Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 17246 712232 678166 2026-08-24T09:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Airline | airline=Korean Air| logo=Korean Air 2025 (Alt).svg| logo_size=205px| IATA=KE| ICAO=KAL| callsign=KOREANAIR| parent=Korean Air ITDC| founded=1962 (privatized 1969)| headquarters=[[Seoul]], [[Republic of Korea]]| key_people=[[Cho Yangho]] ([[Chairman]] and [[CEO]])| hubs=[[Incheon International Airport|Incheon Int'l Airport]]<br>[[Gimpo International Airport]]| focus_cities=[[Gimhae International Airport]]<br>[[Jeju International Airport]]| frequent_flyer=SKYPASS| lounge=Korean Air Lounge| alliance=[[SkyTeam]]| fleet_size=157| destinations=127| website= http://www.koreanair.com|}} {{koreanname|tablewidth=285| hangul=대한 항공|hanja=大韓航空|rr=Daehan Hanggong|mr=Taehan Hanggong}} '''Koréan Air''' ({{kse|003490}}) mangrupa[[pausahaan penerbangan]] panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]]. Minangka salah sahiji pausahaan penerbangan panggedéna di [[Asia]], Koréan Air ngoperasikeun jaringan nepi ka [[Éropa]], [[Afrika]], Asia, [[Australia]], [[Amérika Kalér]], jeung tiheula mah ka [[Amérika Kidul]] ti puseurna di [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]] sarta puseur domestikna di [[Bandara Internasional Gimpo]] (saméméhna Bandara Internasional Kimpo). Pausahaan ieu bersaing jeung armada nu leuwih leutik jeung anyar, [[Asiana Airlines]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} In recent yéars, Koréan Air has upgraded its fleet and services and has won international acclaims and awards. With its excellent financial performance in 2005, Koréan Air received the "Phoenix Award" from Air Transport World (ATW) for its success in overcoming challenges in the global airline industry. It has been named one of Asia's best airlines by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' réaders and twice has won the coveted [[Mercury Award]] for its inflight catering. Koréan Air has a major air cargo operation, which overtook Lufthansa in 2005 as the world's largest air cargo business. == Sajarah == [[File:Korean Air Boeing 747-400, HL7484, SIN 2.jpg|thumb|Pesawat Korean Air]] Koréan Air began in [[1962]] as '''Koréan Air Lines''' and was owned by the [[South Korea|South Korean Government]]. It replaced the former Koréan carrier [[Korean National Airlines]]. In [[1969]] KAL was acquired by the [[Hanjin Transport Group]] and became privately owned. International flights to [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Los Angeles]] were flown with [[Boeing 707]]s until the introduction of [[Boeing 747]] in [[1973]]. In [[1973]], KAL introduced [[Boeing 747]]s on their Pacific routes and started a Européan service to [[Paris, France|Paris]] using the 707 and DC-10. KAL was also the Airbus's first customer outside Europe. On September 1 1983, Koréan Air Lines Flight 007, also known as KAL 007 or [[KE007]], was shot down by Soviet jet interceptors just west of Sakhalin Island. It was carrying 269 passengers and crew at the time, including U.S. congressman Lawrence McDonald. There were no survivors. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities. A blue-top [[livery]] was introduced in 1st of March, [[1984]] and the airline's name changed to '''Koréan Air''' from '''Koréan Airlines''' (However this name is still used in official documents). This livery was first introduced in its [[Fokker F28]]. It was designed in corporation between Koréan Air and [[Boeing]]. In [[1990s]] Koréan Air became the first airline to use the new [[MD-11]] to supplement its new fleet of [[Boeing 747-400]]s. However, MD-11 did not meet the set performance. So its MD-11 were converted to freighters (in addition to 747 freighters). Koréan Air flies to the most US destinations of any Asian carrier (10 passenger cities in the 50 states). Koréan Air currently owns 25% of [[Okay Airways]], a [[Tianjin]], [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]-based airline. Koréan Air also has in mind of créating another hub in China. In October 2006, Koréan Air has won top honors in the TIME réaders’ Travel Choice Awards 2006 as the Best First/Business Class Airline and the Best Frequent Flyer Program for its Skypass program. The South Koréan flagship carrier béat strong international competitors and gained overwhelming support from the réaders of TIME magazine to win these categories for the first time. Koréan Air was also ranked second in the Preferred Airline category. TIME Magazine conducted the TIME réaders’ Travel Choice Awards 2006 poll from April 24 to June 25, 2006. ===Catetan kaamanan=== <!--[[Image:Ke747nrt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Korean Air Boeing 747-400]]--> From mid 1980s to the late 1990s, Koréan Air had safety problems. In fact, the SkyTéam alliance briefly removed Koréan Air from its code share program until demonstrable changes were presented to the alliance. The US Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates access to the American airspace, warned the Koréan Air management téam that its access to the American airports would be restricted unless drastic changes were forthcoming. The U.S. military and the State department advised its personnel to avoid taking Koréan Air if other commercial alternatives were available. The competing carrier, [[Asiana Airlines]], benefited tremendously from the dramatic drop in Koréan Air's reputation as its safety record was significantly better than Koréan Air's. Since the turn of the century, Koréan Air has demonstrated robust improvements in safety and adopted modérn principles of CRM (Crew Resource Management). In October 2006, Koréan Air won top honors in the TIME réaders’ Travel Choice Awards an indication that many have regained confidence in South Koréa's largest airlines. ==Tujuan== {{utama|Tujuan Korean Air}} ==Armada== ===Passenger fleet=== The Koréan Air passenger fleet consists of the following aircraft as of January 2007: <center> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse" |+ '''Koréan Air Fleet''' |- bgcolor=lightblue !Aircraft !Total !Passengers<br>(First*/Prestige*/Economy) !Routes !Notes |- |[[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600]] |align=center|10 |align=center|266 (24/242)<br>276 (24/252) |Domestic, Fukuoka, Busan/Jeju-Japan, China |To be phased out<br>Replacement aircraft: [[Boeing 787]] |- |[[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]] |align=center|3 |align=center|258 (6/18/234) |Europe, Fiji, Vietnam |Long haul international routes |- |[[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-300]] |align=center|16 |align=center|296 (12/28/256)<br>352 (24/328) |Australia, Japan, China, Southéast Asia and Middle éast |Domestic and international routes |- |[[Airbus A380]] |align=center|(5 orders) |align=center| | |Entry into service: [[2010]] |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-700]] |align=center|(1 order) | | | |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]] |align=center|14 |align=center|149 (8/141)<br>164 (8/156) |China, Southéast Asia |Short-medium haul domestic and international routes |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-900]] |align=center|16 |align=center|188 (8/180) |China, Japan |Short-medium haul domestic and international routes |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-900ER]] |align=center|(4 orders) | | | |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] |align=center|25 |align=center|376 (12/58/306)<br>384 (16/58/310) |North America, Japan, Australia and Europe |High-capacity Short Haul routes and Long haul international routes<br>Will be converted to Freighter<br>Its passenger service will be replaced by 777-300ER |- |[[Boeing 747-8|Boeing 747-8 Freighter]] |align=center|(5 orders) | | | |- |[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]] |align=center|12 <br> (6 orders) |align=center|261 (8/28/225)<br>301 (12/28/261) |North America, Japan, New Zéaland and Europe |High-capacity Short Haul and Long haul international routes |- |[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300]] |align=center|4 |align=center|376 (12/28/336) |Southéast Asia, China and Japan |Short Haul high capacity, Medium and Long Haul routes |- |[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300ER]] |align=center|(10 orders) | |North America |Replacing the passenger version of 747-400 |- |[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777 Freighter]] |align=center|(5 orders) | | | |- |[[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-8]] |align=center|(10 orders) |align=center| | |Entry into service: [[2009]]<br>Replacing: [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600]] |- |} <sup> *First Class is offered on domestic and short-haul Flights. Prestige Class is offered on international medium-long haul flights. </center> ===Cargo fleet=== The Koréan Air cargo fleet consists of the following aircraft as of January 2007: <center> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse" |+ '''Koréan Air Cargo Fleet''' |- bgcolor="#efefef" !Aircraft !Total !Routes !Notes |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400F]] |18 | | |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400BCF]] |(8 orders) | |Converted to freighters from passenger service. |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-8F]] |(8 orders) | | |} </center> The average age of the Koréan Air fleet is 7.5 yéars as of July 2006. Koréan Air operates 100 passenger aircraft, and 20 cargo aircraft, for a total of 120 planes as of Dec 14, 2006. On [[31 May]] [[2005]] Koréan Air signed an agreement on an additional order for a [[Boeing 747]]-400ERF, converting an option taken out in 2004, bringing total Koréan Air orders for the aircraft to eight, of which five have been delivered. The new aircraft is scheduled for delivery in May [[2006]] (ref: Air International, July 2005). The airline is also ordering 747-8 and 777 freighters to expand their fleet. On [[29 December]] [[2006]] Koréan Air has annouced that it will convert all passsenger 747-400 fleet to freighters to expand its fleet. Koréan Air Cargo has been ranked the world's top commercial airline cargo operation by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for two consecutive yéars (2004~2005), as méasured by international (not domestic) FTKs. During 2005, Koréan Air recorded 7.982 billion international FTK, topping the charts. ===Retired fleet=== ====Passenger aircraft==== * [[Boeing 707]] (retired 1987) * [[Boeing 727]] (retired 1996) * [[Boeing 747]]-200 (retired 1998) * Boeing 747-300 (retired 2006) * [[Fokker 100]] (retired 2004) * [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] (retired 1989??) * [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] (retired 1999) * [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]] (retired 2003) ==SKYPASS== SKYPASS is the [[frequent flyer program]] of Koréan Air. "SKYPASS" also refers to the blue card which Koréan Air frequent flyers are given. SKYPASS's motto is "Beyond your Imagination," which is also printed on the card. The program's elite levels are comparable to those of other airlines' [[frequent flyer program]]s, requiring members to fly a certain number of miles per two-yéar cycle. Qualification for the highest level is based on lifetime flight miles, requiring a customer to fly 1 million miles. Membership in this level is granted for life. ==Codeshare agreements== The airline has [[Code sharing|code-share]] agreements with the following airlines (as of April [[2006]]): {| |valign| *[[Aeroflot]] *[[Aeroméxico]] *[[Air China]] *[[Air France]] *[[Alitalia]] *[[China Airlines]] *[[China Eastern Airlines]] *[[China Southern Airlines]] *[[Czech Airlines]] *[[Delta Air Lines]] |valign| *[[EgyptAir]] *[[Emirates Airline|Emirates]] *[[Garuda Indonesia]] *[[Japan Airlines]] *[[Kenya Airways]] *[[LAN Airlines]] *[[Malaysia Airlines]] *[[Rossiya Airlines]] *[[Shanghai Airlines]] *[[Vietnam Airlines]] |} Koréan Air is a founding partner in [[SkyTeam]], the world's second largest alliance. ''Korean Air'' is an airline partner of [[Skywards]], the frequent flyer program for [[Emirates]] and [[Sri Lankan Airlines]]. Skywards members can éarn miles for flying Koréan Air and can redeem miles for free flights. ==Tempo oge== *[[Korean Air incidents and accidents]] ==Tumbu luar== {{Commons|Korean Air}} *[http://www.koreanair.com Korean Air] *[http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&opp=Korean%20Air Korean Air Fleet Age] *[http://www.plane-spotters.net/Airline/Korean_Air_Lines Korean Air Fleet Detail] *[http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/korean.htm Korean Air Passenger Opinions]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Anggota IATA}} [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1962]] [[Kategori:Aliansi pausahaan panghiberan SkyTeam]] [[Kategori:Worldperks]] [[Kategori:SkyPass]] 6ydnnc3d4hgmawgmz3cel76jz4d6pvd 0 17266 712231 653641 2026-08-24T06:10:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Airline | airline=Japan Airlines<br />日本航空<br />''Nihon Kōkū''| logo=Japan Airlines Wordmark (2011).svg| logo_size=110px| IATA=JL| ICAO=JAL| callsign=Japanair| parent=Japan Airlines Corp.| founded=1951 (as Japan Air Lines)| headquarters=[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]| key_people=Haruka Nishimatsu(President and [[CEO]])| hubs=[[Narita International Airport]]<br />[[Tokyo International Airport]]<br />[[Kansai International Airport]]<br />[[Osaka International Airport]]| focus_cities=[[Chubu Centrair International Airport|Chubu Centrair Int'l Airport]]| frequent_flyer=[[JAL Mileage Bank]]| lounge=SAKURA Lounge| alliance= [[oneworld]] (as of April 1, 2007) | fleet_size=232 (75 orders)| destinations=125| website= http://www.jal.com/| }} [[Gambar:800pix.jal.b747-400.ja8079.jpg|thumb|250px|JAL [[Boeing 747-400]] dina wanda rupa 1989-2002]] [[Gambar:JAL Cargo B747-446F (JA402J) taxiing at London Heathrow Airport.jpg|thumb|right|250px|JAL Cargo Boeing 747-400 (JA402J) nungguan memeh ngapung]] [[Gambar:JAL B767-300ER(JA656J) (6493004631).jpg|thumb|250px|A JAL Boeing 767 di [[Tokyo International Airport|Haneda]].]] [[Gambar:JA731J (8711441335).jpg|thumb|250px|JAL Boeing 777-300ER]] {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines Corporation'''|株式会社日本航空|Kabushiki-gaisha Nihon Kōkū}} ({{tyo|9205}}), atawa '''JAL''', nyaéta operator [[airline]] panggedéna di Asia. Dua parusahaan maké merek JAL nyaéta: {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines International'''|日本航空インターナショナル|Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru}} jeung {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines Domestic'''|日本航空ジャパン|Nihon Kōkū Japan}}. [[Japan Airlines Domestic]] nu ngutamakeun jaringan terbang keur di jero negri Jepang, sedengekun JAL International boh keur international jeung domestik. Dina 1 Oktober 2006, Japan Airlines International jeung Japan Airlines Domestic ngahiji dina maké ngaran Japan Airlines International. JAL Corporation ogé mibanda tujuh parusahaan airline leutik atawa keur mantuan penerbangan JAL utama nyaéta: * [[Hokkaido Air System]] * [[JAL Express]] * [[JALways]] * [[J-Air]] * [[Japan Air Commuter]] * [[Japan Asia Airways]] * [[Japan Transocean Air]] JAL panglobana maké pesawat [[Boeing 747]] (ampir 76, dina March [[2005]]). Salah sahiji tina dua airline [[Asia]] nu ngapung ka [[Latin America|Amerika Latin]] ([[Malaysia Airlines]] ka [[Buenos Aires]], JAL ka [[Mexico City]] jeung [[São Paulo]]). Japan Airlines bakal ngagabung ka [[oneworld]] dina 1 April 2007. == Sajarah == === Era regulasi === '''Japan Air Lines Co., Ltd.''' diadegkeun dina bulan Agustus [[1951]], ku pamaréntah Jepang keur ngawangun sistem transportasi udara nu bisa dipercaya, dipiharep bakal mantuan tumuwuhna ekonomi Jepang sanggeus éléh dina [[World War II|Perang Dunya Kadua]]. Dina tanggal [[25 Oktober]], maké tilu kapal udara ti[[Northwest Airlines]] [[Martin Aircraft|Martin]] 2-0-2, sarta kru Northwest, Japan Air Lines mimiti ngalayanan sababaraha kota ti Tokyo. [http://www.japanair.com/e/aboutjal/history.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104110246/http://www.japanair.com/e/aboutjal/history.php |date=2007-01-04 }} {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} On 1 Agustus, [[1953]], the [[Diet of Japan]] passed the {{nihongo|Japan Air Lines Company Act|日本航空株式会社法|Nihon Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha Hō}}, forming a new state-owned '''Japan Air Lines''', which assumed all assets and liabilities of its private predecessor on October 1. Its first aircraft, a [[DC-3]] named "Kinsei", was léased from [[Philippine Airlines]]. Japan Airlines, in addition to the 2-0-2's, used [[DC-3]], [[DC-4]], [[DC-6]] and [[DC-7]] during the [[1950s]]. On February 2, 1954, Japan Airlines began its first international service, flying from [[Tokyo]] to [[San Francisco]]. This flight, operating on a [[DC-6]]B, made stops at [[Wake Island]] and [[Honolulu]] before arriving in San Francisco, A one-way ticket for the twice-weekly flight cost $650. To this day, San Francisco to Tokyo is Japan Airlines flight number 001. In [[1960]], Japan Airlines bought their first jet, a [[DC-8]]. Soon after, they decided to re-equip their airline, using jet aircraft only. That decade, many new international destinations were established. Under the {{nihongo|45/47 system|45/47体制|yon'go-yon'nana taisei}}, the so-called "aviation constitution" enacted by the Japanese government in [[1972]], JAL was granted [[flag carrier]] status to operate international routes, and was also designated to operate domestic trunk routes in competition with [[All Nippon Airways]]. During this era, JAL bought the [[Boeing 747]], the [[Boeing 727]] and the [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[DC-10]] to accommodate their growing list of routes within Japan and to other countries. In the [[1980]]s Japan Airlines performed special flights for the Crown Prince of Japan and the Princess, [[Pope]] [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and for Japanese prime ministers. During that decade they also began to be more promotionally aware, with [[Model aircraft|plane models]] and other [[promotional item]]s being produced in quantity. It also bought new [[Boeing 767]] jets and retired the DC-8s and 727s. === Deregulated era === Japan began considering airline deregulation in the late 1970s, with the government announced the abandoning of the 45/47 system in 1985. In [[1987]], Japan Airlines was completely privatised, and the other two airlines in Japan, [[All Nippon Airways]] and [[Japan Air System]], were permitted to freely compete with JAL on domestic and international routes. Japan Airlines began the [[1990s]] with flights to help evacuate Japanese citizens from [[Iraq]] before the start of the [[Gulf War]]. In [[1992]], [[Japan Air Charter]] was established, and in [[1997]] an agreement with [[The Walt Disney Company]] was announced, making Japan Airlines the official airline of [[Tokyo Disneyland]]. That yéar also [[JAL Express]] had been established, with [[Boeing 737]] aircraft. Also in 1997 the airline flew the Japanese prime minister to [[Peru]] to help negotiate in the Tupac Amaru kidnapping case. Japan Airlines acquired [[Boeing 777]]s during that decade. [[Gambar:jal.cargo.b747-400.ja8909.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|JAL Cargo [[Boeing 747]]-400 takes off]] In [[2001]] Japan Air System and Japan Airlines agreed to merge. On [[October 2]], [[2002]] they established a new holding company called {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines System'''|日本航空システム|Nihon Kōkū Shisutemu}}, forming a new core of the JAL Group. Aircraft liveries were changed to match the design of the new JAL Group. At that time the merged group of airlines was the sixth largest in the world by passengers carried, and the third largest méasured by revenue. On [[April 1]], [[2004]], JAL changed its name to '''Japan Airlines International''' and JAS changed its name to '''Japan Airlines Domestic'''. JAS flight codes were changed to JAL flight codes, JAS check-in desks were refitted in JAL livery and JAS aircraft were gradually repainted. On [[June 26]], 2004, the parent company Japan Airlines System was renamed to '''Japan Airlines Corporation'''. JAL applied to join the [[airline alliance]] Oneworld on [[October 25]], [[2005]]. JAL is currently codesharing with several members of Oneworld, including [[American Airlines]], [[British Airways]], [[Cathay Pacific]], [[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]], and [[Qantas]]. Also, Oneworld's [[LAN (airline)|LAN]] is one of the partners of JAL's frequent flyer programme, JAL Miléage Bank. JALUX Inc., established 1962, is JAL's catering company which does a variety of work for the company including the "De sky" line of snack foods, supplying JAL's 'Blue Sky' restaurants and 'JAL-DFS' shops, Aircraft fuel components, cabin services and In-flight duty-free. JALUX merged with JAS Trading on January 2004 to unify support operations for the JAL group. Japan Airlines is one of the most widely known companies by modél aeroplane collectors, their planes being produced in mass quantities by [[Schabak]], [[Wooster]], [[Herpa]], [[Flight Miniatures]], [[Long Prosper]] and [[Dragon Wings]]. [[Gambar:JAL 747 landing.JPG|thumb|A JAL 747-400 landing a Sydney airport]] == Rute tujuan == {{further|[[Tujuan Japan Airlines|Rute tujuan JAL]]}} == Fleet == The Japan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft as August 2006:<ref>[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/aircraft/ Japan Airlines Corporate Fleet Information]</ref> <center> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse" |+ '''Japan Airlines Fleet''' |- bgcolor=lightgrey !Aircraft !Total !Passengers !Notes |- |[[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600R]] |22 |292 |Domestic routes<br />Replacement aircraft: [[Boeing 787]] |- |[[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]] |23 |150 |JAL Express/JTA domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]] |(30 orders) | | |- |[[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747-100SR SUD]] |1 |533 |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200]] |5 | |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200F]] |8 | |Cargo routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]] |10 |350<br />483 |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300SR]] |2 | |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400]] |33 |299 (11/87/201)<br />346 (12/97/237)<br />446 (52/394) |Domestic and international routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400BCF]] |1 | |Cargo routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400D]] |8 |568 |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400F]] |2 | |Cargo routes |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-200]] |3 |230 |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]] |19 |213<br />239 | |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] |15<br />(3 orders) | | |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ERF]] |(4 orders) | |Cargo and international routes |- |[[Boeing 777#777-200|Boeing 777-200]] |14<br />(1 order) |389 |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 777#777-200ER|Boeing 777-200ER]] |11 | |International routes |- |[[Boeing 777#777-300|Boeing 777-300]] |7 |470 |Domestic routes |- |[[Boeing 777#777-300ER|Boeing 777-300ER]] |6<br />(7 orders) |292 |International routes<br />Launch customer |- |[[Boeing 787-3]] |align=center|(13 orders) | | |- |[[Boeing 787-8]] |align=center|(17 orders) | | |- |[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-81]] |18 |163 |Domestic routes |- |[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-87]] |8 |134 |Domestic routes |- |[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30]] |16 |166 |Domestic routes |} </center> The [[Boeing]] [[List of Boeing customer codes|customer codes]] for Japan Airlines are x'''46''' for JAL International (pre-merger JAL aircraft) and x'''89''' for JAL Domestic (former [[Japan Air System|JAS]] aircraft); Aircraft disposed of include 8 [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-400]], 8 [[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747-100]], 6 [[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747SR]] (one now being used as a [[NASA]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]]), 19 [[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200]], 5 [[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]] and 10 [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] aircraft. In December [[2004]], Japan Airlines announced the selection of the [[Boeing 787]] for its medium-size aircraft fleet. It is seeking 30 aircraft, with options on 20 more. Delivery is expected to start in [[2008]] and the aircraft will be used on domestic and international routes (ref: Airliner World, March 2005). Japan Airlines confirmed an order for six new [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] aircraft, three freighter and three passenger modéls, valued at approximately $800 million at list prices (ref:Airliner World, September 2005). On October 31, 2005 Japan Airlines operated its last two [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]] flights. One aircraft, JA8543, operating flight JL736 from [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to [[Narita International Airport]], touched down at 16:05. Another aircraft, JA8541, operating flight JL952 from [[Incheon International Airport]] to Narita International Airport touched down at 16:37, marking the DC-10's last flight with the airline, after over 30 yéars of operations with the airline. In the future, Japan Airline is looking forward to see the possibility to order the 747-8 aircraft. Since 1984, Japan Airlines has been the largest [[Boeing 747]] operator in the world. The average age of Japan Airlines fleet is 12.1 yéars, at April 2006. == In-flight entertainment == The JAL and JAA onboard entertainment system is called ''MAGIC''. The system is updated by JAL Entertainment Network (JEN) and féatures credit card phone, movies, destination guides with instructions on how to fill out immigration cards, active aircraft stats, games, and more. There are three generations of the MAGIC system: MAGIC-I, MAGIC-II, and MAGIC-III. The latest MAGIC-III system which is installed in [[Boeing 767]] and [[Boeing 777]] aircraft (also available on select [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] aircraft), provides Audio/Vidéo On Demand (AVOD) entertainment to all passengers. Aircraft with MAGIC-I and MAGIC-II have movies that automatically start when the AVOD system is turned on—once the aircraft réaches cruise level—and economy class passengers can tune in to watch the movie in progress. All movies restart upon completion. Executive (Business) and First class passengers have full AVOD control. MAGIC systems have JAL's duty-free shopping catalogue, including flight crew recommendations and a vidéo of specials available on the flight. When the aircraft is in the pushback, taxi, takéoff, ascent, descent, stacking, landing, taxi, and docking phases of flight, all TV's in the cabin automatically tune into the vidéo camera outside the aircraft to provide "Pilot Vision" to the passengers. This féature is common on many Japanese airlines. In June 2006, JAL announced a promotion féaturing the [[Nintendo DS Lite]]. Between June 1 and August 31, all Executive and First Class passengers would be offered use of Nintendo DS Lites specially manufactured for air travel (the wireless capabilities of these units were removed in order to conform with airline safety standards).[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/nds/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509205712/http://www.jal.co.jp/en/nds/ |date=2007-05-09 }} The JAL Group has its own inflight magazine called Skyward, reflecting the company motto of "Dream Skyward." Before merger with JAS (the current JAL Domestic), JAL's inflight magazine was called Winds. All of the JAL Group magazines are provided by JALUX. == Incidents and accidents == * In [[1952]], a [[Martin 2-0-2]] of Japan Air Lines crashed, killing all 37 on board. * [[Japan Airlines Flight 472]] was [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by the [[Japanese Red Army]] on [[September 28]], [[1977]]. The [[Douglas DC-8]], en route from [[Paris]] to [[Tokyo International Airport|Haneda Airport]] in [[Tokyo]] with 156 péople on board, stopped in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Shortly after taking off from Mumbai, five armed JRA members hijacked the aircraft and ordered it flown to [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. At Dhaka, the hijackers took the passengers and crew hostage, demanding $6 million and the reléase of 9 imprisoned JRA members. A chartered JAL flight carried the money and 6 of the 9 imprisoned JRA members to Dhaka, where the exchange took place on [[October 2]]. The hijackers reléased 118 passengers and crewmembers, and all remaining hostages were freed later. * [[Japan Airlines Flight 350]] was a [[Douglas DC-8|McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61]], [[aircraft registration]] {{airreg|JA|8061}}, on a domestic scheduled passenger flight from [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]], to [[Tokyo]]. The airplane crashed [[9 February]] [[1982]] on approach to [[Tokyo International Airport|Tokyo Haneda Airport]]. Among the 166 passengers and 8 crew, 24 passengers were killed, with no losses among the crew. * On [[August 12]], [[1985]], [[Japan Airlines Flight 123|Flight 123]], a Boeing 747 bound for [[Osaka International Airport]], [[Itami]]/[[Toyonaka]], suffered a crippling decompression shortly after takéoff from [[Tokyo International Airport]], [[Ota, Tokyo|Ota]], [[Tokyo]], lost all its hydraulic systems and, after attempting to limp back to Tokyo, crashed into a mountain ; it was the worst single-aircraft disaster in history (and the third-worst air disaster in history, after the [[9/11]] hijackings and the KLM-Pan Am Tenerife collision); 520 out of 524 péople on board died, one of them pregnant. Rescuers indicated that fewer péople would have died had rescuers gone straight to the crash site instéad of waiting until the following morning. * On [[August 12]], [[2005]] metal fragments fell in a Fukuoka residential aréa from a JALways' [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]] bound for [[Honolulu]] after an engine briefly caught fire. A boy and a man were injured by fragments. The incident also happened exactly 20 yéars after Japan Airlines Flight 123. The plane was forced to return to [[Fukuoka Airport]]. The sight of flames coming from the engine was captured by a [[NHK]] TV news crew which happened to be recording because the service to Hawaii is soon to be withdrawn as it is unprofitable. [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/national/news/20050812p2a00m0na026000c.html]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Livery == The JAL livery is called the "Arc of the Sun." The livery féatures the motif of a rising sun on a créamy parchment colored background. JAL is a strong supporter of [[UNICEF]] and expresses its support by having a "We Support UNICEF" logo on éach of the airline's aircraft. JAL is known for adopting special liveries. 747 registration JA8908 carries an [[Adidas]] [[soccer]] livery. 747 registration JA8907 is the ''Matsui Jet'', féaturing the famous Japanese baseball player [[Hideki Matsui]]. The airline's [[Boeing 767-300]], registration JA8253, is the ''[[Expo 2005]]'' aircraft. Various aircraft in the JAL fleet carry a ''[[Japan National Tourist Organization|Yokoso Japan]]'' logo supporting the Visit Japan campaign. During late 2005, Japan Airlines began using a Boeing 777 (registration JA8941), féaturing Japanese actor [[Shingo Katori]] on one side, and [[television]] series [[Saiyuki (manga)|Saiyuki]], along with its main character "[[Son Goku#Saiyuki|Goku]]" on the other side [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?id=986041,986040,986109,986121&engine_version=6.0|1] JALways' fleet includes some colourful Boeing 747 and DC-10 aircraft with "Reso'cha" titles. These aircraft are used on charter flights to holiday destinations in the Pacific, such as [[Hawaii]]. Reso'cha is a marketing abbreviation for Resort Charter. Reso'cha planes were formerly known as JAL Super Resort Express. JAL is repainting all its aircraft with the new livery but JAL, JAA and JALways aircraft can still be seen in their old liveries. JAL is also known for its liveries féaturing [[Tokyo Disneyland]] and [[Tokyo DisneySea]], as it is the official airline of the Tokyo Disney Resort. They sponsor the attraction Star Jets (not related to past Star Jets fleet with the old Red Crane livery), which féature a variation of the current livery on the ride vehicles. At one time there was more than 6 widebody aircraft painted with the special liveries. == Rujukan == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Japan Airlines}} * [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/ Airline website for Japan] ([http://www.jal.co.jp/ Japanese]) * [http://www.japanair.