevchenko)
* [[Rusia]]
** [[Astrakhan]]
** [[Dagestanskiye Ogni]]
** [[Derbent]]
** [[Izberbash]]
** [[Kaspiysk]]
** [[Makhachkala]]
* [[Turkménistan]]
** [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkménistan|Türkmenbaşy]] (baheulana Krasnovodsk)
** [[Hazar, Turkménistan|Hazar]] (baheulana Çeleken)
** [[Esenguly, Turkménistan|Esenguly]]
** [[Garabogaz, Turkménistan|Garabogaz]] (baheulana Bekdaş)

==Pulo-pulo==
Laut Kaspia miboga sababaraha pulo. [[Ogurja Ada]] nyaéta pulo nu panggedéna. Pulo éta panjangna 37&amp;nbsp;km.

Di Kaspia Kalér, kalobaannana pulo-pulo teu didumukan jeung leutik, kawas [[Kapuloan Tyuleniy (Kazakhstan)|Kapuloan Tyuleniy]], tapi sababaraha aya ogé nu dieusian ku jalmi.

Raloba pulo deukeut Azerbaijan miboga kapentingan ékonomi jeung géopulitis nu signifikan ku sabab kaayaan minyakna. [[Pulo Bulla]] aya di leupas basisir Azerbaijan, sarta miboga kaayaan minyak nu loba. [[Pulo Pirallahı]], ogé di leupas basisir Azerbaijan, ogé miboga minyak; pulo éta mangrupa salah sahiji wewengkon kahiji di Azerbaijan di mana kapanggih minyak. [[Nargin (pulo)|Nargin]] baheula dipaké salaku markas [[Soviét]]. Pulo éta mangrupa pulo nu panggedéna di Teluk [[Baku]]. [[Ashuradeh]] aya di titik ahir pangwétanna ti samenanjung Miankaleh di kalér-wétaneun Teluk Gorgan, deukeut basisir Iran. Wewengkon éta kapisah ti samenanjungna sanggeus wargi nyieun hiji saluran nu misakeunnana.

Raloba pulo, utamina deukeut Azerbaijan, ngalaman karusakan lingkungan ku lantaran produksi minyak. [[Vulf]], contona, miboga karusaka ékologi ti produksi minyak di pulo di deukeutna, sanajan [[anjing laut Kaspia]] sarta rupa-rupa spésiés manuk laut tetep bisa kapanggih.

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Ladang minyak Baku]]
* [[Urang Kaspia]]
* [[Ladang gas Shah Deniz]]
* [[Ladang Tengiz]]

==Catetan==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Rujukan==
* Gurbanov, Turab. ''Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan: tome 1- Questions économiques et juridiques'', l’Harmattan, 2007, 304 pages.
* Gurbanov, Turab. ''Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan: tome 2- Questions géopolitiques'', l’Harmattan, 2007, 297 pages.
* Author=Shiryayev, Boris|Title=Großmaechte auf dem Weg zur neuen Konfrontation?. Das „Great Game“ am Kaspischen Meer: eine Untersuchung der neuen Konfliktlage am Beispiel Kasachstan|Publisher=Verlag Dr. Kovac|Place=Hamburg|Yéar=2008
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/names_of_caspian_sea.php Names of Caspian Sea ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910225221/http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/names_of_caspian_sea.php |date=2019-09-10 }}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Caspian Sea}}
* [http://www.parstimes.com/caspian/ Wewengkon Laut Kaspia]
* [http://www.caspianenvironment.org/ Program Lingkungan Kaspia]

{{Nagara Kaspia}}
{{Caspian Sea Islands}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Lakes of Kazakhstan}}
{{Russia topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaspia}}
[[Category:Laut Kaspia| ]]
[[Category:Dano asin]]
[[Category:Wates Azerbaijan–Iran]]
[[Category:Wates Iran–Turkménistan]]
[[Category:Wates Kazakhstan–Turkménistan]]
[[Category:Wates Kazakhstan–Rusia]]
[[Category:Wates Azerbaijan–Rusia]]
[[Category:Hubungan Iran–Uni Soviét]]
[[Category:Dano internasional di Asia]]
[[Category:Dano internasional di Éropa]]
[[Category:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun di Asia]]


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    <title>Citak Injéksi</title>
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      <text bytes="4224" sha1="43spdgmrpopej6x4eee7y0gq1h5qpqe" xml:space="preserve">[[plastik]][[mesin]]'''Citak Injéksi''' (''injection [[molding]]'') nyaéta hiji cara anu dipaké pikeun nyieun barang kabutuhan.&lt;ref name=manPRG/&gt; Utamana tina bahan [[termoplastik]] anu bahanna dilééhkeun heula dina tabung (''barrel'') tuluy waé disuntikkeun maké tekenan anu kawilang kuat kana jeroun citakan (''[[mold]]'').&lt;ref name=malloy&gt;{{cite book|last=Malloy|first=Robert A.|title=Plastic Part Design for Injection Molding|url=https://archive.org/details/plasticpartdesig0000mall|year=1994|publisher=Hanser|location=Munich Vienna New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku lantaran citakanna tiis, ieu [[plastik]] anu lééh tadi lalaunan ngabagel dina jeroeun citakan, tuluy citakana muka katémbong waé éta plastik anu geus teuas ngawujud sarua jeung citakana.&lt;ref name=manPRG&gt;{{cite book|last1=Todd|first1=Robert H.|last2= Allen|first2=Dell K.|last3=Alting|first3=Leo|title=Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/manufacturingpro0000todd|year=1994|publisher=Industrial Press, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Injection molding'' bisa dilakukeun ku rupa-rupa bahan sanajan dina kaumumana maké bahan plastik ogé bisa ngagunakeun sababaraha bahan umpamana, [[logam]], [[gelas]], [[elastomer]], [[permén]] jeung anu séjéna. 
&lt;ref&gt;[https://sites.google.com/site/mesininjeksimolding/  Injeksi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630064752/https://sites.google.com/site/mesininjeksimolding/ |date=2016-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rutlandplastics.co.uk/advice/moulding_process.html Proses Injection Molding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815094335/http://www.rutlandplastics.co.uk/advice/moulding_process.html |date=2015-08-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arenaprinter.blogspot.com Printer Inkjet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811115815/http://arenaprinter.blogspot.com/ |date=2018-08-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Injection moulding.png|thumb|Hiji mesin citakan Injeksi]]
[[File:Injection molding diagram.svg|thumb|Undakan proses injeksi]]
[[File:Maquina-inyección-plastico.jpg|thumb|250px|Mesin Cetak Injeksi]]

== Sajarah == 
Ieu mesin ''injection molding'' pangheulana anu maténkeun téh urang [[Amerika]] dina taun [[1872]] dipaké ngolah ''celluloid''.&lt;ref name=malloy/&gt; Saenggeusna ti éta dina taun [[1920]]-an di [[Jerman]] mimiti dimekarkeun ieu mesin  ''injection molding'' ngan dina mangsa ngagunakeun ieu mesin masih kénéh ngagunakeun kakuatan [[leungeun]] tuluy paragi ngahompét matrés/mold/citakan masihkénéh maké [[tulak]].&lt;ref name=malloy/&gt; Taun [[1930]]-an dina mangsa rupa-rupa resin jeung bahan plastik loba disadiakeun. Mesin ''injection molding'' ogé ngaronjat  nggunakeun tanaga hidraulik. Dina mangsa harita mah mesin injeksi téh masih maké ''single'' stage plunger. Dina taun [[1946]] [[James Hendry]] nyieun mesin ''injection molding'' ''tipe single-stage''. Ti mimiti taun [[1950]]-an relay jeung timer mimiti dimangpaatkeun kana ieu mesin pikeun ngatur tanaga jeung waktu ngainjeksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/340051/Design_Guides/Xometry_DesignGuide_InjectionMolding.pdf|title=Design Guide: Injection Molding|website=Xometry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060541/https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/340051/Design_Guides/Xometry_DesignGuide_InjectionMolding.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bagéan-bagéan mesin Injeksi==
# Plat paragi ngadempet citakan ([[Clamping Unit]])
# Tempat ngainjeksi/nyuntik ([[Injection Unit]])
# Tempat ngatur screw ([[Screw Driver]])

==Tutumbu Kaluar==
*[https://www.dakumar.com/plastic-injection-moulding-machine.html Injection Molding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162642/https://www.dakumar.com/plastic-injection-moulding-machine.html |date=2023-07-07 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=id&amp;gl=ID&amp;v=eUthHS3MTdA ''Proses'' Injéksi]
*[http://www.longmold.com/viewnews.php?id=87 Injéksi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126174315/http://www.longmold.com/viewnews.php?id=87 |date=2016-01-26 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUthHS3MTdA Mesin Injéksi]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoIbPGFjQmM Barang barang tina plastik]

==Dicutat Tina==
{{reflist|2}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Plastik]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3286" sha1="rlhqy3e1zt8vljmyz90r6uz5id8cl4c" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Principe moulage injection polymere.svg|miniatur|hochkant=1.2|Bagéan injéksi: 1. Screw/sekrup 2. Corong/Wadah 3. Guruntulan Bahan Plastik  4. Tempat nga lééhkeun 5. Paragi manaskeun (heater) 6. Citakan/matrés/mold]]

'''Katangtuan''' dina ieu bagéan [[mesin]], dimimitian tina turuna bahan [[plastik]] anu aya dina corong ku alatan muterna [[sekrup]] anuaya dina jeroun barrel/parangi ngalééhkeun plastik. Sekrup ieu muter bari mundur saeutik-saeutik, bahan plastik anu tadi turun lalaunan kasurungkeun asup kana bagéan anu leuwih panas anu ngabalukarkeun ieu guruntulan plastik lééh. Saterusna plastik anu lééh tadi disurungkeun ku sekrup  terus norobos asup kana citakan. Saenggeusna citakan pinuh ku plastik lééh ieu sekrup/screw masih kénéh neken ieu plastik lééh anu maksudna supaya [[plastik]] dina mangsana ngabagel tur ngawujud jiga citakanna henteu kakukarangan kapadetan, satuluyna ieu sekrup balik deui ka tukang bari muter lalauna nurunkeun deui bahan  anu aya dina corong sangkan kasurungkeun kana tempat paragi ngalééhkeun. Ieu undakan/prinsip gawé sekrup tuluy waé bulakbalik jiga kitu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.beejaymolding.com/Injection-unit.html Injection Unit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430145524/http://www.beejaymolding.com/Injection-unit.html |date=2015-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.polyplastics.com/en/support/mold/outline Prosess Injection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001203/https://www.polyplastics.com/en/support/mold/outline/ |date=2016-03-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Bagéan séjén anu ngatur gawéna éta sekrup tayalian ti / [[[[screw driver]]]] nya di dieu pisan diparéntahkeun kana éta sekrup ngalimpudan tina gancang jeung lendona sekrup muter, kakuatan dina waktuna nyuntik/injecting bahan plastik, lila waktu nahan tekenan dina [[matres]] ogé tekenan dina waktuna baik deui bari muterkeun sekrup jeung séjén-séjéna deui éta kabéh diatur dina bagian ieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.m-ep.co.jp/en/pdf/product/iupi_nova/molding.pdf Screw Driver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211151311/http://www.m-ep.co.jp/en/pdf/product/iupi_nova/molding.pdf |date=2015-12-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tempo Oge==
*[https://www.dakumar.com/plastic-injection-moulding-machine.html injection process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162642/https://www.dakumar.com/plastic-injection-moulding-machine.html |date=2023-07-07 }}
*[http://www.polyplastics.com/en/support/mold/outline/ Cara Gawe Injeksi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310001203/https://www.polyplastics.com/en/support/mold/outline/ |date=2016-03-10 }}
*[http://www.m-ep.co.jp/en/pdf/product/iupi_nova/molding.pdf Bagean Bagean Mesin Injeksi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211151311/http://www.m-ep.co.jp/en/pdf/product/iupi_nova/molding.pdf |date=2015-12-11 }}
*[http://www.sinotech.com/injectionMolded.html Bagean injeksi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327035713/http://www.sinotech.com/injectionMolded.html |date=2015-03-27 }}
*[http://www.pitfallsinmolding.com/energyeffic1.html Analisa Biaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026074451/http://www.pitfallsinmolding.com/energyeffic1.html |date=2015-10-26 }}
==Dicutat Tina==

[[Kategori:Plastik]]</text>
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      <text bytes="119593" sha1="cpjjp59p30qcq6ac1h1tmg9jr0s3x9c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography|name=Diego Maradona|image=[[File:Diego Maradona 2012 2.jpg|thumb|Diego Maradona 2012 2]]|image_size=|caption=|fullname=Diego Armando Maradona|birth_date={{Birth date|1960|10|30}}|birth_place=[[Lanús]], [[Buenos Aires province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina|death_date={{Death date and age|2020|11|25|1960|10|30}}|death_place=[[Tigre]], [[Buenos Aires province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina|height=1.65 m|position=[[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Forward (association football)#Second striker|Second striker]]&lt;ref name=&quot;football-tricks.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html Maradona tricks and skills videos of the best soccer, football players ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615014521/http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html |date=2012-06-15 }}. Football-tricks.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html Diego Maradona dominated 1986 World Cup after position switch – Jonathan Wilson – SI.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014162353/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html |date=2013-10-14 }}. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com (27 May 2010). Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ Diego Maradona: ‘The Soccer Guru’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222239/http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ |date=2013-12-02 }}. The Viewspaper (25 June 2010). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm Diego Maradona – Profile of Soccer Player Diego Maradona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119054631/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm |date=2012-11-19 }}. Worldsoccer.about.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Do not delete second striker, it's well referenced--&gt;|currentclub=N/A|years1=1976–1981|clubs1=[[Argentinos Juniors]]|caps1=167|goals1=116|years2=1981–1982|clubs2=[[Boca Juniors]]|caps2=40|goals2=28|years3=1982–1984|clubs3=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|caps3=36|goals3=22|years4=1984–1991|clubs4=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|caps4=188|goals4=81|years5=1992–1993|clubs5=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|caps5=26|goals5=5|years6=1993–1994|clubs6=[[Newell's Old Boys]]|caps6=5|goals6=0|years7=1995–1997|clubs7=[[Boca Juniors]]|caps7=30|goals7=7|totalcaps=491|totalgoals=259|nationalyears1=1977–1979|nationalteam1=[[tim U-20 Argéntina|Argentina U20]]|nationalcaps1=24|nationalgoals1=13|nationalyears2=1977–1994|nationalteam2=[[tim nasional Argéntina|Argentina]]|nationalcaps2=91|nationalgoals2=34|manageryears1=1994|managerclubs1=[[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]]|manageryears2=1995|managerclubs2=[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]]|manageryears3=2008–2010|managerclubs3=[[tim nasional Argéntina|Argentina]]|manageryears4=2011–2012|managerclubs4=[[Al Wasl FC|Al Wasl]]|manageryears5=2013–2017|managerclubs5=[[Deportivo Riestra]] (assistant)|manageryears6=2017–2018|managerclubs6=[[Al-Fujairah SC|Fujairah]]|manageryears7=2018|managerclubs7=[[FC Dynamo Brest|Dynamo Brest]] (chairman)|manageryears8=2018–2019|managerclubs8=[[Dorados de Sinaloa]]|medaltemplates={{Medal|Country|{{fb|ARG}}}}{{MedalSport| Men's [[Association football|Football]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{medal|Winner|[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 Mexico]]|}}
{{medal|RU|[[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990 Italy]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Under-20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979 Japan]]|[[Argentina national under-20 football team|U-20]]}}}}'''Diégo Armando Maradona''', (lahir, 30 Oktober 1960 - 25 Nopémber 2020), pangsiunan pamaén bal profésional Argéntina. Dianggap minangka pamaén bola panghébatna sapanjang mangsa. Manéhna téh salah sahiji tina dua pinunjul réréongan panghargaan Pamaén FIFA Abad 20.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf FIFA Player of the Century] https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005029/http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf  26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.touri.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SI2&quot;&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ &quot;Maradona or Pele?&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101321/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2012-01-12 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated, 10 December 2000. Retrieved 13 Maret 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Visi, operan, kontrol bal jeung kamampuan ''dribbling'' Maradona, dikombinasikan jeung awakna nu pendek (1,65 m at. 5 kaki 5 inc), nu matak énteng, ngaalatankeun manéhna usik leuwih hadé manan réa pamaén séjénna; manéhna mindeng nga-''dribble'' ngaliwatan sababaraha pamaén lawan bari lumpat. Kahadiranna jeung kapamingpinanna di lapangan méré épék anu gedé pikeun pintonan timna sacara umum. Ku bakatna nu calakan, Maradona dilandi &quot;''El Pibe de Oro''&quot; (&quot;''The Golden Boy''&quot;), hiji ngaran nu némpél ka dirina salila karirna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pibe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/10/sezioni/sport/calcio/maradona-ct-argentina/maradona-ct-argentina/maradona-ct-argentina.html|title=La nuova vita del Pibe de Oro Maradona ct dell'Argentina|publisher=la Repubblica|accessdate=3 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Saurang ''playmaker'' hareup nu maké nomer posisi klasik 10, Maradona mangrupa pamaén kahiji dina sajarah ménbal nu mecahkeun rékor bayaran transfer dua kali, mimiti basa pindah ka Barcelona pikeun rékor dunia £5 juta, nu kaduana, basa pindah ka Napoli ku rékor séjénna £6,9 juta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/europe/article3325254.ece &quot;Snapshot: Maradona is toast of the town after signing for Napoli&quot;]. The Times. Diakses 30 Maret 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Salila karir klubna, Maradona maén pikeun [[Argentinos Juniors]], [[Boca Juniors]], [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Napoli]], [[Sevilla]] jeung [[Newell's Old Boys]], sarta sosohorna mah mangsa di Napoli jeung Barcelona basa meunangkeun sajumlah panghargaan.

Dina karir internasionalna bareng Argéntina, manéhna geus ngahasilkeun 91 ''caps'' jeung nyitak 35 gul. Maradona maén di 4 Piala Dunia FIFA, kaasup Piala Dunia 1986 di Méksiko di mana manéhna ngapténan Argéntina jeung mingpin timna meunang ngalawan Jérman Barat di final, sarta meunangkeun Bal Emas minangka pamaén turnamén panghadéna. Di parapat final Piala Dunia 1986, manéhna nyitak dua-duana gul basa meunang 2-1 ngalawan Inggris nu asup kana sajarah ménbal ku dua alésan nu béda. Gul kahiji nyaéta ngalanggar maké leungeun nu lolos tina hukuman nu katelah si &quot;Tangan Tuhan&quot;, sarta gul kadua ngagiring bal sapanjang 60 m (66 yd) ngaliwatan lima pamaén Inggris, kapilih minangka &quot;Gul abad Ieu&quot; ku pamilih FIFA.com di taun 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;vote&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html &quot;Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century&quot;]. FIFA (30 Mei 2002). Diakses 13 Maret 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona jadi palaith Argéntina di bulan Nopémber 2008. Ngajabat di Piala Dunia 2010 di Afrika Selatan méméh eureun di akhir turnamén. Manéhna ngalatih klub Al Wasl Dubai di Pro Liga UEA pikeun musim 2011-12. Taun 2017, Maradona jadi palatih Fujairah semet ka tungtung musim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11349642/diego-maradona-leaves-job-in-uae-after-failing-to-secure-automatic-promotion|title=&quot;Diego Maradona leaves job in UAE after failing to secure automatic promotion&quot;|last=|first=|website=Sky Sport|publisher=|accessdate=6 Mei 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Méi 2018, Maradona jadi pupuhu anyar klub Belarusia, Dynamo Brest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brest2&quot;&gt;[https://en.dynamo-brest.by/item/1082-da-diego-s-nami “Yes, Diego is with us!”]. Dynamo Brest. Retrieved 23 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna datang ka Brest jeung mimiti ditugaskeun ku klubna di bulan Juli. Ti Séptémber 2018 nepi ka Juni 2019, Maradona jadi palatih klub Méksiko, Dorados.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mexican team2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona's 'rebirth' at coaching job at Mexican side Dorados|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-45482066|accessdate=10 September 2018|agency=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan awal ==
[[File:Maradona_torneos_evita.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maradona_torneos_evita.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona  maén di Torneos Evita taun1973 (hiji kagiatan olahraga nasional di Argéntina) bareng &quot;''Cebollitas''&quot;]]
Maradona lahir tanggal 30 Oktober 1960 di Poliklinik Rumah Sakit Évita di Lanus, Provinsi [[Buenos Aires]], tapi digedékeun ku hiji kulawarga miskin pindahan ti Provinsi Corrientes, di Desa Fiorito, hiji kawasan kumuh di beulah wétan saluareun Buenos Aires, Argéntina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,1751019,00.html The greatest rags-to-riches stories ever] James Dart, Paul Doyle and Jon Hill, 12 April 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna téh budak lalaki kahiji sangges tilu awéwé. Manéhna boga dua adi lalaki, Hugo (''él Turco'') jeung Raul (Lalo), duanana ogé pamaén bal profésional. Bapana Diégo Maradona &quot;''Chitoro''&quot; (maot taun 2015) jeung indungna Dalma Salvadora Franco 'Dona Tota' (1930-2011). Kolot Maradona duanana asal ti Esquina di timur laut Provinsi Corrientes. Imahna masing-masing ngan kapisah 200 m di sisi Bangawan Corriente. Tahun 1950 ninggalkeun Esquina jeung netep di Buenos Aires. Umur dalapan taun Maradona kapanggih ku pamandu bakat waktu keur maén di klub lingkunganna Estrella Roja. Manéhna jadi pamaén penting di Los Cebollitas (Bawang Leutik), tim yunior Argentinos Juniors, Buenos Aires. Salaku pamaén budak umur 12 taun, manéhna ngahibur penonton ku nembongkeun kamonesanna dina ngulinkeun bal dina hiburan tengah babak di partai divisi hiji.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fundus.org/referat.asp?ID=12053 The Hand of God]. Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyebutkeun ''playmaker'' Brazil Rivelino jeung pamaén sayap [[Manchester United]] [[George Best]] di antara inspirasina pikeun déwasa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/english/2005/1126/198627-bestg/ &quot;Maradona hails 'inspirational' Best&quot;]. RTE Sport. Retrieved 9 September 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Football's Greatest – Rivelino&quot;. Pitch International LLP. 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Karir klub ==

=== Argéntinos Juniors jeung [[Boca Juniors]] ===
20 Oktober 1976, Maradona nyieun debut profésionalna keur Argéntinos Juniors, 10 poé méméh ulang taunna nu ka-16,&lt;ref name=&quot;vivadiego&quot;&gt;[http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html A SUMMARY OF MARADONA's LIFE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202737/http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html |date=2013-12-11 }}, vivadiego.com. Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; basa ngalawan Talleres de Cordoba. Manéhna asup ka lapang maké kaos nomer 16, jeung jadi pamaén pangorana dina sajarah Divisi Priméra Argéntina. Sababaraha menit sanggeus maén, Maradona nyépak bal nembus antara dua suku Juan Domingo Cabréra. Nyieun ''nutmeg''  (ngolongkeun bal) nu ngalégénda.&lt;ref name=&quot;asi&quot;&gt;[https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/33691/maradona-asi-empezo-todo Maradona. Así empezó todo], ''El Gráfico'', 25 April 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus permaénan éta, Maradona cumarita, &quot;Poé éta kuring ngarasa langit aya dina geunggeuman kuring,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Diego-Argentinos_0_898110387.html &quot;Diego, el de Argentinos&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042638/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Diego-Argentinos_0_898110387.html |date=2016-03-04 }}, ''Clarín'', 11 April 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Tilu puluh taun ti harita, Cabréra ingeuteun kénéh kana debut Maradonaː &quot;Kuring keur di sisi katuhu lapang sarta muru pikeun neken manéhna, tapi manéhna teu méré kasempetan. manéhna nyieun ''nutmeg'' jeung waktu kuring ngalieuk, manéhna geus jauh ti kuring.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=111261 Murió Juan Domingo “el Chacho” Cabrera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001217/http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=111261 |date=2020-07-30 }} by Gustavo Farías on ''La Voz'', 4 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maradona nyitak gul kahijina di [[Divisi Priméra]] ngalawan tim San Lorénzo Marplatense dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 1976, dua minggu ti saprak maén.&lt;ref&gt;[http://laseleccion.com.ar/argentina/primeros-goles-argentinos-san-lorenzo-diego-maradona &quot;Los primeros gritos de D10S&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008113712/http://laseleccion.com.ar/argentina/primeros-goles-argentinos-san-lorenzo-diego-maradona|date=8 October 2015}} on La Selección website&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Diego_Maradona_celebrando_la_obtención_del_Torneo_Metropolitano_de_1981.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diego_Maradona_celebrando_la_obtenci%C3%B3n_del_Torneo_Metropolitano_de_1981.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona keur diarak ku bobotoh [[:en:Boca_Juniors|Boca Juniors]] sanggeus meunang kajuaran [[:en:1981_Argentine_Primera_División|Metropolitano]] taun 1981]]
Maradona meakkeun lima taun di Argéntinos Juniors, ti 1976 nepi ka 1981, nyitak 115 gul tina 167 kali maén méméh pindah ka Boca Juniors ku AS$ 4 juta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1351900-aquella-jugada-que-llevo-a-maradona-a-boca &quot;Aquella jugada que llevó a Maradona a Boca&quot; by Daniel Arcucchi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930101801/http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1351900-aquella-jugada-que-llevo-a-maradona-a-boca |date=2015-09-30 }}, Cancha Llena, 22 February 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona nampa tawaran ti klub-klub séjén, kaasup [[River Plate]] nu nawarkeun gajih panggedéna di klub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=8 Mei 2014|title=Footbal Greatest-Rivalinho|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html|journal=Footbal Greatest-Rivalinho|doi=|pmid=|access-date=8 Mei 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najan kitu, Maradona nyatakeun kahayangna pikeun pindah ka Boca Juniors, tim nu salawasna dipikahayang pikeun maén.

