Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 47331 712611 674111 2026-09-10T11:27:54Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kemaharajaan Majapahit | common_name = Majapahit | native_name = {{small|{{native name|jv| ꦤꦒꦫꦶꦏꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀}}}} | religion = * Shiva-Buddha (Javanese [[syncretism]] of [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]]) * [[Hinduism]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Animism]] | p1 = Singhasari | s1 = Demak Sultanate | year_start = 1293 | year_end = 1527 | date_start = 10 November<ref name="NGI Trowulan">{{Cite web |last=Mahandis Y. Thamrin |date=September 2012 |title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |access-date=27 May 2015 |publisher=National Geographic Indonesia |language=id |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |date=26 May 2015 }}</ref> | date_end = | event_start = Coronation | event_end = [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] takeover | image_coat = Surya Majapahit Gold.svg | image_flag = Naval flag of Majapahit Kingdom.svg | image_map = Majapahit Empire.svg | image_map_caption = The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=D. G. E. |year=1965 |title=Problems of Indonesian Historiography |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=353–359 |doi=10.2307/2754037 |jstor=2754037}}</ref> in 1365 | capital = [[Trowulan]], ayeuna [[Mojokerto]] | common_languages = * [[Old Javanese]] (main) * [[Sanskrit]] (religious) | government_type = [[Mandala]] diparéntah ku [[Maharaja]] | title_leader = [[Maharaja]] | leader1 = [[Raden Wijaya]] | year_leader1 = 1293–1309 | leader2 = [[Jayanegara]] | year_leader2 = 1309–1328 | leader3 = [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] | year_leader3 = 1328–1350 | leader4 = [[Hayam Wuruk]] | year_leader4 = 1350–1389 | leader5 = [[Wikramawardhana]] | year_leader5 = 1389–1429 | leader6 = [[Suhita]] | year_leader6 = 1429–1447 | leader7 = [[Kertawijaya]] | year_leader7 = 1447–1451 | leader8 = [[Rajasawardhana]] | year_leader8 = 1451–1453 | leader9 = [[Girishawardhana]] | year_leader9 = 1456–1466 | leader10 = [[Suraprabhawa]] | year_leader10 = 1466–1474 | leader11 = [[Girindrawardhana]] | year_leader11 = 1474–1527 | currency = koin emas jeung perak }} '''Majapahit''' mangrupa hiji karajaan [[Hindu]] di [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="Suwarno">{{Citation | last =Suwarno| first = Suwarno| coauthors =P.J.| year = 1993| title =Pancasila budaya bangsa Indonesia: penelitian Pancasila dengan pendekatan, historis, filosofis & sosio-yuridis kenegaraan|page=21|location=Jakarta| publisher =Kanisius| isbn =9789794139677| Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x-A0wy95LUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=budaya&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3OyS66_oAhXKyTgGHZwZBesQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=budaya&f=false}}</ref> Karajaan ieu kaasup karajaan kuna di [[Indonésia]] anu nangtung dina taun [[1293]] nepi ka [[1500 M]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit hingga Runtuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004072507/http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ |date=2015-10-04 }} (diakses 2 Oktober 2015)</ref> Karajaan Majapahit di adegkeun ku [[Radén Wijaya]] ([[1293 M]]).<ref name="hiji"/>. Masa kajayaan majapahit nyaéta saprak [[Hayam Wuruk]] nyokot posisi raja anu ngawasa dina taun 1350 nepi ka 1389 anu dicirian ku ayana pangadegan gedé-gedéan nepi ka Asia Tanggara.<ref name="dua">{{id}}[http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html Majapahit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923165516/http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html |date=23 September 2015 }} (diakses 2 Agustus 2015)</ref>. Kasuksésanana ogé diakui ka perdana mentrina, [[Gajah Mada]]. Kapunjulanana ogé diaku hasil tina jasa [[Gajah Mada|perdana menteri Gajah Mada]]. Numutkeun {{lang|jv|[[Nagarakretagama]]}} ({{lang|jv|Desawarñana}}) anu ditulis taun 1365, Majapahit mangrupa karajaan anu ngawasa 98 daérah taklukan, ngampar ti [[Sumatra]] nepi ka [[New Guinea]];<ref name="Cribb">{{cite book | title = Historical Atlas of Indonesia | first = Robert | last = Cribb | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781136780578 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&pg=PA87}}</ref>{{rp|page=87}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708185756/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/majapahit.html Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History]</ref> ngawengku daérah anu ayeuna jadi [[Indonesia]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], kidul [[Thailand]], [[Timor Leste]], kulon kidul [[Filipina]] (hususna Kapuloan [[Sulu Archipelago]]) sanajan wewengkon pangaruh Majapahit masih jadi bahan diskusi di antara para sajarawan. <ref name="Britannica-Majapahit">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Indonesia, The Majapahit Era | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/The-Majapahit-era}}</ref> Sifat hubungan jeung pangaruh Majapahit kana daérah taklukanana di luar negeri ogé statusna minangka hiji karajaan masih ngundang diskusi.<ref name="Sastrawan">{{Cite web|first=Wayan Jarrah|last=Sastrawan|date=2020-01-09|title=Was Majapahit really an empire?|url=https://www.newmandala.org/was-majapahit-really-an-empire/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=New Mandala}}</ref> Majapahit mangrupa salah sahiji karajaan Hindu-Budha terakhir nu penting di wilayah éta sarta dianggap salaku salah sahiji karajaan nu pangagungna sarta pangkuatna dina sajarah Indonésia jeung Asia Tenggara. Kadang dianggap salaku cikal bakal wates-wates Indonésia modéren.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tracing the glory of Majapahit | author=Sita W. Dewi | date=9 April 2013 |newspaper=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/09/tracing-glory-majapahit.html|access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Pangaruhna sumebar teu ngan di wilayah Indonésia modéren tapi ogé jadi topik seueur panalungtikan.