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209164316/http://www.japanair.com/ |date=2007-02-09 }} Airline Website for the Americas ([http://www.japanair.com/ English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209164316/http://www.japanair.com/ |date=2007-02-09 }}) * [http://www.jal.jp/en/ Corporate website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324022736/http://www.jal.jp/en/ |date=2005-03-24 }} ([http://www.jal.jp/ Japanese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331093710/http://www.jal.jp/ |date=2005-03-31 }}) * [http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&opp=Japan%20Airlines Japan Airlines Fleet Age] * [http://www.lovemyseat.com/airlines/Japan_Airlines/Japan_Airlines.html Japan Airlines Seating Guide] * [http://www.planemad.net/Airline/JP/Japan_Airlines_(JL_JAL)/Fleet.htm?show=all Japan Airlines Fleet Detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210220427/http://www.planemad.net/Airline/JP/Japan_Airlines_(JL_JAL)/Fleet.htm?show=all |date=2006-02-10 }} * [http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/jal.htm Japan Airlines Passenger Opinions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125194923/http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/jal.htm |date=2007-01-25 }} [[Kategori:Pausahaan penerbangan Jepang]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1951]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu kantor puseurna di Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Aliansi pausahaan panghiberan WOW]] ahs5141ycromfyn8qk54ta0nvwaehml 0 17548 712227 710561 2026-08-24T04:33:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Pesawat | airline=PT Garuda Indonesia| logo=| logo_size=150px| IATA=GA| ICAO=GIA| callsign=INDONESIA| parent=Garuda Indonesia| founded=26 Januari 1949 (sebagai Garuda Indonesian Airways)| headquarters=[[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]| key_people=Emirsyah Satar (President and [[CEO]])| hubs=[[Bandara internasional Soekarno-Hatta]]<br />[[Bandara internasional Ngurah Rai]]<br />[[Bandara internasional Sultan Hasanuddin]]| focus_cities=[[Surabaya]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Palembang]], [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]], [[Batam]], [[Manado]], dan [[Semarang]] | frequent_flyer=Garuda Frequent Flyer| lounge=Garuda Lounge| alliance=| fleet_size=57| destinations=43| website= [http://www.garuda-indonesia.com/ www.garuda-indonesia.com]| }} '''PT (Persero) Perusahaan Penerbangan Garuda Indonésia''', disingget '''Garuda Indonésia''', nyaéta salah sahiji [[airline|parusahaan penerbangan]] nasional [[Indonesia]]. Ieu ngaran asalna tina dongeng manuk [[Garuda]]. Dina tradisi [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] India, Garuda nu mawa [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pangeran [[Vishnu]]. Parusahaan ieu markasna di [[Jakarta]] at [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]], nu ngalayanan tujuan utama di [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]], [[Bali]], [[Juanda International Airport]], [[Surabaya]], [[Polonia International Airport]], [[Medan]], jeung [[Sepinggan International Airport]], [[Balikpapan]]. Ekspor Impor Surat Pindah Penduduk (Domisili) biaya Ticket Naik PCC, maintenance, Pilot Pendapatan Dari Bank Sekuritas bebas Bekerja Jam Kerja, Istirahat (Time) Working. kabéh sahamna dipibanda ku pamaréntah Indonésia tur mibanda 6,251 karyawan (dina [[2005]]). Meunang bentang-3 ti [[Skytrax]]. [http://www.airlinequality.com/Airlines/GA.htm] == Sajarah == {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Garuda Indonésia had its beginnings in the [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian war of independence]] against the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in the late [[1940s]], when Garuda flew special transports with [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] [[DC-3]] aircraft. [[January 26]], [[1949]], is generally recognized as the airline's founding date, at which time the airline was known as "Garuda Indonesian Airways." The first plane was a DC-3 known as ''Seulawah'' (Acehnese: "Gold Mountain") and was purchased for a sum of 120,000 [[Malayan dollar]]s, which was provided by the [[Acehnese]] péople (notably local merchants). {{Fact|date=February 2007}} During the revolution, the airline supported Indonésian interests, such as carrying Indonésian léaders for diplomatic missions. [[Gambar:Garuda Indonesia B747-4U3 (PK-GSG) at Narita International Airport (1).jpg|thumb|300px|Garuda Indonesia 747-400 di [[Narita International Airport]], Tokyo]] The government of [[Burma]] helped the airline significantly during the airline's beginnings. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Accordingly, upon Garuda's formal joint incorporation with [[KLM]] on [[March 31]], [[1950]], the airline presented the Burmese government with a [[DC-3]]. By [[1953]], the airline had 46 planes, although by [[1955]] its [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]] fleet had been retired. In [[1956]], Garuda made its first [[Hajj|pilgrim]] flight to the city of [[Mecca]]. The [[1960s]] were times of growth for the airline; the fleet in 1960 included eight [[Convair 240]]s, eight [[Convair 340]]s, and three [[Convair 440]]s. In [[1961]] and late [[1965]], three [[Convair 990]] jet planes and three [[Lockheed L-188 Electra]] were introduced, and a route was opened to [[Kai Tak International Airport]] in [[Hong Kong]]. After concentrating on domestic and regional services, the first flights to Europe were added on [[September 28]], [[1963]], to [[Amsterdam]] and [[Frankfurt]]. In 1965, flights to Europe were expanded to include [[Rome]] and [[Paris]] via [[Bombay]] and [[Cairo]], with the exclusive use of [[Convair 990]] aircraft. That yéar, flights to [[China]] started, with Garuda flying to [[Guangzhou|Canton]] via [[Phnom Penh]]. Also in [[1965]], the jet age arrived for Garuda, with a [[Douglas DC-8]] that flew to [[Schiphol Airport]] in Amsterdam. The [[1970s]] saw [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]] and [[Fokker F28]] jets introduced, and at one point Garuda owned 36 Fokker jets, making Garuda the world's largest operator of F28s at that time. In the [[1980]]s, Garuda introduced [[Airbus]] equipment such as the [[Airbus A300]] and the [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600]], as well as [[Boeing 737]]s, [[Boeing 747]]s, and [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]]s. The [[East Asian Economic Crisis]] of 1998 hit Indonésia and Garuda hard, resulting in severe cutbacks on unprofitable routes. Despite once having a comprehensive worldwide route network, Garuda currently operates no flights to [[Europe]] or [[North America]]. Largely due to historical links with [[the Netherlands]], Garuda continued to operate flights to Amsterdam after the initial cutbacks, although these flights have since been discontinued. The situation was not helped by the [[September 11]] terrorist attacks, the [[Bali]] bombings, the [[2004 Boxing Day tsunami]], and the [[SARS]] scare, all of which contributed to a downturn in air travel and Indonésian tourism. However, the airline has recovered favorably from its economic problems and seems to be in good economic shape entering the middle [[2000s]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In [[2001]], a [[Low-cost carrier|low-cost airline]] subsidiary, [[Citilink|CitiLink]], was established to provide shuttle services between Indonésian cities. Garuda may expand its route map again before the end of the decade, {{Fact|date=February 2007}} possibly after the completion of [[Kuala Namu International Airport]] in Medan. This could include routes to major [[European]] hubs such as [[Paris]], [[London]], and [[Frankfurt]]. However, it is possible that to keep costs down and profitability up, Garuda may employ secondary airports such as [[London Gatwick]]. A Garuda representative for the [[Benelux]] confirmed in August 2006 that Garuda will resume its route to [[Amsterdam]] in May 2007. [http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/news/?id=15326] In 2005, Garuda Indonésia carried 8,679,443 passengers [http://www.garuda-indonesia.com/about/statistics.php], with a [[load factor]] of 68.73%. == Tujuan == {{utama|Tujuan Garuda Indonesia}} Garuda Indonésia is a full-service airline, in contrast with the 'no frills' low-cost carrier. The class configuration is divided into first (on Boeing 747-400s), business, and economy class. <!--[[Image:Garuda_changi.JPG|thumb|300px|Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-300 bound for Jakarta holding at [[Singapore Changi Airport]]]]--> It currently operates flights to a total of 45 destinations (21 domestic, 24 international) throughout [[East Asia|East]] and [[South East Asia]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[Middle East]]. Garuda Indonesia also offers flights to 13 other international destinations through code-share agreements with [[China Airlines]], [[China Southern Airlines]], [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[Korean Air]], [[Gulf Air]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Silkair]], [[Vietnam Airlines]], and [[Philippine Airlines]]. Taking these routes into account, Garuda Indonesia's route map extends to [[Western Europe]]. A 24-hour call center is available for local customer access. The e-tickets system (paperless or electronic ticket) has been introduced on all domestic flights and flights to Singapore originating in Jakarta. This system computerizes ticketing method, in which a traditional paper ticket is no longer required. == Frequent flyer program == In 2005, Garuda Indonésia relaunched its frequent flyer program called Garuda Frequent Flyer (GFF) with a new look, new benefits, and new services. The new program allows members to éarn miles on domestic and international flights and has four tiers of membership covering Blue, Silver, Gold, and Platinum benefit levels. New services for GFF members include a new website at http://gff.garuda-indonesia.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405233649/http://gff.garuda-indonesia.com/ |date=2007-04-05 }}, including an on-line miléage calculator for éarning and redemption, on-line miléage balance, on-line personal profile management, and downloadable forms. == Nomor penerbangan == The flight numbers of Garuda Indonésia are classified as follows: * GA010-099: [[Citilink]] * GA100-699: domestic flights (within the territory of [[Indonesia]]) * GA677: Taipei - Jakarta codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA678: Jakarta - Taipei codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA687: Taipei - Denpasar codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA688: Denpasar - Taipei codeshare ([[China Airlines]]) * GA700-799: [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (Flights to New Zéaland were suspended in 2006) * GA800-899: [[Asia]] (except Indonésia and Middle éast) * GA900-999: codeshares, Europe and [[Middle East]] == Armada == The Garuda Indonésia fleet includes the following aircraft ([[March]] [[2007]]) <ref>[[Flight International]], 3-9 [[October]] [[2006]]</ref> : * 6 [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-300]] (plus 3 on order) * 17 [[Boeing 737#737-300|Boeing 737-300]] * 17 [[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]] (+ one that just crashed, [[GA200]]) * 5 [[Boeing 737#737-500|Boeing 737-500]] * 2 [[Boeing 737#737-800|Boeing 737-800]] * 3 [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] * On order: 18 [[Boeing 737]] * On order: 6 [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]] * On order: 10 [[Boeing 787-9]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_787_orders#Orders_and_Options] Previously operated: * [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300 B4-220, -600]] * [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]] * [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-100, -200 and -300]] * [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] * [[Convair 990]] * [[Douglas DC-3]] * [[Douglas DC-8]] * [[Fokker F28]] * [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]] * [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]] * [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11|McDonnell Douglas MD-11/ER]] == Kacilakaan jeung kajadian == Saatos kacilakaan nu pertama di [[1950]], Garuda Indonésia tos ngalami 14 kacilakaan fatal sareng 1 pembajakan. * Garuda Indonésia Flight 206, a [[DC 9]] aircraft was hijacked on [[28 March]] [[1981]]. This was the first serious Indonésian airline hijacking, since the first case was a desperate Marine hijacker who was killed by the pilot himself. The hijackers, a group called Commando Jihad, hijacked the [[DC 9]] "Woyla", onroute from [[Palembang]] to [[Medan]], and ordered the pilot to fly the plane to [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. But since the plane didn't have enough fuel, it refueled in [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] and then to [[Don Muang]], [[Thailand]]. The hijackers demanded the reléase of Commando Jihad members imprisoned in [[Indonesia]], and US $ 1.5 million, as well as a plane to take those prisoners to an unspecified destination. The [[Kopassus]] commandos who took part in this mission trained for only three days with totally unfamiliar wéapons, brilliantly executed this fast-paced operation. One of the [[Kopassus]] commandos was shot by the hijacker léader, who then shot himself. All the other hijackers were killed. All the hostages were saved. * Garuda Indonésia Flight 865, a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] departing [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]], on [[June 13]], [[1996]], overran the runway after aborting the takéoff well above rotation speed. The number-3 engine fuel line was severed, resulting in a massive fire and the total destruction of the aircraft. Three of the 275 péople on board were killed. [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06131996&reg=PK-GIE&airline=Garuda+Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907234645/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06131996&reg=PK-GIE&airline=Garuda+Indonesia |date=2007-09-07 }} * [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 152]], an [[Airbus A300]] aircraft flying direct from [[Jakarta]], crashed in Sibolangit, 18 miles short of [[Medan]] airport in low visibility on [[September 26]], [[1997]]. All 222 passengers and 12 crews were killed. [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=09261997&reg=PK-GAI&airline=Garuda+Indonesia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905061120/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=09261997&reg=PK-GAI&airline=Garuda+Indonesia |date=2007-09-05 }} * Garuda Indonésia Flight 421 was a [[Boeing 737#737-300|Boeing 737-300]] traveling from [[Lombok]] to [[Yogyakarta]] on [[January 16]], [[2002]], which was forced to maké an emergency landing in poor wéather on the [[Bengawan Solo River]]. One person, a stewardess, was killed in the accident; 59 other passengers and crew survived. [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=01162002&reg=PK-GWA&airline=Garuda+Indonesia]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907235812/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=01162002&reg=PK-GWA&airline=Garuda+Indonesia |date=2007-09-07 }} * Garuda Indonésia Flight 238, a [[Boeing 737#737-500|Boeing 737-500]] régistered PK-GGD bound for [[Semarang]] on [[February 1]], [[2007]] collided with a [[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] [[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]], régistered TF-ATJ when doing [[pushback]] at [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]]. None of the 96 passengers were injured. [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0702/02/utama/3285302.htm] * [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 200]], salah sahiji kapal [[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]] (registration PK-GZC) ngapung ti [[Jakarta]], kacilakaan tur kahuruan basa "mendarat" di [[Adisucipto International Airport]], [[Yogyakarta]] jam 07.00 WIB [[March 7|7 Maret]], [[2007]]. Sakurangna 22 urang tiwas. == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar perusahaan penerbangan]] * [[Transportasi di Indonésia]] * [[Daptar bandara di Indonésia]] * [[Flag carrier]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commonscat|Garuda Indonesia}} {{portal|Indonesia}} * [http://www.garuda-indonesia.com/ Garuda Indonesia] * [http://www.garudaindonesia.co.uk/ Garuda Indonesia UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101000535/http://www.garudaindonesia.co.uk/ |date=2007-01-01 }} * [http://www.garuda-jpn.com/ Garuda Indonesia Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323104519/http://www.garuda-jpn.com/ |date=2007-03-23 }} * [http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&opp=Garuda Garuda Indonesia Fleet Age] * [http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/garuda.htm Garuda Indonesia Passenger Opinions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512023604/http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/garuda.htm |date=2015-05-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312133302/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/index/0,22045,5012584,00.html Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 crashes 7 march 2007] {{Anggota IATA}} [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1949]] [[Kategori:Worldperks]] buda8besq8l94tbkh8m76ypoegxjryc 0 25358 712229 711082 2026-08-24T05:26:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses4}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = 香港特別行政區 |conventional_long_name = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |common_name = Hong Kong |image_flag = Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg |image_coat = Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg |symbol_type = Emblim |symbol_type_article = Emblim |image_map = LocationHongKong.png |image_map2 = Hong Kong Location.png |national_anthem = ''[[March of the Volunteers]]''<ref>Since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, Hong Kong has used the national anthem of the [[People's Republic of China]].</ref> |capital = None<ref>Historically, the capital of Hong Kong territory was [[Victoria City]]; government headquarters are located in the [[Central and Western District]] ({{coor dm|22|17|N|114|08|E}}).</ref> |largest_settlement_type = distrik (populasi) |largest_settlement = [[Distrik Sha Tin]] |official_languages = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Basa Cina|Cina]]<ref>The [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] states that the official languages are "Chinese and English." It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While [[Standard Mandarin]] and [[Simplified Chinese character]]s are used as the spoken and written standards in [[mainland China]], [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] and [[Traditional Chinese character]]s are the long-established ''[[de facto]]'' standards in Hong Kong. See [[Bilingualism in Hong Kong]]</ref> |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] |leader_name1 = [[Donald Tsang]] |area_rank = not ranked |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 1,104 |area_sq_mi = 426.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 4.6 |population_estimate = 6,921,700 |population_estimate_rank = ka-96 |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_census = 6,708,389 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 6,352 |population_density_sq_mi = 16,469.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-3 |population_blank1_title = Demonim |population_blank1 = Urang Cina / Hong Kong |GDP_PPP = US$289.7 miliar |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-39 |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$41,614 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-6 |GDP_nominal = US$203.0 billion |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-37 |GDP_nominal_year = 2007 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = US$29,149 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-28 |sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Hong Kong|Ngadeg]] |established_event1 = [[Konvensi Chuenpeh]] |established_date1 = [[25 Januari]] [[1841]] |established_event2 = [[Perjangjian Nanking]] |established_date2 = [[29 Agustus]] [[1842]] |established_event3 = [[Konvensi keur Ngalegaanana Wilayah Hong Kong]] |established_date3 = [[9 Juni]] [[1898]] |established_event4 = [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]] |established_date4 = [[25 Desember]] [[1941]] – [[15 Agustus]] [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[Alih kedaulatan Hong Kong|Alih kedaualatan]] |established_date5 = [[1 Juli]] [[1997]] |HDI = {{increase}} 0.937 |HDI_rank = ka-21 |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">luhur</font> |Gini = 0.533 |Gini_year = 2006 |Gini_category = <font color="#ff0000">luhur</font> |currency = [[Dolar Hong Kong]] |currency_code = HKD |country_code = HKG |time_zone = [[Hong Kong Time|HKT]] |utc_offset = +8 |cctld = [[.hk]] |calling_code = 852 |calling_code_note = <small>(01 ti [[Macau]])</small> |footnotes = <!--integrated into main body--> | }} {{coor title dms|22|17|00|N|114|08|00|E|}} '''Hong Kong'''<ref>Hong Kong mindeng ditulis ''Hongkong'' dina teks Basa Inggris heubeul. The [[Hong Kong Government]] officially adopted the current form on [[3 September]] [[1926]] (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). While the names of most cities in the People's Republic of China are [[romanization|romanised]] into English using [[pinyin]], the official English name is ''Hong Kong'' rather than ''Xiānggǎng'' (See [[Pronunciation of Hong Kong]]).</ref> ({{zh-c|c=[[wiktionary:香|香]][[wiktionary:港|港]]}}), ngaran resmina '''Wewengkon Administratif Husus Hong Kong''' <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pronunsiasi Hong Kong|pronunsiasi]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>, nyaéta salah sahiji tina dua [[Wewengkon Administratif Husus di Républik Rahayat Cina|wewengkon administratif husus]] di [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] (RRC), hijina deui nyaéta [[Macau]]. Wewengkon ieu ngampar di béh wetan [[Delta Walungan Mutiara]], wawatesan jeung propinsi [[Guangdong]] di béh kaler nyanghareupan [[Sagara Cina Kidul]] di béh wetan, kulon jeung kidulna. Dimimitian ku jadi palabuan dagang saprak [[abad ka-19]], Hong Kong kiwari geus mekar jadi [[Puseur Finansial|puseur finansial]]. Hong Kong tadina mangrupa [[crown colony|jajahan makuta]] [[Karajaan Ngahiji]] ti saprak taun 1842 tepikeun ka [[dialihkeunnana kedaulatan Hong Kong|dialihkeun kedaulatannana]] ka Républik Rahayat Cina taun 1997. [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] katut [[Hukum Dasar Hong Kong]] netepkeun yén Hong Kong lumaku kalayan [[Entitas otonom|otonomi]] sahanteuna tepi ka taun 2047, lima puluh taun sanggeus alihan. Kalayan kawijakan "[[sanagara, dua sistim]]", [[Central People's Government|Pamarentah Rahayat Puseur]] tanggung jawab kana pertahanan teritori katut urusan luar nagri, sedengkeun Hong Kongna sorangan ngaropéa [[Sistim hukum Hong Kong|sistim hukum]], [[police force|angkatan kapulisian]], [[sistim moneter]], [[Béa cukéy (pajeg)|kawijakan béa cukéy]], [[kawijakan imigrasi]], jeung [[delegasi]] keur organisasi jeung acara internasional. == Rengking internasional == {| class="wikitable" ! Tanggal !! Kontes !! Organisasi nu ngayakeun !! Rengking !! Catetan |- ! 2001–05 | [http://www.worldairportawards.com World's Best Airports] || [[Skytrax]] || 1/155 nagara || |- ! rowspan="3" | 2005 | [[List of world's busiest container ports|Ranking of Container Ports of the World]] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223354/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202005.xls AAPA World Port Rankings] || 2/50 palabuan by [[containerization|container]] traffic || 7/50 palabuan by [[cargo]] volume |- | [http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gitr_2006/rankings.pdf Networked Readiness Index (NRI)] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 11/115 nagara || |- | [http://www.economist.com/theworldin/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3372495&d=2005 Worldwide quality-of-life index] || [[The Economist]] || 18/111 nagara || |- ! rowspan="11" | 2006 | [http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2006-07/06-007.html 6th Annual Global e-Government Study (Brown University)] || Global e-Government || 20/198 nagara || |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101161142/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006] || [[Reporters Without Borders]] || 59/168 nagara || |- | [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006 Corruption Perceptions Index] || [[Transparency International]] || 15/163 nagara || |- |[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005083101/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/Overall%202006.pdf World Competitiveness Yearbook 2006] || [[IMD International]] || 2/61 economies || Economies include those of countries and regions |- | [[World City]]'s [[Skyline]]/[[Skyscrapers]] || [http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/ Emporis Data Committee (EDC)] || style="white-space:nowrap;" | 1/100 major cities || Cities ranked by the visual impact of their skylines |- | [http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf Global Competitiveness Report - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 11/125 nagara || |- | [http://www.worldairportawards.com World's Best Airports] || [[Skytrax]] || 2/165 nagara || |- | [http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/BCI.pdf Business Competitiveness Index - BCI] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 10/121 nagara || |- | [http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf Human Development Index - HDI] || [[PBB]] || 22/177 nagara || |- | [http://www.fedex.com/us/about/today/access/GreaterAccessChange5_15_06.pdf Access Index (''p.19'')] || [[FedEx]]: The Power of Access - 2006 Access Index || 1/75 nagara || |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070302090911/http://www.jcer.or.jp/eng/pdf/potential2006sum.pdf Potential Competitiveness] || Japan Center for Economic Reséarch (JCER) || 1/50 nagara || |- ! rowspan="12" | 2007 | [http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/TravelandTourismReport/CompetitivenessIndex/index.htm Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 6/124 nagara || |- | [[Index of Economic Freedom]] || [[Heritage Foundation]]/''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'': [http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040112042240/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm |date=2004-01-12 }} || 1/157 nagara || Ranked 1st for 13 yéars in a row |- | World's most expensive city for rental accommodation || [http://www.eca-international.com/Asp/ViewArticle2.asp?ArticleID=189 ECA International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073630/http://eca-international.com/Asp/ViewArticle2.asp?ArticleID=189 |date=2007-10-11 }} || 1/92 nagara || |- | Léading Centers of Commerce || [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html MasterCard study] || 5/63 nagara || rated 63 cities according to their legal and political framework, economic stability, éase of doing business, financial flow, business center status, and knowledge création and information flow |- | World's most expensive cost-of-living || [http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving Mercer Human Resource Consulting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072417/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving |date=2014-04-10 }} || 5/143 kota || |- | [http://www.worldairportawards.com World's Best Airports] || [[Skytrax]] || 1/155 nagara || |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614035901/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007] || [[IMD International]] || 3/55 economies || The IMD World Competitiveness Yéarbook 2007 analyses and ranks the ability of nations to créate and maintain an environment that sustains the competitiveness of enterprises |- | [[E-readiness]] || [http://graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/2007Ereadiness_Ranking_WP.pdf Economist Intelligence Unit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225005308/http://graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/2007Ereadiness_Ranking_WP.pdf%0A |date=2018-12-25 }} || 4/69 nagara || e-réadiness is the ability to use [[Information and Communication Technologies]] (ICT) to develop one's economy and to foster one's welfare |- | [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ World's best place doing business] || [[World Bank]] || 4/178 nagara || Economies are ranked on their éase of doing business, from 1–178, with first place being the best. A high ranking on the éase of doing business index méans the regulatory environment is conducive to the opération of business. This index avérages the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics, made up of a variety of indicators, giving equal weight to éach topic |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011061520/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/09/25/afx4152128.html Asia's best corporate governance survey] || Asian Corporate Governance Association || 1/11 nagara || |- | [http://server-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/b?cg=downloadsosedo&ci=cityoflondon&tu=http://213.86.34.248/NR/rdonlyres/0C0332C0-4CE5-4012-9AF7-2CF98A32E618/0/BC_RS_GFCI07_FR.pdf Global Financial Centre Index] || City of London || 3/10 kota || The GFCI is a ranking of the competitiveness of financial centres based on a number of existing indices in combination with a regular survey of senior industry figures from around the world. Hong Kong ranked third behind New York and London. |- |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127005937/http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20070711101329/graphics.eiu.com/upload/portal/BSA_COMPETITIVENESS_WEBrrr.pdf IT industry competitiveness Index] || [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] || 21/64 nagara || Index méasures an supply of skills, an innovation-friendly culture, world-class technology infrastructure, a legal regime and well-balanced government support, as well as a competition-friendly business environment. Those countries possessing most of these “competitiveness enablers” are also home to high-performance IT industries: all but four of the top 22 countries in the EIU are also among the world's top countries in terms of IT labour productivity |- |} == Catetan suku == {{ChineseText}} <!-- Please DO NOT use a scroll template/form/table for the reflink, please read warning on the scoll template page. Thank you. --> {{reflist|2}} == Rujukan == * ''A History of Hong Kong''(Third Edition). [[Frank Welsh]]. HarperCollins. [[1 October]] [[1998]]. 624 pages. ISBN 1-56836-002-9. * ''Mathematical Modelling of Hong Kong Political and Economical Development''. Derek Lam. Guangzhou Academic Press. [[18 February]] [[1986]]. 23 pages. * ''Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations)''. Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge. [[1 August]] [[1999]]. 205 pages. ISBN 0-415-20868-8. * ''The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity''. Poshek Fu, David Deser. [[Cambridge University Press]]. [[25 March]] [[2002]]. 346 pages. ISBN 0-521-77602-3. * ''A Modern History of Hong Kong''. Steve Tsang. I.B. Tauris. [[14 May]] [[2004]]. 356 pages. ISBN 1-86064-184-9. * ''An Outline History of Hong Kong''. Liu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7-119-01946-5. * ''Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. December 1990. ISBN 962-7489-01-8. * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/form/historical.pdf List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_list.php List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office == Tumbu luar == {{sisterlinks|Hong Kong}} {{commons|Maps of Hong Kong}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Hong Kong-article.ogg|2007-11-01}} ;Pelesir * {{wikivoyage|Hong Kong}} * [http://www.discoverhongkong.com/ Hong Kong Tourism Board] * [http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/hkvisas_4.htm Official Hong Kong Immigration Department Visa Information] * [http://www.synotrip.com/hong-kong Synotrip] - daily updated info about Hong Kong * [http://www.gohk.gov.hk/ GoHK], the Home Affairs Department site for local tourists ;Pamaréntah <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> * [http://www.gov.hk/ GovHK], the new one-stop portal of the HKSAR Government * [http://www.info.gov.hk/ Hong Kong SAR Government], the official government site * [http://www.immd.gov.hk/ Hong Kong Immigration Department] - [[HKSAR Passport]] * [http://www.censtatd.gov.hk Census and Statistics Department in Hong Kong] * [http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/ District Councils], the official district councils site * [http://www.info.gov.hk/hkfacts/facts_e.htm Hong Kong Fact Sheets] (quick facts about Hong Kong) * [http://www.legco.gov.hk/ Hong Kong Legislative Council], the site of the legislative body * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/form/historical.pdf List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_list.php List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office ;Televisi * [http://www.tvb.com/ TVB], the biggest TV company * [http://www.hkatv.com/ aTV], one of two free TV broadcasters * [http://www.i-cable.com.hk/ Cable TV]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, the biggest paid cable provider in Hong Kong * [http://www.now-tv.com/ Now TV] - [IPTV] provider ;Radio * [http://www.rthk.org.hk/ Radio Television of Hong Kong] - public broadcaster * [http://www.881903.com/ Hong Kong Commercial Radio] - largest commercial broadcaster ;Koran * [http://home.orisun.com/odnmain/index2.html Oriental Daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905091832/http://home.orisun.com/odnmain/index2.html |date=2008-09-05 }} - Biggest Chinese newspaper in terms of circulation * [http://www.appledaily.com.hk/ Apple Daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970728003348/http://www.appledaily.com.hk/ |date=1997-07-28 }} - Second best selling Chinese newspaper * [http://www.mingpaonews.com/ Ming Pao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111095032/http://www.mingpaonews.com/ |date=2008-01-11 }} - Reputable Chinese newspaper * [http://www.hket.com/ Hong Kong Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909121403/http://www.hket.com/ |date=2020-09-09 }} - Largest Chinese Financial Newspaper * [http://www.scmp.com/ South China Morning Post (subscription)] - Largest English newspaper * [http://www.metrohk.com.hk/ Metro Newspaper, Hong Kong edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020805125540/http://www.metrohk.com.hk/ |date=2002-08-05 }} * [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/ The Standard] - English-language business newspaper ;Majalah * [http://www.nextmedia.com.hk/ Next Magazine], a popular Chinese language entertainment and lifestyle magazine * [http://hk.bcmagazine.net/ BC Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125101726/http://hk.bcmagazine.net/ |date=2007-11-25 }}, [[HK Magazine]] - English language entertainment magazine targeted at expatriates ;Blog * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040612074557/http://www.geocities.com/hkhemlock/blogs.html Hong Kong Blogs], a list of all the main blogs in Hong Kong ;Peta <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=22339914&x=114066925&z=10&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Hong Kong at WikiMapia] * [http://www.centamap.com/ CentaMap] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=zh-CN&q=Hong+Kong,+China&ie=UTF8&z=12&ll=22.294179,114.150009&spn=0.129287,0.43396&om=1&iwloc=addr Google HK Map] <!