Maradona neken kontrak jeung Boca Junior tanggal 20 Pébruari 1981. Debut kahijina dua poé ti harita ngalawan Talleres de Cordoba, nyitak dua gul dina kaunggulan 4-1 pikeun klubna. Tanggal 10 April, munggaran maén di ''Superclasico'' ngalawan River Plate di stadion La Bombonera. Boca ngéléhkeun River 3-0 sarta Maradona nyitak sagul sanggeus ngagiring bal ngaliwatan Alberto Tarantini jeung Fillol.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/22/deportes/d-04801.htm &quot;25 años de romance&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904062252/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/22/deportes/d-04801.htm |date=2010-09-04 }}, ''Clarín'', 26 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan hubungan nu teu pati akur antara Maradona jeung manajer Boca Juniors, Silvio Marzolini,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2000/09/24/s-04615.ht &quot;Maradona por Maradona&quot;]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 24 September 2000&lt;/ref&gt; Boca mibanda hiji usum nu suksés, meunangkeun juara liga sanggeus ngamankeun poin ngalawan Racing Club.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg81.html Argentina 1981 by Osvaldo José Gorgazzi] on RSSSF.com&lt;/ref&gt; Eta téh minangka hiji-hijina gelar nu kapimilik ku Maradona dina liga doméstik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifa profile&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/ &quot;The Albiceleste underdog who conquered the world&quot;]. FIFA.com Retrieved 16 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barcelona ===

Sabada Piala Dunia 1982, bulan Juni, Maradona pindah ka Barcelona di Spanyol pikeun £5 juta (̩$7,6 juta)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3278819/Life-and-crimes-of-Diego-Armando-Maradona-Football.html &quot;Life and crimes of Diego Armando Maradona&quot;]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2015&lt;/ref&gt; nu minangka bayaran rékor dunia di taun 1983. Dina cepengan palatih Cesar Luis Menotti, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] katut Maradona meunangkeun [[Copa del Rey]] (kompetisi piala nasional taunan Spanyol), ngéléhkeun [[Real Madrid C.F.|Réal Madrid]], ogé Piala Super Spanyol, ngéléhkeun [[Athlético Bilbao]]. Dina 26 Juni 1983, Barcelona ngéléhkeun Réal Madrid dina salah sahiji pertandingan paling gedé antar klub, ''El Clasico'', hiji permaénan di mana Maradona nyitak gul sarta jadi pamaén Barcelona nu mimiti meunang keprokan ti bobotoh Réal Madrid, musuh satruna. Maradona ngagiring bal ngaliwatan kiper Madrid Agustin, sarta pas geus deukeut kana gul nu kosong manéhna ngarandeg pas pisan pamaén tukang Juan Jose datang nyorodot dina usaha nu pinuh ku kaputusasaan pikeun nahan tembakan, terus kebat kadon neunggar tihang méméh Maradona ngajebloskeun bal kana jaring.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/news/2012-2013/30-years-since-maradona-stunned-the-santiago-bernabeu &quot;30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu&quot;]. FC Barcelona. Retrieved 2 October 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Cara asupna gul ngaalatankeun panongton di jero stadion méré aplausan. Salaku pamaén Barcelona, ngan [[Rivaldinho]] (di Nopémber 2005) jeung [[Andrés Iniésta]] (di Nopémber 2015) nu kungsi nampa panghormatan kitu  ti bobotoh Madrid di Santiago Bernabeu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clasico&quot;&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/real-madrid-0-barcelona-3-bernabeu-forced-to-pay-homage-as-ronaldinho-soars-above-the-galacticos-516202.html &quot;Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3: Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos&quot;]. The Independent. Retrieved 29 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nesn.com/2015/11/real-madrid-fans-applaud-barcelonas-andres-iniesta-in-el-clasico-video/|title=Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona’s Andres Iniesta In ‘El Clasico’|publisher=NESN|accessdate=28 January 2016|date=21 November 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102160305/https://nesn.com/2015/11/real-madrid-fans-applaud-barcelonas-andres-iniesta-in-el-clasico-video/ |date=2 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alatan gering jeung cidera katut ogé kajadian kontrovérsial di lapangan, Maradona ngalaman mangsa-mangsa hésé di Barcelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1677834,00.html &quot;That's one hell of a diet, Diego&quot;]. 8 January 2006. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Mimiti hépatisis énténg, tuluy di pertandingan [[La Liga]] di Camp Nou bulan Séptémber pateuh pigeulang suku disababkeun ku tékel nu salah waktu ti Andoni Goikoetxea ti Athletico Bilbao. Kajadian éta matak ngancam kana karirna. Tapi ku diropéaan jeung terapi, sanggeus tilu bulan reureuh dirina bisa balik deui ka lapang.&lt;ref name=&quot;vivadiego&quot;/&gt; . 
[[Gambar:Maradona_kempes_spain.jpg|kiri|jmpl|210x210px| Maradona jeung batur sanagarana, [[Mario Kémpés]] méméh patandingan di Barcelona ngalawan [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] ]]
Panungtungan usum 1983-84 ditandaan ku  paséa rongkah jeung burantakan dina final Copa del Rey 1984 ngalawan Athlético Bilbao di Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, nu sacara langsung ngalibetkeun Maradona.&lt;ref name=&quot;butcher&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona gives hot, hot heat to The Butcher of Bilbao|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2008/dec/05/joy-of-six-scott-murray|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus nampa tékel kasar deui ti Goikoetxea nu natuan sukuna, tur salila tanding dijejeléh  ku bobotoh Bilbao ku igelan ''xenophobic'' (anti urang luar), poyokan rasis nu mamawa bapana nu turunan pribumi Amérika, sarta sanggeus dipapanas ku pamaén Bilbao Miguel Sola dina akhir babak alatan Barcelona éléh 1-0, Maradona ngadat.&lt;ref name=&quot;butcher&quot; /&gt; Manéhna cengkat, nangtung sawatara inchi ti Sola sarta duanana paréa-réa omong. Hal ieu nyababkeun réaksi émosi nu nerekab ka kadua tim. Bari jeung sesentak, Sola nurutan poyokan panongton maké gerakan ''xenophobic''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Calioli&quot;&gt;Luca Caioli (2013). &quot;Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona tuluy ngadagor Sola ku sirahna, nyiku pamaén séjénna, sarta ngadagor pamaén séjénna deui ku tuur semet ka pingsan.&lt;ref name=&quot;butcher&quot; /&gt; Méméh pamaén Barcelona nulungan, Maradona digulung ku pamaén-pamaén Bilbao, sarta Goikoetxea ngajejek dadana. Ti dinya, pamaén Barcelona jeung Bilbao garelut di lapangan bari Maradona di tengah-tengah kaributan bukbek neunggeul jeung najongan sing saha waé nu maké kaos Bilbao.&lt;ref name=&quot;butcher&quot; /&gt;

Tarung massal ieu lumangsung di hareupeun Raja Spanyol [[Juan Carlos]] jeung 100.000 panongton di stadium sarta leuwih ti satengah Spanyol nongton na tivi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilbao&quot;&gt;Jimmy Burns. (2011). &quot;Maradona: The Hand of God&quot;. pp.121–122. A&amp;C Black&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus para bobotoh mimiti ngalung-ngalungkeun barang teuas di lapangan ka para pamaén, palatih jeung malahan mah tukang photo ogé, 60 jalma cidera. Ku insidén ieu, dina naon nu disebut tandang pamungkas Maradona maké kaos Barcelona, sacara éféktif geus mastikeun kapindahan Maradona ti klub  .&lt;ref name=&quot;Calioli&quot;&gt;Luca Caioli (2013). &quot;Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji pajabat Barcelona nyarita, &quot;Waktu kuring ningali Maradona gelut tur disusul ku kakacauan, kuring sadar yén urang teu bisa tuluy jeung manéhna.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilbao&quot; /&gt; Maradona remen patelak jeung presidén klub Josep Lluis Nunéz, nu ngujung kana tuntutan pikeun kaluar ti Camp Nou di taun 1984. Dina dua usum nu pinuh ku cidera di Barcelona, Maradona nyitak 38 gul tina 58 kali maén.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/indepth/maradona_indepth.html &quot;Backgrounder: Diego Maradona&quot;]. CBC Sports. Retrieved 14 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona pindah ka [[FC Napoli|Napoli]] di [[Séri A Italia]] pikeun bayaran rékor dunia lianna, £6,9 juta ($10,48 juta).&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;/&gt;
[[Gambar:Presentacion_maradona_napoli.jpg|ka|jmpl|292x292px| Maradona méré salam ka balaréa di Stadion San Paolo nalika préséntasina di Naples, 5 Juli 1984 ]]
Maradona nepi ka Naples jeung dipréséntasikeun ka média minangka pamaén Napoli tanggal 5 Juli 1984, dibagéakeun ku 75.000 bobotoh di Stadion San Paolo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jul/06/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-bernabeu|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=6 July 2009|accessdate=6 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panulis olahraga ngoméntaran &quot;Maranéhna (bobotoh) yakin yén panyalamet geus datang.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot;&gt;[http://www.espnfc.com/columns/story/_/id/1033038/rewind-to-1987:-maradona-brings-success-to-napoli?cc=5739 &quot;Maradona brings success to Napoli&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 16 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji koran lokal nyatakeun yén &quot;kajeun teuing kakurangan pamingpin, imah, sakola, beus, pagawé jeung sanitasi, teu jadi masalah lantaran urang saréréa miboga Maradona.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot; /&gt; Méméh kadatangan Maradona, sépakbola Italia didominasi ku tim-tim ti kalér jeung tengah negeri éta, saperti [[A.C. Milan|AC MIlan]], [[Juventus]], [[Inter Milan]] jeung [[A.S. Roma|Roma]], sarta euwueh tim ti Bobodjong Italia nu kungsi meunang gelar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clemente A. Lisi (2011). &quot;A History of the World Cup: 1930–2010&quot;. p. 193. Scarecrow Press&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Napoli, Maradona ngahontal puncak karir profésionalnaː teu kungsi lila manéhna geus diwaris bengker kaptén ti pamaén tukang véteran Giuseppe Bruscolotti&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/rubriche/la-storia/2016/02/09/news/bruscolotti_verso_juventus_napoli-133032932/|title=Bruscolotti, una vita in azzurro: &quot;Napoli, ricorda quella partita dell'86&quot;|newspaper=La Repubblica|language=Italian|author1=Nicola Sellitti|date=9 February 2016|accessdate=7 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta jadi béntang pujaan di antara bobotoh klub; dina mangsa dirina maén, Maradona geus hasil ngaronjatkeun tim kana posisi pangsuksésna dina sapanjang sajarah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot;/&gt; Maradona maén keur Napoli dina hiji mangsa nalika ténsi Kaler-Kidul di Italia keur panas-panasna alatan sababarah perkara, utamana perbédaan ékonomi di antara kaduana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot; /&gt; Dipingpin ku Maradona, Napoli meunang Juara Série A Italia pikeun munggaran pisan di taun 1986-87.Goldblatt nulis, &quot;Hahajatanna kacida tohaga. Pésta jalanan dadakan jeung féstival tuluy-tuluyan lumangsung di sakuliah kota dina karnaval berang peuting nu lumangsung leuwih ti saminggu. Dunia geus pabalik. Neapolitans (bobotoh Napoli) nieun poyokan pamakaman pikeun Juventus jeung Milan, ngaduruk peti matina, dina catetan tilar dunyana dibéwarakeun &quot;Mei 1987, Italia béh ditu geus diéléhkeun. Karajaan anyar geus lahir.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot; /&gt; Mural Maradona dilukis di gedong-gedong kuno kota sarta barudak nu karak lahir dingaranan Maradona minangka panghormatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot; /&gt; Usum hareupna, trio panyerang tim, nu diwangun ku Maradona, Bruno Giordano jeung Caréca, tuluy dilandi garis hareup &quot;Ma-Gi-Ca&quot; (ajaib).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/04/03/serie_as_comeback_kid_eyes_ano.html|title=Serie A's comeback kid eyes another miracle|work=Guardian Unlimited|last=Richardson|first=James|date=3 April 2007|accessdate=23 Maret 2016|authorlink=James Richardson (television presenter)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407151552/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/04/03/serie_as_comeback_kid_eyes_ano.html |date=7 April 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Napoli meunang deui liga kadua kalina di 1989-90, jeung dua kali ''runner up'' di 1987-88 jeung 1988-89. Kahormatan séjénna dina mangsa Maradona di Napoli kaasup Piala Italia 1987, posisi kadua Piala Italia 1989, Piala UEFA 1989 sarta Piala Super Itali di 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naples&quot;/&gt; Najan utamana maén dina peran kréatif minangka galandang serang, Maradona jadi top sekor di Série A taun 1987-88 ku 15 gul, sarta jadi pamingpin panyitak gul Napoli sapanjang mangsa ku 115 gul, méméh peupeus ku Marek Hamsik di taun 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifa profile&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/diego-maradona-has-appealed-to-european-union/ &quot;Diego Maradona Has Appealed to European Union&quot;]. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/diego-maradona-has-appealed-to-european-union/ &quot;Diego Maradona Has Appealed to European Union&quot;]. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika ditanya pamaén mana pangbeuratna nu pernah disinghareupan, pamaén batahan tengah AC Milan, Franco Baresi nimbal, &quot;Maradona; nalika keur jagjag, taya jalan pikeun ngeureunkeun manéhna.&quot; Hiji pandangan nu sarua jeung batur satimna, Paolo Maldini, nu nyarita, &quot;Panghadé-hadéna pamaén nu pernah dilawan ku kuring, nya Maradona.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/franco-baresi-one-one#JPCgrGHigE3eRrU0.99 &quot;Franco Baresi: One-on-One&quot;]. Four Four Two. Retrieved 19 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/10/04/895828/maradona-and-ronaldo-best-ever-maldini &quot;Maradona and Ronaldo Best Ever&quot;]. Goal.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa Maradona keur suksés di lapangan nalika maén di Italia, masalah pribadina nambahan. Pamakéan kokainna katutuluyan, sarta kudu mayar denda AS$70.000 alatan ngileus tina tanding jeung latihan, cenah mah karna seutrés.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6153EF930A25752C0A967958260|work=The New York Times|title=SPORTS PEOPLE; Maradona Fined|date=13 January 1991|accessdate=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyanghareupan skandal ngeunaan hiji budak haramna, sarta jadi obyék kacurigaan gara-gara disangka sosobatan jeung ''Camorra'' (salah sahiji kelompok mafia Italia).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm|work=BBC News|title=Maradona's fall from grace|date=19 April 2004|accessdate=1 April 2010|first=John|last=May}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html|work=The Independent|location=London|title=After the fall: The World Cup dream is over for Diego Maradona, but there may be worse to come – a little matter of pounds 500,000-worth of smuggled cocaine, and the Naples mafia. Paul Greengrass and Toby Follett report|date=5 July 1994|accessdate=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/gennaio/02/Camorra_arrestato_boss_amico_Maradona_co_0_9901021353.shtml|title=Camorra, arrestato il boss amico di Maradona|work=Corriere della Sera|accessdate=12 June 2010|date=24 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/|publisher=CNN|date=14 January 2002|author=Telander, Rick|title=At his best, Diego Maradona can be as graceful as Michael Jordan. At his worst, he can be as disgraceful as John McEnroe. The question is, which Maradona will show for the World Cup?}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094208/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |date=3 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku kituna, dina raraga ngaragangan ka Maradona jeung beubeunanganna nalika karir di Napoli, si nomer 10 ti Napoli sacara resmi dieureunkeun.&lt;ref&gt;Landolina, Salvatore. (14 January 2011) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/01/14/2305148/diego-maradona-backs-ezequiel-lavezzi-to-earn-napoli-numberl Diego Maradona Backs Ezequiel Lavezzi To Earn Napoli Number 10 Shirt]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sevilla, Newell's Old Boys jeung Boca Juniors ===
Sabada teu meunang maén salila 15 bulan alatan gagal dina tés obat jeung kokain, taun 1992 Maradona ninggalkeun Napoli bari ngarasa hina. Najan aya minat ti Réal Madrid jeung Marséille, manéhna neken kontrak jeung Sevilla, di mana manéhna netep salila sataun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html|title=Sport in Short: Football – Sport|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=15 July 1992|accessdate=6 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1993, pindah ka Newell's Old Boys sarta taun 1995 balik deui ka Boca Juniors pikeun periode dua taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;vivadiego&quot;/&gt; Maradona ogé tampil dina pertandingan panghormatan pikeun Osvaldo Ardiles ngalawan Inter Milan, méméh Piala Dunia 1986.&lt;ref&gt;[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/maradona-contender-replace-avb-tottenham-132124009.html &quot;Maradona ‘a main contender to replace Villas-Boas at Tottenham’&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180636/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/maradona-contender-replace-avb-tottenham-132124009.html|date=14 July 2014}}. Yahoo. Retrieved 24 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona sorangan meunang pertandingan panghormatan di bulan Nopémber 2001, maén di antara para béntang Dunia XI ngalawan tim nasional Argéntina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/nov/10/sport.comment|title=Maradona finishes on a personal high|publisher=|work=The Guardian|date=10 November 2001|accessdate=29 July 2018|first=Dan|last=Rookwood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir Internasional ==
[[Gambar:Arg_vs_urss_1979.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona maén ngalawan Uni Soviet dina final Piala Dunia Junior FIFA 1979]]
Wanci maén di tim nasional Argéntina, Maradona nyitak 34 gul tina 91 kali maén. Mimiti tanding internasional dina umur 16, ngalawan Hongaria tanggal 27 Pebruari 1977. Maradona teu dibawaan kana pasukan Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1978 ku palatih Cesar Luis Menotti lantaran umur 17 taun dianggap ngora kénéh teuing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Britannica|686139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umur 18, Maradona maén di Piala Dunia Junior FIFA 1979 di Jepang sarta mucunghul jadi béntang turnamén, ngagurilap nalika Argéntina meunang 3-1 di final ngalawan Uni Soviet. Tanggal 2 Juni 1979, Maradona munggaran nyitak gol internasional seniorna nalika meunang 3-1 ngalawan Skotlandia di Hampden Park.&lt;ref&gt;MacPherson, Graeme (30 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207131534/http://www.theherald.co.uk/sport/headlines/display.var.2464361.0.Maradona_to_receive_Hampden_welcome.php Maradona to receive Hampden welcome], ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna tuluy maén keur Argéntina dina dua partai Piala Amérika 1979, éléh 2-1 ku Brazil, sarta meunang lawan Bolivia 3-0 di mana Maradona nyitak gol katilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html|title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances|last1=Pierrend|first1=José Luis|website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona jeung pahlawan sanagarana, Lionel Méssi, mangrupa ngan dua-duana pamaén nu meunangkeun Bal Emas boh dina Piala Dunia U-20 FIFA jeung Piala Dunia FIFA. Maradona meunang di taun 1979 jeung 1986, sedeng Méssi nurutan di 2005 jeung 2014.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html#under20 &quot;FIFA Under-20 World Championships Awards&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112042845/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html|date=12 January 2016}}. RSSSF. Retrieved 20 Maret 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Piala Dunia 1986 ===
Maradona maén munggaran di Piala Dunia 1982 di tempat pangdumukan anyarna, Spanyol. Argéntina ngalawanan Bélgia dina tandang bubuka Piala Dunia 1982 di Camp Nou Barcelona. Para bobotoh Katalan sumanget pisan pikeun nempo laga Maradona, panyepeng rékor dunia  kontrak maranéhna. Tapi Maradona tandang teu sapagodos jeung pangharepan alatan si juara batahan kasoran 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1982/wc82story.html 1982 – Story of Spain '82]. Planet World Cup. Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Najan kitu Argéntina sacara ngayakinkeun ngéléhkeun Hongaria jeung Él Salvador di Alicante pikeun maju ka babak kadua. Aya kaharénghéng internal dina jero tim, di mana nu ngarora, pamaén nu kurang pangalaman aya dina sahandapeun pamaén nu leuwih pangalaman. Dina jero tim ogé ngarilu pamaén-pamaén saperti Mario Kémpés, Osvaldo Ardiles, Ramon Diaz, Daniel Bertoni, Albérto Tarantini, Ubaldo Fillol jeung Daniel Passarélla. Argéntina éléh ku Brazil dina babak kadua jeung ogé ku pijuaraeun Italia. Kacaturkeun dina tanding ngalawan Italia, Maradona ditempel rapet ku Claudio Gentile, nalika Italia ngéléhkeun Argéntina 2-1 di Sarria Stadium Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;Brewin, John (9 June 2010) [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global &quot;Diego Maradona: God's gift&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108213751/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global|date=8 November 2012}}. ESPN Soccernet.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona maén lima kali bari teu kungsi diganti. Dina tanding pamungkas ngalawan Brazil, Maradona dikaluarkeun pilimameniteun deui kana anggeusan lantaran palanggaran serius ka Batista.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2943/castrol-debates/2010/06/10/1968569/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986 &quot;Castrol World Cup Legends: Diego Maradona – 1986&quot;]. Goal.com (10 June 2010). Retrieved 14 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Piala Dunia 1986 ===
[[Gambar:Maradona-Mundial_86_con_la_copa.JPG|jmpl|Diégo Maradona nyepeng tropi Piala Dunia 1986]]
Maradona ngapténan tim nasional Argéntina basa meunangkeun Piala Dunia 1986 di Méksiko. Meunang di final ngalawan Jérman Barat di Kota Méksiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn&quot;&gt;[http://espnfc.com/feature/_/id/696773/world-cup-history?cc=5901 &quot;World Cup 1986&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 24 April 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Salila turnamén Maradona nunjukkeun dominasina jeung minangka pamaén paling dinamis dina turnamén éta. Nyitak 5 gul jeung 5 ''assist'', tilu di antarana dina partai bubuka ngalawan Koréa Selatan di Stadion Olimpico Universitario di Kota Méksiko. Gol kahijina datang nalika ngalawan Italia dina tanding kadua grup di Puebla. Argéntina nyingkirkeun Uruguay dina babak panyisihan kahiji di Puebla, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html &quot;1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico: Italy – Argentina&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216144554/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D68/results/matches/match%3D394/report.html|date=16 December 2012}}. FIFA. Retrieved 14 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;nempatkeun Argéntina jadi pilawaneun Inggris di Stadion Aztéca, ogé di Kota Méksiko. Sabada nyitak dua gul kontras nalika meunang 2-1 ngalawan Inggris di parapat final, kalégendarisanna jadi kapatri. Éndahna gul kadua sarta sohorna gul kahijina, ngaalatankeun koran Perancis ''L'Equipe'' ngagambarkeun Maradona minangka &quot;satengah malaikat, satengah sétan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diego&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/mexico1986/index.html &quot;Maradona lights up the world – with a helping hand&quot;]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 13 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona bari semu-semu ngahindar ngagamberkeun éta téh minangka &quot;sawaréh tina leungeunna jeung sawaréh deui tina leungeun Gusti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn&quot; /&gt; Gul éta jadi sohor minangka &quot;Tangan Tuhan&quot;. Antukna dina 22 Agustus 2005, Maradona ngaku dina hiji acara tv yén manéhna ngahaja ngagebug bal ku leungeunna jeung teu keuna saeutik ogé kana sirahna, sarta manéhna harita kénéh sadar yén gul éta téh teu sah. Ieu téh jadi hiji kakaliruan internasional nu fatal dina sajarah Piala Dunia. Gul ieu tetep tumetep, jadi kakeuheul pamaén-pamaén Inggris.&lt;ref&gt;McCarthy, David (18 November 2008). [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/ Terry Butcher: Maradona robbed England of World Cup glory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135636/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/|date=27 May 2010}}. [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Gul kadua Maradona, ngan opat menit sabada ''hand''-gulna nu diprotés bébéakan, tuluy kapilih ku FIFA minangka gul pangalusna dina sajarah Piala Dunia. Manéhna nampa bal ti daérahna sorangan, puputeran sarta ku 11 toélan lumpat leuwih ti satengah lapang, ngagiring bal ngaliwatan lima pamaén Inggris (Peter Beardsley, Steve Hodge, Peter Reid, Terry Butcher jeung Terry Fenwick) méméh ninggalkeun kiper Peter Shilton di satukangeunna ku gerakan tipuan, sarta ngagebluskeun bal kana jaring.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/6700645/Top-10-World-Cup-goals.html?mobile=basic &quot;Top 10 World Cup goals&quot;]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 August 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Gul ieu kapilih jadi &quot;Gul Abad Ieu&quot; hasil pamilihan ''online'' taun 2002 nu diayakeun ku FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;voted&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html &quot;Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century&quot;]. FIFA (30 May 2002). Retrieved 13 Maet 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Pamilihan Channel 4 di Inggris Raya tahun 2002 nunjukkeun pidanganna dina rangking ka genep dina daptar 100 Kajadian Olahraga Pangéndahna.&lt;ref name=&quot;“Channel4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|title=100 Greatest Sporting Moments – Results|year=2002|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204090913/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|archive-date=4 February 2002|dead-url=yes|access-date=8 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Maradona_gol_a_inglaterra.jpg|jmpl|Maradona méméh nyitak &quot;gul abad ieu&quot; ngalawan Inggris di Méksiko 1986]]
Maradiona nuluykeun ku dua gol di semifinal ngalawan Bélgia di Aztéca, kaasup pintonan dribbling éndah séjénna dina gul nu kadua. Dina tanding final, Jérman Barat nyoba nahan manéhna ku pangawalan ganda, tapi najan kitu Maradona tetep nimu lolongkrang ngaliwatan Lothar Matthaus pikeun méré operan ka Jorge Burruchaga keur nyitak gul kameunangan. Argéntina ngéléhkeun Jérman Barat 3-2 di hareupeun 115.000 bobotoh di Aztéca sarta minangka kaptén Maradona ngangkat pialana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diego&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clive Gammon (7 July 1986). [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064996/index.htm?eref=sisf &quot;Tango Argentino!&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514062120/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064996/index.htm?eref=sisf |date=2014-05-14 }}. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 13 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; 

Salila turnamén, Maradona nieun leuwih ti satengahna tina peluang Argéntina, 90 kali dribble jeung diganjal 53 kali nu ngabalukarkeun timna meunang tendangan bebas.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1986l Castrol Worldcup Statistics – Diego Maradona]. Castrolfootball.com. diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona nyitak atawa méré ''assist'' 10 tina 14 gul Argéntina, kaasup hiji ''assist'' panangtuan di final. Dina ahir turnamén, ku suara buleud, Maradona meunangkeun Bal Emas salaku pamaén panghadéna sarta dianggap saolah-olah meunangkeun Piala Dunia ku sorangan, hiji hal nu mana Maradona teu pati panuju.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;Darby, James. (10 June 2010) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/10/1968349/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986l WorldCup Legends: Maradona]. Goal.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf “Argentina's Road to the World Title”] FIFA. page 43&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf “Argentina's Road to the World Title”] FIFA. page 43&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;number 10&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens]. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Zinedine Zidane, nu nongton Piala Dunia wanci keur umur 14 taun, nyaritakeun yén Maradona téh &quot;aya dina tingkatan lain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maradona was on another level – Zidane|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/7138/goal-hall-of-fame/2014/11/12/6070971/maradona-was-on-another-level-zidane|accessdate=20 August 2018|work=Goal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun ngahargaan  manéhna pihak nu nyepeng Stadion Aztéca ngadegkeun patung manéhna keur nyitak &quot;Gul Abad Ieu&quot; di lawang asup stadion.&lt;ref&gt;[http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century Messi’s Goal Better Than Maradona's Goal of the Century?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609185309/http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century |date=2010-06-09 }} worldrec.info. Retrieved 29–01–09.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Piala Dunia 1990 ===
Maradona ngapténan deui Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1990 di Italia nepi ka final ogé. Cidera pigeulang suku mangaruhan kasaluruhan pidanganna, sarta dirina kurang dominan di banding opat taun katukang. Sanggeus éléh dina tanding bubuka ku Kamerun di San Siro Milan, Argéntina ampir kasingkirkeun dina puteran kahiji. ngan nempatan poisisi katilu dina grupna. Dina tanding 16 besar ngalawan Brazil di Turin, Claudio Caniggia nyitak hiji-hijina gul sanggeus dipepernah ku Maradona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifa90&quot;&gt;[http://www.espnfc.com/feature/_/id/696774?cc=5739 &quot;World Cup 1990&quot;].ESPN. Retrieved 24 April 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina parapat final, Argéntina nyanghareupan Yugoslavia di Florence;  lekasan 0-0 sanggeus 120 menit, Argéntina laju ku ngadu pinalti najan Maradona gagal ngasupkeun alatan sepakanna laun ka katuhueun kiper. Dina semifinal ngalawan pribumi Italia di Naples, Stadion Sao Paolo ogé ngujung kana ngadu pinalti sabada imbang 1-1. Ayeuna mah Maradona hasil dina usahana nyitak pinalti. Dina final di Roma, Argéntina kasoran 0-1 ti Jérman Barat. Hiji-hjina gul liwat pinalti Andreas Brehme dina menit ka-85 sanggeus palanggaran kontrovérsial ka Rudi Voller.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifa90&quot;/&gt;

=== Piala Dunia 1994 ===
Dina Piala Dunia 1994 di Amérika Sérikat, Maradona ngan maén dua kali (duanana Stadion Foxboro deukeut Boston), nyitak sagul ngalawan Yunani, méméh tuluy dipulangkeun alatan gagal dina tés obat-obatan doping ''ephedrine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=After Second Test, Maradona Is Out of World Cup|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/01/sports/world-cup-94-after-second-test-maradona-is-out-of-world-cup.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=2 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada nyitak gul ngalawan Yunani, Maradona nyieun salah sahiji sélébrasi gul Piala Dunia pangsohorna ku lumpat ka salah sahiji kaméra sisi ngocéak bari beungeut dijebéwkeun jeung panon molotot.&lt;ref name=&quot;celebration&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jon Carter|date=26 May 2010|title=First XI: World Cup celebrations|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global|deadurl=yes|journal=[[ESPN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global|archivedate=3 June 2010|postscript=|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global |date=3 June 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu téh minangka gul internasional panungtungan Maradona dina tanding pamungkas pikeun nagarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;celebration&quot; /&gt;

Dina otobiographina, Maradona nyangkal yén hasil tés téh alatan palatih pribadina mikeun inuman panambah tanaga ''Rip Fuel''. Ngakuna mah vérsi Amérika, nu teu jiga di Argéntina, ngandung bahan kimia obat téa. Alatan dosis Argéntinana beak, palatihna bari teu nelek-nelek miken racikan Amérika. FIFA ngusir dirina di AS 1994 sarta Argéntina tuluy kasingkirkeun dina puteran kadua ku Rumania di Los Angeles. Maradona ogé sacara kapisah ngaku yén manéhna geus nyieun kasupaketan jeung FIFA, najan dibantah ku FIFA, pikeun ngijinan manéhna ngagunakeun obat éta pikeun ngurangan beurat badanna méméh kompétisi sangkan bisa maén.&lt;ref&gt;Hylands, Alan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330155023/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/soccerhistory/p/diegomaradona.htm Diego Maradona], about.com.&lt;/ref&gt; Kagagalanna dina tés obat dina  Piala Dunia 1994 nandaan ahir tina karir internasionalna nu geus lumangsung salila 17 taun sarta ngahasilkeun 31 gul tina 91 kali maén, ogé sakali meunang Piala Dunia jeung sakali ''runners up.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1646832.stm &quot;Argentina's tribute to Maradona&quot;]. BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt;''

== Gaya Permaénan ==
&quot;Diégo mampu ngalakukeun hal-hal nu jalma séjén teu bisa. Hal nu bisa ku kuring dipilampah maké bal, ku manéhna mah bisa dipilampah maké jeruk.&quot; 