<ref>Prapantja, Rakawi, trans. by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud, ''Java in the 14th Century, A Study in Cultural History: The Negara-Kertagama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 AD'' (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), vol. 4, p. 29. 34</ref><ref>G.J. Resink, ''Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory'' (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1968), p. 21.</ref> == Étimologi == Ngaran Majapahit (kadang diéjah ''Mojopait'' pikeun ngalafalkeun dina [[basa Jawa]]) asalna tina basa Jawa, anu hartina "maja pahit". Oriéntalis ti [[Jérman]], [[Berthold Laufer]], ngusulkeun yén unsur maja asalna tina ngaran basa Jawa pikeun ''Aegle marmelos'', sajenis tangkal anu tumuwuh di Jawa nepi ka sakuliah Indonésia. Majapahit ogé disebut ku sinonim anu asalna tina basa [[Basa Sangsekerta|Sansekerta]], nyaéta Wilwatikta (Sansekerta: विल्वतिक्त, ''vilvatikta'', anu hartina "maja pahit"). Toponim anu ngandung kecap maja umum kapanggih di wewengkon sabudeureun Trowulan, lantaran di Jawa geus jadi kabiasaan pikeun ngaranan hiji wewengkon, désa, atawa pamukiman dumasar kana jinis tangkal atawa buah anu paling loba atawa dominan di éta wewengkon. Pararaton, hiji babad tina abad ka-16, nyatet hiji légénda anu aya patalina jeung ngadegna pamukiman anyar di leuweung Trik ku Raden Wijaya dina taun 1292. Disebutkeun yén para pagawé anu nuaran tangkal di leuweung Trik manggihan sababaraha tangkal maja tuluy dahar buahna anu pait, anu saterusna jadi asal-usul ngaran éta désa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit {{!}} National Geographic|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13285974/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit|access-date=2026-09-10|language=id|first=National|last=Geographic}}</ref> Numutkeun sajarah, ngaran Majapahit nujul kana ibu kota karajaan, tapi ayeuna mah umum dipaké pikeun nyebut sakabéh éta karajaan. Dina sumber-sumber utama babasa Jawa, karajaan dina cakupan wewengkon anu leuwih jembar biasana disebut lain salaku Majapahit, tapi salaku ''bhūmi Jawa'' ("tanah Jawa") dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa ''yava-dvīpa-maṇḍala'' ("nagara di pulo Jawa") dina basa Sansekerta. Samentara éta, istilah Majapahit disebutkeun dina prasasti Tuhanaru anu dikeluarkeun ku raja Jayanagara dina taun 1245 Saka (1323 M) anu nyebutkeun:<blockquote>''".. Çri Mahārāja an t an tuhu-tuhu wiṣṇwatāra inadhiṣṭāna saŋ parama sujana pinratiṣṭa irikaŋ rājya i majhapahit ..."''</blockquote>Harti inskripsi: (saenyana-enyana Śrī Mahārāja titisan Wiṣṇu, dipénta ku jalma-jalma nu kasohor, [pikeun] ditahbiskeun di karajaan Majapahit.)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Worsley|first=Peter|date=2014|title=Boechari, Melacak Sejarah Kuno Indonesia Lewat Prasasti/Tracing Ancient Indonesian History Through Inscriptions; Kumpulan Tulisan/Writings Of Boechari.|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/180885/|journal=Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya|language=en|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=200–203|issn=1411-2272}}</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Karajaan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Majapahit| ]] b69iqnwjyptorn0f3az9x6mq7i46cp0 712612 712611 2026-09-10T11:38:13Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kemaharajaan Majapahit | common_name = Majapahit | native_name = {{small|{{native name|jv| ꦤꦒꦫꦶꦏꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀}}}} | religion = * Shiva-Buddha (Javanese [[syncretism]] of [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]]) * [[Hinduism]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Animism]] | p1 = Singhasari | s1 = Demak Sultanate | year_start = 1293 | year_end = 1527 | date_start = 10 November<ref name="NGI Trowulan">{{Cite web |last=Mahandis Y. Thamrin |date=September 2012 |title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |access-date=27 May 2015 |publisher=National Geographic Indonesia |language=id |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |date=26 May 2015 }}</ref> | date_end = | event_start = Coronation | event_end = [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] takeover | image_coat = Surya Majapahit Gold.svg | image_flag = Naval flag of Majapahit Kingdom.svg | image_map = Majapahit Empire.svg | image_map_caption = The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=D. G. E. |year=1965 |title=Problems of Indonesian Historiography |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=353–359 |doi=10.2307/2754037 |jstor=2754037}}</ref> in 1365 | capital = [[Trowulan]], ayeuna [[Mojokerto]] | common_languages = * [[Old Javanese]] (main) * [[Sanskrit]] (religious) | government_type = [[Mandala]] diparéntah ku [[Maharaja]] | title_leader = [[Maharaja]] | leader1 = [[Raden Wijaya]] | year_leader1 = 1293–1309 | leader2 = [[Jayanegara]] | year_leader2 = 1309–1328 | leader3 = [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] | year_leader3 = 1328–1350 | leader4 = [[Hayam Wuruk]] | year_leader4 = 1350–1389 | leader5 = [[Wikramawardhana]] | year_leader5 = 1389–1429 | leader6 = [[Suhita]] | year_leader6 = 1429–1447 | leader7 = [[Kertawijaya]] | year_leader7 = 1447–1451 | leader8 = [[Rajasawardhana]] | year_leader8 = 1451–1453 | leader9 = [[Girishawardhana]] | year_leader9 = 1456–1466 | leader10 = [[Suraprabhawa]] | year_leader10 = 1466–1474 | leader11 = [[Girindrawardhana]] | year_leader11 = 1474–1527 | currency = koin emas jeung perak }} '''Majapahit''' mangrupa hiji karajaan [[Hindu]] di [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="Suwarno">{{Citation | last =Suwarno| first = Suwarno| coauthors =P.J.| year = 1993| title =Pancasila budaya bangsa Indonesia: penelitian Pancasila dengan pendekatan, historis, filosofis & sosio-yuridis kenegaraan|page=21|location=Jakarta| publisher =Kanisius| isbn =9789794139677| Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x-A0wy95LUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=budaya&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3OyS66_oAhXKyTgGHZwZBesQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=budaya&f=false}}</ref> Karajaan ieu kaasup karajaan kuna di [[Indonésia]] anu nangtung dina taun [[1293]] nepi ka [[1500 M]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit hingga Runtuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004072507/http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ |date=2015-10-04 }} (diakses 2 Oktober 2015)</ref> Karajaan Majapahit di adegkeun ku [[Radén Wijaya]] ([[1293 M]]).