-- *[http://www.chinahighlights.com/hongkong/map.htm Hong Kong Map] - This site spams by putting email addresses online (by McAfee SiteAdvisor). http://www.siteadvisor.com/sites/chinahighlights.com/--> ;Poto <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> <!-- Personal photo galleries are NOT APPROPRIATE for this section --> * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/hongkong/ Flickr] - photos tagged with Hong Kong * [http://www.globalphotos.org/hongkong.htm Global Photos] - gallery of Hong Kong photos * [http://www.unrealhongkong.com/hong-kong-historical-pictures.html UnRealHongKong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203355/http://www.unrealhongkong.com/hong-kong-historical-pictures.html |date=2008-02-26 }} - Hong Kong historical photos ;Guide jeung direktori <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> <!-- NO MORE EXPAT COMMUNITIES, UNLESS THEY ARE 100% HONG KONG SPECIFIC --> <!--*[http://www.hongkong.alloexpat.com Allo' Expat] - Expatriates in Hong Kong portal ALLOEXPAT IS BANNED--> * [http://www.hkoutdoors.com/ HK Outdoors] - about Hong Kong's countryside * [http://www.uncoverchina.com/ Uncover China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209114340/http://www.uncoverchina.com/ |date=2007-12-09 }} - séarch directory * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html CIA - The World Factbook — Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513083413/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html |date=2009-05-13 }} {{Hong Kong Topics}} {{Template group |title = Geografi lokal |list = {{Province-level divisions of PR China}} {{Major cities of Greater China}} {{Territories of Greater China}} {{Dependent and other territories of Asia}} {{Countries and territories of East Asia}} }} {{Template group |title = Basa |list = {{Sino-Tibetan-speaking}} {{Territories of Greater China}} }} {{APEC}} {{WTO}} <!--Please retain as first category since this article is its main article; thank you.--> <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Hong Kong| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon husus]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Cina]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon métropolitan di Cina]] [[Kategori:Asia]] [[Kategori:Anglo-Chinese relations]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]] [[Kategori:Pamaréntahan Britania di Hong Kong| ]] [[Kategori:Délta Walungan Mutiara]] [[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Cina]] [[Kategori:APEC]] [[Kategori:Daptar nu patali jeung Hong Kong| ]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1997]] <!--Interwiki--> jy07z1dy17ow33f93zro2reuanrx8np 0 27023 712225 712023 2026-08-24T03:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712225 wikitext text/x-wiki Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''. == [[Sumatera]] == === Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam === ==== Dayeuh Sabang ==== * 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM ==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ==== * 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM * 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM * 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM * 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM * 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM * 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }} * 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }} * 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM * 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }} * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM * 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM * 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM * 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM ==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ==== * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM ==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ==== * 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3 * 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2 * 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1 * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM * 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM * 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM ==== Kabupatén Bireuen ==== * 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM * 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ==== * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ==== * 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ==== * 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM ==== Kabupatén aceh selatan - Tapaktuan ==== * 88.9 Mhz - Radio SIT FM * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM * 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ==== * 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ==== * 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM ==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ==== * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ==== * 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM ==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ==== * Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang * Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis === Sumatera Kulon === * [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }} * [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ * [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ * [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }} * [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }} * [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }} * [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz * [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz * [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz === Jambi === * [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ * [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ === Kapuloan Bangka Belitung === * [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id] === Lubuklinggau === * [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }} * [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }} === Palémbang === * Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz * Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ * Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ * Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ * Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ * Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ * Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ * Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ * Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ * Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ * Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ * Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ * Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ * Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ * Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ * Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ === Riau === ==== Pekanbaru ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ * Radio Pas FM 105MHZ * Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ * Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ * Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ * Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ * Radio CBSFM 101MHZ * Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ * Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ * Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ * Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ * Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ] * Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ * Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ * Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ * Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ * Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ * Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ * Radio SF3 94.3MHZ * Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ * Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ * Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ * Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ * Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ * Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ * Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ * Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Talukkuantan ==== * Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ * Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ === Kapuloan Riau === ==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ==== * Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM ==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ==== * Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani) * Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }} * Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }} ==== Tembilahan ==== * Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] ==== Batam ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }} * Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi) * Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ * Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ * Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ * Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ * Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ * Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ * Radio Bigs 104.7 FM * Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM * Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM {{col-css3-end}} == '''[[Jawa]] barat''' == '''Bandung''' * Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM * Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM <br /> ==[[Jakarta]]== '''AM''' * Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019210102/http://www.kbr68h.com/ |date=2012-10-19 }} * Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta * Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta * Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta * Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz * Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta * Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta * RRI 999 AM Jakarta * Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta * Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta * Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta * Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta * RRI 1332 AM Jakarta * Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz * Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta {{col-css3-end}} '''FM''' {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com] * GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ * RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ * Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ * Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] * Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }} * Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ * RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }} * Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ * Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ [http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }} * MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ * Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ * U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} * Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ * Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com] * Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com] * Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ * RDI: 97.1 MHZ * Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ [http://www.femaleradio.com] * Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ * GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ [http://www.987genfm.com/] * Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114403/http://deltafm.net/ |date=2008-07-04 }} * Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ * Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com] * Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi * 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }} * iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063912/http://www.traxonsky.com/ |date=2008-03-16 }} * Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ * Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta * Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} * Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta * Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta * IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta * Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta * Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ * Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta * Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115030325/http://mostfm.com/ |date=2010-01-15 }} * Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta * Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta * Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ * Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ * Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ * Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ * Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ * REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Banten]] === ==== Banten ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id] * EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM * Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten * Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten * PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang * Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé * HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten {{col-css3-end|2}} ==== Bekasi ==== * Gaya: 93.60 MHZ * M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz * Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ. * Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ === [[Jawa Kulon]] === ==== Sukabumi ==== * Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ * LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 * ==== Bogor ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ * Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ * Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ * Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ * Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ * Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ * Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis {{col-css3-end}} ==== Bandung ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio MGT 101.1 FM "Spirit Of Your Life". Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/] * Delta FM 94,4 * Female Radio 96,4 * Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung * Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM * Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509193058/http://www.rasefm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM * Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} * Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} * 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314203753/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }} * Maestro FM 92.5 FM * B Radio 95.6 FM * Radio Maraghita FM 106.7 * MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }} * K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM * GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung * Poshway 107.9 FM * Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} * Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM * Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan * Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung * Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung * Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Cimahi ==== * AR 92.9 FM ==== Cirebon ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }} * DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }} * Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon * RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ * Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ * Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ * Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ * IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ * Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ * Prima Sonata FM * Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon * Salma FM * Maritim FM {{col-css3-end}} ==== Indramayu ==== * KC-10 87.9 FM * TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA ==== Karawang ==== * Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381 ==== Kuningan ==== * Rasuci FM * Kost FM === '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' === ==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ==== '''FM''' * Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM) * Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5) * MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM) * Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU * RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM) * RSPD Paguyangan-brebes '''AM''' * RSPD AM * Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)<1026 Khz> ==== Kudus ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz * Muria AM 1440 Khz * Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz * Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz * Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz * Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz * RTK FM 106.30 Mhz?? * UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Jepara ==== * R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz ==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ==== * Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK) * IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN. * Bima Sakti FM 96,8 * GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG ) * MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET. * Prima FM 105,3. * ==== Pati ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz * Pas FM 101.00 Mhz * Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz * Pop FM 90.80 Mhz * Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz??? * Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz * Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwokerto ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz * RGM FM * RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz * Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz * Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz * Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz * Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz * Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz * RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz * Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2 * Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91 * Yasika FM 91.5 * Pop FM 91.9 * RGBS 92.3 * RRI PRO 1 93.1 * King FM 93.9 * SBS Purbalingga 94.7 * Ardi Lawt 96.4 * Dian Swara 98.2 * Prima FM 98.6 * RRI PRO 2 99 * Pop FM Banyumas 100.2 * Paduka FM 100.6 * Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4 * Crez FM 103 * Satria Ajibarang 103.9 * Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto * Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3 * Metro FM 105.7 * Ria FM 106.5 * RRI PRO 3 107.3 * Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwodadi ==== * Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz ==== Salatiga ==== * Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ * Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz * Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ * Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ ==== Semarang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pas FM: 106 Mhz - * RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ * TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz * Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz * TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz * RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta * Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz * Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz * RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ * Female FM: 96.1 Mhz * Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz * Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz * Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz * Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz * Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz * RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz * IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz * Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz * Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz * Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz * IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz * Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz * Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz * Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ * Borobudur * Lusiana * Kalimasada * Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Surakarta ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }} * PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar * Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group) * PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM * Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo * SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar * GSM 97.6 FM * Suara Slenk 92.5 FM * MQ 100.9 FM * Hizbullah 101.4 FM * Imanuel FM * JPI 106.3 FM * Pro1 FM * Pro2 FM * Swara Graha 92.1 * Mentari FM * Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Kharisma 100.3 FM * Metta 104.7 FM * Solopos 103 FM * Suara Wening Ati MQ FM * UMS FM * Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS * Unisri FM * Ramakusala FM * Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM * 89.6 STAR FM * Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Prima 91.7 fm * Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804 * Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888 * RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578 * IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4 * Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil {{col-css3-end}} ==== Tegal ==== * La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal * Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * DLC * Roshinta * Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM) * Radi Raka * Paramount 106 FM ==== Magelang ==== * [[Magelang FM]] === [[Yogyakarta]] === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ * Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ * I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ * Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ * Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }} * Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ * PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ * Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ * MQ FM 92.3 MHZ * MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }} * Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ * Rama FM 93.5 MHZ * Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ * Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ * Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ * Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ * Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Ista FM 96.2 MHZ * Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * EMC FM 97.8 MHZ * Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ * GCD FM 98.6 MHZ * Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ * Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }} * Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ * Prima FM 100.2 MHZ * Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ * Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ * Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ * Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }} * Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ * Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ * Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ * Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ * Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ * Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }} * Petra FM 105.7 MHZ * [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }} * Uty FM 106.9 MHZ * Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ * Global FM 107.6 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Jawa Wétan]] === ==== Batu - Malang ==== * Swara Buana FM * Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ * Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ * Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ * Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ * Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ * Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ * Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ ==== Banyuwangi ==== *. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi * Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }} * Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi * MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi ==== Blitar ==== *RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [http://www.donnafm.co.cc] *Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya *Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ *Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ *Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh ) *Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab ) *Istana FM 88.4 MHZ *Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ *Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ *radio grast 91.6 Mhz *Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz ==== Jember ==== * RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ * RKPD Jember * Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ * Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ * Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ * Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/] * Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ * [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ * Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }} * Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ * Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ * Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ * M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ ==== Malang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ * Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ * Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz * Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz * Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ * Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/] * RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ * Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ * Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ * Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ * Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ * Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ * AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ * Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ * Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ * Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ * Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ * Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ * Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ * UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ * FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ * Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ * Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ * Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ * Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }} * Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ * Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ * Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Ngawi ==== * Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz * Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz ==== Ponorogo ==== * Radio Gema Surya News, Music & Culture * Radio Duta Nusantara * Romansa FM * GONG FM * Gress FM * AVIDA FM * Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz * [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }} * Suara Gontor FM * Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ ==== Surabaya ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }} * RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz * JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ * Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ * RKIP - AM 1449 khz * Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ * Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }} * EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/] * Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net] * Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223144617/http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id/ |date=2008-02-23 }} * SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ * [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ * Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }} * [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id] * Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114403/http://deltafm.net/ |date=2008-07-04 }} * Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }} * Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }} * Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }} * Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }} * Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/] * JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }} * Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/] * Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Trenggalek ==== * [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} * Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ * Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) ==== Tulungagung ==== * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://www.RADIOMADUFM.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }} * Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }} * Radio Jos FM Tulungagung * Radio Perkasa FM * Radio jaya FM Tulungagung * Radio RKS Tulungagung * Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ == [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] == === Bali === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Rock FM 88.2 MHZ * R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ * Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ * Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ * Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ * Barong, AM 1188 MHZ * Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ * Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ * Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ * Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ * Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ * Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ * FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ * Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ * Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ * Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ * Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ * Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === Nusa Tenggara Kulon === * RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} == [[Kalimantan]] == === Banjarmasin === * Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM === Balikpapan === * SBI 102,1 Mhz * Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * Smartfm 97.8 Mhz * Swara Media 101.3 * RSPD 99,9 FM * AMA FM 105,3 FM * Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM * phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio] === Berau === * RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }} === Bontang === * Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm === Martapura === * Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }} === Palangka Raya === * Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }} * Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }} === Pontianak === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Pontianak * Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM * Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM * RRI Pro 2 FM * RRI Pro 3 FM * Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }} * Radio Mitra Mahardika * Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas {{col-css3-end}} ==== Luar Pontianak ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Suara Sambas (104 Fm) * Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi) {{col-css3-end}} === Samarinda === * Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html] * Radio One Way 95.2 FM * Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }} * Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM * Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM * Radio Mitra 102.7 FM * Radio Paras 103.5 FM * Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM * Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM === Sampit === * Radio Pesona 100,3 FM == [[Sulawesi]] == * Radio Komunitas * Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ === Gorontalo === *Selebes 101 fm. *SK FM. *Nada 90,8fm. *BPKB Radio 94.7 FM === Kendari === * RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz === Makassar === * RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ * Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ === Manado === * RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ === Palu === * RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ = Radio komunitas = == Riau == == Tanjungpinang == * Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ == Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta == === Jakarta Wétan === * FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790 * Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon * Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790, * Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770 * Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun * AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770 * N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas * RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] === Bandung === * Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ === Pontianak === * Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, * Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM === Luar Pontianak === * Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) * Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) * Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936 * Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak) * Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak) * Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau) * Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi) == Jawa Wétan == Blitar Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz == Tulungagung == * [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }} * Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz == Jombang == * Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang == Ponorogo == * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ == Trenggalek == * Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ * Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ * Radio Komonitas RBS FM panggul Freq 107,30 mhz # Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya freg 107,30 mhz [[Kategori:Radio]] g4bh8ent6wtxww9dvrsk2k09mmvh1hx 0 28804 712220 710956 2026-08-24T01:25:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Pesawat |airline = Asiana Airlines<br />아시아나 항공<br />아시아나 航空<br />''Asiana Hanggong'' |logo = |logo_size = 300 |IATA = OZ |ICAO = AAR |callsign = ASIANA |parent = [[Kumho Asiana Group]] |founded = 1988 |headquarters = [[Seoul]], [[Korea Kidul]] |key_people = Kang, Chu-Ahn ([[CEO]]) |hubs = [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]]<br />[[Gimpo International Airport]] |focus_cities = [[Gimhae International Airport]]<br />[[Jeju International Airport]] |frequent_flyer = [[Asiana Club]] |lounge = Asiana Lounge |alliance = [[Star Alliance]] |subsidiaries = [[Air Busan]] |fleet_size = 68 (+31 orders) |destinations = 77 <small>incl. cargo</small> |website = http://www.flyasiana.com/ }} '''Asiana Airlines''' ({{ko-hhrm|hangul=아시아나 항공|rr=Asiana Hanggong}}; {{kosdaq|020560}}; saméméhna '''Séoul Airlines''') nyaéta hiji [[pausahaan penerbangan]] nu puseurna di [[Seoul]], [[Korea Kidul]] tur mangrupa salah sahiji tina dua pausahaan penerbangan Koréa Kidul panggedéna marengan [[Korean Air]]. Asiana mangrupa anggota [[Star Alliance]] tur ngoprasikeun layanan ka 12 tuhuan domestik jeung 73 tujuan internasional di 17 nagara di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="FI">{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | page= 78 | date= 2007-03-27}}</ref> Kantor puseur jeung puseur ''overseas'' Asiana aya di Bandara Internasional Inchéon (deukeuteun Séoul) sedengkeun puseur domestikna mah aya di [[Gimpo International Airport]]. == Sajarah == Asiana ngadeg tanggal [[17 Pebruari]] [[1988]] tur mulai oprasi bulan Desember 1988 kalayan penerbangan ka [[Busan]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} It was formed by the [[Kumho Asiana Group]] (formerly Kumho Group) as part of the South Koréan government's policy to créate a second [[flag carrier]] and was originally known as Séoul Air International. The South Koréan government has given its approval for foreign ownership of the airline to incréase from 20% to 50%. The airline is owned by private investors (30.53%), Kumho Industrial (29.51%), Kumho Petrochemical (15.05%), foreign investors (11.9%), Koréa Development Bank (7.18%), others (5.83%) and employs 7,799 staff (at March 2007).