- Michel Paltini, manten galandang Perancis ngeunaan kontrol bal Maradona.
[[Gambar:Argentina_v_belgica_1986.jpg|ka|jmpl|230x230px|Maradona keur ngagiring bal ngalawan Bélgia di taun 1986.]]
Maradona sohor ku kamampuan ''dribbling-''na, visi, kontrol bal, operan jeung kréatifitasna sarta dianggap salah saurang pamaén olahraga pangmasagina.&lt;ref name=&quot;numero 10&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens]. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Diakses 31 Maret2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Patrick Houghton (2008). &quot;Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals, and Cases&quot;. p. 43. Routledge, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Susan Ratcliffe (2001). &quot;People on People: The Oxford Dictionary of Biographical Quotations&quot;. p. 234. Oxford University Press, 2001&lt;/ref&gt; Mibanda awak nu pepel, sarta ku alatan sukuna nu kuat jeung awakna nu pendék manéhna bisa nadah tekanan pisik lawan bari ngagiring bal.&lt;ref&gt;[http://m.espn.go.com/general/blogs/blogpost?blogname=relegationzone&amp;id=1816 &quot;From spectacular to scandalous: Maradona's World Cup legacy&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 14 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Manten pamaén Walanda Johan Cruyff nempo kasaruan antara Maradona jeun Méssi di mana ngalika ngagiring, bal katempona siga nu nempél waé kana suku.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Lionel-Messi-hailed-as-world-treasure-by-Johan-Cruyff-fellow-Barcelona-legend-article881245.html &quot;Messi's a world treasure says Johan Cruyff&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041440/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Lionel-Messi-hailed-as-world-treasure-by-Johan-Cruyff-fellow-Barcelona-legend-article881245.html|date=26 April 2012}}. The Mirror. Retrieved 1 August 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Dirina mangrupa pamaén strategis jeung pamaén tim, ogé mibanda téhnik nu luhung. Manéhna bisa ngatur awakna sacara éféktif dina ruang nu kawates, sarta bakal mancing pamaén tukang lawan ukur pikeun sacara kilat ngaleupaskeun seranganna (jiga gul kadua nalika lawan Inggris di taun 1986),&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/photo_galleries/3639075.stm Maradona's World Cup magic]. BBC Sport (19 April 2004). Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; atawa méré ''assist'' ka baturna nu dina kaayaan laluasa. Alatan kuat jeung pendék manéhna bisa nahan bal sakitu lilana bari ditutur-tutur ku pamaén tukang lawan pikeun nunggu baturna lalumpat ka hareup atawa pikeun manggihan lolongkrang pikeun tembakan kilat. Dirina nunjukkeun kualitas kapamingpinan di lapangan sarta jadi kaptén Argéntina di tilu Piala Dunia, 1986, 1990 jeung 1994.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/may/29/world-cup-top-100-pele-maradona &quot;World Cup’s top 100 footballers: how to choose between Pelé and Maradona?&quot;]. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John H Kerr (2004). &quot;Motivation And Emotion In Sport&quot;. p. 2. Taylor &amp; Francis,&lt;/ref&gt; 
Maradona jadi pamingpin di lapang jeung di luar lapang. Kamampuan Maradona salaku pamaén jeung kapribadiaanna nu sok ngawasa méré dampak positif nu gedé pikeun timna. Batur maéna dina Piala Dunia 1986, Jorge Valdano nyarita: &quot;Maradona téh hiji pamingpin téhnis: hiji jalma nu mecahkeun sagala karerepet nu bisa bijil di lapangan. Kahijina, manéhna téh bisa nyieun mukjijat, hiji hal nu méré kayakinan ka batur-bautrna. Kaduana, lingkung sélébritina geus mampu nyedot sagala tekenan pikeun batur-batur satimna. Maksud kuring téh, saurang pamaén bisa saré tibra dina peuting méméh maén lain wungkul karana apal yén manéhna maén jeung Diégo nu bisa milampah hal nu pamaén lain teu bisa, tapi ogé alatan sacara teu nyadar urang ngarasa yén lamun ninggang di éléh mangka Maradona bakal nanggung beban panglobana, bakal paling disalahkeun tibatan urang-urang. Muji kana kharisma Maradona, batur maén séjénna. Kitu tah pangaruh manéhna téh dina jero tim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Does Diego still have the touch of a leader?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2008/nov/18/diego-maradona-argentina|accessdate=28 July 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Striker subur Gabriel Batistuta muji: &quot;Diégo bisa maréntah ka sa-stadion, nyieun unggal jalma lalajo manéhna. Kuring kungsi maén jeung manéhna sarta kuring bisa ngabéjaan ka anjeun kumaha pentingna manéhna pikeun tim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Messi lacks Maradona's charisma, claims Batistuta|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-lacks-maradonas-charisma-claims-batistuta#5TvMcZMsZqydgcwd.99|accessdate=15 August 2018|work=Four Four Two}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Quote box|width=32%|align=right|quote=&quot;Najan kuring maén jutaan taun, kuring moal bisa nandingan Maradona, taya niat ka dinya bari na gé. Manéhna pamaén pangpunjulna nu pernah aya.&quot;|source=—Lionel Méssi, pamaén nu pangpantesna dilandi ku sebutan &quot;Maradona Anyar&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maradona FIFA&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html &quot;Maradona, as others see him&quot;]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt;}}Salah sahiji ciri khas Maradona nyaéta ''dribbling'' ku kacepetan pinuh di sayap katuhu, tuluy nalika nepi kana garis gawang lawan ngaleupaskeun operan nu akurat pikeun baturna. Ciri khas séjénna nyaéta ''rabona'', hiji operan dina gerakan suku ngagunting satukangeun suku séjénna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=10/news=enraptured-rabonas-1527054.html|title=Enraptured by 'rabonas'|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manuper ieu ngahasilkeun kana sababaraha ''assist'', contona eupan mumbul pikeun sundulan Ramon Diaz lawan Swiss di taun 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.us/story/1300129/first-xi-the-art-of-rabona|title=The art of rabona|publisher=ESPN FC|accessdate=9 April 2016|author1=Robin Hackett|date=17 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé tukang nyépak tendangan bébas jeung pinalti nu ngabahayakeun.&lt;ref&gt;[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/06/19/us-soccer-world-maradona-idUSTRE65I0RB20100619 &quot;Free kick expert Maradona leads by example&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125210345/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/06/19/us-soccer-world-maradona-idUSTRE65I0RB20100619 |date=2015-11-25 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2009/m=7/news=tension-from-yards-1086121.html|title=Tension from 12 yards|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=31 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Téhnik tendangan bébasna, di mana mineung katempo manéhna ngangkat tuur dina hiji sudut nu luhur nalika némbakeun bal, balukarna bal melentung ngaliwatan témbok pertahanan. Kukituna manéhna bisa nyitak gul tendangan bébas sanajan jarakna deukeut, dina 22 nepi ka 17 kaki (20 ka 16 méter) tina gawang, atawa malahan pas di saluareun aréa pinalti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/ottobre/24/Del_Piero_Tira_alla_Platini_co_0_951024456.shtml|title=Del Piero? Tira alla Platini|publisher=Il Corriere della Sera|language=Italian|date=24 October 1995|p=44|archive-url=https://archive.is/20151106152619/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/ottobre/24/Del_Piero_Tira_alla_Platini_co_0_951024456.shtml|archive-date=6 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maradona kawentar ku kapribadiaanna nu licik.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/oct/30/argentina-maradona-football-manager-rehab &quot;El maestro Maradona: football legend to be Argentina manager&quot;]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Luyu jeung landianna &quot;El Pibe de Oro&quot; (Anak Emas) nu boga kesan jahat, ku &quot;pibe&quot; ngandung harti ogé tukang tipu anti kamapanan, budak jalanan nu cerdas sarta pinuh muslihat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pibe&quot;/&gt; Sawatara kritikan nempo gul &quot;Tangan Tuhan&quot; kontorvérsialna dina Piala Dunia 1986 minangka hiji manuper pinter. Salah saurang pamaén lawan, Glenn Hoddle, nyebutkeun yén Maradona geus nyamurkeun gul éta ku ngagitekkeun sirahna bareng jeung nepak bal.&lt;ref&gt;Geoff Tibballs (2003). &quot;Great Sporting Scandals&quot;. p. 227. Robson, 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Gol éta dipandang minangka pangwujudan watek ti kawasan kumuh Buénos Aires di mana Maradona digedékeun sarta konsepan kota éta, ''viveza criolla'' - &quot;licik bawaan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/sport/football/maradona-scores-1800aseat-ticket-sales-proving-the-bad-boys-of-sport-are-hard-to-match-20120511-1yi1y.html#ixzz327PbCwNs &quot;Maradona scores $1800-a-seat ticket sales, proving the bad boys of sport are hard to match&quot;]. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Sawatara loba kritikan kana gul kahijina nu teu sah, panyerang Inggris, Gary Lineker ngaku, &quot;Nalika Diégo nyitak gul kadua éta ngalawan urang, kuring ngarasa siga ngeprokan. Kuring can pernah ngarasa siga kitu saméméhna, tapi éta téh nyata... sarta lain alatan éta téh hiji pertandingan penting. Ampir teu mungkin pikeun nyitak gul nu sakitu éndahna. Manéhna téh pamaén pangpunjulna salilana. Hiji fénoména asli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Quotes&quot;&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/quotes.html &quot;Diego Maradona – I was there&quot;]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 23 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona ngagunakeun leungeunna deui dina Piala Dunia 1990, ogé teu meunang hukuman, ayeuna mah dina garis gawangna sorangan, nyegah Uni Soviet pikeun nyitak gul.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/13/diego-maradona-other-hand-ball &quot;13 June 1990: Diego Maradona's other World Cup handball&quot;]. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Sajumlah publikasi geus nyaruakeun Maradona minangka si Artful Dodger, copet  bebenyit malarat dina buku Charles Dickens, ''Oliver Twist''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6353/world-cup-legends-2-diego-maradona/ &quot;World Cup Legends #1: Diego Maradona&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203100233/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6353/world-cup-legends-2-diego-maradona/|date=3 February 2015}}. Esquire. Retrieved 3 February 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3459830/Diego-Maradona-writes-another-chapter-in-a-turbulent-life-Football.html &quot;Argentina coach Diego Maradona writes another chapter in a turbulent life&quot;]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Taylor, Chris (9 November 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/nov/06/sport.argentina &quot;A Big Hand&quot;]. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jimmy Burns (2011). &quot;Maradona: The Hand of God&quot;. p. 17. A&amp;C Black&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona téh saurang pamaén nu sacara dominan maké suku kénca, remen maké suku kéncana sanajan bal leuwih ngeunaheun pikeun suku katuhu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/11/13/rabona-tocco-magico-di-diego.html|title=Rabona, ' o tocco magico di Diego|trans-title=Rabona, Diego's magic touch|newspaper=La Repubblica|language=Italian|author1=Marco Azzi|date=13 November 2006|accessdate=9 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contona dina gul dina Piala Dunia 1986 nalika ngalawan Bélgia di semifinal jeung ngalawan  Inggris di parapat final téa.

== Pangsiun jeung kahormatan ==
[[Gambar:Maradona_Barcelona_shirt.jpg|ka|jmpl|Kaos Maradona dina hiji pajangan di Museum FC Barcelona]] 

Taun 1990, Yayasan Konex ti Argéntina ngadeudeul Maradona ku Panghargaan Berlian Konex, salah sahiji panghargaan budaya nu pangpréstisiusna di Argéntina, minangka pribadi pangpentingna dina widang olahraga dina dekade terahir di jero negeri. Taun 2.000, Maradona ngapublikasikeun otobiographina Yo Soy Él Diégo (Kuring si Diégo), nu laris di Argéntina.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20030512214724/http://www.wndu.com/sports/122000/sports_5111.php Maradona 'tells all' in autobiography]. Associated Press. 20 December 2000.&lt;/ref&gt; Dua taun ti harita, Maradona nyumbangkeun royalti bukuna di Kuba ka &quot;Masyarakat Kuba jeung Fidel&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Garcia, Anne-Marie (21 February 2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013215035/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/febrero02-3/8diego-i.html Maradona donates royalties from Cuban edition of his book]. granma.cu.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Maradona_Soccer_Aid_2.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona dina patandingan amal ''Soccer Aid'' di Old Trafford Manchester bulan Mei 2006.]]
Taun 2.000, Maradona meunang panghargaan pamaén FIFA Abad Ieu nu diputuskeun liwat pamilihan suara dina ''website'', majalah resmina jeung para juri. Maradona meunang dina pamiihan dumasar kana internét, ngumpulkeun 53,6% suara lawan Pélé 18.53%.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ &quot;Maradona or Pele?&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101321/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2012-01-12 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 26 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi sanajan kitu, saméméh upacara panyérénan, FIFA nambahkeun panghargaan kadua sarta nunjuk komisi &quot;Kulawarga Sépakbola&quot; nu dieusi ku jurnalis sépakbola nu ogé ngaanugrahan Pélé minangka pamaén panghadéna dina abad ieu. Maradona ogé nempatan posisi kalima dina pamilihan di IFFHS (''International Federation of Football History and Statistics'').&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html#worldpoc IFFHS' Century Elections]. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.com (30 January 2000). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2001, ''Argentine Football Association'' (AFA) ngajukeun ka FIFA pikeun kawenangan matrikeun nomer kaos 10 ka Maradona. FIFA teu ngaijabah, tapi pajabat Argéntina nyebutkeun yén FIFA geus ngisyaratkeun bakal.&lt;ref&gt;[http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=211993&amp;lang=us Argentina can't retire Maradona's shirt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325180425/http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=211993&amp;lang=us|date=25 Maret 2003}} ESPNsoccernet.com, 26 May 2002. Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona geus ngunggulan dina sababaraha polling, kaasup polling FIFA taun 2002 nu nempatkeun gul kaduana ka Inggris kapilih jadi gul panghadé-hadéna salila Piala Dunia. Manéhna ge meunang sora pangréana dina polling pamilihan Tim Pamungkas Piala Dunia Sapanjang Waktu. Tanggal 22 Maret 2010, Maradona kapilih jadi nomer 1 dina 10 pamaén Piala Dunia Pangpunjulna nu diayakeun ku surat kabar London, ''the Times''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/international/article7070370.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=The ten greatest World Cup playersbr No 1 Diego Maradona Argentina|date=22 Maret 2010|accessdate=1 April 2010|first=Fiona|last=Hamilton}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030215351/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=30 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Argéntinos Junior ngaganti ngaran stadionna jadi Maradona dina tanggal 26 Désémber 2003. Taun 2003, Maradona digawékeun ku pamaén bal Libya Al Saadi Gadafi, anak ka tilu Kolonél Muammar Gadafi, minangka konsultan téhnik.&lt;ref&gt;White, Duncan (29 October 2011). &quot;Jay Bothroyd puts good times with playboy Saadi Gaddafi, son of dead Libya tyrant Colonel Gaddafi, behind him&quot;. ''National Post''. Retrieved 31 Maret 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Gambar:Maradona_CRS.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona di Kolkata, [[India]], Désémber 2008 Maradona neundeun batu munggarah pkeun akademi sepakbola di pasisian wétan kota sarta dibagéakeun ku leuwih ti 100.000 urang di Salt Lake Stadium]]
Tanggal 22 Juni 2005, dibéwarakeun yén Maradona bakal mulang deui ka manten klubna, Boca Juniors, minangka wakil présidén olahraga nu tanggung jawab kana ngatur rancangan Divisi Hiji (sanggeus usum 2004-05 nu nguciwakeun, nu bareng jeung saabadna Boca).&lt;ref&gt;[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=349221 'El Diez emprende dos nuevos desafíos', ''ESPN Deportes''] (28 July 2005). Retrieved 17 August 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Kontrakna dimimitian tanggal 1 Agustus 2005, salah sahiji rekomendasina nu kabuktian éféktif: ngusulkeun klub pikeun nyéwa Alfio Basile salaku palatih anyar. Ku Maradona ngabina  hubungan nu raket jeung pamaén, Boca meunang Apertura taun 2005, Clausura 2006, Piala Sudamericana 2005 jeung Recopa Sudamericana 2005.

Tanggal 15 Agustus 2005, Maradona ngamimitian jadi pamawa acara talk show dina tv Argéntina, ''La Noche del 10'' (Peuting si No. 10). Tamu dina peuting kahijina nyaéta Pélé; duanana layeut ngobrol, nunjukkeun taya tanda-tanda pasalia katukang. Najan kitu, dina acara éta nampilkeun hiji kartun tokoh jahat nu sacara fisik rimbag jeung Pélé. Rating acara ngunggulan acara séjén-séjénna, ngan aya hiji nu heunteu téh. Lolobana tamuna dicokot tina dunia ménbal jeung bisnis pintonan, kaasup Ronaldo jeung Zidane. Tapi aya ogé wawancara jeung sobat sarta jalma-jalma penting lianna, contona pamingpin Kuba, Fidel Castro, sarta patinju Roberto Duran jeung Mike Tyson.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/09/21/hoy/deportes/345641.html &quot;Roberto Durán estuvo con Diego Maradona&quot;]. Prensa.com. Retrieved 2 September 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona mahanan tamu-tamuna ku kaos Argéntina nu ku Tyson dipaké nalika datang ka Brazil, saingan Argéntina panggedéna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/11/AR2005111101352.html &quot;Tyson Must Return to Brazil for Trial&quot;]. Washington Post. Retrieved 13 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Méi 2006, Maradona satuju pikeun icikibung dina Bantuan Sepakbola Inggris Raya (hiji program pikeun ngumpulkeun sumbangan keur Unicef).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/060528/1/6y4e.html ''Maradona scores but England win UNICEF match'']&quot;, Yahoo!-FIFA&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Séptémber 2006, Maradona, ngapténan Argéntina dina turnamén tilu poé Piala Dunia ''Indoor'' di Spanyol. Tanggal 26 Agustus 2006, dibéwarakeun yén Maradona geus eureun dina posisina di Boca Juniors alatan pabéntar paham jeung AFA nu mililh Alfio Basile jadi palatih anyar tim nasional Argéntina.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/en/WorldLeagues/index/0,4643,120577,00.html?articleid=120577 'El Diego quits his beloved Boca', ''FIFA News''] (26 August 2006). Retrieved 26 August 2006 . {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2008, tukang filem Sérbia, Emir Kusturica nyieun filem dokuménter ngeunaan kahirupan Maradona, nu dijudulan Maradona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Film&quot;&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/maradona-by-kusturica-831757.html &quot;Maradona by Kusturica&quot;.]. The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tanggal 1 Séptémber, Maradona jeung réngréngan béntang  manten pamaén bal, ilibiung dina &quot;Tanding Pikeun Kadamaian&quot;, nu dipaénkeun di Stadio Olimpico Roma, di mana kauntunganna bakal disumbangkeun pikeun amal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.matchforpeace.org/?lang=en|title=Interreligious Match for Peace: 1/9/2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092935/http://www.matchforpeace.org/?lang=en|archivedate=3 September 2014|accessdate=1 September 2014|deadurl=yes|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona memernah gul Roberto Baggio dina babak kahiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetta&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-09-2014/calcio-partita-pace-baggio-dinho-eto-o-campo-il-papa-90323482706.shtml?rlabs=1|title=Il Papa a Maradona: &quot;Ti aspettavo&quot;. Diego show con Baggio, poi si infuria: &quot;Icardi non doveva giocare&quot;|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|accessdate=1 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teu cara biasana, boh Maradona boh Baggio maraké kaos nomer 10 najan maén dina satim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetta2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-09-2014/calcio-partita-pace-baggio-dinho-eto-o-campo-il-papa-90323482706.shtml?rlabs=1|title=Il Papa a Maradona: &quot;Ti aspettavo&quot;. Diego show con Baggio, poi si infuria: &quot;Icardi non doveva giocare&quot;|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|accessdate=1 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 17 Agustus 2015 Maradona nepungan Ali bin Nasser, wasit urang Tunisia dina tanding parapat final Piala Dunia 1986, Argéntina - Inggris, nalika Maradona nyétak Tangan Tuhanna, sarta méré hadiah ka manéhna ku kaos Argéntina.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/08/17/en/football/international_football/1439845054.html|title=29 Years on from the Infamous Argentina-England Match, Maradona holds up his hands in apology|work=Marca.com|date=17 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/08/18/inenglish/1439899213_516413.html|title=Maradona visits Tunisian referee who awarded him 1986 “Hand of God” goal|work=El Pais|date=18 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir Manajerial ==

=== Manajemén klub ===
Maradona ngamimitian karir manajerialna bareng jeung manten batur maénna di Argéntinos Junior, Carlos Frén. Pasangan éta mingpin Mandiyu ti Corrientes di 1994 sarta Racing Club di 1995, bari teu pati hasil. Mei 2011 Maradona jadi manajer klub Dubai Al Wasi FC di Uni Émirat Arab. Maradona dipecat dina tanggal 10 Juli 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona fired as Al Wasl coach|url=http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Diego-Maradona-fired-as-Al-Wasl-coach-3696833.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=10 July 2012|accessdate=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;India&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Maradona-wants-to-hold-talks-to-save-Al-Wasl-job/articleshow/14832834.cms|title=Maradona wants to hold talks to save Al Wasl job|date=12 July 2012|work=The Times Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agustus 2013, Maradona pindah jeung jadi palatih mentah di klub Argéntina Déportivo Riestra. Maradona ninggalkeun peran éta taun 2017 pikeun jadi kapala palatih di Fujairah, di divisi dua UÉA, méméh indit di ujung usum alatan gagal ngamankeun promosi klubna.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017 coach2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona leaves job in UAE after failing to secure automatic promotion|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11349642/diego-maradona-leaves-job-in-uae-after-failing-to-secure-automatic-promotion|agency=Sky Sports|date=6 Mei 2018|last=|first=|work=|access-date=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Séptémber 2018 manéhna ditunjuk jadi manajer tim divisi dua Méksiko, Dorados.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mexican team2&quot;/&gt; 13 Juni 2019, sanggeus Dorados gagal promosi ka kelas luhureunna, Pangacara Maradona ngumumkeun yén manéhna eureun jadi palatih alatan alesan kaséhatan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maradona out as Dorados manager, cites health|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/dorados-de-sinaloa/story/3875493/maradona-out-as-dorados-managercites-health|work=ESPN|date=14 June 2019|accessdate=25 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manajemén internasional ===
Sanggeus pangsiunna palatih Alfion Basile ti tim nasional dina taun 2008, Maradona haripeut ngasongkeun dirina pikeun ngeusi kakosongan. Numutkeun sawatara sumber préss, saingan utamana téh kaasup Diégo Simeoné, Carlos Bianchi, Miguél Angél Russo jeung Sérgio Batista. Tanggal 29 Oktober 2008, pimpinan AFA Julio Grondona mastikeun yén Maradona bakal jadi kapala palatih tim nasional. Tanggal 19 Nopémber 2008, Maradona mawa Argéntina kana kameunangan kahijina nalika ngalawan Skotlandia di Hampden Park Galsgow ku 1-0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7731484.stm|title=Scotland 0–1 Argentina|first=Andy|last=Campbell|date=19 November 2008|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus meunang tilu tanding awal, Maradona lalajo timna kasoran ti Bolivia 1-6, nyaruaan hasil kaéléhan pangbutut-bututna nu pernah kaalaman ku tim. Ku tinggal dua kali deui sésa maén dina turnamén kualifikasi pikeun Piala Dunia 2010, Argéntina aya dina posisi lima jeung ampir-ampiran kasingkir. Untung wé dua kali meunang dina laga panungtung ngaloloskeun Argéntina ka final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&amp;cc=5739&amp;league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL|title=Last-gasp Palermo wins it in the rain|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=15 October 2009|date=10 October 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144432/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&amp;cc=5739&amp;league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL |date=23 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/football/10/14/football.samerica/index.html|title=Late winner puts Argentina in World Cup finals|date=14 October 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=15 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus lolos, Maradona ngaluarkeun kekecapan garihal dina konfrénsi préss bada maén, nyarita ka anggota média ku kecap nu kurang leuwih hartina &quot;kasebelan, tuluy wé pikasebeleun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2009/10/15/1562544/diego-maradona-tells-press-to-suck-it-after-argentina|title=Diego Maradona Tells Press To 'Suck It' After Argentina Triumph Over Uruguay|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=12 June 2010|author=World Cup 2010|date=15 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; FIFA ngaréspon ku larangan dua bulan dina sagala aktifitas ménbal, semet ka tanggal 15 Januari 2010, ogé denda 25.000 CHF sarta tegoran keur kalakuanna pika hareupeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8311013.stm|title=Maradona hit with two-month ban|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=15 November 2009|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Dina final Piala Dunia 2010, Argéntina ngamimitian ku meunang 1-0 ngalawan Nigeria, tuluy meunang 4-1 ngalawan Koréa Selatan ku ''hattrick'' Gonzalo Higuain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Phil|last=Dawkes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_04/default.stm|title=Argentina 1–0 Nigeria|date=12 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Stevenson|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_18/default.stm|title=Argentina 4–1 South Korea|date=17 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; di akhir laga grup Argéntina ngéléhkeun Yunani 2-0 sarta jadi juara grup laju tuluy panggih jeung Méksiko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264042&amp;league=FIFA.WORLD&amp;cc=5739&amp;ver=global|title=Maradona's men in top spot|date=22 June 2010|work=[[ESPNsoccernet]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=23 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102114/http://www.espn.com/soccer/report?cc=5739&amp;ver=global&amp;league=FIFA.WORLD&amp;id=264042 |date=4 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus ngéléhkeun Méksiko 3-1, antukna, Argéntina dilindes ku Jérman 4-0 dina parapat final, kasingkir tina kompétisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/sports/soccer/04germanygame.html?_r=1&amp;scp=5&amp;sq=Maradona&amp;st=cse|title=Germany Shows Its Strength|date=3 June 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=4 June 2010|first=Jeré|last=Longman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Argéntina meunang  paringkat ka lima dina turnamén. Sanggeus éléh ku Jérman, Maradona ngaku yén manéhna nimbang-nimbang pika hareupenna minangka palatih, cumarita, &quot;kuring meureun miang isukan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8785997.stm|title=Sad Maradona considers quitting|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 15 Juli 2010, AFA nyatakeun yén Maradona bakal ditawaran deui jadi palatih salila 4 taun ka hareup semet ka Piala Dunia 2014 di Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8823478.stm|title=Argentina to offer Diego Maradona new four-year deal|date=15 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, tanggal 27 Juli, AFA ngumumkeun yén anggota déwanna geus mupakat kalayan buleud moal manjangan kontrakna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/27/diego-maradona-departs-argentina-manager|title=Diego Maradona departs as manager of Argentina|date=27 July 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=27 July 2010|agency=[[Press Association]]|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bada ti éta, tanggal 29 Juli, Maradona nyebutkeun yén présidén AFA, Julio Grondona jeung diréktur tim nasional (nu mangrupa ogé urut batur maénna di tim nasional sarta palatih Sevilla) Carlos Bilardo geus ngabohong, khianat kalayan sacara nyata mecat manéhna. Manéhna nyarita, &quot;Maranéhna hayang kuring nuluykeun, tapi tujuh tina pagawé kuring kudu eureun, lamun kitu mah, sarua wé jeung nolak kuring tuluy mancén.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672&amp;sec=global&amp;cc=5739|title='Betrayed' Maradona lashes out at AFA|date=29 July 2010|work=[[ESPNsoccernet]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=29 July 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803224416/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672 |date=3 August 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan pribadi ==

=== Kulawarga ===
[[Gambar:Maradonas's_jersey_donated_to_Pope_Francis.jpg|jmpl|Sanggeus balik deui kana kayakinan Katolikna, Maradona nyumbangkeun  hiji kaos meunang nanda tangan ka Paus Francis, nu disimpeun di Muséum Vatikan.]]
Lahir ti kulawarga Katolik Roma, bapana Diégo Maradona Senior sarta indungna Dalma Salvadora Franco. Maradona ngadahup ka tunangan heubeulna, Claudia Villafane dina tanggal 7 Nopémber 1984 di Buenos Aires, sarta boga dua anak, Dalma Nerea (2 April 1987) jeung Cianinna Dinorah (16 Mei 1989) nu ngajadikeun dirina hiji aki dina taun 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/02/19/1117562/diego-maradona-becomes-a-grandfather-as-sergio-aguero-junior-is-b|title=Diego Maradona Becomes A Grandfather As Sergio Aguero Junior Is Born|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=12 June 2010|author=La Liga|date=19 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona jeung Villafane pepegatan taun 2004. Budakna, Dalma ngajéntrékeun yén pepegatan éta téh solusi panghadéna pikeun saréréa. Kadua kolotna masih tetep nyobat. Maranéhna indit-inditan bareng ka Naples pikeun sarangkaian acara kahormatan dina Juni 2005 sarta katempo bareng dina kasempetan séjénna, kaasup laga-laga Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334497 ESPN Deportes – &quot;Llega en son de paz&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 19 May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa urusan cerai keur diprosés, Maradona ngaku yén manéhna téh bapa ti Diégo Sinagra (lahir di Naples tanggal 20 Séptémber 1986). Pangadilan Italia geus mutuskeun kitu taun 1993, sanggeus Maradona nolak tés DNA pikeun pangbuktian. Diégo Junior tepung jeung Maradona mimiti pisan dina bulan Mei 2003 sanggeus nyelendep ka lapangan golep di Italia di mana Maradona keur maén.&lt;ref&gt;[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334523 ESPN Deportes – &quot;El amor al ídolo&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 19 May 2006&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maradona boga hubungan nu raket jeung kulawargana, taun 1990 wawancara jeung ''Sports Illustrated'' manéhna nembongkeun tagihan telepon meakkeun 15.000 dolar AS per bulan pikeun nelpon kolot jeung dulur-dulurna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Prima Dona|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1990/05/14/121977/prima-dona-at-his-best-diego-maradona-can-be-as-graceful-as-michael-jordan-at-his-worst-he-can-be-as-disgraceful-as-john-mcenroe-the-question-is-which-maradona-will-show-for-the-world-cup|accessdate=19 August 2018|work=Sports Illustrated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indung Maradona, Dalma, maot tanggal 19 Nopémber 2011. Harita manéhna keur di Dubai, sarta bari jeung peunggas harepan satekah polah balik muru waktu hayang nempo indungna, tapi telat teuing. Umur Indungna 81 taun. Bapana, &quot;Don&quot; Diégo, maot tanggal 25 Juni  dina umur 87.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/25/diego-maradona-father-dies “Diego Maradona’s father Don Diego dies aged 87”]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