<ref name="hiji"/>. Masa kajayaan majapahit nyaéta saprak [[Hayam Wuruk]] nyokot posisi raja anu ngawasa dina taun 1350 nepi ka 1389 anu dicirian ku ayana pangadegan gedé-gedéan nepi ka Asia Tanggara.<ref name="dua">{{id}}[http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html Majapahit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923165516/http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html |date=23 September 2015 }} (diakses 2 Agustus 2015)</ref>. Kasuksésanana ogé diakui ka perdana mentrina, [[Gajah Mada]]. Kapunjulanana ogé diaku hasil tina jasa [[Gajah Mada|perdana menteri Gajah Mada]]. Numutkeun {{lang|jv|[[Nagarakretagama]]}} ({{lang|jv|Desawarñana}}) anu ditulis taun 1365, Majapahit mangrupa karajaan anu ngawasa 98 daérah taklukan, ngampar ti [[Sumatra]] nepi ka [[New Guinea]];<ref name="Cribb">{{cite book | title = Historical Atlas of Indonesia | first = Robert | last = Cribb | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781136780578 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&pg=PA87}}</ref>{{rp|page=87}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708185756/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/majapahit.html Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History]</ref> ngawengku daérah anu ayeuna jadi [[Indonesia]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], kidul [[Thailand]], [[Timor Leste]], kulon kidul [[Filipina]] (hususna Kapuloan [[Sulu Archipelago]]) sanajan wewengkon pangaruh Majapahit masih jadi bahan diskusi di antara para sajarawan. <ref name="Britannica-Majapahit">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Indonesia, The Majapahit Era | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/The-Majapahit-era}}</ref> Sifat hubungan jeung pangaruh Majapahit kana daérah taklukanana di luar negeri ogé statusna minangka hiji karajaan masih ngundang diskusi.<ref name="Sastrawan">{{Cite web|first=Wayan Jarrah|last=Sastrawan|date=2020-01-09|title=Was Majapahit really an empire?|url=https://www.newmandala.org/was-majapahit-really-an-empire/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=New Mandala}}</ref> Majapahit mangrupa salah sahiji karajaan Hindu-Budha terakhir nu penting di wilayah éta sarta dianggap salaku salah sahiji karajaan nu pangagungna sarta pangkuatna dina sajarah Indonésia jeung Asia Tenggara. Kadang dianggap salaku cikal bakal wates-wates Indonésia modéren.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tracing the glory of Majapahit | author=Sita W. Dewi | date=9 April 2013 |newspaper=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/09/tracing-glory-majapahit.html|access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Pangaruhna sumebar teu ngan di wilayah Indonésia modéren tapi ogé jadi topik seueur panalungtikan.<ref>Prapantja, Rakawi, trans. by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud, ''Java in the 14th Century, A Study in Cultural History: The Negara-Kertagama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 AD'' (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), vol. 4, p. 29. 34</ref><ref>G.J. Resink, ''Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory'' (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1968), p. 21.</ref> == Étimologi == Ngaran Majapahit (kadang diéjah ''Mojopait'' pikeun ngalafalkeun dina [[basa Jawa]]) asalna tina basa Jawa, anu hartina "maja pahit". Oriéntalis ti [[Jérman]], [[Berthold Laufer]], ngusulkeun yén unsur maja asalna tina ngaran basa Jawa pikeun ''Aegle marmelos'', sajenis tangkal anu tumuwuh di Jawa nepi ka sakuliah Indonésia. Majapahit ogé disebut ku sinonim anu asalna tina basa [[Basa Sangsekerta|Sansekerta]], nyaéta Wilwatikta (Sansekerta: विल्वतिक्त, ''vilvatikta'', anu hartina "maja pahit"). Toponim anu ngandung kecap maja umum kapanggih di wewengkon sabudeureun Trowulan, lantaran di Jawa geus jadi kabiasaan pikeun ngaranan hiji wewengkon, désa, atawa pamukiman dumasar kana jinis tangkal atawa buah anu paling loba atawa dominan di éta wewengkon. Pararaton, hiji babad tina abad ka-16, nyatet hiji légénda anu aya patalina jeung ngadegna pamukiman anyar di leuweung Trik ku Raden Wijaya dina taun 1292. Disebutkeun yén para pagawé anu nuaran tangkal di leuweung Trik manggihan sababaraha tangkal maja tuluy dahar buahna anu pait, anu saterusna jadi asal-usul ngaran éta désa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit {{!}} National Geographic|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13285974/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit|access-date=2026-09-10|language=id|first=National|last=Geographic}}</ref> Numutkeun sajarah, ngaran Majapahit nujul kana ibu kota karajaan, tapi ayeuna mah umum dipaké pikeun nyebut sakabéh éta karajaan. Dina sumber-sumber utama babasa Jawa, karajaan dina cakupan wewengkon anu leuwih jembar biasana disebut lain salaku Majapahit, tapi salaku ''bhūmi Jawa'' ("tanah Jawa") dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa ''yava-dvīpa-maṇḍala'' ("nagara di pulo Jawa") dina basa Sansekerta. Samentara éta, istilah Majapahit disebutkeun dina prasasti Tuhanaru anu dikeluarkeun ku raja Jayanagara dina taun 1245 Saka (1323 M) anu nyebutkeun:<blockquote>''".. Çri Mahārāja an t an tuhu-tuhu wiṣṇwatāra inadhiṣṭāna saŋ parama sujana pinratiṣṭa irikaŋ rājya i majhapahit ..."''</blockquote>Harti inskripsi: (saenyana-enyana Śrī Mahārāja titisan Wiṣṇu, dipénta ku jalma-jalma nu kasohor, [pikeun] ditahbiskeun di karajaan Majapahit.)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Worsley|first=Peter|date=2014|title=Boechari, Melacak Sejarah Kuno Indonesia Lewat Prasasti/Tracing Ancient Indonesian History Through Inscriptions; Kumpulan Tulisan/Writings Of Boechari.