<ref name="FI"/> ===New Image=== In February 2006, Asiana Airlines modérnised its [[corporate identity]] to harmonise with those of other divisions of its parent company the Kumho Asiana Group. The names of the travel classes have changed from First Class, Business Class, and Economy Class to First, Business, and Travel classes respectively, and the colors of the travel classes have changed to yellow, blue and red for First, Business, and Travel Class, respectively. New uniforms are also planned for the crew.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070108200152/http://flyasiana.com/sub/news/images/news061011.jpg Asiana Airlines new colours]</ref> On [[18 April]] [[2007]] Asiana was awarded a 5-star rating by [[Skytrax]], an accolade shared with [[Cathay Pacific]], [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Singapore Airlines]] and [[Kingfisher Airlines]].<ref name="5ST">[http://www.airlinequality.com/news/180407-Asiana.htm Asiana Airlines awarded 5 Star Airline ranking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924085815/http://www.airlinequality.com/news/180407-Asiana.htm |date=2008-09-24 }} 18 April 2007</ref> == Tujuan == {{see|Tujuan Asiana Airlines}} == Codeshare agreements == The airline has [[Code sharing|code-share]] agreements with the following airlines (as of May 2008):<ref>[http://chkin.flyasiana.com/English/Fly2007/Contents/about/partner/star_alliance.jsp?CAT=CODE_SHARE Asiana Airlines code-share partners page]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 5 July 2007</ref> <div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;"> *[[Air Canada]](SA) *[[Air China]](SA) *[[Air New Zealand]](SA) *[[All Nippon Airways]](SA) *[[China Eastern Airlines]] *[[China Southern Airlines]] *[[EgyptAir]](SA) *[[LOT Polish Airlines]](SA) *[[Qantas]] *[[Qatar Airways]] *[[Shanghai Airlines]](SA) *[[Singapore Airlines]](SA) *[[South African Airways]](SA) *[[Thai Airways International]](SA) *[[Turkish Airlines]](SA) *[[United Airlines]](SA) (SA) - Star Alliance members </div> == Armada == [[Gambar:Asiana747.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Asiana 747 in new livery taking off from [[Metro Manila|Manila]]]]The Asiana Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft (as of May 2008):<ref name="FI"/> <center> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse" |+ '''Asiana Airlines Fleet''' |- bgcolor=lightgrey !Kapal terbang !Total !Panumpang<br />(First*/Business*/Travel) !Rute !Catetan |- |[[Airbus A320|Airbus A320-200]] |8 |143 (8/135) |''International short-medium haul'' China, Japan, Southéast Asia | |- |[[Airbus A321|Airbus A321-100]] |2 |200 (200) |''Domestic/International short-medium haul'' China, Japan, Southéast Asia | |- |[[Airbus A321|Airbus A321-200]] |12 |177 (12/165) |''Domestic/International short-medium haul'' China, Japan | |- |[[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-300]] |6 |290 (30/260) |''International short-medium haul'' Japan, China, Central and Southéast Asia |AVOD available on all aircraft |- |[[Airbus A350]] |(30 order) <ref>[http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/08_07_16_asiana_a350.html Asiana Airlines orders 30 Airbus A350 aircraft] 16 July 2008</ref> | |''International long haul'' ''Regional'' |Ten orders for éach variant: -800, -900, -1000 |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-400]] |7 |150 (150) |''Domestic routes'' | |- |[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-500]] |3 |127 (127) |''Domestic routes'' | |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] |2 |359 (10/45/304){{ndash}} New product <br />378 (12/60/306) |Séoul (Inchéon) to New York (JFK) <br /> Sometimes they operate high-capacity short haul <br /> |[[General Electric CF6]] engines |- |[[Boeing 757|Boeing 747-400 Combi]] |3 |284 (12/36/236) |International <br /> Long Haul |Converted into freighters by 2009 |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] |7 |260 (18/242) |''Domestic/International short-medium haul'' Australia, Japan, China, Central and Southéast Asia | |- |[[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]] |9 <br /> (1 order) |303 (32/271) |''International long haul <br /> High-capacity short haul'' <br /> North America, Australia, Japan, Europe | |- |} </center> ^{*First Class is offered on Boeing 747. Business Class is offered on international flights.}</center> *The average Asiana Airlines fleet age was 7.6 yéars old in March 2008.<ref>[http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&opp=Asiana%20Airlines Asiana Airlines Fleet Age]</ref> *The first of four [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] combi to full freighter conversions has been delivered from Bedek Aviation Group, part of [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]. The second delivery will be later in 2007, with the other two conversions due for delivery in éarly 2009<ref>[[Flight International]] 20-26 March 2007</ref> *Asiana Airlines will return all of its léased Boeing 747-400 passenger aircraft, while it has a plan to convert three B747-400M to freighters. In order to compensate for the loss of these passenger jets, Asiana will introduce two [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200ER]] aircraft and one [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300ER]] aircraft. Asiana plans discussions with Boeing in September for further aircraft procurement.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} *Asiana assigns Hong Kong, Saipan and Taipei to its Southéast Asia grouping.<ref>In-flight publications about its mileage programme.</ref><ref>[http://hk.flyasiana.com/timetable/2007_01_kor.pdf 운항시간표] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409111217/http://hk.flyasiana.com/timetable/2007_01_kor.pdf |date=2008-04-09 }}</ref> == Kargo == [[Gambar:Asiana Airlines HL7414 frankfurt 100 0557.JPG|thumb|right|Asiana [[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-48EM(BDSF)]] in old livery in [[Frankfurt]]]]Asiana Cargo is the airline's freight division, operating 747F and 767F freighter aircraft to points in Asia, Europe and North America. <center> {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse" |+ '''Asiana Airlines Cargo Fleet''' |- bgcolor=lightgrey !Aircraft !Total !Capacity<br />(max.weight) !Routes !Notes |- |[[Boeing 747-400F]] |5 | |International medium-long haul<br />Asia, Europe and North America |[[General Electric CF6]] engines |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400BCF]] |3 | |International medium-long haul<br />Asia, Europe and North America | |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300F]] |1 | |Regional short-medium haul<br />China, Japan and Southéast Asia | |- |} </center> == Kajadian jeung kacilakaan == [[Gambar:Asiana Airlines logo.png|thumb|150px|right|Asiana Airlines logo, 1988-2005]] *On [[9 June]] [[2006]], an [[Asiana Airlines Flight 8942]] [[A321]]-100 (HL7594) en route [[Jeju]]-[[Seoul]] flew through a hailstorm which blew off the aircraft's nose cone, destroyed its radar and shattered the front cockpit windows. The aircraft landed safely at [[Gimpo Airport]]. The pilot was subsequently commended for his actions. * On [[11 November]] [[1998]], an Asiana Airlines [[B747-400]] attempting a U-Turn in the gate aréa of the [[Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport]] embedded its winglet in an [[Aeroflot]] [[Ilyushin Il-62]]M tail. No one was injured. Asiana was subsequently sued by Aeroflot. The Il-62M in this incident is now retired and is parked at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport with the Asiana winglet still embedded into its tail. *On [[26 July]] [[1993]], an [[Asiana Airlines Flight 733]] [[B737]]-500 (HL7229) struck high ground in poor wéather about 4 kilometres from the runway in [[Mokpo]] while it was making its third attempt landing at runway 06 at [[Mokpo Airport]]. 2 of the 6 crew members and 66 of the 110 passengers were killed. [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930726-1] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons|Asiana Airlines}} *[http://flyasiana.com Asiana Airlines] *[http://flyasiana.com/gateway/gateway_en.html/ Asiana Airlines worldwide site] *[http://www.lovemyseat.com/airlines/Asiana_Airlines/Asiana_Airlines.html Asiana Airlines Seating Guide] *[http://www.seatguru.com/airlines/Asiana/information.php Asiana Airlines Seating Charts on SeatGuru.com] {{Anggota IATA}} <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Anggota IATA]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbangan Koréa Kidul]] <!--Other languages--> gxedfxyvpegensjhj4kdwpvs0nssw79 0 34984 712219 667325 2026-08-24T00:38:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ada Band''' kawentar band anu sok gunta ganti anggota.<ref name="sumber1">http://www.tabloidbintang.com/extra/top-list/2585-10-band-retak-dan-pecah-paling-fenomenal.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828154234/http://www.tabloidbintang.com/extra/top-list/2585-10-band-retak-dan-pecah-paling-fenomenal.html |date=2011-08-28 }} {{id}} (diakses ping 13 Nopember 2011)</ref> Band nu mimitina ngaranna B to 90’s éta mimitina téh [[Dika]] (bas), Baim (vokal dan gitar), Herry (kibor), Iso Eddy (kibor), jeung Eel (drum).<ref name="sumber1" /> Nalika ngaranna masih B to 90’s [[Herry]] kaluar jeung ngabentuk [[Kin Band]]. Posisina digantikeun [[Krishna]].<ref name="sumber1" /> Album kahiji jeung kadua mawakeun nagaran anyar nyaéta [[Ada Band]]. Tereh album ke-3, Ada Band teu kompak.<ref name="sumber1" /> [[Iso]] jeung [[Eel]] kaluar.<ref name="sumber1" /> [[Iso]] kaluar sabab teu bisa ngabagi waktu jeung kasibukan nu séjénna.<ref name="sumber1" /> Sedengkeun [[Eel]] sabab teu sapamikiran deui.<ref name="sumber1" /> [[Eel]] digantikeun [[Rama]].<ref name="sumber1" /> Terus anu pangkawentarna nalika Ada Band ditinggalkeun panyanyina, [[Baim]] nu milihg solo karir.<ref name="sumber1" /> Ada Band terus mawa panyanyi anyar, [[Donnie Sibarani]].<ref name="sumber1" /> Panyanyi anyar ieu alus malahan ngajadikeun beuki caang, Donnie leuwih dipikaresep ku awewe.<ref name="sumber1" /> Di album ka-8, Harmonius (2008) Ada Band ditinggalkeun ku [[Krishna]]. Tangtuna waé, ngan [[Dika]] anu terus aya ti mimiti jeung Ada Band.<ref name="sumber1" /> Ada band tungtungna milih judul Héaven of Love minangka judul album anyarna.<ref name="sumber2">http://www.tabloidbintang.com/extra/top-list/2585-10-band-retak-dan-pecah-paling-fenomenal. {{id}} (diakses ping 13 Nopember 2011)</ref> Pilihan ieu ditetepkeun sabab numutkeun anjeunna [[sawarga]] (héaven) téh panyampurnaan anu pangjangkungna tina hiji prosés kacintaan anu dipimilik.<ref name="sumber2" /> ==Sumber== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik]] jx24pzcy8u413kc5druap4jrpoc1qkp 4 41001 712210 712208 2026-08-23T13:50:06Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Introducing Debug console to learn Lua. View source of [[Modul:Yesno]]. Scroll until the Debug console section. Paste the two Lua commands in the gray input box above the "Clear" button. It's safe because Modul:Yesno is protected 🔒 712210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] nonogho6o06mh11qg4ckgo9v697j3d7 712211 712210 2026-08-23T14:00:17Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Press Enter (↲). The result will appear below the `print` command. Pasting the comment and the `print` command together demonstrates that you can paste multiple lines of Lua code. 712211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] nbqvf8k8ejogjg6jqvluuuplnvv4gue 712212 712211 2026-08-23T14:10:08Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ The debug console displays a concatenation of a welcome message and the version of Lua Scribunto, stored in the uppercase variable `_VERSION`. 712212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] mthsc2odweboymsrigdsa45vtnrkffz 712213 712212 2026-08-23T14:20:09Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ The end of Debug console user manual indicates: Press Up arrow (↑) to cycle through previous Lua commands. Optionally, click on "Clear" button to clear only the Debug Console; the Lua editor above will remain unmodified. 712213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="6"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Up}} <code>Panah ka luhur</code> pikeun ngurilingan paréntah Lua saméméhna.</li> <li>Opsional, klik <code>Kosongkan</code> pikeun ngaberesihan ''ngan'' <code>Debug Console</code>; éditor Lua di luhur moal '''teu''' robah.</li> </ol> == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] l0wt603ke68qnch3x2rb8om25teri7n 712214 712213 2026-08-23T14:30:09Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Running [[Modul:Bananas]] in Debug console. To simplify, pressing Enter (↵) is no longer indicated. The main difference compared to the result on your user page is that the line number is incremented. This allows you to identify that the call was made from the Debug console. Enter: print(require('Modul:Bananas').hello()) -- to run the module without `local modCau` 712214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="6"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Up}} <code>Panah ka luhur</code> pikeun ngurilingan paréntah Lua saméméhna.</li> <li>Opsional, klik <code>Kosongkan</code> pikeun ngaberesihan ''ngan'' <code>Debug Console</code>; éditor Lua di luhur moal '''teu''' robah.</li> </ol> ; Generator HTML dina Debug console Panggil pungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina <code>Modul:</code>Bananas: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- muat modul dina Debug console print(modCau.hello()) -- tampilkeun "Hello, world!" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. {{tl|qif}}, [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] ed6tcsbnvyqvqwe014knmofd363kc2o 712215 712214 2026-08-23T14:40:48Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Leres, the identity function returns its input parameter "Yes". /* History */ Removed [[Citakan:qif]]: formerly implemented an "if" function, which is now implemented by the parser function {{#if}}. 712215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="6"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Up}} <code>Panah ka luhur</code> pikeun ngurilingan paréntah Lua saméméhna.</li> <li>Opsional, klik <code>Kosongkan</code> pikeun ngaberesihan ''ngan'' <code>Debug Console</code>; éditor Lua di luhur moal '''teu''' robah.</li> </ol> ; Generator HTML dina Debug console Panggil pungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina <code>Modul:</code>Bananas: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- muat modul dina Debug console print(modCau.hello()) -- tampilkeun "Hello, world!" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> ; Pungsi idéntitas <code>callParserFunction</code> [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]] <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3 copy> local yesno = require('Modul:Yesno') -- #if yesno teras mulangkeun parameter asupanna local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno("Yes"), "Yes", 'henteu')) print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno('teu'), "Leres", 'teu')) </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] gudgdxj79mmc71d1rk4wyn8cjq1jb9i 712216 712215 2026-08-23T14:50:31Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Sae: close the protected [[Modul:Yesno]] that remains unmodified. It's safe to learn Lua in the Debug Console; any infinite while or repeat loop is automatically stopped after 10 seconds of CPU time. 712216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="6"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Up}} <code>Panah ka luhur</code> pikeun ngurilingan paréntah Lua saméméhna.</li> <li>Opsional, klik <code>Kosongkan</code> pikeun ngaberesihan ''ngan'' <code>Debug Console</code>; éditor Lua di luhur moal '''teu''' robah.</li> </ol> ; Generator HTML dina Debug console Panggil pungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina <code>Modul:</code>Bananas: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- muat modul dina Debug console print(modCau.hello()) -- tampilkeun "Hello, world!" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> ; Fungsi idéntitas <code>callParserFunction</code> [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]] <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3 copy> local yesno = require('Modul:Yesno') -- #if yesno teras mulangkeun parameter asupanna local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno("Yes"), "Yes", 'henteu')) print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno('teu'), "Leres", 'teu')) </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=5> Yes teu </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> # Tutup <code>Modul:</code>Yesno anu dijaga anu tetep '''teu''' robah. == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] opauhkikii3ewbr3c708rbujviqijez 712217 712216 2026-08-23T19:00:17Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Running [[Modul:BananasArgs]] in Debug console. Pass number as string 712217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="6"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Up}} <code>Panah ka luhur</code> pikeun ngurilingan paréntah Lua saméméhna.</li> <li>Opsional, klik <code>Kosongkan</code> pikeun ngaberesihan ''ngan'' <code>Debug Console</code>; éditor Lua di luhur moal '''teu''' robah.</li> </ol> ; Generator HTML dina Debug console Panggil pungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina <code>Modul:</code>Bananas: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- muat modul dina Debug console print(modCau.hello()) -- tampilkeun "Hello, world!" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> ; Argumén <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3,5 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:BananasArgs') local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() frame.args = {"Mariam"}; print(modCau.hello(frame)) -- "Hello, Mariam!" frame.args = {"Mohamed"}; print(modCau.hello(frame)) frame.args = {apples="3", bananas="4"}; print(modCau.count_fruit(frame)) frame.args = {bananas="5", apples="2"}; print(modCau.count_fruit(frame)) </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> ; Fungsi idéntitas <code>callParserFunction</code> [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]] <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3 copy> local yesno = require('Modul:Yesno') -- #if yesno teras mulangkeun parameter asupanna local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno("Yes"), "Yes", 'henteu')) print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno('teu'), "Leres", 'teu')) </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=5> Yes teu </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> # Tutup <code>Modul:</code>Yesno anu dijaga anu tetep '''teu''' robah. == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] 121grezjrim4v2n3i8pzxwotaxubsnn 712218 712217 2026-08-23T19:10:27Z Nimmzo 37272 /* Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua */ Result of Modul:BananasArgs in Debug console 712218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} {{Information page|WP:Lua}} {{Namespaces}} Lua mangrupakeun basa pamrograman nu ayeuna geus sadia di Wikipedia Sunda ngaliwatan ekstensi MediaWiki [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]].<br /> Kode Lua ayeuna bisa diasupkeun kana témplat wiki ku maké fungsi parser <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight> dina kaca pamaké anjeun. == Halo, dunya! dina Lua == The Lua source code is stored in a wiki page with the prefix <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas]]). These individual modules are then invoked (by code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:}}</syntaxhighlight>) on another wiki page (e.g., [[Modul:Bananas/doc]] uses the code <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas|hello}}</syntaxhighlight> to print the text <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"Hello, world!"</syntaxhighlight>). Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the <code>#invoke</code> parser function. The syntax of <code>#invoke</code> is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a ''function name''. A function is a set of Lua instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.<ref>You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.</ref> This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result.<br /> However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page. Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly - you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: # We can't run a module by itself. # Without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run. Run a module from your user page like this: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, [[Modul:Bananas]] is the simplest possible script, providing a single function with no arguments.<br /> The function is named <code>hello</code> in lowercase. We can run this module in this way. Anjeun teu kudu masang atawa nyimpen nanaon. # Édit kaca pamaké anjeun. # Témpélkeun panggilan di handap ieu dina awal hiji baris anyar dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas|hello}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="3"> <li>Klik <code>Témbongkeun sawangan</code>. Panggilan fungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina [[Modul:Bananas]] diganti ku ieu di handap: Halo, dunya!</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Klik <code style="color:#bf3c2c;>Bolay</code>. Lamun dipenta, klik <code>Tinggalkeun</code>.</li> <li>Kaca pamaké anjeun tetep '''teu''' dirobah.</li> </ol> === Using arguments === Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character <code>|</code> is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the ''second'' pipe. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|arguménPosisional1}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> For example, another [[Modul:BananasArgs]] demonstrates how to access and use parameters.<br /> The <code>hello</code> function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mariam}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|hello|Mohamed}} </blockquote> ;Named arguments key=value <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line> {{#invoke:NgaranModul|ngaranFungsi|argNgaran1=nilai1|argNgaran2=nilai2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> The <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight>BananasArgs also has a function named <code>count_fruit</code> which uses the named arguments <code>bananas</code> and <code>apples</code> to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run switching the order of the parameters: Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}} # {{#invoke:BananasArgs|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}} </blockquote> Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be. == Konsol debug: Mimiti diajar Lua == <code>Debug Console</code> dina Lua Scribunto nyaéta alat anu aman tur interaktif pikeun diajar Lua dina Wikipedia. # Klik <code>Témbongkeun sumber</code> dina kaca [[Modul:Yesno]]. # Gulung ka handap kaca nepi ka bagian <code>Debug console</code>. # Témpélkeun komentar jeung panggilan kana kotak asup <span style="color:#86888c;">kulawu</span> (di luhur tombol <code>Kosongkan</code>). <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> --[[Program Lua munggaran anjeun nu mirip Hello World]]-- print("Wilujeng sumping di " .. _VERSION .. "!") -- Ngarangkep vérsi Lua ku `..` </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Enter}} sakali pikeun ngalaksanakeun dua paréntah Lua éta.</li> <li>Hasilna bakal muncul di handap garis paréntah Lua <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>print</syntaxhighlight>:</li> </ol> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Wilujeng sumping di Lua 5.1! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <ol start="6"> <li>Pencét {{key press|Up}} <code>Panah ka luhur</code> pikeun ngurilingan paréntah Lua saméméhna.</li> <li>Opsional, klik <code>Kosongkan</code> pikeun ngaberesihan ''ngan'' <code>Debug Console</code>; éditor Lua di luhur moal '''teu''' robah.</li> </ol> ; Generator HTML dina Debug console Panggil pungsi <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>hello</syntaxhighlight> dina <code>Modul:</code>Bananas: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=2 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- muat modul dina Debug console print(modCau.hello()) -- tampilkeun "Hello, world!" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=3> Hello, world! </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> ; Argumén <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3,5 copy> local modCau = require('Modul:BananasArgs') local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() frame.args = {"Mariam"}; print(modCau.hello(frame)) -- "Hello, Mariam!" frame.args = {"Mohamed"}; print(modCau.hello(frame)) frame.args = {apples="3", bananas="4"}; print(modCau.count_fruit(frame)) frame.args = {bananas="5", apples="2"}; print(modCau.count_fruit(frame)) </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=7> Hello, Mariam! Hello, Mohamed! I have 4 bananas and 3 apples I have 5 bananas and 2 apples </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> ; Fungsi idéntitas <code>callParserFunction</code> [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]] <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3 copy> local yesno = require('Modul:Yesno') -- #if yesno teras mulangkeun parameter asupanna local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno("Yes"), "Yes", 'henteu')) print(frame:callParserFunction("#if", yesno('teu'), "Leres", 'teu')) </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="text" line start=5> Yes teu </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> # Tutup <code>Modul:</code>Yesno anu dijaga anu tetep '''teu''' robah. == Request a script == Visit [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project. == History == [[mw:Manual:MediaWiki architecture#Magic words and templates|Sordid history]]. [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]], [[mw:Extension:Lua|Lua extension]], wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), [[mw:Extension:WikiScripts]], Tim writes [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] with initial support for Lua. Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on [[test2wiki:|test2.wikipedia.org]], with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis. == About Lua == :''See also [[:File:WMF Tech Talk 2013-02-28 slides - Scribunto presentation.pdf|Brad Jorsch's short presentation for a basic example of how to convert a wikitext template into a Lua module.]]'' Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is an example of Lua source code for the <code>hello</code> function contained in [[Modul:Bananas]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=3> --[[Modul:Bananas]]-- local p = {} -- tabel modul nu diperlukeun, diinisialisasi minangka tabel kosong function p.hello() -- Nangtukeun fungsi hello. return "Hello, world!" -- Mulangkeun hasil fungsi dina wangun string. end -- Ahir fungsi. return p -- Mulangkeun tabel modul. </syntaxhighlight> A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> ... </syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> placed around the Lua source code. For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual]]. == Unit testing == A unit testing framework for Lua scripts on Wikipedia is available at [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]].<br /> It allows you to execute your script on a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced.<br /> Unit tests are especially useful for rapidly detecting regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new problems. By convention, unit tests for a module like [[Modul:Bananas]] are placed in <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>Modul:</syntaxhighlight> <code>Bananas</code>'''<code>/testcases</code>'''.<br /> They are executed on [[Pembicaraan Modul:Bananas/testcases]] with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>{{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>run</code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>}}</syntaxhighlight>. Dina kaca pamaké anjeun: <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line highlight=1 copy> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote> {{#invoke:Bananas/testcases|run}} </blockquote> Each test method must begin with <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>'''<code>test_</code>'''. An example from [[Modul:Bananas/testcases]] is below. <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=4 copy> --[[Modul:Bananas/testcases]]-- local p = require('Modul:ScribuntoUnit').new() local modCau = require('Modul:Bananas') -- Didatangan kaca obrolan pikeun ngajalankeun tés. function p:test_halo() -- Tés unit pikeun [[Modul:Bananas]]. self:assertEquals('Hello, world!', modCau.hello()) end return p </syntaxhighlight> [[Modul:ScribuntoUnit]] originates from Hungarian Wikipedia.<br /> It throws real errors that are trapped using protected calls. It also has a method to compare floats within a given precision. Pikeun daptar sakabéh modul nu ngagunakeun tés unit, tingali [[Husus:NumbuKaDieu/Modul:ScribuntoUnit|nu dipaké]]. == Wikipedia-specific features == Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:}}</nowiki></code> and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see [[mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Differences from standard Lua]]). === Lua input limitations === Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by ''page editing'' - it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does ''not'' include graphics files (not even [[Wikipedia:SVG help|.SVG]] files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a [[Help:Category|category]], nor the contents of [[Wikipedia:Transclusion#Special pages|non-transcludeable]] [[Help:Special|special pages]]. === Wikitext === Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>"UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU"</syntaxhighlight> which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively. <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line highlight=1 copy> print(string.reverse("UNIQ")) -- Urutan sabalikna tina "UNIQ" nyaéta "QINU" </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> <blockquote><syntaxhighlight lang="lua" line start=2> QINU </syntaxhighlight></blockquote> Wikilinks of the type <code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>|</nowiki></code>'''<code><nowiki>]]</nowiki></code> won't work if returned as output - they need to be written explicitly as <syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>[[Wikipedia:Pitulung|</syntaxhighlight>'''<code><nowiki>Pitulung</nowiki></code>'''<syntaxhighlight lang="lua" inline>]]</syntaxhighlight>. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing <code>~~<nowiki/>~~</code> with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a <code><nowiki>{{...}}</nowiki></code>) will not be processed, nor will tags such as {{tag|ref|o}} or {{tag|nowiki|o}}. == Labeling converted templates == {{lua|Module:Bananas}} Please place the {{tl|lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions. {{clear}} == See also == * [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Modul:]] daptar modul Lua * [[:Kategori:Lua-based templates]] &ndash; l-groups ta templates based kan Lua ; English Wikipedia-specific resources * [[:mw:Manual:Coding conventions/Lua]] &ndash; standards to improve the readability of code through consistency * [[:en:Help:Lua debugging]] &ndash; a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules * [[:en:Module:Sandbox]] provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules * [[:en:Wikipedia talk:Lua]] &ndash; requests for Lua-based templates or tasks == Notes == {{reflist}} {{WikiProject Lua/header}} [[Category:Wikipedia modules]] 34yuttocijeewchduecztx0p7kfek9l 0 54456 712221 711424 2026-08-24T01:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorsport championship | name = Balap motor Grand Prix | logo = Moto Gp logo.svg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Logo resmi MotoGP | category = [[Balap motor]] | region = [[Internasional]] | inaugural2 = [[1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1949]] | section1 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya MotoGP | constructors = [[Aprilia]], [[Ducati]], [[Honda]], [[KTM]], [[Suzuki]], [[Yamaha]] | tyres = [[Michelin]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] | constructor = [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] | current_season = Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2017 }} | section2 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2 | constructors = [[Kalex]], [[Suter Racing Technology|Suter]], [[Speed Up]], [[Tech 3]], [[KTM]] | tyres = [[Dunlop tyres|Dunlop]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Johann Zarco]] | constructor = [[Kalex]] | current_season = 2017 Moto2 season }} | section3 = {{Infobox motorsport championship|child=yes | name = Kajuaraan Dunya Moto3 | constructors = [[KTM]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]], [[Honda]], [[Peugeot Motorcycles|Peugeot]] | tyres = [[Dunlop tyres|Dunlop]] | champion rider = 2016 {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Brad Binder]] | constructor = [[KTM]] | current_season = 2017 Moto3 season }} | website = {{URL|http://www.motogp.com}} }} [[File:MotoGP final race.jpg|thumb|Balap motor Grand Prix]] '''Kajuaraan dunya balap motor Grand Prix''' mimiti diayakeun ku ''[[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]] ''(FIM) taun 1949.<ref name="sajarah"/> Harita sacara tradisional geus dilaksanakeun sababaraha balapan di masing-masing acara pikeun sagala rupa kelas motor, dumasar kapasitas mesin, sarta kelas pikeun ''sidecars'' (motor gandéngan nu ditapelkeun digigir).<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas-kelas nu aya harita nyaéta 50 cc, 125 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, sarta 500 cc pikeun motor nu ditumpakan ku sorangan, sarta 350 cc jeung 500 cc pikeun motor ''sidecars''.<ref name="sajarah"/> Taun 1950-an sarta sapanjang taun 1960-an, motor mesin 4 Tak pinunjul di sakuliah kelas.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina panungtungan taun 1960-an, motor mesin 2 mimiti pinunjul di kelas-kelas leutik.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1970-an motor mesin 2 Tak bener-bener nyingkahkeun mesin-mesin 4 Tak.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1979, [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngusahakeun mesin 4 Tak di kelas utama kalayan nurunkeun motor NR500, tapi proyék ieu gagal, sarta dina taun 1983 [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngahontal kameunangan kalayan motor 500 cc 2 Tak.<ref name="sajarah"/> Dina taun 1983, kelas 350 cc pamustunganna dieureunkeun.<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas 50 cc diganti ku kelas 80 cc dina taun 1984, antukna kelas nu mindeng didominasi ku purah balap ti [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Italia]] dieureunkeun taun 1990.<ref name="sajarah"/> Kelas ''sidecars'' ogé dieureunkeun tina kajuaraan dunya taun 1990-an, nu aya tinggal kelas 125 cc, 250 cc, sarta kelas 500 cc.<ref name="sajarah">{{cite news |title=Sejarah MotoGP |publisher=racemotogp.com |url=http://racemotogp.com/paddock/sejarah-motogp/ |accessdate=22 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718220727/http://racemotogp.com/paddock/sejarah-motogp/ |date=2017-07-18 }}</ref> ==Pedaran== Motor Grand Prix nyaéta mesin balap nu dijieun husus sarta teu dijual pikeun dibeuli ku masyarakat umum sarta teu meunang dipaké di jalan umum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ieu béda kalayan sababaraha kategori balap dumasar produksi, saperti [[Superbike World Championship|Superbike]] sarta [[Isle of Man TT Races]] nu ngaluarkeun motor vérsi modifikasi nu dijual atawa sadia pikeun umum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Kiwari kajuaraan dibagi kana tilu kelas : MotoGP, Moto2 sarta Moto3.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Sakabéh kelas ngagunakeun mesin 4 Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Taun 2010 kelas 250cc diganti ku kelas Moto2 600&nbsp;cc mesin 4 tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> taun 2012 kelas 125cc diganti ku kelas Moto3 250cc mesin 4 tak kalayan wates beurat 65&nbsp;kg kalayan béngsin, sarta kapasitas mesin pikeun MotoGP dironjatkeun tina 800&nbsp;cc ka 1.000&nbsp;cc.<ref name="GradPrix">{{cite news|title=MotoGP|publisher=sportcentral.es|url=http://sportcentral.es/motogp|accessdate=22 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031023302/http://sportcentral.es/motogp/ |date=2016-10-31 }}</ref> Kajuaraan dunya balap motor Grand Prix [[FIM]] mimiti diorganisir ku ''[[''Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme''|Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme]]'' taun 1949.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Hak komérsial kiwari dipibanda ku [[Dorna Sports]], kalayan [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] minangka badan sanksi olahraga.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Tim-tim diwakilan ku ''International Road Racing Teams Association'' (IRTA) sarta produsén ku ''Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association'' (MSMA).<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aturan sarta parobahan tetekon diputuskeun antara opat éntitas, kalayan [[Dorna Sports|Dorna]] ngalakukeun ngumpulkeun sora sacara ''[[tie-breaking]]''.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina kasus modifikasi téknis, MSMA wenang sacara sapihak ngalakukeun atawa ngavéto parobahan kalayan sora buleud di antara para anggotanna.<ref name="organization">{{cite news |last=Noyes |first=Dennis |title=MOTOGP: Dorna CEO Advocates Limits on Electronics in MotoGP |publisher=SPEEDTV.com |date=2007-12-21 |url=http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |accessdate=2008-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506131015/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |archivedate=2008-05-06 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506131015/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp_dorna_ceo_advocates_limits_on_electronics_in_motogp/P2/ |date=2008-05-06 }}</ref> Kaopat éntitas ieu ngawangun Komisi Grand Prix.<ref name="GradPrix"/> [[File:2006YamahaYZR-M1-001.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Motor Yamaha YZR-M1 MotoGP (2006)]] Balap motor Grand Prix kelas utama geus robah sacara dramatis dina sababraha taun panungtung.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ti tengah-tengan taun 1970 nepi ka taun 2001, kelas utama balap motor Grand Prix ngarobah mesin 500 cc kalayan maksimal opat séher, teu paduli naha mesin éta [[two-stroke cycle|2-Tak]] atawa [[four-stroke cycle|4- Tak]].<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2002, parobahan tetekon diwanohkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aturan kasebut ngidinan produsén milih antara mesin 2-Tak 500 cc atawa mesin 4-Tak ti 990 cc.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Pabrikan ogé diidinan pikeun ngagunakeun pilihan [[engine configuration|konfigurasi mesin]] maranéhna.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Sanajan waragad ngaronjat badag dina ngawangun mesin 4-Tak, lantaran kaleuwihan kapasitas 490cc.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Mesin 4-Tak bisa gancang pinunjul ti saingan 2-Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Akibatna, taun 2003 euweuh mesin 2-Tak dina balapan MotoGP.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Kelas 125 cc jeung 250 cc masih maké mesin 2-Tak.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2007, kelas MotoGP kapasitas mesin maksimum dikurangan jadi 800 cc salila minimal lima taun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Pikeun usum 2012 kapasitasna geus ngaronjat deu jadi 1.000 cc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/motorbikes/8409225.stm|title=MotoGP increases engine size to 1,000&nbsp;cc in 2012|date=10 January 2010|publisher=''[[BBC Sport]]''}}</ref> [[File:Motogp-kal.png|thumb|Usum MotoGP nu has]] Kalender balap taun 2008 ngawengku 18 rintakan di 15 nagara nu béda (Qatar, Spanyol nu ngayakeun tilu rintakan, Portugal, China, Prancis, Itali, Britania Raya, Walanda, Jérman, Amérika dua rintakan, Républik Céko, San Marino, Jepang, Australia sarta Malaysia).<ref name="GradPrix"/> Eksklusif pikeun kelas MotoGP, aya ogé rintakan Amérika di [[Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca]] di [[Monterey, California]], pikeun kelas 800&nbsp;cc wungkul; ku sabab ''paddock'' teu cukup gedé pikeun dua kelas lianna.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Dina taun 2008, MotoGP diayakeun di [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] nu munggaran dina jalur nu anyar disiapkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Katilu kelas kasebut dijadwalkeun balap tapi angin tarik sarta hujan antukna kelas 250 cc teu jadi balap.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Balapan MotoGP di Indianapolis ngalawan arah jarum jam, kalayan "''snake pit''" kompléks ngaliwatan garis ''start-finish'' saancan ka péngkolan hiji jalur pondok sarta asup bagéan tengah sirkuit.<ref name="GradPrix"/> ''Grid'' ngawengku tilu kolom (Opat pikeun kelas 125&nbsp;cc sarta kelas 250&nbsp;cc) sarta bisa asup sakitar 20 urang purah balap.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Posisi ''grid'' diputuskeun dina urutan kualifikasi kacepatan, kalayan nu panggancangna di posisi [[Pole position|pole]] atwa posisi kahiji.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Balapan lumangsung kira-kira 45 menit, setiap balapan mangrupa pagancang-gancang ti awal nepi ka ahir tanpa ngadu bahan beuleum atawa gilinding.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Taun 2005, tetekon bandéra pikeun MotoGP diwanohkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Saméméhna, lamun mimiti balapan garing terus turun hujan, patugas ngébérkeun bandéra beurem (balapan eureun) sarta diteruskeun atawa dibalikan deui maké gilinding husus baseuh.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ayeuna, nalika hujan turun, bandera bodas dikébérkeun, nandakeun yén purah balap bisa asup ''pit'' pikeun ngaganti motor nu béda gilindingna <ref>{{cite news |title=Barros Dominates Rain-Hit Contest in Portugal |publisher=world.honda.com|date=17 April 2005|url=http://world.honda.com/WGP/2005/02portugal/race/|accessdate=23 Juni 2017}}</ref> Sagédkngeun béda gilinding, motor cuaca baseuh mibanda rém rotor waja sarta ''[[brake pads]]'' nu béda tibatan rém karbon sarta pedal nu digunakeun dina motor 'garing'.<ref name="GradPrix"/> ku sabab rém karbon kudu kaayan panas supaya pungsina hadé, sedengkeun cai ngalantarankeun tiis.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Suspénsi ogé 'ngahipuan' rada naék ku sabab cuaca baseuh.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Nalika purah balap kacilakaan, patugas sirkuit ngébérkeun bandéra konéng, ngalarang ngaliwat ka daérah éta; bandéra konéng dikébérkeun.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Mun purah balap nu cilaka teu bisa diévakuasi kalayan salamet ti lintasan, balapan ditandaan kalayan bandéra beureum.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Aya dua jenis kacilakaan balap motor : [[lowsider|lowside]], kalayan purah balap awalna nuturkeun motorna (labuh bareng jeung motor), sarta nu leuwih bahaya [[highsider|highside]], kalayan purah balap nu ngacleng tina motor.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Ngaronjatkeun ngagunakeun [[traction control system|kontrol traksi]] ngurangan kacilakaan ''highside''.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Hiji motor tingkat pangluhurna pikeun purah balap kira-kira méakeun waragad 3 nepi 3,5 juta dollar pikeun hiji usum balap.<ref>[http://www.sportbikes.net/forums/general-sportbikes/434433-idiots-guide-motogp-part-ii.html ''THE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO MOTOGP: How to increase costs and decrease speed (Part II)''] sportbikes.net Moto GP News 3 January 2006.</ref> Minangka alatan [[Global financial crisis of 2008–2009|krisi finansial 2008–2009]], MotoGP geus ngalaman parobahan dina usaha ngurangan waragad.<ref name="GradPrix"/> Di antarana ngurangan sési latihan poé Juma'ah, ngalarang suspénsi aktif, kontrol sarta rém karamik komposit, manjangkeun umur mesin, sarta ngurangan sési pangujian.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIM announce changes to 2009 regulations |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2009-02-18 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announce+changes+to+2009+regulations+0 |accessdate=23 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908150013/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2009/FIM+announce+changes+to+2009+regulations+0 |date=2012-09-08 }}</ref> ==Purah balap== Purah balap nguriling dunya pikeun balapan dina séri Kajuaraan Dunya FIM taunan.<ref name = "purahbalap"/>   Kajuaraan ieu loba pamilonna ti [[Italia]] jeung [[Spanyol]], loba purah balap nu pinunjul ti nagara ieu di awal abad ka-21.<ref name = "purahbalap"/> Pikeun usum balapan taun 2011, 25 purah balap ti delapan nagara milu balap di kajuaraan kelas utama.<ref name = "purahbalap">{{cite web|title=MotoGP World Championships Upcoming Events of 2017|url=http://vipsuperbiker.com/motogp-world-championships-upcoming-events-of-2017/|publisher=vipsuperbiker.com|accessdate=26 Juni 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Juara=== Hadiah Kajuaraan Dunya dibikeun ka purah balap paling suksés dina hiji usum, saperti nu ditangtukeun ku sistim peunteun dumasar hasil Grand Prix.<ref name = "juara"/> Juara Dunya satiap kategori wajib pikeun milu upacara resmi FIM.<ref name = "juara">{{cite web|title=MotoGP Reglement 2016|url=http://www.motorsport-total.com/motorrad/MotoGP-Reglement-2016.pdf|publisher=motorsport-total.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Giacomo Agostini]] nyaéta juara paling suksés dina sajarah Grand Prix, kalayan 15 gelar (8 di kelas 500&nbsp;cc sarta 7 di kelas 350&nbsp;cc).<ref name = "Agostini">{{cite web|title=Giacomo Agostini|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Giacomo+Agostini|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316213403/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Giacomo+Agostini |date=2015-03-16 }}</ref> [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]], nu meunang 12 tina 15 (80%) balapan 500&nbsp;cc di [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|Usum Balap motor Grand Prix 1997]] ogé pantes diajénan.<ref name = "Doohan">{{cite web|title=Mick Doohan|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mick+Doohan|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025022347/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mick+Doohan |date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> [[Valentino Rossi]] mangrupa purah balap kontémporér nu paling suksés, geus meunang salapan gelar kaasup genep gelar Moto GP, di kelas 500&nbsp;cc, 250&nbsp;cc jeung 125&nbsp;cc.<ref>{{cite web|last=MotoGP|title=Valentino Rossi|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Valentino+Rossi|work=MotoGP Rider Profiles|publisher=Dorna Sports S.L.|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074112/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Valentino+Rossi |date=2013-05-01 }}</ref> Juara purah balap ayeuna ([[2016 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2016]]) nyaéta [[Marc Márquez]].<ref name = "Marquez">{{cite web|title=Marc Marquez|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez|publisher=motogp.com|accessdate=28 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014159/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2012-05-04 }}</ref> ==Sirkuit MotoGP== [[File:MotoGP world map.png|thumb|300px|Peta MotoGP. Nagara-nagara nu ditandaan kalayan kelir héjo jadi tuan rumah grand prix panungtung, maranéhna nu beureum geus jadi tuan rumah MotoGP mangsa kaliwat.]] Usum balap [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2017|MotoGP 2017]] ngawengku 18 balapan di sirkuit di 15 nagara nu béda ([[Spanyol]] opat kali rintakan ngayakeun balapan).<ref name=prov2015>{{cite news|title=2015 provisional MotoGP™ calendar announced|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/2015+provisional+MotoGP+calendar+announced|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=26 September 2014|work=motogp.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008015819/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/2015+provisional+MotoGP+calendar+announced |date=8 October 2014 }}</ref> *{{QAT}}, [[Doha]], [[Losail International Circuit]] *{{ARG}}, [[Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo]] *{{USA}}, [[Austin]], [[Circuit of the Americas]] *{{SPA}}, [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Circuito de Jerez]] *{{FRA}}, [[Le Mans]], [[Circuit Bugatti]] *{{ITA}}, [[Scarperia]], [[Mugello Circuit]] *{{SPA}}, [[Montmelo]], [[Circuit de Catalunya]] *{{NLD}}, [[Assen]], [[TT Circuit Assen]] *{{GER}}, [[Chemnitz]], [[Sachsenring]] *{{AUT}}, [[Spielberg]], [[Red Bull Ring]] *{{CZE}}, [[Brno]], [[Masaryk Circuit]] *{{UK}}, [[Silverstone]], [[Silverstone Circuit]] *{{SMR}}, [[Rimini]], [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli]] *{{SPA}}, [[Alcañiz]], [[Ciudad del Motor de Aragón|Motorland Aragon]] *{{JPN}}, [[Motegi, Tochigi|Motegi]], [[Twin Ring Motegi]] *{{AUS}}, [[Phillip Island]], [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit]] *{{MAS}}, [[Sepang]], [[Sepang Circuit]] *{{SPA}}, [[Valencia]], [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo]] ==Spésifikasi== ===Kelas MotoGP=== [[File:Casey Stoner 2011 Brno 1.jpg|thumb|[[Casey Stoner]] di MotoGP [[Brno]]]] Kacepatan pangtarikna pikeun motor MotoGP dina kategori 125 cc nyaéta 249,76&nbsp;km / jam (155,19&nbsp;mph) ku Valentino Rossi taun 1996 pikeun Aprilia sarta kacepatan pangtarikna dina sajarah MotoGP nyaéta 368.6 km/h, ku Jorge Martin, nalika FP2 Grand Prix Mugello 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2015/QAT/MotoGP/RAC/AverageSpeed.pdf?v1_9b1c9216| title=Race Top Speed & Average|date=2015-03-29|work=MotoGP.com |accessdate=2014-06-02}}</ref> Tanggal 11 December, 2009, Komisi Grand Prix ngabéwarakeun yén kelas MotoGP baris dironjatkeun jadi mesin 1.000 cc mimiti usum 2012. Maksimum diwates nepi ka 1.000 cc, séher maksimum diwates nepi ka opat, sarta ''bore'' maksimum nepi ka {{convert|81|mm|abbr=in}}.<ref name="1000again">{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/1/5275/Motorcycle-Article/MotoGP-Goes-Back-to-1,000&nbsp;cc-in-2012.aspx |title=MotoGP Goes Back to 1,000 cc in 2012 |publisher=Motorcycle-usa.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-27 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Carmelo Ezpeleta, Céo [[Dorna Sports]], nunjukkeun yén parobahan nu diproyéksikeun ditarima ku tim kalayan hadé.<ref>[http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-rossi-quickest-as-sepang-test-concludes//P3/ " MOTOGP: Rossi Quickest As Sepang Test Concludes,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731152118/http://moto-racing.speedtv.com/article/motogp-rossi-quickest-as-sepang-test-concludes/P3 |date=2010-07-31 }} ''[[SPEEDtv.com]]'' (2010).</ref> Ti taun 2012, tim-tim nu teu asup salah sahiji produsén gedé bisa néangan status "''claiming rule team''" (CRT).<ref name = "CRT"/> CRT dimaksudkeun supaya tim independén bisa saingan kalayan waragad leuwih murah sarta nambah jumlah pamilon di MotoGP.<ref name = "CRT"/> CRT diuntungkeun tina paraturan nu kurang ketat ngunaan jumlah mesin nu bisa digunakeun dina hiji usum, sarta kalayan tunjangan bahan beuleum nu leuwih gedé salila balapan.<ref name = "CRT"/> Kalayan paraturan klaim, CRT satuju pikeun ngidinan nepi ka opat mesin per usum pikeun diklaim, sanggaeus balapan, ku salah sahiji tim produsén utama kalayan waragad masing-masing gedéna €20,000 kaasup persenéleng, atawa masing-masing €15,000 pikeun mesin wungkul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Cecchinelli+on+2012+CRTs|title=Corrado Cecchinelli talks CRT regulations|date=2011-05-03|work=MotoGP.com|accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627114515/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Cecchinelli+on+2012+CRTs |date=2013-06-27 }}</ref> Ti usum taun 2014, kelas CRT diturunkeun demi spésifikasi "''Open Class''" - ngidinan tim ngagunakeun pakakas kontrol ECU sarta pikeun ngaronjatkeun daya saing maranéhna.<ref name = "CRT">[http://motomatters.com/news/2013/10/17/motogp_rules_update_crt_name_dropped_rep.html MotoGP Rules Update: 'CRT' Name Dropped, Replaced With 'Open'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217064715/http://motomatters.com/news/2013/10/17/motogp_rules_update_crt_name_dropped_rep.html |date=2014-12-17 }} Motomatters, 17 October 2013 Retrieved 2014-12-17</ref> ===Kelas Moto2=== Moto2 (dipikawanoh ogé kelas 600cc class) nyaéta kelas 600&nbsp;cc 4-Tak, [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season#Moto2 introduction|diluncurkeun taun 2010]] pikeun ngagantikeun kelas tradisional 250&nbsp;cc 2-Tak.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Mesin dipasok sacara éksklusif ku Honda,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://motomatters.com/news/2010/02/24/honda_moto2_engines_to_produce_125_bhp.html| title=Honda Moto2 Engines To Produce 125 BHP| publisher=motomatters.com| accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164746/https://motomatters.com/news/2010/02/24/honda_moto2_engines_to_produce_125_bhp.html |date=2017-07-18 }}</ref> gilinding ku [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]] sarta éléktronik kawates sarta ngan dipasok ku produsén nu ditunjuk ku FIM kalayan waragad maksimum nu ditetepkeun gedéna 650 EUR. Rém cakram karbon dilarang, ngan cakram rém waja nu diidinan.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Sanajan kitu, euweuh watesan pikeun rangka.<ref name = "Mot2600"/> Ti taun 2010 jeung saterusna, ngan mesin 600&nbsp;cc 4-T Moto2 nu diidinan.<ref name = "Mot2600" >{{cite news | url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2008/december/dec1108-moto2-600cc-rules-unveiled/ | title=Moto2 600cc four-stroke rules unveiled | publisher =motorcyclenews.com|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> ===Kelas Moto3=== Kelas 125&nbsp;cc diganti taun [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season#Class changes|2012]] ku kelad Moto3.<ref name = "motot3"/> Kelas ieu diwatesan pikeun mesin opat seher kapasitas 250 cc kalayan ''bore'' maksimum {{convert|81|mm|abbr=in}}.<ref name = "motot3"/> Beurat total minimum pikeun motor sarta purah balap nyaéta {{convert|152|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "motot3"/> Purah balap kelas Moto3 teu meunang leuwih kolot ti 28 taun, atawa 25 taun pikeun purah balap anyar kontrak nu mimiti ngiluan sarta ''wild-cards''.<ref name = "motot3">{{cite web|url=https://www.srm-sachsenring.de/en/motogp-en/what-is-motogp|title=What is MotoGP|work=srm-sachsenring.de|accessdate=2014-06-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502034337/http://www.srm-sachsenring.de/en/motogp-en/what-is-motogp |date=2016-05-02 }}</ref> ===Spésifikasi mesin=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Spésifikasi !! MotoGP !! Moto2 !! Moto3 |- | {{rh}} | Pabrik || Rupa-rupa || [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] || Rupa-rupa |- | {{rh}} | Konfigurasi || 75.5°-90° [[V4 engine|V4]]/[[Inline-four engine|Sagaris-opat]] || sagaris-opat || [[Single-cylinder engine|sa-séher]] |- | {{rh}} | Kapasitas || {{convert|1000|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|600|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|250|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Kombusi || colspan="3" | [[Four-stroke]] (ti taun 2012) |- | {{rh}} | Kelép || colspan="3" | [[Overhead camshaft|DOHC]], opat-kelép per séher |- | {{rh}} | Bahan beuleum || Tanpa timbal 100 [[Octane rating|octane]] (euweuh kontrol) || colspan="2" | [[Total S.A.|Total]] tanpa timbal 98 [[Octane rating|octane]] (saprak 2016) |- | {{rh}} | Sistim bahan beuleum || colspan="3" | [[Fuel injection|Bahan beuleum injéksi]] |- | {{rh}} | Aspirasi || colspan="3" | [[Naturally aspirated engine|Natural aspiration]] |- | {{rh}} | tanaga || {{convert|240|bhp|abbr=on}} || > {{convert|140|bhp|abbr=on}} || > {{convert|55|bhp|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Rasio Tanaga-ka-beurat || 1.51&nbsp;bhp/kg || ~1&nbsp;bhp/kg <ref name="Sports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Bikes|title=Inside MotoGP™ · Bikes|last=Sports|first=Dorna|website=www.motogp.com|access-date=2016-04-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408201403/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Bikes |date=2016-04-08 }}</ref> || ~0.6&nbsp;bhp/kg <ref name="Sports"/> |- | {{rh}} | Palumasan || colspan="3" | [[Wet sump]] |- | {{rh}} | Wates Rev || colspan="2" | 17,500 - 18,000 rpm || 14,000 rpm |- | {{rh}} | Kacepatan || {{convert|361|kph|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} || {{convert|280|km/h|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|231|kph|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} |- | {{rh}} | Paniis || colspan="3" | Kompa cai tunggal |- | {{rh}} | Busi || colspan="3" | [[NGK]] |- |} ===Beurat=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:450px;" |+ Beurat minimum - Kelas MotoGP |- !Jumlah séher !2002 minimum !2007 minimum !2010 minimum |- !2 |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|137|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !3 |{{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|140.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|142.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !4 |{{convert|145|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|148|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !5 |{{convert|145|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|155.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|157.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |- !6 |{{convert|155|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|163|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |{{convert|165|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |} * Dina taun 2005, kapasitas [[fuel tank|téngki bahan beuleum]] dironjatkeun ti 20 léter ka 24 léter.<ref name = "tengki"/> * Dina taun 2006, kapasitas tengki bahan beuleum dikurangan saeutik ti 24 léter ka 22 léter.<ref name = "tengki"/> * Ti taun 2007 jeung saterusna, sarta pikeun jangka waktu minimal lima taun, FIM geus ngatur kelas MotoGP yén mesin 2-T geus teu diidinan.<ref name = "tengki"/> Kapasitas bahan beuleum maksimal jadi 21 léter.<ref name = "tengki" >{{cite news | url=http://www.bikesportnews.com/news/news-detail/motogp-fuel-limit-set-at-22-litres-for-2016| title=MotoGP fuel limit set at 22 litres for 2016 | publisher =bikesportnews.com|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> *Ti taun 2007 ka taun 2011, mesin 4-Tak diwates nepi ka 800&nbsp;cc <ref name = "800cc" >{{cite news| url=http://www.sportrider.com/tags/motogp| title=MotoGP| publisher=sportrider.com| accessdate=30 Juni 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727160148/http://www.sportrider.com/tags/motogp |date=2017-07-27 }}</ref> *Dina taun 2012 kapasitas mesin dironjatkeun jadi 1000cc<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP Basics|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/MotoGP+Basics/engines}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202190339/http://www.motogp.com/en/MotoGP+Basics/engines |date=2013-02-02 }}</ref> *Pikeun usum taun 2013 minimum beurat dironjatkeun ka {{convert|160|kg|lb|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/176551/1/why-the-motogp-weight-limit-changed.html| title=How the MotoGP weight increase happened| publisher =crash.net|accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 }}</ref> *Pikeun usum taun 2015 minimum beurat diturunkeun ka {{convert|158|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=MotoGP™ software development freeze for mid-2015|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/09/14/motogp-software-development-freeze-for-mid-2015/165095}}</ref> ==Gilinding== Pikeun taun 2009, 2010 sarta 2011, panyadia gilinding Bridgestone ditunjuk ku FIM (kalayan Michelin teu nyadiaan gilinding pikeun MotoGP).<ref name = gilinding/> Bridgestone nyadiakeun pikeun sakabéh usum opat spesifikasi nu béda ti gilinding hareup, genep gilinding tukang, sarta hiji spésifikasi gilinding baseuh—kalayan tanpa spésifikasi kualifikasi.<ref name = gilinding/> Pikeun satiap rintakan Bridgestone disadiakeun ngan dua spésifikasi pikeun hareup jeung tukang.<ref name = gilinding/> Gilinding sacara acak dibagikeun ka purah balap pikeun ngajamin teu mihak ka salah sahiji purah balap.<ref name = gilinding >{{cite web |url=http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |title=Bridgestone: How MotoGP Spec Tyres Will Work |accessdate=30 Juni 2017 |date=February 4, 2009 |publisher=SuperbikePlanet.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011024/http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |archivedate=February 7, 2009 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011024/http://superbikeplanet.com/2009/Feb/090204a.htm |date=February 7, 2009 }}</ref> Jorge Lorenzo ngarojong tetekon mono gilinding.<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/MotoGP/2009/December/dec2809-Jorge-Lorenzo-satisfied-with-single-tyre-rule/?R=EPI-120980 ''Jorge Lorenzo satisfied with single tyre rule''] motorcyclenews</ref> Dina panungtung usum taun 2015, Bridgestone  ngundurkeun diri minangka panyadia gilinding resmi ka MotoGP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/01/bridgestone-to-withdraw-from-motogp-after-the-2015-season/163974 | title = Bridgestone to withdraw from MotoGP™ after the 2015 season | accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}}</ref> Nurutkeun tender formal, produsen gilinding Perancis [[Michelin]] jadi panyadia resmi pikeun usum 2016, sarta pangujian di Aragon dimimitian sanggeus ahir usum 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/23/michelin-to-become-motogp-official-tyre-supplier/164181 | title = Michelin to become MotoGP™ Official Tyre supplier | accessdate = 30 Juni 2017 | publisher = MotoGP.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321011736/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/05/23/michelin-to-become-motogp-official-tyre-supplier/164181 |date=2016-03-21 }}</ref> ==Sistim peunteun== {| class="wikitable" |+ Sistim peunteun kiwari <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points| title = Michelin to become MotoGP™ Official Tyre supplier| accessdate = 30 Juni 2017| publisher = MotoGP.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709093528/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/Points |date=2017-07-09 }}</ref> ! Posisi ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 |- ! Peunteun | 25 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |} * ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.motogp.com}} Balap motor Grand Prix {{MotoGP}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{Grand Prix motorcycle racing}} {{Main world championships}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing}} [[Kategori:Balap motor Grand Prix]] [[Kategori:Fédération International Motorcycle]] riltgu4egoz4inqz01z6sjljht26auc 0 73289 712230 680989 2026-08-24T05:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isyana Sarasvati''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]]|2|05|1979}}) nyaéta hiji panyanyi ogé panulis lagu, kabangsaan [[Indonésia]]. Isyana nyaéta lulusan ti Nanyang Akademi Fine Arts, [[Singapura]] jeung Royal College of Music, [[Britania|Britania Raya]].<ref name="jawapos.com">[http://www.jawapos.com/baca/artikel/10275/Isyana-Sarasvati-Bersinar-karena-Bakat-Musik Isyana Sarasvati, Bersinar karena Bakat Musik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803040253/http://www.jawapos.com/baca/artikel/10275/Isyana-Sarasvati-Bersinar-karena-Bakat-Musik |date=2015-08-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.galamedianews.com/artis/5952/isyana-sarasvati-totally-untuk-musik.html Isyana Sarasvati, Totally untuk Musik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131853/http://www.galamedianews.com/artis/5952/isyana-sarasvati-totally-untuk-musik.html |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> Isyana nulis sadaya laguna<ref>[http://www.tabloidbintang.com/articles/film-tv-musik/kabar/14713-pendatang-baru-isyana-sarasvati-menulis-semua-lagu-di-album-perdananya Pendatang Baru Isyana Sarasvati Menulis Semua Lagu di Album Perdananya]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> maneha ogé kungsi janten panyanyi opera di [[Singapura]].