Incu ti gigir Maradona, Hernan, ogé saurang pamaén bola profésional.&lt;ref name=&quot;La Nación2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=La historia del sobrino de Maradona que juega en River: su polémica llegada al club y su particular parecido con el tío|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/la-historia-del-sobrino-de-maradona-que-juega-en-river-su-polemica-llegada-al-club-y-su-particular-parecido-con-el-tio-nid2130488|accessdate=7 April 2019|work=La Nación|date=3 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pamakéan obat jeung isu-isu kaséhatan ===
Ti tengah-tengah 1980-an nepi 2005, Maradona kacanduan ku kokain. Manéhna dituduh mimiti maké obat di Barcelona tahun 1983.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm Maradona's fall from grace] John May, 19 April 2004, BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa maén di Napoli, manéhna geus kateterusan kacanduan nu jadi matak kana kamampuan na dina maénbal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DE1F30F93AA2575AC0A967958260|title=The New York Times: SOCCER; Maradona Sentenced|date=19 September 1991|work=AP via New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona ngabogaan kacondongan kana ngagendutan sarta nandangan masalah obesitas nu tuluy nambah, kungsi ditimbang beuratna 130 kg. Manéhna ngagendutan ti mimiti eureun karir maénna nepi ka nandangan operasi bépas lambung di hiji klinik di Cartagena de Indias, Colombia tanggal 6 Maret 2005. Dokter bedahna nitah sangkan Maradona ngajalankeun diet cairan salila tilu bulan keur malikkeun beurat awakna.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_stomach&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Maradona has surgery on stomach|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/4322835.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 June 2010|date=6 Maret 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika Maradona nembongan hareupeun umum, katempo pangawakanna lumayan rada begang.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn_surgery&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&amp;cc=5901|title=Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians|last=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=28 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202701/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&amp;cc=5901 |date=9 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 29 Maret 2007, Maradona asup deui ka hiji rumah sakit di Buénos Aires. Manéhna dirawat alatan hépatisis jeung pangaruh loba teuing alkohol sarta kaluar tanggal 11 April. Tapi dua poé ti harita dirawat deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn_surgery2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&amp;cc=5901|title=Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians|last=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=28 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202701/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&amp;cc=5901 |date=9 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina poé-poé satuluyna nyebar rumor ngeunaan kaséhatanna, kaasup kana tilu kalina dina sabulan kabéjakeun maot.&lt;ref&gt;Calegari, Rodrigo (26 April 2007). [http://www.ole.clarin.com/notas/2007/04/26/01407242.html &quot;Malas lenguas&quot;]. [[Diario Olé]] {{Es icon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus dipindahkeun ka klinik psychiatrik nu ngahususkeun kana masalah nu pakait jeung alkohol, Maradona kaluar tanggal 7 Méi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6633391.stm|work=BBC News|title=Maradona leaves alcoholism clinic|date=7 May 2007|accessdate=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 8 Méi 2007, Maradona nembongan na tivi sarta ngaku yén manéhna téh geus eureun kana nginum jeng geus teu maké obat-obatan salila dua satengah taun.&lt;ref&gt;[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=428701&amp;cc=5901 &quot;Maradona says he no longer drinks&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144512/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=428701&amp;cc=5901 |date=2012-10-23 }}. ESPNsoccernet (8 May 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Januari 2019, Maradona dioperasi deui sanggeus hérniana ngabalukarkeun geutihan di jero dina beuteungna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona recovering in hospital after operation for internal bleeding|work=BBC Sport|date=13 January 2019|accessdate=13 January 2019|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46855009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pandangan pulitik ===

Sanggeus saméméhna vokal ngadukung Présidén Argéntina Carlos Menem nu neoliberal sarta palaku ekonomina nu lulusan Harvard, Domingo Cavallo, Maradona nunjukeun simpatina ka ideologi sayap kiri. Manéhna jadi sobat pamingpin Kuba Fidel Castro nalika keur dirawat di kapuloan Kuba, Castro nyarita, &quot;Diégo téh hiji sobat nu hébat tur mulya. Ogé tong ditanyakeun deui lamun manéhna téh hiji atlit nu tanggoh sarta tetep miara sosobatanna jeung Kuba tanpa aya pamrih nanaon.&quot; Maradona boga  tato  potret Castro dina suku kéncana sarta jalma kadua Castro,  sarua ti Argéntina, Ché Guévara, lebah leungeun katuhuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/argentina/story/0,,1635417,00.html|title=A big hand|work=The Observer|location=UK|accessdate=19 June 2006|date=6 November 2005|first=Chris|last=Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina otobiographina, manéhna ngadédikasikeun bukuna ka mangrupa-rupa jalma, kaasup Castro. Manéhna nulis, &quot;Keur Fidel Castro, sarta ngaliwatan dirina, sakabéh rakyat Cuba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Maradona|first=Diego|author2=Daniel Arcucci|author3=Ernesto Cherquis Bialo|title=El Diego|url=https://archive.org/details/eldiego0000unse|year=2005|publisher=Yellow Jersey|location=London|isbn=0-224-07190-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Gambar:Exequias_de_Néstor_Kirchner_en_Casa_Rosada_7.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner jeung Evo Morales, di pamakaman manten presden Argéntina Néstor Kirchner, salaki manten Présidén Cristina Kirchner, 28 Oktober 2010]]
Maradona ogé minangka saurang pangrojong pikeun manten Présidén Venezula, Hugp Chavéz. Taun 2005, manéhna indit ka Vénézuéla nepungan Chavéz nu nampa manéhna di Istana Miraflores. Réngsé patepung, Maradona ngaku yén tadina mah manéhna téh rek nepungan saurang &quot;''great man''&quot; (jalma gedé, &quot;''un grande''&quot; dina bahasa Spanyol), tapi malah panggih jeung saurang &quot;''gigantic man''&quot; (jalma raksasa, &quot;''un gigante''&quot; dina bahasa Spanyol, maksudna leuwih-leuwih ti jalma gedé). &quot;Kuring mah percaya ka Chavéz, kuring simpatisan Chavéz (Chavista). Naon waé  nu dipigawé ku Fidel, naon waé nu dipigawé ku Chavéz, pikeun kuring mah pangalusna.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Maradona and Chávez laugh over 'hand of god' goal on chat show|work=The Guardian|location=UK|accessdate=20 August 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/venezuela/story/0,,2152474,00.html|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=20 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona jadi tamu kahormatan Chavéz dina tanding bubuka Piala Amérika 2007 di Vénézuéla.&lt;ref&gt;[https://metro.co.uk/2007/06/27/maradona-fancies-a-copa-3432278/ &quot;Maradona fancies a Copa&quot;]. Metro. Retrieved 21 May 1014&lt;/ref&gt;

Maradona geus nyatakeun panentanganna kana naon nu ku manéhna disebut minangka imperialisme, babakuna nalika Pasamoan Amérika di Mar dél Plata, Argéntina. Di dinya manéhna ngaprotés kahadiran George W Bush di Argéntina, mamaké kaos ditulisan &quot;STOP BUSH&quot; (bari hurup &quot;s&quot; dina &quot;Bush&quot; diganti ku swastika) sarta nyebutkeun Bush minangka &quot;runtah manusa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman|title=Chávez and Maradona Lead Massive Rebuke of Bush|work=[[The Nation]]|accessdate=20 June 2006|date=5 November 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616003623/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman |date=16 June 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg|title=Image of Maradona wearing the STOP BU卐H shirt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623193530/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg|archivedate=23 June 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Agustus 2007, Maradona beuki jauh deui, minton dina acara mingguan Chavéz, ''Alo Présidénte'' sarta nyarita, &quot;Kuring ceuceub kana naon waé nu datang ti Amérika Serikat. Ceuceub kabina-bina.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ex-soccer star Maradona tells Chavez he hates U.S.|agency=Reuters|accessdate=20 August 2007|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819|date=19 August 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429132055/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819 |date=29 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Désember 2008, najan kitu, Maradona nyokot sikap nu leuwih pro-AS nalika manéhna nembongkeun kasukaanna ka pangganti Bush, présidén kapilih Barack Obama, sarta nyepeng harepan nu gedé ti manéhna.&lt;ref &gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7770851.stm &quot;Maradona sends Calcutta into frenzy&quot;]. BBC. Retrieved 26 June 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;

Perwatek kawasan kumuh miskin dijadikeun ku Maradona minangka sosok kamasyarakatanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican&quot;&gt;[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html &quot;Football awaits an audience with Italy and Argentina&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092010/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html|date=4 September 2014}}. Eurosport. Retrieved 2 September 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika panggih jeung Paus John Paul KK di Vatikan taun 1987, maranéhna pasalia ngeunaan isu teu ratana kasajahtraan, ku caritaan Maradona, &quot;Kuring debat jeung manéhna sabab kuring keur di Vatikan jeung kuring nempo éta kabéh lalangit emas sarta tuluy ngadénge Paus nyarita yén Garéja mikamelang kana kasajahtraan barudak miskin. Jual wé atuh lalangit éta téh, ''amigo'', usaha!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vatican2&quot;&gt;[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html &quot;Football awaits an audience with Italy and Argentina&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092010/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html|date=4 September 2014}}. Eurosport. Retrieved 2 September 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Séptémber 2014 Maradona panggih jeung Paus Francis di Roma, mumuji Francis alatan ngailhaman manéhna pikeun balik deui kana agama saeunggeus sakitu lilana; manéhna nyarita, &quot;Urang kabéh kudu nurutan Paus Francis. Lamun tiap saurang  di antara urang méré naon waé ka nu lian, moal aya di dunya ieu nu kalaparan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/diego-maradona-meets-pope-francis-in-rome-20140902-10b8tw.html#ixzz3C94HZkyr &quot;Diego Maradona meets Pope Francis in Rome&quot;]. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Désémber 2007, Maradona nyérénkeun hiji kaos meunang néken bari maké pesen nu ngadukung masarakat Iran: dipajang di museum Kaméntrian Luar Nagri Iran.&lt;ref name=&quot;sundayTimes3April2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Naughton|first=Philippe|title=Diego Maradona makes a fan of President Ahmadinejad of Iran|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3673860.ece|accessdate=28 June 2010|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=3 April 2008|location=London}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126133023/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=26 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan April 2013, Maradona zarah ka makam Huqo Chavéz sarta ngajujurung urang Vénézuéla sangkan milih pangganti nu geus diancokeun ku jenatna, Nicolas Maduro, sangkan nuluykeun warisan kapamingpinan sosialis; &quot;Tuluykeun pajoangan,&quot; Maradona nyarita dian tivi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chavez&quot;&gt;[http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206240-diego-maradona-visits-hugo-chavez-tomb &quot;Diego Maradona visits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825183755/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206240-diego-maradona-visits-hugo-chavez-tomb|date=25 August 2016}}. NDTV. Diakses 29 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona ngahadiran kampanye akhir Maduro nu lumangsung di Karakas, nanda tangan bal jeung tuluy disepak ka balaréa, sarta mikeun hiji kaos Argéntina ka Maduro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chavez&quot; /&gt; Sanggeus zarah ti makam Chavéz, bareng jeung Maradona, Maduro nyarita, &quot;Ngobrol jeung Maradona matak pikasediheun lantaran ''comandante'' Chavéz  mikaresep pisan ka jinisna.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chavez&quot; /&gt; Maradona icikibung jeung jojogédan nalika kampanye  nu lumangsung dina pamilihan présidén Vénézuéla taun 2018. Mangsa krisis kaprésidénan Vénézuéla taun 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Así bailó Maradona durante el cierre de campaña de Maduro|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/asi-bailo-maradona-durante-cierre-campana-maduro_235670|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=El Nacional}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maradona acompañó a Maduro en su cierre de campaña electoral|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Maradona-acompano-a-Maduro-en-su-cierre-de-campana-electoral-20180517-0051.html|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=Panorama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Federasi Sépakbola Méksiko ngadenda manéhna alatan ngalanggar kode etik jeung mikeun tropi kameunangan ka Nicolas Maduro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/futbol-mexico-maradona-idLTAKCN1RL083|work=Reuters|language=es|date=8 April 2019|accessdate=10 April 2019|title=Federación México multa a Maradona por dedicar triunfo a Maduro}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409035637/https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/futbol-mexico-maradona-idLTAKCN1RL083 |date=9 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Oktober 2015, Maradona nganuhunkeun Ratu Elizabeth II jeung Parlemén Inggris di London alatan méré kasempetan ka manéhna pikeun nyadiaan &quot;kaadilan sajati&quot; salaku pupuhu dina hiji organisasi nu dijieun pikeun nulungan barudak leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unity&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona sends a 'big hug to the Houses of Parliament' and thanks the Queen|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/diego-maradona-sends-a-big-hug-to-the-houses-of-parliament-and-thanks-the-queen-a3089616.html|agency=London Evening Standard|date=21 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina hiji video nu dikaluarkeun dina laman Facebook resmina, Maradona mastikeun yén manéhna bakal nampa panyalonan dirina keur jadi diréktur Amérika Latin pikeun organisasi non-pamarentah ''Football for Unity''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unity&quot; /&gt;

=== Masalah finansial ===
Bulan Maret 2009, pajabat Italia ngabéwarakeun yén Maradona masih boga hutang ka pamarentah Italia 37 juta euro dina urusan pajak lokal; 23,5 juta euro mangrupa tambahan bunga tina hutang aslina, Maradona ngan mayar 42.000 euro pikeun arloji méwah jeung anting sasetél.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8264160.stm Police seize Maradona's earrings] BBC News, 19 September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8264160.stm Police seize Maradona's earrings] BBC News, 19 September 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilar dunya ==
Tanggal 25 Nopémber 2020, dina umur 60 taun, Maradona tilar dunya di imahna di Buénos Aires alatan serangan jantung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolatimes.com/boladunia/2020/11/26/073355/diego-maradona-meninggal-dunia-ini-penyebabnya|title=Diego Maradona meninggal dunia, ini penyebabnya|last=|first=|website=bolatimes.com|publisher=|month=26 Nopémber 2020|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126003934/https://www.bolatimes.com/boladunia/2020/11/26/073355/diego-maradona-meninggal-dunia-ini-penyebabnya |date=2020-11-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saméméhna, di awal Nopémber Maradona kebat nandangan operasi di otakna gara-gara aya geutih ngaguruntul (''hematoma subdural''). Présidén Argéntina, Alberto Fenandez, ngabéwarakeun tilu poé sungkawa nasional di Argéntina, dina raraga ngahormat ka Maradona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/bola-dunia/d-5270224/kronologi-meninggalnya-diego-maradona|title=Kronologi Meninggalnya Diego Maradona|last=|first=|website=Sepakbola|publisher=detik.com|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona dikurebkeun di Pamakaman Bella Vista di pasisian Buéno Aires, Argéntina, dina tanggal 27 Nopémber 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/4419218/tangis-anak-dan-istri-iringi-pemakaman-diego-maradona|title=Tangis Anak dan Istri Iringi Pemakaman Diego Maradona|last=|first=|website=liputan6.com|publisher=|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dina budaya populer ==

Koran Amérika ''The Houston Chronicle'' nulis ngeunaan Maradona:

Sanggkan ngarti kana rohakana bayangan Maradona di lemah caina nu kaédanan menbal, jalma kudu nyambat pangabisa Michael Jordan, kakuatan Babe Ruth jeung kaléléwodéhan Mike Tyson. Galokeun kabéh dina hiji jalma nu simar dada bewos jémros, tah éta El Diégo téh, pujaan jutaan jalma nu nyebut dirina ku D10S, campuran tina nomer maénna jeung kecap Spanyol pikeun nyebut déwa.

{{quote|text=Sanggkan ngarti kana rohakana bayangan Maradona di lemah caina nu kaédanan menbal, jalma kudu nyambat pangabisa Michael Jordan, kakuatan Babe Ruth jeung kaléléwodéhan Mike Tyson. Galokeun kabéh dina hiji jalma nu simar dada béwos jémros, tah éta El Diégo téh, pujaan jutaan jalma nu nyebut dirina ku D10S, campuran tina nomer maénna jeung kecap Spanyol pikeun nyebut déwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trib&quot;&gt;Bensinger, Ken (8 June 2010) [http://www.standard.net/topics/sports/2010/06/08/maradona-puts-his-legacy-line-world-cup Maradona puts his Legacy on the Line at the World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070831/http://www.standard.net/topics/sports/2010/06/08/maradona-puts-his-legacy-line-world-cup |date=5 Maret 2016 }}, ''[[The Houston Chronicle]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Di Argéntina, Maradona dianggap minangka pahlawan nasional. Ngeunaan pamujaan nu nyampak di Argéntina, manten batur maénna, Jorge Valdano nyarita, &quot;Wanci Maradona mundur tina aktifitas sépakbola, ninggalkeun trauma pikeun Argéntina. Maradona leuwih ti ngan saukur pamaén bal nu hadé. Manéhna téh faktor pangbeubeurah khusus pikeun hiji nagara nu geus mangtaun-taun aya dina kadiktatoran militer  jeung sagala macem frustasi sosial.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deportes&quot;&gt;[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=455305 &quot;¿Es el sucesor natural?&quot;]. ESPN Deportes. (Ed, 29 June 2014). Retrieved 3 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Valdano nambahkeun yén &quot;Maradona nawarkeun ka rakyat Argéntina hiji jalan kaluar tina frustasi massal maranéhna, éta nu matak nyieun rakyat mikacinta dirina. Aya tangtungan panutan.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deportes&quot; /&gt;


Maradona diasupkan kaba rupa-rupa ''cameo'' dina buku komik Argéntina, Él Cazador de Aventuras. Sanggeus ditutup, pangarangna ngajieun hiji buku komik pondok anyar dijudulan &quot;Él Die&quot;, maké Maradona salaku karakter utamana. Maradona ogé aya dina sababaraha kaulinan kilat ''online'' nu kabéhna didédikasikeun pikeun dirina.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130925035615/http://www.soccergamespot.com/world-cup-games/maradona &quot;Maradona Soccer Game&quot;]. Retrieved 13 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Di Rosario, Argéntina, urang dinya nyieun parodi agama &quot;Garéja Maradona&quot;. Kumpulan éta ngarumuskeun rupa-rupa unsur dina tradisi Karésten saperti Natal atawa do'a-do'a, jadi ngeunteungkeun detil Maradona. Kumpulan éta dijieun ku 200 anggota sarta tuluy nambahan puluhuan rébu leuwih anggotana liwat ''website'' resmina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3666357.stm &quot;Maradona in intensive care&quot;]. BBC Sport (28 April 2004). Retrieved 18 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Unggal jalma boga opini ngeunaan Maradona, hal éta geus kajadian ti poé-poé mimiti manéhna maén. Pintonanna nu sakitu éndah sarta gul luar biasana di Méksiko 86 bakal salawasna nyayang dina ingetan jalma-jalma nu mikaresep ménbal, ka asup kuring. Ingetan kuring nu paling nyata nyaéta hiji budak nu boga bakat luar biasa di Piala Dunai FIFA U20 di Jepang. Manéhna nieun unggal jalma calangap tiap-tiap meunang bal.&quot;

- Présidén FIFA Sepp Blatter&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html|title=Dieogo Maradona, as other sees him|last=|first=|website=FIFA.com|publisher=|accessdate=17 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Réa artis Argéntina mintonkeun lagu dina raraga ngahormat Diégo, contona &quot;Marado&quot; ku El Potro Rodrigo, &quot;Maradona&quot; ku Andres Calamaro, &quot;Para siempre Diégo&quot; (Diégo salilana) ku Los Ratones Paranoicos,&quot;Francotirador&quot; (''Sniper'') ku Attaque 77, &quot;Maradona Blues&quot; ku Charly Garcia, &quot;Santa Maradona&quot; ku Mano Negra, &quot;La Vida Tombola&quot;ku Mano Chao, jeung nu lianna. Ogé aya filem siga: Maradona, La Mano dé Dios (Maradona, si Tangan Tuhan), Él Camino dé San Diégo (Jalan Saint Diégo), Amando a Maradona (Micinta Maradona), &quot;Maradona&quot; ku Kusturica.&lt;ref name=&quot;Film2&quot;&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/maradona-by-kusturica-831757.html &quot;Maradona by Kusturica&quot;.]. The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1982, Maradona jadi salah sahiji bentang olahraga panggedéna jeung geus néken kontrak jeung rupa-rupa pausahaan, kaasup Puma jeung Coca-Cola, nambahan panghasilanna ku 1.5 juta dolar per taun ngaleuwihan gajih klubna.&lt;ref name=&quot;commercial&quot;&gt;Jimmy Burns (2011) &quot;Maradona: The Hand of God&quot;. pp. 71, 84. A&amp;C Black&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1982, manéhna mintonkeun iklan Piala Dunia pikeun Coca-Cola jeung iklan di Jepang pikeun Puma.&lt;ref name=&quot;commercial2&quot;&gt;Jimmy Burns (2011) &quot;Maradona: The Hand of God&quot;. pp. 71, 84. A&amp;C Black&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2010 manéhna kaluar dina hiji iklan pikeun imah fésyen Perancis Louis Vuitton, maén sépakbola méja bareng jeung batur-baturna nu sarua meunang Piala Dunia, Pélé jeung Zinedine Zidane.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2010-04/26/gq-style-news-maradona-pele-and-zidane-for-louis-vuitton &quot;Maradona, Pelé and Zidane for Vuitton&quot;]. GQ Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Maradona makalangan ogé dina video musik keur lagu Piala Dunia 2010 &quot;Waka-Waka&quot; ku Shakira, dina filemna nempokeun manéhna ngarayakeun kameunangan Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Cup video&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=8 June 2010|title=Shakira launches clip 'Waka Waka' Cup official music|url=http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html|publisher=Reforma|language=Portuguese|accessdate=9 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070734/http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html |date=31 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hiji iklan tivi taun 2006 pikeun minuman ringan Brazil Guarana Antarctica ngagambarkeun Maradona minangka anggota tim nasional Brazil, maké baju konéng jeung nyanyi lagu nasional Brasil bareng jeung pamaén Brazil Ronaldo jeung Kaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html|title=ARCHIVO 10, Diego Maradona – Videos de publicidades|publisher=Archivo10.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155707/http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html|archive-date=7 July 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=6 May 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155707/http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html |date=7 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuluy dina iklan éta téh manéhna hudang sarta nyadar manéhna tas ngimpi sanggeus mabok gara-gara loba teuing nginum. Sanggeus ditontonkeun, hal ieu nimbulkeun kontroversi di kalangan média Argéntina (najan sabenerna mah iklan éta téh lain pikeun tontoneun urang Argéntina, bobotoh bisa nempo ''online''). Maradona ngajawab yén manéhna teu boga masalah maké kaos Brazil, najan Argéntina jeung Brazil téh minangka musuh satru dina ménbal, tapi Maradona nyatakeun yén manéhna bakal nolak mun kudu maké kaos River Plate, musuh bubuyutan Boca Juniors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306|title=Maradona diz não se arrepender de usar camisa do Brasil na TV|work=AdNews.com.br|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151608/http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306|archivedate=6 July 2011|date=30 April 2006|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kacatetkeun ogé fénomena urang-urang Brazil nu maké ngaran Maradona&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=World Cup 2014: Brazilians named after Maradona and Lineker|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27971359|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=23 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; minangka panghormatan, contona pamaén bola Diégo Costa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Burt|first1=Jason|title=Diego Costa: I take things to limit but I did nothing wrong|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/11381605/Diego-Costa-I-take-things-to-limit-but-I-did-nothing-wrong.html|accessdate=31 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=31 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2017, Maradona dipintonkeun minangka hiji pamaén légendaris dina ''video game'' FIFA 18 jeung Pro Evolution Soccer 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/ea-sports-add-diego-maradona-to-fifa-18-with-95rated-card-a3599761.html &quot;FIFA 18 to include 95-rated icon Diego Maradona as EA Sports adds footballing legend to Ultimate Team&quot;]. Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2019, hiji filem dokuménter dikaluarkeun ku nu meunangkeun Academy Award jeung BAFTA Award tukang nieun filem Asif Kapadia, diréktur Filem Amy (ngeunaan panyanyi Amy Winehouse) jeung Filem Sénna (ngeunaan pabalap Ayrton Senna). Kapaida nyarita. &quot;Maradona téh bagéan katilu tina trilogi ngeunaan budak jenius jeung sohor.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Film-maker Asif Kapadia: ‘Maradona is the third part of a trilogy about child geniuses and fame’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jun/25/asif-kapadia-diego-maradona-senna-amy-interview|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nambahkeun, &quot;Kuring kapincut ku lalampahanna, ka mana waé manéhna indit aya waé kajadian-kajadian cerdas nu luar biasa jeung drama. Manéhna téh pamingpin, mawa timna ka puncak, tapi ogé sering kasoran dina karirna. Manéhna salawasna ibarat jalma leutik nu ngalawan sistem... sarta daék ngalakukeun naon waé, ngagunakeun kalicikan jeung intelejensina pikeun meunang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Amy director Asif Kapadia set to make Maradona documentary|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amy-director-asif-kapadia-set-to-make-maradona-documentary-a6841391.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistik karir ==
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091646/http://expertfootball.com/players/maradona/stats.php Club Statistics]. expertfootball.com (archived)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Klub ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;75&quot; |Season
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;125&quot; |Klub
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;125&quot; |Liga
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Liga
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Piala
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Benua
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lianna
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Maen
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Gul
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Maen
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Gul
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Maen
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Gul
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Maen
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Gul
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Maen
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Gul
|-
|1976
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Argentinos Juniors
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Primera División
|11
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|13
|2
|-
|1977
|49
|19
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|49
|19
|-
|1978
|35
|26
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|35
|26
|-
|1979
|26
|26
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|26
|26
|-
|1980
|45
|43
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|45
|43
|-
|1981
|Boca Juniors
|40
|28
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|40
|28
|-
|1982–83
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |La Liga
|20
|11
|5
|3
|4
|5
|6
|4
|35
|23
|-
|1983–84
|16
|11
|4
|1
|3
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|23
|15
|-
|1984–85
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Napoli]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Série A
|30
|14
|6
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|36
|17
|-
|1985–86
|29
|11
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|31
|13
|-
|1986–87
|29
|10
|10
|7
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|41
|17
|-
|1987–88
|28
|15
|9
|6
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|39
|21
|-
|1988–89
|26
|9
|12
|7
|12
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|50
|19
|-
|1989–90
|28
|16
|3
|2
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|36
|18
|-
|1990–91
|18
|6
|3
|2
|4
|2
|1
|0
|26
|10
|-
|1992–93
|[[Sevilla]]
|La Liga
|26
|5
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|29
|6
|-
|1993–94
|Newell's Old Boys
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primera División
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|0
|-
|1995–96
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Boca Juniors
|24
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|24
|5
|-
|1996–97
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|1
|0
|2
|0
|-
|1997–98
|5
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|2
|-
! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Total
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Argentinos Juniors
!166
!116
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!166
!116
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Boca Juniors
!70
!35
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!1
!0
!71
!35
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
!36
!22
!9
!4
!7
!8
!6
!4
!58
!38
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Napoli
!188
!81
!45
!29
!25
!5
!1
!0
!259
!115
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sevilla
!26
!5
!3
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!29
!6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Newell's Old Boys
!5
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!5
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Total Karir
!492
!259
!57
!34
!32
!13
!8
!4
!590
!310
|}

* Lianna - Piala Liga Spanyol jeung Piala Super Italia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html|title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=6 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Total rata-rata gulna per tanding dina kompétisi klub doméstik nyaéta  0,526.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2010/04/07/1867738/goalcom-special-debate-lionel-messi-vs-diego-maradona-so-who &quot;Special Debate: Lionel Messi vs Diego Maradona – So Who Is Better?&quot;]. Goal.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Internasional ===

* Jadi pamaén utama dina 21 tanding keur Argéntina di Piala Dunia (1982, 1986, 1990,1994)
* Midang 16 kali salaku kaptén tim nasional, hiji rékor Piala Dunia.
* Nyitak 8 gul sarta 8 assist di 21 kali maén di Piala Dunia, kaasup 5 gul jeung 5 assist di taun 1986.
* Nyepeng panyitak gul kadua panglobana di Argéntina dina puteran final Piala Dunia (nyaruaan Guillermo Stabile di taun 1994; kasusul ku Gabriel Batistuta taun 1998).
* Dilanggar 23 kali dina tanding Argéntina vs Italia dina Piala Dunia 1982, rékor Piala Dunia palanggaran dina sapertandingan.
* Dilanggar 50 kali nalika Piala Dunia 1990, rékor Piala Dunia palanggaran dina saturnamén.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tim Nasional Argéntina
|-
!Taun
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Maen
! width=&quot;40&quot; |Gul
|-
|1977
|3
|0
|-
|1978
|1
|0
|-
|1979
|8
|3
|-
|1980
|10
|7
|-
|1981
|2
|1
|-
|1982
|10
|2
|-
|1983
|–
|–
|-
|1984
|–
|–
|-
|1985
|10
|6
|-
|1986
|10
|7
|-
|1987
|6
|4
|-
|1988
|3
|1
|-
|1989
|7
|0
|-
|1990
|10
|1
|-
|1991
|–
|–
|-
|1992
|–
|–
|-
|1993
|4
|0
|-
|1994
|7
|2
|-
!Total
!91
!34
|}

== Statistik Manajerial ==
''Mimiti 03 Désémber 2018.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Tim'''
|'''Nagara'''
|'''Mimiti'''
|'''Réngsé'''
|-
|Mandiyú  de Corrientes
|Argéntina
|Januari1994
|Juni 1994
|-
|Racing  Club
|Argéntina
|Méi  1995
|Nopémber 1995 
|-
|Argéntina
|Argéntina
|Nopémber  2008
|Juli 2010
|-
|Al  Wasl
|UÉA
|Méi  2011
|Juli 2012
|-
|Fujairah
|UÉA
|April  2017
|April 2018
|-
|Dorados
|Méksiko
|Séptémber  2018
|Masih kénéh
|}
== Panghargaan ==

=== Klub ===
Boca Juniors

* Argéntina Priméra Division: 1981 Metropolitano&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;

Barcelona

* Copa del Rey: 1983&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Copa de la Liga: 1983

Napoli

* Série A (2): 1986–87, 1989–90&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=174732/profile.html|title=The Albiceleste underdog who conquered the world|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=27 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Coppa Italia: 1986–87
* UEFA Cup: 1988–89
* Supercoppa Italiana: 1990

=== Internasional ===
Argéntina Muda

* Piala Dunia Junior FIFA: 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan 79&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u20worldcup/japan1979/awards/index.html|title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&amp;nbsp;– Award|website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|accessdate=11 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Argéntina

* Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot;/&gt;
* Tropi Artemio Franchi: 1993&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/artfranchi93.html|title=Artemio Franchi Trophy 1993|last=Josef Bobrowsky|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=16 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:The Champions Promenade, Diego Maradona - panoramio.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona's Golden Foot award in “Trotoar Juara&quot; di basisir Karajaan [[Monako|Monaco]]]]