|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/180885/|journal=Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya|language=en|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=200–203|issn=1411-2272}}</ref> == Historiografi == Sajarah ngeunaan kamaharajaan Majapahit masih jadi salah sahiji subjék panalungtikan anu resep pikeun dibahas leuwih jauh deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia : peoples and histories|url=http://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl|publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-300-12808-6|last=Internet Archive|first=Jean Gelman}}</ref> Sumber utama anu dipaké ku para sajarawan di antarana nyaéta Pararaton ('Kitab Raja-raja') dina [[basa Kawi]] jeung Nagarakretagama dina [[basa Jawa Kuno]]. Pararaton ngabahas [[Ken Arok]] (nu ngadegkeun [[Karajaan Singasari|Karajaan Singhasari]]) tapi ogé ngamuat sababaraha bagian pondok ngeunaan kabentukna Majapahit. Samentara éta, Nagarakretagama nyaéta puisi Jawa Kuno anu ditulis dina masa kaemasan Majapahit di handap pamaréntahan [[Hayam Wuruk]]. Kakawin Nagarakretagama dina taun 2008 diaku salaku bagian dina Warisan Ingatan Dunia (''Memory of the World Programme'') ku [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/05/24/08444424/negarakertagama.diakui.sebagai.memori.dunia|title=KOMPAS.COM - Not Found|website=www.kompas.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> Salian ti éta, aya sababaraha prasasti dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa catetan sejarah ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] jeung nagara-nagara séjénna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|date=2008|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c .1200|url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350394582|doi=10.5040/9781350394582}}</ref> [[C.C. Berg]] nganggap yén sabagian naskah kasebut lain catetan masa lalu, tapi boga arti supernatural dina hal bisa nyaho wanci kahareup. Lolobana sarjana teu narima pandangan ieu, lantaran catetan sajarah Majapahit akur jeung catetan ti Cina anu teu mungkin boga maksud anu sarua. Daptar penguasa jeung detil struktur nagara teu nembongkeun tanda-tanda dijieun-jieun. Dina taun 2010, sakelompok pangusaha ti [[Jepang]] anu dipimpin ku Takajo Yoshiaki ngabiayaan nyieun kapal Majapahit atawa ''Spirit of Majapahit'' anu bakal ngalayar ka [[Asia]]. Numutkeun Takajo, hal ieu dilakukeun pikeun ngingetkeun kerjasama Majapahit jeung Karajaan Jepang ngalawan Karajaan Yuan China (Mongol) dina perang di [[Samudra Pasifik]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indonesia-Jepang Buat Kapal Majapahit {{!}} teknologi {{!}} Tempo.co|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2010/07/01/061260022/Indonesia-Jepang-Buat-Kapal-Majapahit/|access-date=2026-09-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Numutkeun Guru Besar Arkéologi Asia Tenggara ''[[National University of Singapore]]'', [[John N. Miksic]], jangkauan kekuasaan Majapahit ngawakup [[Sumatra]] jeung [[Singapura]], malahan [[Thailand]], anu dibuktikeun ku pangaruh kabudayaan, corak wangunan, candi, patung, jeung seni.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majapahit Jajah hingga Semenanjung Malaya|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2012/12/05/19045066/majapahit-jajah-hingga-semenanjung-malaya|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2012-12-05|access-date=2026-09-10|language=en|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Malahan aya paguron silat nu ngaranna ''Kali Majapahit'' anu populér di [[Pilipina]] jeung anggotana ti Asia jeung Amérika. Silat ''Kali Majapahit'' ieu ngakar tina Kamaharajaan Majapahit kuno anu disebutkeun ngawasa Pilipina, Singapura, [[Malaysia]], jeung Kidul Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kali-majapahit.com/|title=Martial Arts Academy Singapore {{!}} Kali Majapahit|website=kali-majapahit.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Karajaan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Majapahit| ]] boptjdffn58n31mt2m3zdgzccji03ms 712613 712612 2026-09-10T11:43:03Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Historiografi */ 712613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kemaharajaan Majapahit | common_name = Majapahit | native_name = {{small|{{native name|jv| ꦤꦒꦫꦶꦏꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀}}}} | religion = * Shiva-Buddha (Javanese [[syncretism]] of [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]]) * [[Hinduism]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Animism]] | p1 = Singhasari | s1 = Demak Sultanate | year_start = 1293 | year_end = 1527 | date_start = 10 November<ref name="NGI Trowulan">{{Cite web |last=Mahandis Y. Thamrin |date=September 2012 |title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |access-date=27 May 2015 |publisher=National Geographic Indonesia |language=id |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |date=26 May 2015 }}</ref> | date_end = | event_start = Coronation | event_end = [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] takeover | image_coat = Surya Majapahit Gold.svg | image_flag = Naval flag of Majapahit Kingdom.svg | image_map = Majapahit Empire.svg | image_map_caption = The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=D. G. E. |year=1965 |title=Problems of Indonesian Historiography |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=353–359 |doi=10.2307/2754037 |jstor=2754037}}</ref> in 1365 | capital = [[Trowulan]], ayeuna [[Mojokerto]] | common_languages = * [[Old Javanese]] (main) * [[Sanskrit]] (religious) | government_type = [[Mandala]] diparéntah ku [[Maharaja]] | title_leader = [[Maharaja]] | leader1 = [[Raden Wijaya]] | year_leader1 = 1293–1309 | leader2 = [[Jayanegara]] | year_leader2 = 1309–1328 | leader3 = [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] | year_leader3 = 1328–1350 | leader4 = [[Hayam Wuruk]] | year_leader4 = 1350–1389 | leader5 = [[Wikramawardhana]] | year_leader5 = 1389–1429 | leader6 = [[Suhita]] | year_leader6 = 1429–1447 | leader7 = [[Kertawijaya]] | year_leader7 = 1447–1451 | leader8 = [[Rajasawardhana]] | year_leader8 = 1451–1453 | leader9 = [[Girishawardhana]] | year_leader9 = 1456–1466 | leader10 = [[Suraprabhawa]] | year_leader10 = 1466–1474 | leader11 = [[Girindrawardhana]] | year_leader11 = 1474–1527 | currency = koin emas jeung perak }} '''Majapahit''' mangrupa hiji karajaan [[Hindu]] di [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="Suwarno">{{Citation | last =Suwarno| first = Suwarno| coauthors =P.J.