<ref>[http://www.singaporeopera.com.sg/profiles/isyana-sarasvati.html Isyana Sarasvati - Singapore Lyric Opera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318021034/http://www.singaporeopera.com.sg/profiles/isyana-sarasvati.html |date=2015-03-18 }}</ref><ref>[http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/2146770/isyana-sarasvati-mariah-carey-dari-indonesia Isyana Sarasvati, 'Mariah Carey' dari Indonesia]</ref> [[Gambar:Isyana Sarasvati, Pakuwon Mall, West Surabaya.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Isyana Sarasvati]] Wanci Isyana tos yuswaan 3 warsih, manéhna sarta kulawargana cicing di Bélgia sabab di ditu bapana keur nyakola strata tilu pikeun gelar doktor sarta indungna meunang béasiswa atikan. Di Bélgia, Isyana sarta kulawargi nyicingan di ditu salila 5 warsih. Nincak yuswaan 7 warsih bakat musik Isyana geus mimiti katémbong. Manéhna bisa nyiptakeun tembang sorangan sarta indungna anu saurang guru musik ngabingbing Isyana kanggo ngasah bakat musikna. Jabi ngabogaan soanten anu halimpu, saprak leutik Isyana geus bisa meulinkeun sagala rupa pakakas musik sepertos piano, flute sarta sexofone. Ku sabab saprak leutik manéhna cicing di Eropa, wanci balik ka Indonésia Isyana hésé ngomong ku Basa Indonesia sarta ceuk manéhna langkung gampil nalika Belanda. Saprak leutik kahayang Isyana barobah kaayaan pikeun jadi saurang komposer sarta konduktor orkéstra. Dina wanci tos yuswaan 10 warsih, Isyana geus nembang ciptaan sorangan di hareupeun babaturana wanci mepeling dinten Indung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kepogaul.com/seleb/biodata-isyana-sarasvati/|title=Profil & Biodata Isyana Sarasvati|website=KepoGaul|language=id|accessdate=2023-05-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529085214/https://www.kepogaul.com/seleb/biodata-isyana-sarasvati/ |date=2023-05-29 }}</ref> Bakat bermusik Isyana beuki kaasah basa manehna diuk di bangku SMP, manéhna kungsi kajabi minangka jawara kahiji elektone se-Indonésia. Sajaba ti éta kalawan umur anu kalintang kénéh anom manéhna geus maju di féstival musik Java Jazz. Henteu ngan boga jiwa seni anu luhur, Isyana ogé boga jiwa kapamingpinan. Isyana gaus robah kaayaan pupuhu OSIS wanci SMP sarta SMA. Wanci SMA, Isyana biasa miluan sagala rupa lomba musik sepertos kejuaraan musik sa-Asia Pasifik di Jepang sarta junun robah kaayaan jawara sarta asup 3 ageung tingkat dunya, sajaba ti éta dina pasanggiri piano sa-Jawa Barat Isyana barobah kaayaan langganan jawara 1 saloba 4 kali. Wanci SMA, Isyana kungsi ngabogaan abot awak ngan 39 kg margi beunang ku panyakit anoréksia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobiografi.com/biografi-dan-profil-lengkap-isyana-sarasvati/|title=Biografi Dan Profil Lengkap Isyana Sarasvati - Penyanyi Muda Berbakat Indonesia|last=Calista|first=Fariza|website=Info Biografi|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-05-29}}</ref> Margi pangabisa bermusik anu dipikaboga ku Isyana, Sony Music Asia Pasific méré kontrak rékaman kalawan persiapan perilisan album di jero sarta jabi nagari. Pikeun migawé album solo manéhna, Isyana indit ka Swédia. Basa taun 2014 Isyana mimiti dipikawanoh wanci tembang Keep Being You piboga manéhna suksés di belantika musik Indonésia, sataun saterusna benerna warsih 2015 Isyana nyieun single duanana dijudulan Tetap Dalam Jiwa sarta sukses deui. Dina warsih 2015, manéhna ogé sempet ulin dina pilem dijudulan Ranah 3 Warna. Kalawan boga rupa geulis sarta soanten anu halimpu Isyana ngabogaan loba penggemar, sarta populer nu matak loba mérek dagang musik ngadeukeutan manéhna nanging manéhna angger aya dina merek dagang Sony Music Asia Pasific.<ref name=":0" /> == Discography == === Album === * ''Explore! '' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/explore/id1050614999?l=id|title=Album Explore! oleh Isyana Sarasvati di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * ''Paradox'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/paradox/id1272134549?l=id|title=Album Paradox oleh Isyana Sarasvati di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> === Tunggal === * "Tetep Keur Anjeun" (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/keep-being-you/id931972310?i=931972316&l=id|title=Album Keep Being You - Single oleh Isyana Sarasvati di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * "Tetep Dina Jiwa" (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/tetap-dalam-jiwa/id974669078?i=974669079&l=id|title=Album Tetap Dalam Jiwa - Single oleh Isyana Sarasvati di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * "Anjeun" (karya. Rayi Putra) (2015) * "Ngimpi" (2016) * "Tanah Airku (OST. "My Trip My Adventure: The Lost Paradise") (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tanah-airku-from-my-trip-my-adventure-the-lost-paradise/id1139214676?i=1139215129|title=Tanah Airku (From "My Trip My Adventure: The Lost Paradise") - Single by Isyana Sarasvati on Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-us|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * "Partéi" (2017) * "The Way I Love You" (2017) * "Anganku Anganmu" (karya. Raisa) (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/anganku-anganmu/id1216742080?i=1216742158&l=id|title=Album Anganku Anganmu - Single oleh Raisa di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * "Sakali Deui" (OST. Kritis Sabelas) (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/sekali-lagi-from-critical-eleven/id1227437159?i=1227437169&l=id|title=Album Sekali Lagi (from "Critical Eleven") - Single oleh Isyana Sarasvati di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * "Fascinated" (karya. Gamaliél) (2017) * "Masih Ngaharepkeun" (OST. Ayat-Ayat Cinta 2) (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/masih-berharap-from-ayat-ayat-cinta-2-single/id1300517647?l=id|title=Album Masih Berharap (From "Ayat Ayat Cinta 2") - Single oleh Isyana Sarasvati di Apple Music|website=itunes.apple.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-11-04}} CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language|link]]) </ref> * "Daun Buku" (2018) * "Sawarga" (karya. [[Afgan]] & Rendy V / C Ratio) (2018) == Atikan == Dina yuswa 16, Isyana narima béasiswa ti pamaréntah Singapura pikeun diajar Musik Kinerja di Nanyang Akademi Fine Arts (NAFA), Singapura. Dina 2013, manéhna nyandak Diploma dina widang Musik Kinerja (2013). Isyana meunang béasiswa pinuh pikeun diajar di NAFA di gawe babarengan jeung Royal College of Music (RCM) di London, dina Bachelor of Music jeung Honours Dibiayaan Gelar Program. Dina taun ka tukang studina, manéhna narima Béasiswa RCM Excellence Award. Dina pangawasan jeung bimbingan guru professional guru, diantawisna nyaéta : Dr. Hiji-Chen Hsing Jessica (2013-2014), Lim Yau (2013-2014), Lim Shieh Yih (2012), Joyce Khoo (2010-2012), Avip Priatna ( 2009-2010), Luana Marpanda (ngajarkeun Electone) jeung Paul H. Yoedianto (1998-2008), == Panghargaan == * National Finalis Dina Yamaha Kompetisi Piano (2007, 2010) * Jawara Grand Prix Asia Pasific Electone féstival (2008, 2009, 2011) * Dipilih minangka salah sahiji 15 Komposer Electone Dunya nu mucunghul di Yamaha Electone Concours [YEC] di Tokyo, Jepang (2012) * Hakim Tapi Yamaha Electone Concours, Jepang (2012) * Juara 1, 6 Tan Ngiang Kaw/Tan Ngiang Ann Peringatan Vocal Kompetisi, Singapura (2012) * Kapilih dina hiji bursa mahasiswa ka Tainan National University of Arts Tainan, Taiwan (2012) * 1st Tempat, Kategori Panarjamah, Vocal Kompetisi, Lagu Nasional, Puitis Ananda Sukarlan, Indonesia (2013) * Sertipikat emas, nu ka-5 Bangkok Opera Yayasan Nyanyi Kompetisi Bangkok, [[Thailand]] (2013) * NET. Indonésia Pilihan Awards (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hut.netmedia.co.id/nominees|title=Nominasi Indonesian Choice Awards 2015|accessdate=2 Mei 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509102822/http://hut.netmedia.co.id/nominees |date=2015-05-09 }}</ref> * Penyanyi awéwé Taun & Album Taun, NET. Indonésia Pilihan Awards (2016)<ref name="jpnn.com_IniDiaDaftarPem">{{Cite web|title=Ini Dia Daftar Pemenang Indonesian Choice Award - JPNN.com|trans-title=|author=JPNN|work=www.jpnn.com|date=|accessdate={{date|2016-05-30}}|url=http://www.jpnn.com/read/2016/05/30/420873/Ini-Dia-Daftar-Pemenang-Indonesian-Choice-Award-|language=|quote=Solois Isyana Sarasvati berjaya di Indonesian Choice Award 2016. Dia meraih dua penghargaan yakni Female Singer of The Year dan Album of The Year.|archivedate=|archiveurl=|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Filmography == * {{judulfilm|Ranah 3 Warna||2015}} == Tabloid, jeung Majalah == * Impian Nu Unattainable Isyana Sarasvati (Tabloid Wanita Indonesia Édisi Husus 27 Taun, Ti 21 Nepi Ka 27 Januari 2016) == Kontrovérsi == Dina tanggal [[19 Méi]], [[2016]], di hiji wawancara jeung salah sahiji media citak, Tetep nyebutkeun yén manéhna teu wani pikeun balanja online. Pernyataan-na diondang hubbub antara netizens. Sabab Kabéh nu teu dipikanyaho mangrupa salah sahiji brand duta salah sahiji loka balanja online kawentar, Tokopedia. Tetep ieu hastily ngijinkeun pernyataan nya ngaliwatan akun [[twitter]] - na pribadi ku tulisan tweets, "Warta ngeunaan kuring mah balanja online ieu téh bener, lamun teu di India<span> </span>:)".<ref>[http://www.arah.com/article/3682/keceplosan-isyana-sarasvati-di-bully-netizen.html 'Keceplosan' Isyana Sarasvati Dibully Netizen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222233949/http://www.arah.com/article/3682/keceplosan-isyana-sarasvati-di-bully-netizen.html |date=2018-02-22 }} Arah.com, tanggal 20 Mei 2016. Diakses tanggal 20 Mei 2016.</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1993]] [[Kategori:Musisi Indonésia]] f13ep82ip9dk327lebov0uxkwsdn9j7 0 77549 712228 650537 2026-08-24T05:03:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:UN Geneva Human Rights and Alliance of Civilizations Room.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Rohangan pikeun gempungan Déwan Hak Asasi Manusa PBB di [[Jenewa]], [[Swiss]].]] '''Hak asasi manusya''' (sok disingget HAM) nyaéta hak dasar hirup nu dipibanda ku unggal manusya ti saprak gumelar ka alam dunya.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Hak asasi manusya lain dibéré ku [[Nagara]], [[hukum]], atawa [[manusa]] séjén, tapi dipibanda ku manusya sagemblengna nu tayalian ciptaan pangéran numaha kawasa.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Hak asasi manusya sifatna ''universal'', hartina ieu hak henteu kawengku ku [[tempat]], [[waktu]], kitu deui jalma nu tangtu, sarta ieu hak teu meunang dilanggar komo dipisahkeun ku singsaha ogé.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Dina hirup kumbuh sapopoé hak asasi manusya bisa jadi hiji panyalindungan diri pikeun manusya tina martabat kamanusyaana, ogé jadi hiji tatapakan moral pikeun ngawangun hubungan silih asah silih asih sarta silih asuh di antara manusya jeung manusya séjéna.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> Hak asasi manusya mangrupa hiji hak kodrat nu marengan unggal manusa, mibanda sifat (''ipso facto dan ab initio'').<ref name="“Widiada"/> ==Sajarah== Ditempo tina [[étimologis]], Hak asasi manusa diwangun tina tilu [[kecap]], '''hak''', '''asasi''', jeung '''manusa'''.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> Dua kecap nu munggaran, hak sarta asasi asalna tina basa [[Arab]], ari kecap manusa nya tina basa urang kénéh.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> Kecap ''haqq'' dicokot tina akar kecap ''haqqa'', ''yahiqqu'', ''haqqaan'' nu pihartieuna bener, nyata, pasti, tetep, sarta wajib.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> Lamun diucapkeun kecap ''yahiqqu ‘alaika an taf’ala kadza'', pihartieuna : anjeun kudu ngalaksanakeun kawas kieu.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> Kecap ''asasiy'' asalna tina akar kecap ''assa'', ''yaussu'',asasaan nu hartina : ngawangun, ngadegkeun, nunda.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> Bisa ogé hartina asal, asas, ''pangkal'' (puhu), dasar tina sagala rupa.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum"/> ku kituna, asasi mibanda harti sagala rupa nu mibanda sipat dasar tur ''fundamental'' nu salawasna napel kana objekna.<ref name="Majda El-Muhtaj, M.Hum">{{Cite book | title =Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konstitusi Indonesia| first =Majda| last =El-Muhhtaj| publisher =Prenada Media| location =Jakarta| year =2017| ISBN=9786021186657}}</ref> Sajarah HAM dimimitian ti dunya beulah kulon ([[Éropa]]), tayalian saurang [[filosuf]] [[Inggris]] [[John Locke]] dina abad ka-17.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Manéhna nyebutkeun aya hiji kodrat hak [[manusa]] pikeun hirup (''natural rights''), nu mana ieu hak marengan kana diri tiap manusa tayalian : hak hirup, hak milih, sarta hak pikeun bebas.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Numutkeun catetan [[sajarah]], kasang tukang HAM téh ayana kahayang manusa pikeun marjuangkeun diri sangkan diriksa, dihormat, sarta diaku, pikeun nanjeurna harga diri unggal [[manusa]] nujadi tetekon dila lumangngsungna hirup kumbuh manusa sapopoé.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Dina lingkungan Internasional, pamikiran ngeunaan HAM meunang pangrojong ti sakabéh pangeusi [[nagara]], ieu jadi hiji totondén kana ngaronjatna [[sajarah]] hadé dina ''peradaban'' manusa.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Hak asasi manusa geus jadi hiji dasar dina prinsip-prinsip umum nu diaku Hukum Internasional (HI), Kadieunakeun Hukum Internasional ngeunaan HAM ogé hasil tina ''mendekonstruksi'' atawa meureut sifat tradisional tina (HI).<ref name="“Widiada"/> Dina HI tradisional ditétélakeun cenah hiji [[nagara]] mibanda hiji kabébasan pinuh dina ngayakeun tindakan pikeun sakabéh [[warga]] nagarana, [[daérah]] atawa wilayah umum saperti : [[laut]], ''[[Atmosfir|atmosfer]]'', sarta ''luar angkasa''.<ref name="“Widiada"/> Tapi dina hukum HAM Internasional, henteu kitu waé nagara mibanda kakawasaan pinuh, bisa waé ''diintervensi'' umpama hiji nagara kanyahoan ngalakukeun tindakan nu sakama-kama ka pangeusi nagarana, baris nyanghareupan [[hukum]] [[internasional]].<ref name="“Widiada">{{Cite book | title =Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia| first =Widiada| last =Gunakarya| publisher =Penerbit Andi| location =Yogyakarta| year =2017|ISBN=9789792963649}}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} == Baca ogé== {{refbegin|2}} * {{id}} {{cite book|last=Iskandar|first=Pranoto|title=Hukum HAM Internasional: Sebuah Pengantar Kontekstual|publisher=IMR Press|location=Cianjur|year=2012|origyear=2010|edition=2|isbn=9786029648041|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=vH7xe16WSw0C&lpg=PP1&hl=id&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{en}} {{cite book|last1=Alston|first1=Philip|last2=Goodman|first2=Ryan|title=International Human Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|edisi=2|year=2012|isbn=9780199578726|url=https://www.amazon.com/International-Human-Rights-Philip-Alston/dp/0199578729}} * {{en}} {{cite book|last=Fredman|first=Sandra|title=Comparative Human Rights Law|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2018|isbn=9780199689415|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/comparative-human-rights-law-9780199689415}} * {{en}} {{cite book|last=Nowak|first=Manfred|title=U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR commentary|publisher=N.P. Engel|location=[[Kehl]]|year=2005|isbn=3883571342|url=https://books.google.at/books/about/U_N_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Righ.html?id=R-Z4QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y}} * {{en}} {{cite book|last1=Saul|first1=Ben|last2=Kinley|first2=David|last3=Mowbray|first3=Jacqueline|title=The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases, and Materials|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=9780199640300|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199640300.001.0001/law-9780199640300}} * {{en}} {{cite book|last1=Nowak|first1=Manfred|last2=McArthur|first2=Elizabeth|title=The United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2008|isbn=9780199280001|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-united-nations-convention-against-torture-9780199280001?cc=at&lang=en&}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616100853/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-united-nations-convention-against-torture-9780199280001?cc=at&lang=en& |date=2020-06-16 }} * {{en}} {{cite book|last1=Rainey|first1=Bernadette|last2=Wicks|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Ovey|first3=Clare|title=Jacobs, White, and Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights|edition=7|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2017|isbn=9780198767749|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jacobs-white-and-ovey-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-9780198767749?cc=at&lang=en&}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616124902/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jacobs-white-and-ovey-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-9780198767749?cc=at&lang=en& |date=2020-06-16 }} * {{en}} {{cite book|last=Medina Quiroga|first=Cecilia|title=The American Convention on Human Rights: Crucial Rights and Their Theory and Practice|publisher=Intersentia|location=Cambridge|year=2016|edition=2|isbn=9781780683218|url=https://intersentia.com/en/the-american-convention-on-human-rights-2nd-edition.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071555/https://intersentia.com/en/the-american-convention-on-human-rights-2nd-edition.html |date=2019-01-23 }} * {{en}} {{cite book|last=Viljoen|first=Frans|title=International Human Rights Law in Africa|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2012|edition=2|isbn=9780199645596|url=https://www.amazon.com/International-Human-Rights-Law-Africa/dp/0199645590}} {{refend}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Manusa]] [[Kategori:Hukum]] [[Kategori:Élmu sosial]] [[Kategori:Sosiologi]] 5dzskfucexydkulp0o7dqgfwrwvso7q 0 88243 712226 653395 2026-08-24T04:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Endy Arfian''' (dilahirkeun di Jakarta, 22 Mei 2001) hiji [[aktor]] kabangsaan [[Indonésia]] ([[Tionghoa|Jerman]] - [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]]). Endy nyaéta hiji-hijina anak. <span data-ve-ignore="true"></span> == Filmografi == * Opera Gajah (2011) * Brandal-Brandal Ciliwung (2012) * The Perfect House (2011) * Parts Of The Heart (2013) * Air Mata Terakhir Bunda (2013) * Para Pemburu Gajah (2014) * 12:06 Rumah Kucing (2017) * Pengabdi Setan (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hype.idntimes.com/entertainment/erina-wardoyo/profil-endy-arfian-aktor-ganteng-pengabdi-setan|title=Endy Arfian, Aktor Ganteng yang Bersinar Lewat "Pengabdi Setan"|website=hype.idntimes.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043016/https://hype.idntimes.com/entertainment/erina-wardoyo/profil-endy-arfian-aktor-ganteng-pengabdi-setan |date=2017-12-01 }}</ref> * 13: The Haunted (2018) * Sesat (2018) * Ghost writer (2019) == Sinetron == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Taun ! Judul ! Peran ! Produksi |- | 2011-2012 | ''Satria'' | Satria | Tripar Multivision Plus |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 | Buta tina Valley Pocong | | Amanah Surga Productions |- | ''Ji Ung soldadu patukangan Rawit'' | Jiung | Skenario Productions |- | 2014 | ''ABG Janten Manten'' | Azis | rowspan="4" | Amanah Surga Productions |- | 2014-2015 | ''Malaikat Jieun murag asih'' | Surya |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''Hujan'' | Rangga |- | ''Balik Wolf ganteng'' | |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | ''Salam'' | Sandy | Productions DNA |- | ''Nacita'' | Nico | MD Hiburan |- | ''Kasampurnaan Cinta'' | Juno | NET. Hiburan |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Sobatén Sobat'' | Eric | MD Hiburan |- | ''Dear Nathan The Series'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tabloidbintang.com/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/81325/endy-arfian-pengabdi-setan-main-dear-nathan-the-series|title=Endy Arfian Pengabdi Setan Main Dear Nathan The Series|website=tabloidbintang.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708065229/https://m.tabloidbintang.com/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/81325/endy-arfian-pengabdi-setan-main-dear-nathan-the-series |date=2019-07-08 }}</ref> | Bima | Gambar ahérat |} == FTV == * ''Pengorbanan Anak Tiri'' * ''Hidayah Artis Wong Deso'' * ''Maafkan Kakek'' * ''Kamu Bukan Ayahku'' * ''3 Kali Ditalak Suami Dalam Semalam'' * ''Malaikat Kotak Pos'' * ''Mencari Mama'' * ''Suami Terburuk, Ayah Terbaik'' * ''Anakku Meninggal di Malam Takbiran'' * ''Tukang Odong-Odong Naik Haji'' * ''Rahasia Jam Ajaib'' * ''Cintaku Lala (2017)'' * ''Mr. Perfect and Miss Trouble Maker'' == Iklan == * [[ Dettol |Dettol]] == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://munirarber.blogspot.com/2014/01/profil-dan-biodata-arfiandi-eka-putra.html?m=1 Profil Endi Ervian] * {{Twitter|endiarfian}} * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb-LALIFdVL1uYJtLxD4JHw Endi Arfian] on [[Youtube|YouTube]] [[Kategori:Aktor Indonésia]] k28zppyh1j6sieawu3ko19askcc41g3 0 99763 712223 667297 2026-08-24T03:22:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artis indonesia | name = Citra Kirana | image = | imagesize = | caption = | birthdate = {{birth date and age|1994|4|23}} | birthplace = [[Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]] | birthname = Citra Kirana Siregar | othername = | deathdate = | deathplace = | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | yearsactive = 2007 - ayeuna | occupation = [[Artis]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Rezky Aditya]]|1 December 2019}} |religion= [[Islam]] | partner = | children = | parents = Iwan Siregar jeung Yanny Christina | panasonicawards = | festivalfilmbandung = | influences = | influenced = | website = | twitter = citraciki }} '''Citra Kirana''' atanapi lengkep '''Citra Kirana Siregar''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]|23|4|1994}}) nyaéta saurang aktris Indonésia. Anjeunna dipikauran maénkeun peran Meisya di ''[[Putri yang Ditukar]]'', Rumana di ''[[Tukang Bubur Naik Haji The Series]]'' jeung Dewi di ''[[Cinta Yang Hilang]]''. == Tumbu luar == * {{id}} [http://www.tabloidbintang.com/berita/polah/939-citra-kirana-menjawab-keraguan.html Citra Kirana menjawab keraguan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219062217/http://www.tabloidbintang.com/berita/polah/939-citra-kirana-menjawab-keraguan.html |date=2011-02-19 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Citra Kirana}} [[Kategori:Aktis Indonésia]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 7a9383mpkslf69ik4k70ql4gj17kd2w 0 102936 712233 711364 2026-08-24T10:03:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:COVID-19-outbreak-timeline.gif|300px|jmpl|Peta animasi [[COVID-19]] ti tanggal 12 Januari nepi ka 3 Maret 2020]] Ieu kaca ngadokuméntasikeun kronologi jeung épidemiologi inféksi koronavirus sindrom parénghapan akut beurat 2 ([[SARS-CoV-2]]), virus anu nanggungjawab [[Sasalad koronavirus 2019–2020|sasalad panyakit koronavirus 2019–2020]] anu asalna ti [[Wuhan]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]]. Ieu kaca meureun teu ngawengku sakabéh réspons jeung tindakan utama. Sababaraha pamekaran panyakit karék bisa dipikanyaho atawa dipahaman sapinuhna kalawan métodeu kilas balik (rétrospéksi). == Nopémber 2019 == '''17 November 2019''': Kasus kakonfirmasi munggaran kira-kira pecenghul sabot 17 November 2019 tetapi kasus masih belum diketahui pada saat itu.<ref name=original_report>{{cite news |title=China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |work=South China Morning Post |date=13 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back}}</ref> Hingga saat ini pencarian untuk pasien pertama masih terus berlanjut.<ref name="msn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-first-covid-19-case-originated-on-november-17-according-to-chinese-officials-searching-for-patient-zero/ar-BB119fWJ|title=The first COVID-19 case originated on November 17, according to Chinese officials searching for 'Patient Zero'|website=www.msn.com|access-date=26 Maret 2020}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report|First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report]". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref><ref name="newsweek.com">Walker, James (14 March 2020). "[https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327|China Traces Coronavirus to First Confirmed Case, Nearly Identifying 'Patient Zero'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407064504/https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327%7CChina |date=2020-04-07 }}". Newsweek. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref> == Désémber 2019 == '''30 Desember 2019''': "Béwara ngadeseh ngeunaan pangubaran pnéumonia kalawan sabab anu teu dipikanyaho" dipedalkeun ku Administrasi Medis Komiteu Kaséhatan Kota Wuhan<ref>{{cite web|title=UNDIAGNOSED PNEUMONIA – CHINA (HUBEI): REQUEST FOR INFORMATION. Archive Number: 20191230.6864153 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=19 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Desember 2019''': 27 urang kalawan pnéumonia anu sababna teu dipikanyaho dilaporkeun ka WHO. Sawaréhna téh mangrupa anu boga kios di Pasar Hakaneun Laut Tiongkok Kidul Wuhan. Tujuh warga nyampak dina kondisi daria jeung ngancam jiwa. Balukarna, Hong Kong, Makau jeung Taiwan ngetatkeun prosés pamariksaan asup ka wewengkon maranéhna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/viral-wabah-pneumonia-misterius-yang-menjangkiti-china-begini-ceritanya|title=Viral wabah pneumonia misterius yang menjangkiti China, begini ceritanya|last=Taqiyyah Rafie|first=Barratut|website=Kontan Online|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parry2020">{{Cite journal|last=Parry|first=Jane|date=8 Januari 2020|title=Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m56|issn=1756-1833|pmid=31915179|access-date=17 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108225058/https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Januari 2020 == '''1 Januari 2020''': Pasar lauk jeung sato anu dicurigaan patali jeung kasus pnéumonia untuk pameresihan jeung disinfeksi.<ref name=promedmail>{{cite web|title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU) (01): wildlife sales, market closed, RFI Archive Number: 20200102.6866757 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=13 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''3 Januari 2020''': Thailand mulai mariksa panumpang anu datang ti Wuhan di opat bandara anu béda.<ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|title=Thailand finds Wuhan novel coronavirus in traveler from China|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=13 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113231747/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|archive-date=13 Januari 2020|access-date=14 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|title=Four suspected cases of mystery Chinese viral pneumonia detected at CM Airport {{!}} Chiang Mai One|last=Team|first=CM1|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892 |date=2020-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/wuhan-viral-pneumonia-alert/|title=Wuhan viral pneumonia alert|last=CityNews|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh, Singapura mulai mariksa suhu panumpang di [[Bandar Udara Changi]].<ref name="RMOL2Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.rmol.id/read/2020/01/03/416032/waspada-wabah-pneumonia-bandara-changi-lakukan-pindai-suhu-badan-penumpang|title=Waspada Wabah Pneumonia, Bandara Changi Lakukan Pindai Suhu Badan Penumpang|last=Meiliana Gunawan|first=Sarah|website=RMOL.id|date=5 Januari 2020|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''5 Januari 2020''': Investigasi munggaran panyabab pnéumonia nyingkirkeun flu musiman, SARS, MERS jeung [[flu burung]].<ref name=Hui14Jan2020>{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam EI|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|last10=Drosten|first10=Christian|last11=Zumla|first11=Alimuddin|date=14 Januari 2020|title=The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|via=}}</ref><ref name=CDC6Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|title=Pneumonia of Unknown Cause in China – Watch – Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions – Travel Health Notices {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=6 Januari 2020|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108143634/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|access-date=7 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah dugaan kasus anu dilaporkeun nepi 59 urang kalawan tujuh dina kondisi kritis. Kabéh pasén dikarantina jeung 163 urang anu kungsi kontak jeung maranéhna mulai dipariksa. Ayeuna mah, euweuh laporan kasus panépaan ti jelema ka jelema atawa préséntasi papada patugas kaséhatan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Questions still swirl over China's unexplained pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=6 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222635/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=6 Januari 2020|accessdate=7 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="5 Jan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |title=China pneumonia: Sars ruled out as dozens fall ill in Wuhan |date=5 Januari 2020 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |website=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106005035/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |archive-date=6 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''6 Januari 2020''': [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit]] AS (CDC) mengeluarkan ''travel watch'' di level 1, dengan rekomendasi untuk mencuci tangan dan saran untuk menghindari hewan, pasar hewan, dan kontak dengan orang yang tidak sehat jika bepergian ke Wuhan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /> '''9 Januari 2020''': WHO ngonfirmasi yén koronavirus anyar geus diisolasi ti saurang anu dirawat di rumah sakit.<ref name="WHO9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|title=WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China|last=|first=|date=9 Januari 2020|website=who.int|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133102/https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh Pusat Pangendalian jeung Panyegahan Panyakit Éropa mosting panilayan risiko munggaran.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|title=Pressure builds on China to share info on new coronavirus|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=10 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110230138/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=11 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO juga melaporkan bahwa pihak berwenang Tiongkok telah bertindak cepat<ref name=Schnirring9Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|title=More details emerge on new coronavirus in Wuhan cluster|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110062152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> untuk mengidentifikasi virus korona baru dalam beberapa minggu pasca awal terjadinya peristiwa tersebut, dengan jumlah orang yang diuji secara positif adalah 41 orang.<ref name="Lucey">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|title=China Deserves Some Credit for Its Handling of the Wuhan Pneumonia|last=Lucey|first=Daniel|last2=Sparrow|first2=Annie|date=14 Januari 2020|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115042408/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kematian pertama akibat virus itu terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 61 tahun yang merupakan pelanggan tetap di pasar. Dia memiliki sejumlah kondisi medis yang signifikan, termasuk penyakit hati kronis dan dia meninggal karena gagal jantung dan pneumonia. Insiden ini dilaporkan di Tiongkok oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional melalui media pemerintah Tiongkok pada tanggal 11 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring11Jan2020" /><ref name="QinNYT11Jan2020" /><ref name=ECDP14Jan2020 /><ref name=Medcom11Jan2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.medcom.id/internasional/asia/GNlYpaBb-tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-pertama-dari-pneumonia-misterius|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Pertama dari Pneumonia Misterius|date=11 Januari 2020|accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |website=Medcom.id}}</ref> '''10 Januari 2020''': Data sekuensing gen dari koronavirus Wuhan yang terisolasi, virus dari keluarga yang sama dengan koronavirus SARS, diposting di Virological.org oleh para peneliti dari [[Universitas Fudan]], Shanghai. Tiga dari [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok]], satu dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Medis Tiongkok, dan satu dari Rumah Sakit Jinyintan di Wuhan telah diposting ke laman ''Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data'' ([[GISAID]]).<ref name="Gan9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|title=A new virus related to SARS is the culprit in China's mysterious pneumonia outbreak, scientists say|last=Gan|first=Nectar|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CNN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109065952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=9 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020 /><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |title=Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |website=NCBI Genbank |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |accessdate=20 Januari 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121045720/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |archive-date=21 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, ''Public Health England'' mengeluarkan panduannya.