* Top sekor Divisi Primera Argéntina (5): 1978 Metropolitano (liga), 1979 Metropolitano, 1979 Nacional (piala liga), 1980 Metropolitano, 1980 Nacional&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Piala Dunia Junior FIFA, Bal Emas: 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Piala Dunia Junior FIFA, Sapatu Perak: 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;Japan 79&quot; /&gt;
* Pamaén Taun Ieu Argentine Football Writers (4): 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/arg-poy.html “Argentina – Player of the Year”]. Rsssf.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pamaén Taun Ieu Amérika Selatan (2): (panghargaan resmi) 1979, 1980&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* ''Olimpia de Oro'' (2): 1979, 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Todos los ganadores del oro, desde 1954|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/972375-todos-los-ganadores-del-oro-desde-1954|newspaper=La Nación|location=Buenos Aires|date=18 December 2007|accessdate=24 December 2012|language=Spanish|trans-title=All gold winners since 1954|quote=1986 Diego Maradona (Fútbol)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105043233/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/972375-todos-los-ganadores-del-oro-desde-1954 |date=5 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Guerin d'Oro'' (Pamaén SériA Taun Ieu): 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/italpoy.html|title=Guerin d'Oro|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]|accessdate=10 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bal Emas Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Sapatu Perak Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986
* ''Assist'' Pangréana Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1986/wc86statistics.html|title=World Cup 1986 – Statistics|publisher=Planetworldcup|accessdate=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Piala Dunia Kabéh Bintang: 1986, 1990
* Onze d'Or (2): 1986, 1987&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/onze-awards.html|title=&quot;Onze Mondial&quot; Awards|last=Pierrend|first=José Luis|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=26 December 2015|date=6 Maret 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''L'Équipe Champion of Champions'' (ti surat kabar Perancis): 1986
* Atlet Taun Ieu Himpunan Wartawan Internasional: 1986
* Pamaén Taun Ieu Majalah World Soccer: 1986
* ''Capocannoniere'' (top sekor Séri A): 1987–88
* Top sekor ''Coppa Italia'': 1987–88
* Bal Parunggu Piala Dunia FIFA: 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Tim Piala Dunia Sapanjang Waktu: 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/wrldallt.html|title=World All-Time Teams|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=30 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Taun Ieu Amérika Selatan: 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sam-toy.html|title=South American Team of the Year|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=10 Maret 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064015/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sam-toy.html|archivedate=21 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ballon d'Or'' pikeun pangabdian kana sépakbola(ti Perancis): 1996&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7750904.stm|title=Maradona receives honorary award|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Dunia Abad 20: 1998
* Pamaén Pangpunjulna Abad 20 Majalah ''World Soccer'': (#2) 1999
* Olahragawan Abad Ieu ''Argentine Sports Writers'' 1999
* Marca ''Leyenda'' (ti surat kabar Spanyol Marca): 1999&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marca.com/marca-leyenda.html “Marca Leyenda: Diego Maradona”]. Marca. Retrieved 28 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pamilik nomer 10 klub Napoli minangka kaingetan kana sumbanganna pikeun klub: 2000&lt;ref&gt;[http://caracol.com.co/radio/2000/08/24/deportes/0967096800_058566.html Nápoli retira camiseta número 10 en homenaje a Maradona], Caracol, 24 August 2000&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pamaén Abad Ieu FIFA: 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Gol Abad Ieu FIFA (pikeun gul kaduana nalika ngalawan Inggris di saparapat final Piala Dunia 1986): 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Tim Impian Piala Dunia FIFA: 2002&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759 “FIFA Dream Team: Maradona voted top player”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213232622/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759 |date=2009-02-13 }}. Reuters. 19 June 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Suku Emas: 2003, minangka legenda sépakbola.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/284-diego-armando-maradona.html|title=Golden Foot – Diego Armando Maradona|publisher=Goldenfoot.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209063133/http://goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/284-diego-armando-maradona.html|archivedate=9 February 2015|accessdate=1 Maret 2015|deadurl=yes|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 100 Pamaén Pangpunjulna Nu Hirup Keneh FIFA: 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;Player Profile&quot; /&gt;
* Senat Argéntina &quot;''Domingo Faustino Sarmiento''&quot; kaingetan pikeun beubeunangan samangsa hirup: 2005
* Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah Piala Dunia: #1, ti The Times, 2010&lt;ref&gt;[http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/diario-ingles-eligio-maradona-como-mejor-jugador-historia-mundiales-noticia-450486 “Un diario inglés eligió a Maradona como el mejor jugador de la historia de los mundiales”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114600/http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/diario-ingles-eligio-maradona-como-mejor-jugador-historia-mundiales-noticia-450486#|date=30 December 2017}}. El Comercio. Retrieved 28 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
* Atlit Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah: #1, ku ''Corriere dello Sport'' – Stadio, 2012&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tifonapoli.it/cds-maradona-meglio-di-tutti-batte-anche-valentino-rossi/ “CdS, Maradona meglio di tutti, batte anche Valentino Rossi“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712090744/https://www.tifonapoli.it/cds-maradona-meglio-di-tutti-batte-anche-valentino-rossi/ |date=2018-07-12 }}. Corriere dello Sport. Retrieved 28 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
* Panghargaan ''Globe Soccer'' Panghargaan Karir Pamaén: 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;GSA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globesoccer.com/awards/walloffame/|title=Wall of Fame|publisher=Globe Soccer.com|accessdate=28 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pangpunjulna XI sapanjang waktu majalah ''World Soccer'': 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/the-greatest-xi-how-the-panel-voted|title=The Greatest XI: how the panel voted|publisher=World Soccer|author=Jamie Rainbow|date=2 July 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101233404/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/the-greatest-xi-how-the-panel-voted |date=1 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna Sapanjang Waktu: #1 ku majalah ''FourFourTwo'', 2017
* Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah Piala Dunia: #1, ku majalah ''FourFourTwo'', 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-25-best-world-cup-players-ever?page=0%2C2 “Ranked! The 25 best World Cup players EVER”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618234056/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-25-best-world-cup-players-ever?page=0%2C2 |date=2018-06-18 }}. Four Four Two. Retrieved 28 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
* Top Sekor Napoli Sapanjang Waktu (1991–2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifa profile&quot; /&gt;
* Dinding Panghargaan Maenbal Italia: 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vivoazzurro.it/en/news/italian-football-hall-of-fame-to-induct-ten-new-stars/|title=Italian football Hall of Fame to induct ten new stars|accessdate=25 October 2016|date=25 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Sapanjang Waktu AFA: 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos|title=La Selección de Todos los Tiempos|publisher=Argentine Football Association|language=Spanish|trans-title=The Team of All Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos|archive-date=14 August 2018|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29 January 2018|date=4 January 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos |date=14 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''L'Équipe's top 50'' pamaén bal Amérika Latin dina sajarah: #2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Top/Football/top50-joueurs-sud-americains/3/|title=Top 50 des joueurs sud-américains de l'histoire|trans-title=Top 50 South-American footballers in history|newspaper=L'Équipe|language=French|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=6 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704215531/http://www.lequipe.fr/Top/Football/top50-joueurs-sud-americains/3 |date=4 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Legenda ''International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics'' (IFFHS)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iffhs.de/iffhs-has-announced-the-48-football-legend-players/|title=IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=14 September 2016|date=25 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tutumbu Luar ==

* [https://www.diegomaradonagroup.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194552/https://www.diegomaradonagroup.com/ |date=2020-11-25 }}
* {{Britannica|686139}}
* Works by or about Diégo Maradona in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

== Referensi ==
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1960]]
[[Kategori:Biografi]]
[[Kategori:Sepakbola]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urang Malayu</title>
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      <text bytes="28379" sha1="ifinb4snzhmipmuiw3g90wib5e1v2g5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]]

'''Urang Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: ملايو) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku &quot;Dunia Melayu&quot;. Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]].

[[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]]

Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 &amp; 60}}

Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta.

Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 &amp; 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh.

Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina &quot;[[Dunya Malayu]]&quot;; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang (&quot;padagang&quot;) sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]].

== Étimologi ==
[[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]]
[[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]]

Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis &quot;Melayu&quot; ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna &quot;ngagancangkeun&quot;, dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}}

=== Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) ===
Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}}
* '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', &quot;Malaya Dvipa&quot;, digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}}
* '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}}
* '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan &quot;satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)&quot;. Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta &quot;Bôk-lá-yù&quot;, &quot;Mók-là-yū&quot; (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由).
* '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh &quot;gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna&quot; anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|405}}
* '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerini, G. E., &amp; Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=malai&amp;pg=PA535#v=onepage&amp;q=malai&amp;f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;Tanah Malayu&quot;), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]].
* '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kronik éta nyatakeun: &quot;''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''&quot;. Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: &quot;Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er&quot;.{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}}
* '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan.
* '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;kota Malaya&quot; atanapi &quot;bénténg Malaya&quot;), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]].

Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}}

== Budaya ==
=== Basa ===
[[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]]
{{Main|Basa Malayu}}
{{See also|Abjad Jawi}}

[[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}}

Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan.

Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' (&quot;Bazaar Malayu&quot;) atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' (&quot;Malayu Handap&quot;), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' (&quot;Malayu Luhur&quot;) Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}}

Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku &quot;''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''&quot;.{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina.

Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}}

Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui.

Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]].

=== Arsitéktur ===
{{See also|Imah Malayu}}
[[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]]

[[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya.

Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,&lt;ref name=H&gt;{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}&lt;/ref&gt; sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}}

Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.&lt;ref name=H/&gt;

=== Agama ===
[[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]]

Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.&lt;ref name=&quot;zaki1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina.

Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot; /&gt; Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}}

Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}}

Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum.

=== Musik ===
{{See also|Musik Malayu}}
[[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.&lt;ref&gt;Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, &amp; Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. &lt;/ref&gt; Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih.

Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]].

Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya.

Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era &quot;puncak kajayaan&quot; dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira.

=== Seni pintonan ===
[[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]]

Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan.

Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}}

[[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert &amp; Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]]

Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}}

Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] &amp; [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli.

Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;/&gt; Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]].

==Kelompok sub-étnis==
{{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia}}

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Dunya Malayu]]
* [[Imah Malayu]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Melayu]]

{{Authority control}}
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      <text bytes="30189" sha1="mahppcbbjwsincqwcg8slqz5joo4w41" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]]

'''Urang Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: ملايو) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku &quot;Dunia Melayu&quot;. Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]].

[[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]]

Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 &amp; 60}}

Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta.

Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 &amp; 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh.

Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina &quot;[[Dunya Malayu]]&quot;; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang (&quot;padagang&quot;) sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]].

== Étimologi ==
[[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]]
[[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]]

Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis &quot;Melayu&quot; ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna &quot;ngagancangkeun&quot;, dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}}

=== Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) ===
Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}}
* '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', &quot;Malaya Dvipa&quot;, digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}}
* '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}}
* '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan &quot;satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)&quot;. Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta &quot;Bôk-lá-yù&quot;, &quot;Mók-là-yū&quot; (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由).
* '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh &quot;gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna&quot; anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|405}}
* '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerini, G. E., &amp; Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=malai&amp;pg=PA535#v=onepage&amp;q=malai&amp;f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;Tanah Malayu&quot;), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]].
* '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kronik éta nyatakeun: &quot;''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''&quot;. Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: &quot;Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er&quot;.{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}}
* '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan.
* '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;kota Malaya&quot; atanapi &quot;bénténg Malaya&quot;), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]].

Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}}

== Budaya ==
=== Basa ===
[[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]]
{{Main|Basa Malayu}}
{{See also|Abjad Jawi}}

[[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}}

Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan.

Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' (&quot;Bazaar Malayu&quot;) atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' (&quot;Malayu Handap&quot;), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' (&quot;Malayu Luhur&quot;) Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}}

Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku &quot;''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''&quot;.{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina.

Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}}

Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui.

Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]].

=== Arsitéktur ===
{{See also|Imah Malayu}}
[[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]]

[[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya.

Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,&lt;ref name=H&gt;{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}&lt;/ref&gt; sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}}

Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.&lt;ref name=H/&gt;

=== Agama ===
[[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]]

Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.&lt;ref name=&quot;zaki1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina.

Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot; /&gt; Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}}

Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}}

Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum.

=== Musik ===
{{See also|Musik Malayu}}
[[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.&lt;ref&gt;Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, &amp; Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. &lt;/ref&gt; Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih.

Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]].

Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya.

Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era &quot;puncak kajayaan&quot; dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira.

=== Seni pintonan ===
[[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]]

Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan.

Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}}

[[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert &amp; Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]]

Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}}

Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] &amp; [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli.

Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;/&gt; Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]].

=== Seni visual ===
[[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]]

Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}}

Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}}

Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika.

==Kelompok sub-étnis==
{{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia}}

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Dunya Malayu]]
* [[Imah Malayu]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Melayu]]

{{Authority control}}
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      <text bytes="34551" sha1="4v3f39fwmuhxbj9tdgk5vk5904hh1y8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]]

'''Urang Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: ملايو) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku &quot;Dunia Melayu&quot;. Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]].

[[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]]

Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 &amp; 60}}

Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta.

Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 &amp; 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh.

Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina &quot;[[Dunya Malayu]]&quot;; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang (&quot;padagang&quot;) sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]].

== Étimologi ==
[[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]]
[[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]]

Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis &quot;Melayu&quot; ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna &quot;ngagancangkeun&quot;, dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}}

=== Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) ===
Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}}
* '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', &quot;Malaya Dvipa&quot;, digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}}
* '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}}
* '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan &quot;satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)&quot;. Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta &quot;Bôk-lá-yù&quot;, &quot;Mók-là-yū&quot; (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由).
* '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh &quot;gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna&quot; anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|405}}
* '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerini, G. E., &amp; Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=malai&amp;pg=PA535#v=onepage&amp;q=malai&amp;f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;Tanah Malayu&quot;), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]].
* '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kronik éta nyatakeun: &quot;''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''&quot;. Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: &quot;Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er&quot;.{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}}
* '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan.
* '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;kota Malaya&quot; atanapi &quot;bénténg Malaya&quot;), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]].

Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}}

=== Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 420
| image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg
| alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka
| caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense.
| image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg
| alt2 = Pasangan Malayu
| caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682
| image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg
| alt3 = Tari Joget
| caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka
}}

Kecap &quot;Melayu&quot; salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun &quot;nyarioskeun Malaka&quot;).{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}}

Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;Milner2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony  |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098  |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|91–92}}

* ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.&lt;ref&gt;See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap &quot;Malayu&quot; pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]].
* ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iskandar1958&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last= Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-32197 |archive-date=30 Méi 2024 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2–4}}&lt;ref&gt;See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas &quot;Malayu&quot;; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana &quot;turunan kuring&quot;, sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca &quot;rakyat Malayu&quot;.{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}}

== Budaya ==
=== Basa ===
[[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]]
{{Main|Basa Malayu}}
{{See also|Abjad Jawi}}

[[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}}

Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan.

Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' (&quot;Bazaar Malayu&quot;) atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' (&quot;Malayu Handap&quot;), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' (&quot;Malayu Luhur&quot;) Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}}

Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku &quot;''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''&quot;.{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina.

Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}}

Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui.

Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]].

=== Arsitéktur ===
{{See also|Imah Malayu}}
[[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]]

[[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya.

Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,&lt;ref name=H&gt;{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}&lt;/ref&gt; sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}}

Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.&lt;ref name=H/&gt;

=== Agama ===
[[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]]

Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.&lt;ref name=&quot;zaki1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina.

Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot; /&gt; Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}}

Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}}

Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum.

=== Musik ===
{{See also|Musik Malayu}}
[[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.&lt;ref&gt;Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, &amp; Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. &lt;/ref&gt; Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih.

Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]].

Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya.

Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era &quot;puncak kajayaan&quot; dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira.

=== Seni pintonan ===
[[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]]

Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan.

Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}}

[[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert &amp; Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]]

Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}}

Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] &amp; [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli.

Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;/&gt; Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]].

=== Seni visual ===
[[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]]

Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}}

Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}}

Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika.

==Kelompok sub-étnis==
{{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia}}

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Dunya Malayu]]
* [[Imah Malayu]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Melayu]]

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[[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]]

'''Urang Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|'''Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: ملايو) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku &quot;Dunia Melayu&quot;. Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]].

[[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]]

Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 &amp; 60}}

Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta.

Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 &amp; 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh.

Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina &quot;[[Dunya Malayu]]&quot;; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang (&quot;padagang&quot;) sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]].

== Étimologi ==
[[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]]
[[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]]

Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis &quot;Melayu&quot; ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna &quot;ngagancangkeun&quot;, dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}}

=== Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) ===
Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah &quot;Melayu&quot; sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}}
* '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', &quot;Malaya Dvipa&quot;, digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}}
* '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}}
* '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan &quot;satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)&quot;. Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta &quot;Bôk-lá-yù&quot;, &quot;Mók-là-yū&quot; (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由).
* '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh &quot;gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna&quot; anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|405}}
* '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerini, G. E., &amp; Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=malai&amp;pg=PA535#v=onepage&amp;q=malai&amp;f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;Tanah Malayu&quot;), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]].
* '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kronik éta nyatakeun: &quot;''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''&quot;. Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: &quot;Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er&quot;.{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}}
* '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan.
* '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah &quot;kota Malaya&quot; atanapi &quot;bénténg Malaya&quot;), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]].

Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}}

=== Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 420
| image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg
| alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka
| caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense.
| image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg
| alt2 = Pasangan Malayu
| caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682
| image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg
| alt3 = Tari Joget
| caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka
}}

Kecap &quot;Melayu&quot; salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun &quot;nyarioskeun Malaka&quot;).{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}}

Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:&lt;ref name=&quot;Milner2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony  |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098  |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|91–92}}

* ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.&lt;ref&gt;See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap &quot;Malayu&quot; pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]].
* ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iskandar1958&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last= Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-32197 |archive-date=30 Méi 2024 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2–4}}&lt;ref&gt;See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas &quot;Malayu&quot;; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana &quot;turunan kuring&quot;, sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca &quot;rakyat Malayu&quot;.{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}}

== Budaya ==
=== Basa ===
[[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]]
{{Main|Basa Malayu}}
{{See also|Abjad Jawi}}

[[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}}

Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan.

Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' (&quot;Bazaar Malayu&quot;) atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' (&quot;Malayu Handap&quot;), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' (&quot;Malayu Luhur&quot;) Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}}

Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku &quot;''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''&quot;.{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina.

Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sneddon 2003 59&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}}

Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui.

Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&amp;sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]].

=== Arsitéktur ===
{{See also|Imah Malayu}}
[[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]]

[[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya.

Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,&lt;ref name=H&gt;{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}&lt;/ref&gt; sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}}

Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.&lt;ref name=H/&gt;

=== Agama ===
[[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]]

Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.&lt;ref name=&quot;zaki1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina.

Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syed&quot; /&gt; Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}}

Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}}

Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum.

=== Musik ===
{{See also|Musik Malayu}}
[[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.&lt;ref&gt;Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, &amp; Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. &lt;/ref&gt; Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&amp;gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih.

Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]].

Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya.

Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era &quot;puncak kajayaan&quot; dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira.

=== Seni pintonan ===
[[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]]

Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan.

Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}}

[[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert &amp; Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]]

Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}}

Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] &amp; [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli.

Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmad Salehuddin 2009&quot;/&gt; Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]].

=== Seni visual ===
[[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]]

Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}}

Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}}

Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika.

==Kelompok sub-étnis==
{{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia}}

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Dunya Malayu]]
* [[Imah Malayu]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Melayu]]
[[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Melayu]]

{{Authority control}}
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      <text bytes="2685" sha1="m2mg36lcdgcyig3kchl19sp4n16jlrt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Ma Huateng
| native_name        = {{lang|zh-hans|马化腾}}
| image              = Pony Ma 2011.jpg
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1971|10|29}}
| birth_place        = Chaoyang, Shantou, [[Guangdong]].
| residence          = [[Shenzhen]]
| nationality        = {{RRC}}
| alma_mater         = [[:en:Shenzhen University|Universitas Shenzen]]
| occupation         = Pendiri, ketua dan CEO dari [[Tencent]]
| website            = {{URL|https://www.tencent.com/en-us/index.html|tencent.com}}
| footnotes          = 
| alma mater         = [[:en:Shenzhen University|Universitas Shenzen]]
| networth           = {{increase}} US$55.3 Juta (Juni 2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ma Huateng|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ma-huateng/|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Ma Huateng''' ({{zh|s=马化腾|p=Mǎ Huàténg}}; {{lahirmati||29|10|1971|}}) atawa '''Pony Ma'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/608d171e-f08a-11e7-b220-857e26d1aca4|title= Pony Ma, the global strategist with deep pockets |date=6 January 2018|access-date=22 April 2018|work=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta pangadeg perusahaan Tencent sumping ti [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Cina]]. Dumasar kana itungan ''real-time'' dina Bursa Saham Hong Kong, anjeunna namina jalmi anu paling sugih di Asia sabab perusahaan anu didirikeun anjeunna, Tencent, suksés ngiringan paningkatan kauntungan 2,95 persen. Hasilna, Ma Huateng kéngingkeun 1 miliar dolar, nambihan kakayaan niche na kanggo 37 milyar dolar, langkung tiheula [[Jack Ma]] kalayan total aset 34,6 miliar dollar. Tencent mangrupikeun salah sahiji perusahaan game online panggedéna di dunya. Salah sahiji produk na anu diciptakeun, WeChat, nyaéta aplikasi olahtalatah ngarah sareng sering dianggo ku komunitas Cina, anu mangrupikeun rengking panggedéna sareng kalolobaan pangguna internet di dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://tirto.id/mengenal-ma-huateng-orang-terkaya-di-asia-cvcN|title=Mengenal Ma Huateng, Orang Terkaya di Asia - Tirto.ID|last=Irfan|first=M Faisal Reza|newspaper=tirto.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biografiku.com/biografi-dan-profil-ma-huateng-kisah-sukses-orang-terkaya-di-asia-pendiri-tencent-group/|title=Biografi dan Profil Ma Huateng – Kisah Sukses Orang Terkaya Asia Pendiri Tencent Group|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022120241/https://www.biografiku.com/biografi-dan-profil-ma-huateng-kisah-sukses-orang-terkaya-di-asia-pendiri-tencent-group/ |date=2020-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma Huateng}}
{{biografi-pondok}}</text>
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    <title>Callum Keith Rennie</title>
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      <text bytes="2263" sha1="b6zq8yr8q5oj63fmr6gjs1dwmefrb7p" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Callum Keith Rennie
| image = Callum Keith Rennie 2011.jpg
| caption = Rennie, 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|9|14|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;12steps&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/gilliams/559/saturdaynight.html |title=12 Steps to Stardom |date=March 1998 |work=[[Saturday Night (magazine)|Saturday Night Magazine]] |accessdate=2009-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152446/http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/gilliams/559/saturdaynight.html |archivedate=30 September 2011 |df=dmy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152446/http://www.fortunecity.com/lavendar/gilliams/559/saturdaynight.html |date=2011-09-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soap&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://community.livejournal.com/the_ckr_files/18231.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121225211826/http://community.livejournal.com/the_ckr_files/18231.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2012 |title=Face of the fortnight: Due South's Callum Keith Rennie |date=25 June 1998 |publisher=[[Inside Soap]] issue 103 |accessdate=2009-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tao&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JSF/is_35_10/ai_81414107/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122221426/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JSF/is_35_10/ai_81414107|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-22|title=The Tao of Callum Keith Rennie|date=December 2001|work=[[Take One (Canadian magazine)|Take One]]|accessdate=2009-12-30|first=Cynthia|last=Amsden}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207073109/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JSF/is_35_10/ai_81414107/print |date=2007-12-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place = [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], [[Tyne and Wear]], Inggris
| occupation = Aktor pilem &amp; tipi
| years_active = 1989–ayeuna
}}

'''Callum Keith Rennie''' ({{lahirmati||14|9|1960|}}) mangrupi saurang [[aktor]] tipi sareng pilem [[Kanada]]. Anjeunna ngamimitian karirna dina pilem pilem sareng televisi Kanada.

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0719678}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rennie, Callum Keith}}
[[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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    <title>Chévron Pasifik Indonésia</title>
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      <text bytes="5372" sha1="hr83dzpej3pyfko44mkxz0xlvtyvrzl" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Logotipo Chevron.jpg|jmpl|260x260px|Logo Perusahaan Chévron&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indonesia.chevron.com/|title=Chevron Indonesia|last=Affairs|first=Chevron Policy, Government and Public|website=chevron.com|language=en-us|accessdate=2021-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Chévron Pasifik Indonésia''' mangrupa salah sahiji tina [[perusahaan]] [[Chévron]] anu miboga pancén pikeun [[ngaéksplorasi]] [[minyak]] anu aya di [[Riau]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.potretnews.com/artikel/potret-riau/2016/01/19/sejarah-singkat-pt-chevron-pacific-indonesia/|title=Sejarah Singkat PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia|website=PotretNews.com|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sakabéh pagawé ti PT. Chévron Pasifik Indonésia anu aya di [[Riau]] ditempatkeun di kota [[Dumai]], [[Duri]], [[Minas]], jeung [[Rumbai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Kagiatan [[operasionalna]] aya di kota [[Dumai]], [[Duri]], jeung [[Minas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Sedengkeun ''main office'' aya di [[wilayah]] [[Rumbai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Sajarah ==
Chévron Pasifik Indonésia ngadeg di awal taun [[1924]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.riauonline.co.id/bisnis/read/2019/02/13/inilah-sejarah-panjang-chevron-di-bumi-lancang-kuning-riau|title=Inilah Sejarah Panjang Chevron di Bumi Lancang Kuning Riau|last=www.riauonline.co.id|website=RiauOnline|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Standard Oil Company of Californua (SoCal)]] jeung [[Texas Oil Company (Texaco)]] ngawangun [[perusahaan]] [[udunan]] di daérah [[Sumatera|Sumatra]], anu dingaranan [[N.U Nederlandsche Pacific Petroleum Maatschappij]] atawa [[NPPM]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ieu perusahaan manggihan [[minyak]] ''non-produktif'' anu ahirna ditutup&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. 

Taun [[1944|1944,]] ahli [[géologi]] NPPM, [[Richard H. Hopper]] jeung [[Toni Oki]] manggihan [[sumur]] [[minyak]] panggedéna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]], anu dingaranan [[Minas]], jenis minyakna [[Sumatra Light Crude (SLC)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Taun [[1950]], NPPM robah ngaran jadi [[Caltex Pasific Oil Company (CPOC)]], sarta mimitian ngayakeun kagiatan [[ékspor]] [[minyak]] tina [[Minas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. [[Sumur]] [[minyak]] mimiti kapanggih di [[Duri]], [[Bangkalis]], jeung [[Petapahan, Lubuk Pakam, Deli Serdang|Petapahan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ngaran Caltex robah deui jadi [[Caltex Pacific Company (CPC)]] di taun 1960&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Lantaran mingkin loba [[sumur]] [[miyak]] anu kapanggih di daérah operasional Caltex, ku kituna aya inovasi pikeun nyieun peta daérah operasi anu disebut ''[[Kangatoo Block]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''.'' Di taun [[1970]], [[Caltex Pasifik Company (CPC)]] robah deui ngaranna jadi PT. Caltex Pasifik Indonésia&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Di taun [[2005]] Caltex anu masih kénéh bagéan tina Chévron jeung Texaco Inc dialihkeun ku [[Chévron]] babarengan jeung [[Texaco]] sarta [[Unocal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Ku kituna, ngaran PT. Caltex Pasifik Indonésia resmi robah jadi PT. Chévron Pasifik Indonésia&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

Kiwari, [[Chévron]] jadi [[Produser|produsén]] [[minyak]] atah panggedéna di [[Indonésia]] anu ngahasilkeun 40% produksi [[minyak]] nasional ngaliwatan kagiatan operasi di [[Riau]] jeung [[Kalimantan Wétan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/berita/baca/23578/DJKN-dan-PT-Chevron-Pacific-Indonesia-Bersinergi-dalam-rangka-Persiapan-Pengakhiran-Kontrak.html|title=DJKN dan PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia Bersinergi dalam rangka Persiapan Pengakhiran Kontrak|website=www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id|accessdate=2021-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Chévron]] geus jadi [[produsén]] [[énérgi]] panas [[bumi]] panggedéna di [[Indonésia]] tina kagiatan di [[Jawa Kulon]] anu nyadiakeun [[listrik]] pikeun penduduk di [[Indonésia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kontan.co.id/tag/pt-chevron-pacific-indonesia|title=PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia - Pembangkit listrik Blok Rokan dikabarkan telah dilelang, begini tanggapan Chevron|website=PT. Kontan Grahanusa Mediatama|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Visi jeung Misi ==
[[Visi]] Chévron Pasifik Indonésia ngajadikeun [[perusahaan]] [[énérgi]] [[Indonésia]] anu paling dipikataji ku [[sumber daya manusa]], ''[[kemitraan]],'' jeung gawéna&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://text-id.123dok.com/document/oz1eo7dey-visi-misi-nilai-nilai-pokok-pt-chevron-pacific-indonesia.html|title=Visi Misi Nilai-Nilai Pokok PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia|website=text-id.123dok.com|accessdate=2021-04-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424043624/https://text-id.123dok.com/document/oz1eo7dey-visi-misi-nilai-nilai-pokok-pt-chevron-pacific-indonesia.html |date=2021-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pikeun ngajadikeun Chévron Pasifik Indonésia jadi [[perusahaan]] [[kelas]] dunya, PT. Chévron Pasifik Indonésia ngalaksanakeun kualitas ''berkesinambungan''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''.'' Ieu [[perusahaan]] miboga sawangan pikeun ngahasilkeun citra [[perusahaan]] anu maksimal, sarta hasil anu pangalusna&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Ieu hal luyu jeung posisi sarta status [[perusahaan]] anu [[multinasional]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

[[Misi]] ti Chévron Pasifik Indonésia nyaéta “PT Chévron Pasifik Indonésia ''will effectifely explore and develop hydrocarbons for the benefit of indonesia and its shareholders''”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Éta misi téh mangrupa udagan anu kudu dihontal ku [[perusahaan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