| year = 1993| title =Pancasila budaya bangsa Indonesia: penelitian Pancasila dengan pendekatan, historis, filosofis & sosio-yuridis kenegaraan|page=21|location=Jakarta| publisher =Kanisius| isbn =9789794139677| Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x-A0wy95LUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=budaya&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3OyS66_oAhXKyTgGHZwZBesQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=budaya&f=false}}</ref> Karajaan ieu kaasup karajaan kuna di [[Indonésia]] anu nangtung dina taun [[1293]] nepi ka [[1500 M]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit hingga Runtuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004072507/http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ |date=2015-10-04 }} (diakses 2 Oktober 2015)</ref> Karajaan Majapahit di adegkeun ku [[Radén Wijaya]] ([[1293 M]]).<ref name="hiji"/>. Masa kajayaan majapahit nyaéta saprak [[Hayam Wuruk]] nyokot posisi raja anu ngawasa dina taun 1350 nepi ka 1389 anu dicirian ku ayana pangadegan gedé-gedéan nepi ka Asia Tanggara.<ref name="dua">{{id}}[http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html Majapahit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923165516/http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html |date=23 September 2015 }} (diakses 2 Agustus 2015)</ref>. Kasuksésanana ogé diakui ka perdana mentrina, [[Gajah Mada]]. Kapunjulanana ogé diaku hasil tina jasa [[Gajah Mada|perdana menteri Gajah Mada]]. Numutkeun {{lang|jv|[[Nagarakretagama]]}} ({{lang|jv|Desawarñana}}) anu ditulis taun 1365, Majapahit mangrupa karajaan anu ngawasa 98 daérah taklukan, ngampar ti [[Sumatra]] nepi ka [[New Guinea]];<ref name="Cribb">{{cite book | title = Historical Atlas of Indonesia | first = Robert | last = Cribb | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781136780578 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&pg=PA87}}</ref>{{rp|page=87}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708185756/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/majapahit.html Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History]</ref> ngawengku daérah anu ayeuna jadi [[Indonesia]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], kidul [[Thailand]], [[Timor Leste]], kulon kidul [[Filipina]] (hususna Kapuloan [[Sulu Archipelago]]) sanajan wewengkon pangaruh Majapahit masih jadi bahan diskusi di antara para sajarawan. <ref name="Britannica-Majapahit">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Indonesia, The Majapahit Era | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/The-Majapahit-era}}</ref> Sifat hubungan jeung pangaruh Majapahit kana daérah taklukanana di luar negeri ogé statusna minangka hiji karajaan masih ngundang diskusi.<ref name="Sastrawan">{{Cite web|first=Wayan Jarrah|last=Sastrawan|date=2020-01-09|title=Was Majapahit really an empire?|url=https://www.newmandala.org/was-majapahit-really-an-empire/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=New Mandala}}</ref> Majapahit mangrupa salah sahiji karajaan Hindu-Budha terakhir nu penting di wilayah éta sarta dianggap salaku salah sahiji karajaan nu pangagungna sarta pangkuatna dina sajarah Indonésia jeung Asia Tenggara. Kadang dianggap salaku cikal bakal wates-wates Indonésia modéren.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tracing the glory of Majapahit | author=Sita W. Dewi | date=9 April 2013 |newspaper=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/09/tracing-glory-majapahit.html|access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Pangaruhna sumebar teu ngan di wilayah Indonésia modéren tapi ogé jadi topik seueur panalungtikan.<ref>Prapantja, Rakawi, trans. by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud, ''Java in the 14th Century, A Study in Cultural History: The Negara-Kertagama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 AD'' (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), vol. 4, p. 29. 34</ref><ref>G.J. Resink, ''Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory'' (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1968), p. 21.</ref> == Étimologi == Ngaran Majapahit (kadang diéjah ''Mojopait'' pikeun ngalafalkeun dina [[basa Jawa]]) asalna tina basa Jawa, anu hartina "maja pahit". Oriéntalis ti [[Jérman]], [[Berthold Laufer]], ngusulkeun yén unsur maja asalna tina ngaran basa Jawa pikeun ''Aegle marmelos'', sajenis tangkal anu tumuwuh di Jawa nepi ka sakuliah Indonésia. Majapahit ogé disebut ku sinonim anu asalna tina basa [[Basa Sangsekerta|Sansekerta]], nyaéta Wilwatikta (Sansekerta: विल्वतिक्त, ''vilvatikta'', anu hartina "maja pahit"). Toponim anu ngandung kecap maja umum kapanggih di wewengkon sabudeureun Trowulan, lantaran di Jawa geus jadi kabiasaan pikeun ngaranan hiji wewengkon, désa, atawa pamukiman dumasar kana jinis tangkal atawa buah anu paling loba atawa dominan di éta wewengkon. Pararaton, hiji babad tina abad ka-16, nyatet hiji légénda anu aya patalina jeung ngadegna pamukiman anyar di leuweung Trik ku Raden Wijaya dina taun 1292. Disebutkeun yén para pagawé anu nuaran tangkal di leuweung Trik manggihan sababaraha tangkal maja tuluy dahar buahna anu pait, anu saterusna jadi asal-usul ngaran éta désa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit {{!}} National Geographic|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13285974/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit|access-date=2026-09-10|language=id|first=National|last=Geographic}}</ref> Numutkeun sajarah, ngaran Majapahit nujul kana ibu kota karajaan, tapi ayeuna mah umum dipaké pikeun nyebut sakabéh éta karajaan. Dina sumber-sumber utama babasa Jawa, karajaan dina cakupan wewengkon anu leuwih jembar biasana disebut lain salaku Majapahit, tapi salaku ''bhūmi Jawa'' ("tanah Jawa") dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa ''yava-dvīpa-maṇḍala'' ("nagara di pulo Jawa") dina basa Sansekerta. Samentara éta, istilah Majapahit disebutkeun dina prasasti Tuhanaru anu dikeluarkeun ku raja Jayanagara dina taun 1245 Saka (1323 M) anu nyebutkeun:<blockquote>''".. Çri Mahārāja an t an tuhu-tuhu wiṣṇwatāra inadhiṣṭāna saŋ parama sujana pinratiṣṭa irikaŋ rājya i majhapahit ..."''