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020 /> '''11 Januari 2020''': Di Tiongkok, lebih dari 700 kontak dekat dari 41 kasus yang terkonfirmasi, termasuk lebih dari 400 petugas kesehatan, telah dipantau, tanpa ada kasus baru yang dilaporkan di Tiongkok sejak 5 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /><ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /><ref name="Schnirring7Jan20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Nations step up screening and await word on China's pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=7 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107220738/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=7 Januari 2020|access-date=8 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO menerbitkan panduan awal tentang saran perjalanan, pengujian di laboratorium dan penyelidikan medis.<ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /> '''13 Januari 2020''': CDC mengumumkan bahwa genom telah terdaftar pada database urutan genetik [[Institut Kesehatan Nasional]], [[GenBank]] Pada hari yang sama, Thailand mengumumkan kasus pertama pada 2019-nCoV di negaranya, yang pertama kali terjadi di luar Tiongkok.<ref name=WHO14Jan2010 /> Wanita Tiongkok berusia 61 tahun yang terkena dampak, yang merupakan penduduk Wuhan, tidak mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi tercatat telah pergi ke pasar lain. Dia tiba di Bangkok pada 8 Januari.<ref name=Schnirring14Jan2020 /> '''14 Januari 2020''': Dua dari 41 kasus yang dikonfirmasi di Wuhan dilaporkan mencakup pasangan yang sudah menikah, meningkatkan kemungkinan penularan dari manusia ke manusia.<ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=|date=14 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC15Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019 {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=15 Januari 2020|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114084712/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''15 Januari 2020''': * Kematian kedua terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 69 tahun di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /><ref name=Lip619Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4158945/tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-kedua-terkait-pneumonia-wuhan|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Kedua Terkait Pneumonia Wuhan|date=19 Januari 2020|work=Liputan6.com|last=Dio Prasasti|first=Giovani|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=Reuters16Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|title=China says second person dies in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=17 Januari 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117105016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * WHO menerbitkan protokol pengujian diagnostik untuk 2019-nCoV, yang dikembangkan oleh tim virologi dari Rumah Sakit [[Charité]].<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /> '''16 Januari 2020''': WHO diberitahu oleh [[Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang]] bahwa seorang pria Tiongkok berusia 30 tahun telah dinyatakan positif menggunakan 2019-nCoV selama perawatan di rumah sakit antara 10 dan 15 Januari. Dia belum mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi mungkin memiliki kontak dekat dengan orang yang terpengaruh di Wuhan.<ref name=NHK16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|title=中国 武漢の肺炎 国内で初確認 武漢に渡航した男性から 厚労省|last=Hoso Kyokai|first=Nippon|trans-title=Pneumonia pertama kali terkonfirmasi di Jepang Dari seorang pria yang melakukan perjalanan ke Wuhan|date=16 Januari 2020|website=NHK News|language=ja|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010014/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=WHO=16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China)|website=WHO|date=16 Januari 2020|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''17 Januari 2020''': Kasus kedua 2019-nCoV di Thailand dilaporkan pada seorang wanita berusia 74 tahun yang tiba di Bangkok dalam penerbangan dari Wuhan.<ref name=MI17Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/284083-thailand-temukan-kasus-kedua-virus-pneumonia-tiongkok|title=Thailand Temukan Kasus Kedua Virus Pneumonia Tiongkok|last=Hasyim Salengke|first=Haufan|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Media Indonesia|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=GovHK17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/17/P2020011700960.htm|title=CHP closely monitors additional confirmed case of infection of novel coronavirus in Thailand|language=en|date=17 Januari 2020|website=www.info.gov.hk|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 45 kasus di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schnirring17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|title=As Thailand notes 2nd nCoV case, CDC begins airport screening|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=17 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117222155/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|access-date=18 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''18 Januari 2020''': Tiongkok melaporkan 17 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium, dengan tiga kasus dalam kondisi kritis. Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 62 kasus di Tiongkok, dengan usia berkisar antara 30 hingga 79 tahun, di mana 19 di antaranya sembuh dan delapan lainnya tetap dalam kondisi kritis. '''19 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang terkonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Tiongkok, di luar Wuhan, satu di provinsi [[Guangdong]] dan dua di Beijing. Kematian baru juga dilaporkan di Wuhan, sehingga total korban meninggal di Tiongkok menjadi tiga orang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2020/01/20/18/2155361/korban-virus-misterius-china-melonjak-139-kasus-dalam-dua-hari|title=Korban Virus Misterius China Melonjak 139 Kasus dalam Dua Hari|last=Asmardika|first=Rahman|date=20 Januari 2020|work=Okezone.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''20 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang dikonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Korea Selatan.<ref name="Yonhap20Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/MYH20200120011200038|title= [현장연결] "국내서 '우한 폐렴' 첫 확진자 발생…중국인 여성"|trans-title=Kasus Pertama Pneumonia Wuhan di Korea Selatan... Wanita asal Tiongkok|date=20 Januari 2020|website=Yonhap|language=ko|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> Beijing dan Guangdong masing-masing melaporkan tambahan tiga dan 13 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai mengkonfirmasi kasus pertamanya, menjadikan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok menjadi 218 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.tempo.co/read/18323/wabah-virus-korona-terus-meluas-218-kasus-di-seluruh-cina|title=Wabah Virus Korona Terus Meluas, 218 Kasus di Seluruh Cina |last=Februana|first=Ngarto|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|title=Coronavirus Is Spreading Quickly Across China as Confirmed Cases Triple|last=Cheng|first=Chao Deng dan Jonathan|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121040231/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Tim investigasi dari Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok mengkonfirmasi bahwa virus korona dapat ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia. Setidaknya dua orang telah terinfeksi sementara mereka tinggal ratusan mil dari Wuhan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|title=China confirms new coronavirus can spread between humans|author1=Nectar Gan|author2=Yong Xiong|author3=Eliza Mackintosh|website=CNN|access-date=20 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120040258/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> '''21 Januari 2020''': * [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengadakan pertemuan darurat tentang merebaknya virus ini pada 22 Januari untuk menentukan apakah virus tersebut tergolong "kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200121114942-255-467242/17-kasus-baru-virus-corona-who-bakal-gelar-rapat-darurat |title=17 Kasus Baru Virus Corona, WHO Bakal Gelar Rapat Darurat|last=Indonesia|first=CNN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNNIndonesia.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus yang dikonfirmasi dilaporkan di beberapa lokasi baru di Tiongkok. Provinsi [[Zhejiang]] dan [[Tianjin]] masing-masing melaporkan 5 dan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.zjwjw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_14_70132.html|title=天津确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintahan Tianjin|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Guangdong melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html|title=广东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Guangdong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121191255/http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref> Shanghai dan provinsi [[Henan]] masing-masing melaporkan tambahan 4 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/xwfb/20200121/353b563cdb594b23a19d6e0d37908a11.html|title=上海卫生健康委员会新增4例新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎确診病例|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Henan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di provinsi [[Sichuan]], dan [[Chongqing]] melaporkan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.now.com/home/international/player?newsId=377633|title=全球累計313宗武漢新型肺炎病例 重慶出現首宗案例|website=Now 新聞|language=zh-hk|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> [[Shandong]], [[Hunan]], dan [[Yunnan]] masing-masing melaporkan satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200121_2510811.html|title=青岛市疑似新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例被国家卫生健康委确认为确诊病例|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Shandong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11162942.html|title=湖南全力做好新型冠状病毒感|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Hunan |url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml|title=昆明市卫生健康委关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的情况通报|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Yunnan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> [[Jiangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|title=江西省確認2例輸入性新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Jiangxi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 312 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 6 orang.<ref name="CNA21Jan">{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|title=Wuhan authorities report fourth death from coronavirus outbreak|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|accessdate=21 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100 |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185029/http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> * 15 infeksi staf medis Wuhan dilaporkan, 14 di antaranya berasal dari dugaan [[penular super]].<ref>{{cite news |title=中科院：武汉冠状病毒有很强感染人能力 世卫组织：可能持续人传人 |url=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2020-01-21/detail-iihnzhha3976502.d.html |accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |work=Sina News |language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus-kasus baru juga dilaporkan di luar daratan Tiongkok. Taiwan melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|title=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121121657/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan kasus pertama di [[Amerika Utara]] dilaporkan di negara bagian [[Washington]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|title=CDC confirms first US case of Wuhan coronavirus|last=Correspondent|first=Elizabeth Cohen, Senior Medical|language=en|website=CNN|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121183952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Citizens of Wuhan lining up outside of a drug store to buy masks during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Warga mengantri di luar toko obat di kota Wuhan untuk membeli masker wajah dan persediaan medis]] '''22 Januari 2020''': * Komite darurat WHO tidak dapat mencapai konsensus tentang apakah wabah tersebut harus diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia|PHEIC]] karena kurangnya informasi. Komite darurat WTO akan melanjutkan diskusi pada hari Kamis.<ref name="Joseph22Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|title=WHO postpones decision on whether to declare China outbreak a global public health emergency|last=Joseph|first=Andrew|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Stat News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122215440/https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Makau]] dan [[Hong Kong]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E6%AE%BA%E5%88%B0-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E9%A6%96%E5%AE%97%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88-091413483.html|title=消息指曾赴武漢抵港內地男 初步確診新型冠狀病毒 {{!}} 新聞 – Yahoo雅虎香港|website=hk.news.yahoo.com|language=zh-Hant-HK|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Macau22Jan">{{Cite news|url=https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20200123/mobile/bkn-20200123095348297-0123_00822_001.html|title=澳門確診第2宗武漢肺炎　患者為66歲男遊客|date=23 Januari 2020|language=zh-yue}}</ref> Beijing melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Guangdong melaporkan tambahan 9 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Tianjin melaporkan tambahan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Zhejiang dan Jiangxi laporkan masing-masing tambahan 5 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.datanews.caixin.com/m/2020-01-20/101506236.html|title=地图｜中国武汉肺炎确诊病例实时动态|website=m.datanews.caixin.com|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> [[Liaoning]] melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html|title=辽宁省卫生健康委员会|website=wsjk.ln.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222161515/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> [[Guizhou]], [[Fujian]], [[Anhui]], [[Shanxi]] dan [[Ningxia]] masing-masing melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gzhfpc.gov.cn/xwzx_500663/sndt/202001/t20200122_44600121.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.gzhfpc.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=2019年－2020年新型冠狀病毒肺炎事件|date=22 Januari 2020|url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2020%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&oldid=57806349|work=Wikipedia Bahasa Mandarin|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|title=安徽省报告首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例 – 工作动态 – 安徽省卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.ah.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|title=山西省卫生健康委员会网站-卫健要闻|website=wjw.shanxi.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|title=国家卫生健康委确认我区首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例-宁夏回族自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wsjkw.nx.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref> [[Hainan]] melaporkan 4 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-01-22/doc-iihnzahk5804410.shtml|title=海南确诊4例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎|last=国际在线|date=22 Januari 2020|website=tech.sina.com.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11163560.html|language=zh|title=湖南省新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|date=22 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Guangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html|title=广西确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125013553/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html |date=2020-01-25 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 541 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 17 orang. Sebagai reaksi, pemerintah mengumumkan karantina sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut dengan membatalkan penerbangan dan perjalanan kereta api dari Wuhan, dan membatalkan layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan efektif pukul 10.00 waktu setempat/WITA (02.00 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]], [[UTC+08:00]] atau 07.00 WIB) tanggal 23 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51202672|title=Virus corona: Layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan dihentikan, korban bertambah|website=BBC Indonesia|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di Thailand, meningkatkan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Thailand menjadi 4 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/|title=Thailand Deteksi Pasien ke-4 Virus Corona Tiongkok|website=Koran Jakarta|access-date=22 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065218/http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/ |date=2020-11-29 }}</ref> * Pada malam tanggal 22 Januari 2020, Hong Kong melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047193/china-coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-hong-kong|title=China coronavirus: Hong Kong reports second case of infection hours after first|date=22 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Data baru menunjukkan penyebaran cepat penyakit saat ini dan terjadi peningkatan tingkat penularan atas virus itu.<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/terrifying-graph-shows-fast-wuhan-103230506.html graph shows how fast the Wuhan virus has spread so far and how close it is to becoming a pandemic], Bill Bostock ,Business Insider• 22 Januari 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/chinas-coronavirus-has-the-same-death-rate-as-the-spanish-flu-pandemic-that-killed-50-m-people-151608803.html Columbia's coronavirus could have same death rate as Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50&nbsp;m people] Yahoo Style UK Alexandra Thompson, 22 Januari 2020.</ref> '''23 Januari 2020''': * [[Jiangsu]] dan [[Heilongjiang]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html|title=江苏省卫生健康委员会 要闻动态 国家卫生健康委确认苏州一例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123161923/http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html |date=2020-01-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html|title=牡丹江市确认1例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例--牡丹江市人民政府|website=www.mdj.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412234716/http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html |date=2022-04-12 }}</ref> Guangxi melaporkan tambahan 3 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|title=广西新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html |date=2020-02-21 }}</ref> * Wuhan menangguhkan semua transportasi umum mulai pukul 10.00 dan seterusnya, termasuk semua jalur bus, metro, dan feri. Selain itu, semua perjalanan kereta api dan penerbangan dihentikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://view.inews.qq.com/w/WXN2020012301001306?uid=&devid=A55D8C74-EEF2-420C-8182-21F1D43348CF&qimei=34ae00a5-9e85-4f82-9afa-3c7ccb6d36d5|title=直击武汉天河机场：“封城”前有96架航班飞往全国|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=inews.qq.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau juga melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu pria berusia 66 tahun dari Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3047337/macau-confirms-second-patient-infected-chinese-coronavirus|title=Macau confirms second patient infected with Wuhan virus|date=23 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Singapura]] melaporkan kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu seorang pria berusia 66 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name="Update23Jan">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |last2=Toh |first2=Ting Wei |title=Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |website=The Straits Times |accessdate=23 Januari 2020 |date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Vietnam]] mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi yaitu seorang ayah dan putra berusia 66 tahun dan 28 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name=Vietnam23Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html|title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus|website=vnexpress.net|date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Seorang mahasiswa [[Universitas A&M Texas]] di College Station, [[Texas]] mungkin telah terkontaminasi virus korona setelah bepergian ke Wuhan dan kembali dengan gejala-gejala khas virus tersebut. Pasien seorang pria berusia 20-an, telah dikarantina sambil menunggu hasil laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/us/united-states-coronavirus-cases.html|title=Texas Student May Have Wuhan Coronavirus, as Dozens in U.S. Are Monitored|last=Baker|first=Mike|date=23 Januari 2020|website=New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2020/01/23/possible-coronavirus-case-in-texas-being-investigated-in-brazos-county/|title=Possible coronavirus case in Texas A&M student being investigated in Brazos County|last=Marfin|first=Catherine|date=23 Januari 2020|website=The Dallas Morning News|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''24 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Singapore.svg|jmpl|kiri|200px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Singapura:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * 70.000 bioskop Tiongkok ditutup hingga pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chinas-cinemas-officially-close-response-coronavirus-outbreak-1272566|title=China Shutters All 70,000 Movie Theaters in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak|last=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=23 Januari 2020|website=hollywoodreporter|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Provinsi dan kota seperti Hubei, Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing, Hunan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui, dan Tianjin menyatakan darurat kesehatan masyarakat level 1 (sangat tinggi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html|title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak: 881 cases confirmed, 26 dead|date=23 Januari 2020|website=CGTN|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kota [[Jingzhou]] dikarantina yang meningkatkan jumlah warga di kota-kota yang dikarantina menjadi 35 juta orang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/BNONews/status/1220578836259229697|title=BREAKING: Chinese city of Jingzhou to be put on lockdown at 5 p.m., raising number of people in locked down cities to 35 million|date=24 Januari 2020|website=BNO News|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Shanghai Disneyland Park|Shanghai Disneyland]], [[Kota Terlarang]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-01-24/1402696.html|title=全国多地取消文旅活动 多个景区景点暂时关闭 {{!}} 每经网|website=www.nbd.com.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tempat wisata lainnya ditutup sampai ada pemberitahuan lebih lanjut akibat "wabah penyakit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shanghaidisneyresort.com/en/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Official Site|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Shanghai Disney Resort|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Shandong melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200124_2511713.html|title=2020年1月24日0时至12时山东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=shandong.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 15 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200124_11164133.html|title=湖南省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情信息发布|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html|title=2020年1月24日辽宁省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|website=ln.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150726/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> Fujian melaporkan 4 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.fujian.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/wsjsyw/202001/t20200123_5186295.htm|title=福建省报告新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=fujian.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anhui melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|title=2020年1月24日安徽省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=ah.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html |date=2020-01-27 }}</ref> Ningxia melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|title=全区新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|date=24 Januari 2020|website=nx.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Korea Selatan mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200124233646-134-468562/as-umumkan-jumlah-pasien-virus-corona-bertambah|title=AS Umumkan Jumlah Pasien Virus Corona Bertambah|date=24 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/waduh-jepang-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Waduh, Jepang konfirmasi kasus kedua virus corona|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Kontan.co.id|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1299138/jepang-dan-korea-selatan-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Jepang dan Korea Selatan Konfirmasi Kasus Kedua Virus Corona |last=Saputra|first=Eka Yudha|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua dan ketiga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalik |first1=Salma |last2=Goh |first2=Timothy |title=Singapore confirms 2 more Wuhan virus cases, bringing total to three infected |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-2-more-wuhan-virus-cases-bringing-total-to-three-infected |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |work=The Straits Times |date=24 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> * Kasus virus korona pertama di Eropa terjadi di Prancis yaitu di Paris dan [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/01/24/la-france-touchee-par-le-coronavirus-deux-cas-diagnostiques-a-paris-et-bordeaux_1775173|title=La France touchée par le coronavirus : deux cas diagnostiqués à Paris et Bordeaux|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Liberation|access-date=25 Januari 2020|language=fr}}</ref> Hong Kong mengonfirmasi kasus kelima mereka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/25/P2020012500012.htm|title=CHP investigates three additional imported cases of novel coronavirus infection|website=Pemerintah Daerah Administratif Khusus Hong Kong|accessdate=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''25 Januari 2020''': * Darurat kesehatan level 1 secara kronologis dinyatakan di 10 provinsi dan 3 daerah otonom seperti Jiangsu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3910677.html|title=江苏启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hainan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911204.html|title=海南启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Xinjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911407.html|title=新疆启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Heilongjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911456.html|title=黑龙江省启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Henan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911533.html|title=河南防控新型肺炎启动一级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Gansu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911729.html|title=甘肃启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911808.html|title=辽宁省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912092.html|title=山西省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shaanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912221.html|title=陕西启动突发公共卫生事件Ι级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Qinghai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912273.html|title=青海省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jilin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912289.html|title=吉林省启动突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> Ningxia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912485.html|title=宁夏启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan Mongolia Dalam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912654.html|title=内蒙古启动重大公共卫生突发事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref>. Hal ini sekarang berlaku di 30 dari 31 daerah di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dengan kasus yang dilaporkannya, kecuali Tibet. * Australia mengkonfirmasi empat kasus pertamanya, satu di [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/news/health/first-australian-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-c-664530|title=First Australian coronavirus case confirmed in Victoria|last=Daoud|first=Elizabeth|date=25 Januari 2020|website=7 News|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tiga di [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney|title=Australia konfirmasi 4 kasus Virus Corona di Melbourne dan Sydney|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|work=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016000816/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney |date=2022-10-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-20200125-p53unk.html |title=Coronavirus spreads across Australia amid scramble to find more cases|last2=McCauley|first2=Dana|last1=Cunningham|first1=Melissa|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 Januari 2020|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Malaysia melaporkan tiga kasus pertamanya di [[Johor Bahru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona|title=Malaysia Konfirmasi 3 WN China di Wilayahnya Positif Virus Corona|website=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925020336/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona |date=2022-09-25 }}</ref><ref name="Malaysia25Jan2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-johor-baru|title=[Breaking] 3 coronavirus cases confirmed in Johor Baru|last1=Times|first1=New Straits|date=25 Januari 2020|work=NST Online|accessdate=26 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiganya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200125/19/1193862/jepang-laporkan-kasus-ketiga-virus-corona|title=Jepang Laporkan Kasus Ketiga Virus Corona|last= Ridwan|first=Muhammad|website=Bisnis.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kanada mengkonfirmasi kasus dugaan pertamanya yang masih diobservasi lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020|title=Patient admitted with novel coronavirus - Sunnybrook Hospital|date=25 Januari 2020|website=sunnybrook.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126001007/https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020 |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Thailand melaporkan dua kasus baru sehingga total kasus yang dilaporkan mencapai tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150|title=Thailand reports 7 confirmed cases of Wuhan virus, airport continues to limit temperature scans|website=CNA|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316075843/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150 |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus keempatnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/fourth-confirmed-imported-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-infection-in-singapore|title=MOH {{!}} News Highlights|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Politbiro Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] bertemu untuk membahas pencegahan dan pengendalian koronavirus. [[Xi Jinping]], [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] sekaligus Presiden RRT, menyatakan bahwa negara ini sedang menghadapi "situasi gawat" karena jumlah orang yang terinfeksi semakin cepat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0125/c90000-9651799.html|title=CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control|work=People's Daily Online|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|quote=Xi Jinping, sekretaris jenderal Komite Pusat PKT, memimpin rapat.|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/korban-virus-corona-bertambah-jadi-42-orang-xi-jinping-china-hadapi-situasi-gawat|title=Korban virus corona melonjak, Xi Jinping bilang China hadapi situasi gawat|work=Kontan Online|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Hong Kong menyatakan status keadaan darurat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/285667-hong-kong-umumkan-status-darurat-wabah-virus-wuhan|title=Hong Kong Umumkan Status Darurat Wabah Virus Wuhan|website=mediaindonesia.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hong Kong mengumumkan akan menutup sekolah sampai tanggal 17 Februari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/01/26/112900765/saat-hong-kong-perpanjang-libur-sekolah-akibat-virus-corona-?page=all|title=Saat Hong Kong Perpanjang Libur Sekolah akibat Virus Corona|author1=Nur Fitriatus Shalihah|author2=Sari Hardiyanto|website=Kompas.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] dan Ocean Park ditutup sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126114017-113-468780/wabah-virus-corona-meningkat-disneyland-hong-kong-ditutup|title=Wabah Virus Corona Meningkat, Disneyland Hong Kong Ditutup|date=26 Januari 2020|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''26 Januari 2020''': * [[Shanghai]] melaporkan kasus kematian pertamanya yaitu seorang pria berusia 88 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban|title=Shanghai Darurat, Jumlah yang Meninggal Akibat Corona Bertambah Jadi 56 Korban|date=26 Januari 2020|website=MINews.id|access-date=27 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126231612/https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiga dan keempatnya, keduanya terjadi di [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/los-angeles-countys-first-case-of-deadly-novel-coronavirus-confirmed/2298402/|title=Los Angeles County’s First Case of Deadly Novel Coronavirus Confirmed|website=NBC Los Angeles|language=en-US|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau mengkonfirmasi tiga kasus tambahan, sehingga totalnya menjadi lima kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|title=Government confirms 5 cases of coronavirus so far in Macau|date=26 Januari 2020|website=Macau News|language=en-US|access-date=27 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/ |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Hong Kong telah mengkonfirmasi kasus keenam, ketujuh dan kedelapan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047689/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-has-its-sixth-patient|title=China coronavirus-Hong Kong's sixth patient|date=26 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Thailand mengkonfirmasi kasus kedelapannya. Satu dari lima pasien sudah keluar. Ada 39 kasus dugaan lain yang menunggu konfirmasi.