== Daftar Référénsi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kim Seon-ho</title>
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      <text bytes="56988" sha1="rc4i3h8h9kcj920htb718gu52tceygp" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Kim Seon-ho|image=|caption=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1986|05|08}}|birth_place=[[Seoul]], South Korea|occupation={{hlist|Television Actor|Theater actor}}|website={{url|1=http://www.saltent.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=profile&amp;wr_id=23|2=Official Website}}|signature=Kim Seon-ho signature.png}}
[[Category:Biography with signature]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]'''Kim Seon-ho''' (lahir Méi 8, 1986) nyaéta saurang aktor ti Koréa Kidul. Anjeunna ngamimitian karir di panggung teater sateuacan debut tahun 2017 dina sérial [[tipi]] ''Good Manager.'' Anjeunna janten kawentar pedah séri televisi ''Start-Up'' (2020). Salajengna langkung seueur pangakuan pikeun peran utami na di ''Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha'' (2021), anu disiarkeun dina tvN sareng [[Netflix]]. Taun 2021, anjeunna kapilih janten Aktor Tipi Tahun 2021 Gallup Korea. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Go|first=Chanyu|date=March 4, 2021|title=인니 증권사 점유율 1위는 한국... 광고모델도 한국 배우|language=ko|trans-title=Inni Securities Company's No. 1 share is Korea... The advertising model is also a Korean actor.|work=Hankook Ilbo|url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021030210130004976?did=NA|access-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413152406/https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021030210130004976?did=NA|archive-date=April 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atikan ==
Kim putra hiji-hijina, pituin Bongcheon-dong, di [[Seoul]]. Baheula, Kim budak isinan jeung borangan kusabab hiji kajadian nu ngajieun trauma. Imah anjeunna pernah dirampok, indung Kim ditubles ku péso. Kim teu kuma onam pedah kaburu nyumput di kolong ranjang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/42370|title=가장 큰 궤적을 그리며 나는 김선호|last2=|website=Harpers Bazaars|language=ko|trans-title=Drawing the biggest trajectory, I'm Kim Seonho.|accessdate=2023-01-12|date=2019-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basa kelas tilu Kim nuturkeun babaturanna daptar ka kursus akting. Akting ngabantu Kim jadi sonagar jeung ngubaran trauma jaman leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsq.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=18218|title=[인터뷰] '옥탑방 고양이'와 사는 남자 김선호|last=Yong|first=Won-jong|website=SportsQ (스포츠Q(큐))|language=ko|trans-title=[Interview] Kim Seon-ho, a man who lives with a 'rooftop cat'|accessdate=2023-01-05|date=2014-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20170414/83863236/2|title=[루키인터뷰: 얘 어때?②] '김과장' 김선호, 연극 무대서 먼저 인정받은 실력파 루키|last=Jeon|first=Hyo-jin|website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo|Sports Donga]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Rookie Interview: How is he?②] &quot;Chief Kim&quot; Kim Seon-ho, a talented rookie who was recognized first on the stage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009203714/https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20170414/83863236/2|archivedate=October 9, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=April 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saatos tamat SMA, Kim kuliah akting di Seoul Institute of the Arts. Lulus meunangkeun gelar ti Departemen Panyiaran sareng Hiburan.&lt;ref name=&quot;donga17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20170414/83863236/2|title=[루키인터뷰: 얘 어때?②] '김과장' 김선호, 연극 무대서 먼저 인정받은 실력파 루키|last=Jeon|first=Hyo-jin|website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo|Sports Donga]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Rookie Interview: How is he?②] &quot;Chief Kim&quot; Kim Seon-ho, a talented rookie who was recognized first on the stage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009203714/https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20170414/83863236/2|archivedate=October 9, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=April 15, 2017}}
[[Kategori:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Salila kuliah, anjeunna milu klub téater di kampusna. Dina klub téater, Kim ngamimitian akting dina sandiwara theater kayaning ''My Town'', ''The Seagull'', jeung ''Chunpung's Wife.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kim ngaréngsékeun wajib militer na di 2007 saméméh debut salaku aktor. Anjeunna jadi asistén instruktur di Pusat Pelatihan Angkatan Darat Nonsan, lajeng teras ngalih jadi pagawé layanan umum. Pengalaman di militer ngalegaan pamikiran Kim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://stoo.com/article.php?aid=50766549044|title='백일의 낭군님' 김선호 &quot;논산 육군훈련소 조교, 가능성 열게 된 경험&quot; [인터뷰]|last=Kim|first=Hyun-min|website=yhnews|language=ko|trans-title='Hundred Days My Prince' Kim Seon-ho &quot;Assistant at Nonsan Army Training Center, the experience that opened up possibilities&quot; [Interview]|accessdate=2023-01-03|date=2018-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir ==
Kim mimiti debut di panggung teater New ''Boeing Boeing'' (adaptasi tina sandiwara [[Perancis]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20190506_0000641892&amp;cID=10701&amp;pID=10700|title=[리뷰]400만명 웃겼다, 연극 '보잉보잉'의 18년 내공|last=Choi|first=Ji-yoon|publisher=[[Newsis]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Review] 4 million people laughed, 18 years of work in the play'Boeing Boeing'|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20190506_0000641892&amp;cID=10701&amp;pID=10700|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 26, 2020|date=May 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; taun 2009. Anjeunna maen sandiwara nu sarua taun 2013. Taun 2012, Kim maen jadi lakon Dr. Watson pikeun produksi Korea tina drama Sherlock Holmes selatan William Gillette.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nc.asiae.co.kr/view.htm?idxno=2012081406430091865|title=[리뷰] 120년 역사의 탐정이 돌아왔다... 연극 [셜록]|website=NewsCulture|language=ko|trans-title=[Review] A 120-year-old detective is back... The play [Sherlock]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/https://nc.asiae.co.kr/view.htm?idxno=2012081406430091865|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=August 10, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/https://nc.asiae.co.kr/view.htm?idxno=2012081406430091865 |date=April 10, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ahir taun 2013, Kim jadi aktor utama dina lakon ''Words I Couldn't Say for 7 Years,'' ditulis sareng disutradarai ku Park Jung-in, di Teater Daehakro Moonlight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksilbo.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=442219|title=기억을 찾고픈 남자, 사랑을 전하고픈 여자|last=Cha|first=Hyeong-seok|website=Gyeongsang Ilbo|language=ko|trans-title=Man who wants to find memories, woman who wants to convey love|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/http://www.ksilbo.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=442219|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 28, 2020|date=March 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Seok&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksilbo.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=446755|title=[리뷰]연극 '7년동안 하지 못한 말'|last=Seok|first=Hyun-jo|website=경상일보|language=ko|trans-title=[Review] Theater 'What I couldn't said in 7 years'|accessdate=2023-01-24|date=2014-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Maret 2014, Kim maen deui dina lalakon nu sami, di Figaro Art Hall di Jung-gu, Ulsan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seok&quot; /&gt;

Dina usum gugur taun harita keneh, Kim maen dina ''Rooftop House Cat'' usum ka-10, nu diayakeun ku Aligator Teater Company. Kim kapilih jadi boga lalakon Lee Kyung-min sanggeus ngéléhkeun sabudeureun 200 aktor sejen dina audisi umum. Lajeng, Kim kapilih deui dina usum ka-11 jeung usum ka-12th.&lt;ref&gt;10th, 11th, 12th season:
&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2015 anjeunna dicalonkeun pikeun peran judul anu sanés dina lakon Aligator Theatre Company ''Goal of Love.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://moneys.mt.co.kr/news/mwView.php?no=2015052215538017281|title=[공연] 난 매 순간 진심으로 사랑해 - 머니S|last=머니S|website=moneys.mt.co.kr|language=ko|trans-title=[Performance] I love you every moment with all my heart. - Money S.|accessdate=2023-01-12|date=2015-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dua sandiwara eta lumayan sohor di Daehakro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=2676129|title=2020 Welcome Daehakro :: Official Korea Tourism Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012141/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=2676129|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 26, 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012141/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=2676129 |date=April 10, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ize.co.kr/articleView.html?no=2015041919117258099|title=[옥탑방 고양이], ★★☆ 무난하게 웃고 즐기는 2시간짜리 여가|last=Jang|first=Kyungjin|last2=Jin|first2=Yoo|website=Ize Magazine|language=ko|trans-title=[Rooftop Cat] ★★☆ 2 hours of leisure time where you can laugh and enjoy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012141/https://www.ize.co.kr/articleView.html?no=2015041919117258099|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 26, 2020|date=April 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2015, Kim audisi pikeun peran Austin dina adaptasi Koréa sandiwara karangan Sam Shepard nu judulna ''True West,'' diarahkeun ku ''Oh Man-seok.'' Kim maén salaku Austin kalawan Lee Hyun-wook jeung Moon Sung-il.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=48161|title=[더하기컷] '개성 만점'의 오스틴 3人, '트루웨스트' 김선호-문성일-이현욱|website=뉴스컬처 (NEWSCULTURE)|language=ko|trans-title=[More Cut] Austin 3 people of 'full of personality', 'True West' Kim Seon-ho, Moon Sung-il, Lee Hyun-wook|accessdate=2023-01-20|date=2015-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=47552|title=[인터뷰] '트루웨스트' 김선호 &quot;대본 받는 순간 집도의처럼 굴었죠&quot;|last=Lee|first=Seul-gi|website=뉴스컬처(NEWSCULTURE)|language=ko|trans-title=[Interview] 'True West' Kim Seon-ho &quot;The moment I received the script, I acted like a mastermind&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119071335/http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=47552|archivedate=January 19, 2022|accessdate=July 5, 2022|date=August 31, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aranjeunna maen sareng Jeon Seok-ho, Kim Jun-won, sarta Lee Dae-il, anu maénkeun lanceukna Austin Lee. Numutkeun Interpark, lakon éta rengking kahiji pikeun penjualan tiket téater. Sandiwara ieu dilaksanakeun di University Road A Art Hall ti tanggal 13 Agustus nepi ka 1 Nopémber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01758086609435176&amp;mediaCodeNo=257|title=연극 '트루웨스트' 예매 순위 1위...흥행 예고|website=이데일리|language=ko|trans-title=No. 1 in the reservation ranking of the play 'Trew West'... box office announcement|accessdate=2023-01-20|date=2015-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogé di 2015, anjeunna maénkeun Valentin dina adaptasi panggung Koréa tina lakon Manuel Puig ''Kiss of the Spider Woman'' di Art One Theatre, Seoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fashionbiz.co.kr/TN/?cate=2&amp;recom=2&amp;idx=150603|title=[Culture] The play'Spider Woman's Kiss' topic!|last=Kwak|first=Sun-mi|website=Fashionbiz|language=ko|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/http://www.fashionbiz.co.kr/TN/?cate=2&amp;recom=2&amp;idx=150603|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 28, 2020|date=October 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim manggih kasuksésan jeung dilandih idola téater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldpop.com/view.php?ud=201705251552560878472_1|title=[팝인터뷰]연극계의 아이돌 김선호, 고군분투 '김과장' 적응기|website=헤럴드팝|language=ko|trans-title=[Pop Interview] Kim Seon-ho, an idol in the theater industry, is adjusting to &quot;Manager Kim&quot; after struggling.|accessdate=2023-01-12|date=2017-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://moneys.mt.co.kr/news/mwView.php?type=1&amp;no=2015052215538017281&amp;outlink=1|title=[공연] 난 매 순간 진심으로 사랑해|last=Jang|first=Hyo-won|website=MoneyS|language=ko|trans-title=[Performance] I love you with all my heart every moment.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012141/https://moneys.mt.co.kr/news/mwView.php?type=1&amp;no=2015052215538017281&amp;outlink=1|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 27, 2020|date=May 30, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 2016, Kim audisi pikeun sababaraha lalakon dina produksi Teater Ganda karangan John Cariani nu judulna, ''Almost, Maine.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=51747|title=[현장스케치] 200:1 경쟁률 뚫은 새 얼굴들이 책임진다, 연극 '올모스트 메인'|last=Yang|first=Seung-hee|website=뉴스컬처(NEWSCULTURE)|language=ko|trans-title=[Site Sketch] New faces who broke through 200:1 competition are responsible for the play 'All Most Main'|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706002621/http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=51747|archivedate=July 6, 2022|accessdate=July 5, 2022|date=April 20, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim meunang lalakon eta ngelehkeun 200-an aktor sejen. Kim kapilih jadi tim kadua nu manggung ti mimiti April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=51512|title=연극 '올모스트 메인' 오는 10일, 1차 팀과 작별...새얼굴과 다시 출발|website=뉴스컬처 (NEWSCULTURE)|language=ko|trans-title=The play 'Almost, Maine' is coming on the 10th, saying goodbye to the 1st team... Starting again with a new face.|accessdate=2023-01-22|date=2016-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva100.com/main/view.php?key=20160314000946156|title=올 상반기를 사랑으로 가득 채울 연극 '올모스트메인' 18명의 새로운 주민 공개|website=100세시대의 동반자 브릿지경제|language=ko|trans-title=The play 'Almost, Maine', which will fill the first half of this year with love, 18 new residents unveiled|accessdate=2023-01-22|date=2016-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.etnews.com/20160420000282?SNS=00002|title='올모스트 메인' 김선호 &quot;겨울 배경이지만, 사랑 이야기는 언제나 뜨겁다&quot;|website=미래를 보는 신문 - 전자신문|language=ko|trans-title='Almost, Maine' Kim Seon-ho &quot;It's a winter background, but love stories are always hot&quot;|accessdate=2023-01-22|date=2016-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tahun di 2016, Kim maen sandiwara téater sareng Aligator Theatre Company. Kim maen deui lakon Austin dina pagelaran ''True West Return'' karangan dramawan Sam Shepard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsq.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=187546|title=[열림막Q] 연극 '트루웨스트 리턴즈' 서현우·김선호가 보여주는 형제의 '이상'|website=스포츠Q(큐)|language=ko|trans-title=[Open Q] The play 'Trew West Returns' The brother's 'Ideal' shown by Seo Hyun-woo and Kim Seon-ho|accessdate=2023-01-20|date=2016-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lajeng maen dina 2016 sandiwara ''Closer'', karangan Patrick Marber, sareng aktor Bae Seong-woo, Kim So-jin, jeung Park So-dam. Anjeunna dipuji ku kritik pedah tanaga dina panggung kuat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mhns.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=23378|title=[문화 生] 박소담 &quot;네 명의 배우가 링 위에 오른 기분&quot;...연극 '클로저'|website=문화뉴스|language=ko|trans-title=[Culture 生] Park So-dam &quot;I feel like four actors are on the ring&quot;...The play 'Closer'|accessdate=2023-01-20|date=2016-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allurekorea.com/2016/12/13/%eb%b0%95%ec%86%8c%eb%8b%b4-%ea%b9%80%ea%b0%95%ec%9a%b0-%ec%a1%b0%ec%84%b1%ec%a7%84-%eb%93%b1-%ea%b3%b5%ec%97%b0%ea%b0%80%eb%a5%bc-%eb%9c%a8%ea%b2%81%ea%b2%8c-%eb%8b%ac%ea%b5%b0-%ec%86%8c%ec%8b%9d/?_C_=5|title=2016 컬처 키워드 &lt;공연&gt;|last=Huh|first=Yun-seon|website=Allure Korea|language=ko|trans-title=2016 Culture Keywords &lt;Performance&gt;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/http://www.allurekorea.com/2016/12/13/%EB%B0%95%EC%86%8C%EB%8B%B4-%EA%B9%80%EA%B0%95%EC%9A%B0-%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%84-%EB%93%B1-%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%BC-%EB%9C%A8%EA%B2%81%EA%B2%8C-%EB%8B%AC%EA%B5%B0-%EC%86%8C%EC%8B%9D/?_C_=5|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 27, 2020|date=December 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Nopémber 2016, Kim ngagabung kana sandiwara teater karangan Park Dong-wook nu judulna ''Voice of Millenium.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=58025|title=연극 '보이스 오브 밀레니엄' 콘셉트 사진 공개, 순수했던 시절로 돌아가다|last=Lee|first=Seul-gi|website=뉴스컬처(NEWSCULTURE)|language=ko|trans-title=&quot;Voice of Millennium&quot; concept photo released, going back to the innocent days|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706002621/http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=58025|archivedate=July 6, 2022|accessdate=July 5, 2022|date=November 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakon ieu diproduksi ku ''Space to Create'', perusahaan téater anu diadegkeun ku Ahn Hyuk-won sareng Jeon Seok-ho, jeung iarahkeun ku Park Seon-hee. Pagelaran theater ieu dipintonkeun ti 5 Nopémber nepi ka 31 Désémber di Teater Alit Dongsoong Art Center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ize.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=23611|title=[보이스 오브 밀레니엄], ★★☆ 내 유년시절과의 완벽한 작별|last=Kwon|first=Hye-eun|website=아이즈(ize)|language=ko|trans-title=[Voice of Millennium], ★★☆ The perfect farewell to my childhood|accessdate=2023-01-24|date=2016-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kim mimiti debut dina tipi awal 2017 dina drama seri KBS2 ''Good Manager.'' Kim milu audisi diondang ku produser Lee Eun-jin anu nonton akting Kim dina pagelaran téater ''Closer.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20170414/83863236/2|title=[루키인터뷰: 얘 어때?②] '김과장' 김선호, 연극 무대서 먼저 인정받은 실력파 루키|last=Jeon|first=Hyo-jin|website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo|Sports Donga]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Rookie Interview: What do you think about her?②] &quot;Chief Kim&quot; Kim Seon-ho, a talented rookie who was recognized first on the stage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009203714/https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20170414/83863236/2|archivedate=October 9, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=April 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002486686&amp;CMPT_CD=P0010|title=&quot;난 겁쟁이에 쫄보&quot;라는 김선호, 그가 자신감 얻은 이유|last=Kim|first=Yoon-Jeong|website=[[OhmyNews]]|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho, who says &quot;I'm a coward,&quot; the reason why he gained confidence|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002486686&amp;CMPT_CD=P0010|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=November 11, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Proyék Kim salajengna nyaeta drama seri KBS2 ''Strongest Deliveryman.'' Kim tadina audisi pikeun lalakon pendukung, tapi ku sutradara dijadikeun aktor utama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wkorea.com/2019/01/15/%EC%96%B4%EB%94%94%EC%84%A0%EA%B0%80-%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%B4-%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98%EA%B3%A0/|title=어디선가 빛이 비치고 (김선호)|last=Kwon|first=Eunkyung|website=W Korea|language=ko|trans-title=The light shines from somewhere (Kim Seon-ho)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225153430/http://www.wkorea.com/2019/01/15/%EC%96%B4%EB%94%94%EC%84%A0%EA%B0%80-%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%B4-%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98%EA%B3%A0/|archivedate=December 25, 2020|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=January 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim meunang nominasi pikeun Pangajén Aktor Anyar Pangalusna dina 2017 KBS Drama Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;rookie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lee Si-yeon|date=December 24, 2020|title=김일우·김재원·김선호 신인상 &quot;대상에 버금&quot;[2020 KBS 연예대상]|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Il-woo, Kim Jae-won, Kim Seon-ho's Rookie of the Year Award &quot;Five to the Grand Prize&quot; [2020 KBS Entertainment Awards]|work=star.mt|url=https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2020122418115973790|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012139/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2020122418115973790|archive-date=April 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teras di 2017, Kim maen sareng [[Jo Jung-suk]] dina komedi aksi MBC ''Two Cops'' salaku tukang tipu. Kim tadina audisi pikeun aktor pendukung, tapi sutradara nunjuk Kim jadi aktor utama pas ningali klip audisi Kim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvdaily.co.kr/read.php3?aid=15166007171318262020|title='투깝스' 김선호, 준비된 자가 행운을 잡았다 [인터뷰]|last=Hwang|first=Seo-yeon|website=tvdaily.co.kr|trans-title='Two Cops' Kim Seon-ho, the prepared man got lucky [Interview]|accessdate=2023-01-09|date=2018-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim meunang dua panghargaan dina 2017 MBC Drama Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news1.kr/articles/?3211971|title=[인터뷰①] &quot;조정석과 연기를?&quot; 김선호, '투깝스'가 더 특별한 이유|last=Jang|first=Ah-reum|website=News1|language=ko|trans-title=[Interview1] &quot;Adjustment stone and acting?&quot; Kim Seon-ho, the reason why 'Two-cops' is more special|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012139/https://www.news1.kr/articles/?3211971|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=January 21, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika drama éta disiarkeun, anjeunna balik deui ka lalakon di panggung salaku Valentin dina pagelaran ''Kiss of the Spider Woman.''&lt;ref name=&quot;spider17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=77523|title=연극 '거미여인의 키스' 프리뷰 성료, 본공연 순항 예고...새로운 캐스트 신선함 더해|last=Yang|first=Seung-hee|website=NewsCulture|language=ko|trans-title=The preview of the play 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' has been completed, and the main performance will be cruised... A new cast adds freshness|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706002621/http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=77523|archivedate=July 6, 2022|accessdate=July 5, 2022|date=December 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 2018, Kim ngalakonkeun pelukis dina drama pondok opat episode ''You Drive Me Crazy'', nu disiarkeun dina bulan Méi. &lt;ref name=&quot;crazy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&amp;aid=0004108565|title='미치겠다, 너땜에' 이유영X김선호 주연, 5월 방송...MBC 단막극 부활 신호탄|website=Naver|publisher=MK|language=ko|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602042146/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&amp;aid=0004108565|archivedate=June 2, 2019|accessdate=March 2, 2018|date=March 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di bulan April, Kim maen dina drama sajarah ''100 Days My Prince'', minangka Jung Jae-yoon, menak tapi anak ti selir. Ieu drama sajarah Kim nu kahiji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajunews.com/view/20181107174131957|title=[AJU★인터뷰①] '백일의 낭군님' 김선호 &quot;극중 정제윤과 저를 섞으니 더욱 능글 맞아졌어요&quot;|last=Kim|first=Ah-reum|website=아주경제|language=ko|trans-title=[AJU★Interview1] '100 Days My Prince's romance' Kim Seon-ho &quot;When I mixed Jeong Je-yoon and myself in the drama, I became more sly.&quot;|accessdate=2023-03-02|date=2018-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.nate.com/view/20181114n13506|title=[팝인터뷰①]'백일의 낭군님' 김선호 &quot;자책했었던 연기...자신감 생겼죠&quot;|website=네이트 뉴스|language=ko|trans-title=[Pop Interview1] '100 days my prince' Kim Seon-ho &quot;The acting I blamed myself for... I have a sense of self-pity&quot;|accessdate=2023-03-02|date=2018-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Son-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mbiz.heraldcorp.com/viewc.php?ud=201811161333373868655_1#a|title=[인터뷰] 김선호 &quot;10년째 재밌는 연기, 10년 더 재미있기를&quot;|last=Son|first=Yeji|publisher=[[Herald Corporation]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Interview] Kim Seon-ho &quot;Fun acting for 10 years, I hope it will be fun for 10 years&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229030821/http://mbiz.heraldcorp.com/viewc.php?ud=201811161333373868655_1#a|archivedate=December 29, 2020|accessdate=December 26, 2020|date=November 16, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229030821/http://mbiz.heraldcorp.com/viewc.php?ud=201811161333373868655_1#a |date=December 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;prince&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&amp;aid=0003741485|website=Naver|publisher=Osen|language=ko|script-title=ko:[단독] 도경수·남지현·조성하·김선호, '백일의 낭군님' 확정..4월 촬영|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307130417/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&amp;aid=0003741485|archivedate=March 7, 2021|accessdate=March 21, 2018|date=March 21, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina Séptémber taun éta, Kim ngagabung ka S.A.L.T. Entertaintment sa anggeus kontrak na jeung Aligator Teater Company rengse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Son-2018&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;salt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/09/12/2018091200852.html|title=[공식]김선호, 솔트 엔터테인먼트와 전속계약...김정화·박신혜와 한솥밥|last=Jeong|first=Yoo-na|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo|Sports Chosun]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Official] Kim Seon-ho, exclusive contract with Salt Entertainment... Kim Jung-hwa and Park Shin-hye under one roof|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012139/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/09/12/2018091200852.html|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=September 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Maret 2019, Kim maén jadi panyanyi dina séri komedi JTBC ''Welcome to Waikiki 2.'' Kim, Shin Hyun-soo, Ahn So-hee, Moon Ga-young, sareng Kim Ye-won maen jeung Lee Yi-kyung nu tos maen ti usum kahiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;waikiki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.donga.com/3/all/20190110/93629765/1|website=Sports Donga|language=ko|script-title=ko:김선호·이이경·신현수·문가영·안소희·김예원 '와이키키2' 출연확정 [공식입장]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023600/https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20190110/93629765/1|archivedate=August 4, 2020|accessdate=January 10, 2019|date=January 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Oktober, Kim maen drama polisi ''Catch the Ghost'' kalawan aktris Moon Geun-young.&lt;ref name=&quot;catch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=23429386&amp;cloc=|title=[단독]김선호, 문근영과 tvN '유령을 잡아라' 주인공|last=Kim Jin-suk|website=IS Plus|language=ko|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=23429386&amp;cloc=|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=April 2, 2019|date=April 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 5 Nopémber, Kim ngagabung dina usum kaopat acara KBS2 ''2 Days &amp; Night,''&lt;ref name=&quot;2d1n&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&amp;aid=0004287356|title=[공식입장] 김종민 연정훈 문세윤 김선호 딘딘 라비 '1박2일 4' 출연...12월 첫방|website=News1|language=ko|trans-title=[Official position] Kim Jong-min, Yeon Jung-hoon, Moon Se-yoon, Kim Seon-ho, Din-Din Ravi's '1 Night 2 Days 4' appearance... First room in December|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021055805/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&amp;aid=0004287356|archivedate=October 21, 2021|accessdate=February 16, 2020|date=November 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; anjeunna nampi Penghargaan Rookie di 2020 KBS Entertainment Awards pikeun tina acara éta. &lt;ref name=&quot;rookie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Si-yeon|date=December 24, 2020|title=김일우·김재원·김선호 신인상 &quot;대상에 버금&quot;[2020 KBS 연예대상]|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Il-woo, Kim Jae-won, Kim Seon-ho's Rookie of the Year Award &quot;Five to the Grand Prize&quot; [2020 KBS Entertainment Awards]|work=star.mt|url=https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2020122418115973790|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012139/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2020122418115973790|archive-date=April 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahir taun 2019, Kim maen dina sandiwara teater ''Mémory in Dream.''&lt;ref name=&quot;memory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsworldi.com/newsView/20190923504429|title=김선호, 연극 '메모리 인 드림' 출연 확정...브라운관·무대 동시 출격|last=Jeong|first=Ga-young|website=Sports World|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho confirmed to appear in the play 'Memory in Dream'... Simultaneous sorting out on television and stage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/http://www.sportsworldi.com/newsView/20190923504429|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 28, 2020|date=September 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna ngabuktikeun kakuatan ngalarisan tikét, Mung lima menit sanggeus tikét dibuka, sadaya tikét langsung laris. Kim ngalaksanakeun total 33 pagelaran nu ditongton ku kurang leuwih 4.700 panongton téater. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sports.donga.com/ent/article/all/20191220/98888940/1?adtbrdg=e|title=김선호, '메모리 인 드림' 전 회차 매진...누적 관객수 4700명|last=Hong|first=Se-young|website=sports.donga.com|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho, 'Memory in Dream' sold out in the previous episode... Cumulative audience of 4,700|accessdate=2023-02-06|date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kim balik deui ka tipi bulan Oktober 2020 drama tvN ''Start-Up.''&lt;ref name=&quot;startup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=241&amp;aid=0002994530|title=[단독]김선호, tvN '샌드박스' 주연 확정|website=Naver|publisher=Ilgan Sports|language=ko|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012142/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=241&amp;aid=0002994530|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=February 16, 2020|date=January 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akting Kim minangka investor startup nu boga masa lalu nu tragis ditampi kalayan saé ku pemirsa. Anjeunna meunang nominasi pikeun Penghargaan Seni Baeksang pikeun Aktor Pendukung Pangalusna - Televisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dec20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202012100100074760004418&amp;servicedate=20201209|title=[인터뷰①] 김선호 &quot;인생캐 한지평으로 많은 사랑..기뻐서 내적 환호&quot;|last=Ji-yeon|first=Moon|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo|Sports Chosun]]|language=ko|trans-title=[Interview 1] Kim Seon-ho &quot;A lot of love with Han Ji-pyeong in life.. Inner cheer for joy&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211194410/https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202012100100074760004418&amp;servicedate=20201209|archivedate=December 11, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|date=December 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baeksang21&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kim Jin-seok and Jo Yeon-kyung|date=April 12, 2021|title=57회 백상예술대상, TV·영화·연극 부문 최종 후보 공개|language=ko|trans-title=57th Baeksang Arts Awards, finalists for TV, film, and theater|work=isplus.joins|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/241/0003107406|access-date=April 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412005435/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/241/0003107406|archive-date=April 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salila ''Start-Up'' disiarkeun, Kim rangking hiji dina reputasi brand bulanan ku Korean Business Research Institute sarta beuki sohor di Korea jeung internasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;dec20&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/12/07/korean-actor-kim-seon-ho-surges-in-popularity-as-k-drama-start-up-airs-final-episode/|title=Korean actor Kim Seon-ho surges in popularity as K-drama 'Start-up' airs final episode|last=Hicap|first=Jonathan|website=[[Manila Bulletin]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216040254/https://mb.com.ph/2020/12/07/korean-actor-kim-seon-ho-surges-in-popularity-as-k-drama-start-up-airs-final-episode/|archivedate=December 16, 2020|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=December 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rekorea.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=repu4&amp;wr_id=541&amp;page=1|title=[브랜드평판] 드라마배우 브랜드 2020년 11월 빅데이터 분석결과...1위 김선호, 2위 남주혁, 3위 이동욱|publisher=Korea Corporate Reputation Research Institute|language=ko|trans-title=[Brand Review] Drama actor brand November 2020 big data analysis results... 1st place Kim Seon-ho, 2nd place Nam Joo-hyuk, 3rd place Lee Dong-wook|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202232143/http://www.rekorea.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=repu4&amp;wr_id=541&amp;page=1|archivedate=February 2, 2021|date=November 29, 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202232143/http://www.rekorea.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=repu4&amp;wr_id=541&amp;page=1 |date=February 2, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anjeunna balik deui ka téater dina Januari 2021 dina theater karangan Jang Jin, ''Ice'', dimana anjeunna jadi detektif kasus pembunuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.joins.com/article/23912540|title=김선호, 연극 '얼음' 출연 확정...열일 행보 이어간다|website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|language=ko|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012140/https://news.joins.com/article/23912540|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=December 14, 2020|date=November 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lakon ieu dipintonkeun di S Theatre, Sejong Center for the Performing Arts. Dina waktos anu sarua jeung tanggal mimiti tikét dijual, kabeh Kim Seon-ho langsung laris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/star/hot-issues/view/2020/12/1289015/|title=김선호 전성시대...연극 '얼음' 티켓 오픈 동시 매진|last=Shin|first=Young-eun|website=매일경제|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho's heyday... Tickets for the play 'Ice' sold out at the same time|accessdate=2023-01-29|date=2020-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kim kerjasama jeung Epitone Project pikeun ngarilis lagu &quot;Reason&quot; dina tanggal 8 Méi 2012, anu dinyanyikeun ku anjeunna. Ieu kado ti Kim pikeun penggemarna.&lt;ref name=&quot;reason&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Park|first=Seo-yeon|date=May 6, 2021|title=에피톤 프로젝트X김선호, 오늘(6일) '너라는 이유' 발매..역대급|trans-title=Epitone Project X Kim Seon-ho, released today (6th)'The Reason It's You'...|language=ko|work=Pop Herald|publisher=[[Herald Corporation]]|url=http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=202105060906467579086_1|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205829/http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=202105060906467579086_1|archive-date=May 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 16 Méi 2021, Kim maen deui lakon Detektif Lee Jong-ryeol, sareng aktor veteran Jung Woong-in, dina  sandiwara ''Ice,'' salaku acara kadua Tina pagelaran &quot;2021 Play Ten Thousand Won Series&quot;, di Seongnam Arts Center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ticket.interpark.com/Webzine/Paper/TPNoticeView.asp?no=39581|title=2021 연극만원 시리즈II〈얼음〉: 성남아트센터 티켓오픈 안내단독판매|website=ticket.interpark.com|trans-title=2021 Play 10,000 won Series II &lt;Ice&gt;: Seongnam Arts Center Ticket Open Sales Exclusive|accessdate=2023-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=246694|title=김선호, 드라마·연극·예능·광고 올라운드 활약...고객충성도 1위|website=싱글리스트|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho, all-round active in dramas, plays, entertainment shows, and advertisements...No. 1 customer loyalty|accessdate=2023-01-12|date=2021-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Agustus 2021, Kim maen dina drama tvN ''Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha'' kalawan [[Shin Min-ah|Shin Min-a]],&lt;ref name=&quot;mrhong3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000422169|title=신민아X김선호, tvN, Netflix '갯마을 차차차' 출연 확정...바닷마을 로코|website=Naver|publisher=Newsen|language=ko|trans-title=Shin Min-ah X Kim Seon-ho, tvN, Netflix confirmed to appear in 'Seaside Village Cha Cha Cha'... Sea Village Romcom|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012143/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&amp;aid=0000422169|archivedate=April 10, 2021|accessdate=April 2, 2021|date=April 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; minangka ''Hong Banjang,'' pangangguran sagala bisa pituin lembur Gongjin. Disiarkeun dina tvN jeung [[Netflix]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/10/688_316325.html|title=Not just 'Squid Game,' now 'Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha' gains worldwide popularity|website=koreatimes|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015123137/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/10/688_316325.html|archivedate=October 15, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021|date=October 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanmacdonald/2021/10/06/k-drama-hometown-cha-cha-cha-number-eight-on-global-charts/|title=K-Drama 'HomeTown Cha-Cha-Cha' No. 8 On Global Charts Following 'Squid Game' Success|last=MacDonald|first=Joan|website=Forbes|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018065923/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanmacdonald/2021/10/06/k-drama-hometown-cha-cha-cha-number-eight-on-global-charts/|archivedate=October 18, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; séri tipi ieu meunang sukses domestik jeung internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/10/18/hometown-cha-cha-cha-final-episode-pulls-in-highest-ratings-for-series/|title='Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha' final episode pulls in highest ratings for series|website=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018070938/https://mb.com.ph/2021/10/18/hometown-cha-cha-cha-final-episode-pulls-in-highest-ratings-for-series/|archivedate=October 18, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021|date=October 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/korean/kim-seon-ho-and-shin-min-ah-starrer-hometown-cha-cha-cha-finale-records-highest-ratings-of-all-time/articleshow/87099837.cms|title=Kim Seon Ho and Shin Min Ah starrer 'Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha' finale records highest ratings of all time|website=The Times of India|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018080834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/korean/kim-seon-ho-and-shin-min-ah-starrer-hometown-cha-cha-cha-finale-records-highest-ratings-of-all-time/articleshow/87099837.cms|archivedate=October 18, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Séptémber 2021, Kim rengkong hiji dina indéks réputasi merek Korea Business Research Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/50506/20210920/kim-seon-ho-popular-k-drama-actor-september-see-full.htm|title=Kim Seon Ho Is The Most Popular K-Drama Actor For September, See Full Rankings|website=koreaportal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018065925/http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/50506/20210920/kim-seon-ho-popular-k-drama-actor-september-see-full.htm|archivedate=October 18, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021|date=September 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun Good Data Corporation, Kim rangking hiji di kategori aktor tipi ti minggu ka-3 Agustus dugi ka minggu ka-4 Séptémber; ti minggu ka-1 dugi ka-2 Oktober; sareng rengking kadua dina minggu ka-5 Séptémber 2012.&lt;ref&gt;Good Data [TV Topic] Drama Ranking
&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Désémber 2021, Kim rengking hiji dina Aktor Tipi Tahun 2021 nu dipilih ku Gallup Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kim Ye-ji|script-title=ko:&quot;식혜커플&quot; 김선호·신민아, 올해 빛낸 탤런트 1·2위|trans-title=&quot;Sikhye Couple&quot; Kim Seon-ho and Shin Min-ah ranked first and second in this year's brilliant talent|url=https://mobile.newsis.com/view.html?ar_id=NISX20211214_0001687574#_enliple|access-date=December 14, 2021|work=[[Newsis]]|date=December 14, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214071244/https://mobile.newsis.com/view.html?ar_id=NISX20211214_0001687574#_enliple}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Park Jin-young|date=December 14, 2021|title=|script-title=ko:김선호, 2021년 빛낸 배우 1위...신민아·이정재 공동 2위|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho, No. 1 shining actor in 2021. Shin Min-ah and Lee Jung-jae tied for 2nd place|work=Joynews24|url=https://joynews24.com/v/1432358|access-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214052909/https://m.joynews24.com/v/1432358|archive-date=December 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna ogé mimiti syuting pilem kahijina, diarahkeun ku Park Hoon-jung, ''The Childe.'' Pamacaan naskah munggaran dilaksanakeun dina 3 Désémber 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003500024|title=솔트 &quot;김선호, 내달 3일 '슬픈열대' 대본 리딩..그외 일정 논의중&quot;[공식입장]|last=Kim Ji-hye|publisher=Herald POP|language=ko|trans-title=Salt &quot;Kim Seon-ho, reading the script for 'Sad Tropical' on the 3rd of next month.. Other schedules are being discussed&quot; [Official position]|accessdate=April 6, 2022|date=November 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mimiti syuting film ti 10 Désémber 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;production1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003500678|title=김선호X강태주X김강우X고아라, '슬픈 열대' 캐스팅..곧 크랭크인(공식)|publisher=Herald POP|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho X Kang Tae-joo X Kim Kang-woo X Go Ara, cast for 'Sad Tropical'... Soon to crank (official)|accessdate=April 6, 2022|date=November 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Méi 2022, dibewarakeun yén Kim bakal maen téater ''Touching the Void'' karangan David Greig. Dumasar kana carita nyata dua pendaki gunung Inggris, Joe Simpson jeung Simon Yates. Kim maen kalawan Shin Sung-min jeung Lee Hwi-jong pikeun lakon Joe Simpson. Pagelaran munggaran di Korea, diarahkeun ku sutradara Kim Dong-yeon, dipintonkeun di Art One Theatre 2 di Daehangno ti 8 Juli nepi ka 18 Séptémber 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mhns.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=527173|title=연극열전9 '터칭 더 보이드' 캐스팅 공개, 김선호 연극 복귀|last=Moon|first=Soo-in|website=Culture News|language=ko|trans-title=Theater Heated Battle 9 'Touching the Void' cast revealed, Kim Seon-ho returns to play|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706002621/http://www.mhns.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=527173|archivedate=July 6, 2022|accessdate=July 4, 2022|date=May 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Interpark ngalaporkeun yén tikét pikeun pagelaran Kim dina téater 250 korsi parantos seep kasual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/07/17/entertainment/musicPerformance/Korea-Kim-Seonho-Touching-the-Void/20220717143249265.html|title=Kim Seon-ho embarks on journey back to the public in 'Touching the Void'|website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-01-22|date=2022-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ilyo.co.kr/?ac=article_view&amp;entry_id=433598|title=손편지, 눈물 그리고 연극...9개월 만에 돌아온 김선호|website=Ilyo.co.kr|trans-title=Handwritten letters, tears and a play... Kim Seon-ho came back after 9 months|date=2022-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kim nyumbangkeun kabel honor pagelaran téater na.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&amp;aid=0000836920|title=김선호, 연극 출연료 전액기부|last=Lee|first=Sun-myung|publisher=Sports Kyunghyang|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho donates the full amount of the theater performance fee|accessdate=September 16, 2022|date=September 16, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di April 2023 Kim meunang nominasi pikeun Aktor Pangalusna dina Interpark [[:ko:골든티켓어워즈|Golden Ticket Awards]] pikeun lalakon Joe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tickets.interpark.com/special/goldenticket/17th?gtGnb=2|title=제17회 골든티켓어워즈|website=tickets.interpark.com|trans-title=The 17th Golden Ticket Awards|accessdate=2023-04-05|date=April 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina bulan Januari 2023, distributor pilem Acemaker Movieworks ngabewarakeun yén syuting pilem ''Tyrant'' dimimitian dina tanggal 2 Januari. Kim maen kalawan aktor senior Cha Seung-won jeung Kim Kang-woo dina pilem aksi neo-noir nu diarahkeun ku Park Hoon-jung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2023/01/689_343259.html|title=Kim Seon-ho, Cha Seung-won reunite with director Park Hoon-jung in 'Tyrant'|website=[[The Korea Times]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-01-20|date=2023-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2020, Kim kapilih jadi bintang iklan sababaraha merek di [[Koréa Kidul]] sareng [[Asia Kidul Wétan]], kaasup baju, éléktronika, kosmétik, kadaharan, e-commerce jeung sajabana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=296423|title=[S톡] 김선호, 광고주들이 '선호'하는 모델|last=Ryu|first=Chulhyun|website=Star Daily News|language=ko|trans-title=[S Talk] Kim Seon-ho, a model that advertisers 'prefer'|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413152408/http://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=296423|archivedate=April 13, 2021|accessdate=April 13, 2021|date=April 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.xportsnews.com/?ac=article_view&amp;entry_id=1418976|title=김선호, 2021 브랜드 고객충성도 대상 2관왕...광고계 블루칩|last=Kim|first=Ye-eun|website=Xports News|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho, 2021 Brand Customer Loyalty Awards 2 Winners... Advertising blue chip|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429063614/http://www.xportsnews.com/?ac=article_view&amp;entry_id=1418976|archivedate=April 29, 2021|accessdate=April 29, 2021|date=April 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha merek anu diiklankeun ku Kim ngahontal rekor untung dagangan tahun 2021, pedah anjeunna kakoncara boh di Korea jeung mancanegara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lovekpop95.com/2021/11/14/miima-mask-and-11street-hit-record-sales-after-restoring-kim-seon-hos-commercials/|title=Miima Mask and 11STREET hit record sales after restoring Kim Seon Ho's commercials.|website=Lovekpop95|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202124716/https://lovekpop95.com/2021/11/14/miima-mask-and-11street-hit-record-sales-after-restoring-kim-seon-hos-commercials/|archivedate=December 2, 2021|accessdate=December 2, 2021|date=November 14, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202124716/https://lovekpop95.com/2021/11/14/miima-mask-and-11street-hit-record-sales-after-restoring-kim-seon-hos-commercials/ |date=December 2, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&amp;mid=shm&amp;sid1=001&amp;oid=057&amp;aid=0001621035|title=&quot;김선호, 역풍 아닌 대박&quot;...11번가, 하루에만 2,000억 팔았다|last=Yoon|first=Hye-joo|website=Naver|language=ko|trans-title=&quot;Kim Seon-ho, a hit, not a headwind&quot;... 11st sold 200 billion won in one day|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202123212/https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&amp;mid=shm&amp;sid1=001&amp;oid=057&amp;aid=0001621035|archivedate=December 2, 2021|accessdate=December 2, 2021|date=November 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina ahir Mei, 2021, Kim aya dina pidéo promosi &quot;2021 P4G Seoul Summit,&quot; Dina pidéo éta, Kim ngenalkeun proyék dukungan panel surya perusahaan Korea di Afrika. Pidéo dipintonkeun di Naver TV, KakaoTV sareng Saluran [[YouTube]] Korea Blue House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=254794|title=김선호→이호창, P4G 정상회의 재미까지 더한 홍보|last=Kang|first=Bo-ra|website=싱글리스트|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho → Lee Ho-chang, promotion of the fun of the P4G summit|accessdate=2023-02-06|date=2021-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news1.kr/articles/4319206|title=靑, P4G 서울 정상회의 홍보 영상 공개...환경보호 실천 방법 소개|website=뉴스1|language=ko|trans-title=Green, P4G Seoul Summit Promotional Video Released... Introduction of Environmental Protection Practises|accessdate=2023-02-06|date=2021-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 27 Januari 2021, agénsi Salt ngabewarakeun yén Kim nyumbang 100 juta won ka Korea Childhood Leukemia Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/star/hot-issues/view/2021/01/89037/|title=김선호 측 &quot;한국백혈병어린이재단에 1억 기부&quot; [공식]|last=Shin|first=Young-eun|website=스타투데이|language=ko|trans-title=Kim Seon-ho's &quot;Donation of 100 million won to the Korea Leukemia Children's Foundation&quot; [Official]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427081832/https://www.mk.co.kr/star/hot-issues/view/2021/01/89037/|archivedate=April 27, 2022|accessdate=April 27, 2022|date=January 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Séptémber 2021, anjeunna kerjasama sareng Marco Rojo pikeun proyék 'Happy Bean Special Funding' ngumpulkeun artos pikeun kaayaan padumukan anu langkung saé pikeun manula. Tilu poé sanggeus dikawinkan dina 3 Séptémber, dana nu kempel 100 juta won, ngaleuwihan target 3600 persen.&lt;ref name=&quot;https://hallyula.com/2021/09/happy-bean-funding-surpassed-100-million-thanks-to-kim-seon-ho&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Happy Bean Funding surpassed 100 million Thanks to Kim Seon-ho|url=https://hallyula.com/2021/09/happy-bean-funding-surpassed-100-million-thanks-to-kim-seon-ho|access-date=December 6, 2021|work=Hallyu LA|date=November 3, 2021|ref=46|archive-date=December 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206191620/https://hallyula.com/2021/09/happy-bean-funding-surpassed-100-million-thanks-to-kim-seon-ho}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206191620/https://hallyula.com/2021/09/happy-bean-funding-surpassed-100-million-thanks-to-kim-seon-ho |date=December 6, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Désémber 2021, anjeunna nyumbangkeun 50 juta won ka Yayasan Anak Leukemia Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/ranking/read?oid=021&amp;aid=0002503125|title=[단독]김선호, 5000만 원 '조용한 기부'...&quot;조금이나마 도움되고 싶어&quot;|last=Ahn Jin-yong|website=Munhwa Ilbo|language=ko|trans-title=[Exclusive] Kim Seon-ho, 50 million won 'quiet donation'... &quot;I want to be of some help&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214050659/https://entertain.naver.com/ranking/read?oid=021&amp;aid=0002503125|archivedate=February 14, 2022|accessdate=February 14, 2022|date=February 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panghargaan jeung nominasi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! Taun
! Panghargaan
! Kategori
! Nominasi
! Hasil
! Ref. 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[MBC Drama Awards]] ke-36
| Penghargaan Keunggulan, Aktor dalam Drama Senin-Selasa
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Two Cops (seri televisi)|Two Cops]]''
| menang
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/winners-of-the-2017-mbc-drama-awards-113865.html|title=Winners of the 2017 MBC Drama Awards|date=December 30, 2017|publisher=[[HanCinema]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| Aktor Pendatang Baru Terbaik
| menang
|-
| Penghargaan Karakter Terbaik, Karakter Komik
| nominasi
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |2017
| [[KBS Drama Awards]] ke-31
| Aktor Pendatang Baru Terbaik
| ''[[Strongest Deliveryman]]''
| nominasi
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&amp;aid=0000616188 |title=‘2017 KBS 연기대상’ 우도환-이태환-준호 등 男 신인상 두고 각축전 |website=Naver |date=December 29, 2017 |lang=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Asia Artist Awards]] ke-5
| Penghargaan Popularitas (Aktor)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| nominasi
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MyloveactorEn/status/1314112720896061440?s=19 |title= 2020 Asia Artist Award Actor Shortlist |website= Twitter }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Penghargaan Emotif Terbaik (Aktor)
| Menang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Congratulations to (G)I-DLE, NCT DREAM, Ahn Bo Hyun and Kim Seon Ho for winning Best Emotive Award at 2020 Asia Artists Awards today|url=https://twitter.com/theseoulstory/status/1332661148345393153|website=twitter|date=November 28, 2020|language=|accessdate=November 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1440713wpp/winners-of-the-2020-asia-artist-awards|title=Winners Of The 2020 Asia Artist Awards|date=28 November 2020|website=soompi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Asia Model Festival ke-15
| Model Star Award
| {{NA}}
| Menang
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=제 15회 아시아모델어워즈 #AsiaModelAwards
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CIS4pxWJpM7/?igshid=61acmok3s0pd |website=instagram|accessdate= December 2, 2020 |language=ko }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[KBS Entertainment Awards]] ke-18
|Pendatang Baru (Acara Ragam)
|''[[1 Night 2 Days]]''
| Menang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1445265wpp/winners-of-the-2020-kbs-entertainment-awards|title= Winners Of The 2020 KBS Entertainment Awards |website= Soompi }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;8&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Brand Customer Loyalty Awards
|Tren Ikon (Aktor)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| Menang
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1466247wpp/winners-of-2021-brand-customer-loyalty-awards-announced|title= Winners Of 2021 Brand Customer Loyalty Awards Announced |website= Soompi }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Multitainer Pria
| Menang
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Baeksang Arts Awards]] ke-57
|Aktor Pendukung Terbaik (TV)
|''[[Start-Up (seri televisi)|Start-Up]]''
| Menang
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;name=baeksang21&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kim Jin-seok and Jo Yeon-kyung|title=57회 백상예술대상, TV·영화·연극 부문 최종 후보 공개
|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/241/0003107406|website=isplus.joins|date=April 12, 2021|access-date=April 12, 2021|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|TikTok Popularity Award
|
| Menang
|- 
|[[Korean Broadcasting Awards]] ke-48
|Penghargaan Popularitas
|''[[1 Night 2 Days]]''
| Menang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=330656 |author=Do Hye-rae |title=한국방송대상 첫 인기상 온라인 투표...오는 22일까지
 |trans-title= Online voting for the first popularity award at the Korea Broadcasting Awards... Until the 22nd|work=newsfreezone   |publisher= |date= August 13, 2021 |access-date= August 13, 2021 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=방탄소년단·김소현·김선호, 한국방송대상 인기상 수상 확정|url= https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=117&amp;aid=0003530884|trans-title=BTS, Kim So-hyun, and Kim Seon-ho confirmed to win the Popularity Award at the Korea Broadcasting Awards |author=Lee Seung-gil |work=My Daily|via = Naver|date= August 27, 2021 |access-date= August 27, 2021 |language=ko}}&lt;nowiki&gt; }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Seoul Drama Awards 2021
|Character of the Year
|''[[Start-Up (seri televisi)|Start-Up]]''
| Menang
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=109&amp;aid=0004495740|author=Yeon Hwi-seon|title=김선호, 사생활 논란 속 '스타트업' 인정...'서울드라마어워즈' 올해의 캐릭터 선정 |trans-title=Kim Seon-ho recognized as 'startup' amid controversy over personal life... Selected as character of the year at 'Seoul Drama Awards' |publisher=OSEN|via = Naver |date=October 21, 2021|access-date= October 21, 2021|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Asia Artist Awards]] ke-6
| RET Popularity Award – Actor
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| Menang
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=009&amp;aid=0004888135 |author=Lee Da-gyeom|title=[2021 AAA] 방탄소년단·임영웅·아이유·정호연·김선호, U+아이돌Live 인기상|trans-title=[2021 AAA] BTS, Young-woong Lim, IU, Ho-yeon Jeong, Seon-ho Kim, U+Idol Live Popularity Award|publisher=Maeil Economic Daily|via = Naver |date=December 2, 2021|access-date= December 2, 2021|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| U+Idol Live Popularity Award – Actor
| Menang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=009&amp;aid=0004888135 |author=Lee Da-gyeom|title=[2021 AAA] 방탄소년단·임영웅·아이유·정호연·김선호, U+아이돌Live 인기상|trans-title=[2021 AAA] BTS, Young-woong Lim, IU, Ho-yeon Jeong, Seon-ho Kim, U+Idol Live Popularity Award|publisher=Maeil Economic Daily|via = Naver |date=December 2, 2021|access-date= December 2, 2021|language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2022
|Seoul International Drama Award 2022
|Outstanding Korean Drama Star (Actor)
|[https://asianwiki.com/Hometown_Cha-Cha-Cha ''Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha'']
|Menang
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hometown Cha-Cha-Cha|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hometown_Cha-Cha-Cha}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Listikel ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|+ Nama penerbit, tahun terbit, nama daftar, dan penempatan
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Penerbit
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Tahun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nama Daftar
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Urutan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Forbes]]''
| 2021
| [[Forbes Korea Power Celebrity|Korea Power Celebrity]]
| {{won|31st}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jmagazine.joins.com/forbes/view/333975|script-title=ko:2021 포브스코리아 선정 파워 셀럽 40|last1=Park|first1=Ji-hyun|last2=Kim|first2=Min-soo|last3=Shin|first3=Yoon-ae|date=April 23, 2021|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|language=ko|trans-title=2021 Power Celebrity Selected by Forbes Korea 40|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428101521/http://jmagazine.joins.com/forbes/view/333975|archive-date=April 28, 2021|access-date=May 21, 2021|via=Joins}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Catetan ==
[[Kategori:Aktor Koréa Kidul]]
[[Kategori:Jalma hirup]]
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1986]]
[[Kategori:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]]</text>
      <sha1>rc4i3h8h9kcj920htb718gu52tceygp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mackenyu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>712034</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-12T11:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="17320" sha1="s2gzfabyk72dcpf816hw7hqnpbolhci" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Mackenyu&lt;br&gt;真剣佑
| image              = SS 2023-09-20 at 10.20.26 AM.png
| caption            = Mackenyu (2023)
| birth_name         = Mackenyu Maeda
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1996|11|16}}
| birth_place        = [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
| occupation         = Aktor
| yearsactive        = 2005–ayeuna
}}
{{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Maeda'''|前田 真剣佑|Maeda Makken'yū|lahir Nopémber 16, 1996}}, katelah sacara profésional salaku {{nihongo|'''Mackenyu Arata'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=新田真剣佑 TOP COAT |url=https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |website=TOP COAT (retrieved by Wayback Machine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107045115/https://www.topcoat.co.jp/artist/arata-mackenyu/＞ |access-date=2018-02-03|archive-date=2020-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;|新田 真剣佑|Arata Makken'yū||lead=yes}} atanapi ngan saukur '''Mackenyu''', nyaéta aktor Jepang. Anjeunna putra [[Sonny Chiba]] sareng Tamami Chiba.