</blockquote>Harti inskripsi: (saenyana-enyana Śrī Mahārāja titisan Wiṣṇu, dipénta ku jalma-jalma nu kasohor, [pikeun] ditahbiskeun di karajaan Majapahit.)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Worsley|first=Peter|date=2014|title=Boechari, Melacak Sejarah Kuno Indonesia Lewat Prasasti/Tracing Ancient Indonesian History Through Inscriptions; Kumpulan Tulisan/Writings Of Boechari.|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/180885/|journal=Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya|language=en|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=200–203|issn=1411-2272}}</ref> == Historiografi == Sajarah ngeunaan kamaharajaan Majapahit masih jadi salah sahiji subjék panalungtikan anu resep pikeun dibahas leuwih jauh deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia : peoples and histories|url=http://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl|publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-300-12808-6|last=Internet Archive|first=Jean Gelman}}</ref> Sumber utama anu dipaké ku para sajarawan di antarana nyaéta Pararaton ('Kitab Raja-raja') dina [[basa Kawi]] jeung Nagarakretagama dina [[basa Jawa Kuno]]. Pararaton ngabahas [[Ken Arok]] (nu ngadegkeun [[Karajaan Singasari|Karajaan Singhasari]]) tapi ogé ngamuat sababaraha bagian pondok ngeunaan kabentukna Majapahit. Samentara éta, Nagarakretagama nyaéta puisi Jawa Kuno anu ditulis dina masa kaemasan Majapahit di handap pamaréntahan [[Hayam Wuruk]]. Kakawin Nagarakretagama dina taun 2008 diaku salaku bagian dina Warisan Ingatan Dunia (''Memory of the World Programme'') ku [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/05/24/08444424/negarakertagama.diakui.sebagai.memori.dunia|title=KOMPAS.COM - Not Found|website=www.kompas.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> Salian ti éta, aya sababaraha prasasti dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa catetan sejarah ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] jeung nagara-nagara séjénna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|date=2008|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c .1200|url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350394582|doi=10.5040/9781350394582}}</ref> [[C.C. Berg]] nganggap yén sabagian naskah kasebut lain catetan masa lalu, tapi boga arti supernatural dina hal bisa nyaho wanci kahareup. Lolobana sarjana teu narima pandangan ieu, lantaran catetan sajarah Majapahit akur jeung catetan ti Cina anu teu mungkin boga maksud anu sarua. Daptar penguasa jeung detil struktur nagara teu nembongkeun tanda-tanda dijieun-jieun. Dina taun 2010, sakelompok pangusaha ti [[Jepang]] anu dipimpin ku Takajo Yoshiaki ngabiayaan nyieun kapal Majapahit atawa ''Spirit of Majapahit'' anu bakal ngalayar ka [[Asia]]. Numutkeun Takajo, hal ieu dilakukeun pikeun ngingetkeun kerjasama Majapahit jeung Karajaan Jepang ngalawan Karajaan Yuan China (Mongol) dina perang di [[Samudra Pasifik]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indonesia-Jepang Buat Kapal Majapahit {{!}} teknologi {{!}} Tempo.co|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2010/07/01/061260022/Indonesia-Jepang-Buat-Kapal-Majapahit/|access-date=2026-09-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Numutkeun Guru Besar Arkéologi Asia Tenggara ''[[National University of Singapore]]'', [[John N. Miksic]], jangkauan kekuasaan Majapahit ngawakup [[Sumatra]] jeung [[Singapura]], malahan [[Thailand]], anu dibuktikeun ku pangaruh kabudayaan, corak wangunan, candi, patung, jeung seni.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majapahit Jajah hingga Semenanjung Malaya|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2012/12/05/19045066/majapahit-jajah-hingga-semenanjung-malaya|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2012-12-05|access-date=2026-09-10|language=en|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Malahan aya paguron silat nu ngaranna ''Kali Majapahit'' anu populér di [[Pilipina]] jeung anggotana ti Asia jeung Amérika. Silat ''Kali Majapahit'' ieu ngakar tina Kamaharajaan Majapahit kuno anu disebutkeun ngawasa Pilipina, Singapura, [[Malaysia]], jeung Kidul Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kali-majapahit.com/|title=Martial Arts Academy Singapore {{!}} Kali Majapahit|website=kali-majapahit.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> === Bukti arkéologi === Upama dibandingkeun jeung peradaban kontémporér séjénna di Asia, peninggalan fisik Majapahit anu masih aya kaasup saeutik.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia : peoples and histories|url=http://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-300-09709-2|last=Internet Archive|first=Jean Gelman}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, Kamaharajaan Majapahit ninggalkeun bukti fisik anu bisa kapanggih, utamana di wewengkon Trowulan anu pernah jadi ibu kota karajaan. Ieu kawasan ayeuna jadi pusat kajian sajarah Kamaharajaan Majapahit. [[Situs arkéologi Trowulan]] mimitina didokumentasikeun dina abad ka-19 ku Sir [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], Letnan-Gubernur Jawa Britania ti Kongsi Dagang antara taun 1811 nepi ka 1816. Dina catetanana, manéhna nyebutkeun aya "ruruntuhan candi anu kasebar di rupa-rupa juru nagri sapanjang sababaraha mil" sarta ngagambarkeun Trowulan salaku "kebanggaan Jawa". Gambar satelit geus némbongkeun jaringan kanal anu jembar sarta ngalengkepan wewengkon ibu kota Majapahit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Menyusuri Majapahit dengan Panduan Peta National Geographic Indonesia {{!