<ref name="Thailand26Jan2020bbc"">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-51254826|title=โคโรนา : กรมควบคุมโรค ยืนยันตัวเลขผู้ป่วยไวรัสโคโรนาในไทยล่าสุดมี 8 ราย|date=26 Januari 2020|accessdate=27 Januari 2020|language=th|website=BBC Thai}}</ref> '''27 Januari 2020''': * Mongolia menutup perbatasan dengan Tiongkok, menutup sekolah sampai 2 Maret, dan menyerukan agar semua pertemuan publik dibatalkan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.sindonews.com/read/16996/1/mongolia-tutup-perbatasan-dengan-china-cegah-penyebaran-virus-corona-1580140882|title=Mongolia Tutup Perbatasan dengan China Cegah Penyebaran Virus Corona|website=jateng.sindonews.com|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Wuhan menangguhkan visa, layanan paspor untuk warga Tiongkok hingga 30 Januari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-visas-idUSKBN1ZQ026|title=Wuhan suspends visa, passports services for Chinese citizens until January 30: government statement|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kanada melaporkan kasus pertama yang terkonfirmasi dan kasus dugaan lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/01/ontario-confirms-second-presumptive-case-of-wuhan-novel-coronavirus.html|title=Ontario Confirms Second Presumptive Case of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Queen's Printer for Ontario|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Para pejabat kementerian kesehatan telah mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima virus korona di Australia, dan telah mencurigai 5 kasus tambahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/coronavirus-confirmed-fifth-australian-case-21-year-old-infected-with-deadly-virus--c-666385|title=Australia’s fifth coronavirus case confirmed as death toll rises|date=27 Januari 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchinas-president-xi-warns-of-grave-situation-as-coronavirus-spreads%2Fnews-story%2F1ec90ec8471e5cc18f2cb44c6189ad33&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=b667d400f3332cebc3e2cd253c3853fe-1580102429|title=Subscribe to The Australian|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kementerian Kesehatan Sri Lanka mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona yaitu seorang wanita asal Tiongkok berusia 43 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/60461/chinese-female-at-idh-tests-positive-for-coronavirus|title=First confirmed case of Coronavirus reported in Sri Lanka|website=adaderana.lk|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> satu kasus juga terjadi di Kamboja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200127203826-106-469216/kamboja-konfirmasi-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Kamboja Konfirmasi Kasus Virus Corona Pertama |date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima, seorang warga negara Tiongkok berusia 56 tahun yang tiba dari Wuhan pada 18 Januari. * Malaysia dan [[Filipina]] menghentikan pemberian visa kepada warga Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/01/27/053000927/cegah-virus-corona-filipina-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-turis-asal-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Filipina Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Turis Asal Wuhan|author1=Nabilla Ramadhian|author2=Ni Luh Made Pertiwi F.|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Kompas.com|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akurat.co/news/id-979494-read-cegah-virus-corona-malaysia-resmi-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Malaysia Resmi Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Wuhan|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Akurat.co|first=Citra|last=Puspitaningrum|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sedangkan [[Indonesia]], AS, dan [[Britania Raya]] memberlakukan ''travel advisory'' maupun ''travel warning'' ke Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok|title=Wabah Korona, Pemerintah Keluarkan Travel Advisory ke Tiongkok|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Beritasatu|access-date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210045544/https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126083750-134-468747/virus-corona-inggris-keluarkan-travel-warning-ke-china|title=Virus Corona, Inggris Keluarkan Travel Warning ke China|date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''28 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Thailand.svg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Thailand:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * Thailand mengonfirmasi enam kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di sana menjadi 14 orang. Thailand mulai memindai semua wisatawan dari Tiongkok dengan segera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/288389|title=ด่วน! สธ.ยืนยัน พบนักท่องเที่ยวจีนในไทยติดเชื้อโคโรนาเพิ่ม 6 คน|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Thai PBS|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh|title=Penderita Virus Corona di Thailand Naik Jadi 14 Orang, 5 Pasien Telah Sembuh|accessdate=29 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210070748/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref> * Singapura mengkonfirmasi dua kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Singapura menjadi tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/wuhan-virus-7-confirmed-cases-in-singapore-no-entry-or-transit-for-new-visitors-with-hubei|title=Wuhan virus: 2 new confirmed cases in Singapore, bringing total to 7; no entry or transit for new visitors from Hubei|website=The Straits Times |accessdate=29 Januari 2020 |language=en|date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus tambahan, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Jepang menjadi tujuh kasus, termasuk seorang pria yang belum pernah mengunjungi Wuhan. Dia bekerja sebagai sopir bus wisata dan telah mengemudikan kelompok dari Wuhan pada awal Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/01/e8f47252a245-urgent-japan-sees-1st-coronavirus-case-not-linked-to-recent-travel-to-china.html|title=Japan sees 1st coronavirus case not linked to recent travel to China|date=28 Januari 2020|language=en|via=Kyodo News}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama yang dikonfirmasi oleh Jerman, yang dilaporkan pada hari sebelumnya, terjadi pada seorang warga negara Jerman yang belum melakukan perjalanan ke Tiongkok. Namun, ia memiliki kontak dekat dengan seorang kolega Tiongkok yang berkunjung yang melaporkan mulai merasa sakit selama penerbangannya kembali ke Shanghai dan dia didiagnosis dengan infeksi coronavirus setelah tiba di Tiongkok. Jerman kemudian mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus baru, semuanya adalah rekan kerja dari pasien pertama yang dikonfirmasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016|title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern|last=Zeitung|first=Süddeutsche|website=Süddeutsche.de|language=de|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> Taiwan melaporkan kasus ke delapan yang dikonfirmasi: pasangan dari pasien lain yang baru saja bepergian dari Tiongkok. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan virus corona di dalam negeri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri|title=Kasus Pertama di Taiwan, Seorang Pria Tertular Virus Corona di Dalam Negeri|date=28 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|first=Nur Azizah|last=Rizki Astuti|archive-date=|access-date=29 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221074542/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri |date=2022-02-21 }}</ref> Sebuah kasus baru telah dikonfirmasi di Prancis, seorang turis tua asal Tiongkok yang dalam kondisi kritis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation|title=Quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''29 Januari 2020''': * [[Tibet]] melaporkan satu ''suspect'' kasus virus korona pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-01-29/doc-iihnzhha5188508.shtml|title=西藏新增新型冠状病毒肺炎1例疑似病例|last=人民日报|date=29 Januari 2020|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> dan kemudian mengumumkan darurat kesehatan tingkat 1, menjadi daerah administratif terakhir yang melakukannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jiemian.com/article/3924819.html|title=西藏启动重大突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|language=zh|date=29 Januari 2020|website=jiemian.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301013259/https://www.jiemian.com/article/3924819.html |date=2021-03-01 }}</ref> * Jepang mengonfirmasi 4 kasus tambahan di mana kasus tersebut merupakan kasus pertama dugaan penularan virus korona dari manusia ke manusia di Jepang, satu diantaranya adalah pemandu wisata yang berada di bus yang sama dengan sopir yang terkonfirmasi virus korona pada 28 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200130084528-113-470041/dievakuasi-dari-wuhan-3-warga-jepang-positif-virus-corona|title=Dievakuasi dari Wuhan, 3 Warga Jepang Positif Virus Corona |work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":65">{{Cite web|title=新型コロナウイルスに関連した患者（９例目）及び無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html|website=Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=ja|publisher=|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182939/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html |date=2021-11-05 }}</ref> * Finlandia melaporkan kasus pertama virus korona di [[Lapland]], ditemukan pada seorang turis yang meninggalkan Wuhan sebelum Wuhan dikunci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ensimmäinen koronavirustartunta Suomessa: Tämä epidemiasta tulee tietää |url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/koronavirus-leviaa-maailmalla-tama-epidemiasta-tulee-tietaa-mtv-uutiset-seuraa-viimeisimpia-kaanteita/7705314#gs.vivnxi|website=MTV Uutiset|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=fi|date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''30 Januari 2020''': * Tibet mengonfirmasi kasus pertamanya yang sebelumnya masih tergolong ''suspect'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html|title=西藏自治区确诊首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例_西藏自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.xizang.gov.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130000144/http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> Kasus tersebut sudah terkonfirmasi di semua 31 daerah administratif di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51304587|title=Virus corona: Seluruh daerah di China terpapar, WHO peringatkan dunia 'harus mengambil tindakan|work=BBC Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Malaysia melaporkan satu kasus tambahan yang merupakan seorang wanita warga negara Tiongkok berusia 48 tahun yang diisolasi di Rumah Sakit Permai, [[Johor Bahru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2020/01/539782/satu-lagi-kes-positif-koronavirus-baharu-dikesan|title=Satu lagi kes positif koronavirus baharu dikesan|work=Harian Metro|first=Ekhwan Haque|last=Fazlul Haque|date=30 Januari 2020|location=Johor Bahru|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=ms}}</ref> sehingga total kasusnya bertambah menjadi 8 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1272027/positif-terjangkit-corona-di-malaysia-menjadi-delapan-orang|title=Positif terjangkit corona di Malaysia menjadi delapan orang|work=Antara News|first=Agus|last=Setiawan|location=Kuala Lumpur|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * India mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang siswa yang telah kembali dari [[Universitas Wuhan]] ke Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala reports first confirmed coronavirus case in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-reports-first-confirmed-novel-coronavirus-case-in-india-1641593-2020-01-30|accessdate=30 Januari 2020 |publisher=indiatoday.com |location=Kerala|date=30 Januari 2020|language=en-IN}}</ref> Filipina mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang wanita asal Tiongkok yang tiba di Manila melalui Hong Kong pada 21 Januari.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines confirms first case of novel coronavirus|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html|accessdate=31 Januari 2020|publisher=CNN Philippines|language=en|location=Filipina|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090313/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus keenamnya, pasangan pasien lain di Chicago. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan dari manusia ke manusia di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-spreads-first-time-u-s-cdc-says-n1126566|title=Coronavirus spreads for first time in U.S., CDC says|date=30 Januari 2020|website=NBC News|access-date=31 Januari 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> * WHO memutuskan untuk melaksanakan rapat komite darurat peraturan kesehatan internasional mereka untuk mempertimbangkan kembali status darurat kesehatan global. Pertemuan darurat ini disebabkan "terutama pada bukti meningkatnya jumlah kasus, penularan dari manusia ke manusia di luar Tiongkok, dan perkembangan penularan selanjutnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1301329/who-akan-pertimbangan-status-darurat-internasional-virus-corona#|title=WHO akan Pertimbangan Status Darurat Internasional Virus Corona|work=Tempo.co|first=Eka|last=Yudha Saputra|location=Jenewa|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> Rapat komite direncanakan dimulai pukul 13:30 waktu Jenewa ([[UTC+01:00]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/01/30/default-calendar/international-health-regulations-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-in-china|title=International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on novel coronavirus in China|agency=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|website=www.who.int|access-date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Januari 2020''': * [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Rusia]] mengonfirmasi kasus virus korona pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/01/31/coronavirus-symptoms-britain-russia-who-wuhan-emergency/4620574002/|title=Britain, Russia report first cases of coronavirus as illness spreads to 20 countries|first=Doug|last=Stanglin|website=USA TODAY|accessdate=31 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51325192|title=Coronavirus: Two cases confirmed in UK|accessdate=31 Januari 2020 |website=BBC |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama diumumkan di Swedia dan Spanyol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/GGgL49|title=Första bekräftade fallet av coronavirus i Sverige – kvinna hålls isolerad|language=sv|website=Aftonbladet|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200201073030-134-470659/spanyol-umumkan-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Spanyol Umumkan Kasus Virus Corona Pertama|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Kasus terkonfirmasi ketujuh di AS berada di [[Santa Clara County, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/5895060/|title=LIVE: Coronavirus: Bay Area's 1st case confirmed in Santa Clara County, CDC says|date=31 Januari 2020|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Thailand mengonfirmasi 5 kasus virus korona dengan kasus penularan virus manusia ke manusia pertama di negara tersebut, sehingga totalnya menjadi 19 kasus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1847884|title=Human transmission of coronavirus confirmed in Thailand|accessdate=1 Februari 2020 |website=Bangkok Post |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pébruari 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Februari 2020]] == Maret 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Maret 2020]] == April 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus April 2020]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/timeline-coronavirus-epidemic/ BNO News: TIMELINE: Coronavirus epidemic] [[Kategori:Sasalad Covid-19]] ltaf0dk9dm84z7dw7k38l6y11luhpg9 0 107633 712224 703088 2026-08-24T03:29:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:D. I. Pandjaitan.jpg|jmpl|D.I. Pandjaitan]] '''Donald Isaac Pandjaitan''' (EYD: Donald Isaac Panjaitan; 9 Juni 1925 – 1 Oktober 1965) téh salah sahiji [[Pahlawan Revolusi Indonésia]] anu gugur dina kajadian Gerakan 30 Séptémber 1965. Manéhna mangrupa perwira luhur [[TNI Angkatan Darat]] anu dipikawanoh ku dédikasi, kadisiplinan, jeung integritasna dina ngalaksanakeun tugas militér.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/biografi-singkat-di-panjaitan-pahlawan-revolusi-di-sejarah-g30s-gwjY|title=Biografi Singkat DI Panjaitan, Pahlawan Revolusi di Sejarah G30S|last=Nasrudin|first=Fadli|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Salila hirupna, D.I. Pandjaitan aktip dina rupa-rupa operasi militér penting sanggeus kamerdékaan sarta boga peran dina prosés pembenahan organisasi Angkatan Darat. Ku jasa jeung pangorbananana pikeun ngajaga kasatuan nagara, manéhna dianugrahkeun pangkat [[Mayor Jénderal TNI Anumerta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sumut/berita/d-8136664/biografi-singkat-mayjen-d-i-panjaitan-pahlawan-revolusi-asal-balige|title=Biografi Singkat Mayjen D.I Panjaitan, Pahlawan Revolusi Asal Balige|last=Sihite|first=Felicia Gisela Br|website=detiksumut|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Layonna dimakamkeun di [[Taman Makam Pahlawan Nasional Utama Kalibata]], [[Jakarta]], minangka tanda panghargaan nagara kana perjuangan jeung pangabdianna pikeun [[Indonésia]]. == Kahirupan == D.I. Pandjaitan lahir tanggal 9 Juni 1925 di [[Lumbantor Natolutali]], hiji daérah anu ayeuna kaasup ka [[Kacamatan Silaen]], [[Kabupatén Toba Samosir|Kabupatén Toba]], [[Sumatra Kalér|Sumatera]] [[Sumatra Kalér|Kalér]]. Manéhna lahir kira-kira jam satengah opat énjing sarta dibéré ngaran Donald Isaac Pandjaitan dina hiji upacara syukuran kulawarga anu dipingpin ku akina, Raja Malintang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=D.I. Pandjaitan, pahlawan revolusi gugur dalam seragam kebesaran: biografi|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/D_I_Pandjaitan_pahlawan_revolusi_gugur_d/WUZwAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Pustaka Sinar Harapan|date=1997|isbn=978-979-416-423-5|language=id|first=Marieke Pandjaitan br|last=Tambunan|first2=Sugiarta|last2=Sriwibawa}}</ref> Atikan formalna dimimitian di sakola dasar anu diurus ku pihak Zending, tempat manéhna sakola salila dua taun, saméméh tuluy dipindahkeun ku bapana ka Christelijke HIS di [[Narumonda]]. Sanggeus tamat ti HIS, Donald nuluykeun sakolana ka Christelijke MULO di Tarutung pikeun ngiluan atikan menengah.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/profil-pahlawan-revolusi-di-pandjaitan-jenderal-pendeta-yang-gugur-di-hadapan-keluarga-pzwmo|title=Profil Pahlawan Revolusi: DI Pandjaitan, Jenderal-Pendeta yang Gugur di Hadapan Keluarga|last=Wiharyo|first=Tjatur|website=Historia.ID|language=id|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Najan kitu, perjalanan atikanana eureun lantaran datangna tentara Jepang ka [[Sumatra]] dina mangsa [[Perang Dunya II|Perang Dunya Kadua]]. Tanggal 13 Maret 1942, pasukan Jepang darat di Medan sarta gancang sumebar nepi ka wewengkon [[Tapanuli]], kaasup Tarutung. Pamaréntahan pendudukan Jepang, anu nolak sagala rupa atikan jeung lembaga nu boga orientasi Kulon, nutup [[Christelijke MULO]] tempat Donald sakola. Waktu éta, manéhna kakara di kelas tilu jeung can sempet tamat. Ku sabab sakolana ditutup, Donald kudu eureun diajar sarta tuluy ngabantu ékonomi kulawargana ku cara dagang bawang jeung sapi ti Tarutung ka Barus. Pangalaman éta jadi salah sahiji léngkah penting dina kahirupanana, ngawangun kamandirian jeung sumanget gawé teuas anu engké bakal ngawangun karir militérna.<ref name=":0" /> == Karir militér == Dina bulan Nopémber 1945, teu lila sanggeus [[Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia|proklamasi kamerdékaan Indonésia]], D.I. Pandjaitan babarengan jeung para nonoman di wewengkonna milu aktip ngabentuk cabang lokal [[Tentara Kaamanan Rakyat]] (TKR), anu engké jadi cikal bakal [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|Tentara Nasional Indonésia]] (TNI). Dina organisasi éta, manéhna dipercaya jadi [[komandan batalyon]], nunjukkeun bakat kapamingpinan militérna ti umur ngora.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=DI Pandjaitan: Masa Muda, Karier Militer, dan Akhir Hidup|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/05/19/123653879/di-pandjaitan-masa-muda-karier-militer-dan-akhir-hidup|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2021-05-19|access-date=2025-11-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Karir militérna terus maju kalayan gancang, sarta dina bulan Maret 1948 manéhna diangkat jadi Komandan Organisasi jeung Pendidikan Divisi XI/Banteng di Bukittinggi, [[Sumatra Kulon|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kulon|Kulon]]. Teu lila ti harita, manéhna dipercaya pikeun jadi Wakil Komandan IV (Perbekalan) di Komando Tentara Sumatra, hiji jabatan penting anu ngabutuhkeun tanggung jawab gedé dina nyayagikeun logistik jeung perlengkapan pasukan. Waktu [[Walanda]] ngalaksanakeun [[Aksi Polisionil]] Kadua ngalawan Républik Indonésia taun 1948, Pandjaitan deui nunjukkeun dédikasi jeung pangabdianna ku cara ngatur jeung ngajaga perbekalan pikeun [[Pamaréntahan Darurat Républik Indonésia]] (PDRI) anu berpusat di Sumatra.<ref name=":1" /> Sanggeus Walanda ngaku kamerdékaan Indonésia taun 1949, Pandjaitan ditempatkeun di Markas Besar Divisi Sumatra di Médan. Tanggal 2 Januari 1950, manéhna diangkat jadi Kepala Staf Operasional Divisi I/Bukit Barisan anu markasna aya di Sumatra Kalér. Teu lila ti harita, manéhna dipindahkeun ka [[Palémbang]], [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Kidul]], pikeun ngajabat salaku Wakil Komandan Divisi II/Sriwijaya. Pangalaman jeung kamampuhna dina widang logistik jeung kapamingpinan ngajadikeun manéhna terus dipercaya pikeun nyekel rupa-rupa jabatan penting di lingkungan militér.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pustakaarsip.kamparkab.go.id/artikel-detail/1098/biografi-jenderal-di-panjaitan-|title=Biografi Jenderal D.I Panjaitan|last=Ardiansyah|website=Pustaka dan Arsip kabupaten Kampar|language=Indonesia|accessdate=2025-11-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729132608/https://pustakaarsip.kamparkab.go.id/artikel-detail/1098/biografi-jenderal-di-panjaitan- |date=2022-07-29 }}</ref> Antara bulan Oktober 1952 nepi ka Juli 1957, Pandjaitan ditugaskeun ka luar nagri minangka Atase Militér di Kedutaan Besar Indonésia di [[Bonn]], [[Jérman|Jérman Kulon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/d-i-pandjaitan-dan-aktivis-mahasiswa-indonesia-di-jerman-db28j|title=D.I. Pandjaitan dan Aktivis Mahasiswa Indonesia di Jerman|last=Sitompul|first=Martin|website=Historia.ID|language=id|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/politik/kisah-putra-balige-di-panjaitan-pernah-menjadi-atase-militer-di-bonn-jerman-340566|title=Kisah Putra Balige, DI Panjaitan Pernah Menjadi Atase Militer di Bonn Jerman|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/diplomasi-sunyi-perwira-tni-p7xk5|title=Diplomasi Sunyi Perwira TNI|last=Sitompul|first=Martin|website=Historia.ID|language=id|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Di ditu manéhna ngalegaan wawasan jeung pangalaman diplomasi militér Indonésia di tingkat internasional. Sanggeus balik deui ka tanah air, manéhna gabung jeung Staf Umum Angkatan Darat sarta terus nunjukkeun pangabdianna dina ngawangun kakuatan pertahanan nasional. Ti bulan Désémber 1963 nepi ka Juni 1964, manéhna meunang kasempetan pikeun sakola di Sekolah Staf jeung Komando Angkatan Darat [[Amérika Sarikat]] (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas), salah sahiji lembaga militér pangbergéngsi di dunya. Sanggeus réngsé sakolana, Pandjaitan nyekel jabatan pamungkasna minangka Asistén IV Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat anu tanggung jawab dina widang logistik jeung pakarang, nepi ka ahirna gugur dina kajadian G30S taun 1965 minangka salah sahiji Pahlawan Révolusi Indonésia. == Ahir kahirupan == [[Gambar:D. I Pandjaitan - TMP Kalibata.jpg|jmpl|Makam D.I. Pandjaitan di Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata]] Dina peuting tanggal 1 Oktober 1965, sakelompok anggota Gerakan 30 Séptémber (G30S) ninggalkeun markas maranéhna di [[Lubang Buaya, Cipayung, Jakarta Wétan|Lubang Buaya]], di beulah wétan Jakarta, kalayan misi pikeun nyulik sababaraha perwira luhur Angkatan Darat. Salah sahiji target operasi éta nyaéta Brigadir Jénderal D.I. Pandjaitan, anu waktu harita ngajabat minangka Asistén IV Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat dina widang logistik jeung pakarang. Pasukan G30S ngadobrak pager imahna di Jalan Hasanuddin, [[Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Kidul|Kebayoran Baru]], [[Kota Jakarta Kidul|Jakarta Kidul]], tuluy langsung asup ka jero halaman imah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5748488/di-panjaitan-profil-dan-kisah-perjuangan-yang-berakhir-di-lubang-buaya|title=DI Panjaitan: Profil dan Kisah Perjuangan yang Berakhir di Lubang Buaya|last=Zulfikar|first=Fahri|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Dina serangan éta, maranéhna nembak salah sahiji staf rumah tangga Pandjaitan anu keur sare di lantai handap imah anu mibanda dua lanté éta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2023/10/03/337/2894002/kisah-sedih-di-panjaitan-pahlawan-korban-g30s-pki-yang-tewas-ditembak-saat-sedang-berdoa|title=Kisah Sedih DI Panjaitan, Pahlawan Korban G30S PKI yang Tewas Ditembak saat Sedang Berdoa : Okezone News|last=Okezone|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Sanggeus éta, para anggota G30S ngageroan Pandjaitan supaya turun ti lanté luhur. Dua urang anu dipikanyaho kalibet dina kajadian ieu nyaéta Albert Naiborhu jeung Viktor Naiborhu, anu nyobaan ngajaga Pandjaitan; duanana tatu parna dina usaha éta, sarta Albert Naiborhu tungtungna maot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2023/10/02/337/2892777/mayjen-di-pandjaitan-gugur-dengan-tragis-kepala-dipopor-sebelum-ditembak|title=Mayjen DI Pandjaitan Gugur dengan Tragis, Kepala Dipopor Sebelum Ditembak : Okezone News|last=Okezone|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Pandjaitan, anu geus maké saragam dinasna lengkep, turun kalayan tenang sarta milih pikeun ngadu’a di buruan imahna saméméh nurut kana paréntah para nu nyulik. Tapi, kasabaran para palaku béak waktu ningali Pandjaitan masih kénéh lulut bari ngadu’a; tanpa aya rasa welas asih, maranéhna nembak ti tukang nepi ka maéhanana di tempat éta ogé.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metrodaily.jawapos.com/feature/2353631305/di-panjaitan-tewas-ditembak-saat-sedang-berdoa|title=DI Panjaitan Tewas Ditembak saat Sedang Berdoa - Metro Daily|last=Daily|first=Metro|website=DI Panjaitan Tewas Ditembak saat Sedang Berdoa - Metro Daily|language=id|accessdate=2025-11-09}}</ref> Layonna tuluy diasupkeun kana treuk babarengan jeung korban séjénna, sarta dibawa ka markas G30S di Lubang Buaya. Di dinya, jasadna dipiceun kana hiji sumur heubeul babarengan jeung awak para perwira Angkatan Darat séjén anu ogé jadi korban panyulikan jeung pembunuhan éta. Opat poé sanggeusna, tanggal 4 Oktober 1965, layon para korban hasil kapanggih ku pihak militér, sarta isukna langsung dimakamkeun dina upacara nagara di Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata, Jakarta Kidul.<ref name=":2" /> Salaku bentuk pangajénan kana jasa jeung pangorbananana, D.I. Pandjaitan sacara anumerta dianugrahkeun pangkat Mayor Jénderal TNI sarta dipikahormat minangka salah sahiji Pahlawan Révolusi Indonésia. Kajadian tragis ieu henteu ngan ukur nandaan tungtung hirup saurang perwira anu satia jeung berintegritas, tapi ogé jadi salah sahiji momen pangkelamna dina sajarah bangsa Indonésia.<ref name=":2" /> == Sumber rujukan == <references /> {{Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] gt2yiwerydygt8fzuhb29m8owrkylnm 0 108792 712222 712017 2026-08-24T02:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Amsterdam.jpg|jmpl|Bénténg Amsterdam]] '''Bénténg Amsterdam''' nyaéta hiji bénténg paninggalan [[Walanda]] anu perenahna aya di wates antara nagari Hila jeung nagari Kaitétu, [[kacamatan Léihitu]], [[Maluku|Kabupatén Maluku]] Tengah, kira-kira 42 km ti Kota Ambon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Dibalik Kemegahan Benteng Amsterdam|url=http://bkpmd-maluku.com/index.php/informasi/wisata/50-wisata/127-dibalik-kemegahan-benteng-amsterdam|access-date=2026-08-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306065931/http://bkpmd-maluku.com/index.php/informasi/wisata/50-wisata/127-dibalik-kemegahan-benteng-amsterdam |date=2017-03-06 }}</ref> Bénténg perenahna persis aya di gigireun basisir nagari Hila jeung nagari Kaitétu. Bénténg Amsterdam nyaéta wangunan kadua anu diadegken ku Walanda sanggeus ''Castéel Vanvéeré'' di nagari Séith ancur. Bénténg Amsterdam mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan kolot anu umurna geus ratusan taun sarta mangrupa bagian tina sajarah kakawasaan VOC di [[Ambon]], Maluku. = Sajarah = Saméméh jadi bénténg, ieu tempat téh mangrupa loji milik [[Portugal|Portugis]] pikeun nandéan/neundeun rempah-rempah ([[pala]] jeung [[cengkéh]]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kidnesia.com/Kidnesia2014/Indonesiaku/Teropong-Daerah/Maluku/Tempat-Menarik/Benteng-Amsterdam|title=Benteng Amsterdam|website=Kidnesia}}</ref> Ieu bénténg boga harti pisan pikeun Portugis lantaran dina waktu harita, [[Teluk Ambon]] mangrupa jalur kaluar-abus kapal-kapal dagang di Maluku. Ieu wewengkon dijadikeun ku Portugis salaku pusat dagang rempah-rempah jeung basis pertahanan dina nyanghareupan serangan kapal asing. Dina taun 1512, wangunan utama tina bénténg Amsterdam mimiti diwangun ku Portugis anu dipingpin ku [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Benteng Amsterdam - Kota Ambon|url=https://ambon.go.id/benteng-amsterdam/|newspaper=Kota Ambon|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id-ID}}</ref> Lumangsungna waktu, masarakat Maluku ngarasa dirugikeun ku kasarakahan Portugis dina meunangkeun kauntungan tina rempah-rempah di Nusantara. Tungtungna nepi ka ahir abad ka-16 rahayat Maluku ngalakukeun perlawanan ka Portugis. Ieu kaayaan dimangpaatkeun ku Walanda pikeun meunangkeun haté masarakat Maluku sarta nancebkeun tapak lacakna di tatar Maluku.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-2370128/3-benteng-gahar-di-maluku|title=3 Benteng Gahar di Maluku|last=Hernasari|first=Putri Rizqi|website=detikTravel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Sanggeus Walanda datang tur ngawasa pulo Ambon dina taun 1605, maranéhna ngéléhkeun Portugis sarta ngarebut éta loji Portugis.<ref name=":0" /> Maranéhna ngarobah loji éta jadi kubu pertahanan anu dilakukeun ku Gubernur Jéndral Jaan Ottens dina taun 1637.[5] Hal ieu ogé didukung ku kabentukna ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC).<ref name=":1" /> Parobahan fungsi loji dilakukeun lantaran harita téh keur aya perang antara Walanda jeung Karajaan Tanah Hitu atawa Karajaan Hitu. Éta perang kajadian dina taun 1633-1654 sarta ti Karajaan Tanah Hitu dipingpin ku Kapitan Kakialy.<ref name=":0" /> Gubernur Jéndral Jaan Ottens ngancurkeun loji milik Portugis sarta ngawangun imah batu anu ngawujud bénténg dina taun 1637.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malukueyes.com:80/heritage/the-fortress/6-benteng-amsterdam-hila|title=Benteng Amsterdam - Hila|last=ME|website=malukueyes.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2026-08-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429063035/http://www.malukueyes.com/heritage/the-fortress/6-benteng-amsterdam-hila |date=2015-04-29 }}</ref> Pangwangunan bénténg ditambah ku pager anu ngurilinganana. Dina taun 1642, bénténg dipigedé ku Gerrard Demmer tur satuluyneunana pangwangunanana diteruskeun dina taun 1649 ku Gubernur Jéndral Anthony Caan. Pangwangunan bénténg anggeus dina taun 1649-1656 ku Arnold de Vlaming van Ouds Hoorn (tokoh antagonis numutkeun urang Ambon jeung Léasé) sarta méré ngaran Bénténg Amsterdam.<ref name=":0" /> == Konstruksi jeung arsitéktur == Konstruksi Bénténg Amsterdam siga hiji imah, matak ku bangsa Walanda disebut "Blok Huis".<ref name=":0" /> Wangunan bénténg kawangun tina tilu lantai jeung munara panitén di puncak hateupna.<ref name=":3" /> Lantai hiji tina bata beureum sedengkeun lantai dua jeung lantai tilu tina kai.<ref name=":0" /> Di lantai handap aya panjara jeung mesiu. Di unggal sisi wangunan aya jandéla. Di hareup bénténg aya prasasti nu aya lambang Departemén Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Éta prasasti nuliskeun: BENTENG AMSTERDAM. Mulai Dibangun Oleh: Gerrard Demmer pada tahun 1642.<ref name=":2" /> Bénténg Amsterdam kaasup bénténg nu diurus di Maluku anu boga musieum leutik pikeun tempat neundeun barang-barang paninggalan jaman baheula. Lantai hiji, dua jeung tilu dipaké tempat padumukan tentara Walanda. Lantai hiji dipaké tempat saré para serdadu, lantai dua pikeun tempat rapat para perwira jeung lantai tilu dipaké pos paninjau.<ref name=":0" /> Hateup ieu bénténg warnana beureum tur geus lain nu aslina deui. Bénténg Amsterdam aya di gigireun laut anu museur ka pulo Seram.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg ditinggalkeun ku Walanda dina kaayaan ruksak tur geus dipelakan ku tangkal caringin gedé dina awal taun 1900.[5] Ti mimiti bulan Juli taun 1991 nepi ka bulan Maret taun 1994, Kamentrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Républik Indonésia (Kantor Wilayah Propinsi Maluku) ngalakukeun pamugaran ka Bénténg Amsterdam.<ref name=":0" /> Di bénténg Amsterdam aya perlengkapan perang jeung barang beling nu umurna geus ratusan taun.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Benteng Amsterdam Di Ambon|url=http://beritadaerah.com/2013/11/12/benteng-amsterdam-di-ambon/|newspaper=Berita Daerah|access-date=2026-08-09|language=en-US}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232422/http://beritadaerah.com/2013/11/12/benteng-amsterdam-di-ambon/ |date=2014-05-12 }}</ref> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] kycomcocckf3bxzdh0qx71dy5jwi1fz