== Filmografi ==
=== Pilem ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karakter
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Catetan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Tadaima''
| George
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|title=The Story &amp;mdash; Tadaima|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=tadaimathemovie.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/http://tadaimathemovie.com/about/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future]]''
| Eiji Tomari
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|title=劇場版 仮面ライダードライブ サプライズ・フューチャー|access-date=February 19, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/81790/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Take a Chance''
| Masa
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|title=Take a Chance (2015)|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=Filmaffinity|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film713980.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 1]]''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Arata Wataya
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Flaughy.jp%2F1440040230084120424 |title=''Mackenyu''}} laughy.jp Retrieved 2016-6-16 (Google translation)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 2]]''
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|title=ちはやふる 下の句|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115757/https://eiga.com/movie/82380/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Night's Tightrope]]''
| Hikaru Makise
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|title=新田真剣佑 作品一覧|access-date=January 9, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115756/https://eiga.com/person/285253/movie/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Nigakute Amai|Bittersweet]]''
| Atsushi Babazono
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Let's Go, Jets!''
| Kōsuke Yamashita
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|title=広瀬すず「チア☆ダン」に中条あやみや真剣佑出演、アメリカロケ敢行|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/190761 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I]]''
| [[Okuyasu Nijimura]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|script-title=ja:山崎賢人、「ジョジョの奇妙な冒険」記者会見で山田孝之の髪型イジりにキレられず|access-date=2016-09-28|publisher=natalie|language=Japanese|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164545/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928164545/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203390 |date=2016-09-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Peach Girl (film)|Peach Girl]]''
| Kazuya &quot;Tōji&quot; Tōjigamori
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
| ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]''
| Cadet Ryoichi
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Chihayafuru Part 3]]''
| Arata Wataya
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|title=ちはやふる 結び|access-date=July 25, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://eiga.com/movie/86988/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Over Drive (film)|Over Drive]]''
| Naozumi Hiyama
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|title=OVER DRIVE|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=eiga.com|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://eiga.com/movie/87479/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Impossibility Defense''
| Asao Momose
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Code Blue (TV series)|Code Blue: The Movie]]''
| Akio Kishida
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''12 Suicidal Teens''
| Shinjirō
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Ghoul S]]''
| Sōta
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
| ''[[NiNoKuni]]''
| Haru (voice)
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|title=二ノ国|access-date=June 11, 2019|work=eiga.com|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127085609/https://eiga.com/movie/90768/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''[[Kaiji: Final Game]]''
| Minato Hirose
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|title=「カイジ」藤原竜也主演で9年ぶり映画化、福本伸行による完全オリジナルストーリー|access-date=May 31, 2019|work=Natalie|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223001/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/333535 |date=June 12, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Our 30-Minute Sessions''
| Aki Miyata
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|title=Our 30-Minute Sessions|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Asmik Ace|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081948/https://www.asmik-ace.co.jp/lineup/5343 |date=October 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō]]''
| Guest of VIP room
| Cameo
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|title=新田真剣佑「とんかつDJアゲ太郎」に友情出演、北村匠海や伊藤健太郎と4年ぶり集結|access-date=October 3, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115748/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115748/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/402591 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| ''Brave: Gunjō Senki''
| Aoi Nishino
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|title=「群青戦記」新田真剣佑で実写映画化！高校生アスリートが戦国時代にタイムスリップ|access-date=February 5, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115754/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357118 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[The Master Plan (2021 film)|The Master Plan]]''
| Makoto
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|title=EXILE岩田剛典＆新田真剣佑、初共演でバディに「名も無き世界のエンドロール」映画化|access-date=June 16, 2020|work=Modelpress|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/2106024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Rurouni Kenshin: The Final]]''
| [[Yukishiro Enishi]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|title=新田真剣佑が「るろうに剣心」で縁を演じる、大友啓史「眼差しの強さに惹かれた」|access-date=February 13, 2020|work=Natalie|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115752/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366917 |date=December 1, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
|-
| ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Revenge of Scar'' 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Scar (Fullmetal Alchemist)|Scar]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|title=実写『鋼の錬金術師』完結編が二部作で公開決定！新田真剣佑、内野聖陽、舘ひろしも新たに参加|access-date=May 2, 2022|work=Cinematoday|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004638/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0128896|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Fullmetal Alchemist: The Final Alchemy''
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2023
| ''[[Knights of the Zodiac (film)|Knights of the Zodiac]]''
| [[Pegasus Seiya]]
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2021-09-21 |title=Mackenyu, Madison Iseman, Sean Bean, Famke Janssen to Star in Live-Action 'Knights of the Zodiac' Adaptation (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922005543/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/saint-seiya-sean-bean-famke-janssen-knights-zodiac-live-action-exclusive-1235017474/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

===Televisi===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Karakter
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Catetan
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Yume wo Ataeru''
| Masaaki
| [[Wowow]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|title=夢を与える|access-date=December 11, 2021|work=The Television|archive-date=December 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211060024/https://thetv.jp/program/0000862398/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2016
| ''Sakurasaku''
| Ippei
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palaku utama
|style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |title=サクラ咲く |work=TCエンタテインメント |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211195738/https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211195738/https://www.tc-ent.co.jp//products/detail/TCED-3245 |date=December 11, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Tomorrow, I'll Surely Love You Again''
| Shouta
| [[Fuji TV]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |title=明日もきっと君に恋をする |work=Socket Co., Ltd |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211193706/https://soket.jp/work/asukoi/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Brass Dreams''
| Ren Kitora
| [[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television|TBS]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |title=仰げば尊し |work=modelpress |language=ja |publisher=Net Native |date=3 Jun 2016 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211160205/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1589076 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Fugitive Boys''
| Ichihashi Tetsuto
| [[Fuji TV]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reileen |date=2017-07-09 |title=Upcoming Summer JDramas 2017 |url=https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=ARAMA! JAPAN |language=en-US |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160747/https://aramajapan.com/news/tvmovie/dramas/upcoming-summer-jdramas-2017/78112/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2018
| ''[[Todome no Kiss|Kiss that Kills]]''
| Takauji Namiki
| [[Nippon TV|NTV]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|title=「トドメの接吻」新田真剣佑インタビュー&quot;最難関&quot;な役に向き合う 山崎賢人にキュンとした現場での姿とは？|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Model Press|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115751/https://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1743124|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Two Homelands'' 
| Yu Amada
| [[TV Tokyo]]
| 
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|title=高良健吾×新田真剣佑、『二つの祖国』初共演対談 「考えるきっかけになれば」|access-date=January 10, 2021|work=Oricon|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115749/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132079/full/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''Our Dearest Sakura''
| Aoi Kijima 
| NTV
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |title=同期のサクラ｜日本テレビ |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja |access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024438/https://www.ntv.co.jp/sakura2019/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2020
| ''Remote de Korosareru''
| Nomura Yusaku
| NTV
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jadefrost |date=2020-07-25 |title=NTV Drama Special 2020 ~ Remote de Korosareru |url=https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=Jdrama Weblog |language=en |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160743/https://jdramas.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/ntv-drama-special-2020-remote-de-korosareru/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2021
| ''The End of the Tiny World: Half A Year Later''
| Makoto
| dTV
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |
|-
| ''Ichikei's Crow: The Criminal Court Judges''
| Bunta Ishikura
| [[Fuji TV]]
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichikei's Crow - The Criminal Court Judges |url=https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |access-date=2021-04-14 |website=FUJI TELEVISION NETWORK, INC. |language=en-US |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413081442/https://www.fujitv.com/drama/ichikeis_crow/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2023–ayeuna
| ''[[One Piece (2023 TV series)|One Piece]]''
| [[Roronoa Zoro]]
| [[Netflix]]
| Palaku utama
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Netflix's One Piece Live-Action Cast Revealed |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=comicbook. |language=en-US |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109222601/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/one-piece-netflix-live-action-cast/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Commonscat|Mackenyu}}.
*[https://www.mackenfamily.jp mackenfamily.jp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030070049/https://www.mackenfamily.jp/ |date=2023-10-30 }}
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5018289/ Mackenyu - IMDb]
*[https://www.instagram.com/mackenyu/ Mackenyu - Instagram]
*[https://twitter.com/mackenyu1116 Mackenyu - Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arata, Mackenyu}}
[[Kategori:Aktor]]</text>
      <sha1>s2gzfabyk72dcpf816hw7hqnpbolhci</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>712014</id>
      <parentid>705104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-12T02:43:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3806" sha1="m0h9mq0hro0dqofpm6sod1ajqqouxw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Baung
| image = Hemib nemur 171208-DSC0004 chd.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Lauk Baung (''Hemibagrus nemurus'')
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Siluriformes]]
| familia = [[Bagridae]]
| genus = ''[[Hemibagrus]]''
| species = '''''H. nemurus'''''
| binomial = ''Hemibagrus nemurus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840)&lt;ref name=&quot;Valenciennes1840&quot;&gt;Cuvier, G. &amp; Valenciennes, A. (1840). ''Histoire Naturelle des Poissons''. Tome Quatorzième (14). Paris: Chez Pitois-Levrault. Kaca 423. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25929#page/463/mode/1up Link Web].&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = 
* ''Bagrus nemurus'' &lt;small&gt;Valenciennes, 1840&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Macrones nemurus'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1840)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mystus nemurus'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1840)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''Baung''' (''Hemibagrus nemurus'') nyaéta spésiés lauk cai ''tawar'' ti kulawarga [[Bagridae]] anu asalna ti Asia Tenggara. Di [[Tatar Sunda]], ieu lauk miboga sababaraha nami lokal dumasar kana ukuran atawa varianna, saperti '''Tagih''', '''Sengal''', atanapi '''Beong''' pikeun anu ukuranana parantos badag pisan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten1996&quot;&gt;Whitten, T., et al. (1996). ''The Ecology of Java and Bali''. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. Kaca 266. ISBN 962-593-072-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nami Lokal ==
* '''[[Baung]]''': Nami umum pikeun sakabéh anggota jinis ieu.
* ''[[Tagih]]'': Sabenerna nami lokal pikeun baung leutik (''H. nemurus'') anu loba kapanggih di walungan-walungan Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valenciennes1840&quot; /&gt;
* ''[[Sengal]]'': Sering nujul kana jinis baung anu huluna leuwih gepéng (saperti ''H. planiceps'') anu resep hirup di cai anu palidna tarik sarta leuwih tiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleeker1850&quot;&gt;Bleeker, P. (1850). &quot;Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Midden- en Oost-Java&quot;. ''Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap''. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43975549#page/342/mode/1up Link Web].&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Beong]]'': Sebutan masarakat Sunda pikeun baung anu ukuranana raksasa (beuratna tiasa sababaraha kilogram).