}} National Geographic|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13295399/menyusuri-majapahit-dengan-panduan-peta-national-geographic-indonesia|access-date=2026-09-10|language=id|first=National|last=Geographic}}</ref> Panggihan dina April 2011 ngaindikasikeun yén ibu kota Kamaharajaan Majapahit jauh leuwih jembar tina perkiraan saméméhna, sanggeus sajumlah artéfak hasil kapanggih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/07/majapahit-capital-may-be-larger-previously-believed|title=Majapahit capital may be larger than previously believed - Fri, January 7, 2011|last=Harsaputra|first=Indra|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Karajaan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Majapahit| ]] 9rkbj7spned33yjaiaf17qi0k7i9vub 712614 712613 2026-09-10T11:46:28Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Historiografi */ 712614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kemaharajaan Majapahit | common_name = Majapahit | native_name = {{small|{{native name|jv| ꦤꦒꦫꦶꦏꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀}}}} | religion = * Shiva-Buddha (Javanese [[syncretism]] of [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]]) * [[Hinduism]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Animism]] | p1 = Singhasari | s1 = Demak Sultanate | year_start = 1293 | year_end = 1527 | date_start = 10 November<ref name="NGI Trowulan">{{Cite web |last=Mahandis Y. Thamrin |date=September 2012 |title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |access-date=27 May 2015 |publisher=National Geographic Indonesia |language=id |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213546/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/11/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit |date=26 May 2015 }}</ref> | date_end = | event_start = Coronation | event_end = [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] takeover | image_coat = Surya Majapahit Gold.svg | image_flag = Naval flag of Majapahit Kingdom.svg | image_map = Majapahit Empire.svg | image_map_caption = The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=D. G. E. |year=1965 |title=Problems of Indonesian Historiography |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=353–359 |doi=10.2307/2754037 |jstor=2754037}}</ref> in 1365 | capital = [[Trowulan]], ayeuna [[Mojokerto]] | common_languages = * [[Old Javanese]] (main) * [[Sanskrit]] (religious) | government_type = [[Mandala]] diparéntah ku [[Maharaja]] | title_leader = [[Maharaja]] | leader1 = [[Raden Wijaya]] | year_leader1 = 1293–1309 | leader2 = [[Jayanegara]] | year_leader2 = 1309–1328 | leader3 = [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]] | year_leader3 = 1328–1350 | leader4 = [[Hayam Wuruk]] | year_leader4 = 1350–1389 | leader5 = [[Wikramawardhana]] | year_leader5 = 1389–1429 | leader6 = [[Suhita]] | year_leader6 = 1429–1447 | leader7 = [[Kertawijaya]] | year_leader7 = 1447–1451 | leader8 = [[Rajasawardhana]] | year_leader8 = 1451–1453 | leader9 = [[Girishawardhana]] | year_leader9 = 1456–1466 | leader10 = [[Suraprabhawa]] | year_leader10 = 1466–1474 | leader11 = [[Girindrawardhana]] | year_leader11 = 1474–1527 | currency = koin emas jeung perak }} '''Majapahit''' mangrupa hiji karajaan [[Hindu]] di [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="Suwarno">{{Citation | last =Suwarno| first = Suwarno| coauthors =P.J.| year = 1993| title =Pancasila budaya bangsa Indonesia: penelitian Pancasila dengan pendekatan, historis, filosofis & sosio-yuridis kenegaraan|page=21|location=Jakarta| publisher =Kanisius| isbn =9789794139677| Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x-A0wy95LUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=budaya&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3OyS66_oAhXKyTgGHZwZBesQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=budaya&f=false}}</ref> Karajaan ieu kaasup karajaan kuna di [[Indonésia]] anu nangtung dina taun [[1293]] nepi ka [[1500 M]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit hingga Runtuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004072507/http://informasiana.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit-hingga-runtuh/ |date=2015-10-04 }} (diakses 2 Oktober 2015)</ref> Karajaan Majapahit di adegkeun ku [[Radén Wijaya]] ([[1293 M]]).<ref name="hiji"/>. Masa kajayaan majapahit nyaéta saprak [[Hayam Wuruk]] nyokot posisi raja anu ngawasa dina taun 1350 nepi ka 1389 anu dicirian ku ayana pangadegan gedé-gedéan nepi ka Asia Tanggara.<ref name="dua">{{id}}[http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html Majapahit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923165516/http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-kerajaan-majapahit.html |date=23 September 2015 }} (diakses 2 Agustus 2015)</ref>. Kasuksésanana ogé diakui ka perdana mentrina, [[Gajah Mada]]. Kapunjulanana ogé diaku hasil tina jasa [[Gajah Mada|perdana menteri Gajah Mada]]. Numutkeun {{lang|jv|[[Nagarakretagama]]}} ({{lang|jv|Desawarñana}}) anu ditulis taun 1365, Majapahit mangrupa karajaan anu ngawasa 98 daérah taklukan, ngampar ti [[Sumatra]] nepi ka [[New Guinea]];<ref name="Cribb">{{cite book | title = Historical Atlas of Indonesia | first = Robert | last = Cribb | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781136780578 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&pg=PA87}}</ref>{{rp|page=87}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708185756/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/majapahit.html Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History]</ref> ngawengku daérah anu ayeuna jadi [[Indonesia]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], kidul [[Thailand]], [[Timor Leste]], kulon kidul [[Filipina]] (hususna Kapuloan [[Sulu Archipelago]]) sanajan wewengkon pangaruh Majapahit masih jadi bahan diskusi di antara para sajarawan. <ref name="Britannica-Majapahit">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Indonesia, The Majapahit Era | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/The-Majapahit-era}}</ref> Sifat hubungan jeung pangaruh Majapahit kana daérah taklukanana di luar negeri ogé statusna minangka hiji karajaan masih ngundang diskusi.<ref name="Sastrawan">{{Cite web|first=Wayan Jarrah|last=Sastrawan|date=2020-01-09|title=Was Majapahit really an empire?|url=https://www.newmandala.org/was-majapahit-really-an-empire/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=New Mandala}}</ref> Majapahit mangrupa salah sahiji karajaan Hindu-Budha terakhir nu penting di wilayah éta sarta dianggap salaku salah sahiji karajaan nu pangagungna sarta pangkuatna dina sajarah Indonésia jeung Asia Tenggara. Kadang dianggap salaku cikal bakal wates-wates Indonésia modéren.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tracing the glory of Majapahit | author=Sita W. Dewi | date=9 April 2013 |newspaper=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/09/tracing-glory-majapahit.html|access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Pangaruhna sumebar teu ngan di wilayah Indonésia modéren tapi ogé jadi topik seueur panalungtikan.