== Riwayat Taksonomi ==
Lauk baung munggaran ditalungtik sarta didéskripsikeun sacara ilmiah ku ''Achille Valenciennes'' dina taun 1840 kalayan nami awal ''Bagrus nemurus'' dumasar kana spésimén ti walungan-walungan di pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valenciennes1840&quot; /&gt; Dina kamekaranana, ieu lauk kungsi lila diasupkeun kana genus ''Mystus'', nanging dina taun 1990-an para ahli taksonomi sapuk nempatkeunana dina genus ''Hemibagrus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat2013&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M. (2013). &quot;The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia&quot;. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology''. Supplement No. 27: 419. [https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/rbz-supp27.pdf Link Web]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pemerian (Ciri mandiri) ==
Baung kaasup kana kelompok lauk lénang (teu aya sisit). Ciri mandirina nyaéta miboga opat pasang kumis ''(barbel)'' anu panjangna tiasa nepi ka puhu buntutna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat1993&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M., et al. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Kaca 121. ISBN 0-945971-60-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina cécépét dada sarta cécépét tonggongna aya pamatil (patil) anu teuas tur miboga huntu ragaji/rérégéan, anu miboga ''kelenjar'' peurah anu tiasa nyababkeun rasa peurih upami kapatil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten1996&quot; /&gt;


== Kandungan Gizi ==
Lauk baung mangrupa sumber protéin sato anu alus tur miboga kadar lemak anu handap.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Komponén Gizi !! Jumlah (per 100g)
|-
| Énérgi || 92 kkal
|-
| Protéin || 17,5 g
|-
| Lemak || 1,8 g
|-
| Kalsium || 42 mg
|}

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Lauk]]
[[Kategori:Sato cai]]
[[Kategori:Bagridae]]
{{pondok}}</text>
      <sha1>m0h9mq0hro0dqofpm6sod1ajqqouxw7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bénten</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>712016</id>
      <parentid>705105</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-12T03:20:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>712016</origin>
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      <text bytes="3499" sha1="8v8itapmlqhni4jfdmfuhe9yh2dxcmr" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Bénten
| image = Punti binot 090519-8576 kdBdk.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Lauk Bénten (''Barbodes binotatus'')
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Cypriniformes]]
| familia = [[Cyprinidae]]
| genus = ''[[Barbodes]]''
| species = '''''B. binotatus'''''
| binomial = ''Barbodes binotatus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1842)&lt;ref name=&quot;Valenciennes1842&quot;&gt;Cuvier, G. &amp; Valenciennes, A. (1842). ''Histoire Naturelle des Poissons''. Tome Seizième (16). Paris: Chez F.G. Levrault. Kaca 196. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25931#page/220/mode/1up Link Web].&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = 
* ''Barbus binotatus'' &lt;small&gt;Valenciennes, 1842&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Puntius binotatus'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1842)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Systomus binotatus'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1842)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

'''Bénten''' (''Barbodes binotatus'') nyaéta spésiés lauk darat leutik ti kulawarga [[Cyprinidae]] anu sumebar lega di [[Asia Tenggara]], kaasup di [[walungan]], [[susukan]], sarta [[ranca]] di [[Tatar Sunda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat2013&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M. (2013). &quot;The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia&quot;. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology''. Supplement No. 27: 75. [https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/rbz-supp27.pdf Link Web]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lauk ieu mindeng kapanggih hirup ngabring di cai anu arusna tenang dugi ka sedeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten1996&quot;&gt;Whitten, T., et al. (1996). ''The Ecology of Java and Bali''. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. Kaca 263. ISBN 962-593-072-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nami Lokal ==
* ''[[Sunda]]'': ''Bénten'', ''Lauk téréh''.
* ''[[Jawa]]'': ''Wader cakul'', ''Wader bintid''.
* ''[[Malaysia]]'': ''Tebal sisek''.
* ''[[Inggris]]'': ''Spotted barb'' atawa ''Common barb''.

== Riwayat Taksonomi ==
Lauk bénten munggaran didéskripsikeun ku ''Achille Valenciennes'' dina taun 1842 dumasar kana spésimén ti [[Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Valenciennes1842&quot; /&gt; Nami spésifikna, ''binotatus'', asalna tina basa Latin, ''bi'' (dua) sarta ''notatus'' (titik/tanda), nujul kana pola dua titik hideung dina awakna nalika masih ngora.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBase2026&quot;&gt;Froese, R. &amp; Pauly, D. (Eds). (2026). &quot;Barbodes binotatus&quot;. ''FishBase''. [https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Barbodes-binotatus.html Link Web].&lt;/ref&gt; Sateuacan asup kana genus ''Barbodes'', lauk ieu lila pisan dipikawanoh ku nami ilmiah ''Puntius binotatus''.

== Pemerian (Ciri Mandiri) ==
Bénten miboga awak anu ramping kalayan warna dasar pérak semu konéng atawa zaitun. Ciri utamana nyaéta ayana dua titik hideung anu jéntré: hiji dina handapeun cécépét tonggong (dorsal) sarta hiji deui dina puhu buntutna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kottelat1993&quot;&gt;Kottelat, M., et al. (1993). ''Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi''. Kaca 61. ISBN 0-945971-60-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuran awakna ilaharna mung dugi ka 10-15 cm.


== Ékologi sarta Mangpaat ==
Lauk bénten miboga daya tahan anu kuat sarta tiasa hirup dina rupa-rupa kualitas [[cai]]. Di masarakat [[Sunda]], bénten mindeng ditéwak ku cara di-''[[kecrik]]'' atanapi di-''[[useup]]'' leutik pikeun dijantenkeun lauk goréng anu garing sarta gurih.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitten1996&quot; /&gt; Sajaba ti éta, bénten ogé mindeng dijantenkeun lauk hias dina akuarium margi warnana anu ngagurilap.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishBase2026&quot; /&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Lauk]]
[[Kategori:Sato cai]]
[[Kategori:Cyprinidae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Global Sumud Flottila</title>
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      <id>712025</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-12T05:51:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6357" sha1="f06eqfwdtmymiilut594w1m9bsq3l62" xml:space="preserve">'''Global Sumud Flottila''' (basa Arab: أسطول الصمود العالمي) atawa anu dipikawanoh oge kalayan ngaran '''Global Freedom Flottila''' (basa Arab: أسطول الحرية العالمي) nyaéta gerakan maritim inisiatip sipil internasional anu mimiti diluncurkan patengahan 2025, anu miboga misi norobos blokade Israél jang [[Jalur Gaza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalsumudflotilla.org/|title=Sail to Gaza - Collective Action for Gaza|website=globalsumudflotilla.org|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/apa-itu-global-sumud-flotilla-milik-siapa-ada-berapa-kapal-hiUF|title=Apa Itu Global Sumud Flotilla, Milik Siapa, &amp; Ada Berapa Kapal?|last=Amini|first=Umu Hana|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inisiatip ieu dimimitian Juli 2025, diorganisasikeun ku koalisi Freedom Flottila Coalition, Global Movement to Gaza, Maghreb Sumud Flottila, sarta Sumud Nusantara, salila periode génosida Israél di [[Jalur Gaza|Gaza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/3/israel-dismantles-gaza-humanitarian-flotilla-but-one-boat-sails|title=Last boat in Gaza humanitarian flotilla intercepted by Israel|last=McCready|first=Alastair|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flottila anu dihartikeun ogé pormasi kapal angkatan laut, dina ieu gerakan ngawengku 40 anak kapal sarta 500 pamilon ti leuwi 44 nagara, ngajadikeun gerakan ieu téh konpoi sipil pangbadagna dina [[sajarah]].

== Pangadegan mimiti ==
Inisiasi gerakan ieu mimiti diumumkeun dina konpérénsi pérs di [[Tunis]], anu diayakeun ku [[Joint Action Coordination for Palestine]], nyaéta ''platform'' koordinasi pikeun ngurus kampanye internasional. Haifa Mansouri, salah sahiji pamingpin pangurus nyebutkeun yén dina usum panas ieu, sadunya bakal nyakséni aksi pagaungan  di laut anu dikoordinasikeun ku masarakat sipil. Tujuan ti éta gerakan téh pikeun megatkeun blokade ilégal, ngadegkeun koridor kamanusaan, sarta satekah polah pikeun ngalawan génosida nu lumangsung di [[Gaza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/61913/Largest-civilian-flotilla-to-challenge-%22Israeli%22-Gaza-blockade-in-late-August|title=Largest civilian flotilla to challenge &quot;Israeli&quot; Gaza blockade in late August|website=Roya News|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Numutkeun katerangan ti Seif Abu Keshk, salah sahiji pangurus nu séjénna, 6.000 aktivis tos daptar sacara daring pikeun ilubiung dina gerakan ieu. Pamilon gerakan ieu téh dilatih heula di titik miang, sakaligus bakal dilibetkeun dina kagiatan solidaritas jeung pasanggrahan salila persiapan éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250804-massive-civilian-flotilla-set-to-sail-for-gaza-late-august-to-break-israeli-siege/|title=Massive civilian flotilla set to sail for Gaza late August to break Israeli siege|website=Middle East Monitor|accessdate=2026-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Susunan pormasi ==
Pangurus nyebutkeun yén flottila ieu téh ngasupkeun 52 anak kapal anu lolobana kapal leutik, anu bakal mawa aktivis ti loba nagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/what-to-know-about-the-international-flotilla-seeking-to-break-israels-blockade-of-gaza|title=What to know about the international flotilla seeking to break Israel's blockade of Gaza|last=Becatoros|first=-Elena|last2=Becatoros|first2=Associated Press Elena|website=PBS News|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-05-13|last3=Press|first3=Associated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamilon anu kaasup dina kapal-kapal éta anu sakaligus jadi komite pangurus, di antarana aktivis iklim, [[Greta Thunberg]]; mantan walikota [[Barcelona]], [[Ada Colau]]; anggota [[Left Bloc]] [[Portugal]], [[Mariana Mortagua]]; anggota [[La France Insoumise|La France Insoumise,]] [[Emma Fourrreau]]; anggota pergerakan [[Brazil]] [[Movimento Revolucionário de Trabalhadores]], [[Bruno Gilga]]; aktris [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika]], [[Susan Sarandon]]; pamingpin adat ti [[Déwan Tradisional Mvezo]] anu ogé incuna [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Mandla Mandela]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/mandela-grandson-israel-humiliated-south-africans-flotilla|title=Mandela’s grandson: Israeli forces ‘singled out and humiliated’ South Africans on Gaza Flotilla|last=Chirume|first=Joseph|website=The New Arab}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520095232/https://www.newarab.com/news/mandela-grandson-israel-humiliated-south-africans-flotilla |date=2026-05-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;; sarta komite panggerak, di antarana aktivis [[Brazil]], [[Thiago Ávila]]; sajarawan [[Yunani]], [[Kleoniki Alexopoulou]]; sarta aktivis [[Malaysia]], [[Nadir-Al-Nuri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2025/08/30/mczk-a30.html|title=Global Sumud Flotilla to set sail from European and Tunisian ports against Israel’s genocide in Gaza|website=World Socialist Web Site|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tatahar sarta pamiangan ==
Flottila ieu direncanakeun pikeun miang antara Agustus jeung Séptémber 2025, anu dilakukeun sacara konpoi anu miang ti [[Génoa]] dina 30 Agustus, ti [[Barcélona]] dina 31 Agustus, sarta ti [[Tunis]] jeung [[Catania]] dina 7 Séptémber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/maghreb-sumud-flotilla-delays-tunisia-departure-to-join-gaza-aid-mission-3206382|title=Maghreb Sumud Flotilla delays Tunisia departure to join Gaza aid mission|website=Türkiye Today|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/516217/Exclusive-Activist-says-Sumud-Flotilla-unites-40-nations-in|title=Exclusive: Activist says Sumud Flotilla unites 40 nations in renewed push against Gaza blockade|website=Tehran Times|language=en|accessdate=2026-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tatahar anu dilaksanakeun kaasup di antarana pandaptaran leuwih ti 15.000 pamilon, anu kaasup ogé sési latihan, kagiatan-kagiatan solidaritas, jeung kémah deukeut titik pamiangan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tap.info.tn/en/Portal-Top-News-EN/19088736-on-avenue-habib|title=On Avenue Habib Bourguiba: Awareness tent for Maghreb Sumud Flotilla to break Gaza siege|website=Agence Tunis Afrique Presse|publisher=Agence Tunis Afrique Presse|publication-place=Tunis, Tunisia|publication-date=9 Agustus 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==


[[Category: WikiSuarana]]
[[Category: WikiSuarana-Hasnanf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bénténg Amsterdam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108792</id>
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      <id>712017</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-12T03:22:17Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="5734" sha1="ifgi4rc9fip3h1o23r8dupg7klxn4mr" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Benteng Amsterdam.jpg|jmpl|Bénténg Amsterdam]]
'''Bénténg Amsterdam''' nyaéta hiji bénténg paninggalan [[Walanda]] anu perenahna aya di wates antara nagari Hila jeung nagari Kaitétu, [[kacamatan Léihitu]], [[Maluku|Kabupatén Maluku]] Tengah, kira-kira 42 km ti Kota Ambon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dibalik Kemegahan Benteng Amsterdam|url=http://bkpmd-maluku.com/index.php/informasi/wisata/50-wisata/127-dibalik-kemegahan-benteng-amsterdam|access-date=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bénténg perenahna persis aya di gigireun basisir nagari Hila jeung nagari Kaitétu. Bénténg Amsterdam nyaéta wangunan kadua anu diadegken ku Walanda sanggeus ''Castéel Vanvéeré'' di nagari Séith ancur. Bénténg Amsterdam mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan kolot anu umurna geus ratusan taun sarta mangrupa bagian tina sajarah kakawasaan VOC di [[Ambon]], Maluku.

= Sajarah =
Saméméh jadi bénténg, ieu tempat téh mangrupa loji milik [[Portugal|Portugis]] pikeun nandéan/neundeun rempah-rempah ([[pala]] jeung [[cengkéh]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kidnesia.com/Kidnesia2014/Indonesiaku/Teropong-Daerah/Maluku/Tempat-Menarik/Benteng-Amsterdam|title=Benteng Amsterdam|website=Kidnesia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu bénténg boga harti pisan pikeun Portugis lantaran dina waktu harita, [[Teluk Ambon]] mangrupa jalur kaluar-abus kapal-kapal dagang di Maluku. Ieu wewengkon dijadikeun ku Portugis salaku pusat dagang rempah-rempah jeung basis pertahanan dina nyanghareupan serangan kapal asing. Dina taun 1512, wangunan utama tina bénténg Amsterdam mimiti diwangun ku Portugis anu dipingpin ku [[Francisco Serrão]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Benteng Amsterdam - Kota Ambon|url=https://ambon.go.id/benteng-amsterdam/|newspaper=Kota Ambon|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lumangsungna waktu, masarakat Maluku ngarasa dirugikeun ku kasarakahan Portugis dina meunangkeun kauntungan tina rempah-rempah di Nusantara. Tungtungna nepi ka ahir abad ka-16 rahayat Maluku ngalakukeun perlawanan ka Portugis. Ieu kaayaan dimangpaatkeun ku Walanda pikeun meunangkeun haté masarakat Maluku sarta nancebkeun tapak lacakna di tatar Maluku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-2370128/3-benteng-gahar-di-maluku|title=3 Benteng Gahar di Maluku|last=Hernasari|first=Putri Rizqi|website=detikTravel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus Walanda datang tur ngawasa pulo Ambon dina taun 1605, maranéhna ngéléhkeun Portugis sarta ngarebut éta loji Portugis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Maranéhna ngarobah loji éta jadi kubu pertahanan anu dilakukeun ku Gubernur Jéndral Jaan Ottens dina taun 1637.[5] Hal ieu ogé didukung ku kabentukna ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Parobahan fungsi loji dilakukeun lantaran harita téh keur aya perang antara Walanda jeung Karajaan Tanah Hitu atawa Karajaan Hitu. Éta perang kajadian dina taun 1633-1654 sarta ti Karajaan Tanah Hitu dipingpin ku Kapitan Kakialy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Gubernur Jéndral Jaan Ottens ngancurkeun loji milik Portugis sarta ngawangun imah batu anu ngawujud bénténg dina taun 1637.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.malukueyes.com:80/heritage/the-fortress/6-benteng-amsterdam-hila|title=Benteng Amsterdam - Hila|last=ME|website=malukueyes.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pangwangunan bénténg ditambah ku pager anu ngurilinganana. Dina taun 1642, bénténg dipigedé ku Gerrard Demmer tur satuluyneunana pangwangunanana diteruskeun dina taun 1649 ku Gubernur Jéndral Anthony Caan. Pangwangunan bénténg anggeus dina taun 1649-1656 ku Arnold de Vlaming van Ouds Hoorn (tokoh antagonis numutkeun urang Ambon jeung Léasé) sarta méré ngaran Bénténg Amsterdam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Konstruksi jeung arsitéktur ==
Konstruksi Bénténg Amsterdam siga hiji imah, matak ku bangsa Walanda disebut &quot;Blok Huis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wangunan bénténg kawangun tina tilu lantai jeung munara panitén di puncak hateupna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Lantai hiji tina bata beureum sedengkeun lantai dua jeung lantai tilu tina kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Di lantai handap aya panjara jeung mesiu. Di unggal sisi wangunan aya jandéla. Di hareup bénténg aya prasasti nu aya lambang Departemén Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Éta prasasti nuliskeun: BENTENG AMSTERDAM. Mulai Dibangun Oleh: Gerrard Demmer pada tahun 1642.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Bénténg Amsterdam kaasup bénténg nu diurus di Maluku anu boga musieum leutik pikeun tempat neundeun barang-barang paninggalan jaman baheula. Lantai hiji, dua jeung tilu dipaké tempat padumukan tentara Walanda. Lantai hiji dipaké tempat saré para serdadu, lantai dua pikeun tempat rapat para perwira jeung lantai tilu dipaké pos paninjau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hateup ieu bénténg warnana beureum tur geus lain nu aslina deui.

Bénténg Amsterdam aya di gigireun laut anu museur ka pulo Seram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ieu bénténg ditinggalkeun ku Walanda dina kaayaan ruksak tur geus dipelakan ku tangkal caringin gedé dina awal taun 1900.[5] Ti mimiti bulan Juli taun 1991 nepi ka bulan Maret taun 1994, Kamentrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Républik Indonésia (Kantor Wilayah Propinsi Maluku) ngalakukeun pamugaran ka Bénténg Amsterdam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Di bénténg Amsterdam aya perlengkapan perang jeung barang beling nu umurna geus ratusan taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Benteng Amsterdam Di Ambon|url=http://beritadaerah.com/2013/11/12/benteng-amsterdam-di-ambon/|newspaper=Berita Daerah|access-date=2026-08-09|language=en-US}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232422/http://beritadaerah.com/2013/11/12/benteng-amsterdam-di-ambon/ |date=2014-05-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Référénsi ==

[[Kategori:WikiRempah]]
[[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kelenténg Xian Ma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Zulf</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Zulf mindahkeun kaca [[Kelenteng Xian Ma]] ka [[Kelenténg Xian Ma]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4380" sha1="dzbazc6cbhauwbyu6pvhhdpt9p5i3dp" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Memuja Dewa Jodoh.jpg|jmpl|Taun baru Imlek 2567 di Klenteng Xian Ma, Makassar]]
Kelenteng Xian Ma, atawa Vihara Istana Naga Sakti, téh kaasup salah sahiji kelenteng pangkolotna di Kota Makassar. Kelenteng Xian Ma dipaké minangka tempat ibadah ku masarakat anu ngagem agama Konghucu jeung agama Buddha di wewengkon Pecinan Makassar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/makassar/features/1281968/klenteng-xian-ma-saksi-bisu-perjalanan-sejarah-makassar|title=Klenteng Xian Ma: Saksi Bisu Perjalanan Sejarah Makassar - RRI.co.id|last=Yusri|first=Andi Arfan|website=rri.co.id - Portal berita terpercaya|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangunan Kelenteng Xian Ma ngagunakeun arsitéktur Tionghoa. Kelenteng ieu dikokolakeun ku Yayasan Vihara Naga Sakti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ieu kelenteng kaasup anu pangkolotna di Makassar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lecendekia.sch.id/klenteng-xian-ma-salah-satu-klenteng-tertua-di-makassar/|title=Klenteng Xian Ma, Salah Satu Klenteng Tertua Di Makassar|last=Admin|first=Lecendekia|website=Sekolah Alam Le Cendekia|language=id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Sajarah ngadegna Klenteng Xian Ma patali jeung migrasi masarakat Tionghoa ka Makassar. Dina mangsa éta, sababaraha kulawarga ti Tiongkok datang ka Makassar sarta ngawangun komunitas Tionghoa. Komunitas éta saterusna ngadegkeun tempat ibadah anu dijadikeun puseur kagiatan kaagamaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.akurat.co/wisata-kuliner/42779/perjalanan-klenteng-xian-ma-puncak-keindahan-arsitektur-dan-juga-sejarah-kota-makassar|title=Perjalanan Klenteng Xian Ma: Puncak Keindahan Arsitektur dan Juga Sejarah Kota Makassar|last=Pratama|first=Theo Adi|website=Jateng - Akurat.co|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngaran “Xian Ma” patali jeung hiji tokoh awéwé bangsawan dina tradisi Tionghoa anu dipikawanoh minangka hiji tokoh anu geulis jeung wijaksana. Ngaran éta dipaké pikeun klenteng ieu. Ti mimiti ngadeg, Klenteng Xian Ma geus ngalaman sababaraha kali renovasi. Renovasi gedé dilaksanakeun dina taun 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dina renovasi éta, wangunan klenteng ngalaman parobahan dina sababaraha bagian, sedengkeun ornamen jeung ukiran has Tionghoa tetep dipertahankeun.

Salian ti pikeun tempat ibadah, Klenteng Xian Ma ogé dipaké pikeun rupa-rupa kagiatan sosial jeung budaya masarakat Tionghoa di Makassar. Rupa-rupa kagiatan kaagamaan jeung tradisi Tionghoa dilaksanakeun di klenteng ieu. Tepi ka ayeuna, Klenteng Xian Ma mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan anu patali jeung sajarah jeung kamekaran komunitas Tionghoa di Kota Makassar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Struktur wangunan ==
Kelenteng Xian Ma ayana di Jalan Sulawesi, Kota Makassar. Dina mimiti diadegkeun, wangunan Kelenteng Xian Ma dijieun tina kai jeung awi, ari hateupna maké daun nipah. Dina taun 1860, kelenteng ieu direnovasi jadi wangunan permanén anu bahan dasarna bata. Wangun tata ruangna simétris, ngawengku gapura, unit bagian tengah, jeung rohangan sembahyang  anu miboga bagian jangjang di kénca jeung katuhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4413418/belajar-toleransi-dari-kelenteng-xian-ma-makassar|title=Belajar Toleransi dari Kelenteng Xian Ma Makassar|last=Taufiqqurahman|first=Muhammad|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jangjang kénca, atawa rohangan di beulah kalér, geus kungsi direnovasi jadi wangunan bertingkat anu dipaké pikeun tangga jeung gang. Ari jangjang katuhuna mah geus euweuh. Dina gapura aya patung anjing. Di bagian tengah aya tempat patung Dewi Xian Ma anu disimpen di luhur altar, sedengkeun di rohangan bagian tukang aya patung Buddha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dékorasi ==
Kelenteng Xian Ma téh wangunan anu ngagunakeun arsitéktur Tionghoa. Ku sabab kitu, bagian jero kelenteng pinuh ku rupa-rupa hiasan, saperti molding jeung patung-patung naga, anu dihijikeun jeung unsur hias dina susunan balok, kolom, jeung konsol anu tumpukna lega.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.antarafoto.com/id/jelajah?q=kelenteng+xian+ma|title=Kelenteng Xian Ma|website=antarafoto.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rupa-rupa unsur éta ngahasilkeun paduan hiasan anu katingal harmonis. Kaayaan fisik wangunanana ogé kacida dirawatna, lantaran dikokolakeun langsung ku Yayasan Vihara Naga Sakti.

== Rujukan ==


[[Category:WikiRempah]]
[[Category:WikiRempah Bandung]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-11T23:40:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zulf</username>
        <id>21463</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Zulf mindahkeun kaca [[Kelenteng Xian Ma]] ka [[Kelenténg Xian Ma]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo.</comment>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="s7wnp9jvd9xkr7qtz5javfgz8n97a6o" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Kelenténg Xian Ma]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Acara:Kopdar Wikibuku Bandung</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-12T08:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oceanmuse</username>
        <id>22609</id>
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      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar Komunitas Wikimédia Bandung baris ngayakeun deui kagiatan Kopdar Komunitas.   Dina kagiatan ieu, urang sadaya bakal nyunting Wikibuku basa Sunda  Kopdar ieu bakal diayakeun sacara daluring, dina:  📆 Minggu, 16 Agustus 2026  🕘 10:00 - 14:00 WIK  📍 Kiyomi Space Jl. Ir. H. Juanda Hasanudin No.130, Kota Bandung</comment>
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      <text bytes="318" sha1="pdjgdnag50oavayyjvg7esynjx6mni7" xml:space="preserve">Komunitas Wikimédia Bandung baris ngayakeun deui kagiatan Kopdar Komunitas. 

Dina kagiatan ieu, urang sadaya bakal nyunting Wikibuku basa Sunda

Kopdar ieu bakal diayakeun sacara daluring, dina:

📆 Minggu, 16 Agustus 2026

🕘 10:00 - 14:00 WIK

📍 Kiyomi Space
Jl. Ir. H. Juanda Hasanudin No.130, Kota Bandung</text>
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