<ref>Prapantja, Rakawi, trans. by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud, ''Java in the 14th Century, A Study in Cultural History: The Negara-Kertagama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 AD'' (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), vol. 4, p. 29. 34</ref><ref>G.J. Resink, ''Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory'' (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1968), p. 21.</ref> == Étimologi == Ngaran Majapahit (kadang diéjah ''Mojopait'' pikeun ngalafalkeun dina [[basa Jawa]]) asalna tina basa Jawa, anu hartina "maja pahit". Oriéntalis ti [[Jérman]], [[Berthold Laufer]], ngusulkeun yén unsur maja asalna tina ngaran basa Jawa pikeun ''Aegle marmelos'', sajenis tangkal anu tumuwuh di Jawa nepi ka sakuliah Indonésia. Majapahit ogé disebut ku sinonim anu asalna tina basa [[Basa Sangsekerta|Sansekerta]], nyaéta Wilwatikta (Sansekerta: विल्वतिक्त, ''vilvatikta'', anu hartina "maja pahit"). Toponim anu ngandung kecap maja umum kapanggih di wewengkon sabudeureun Trowulan, lantaran di Jawa geus jadi kabiasaan pikeun ngaranan hiji wewengkon, désa, atawa pamukiman dumasar kana jinis tangkal atawa buah anu paling loba atawa dominan di éta wewengkon. Pararaton, hiji babad tina abad ka-16, nyatet hiji légénda anu aya patalina jeung ngadegna pamukiman anyar di leuweung Trik ku Raden Wijaya dina taun 1292. Disebutkeun yén para pagawé anu nuaran tangkal di leuweung Trik manggihan sababaraha tangkal maja tuluy dahar buahna anu pait, anu saterusna jadi asal-usul ngaran éta désa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 November, Hari Berdirinya Majapahit {{!}} National Geographic|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13285974/10-november-hari-berdirinya-majapahit|access-date=2026-09-10|language=id|first=National|last=Geographic}}</ref> Numutkeun sajarah, ngaran Majapahit nujul kana ibu kota karajaan, tapi ayeuna mah umum dipaké pikeun nyebut sakabéh éta karajaan. Dina sumber-sumber utama babasa Jawa, karajaan dina cakupan wewengkon anu leuwih jembar biasana disebut lain salaku Majapahit, tapi salaku ''bhūmi Jawa'' ("tanah Jawa") dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa ''yava-dvīpa-maṇḍala'' ("nagara di pulo Jawa") dina basa Sansekerta. Samentara éta, istilah Majapahit disebutkeun dina prasasti Tuhanaru anu dikeluarkeun ku raja Jayanagara dina taun 1245 Saka (1323 M) anu nyebutkeun:<blockquote>''".. Çri Mahārāja an t an tuhu-tuhu wiṣṇwatāra inadhiṣṭāna saŋ parama sujana pinratiṣṭa irikaŋ rājya i majhapahit ..."''</blockquote>Harti inskripsi: (saenyana-enyana Śrī Mahārāja titisan Wiṣṇu, dipénta ku jalma-jalma nu kasohor, [pikeun] ditahbiskeun di karajaan Majapahit.)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Worsley|first=Peter|date=2014|title=Boechari, Melacak Sejarah Kuno Indonesia Lewat Prasasti/Tracing Ancient Indonesian History Through Inscriptions; Kumpulan Tulisan/Writings Of Boechari.|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/180885/|journal=Wacana: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya|language=en|publisher=Universitas Indonesia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=200–203|issn=1411-2272}}</ref> == Historiografi == Sajarah ngeunaan kamaharajaan Majapahit masih jadi salah sahiji subjék panalungtikan anu resep pikeun dibahas leuwih jauh deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia : peoples and histories|url=http://archive.org/details/indonesiapeoples0000tayl|publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-300-12808-6|last=Internet Archive|first=Jean Gelman}}</ref> Sumber utama anu dipaké ku para sajarawan di antarana nyaéta Pararaton ('Kitab Raja-raja') dina [[basa Kawi]] jeung Nagarakretagama dina [[basa Jawa Kuno]]. Pararaton ngabahas [[Ken Arok]] (nu ngadegkeun [[Karajaan Singasari|Karajaan Singhasari]]) tapi ogé ngamuat sababaraha bagian pondok ngeunaan kabentukna Majapahit. Samentara éta, Nagarakretagama nyaéta puisi Jawa Kuno anu ditulis dina masa kaemasan Majapahit di handap pamaréntahan [[Hayam Wuruk]]. Kakawin Nagarakretagama dina taun 2008 diaku salaku bagian dina Warisan Ingatan Dunia (''Memory of the World Programme'') ku [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/05/24/08444424/negarakertagama.diakui.sebagai.memori.dunia|title=KOMPAS.COM - Not Found|website=www.kompas.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> Salian ti éta, aya sababaraha prasasti dina basa Jawa Kuno atawa catetan sejarah ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] jeung nagara-nagara séjénna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|date=2008|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c .1200|url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350394582|doi=10.5040/9781350394582}}</ref> [[C.C. Berg]] nganggap yén sabagian naskah kasebut lain catetan masa lalu, tapi boga arti supernatural dina hal bisa nyaho wanci kahareup. Lolobana sarjana teu narima pandangan ieu, lantaran catetan sajarah Majapahit akur jeung catetan ti Cina anu teu mungkin boga maksud anu sarua. Daptar penguasa jeung detil struktur nagara teu nembongkeun tanda-tanda dijieun-jieun. Dina taun 2010, sakelompok pangusaha ti [[Jepang]] anu dipimpin ku Takajo Yoshiaki ngabiayaan nyieun kapal Majapahit atawa ''Spirit of Majapahit'' anu bakal ngalayar ka [[Asia]]. Numutkeun Takajo, hal ieu dilakukeun pikeun ngingetkeun kerjasama Majapahit jeung Karajaan Jepang ngalawan Karajaan Yuan China (Mongol) dina perang di [[Samudra Pasifik]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indonesia-Jepang Buat Kapal Majapahit {{!}} teknologi {{!}} Tempo.co|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2010/07/01/061260022/Indonesia-Jepang-Buat-Kapal-Majapahit/|access-date=2026-09-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Numutkeun Guru Besar Arkéologi Asia Tenggara ''[[National University of Singapore]]'', [[John N. Miksic]], jangkauan kekuasaan Majapahit ngawakup [[Sumatra]] jeung [[Singapura]], malahan [[Thailand]], anu dibuktikeun ku pangaruh kabudayaan, corak wangunan, candi, patung, jeung seni.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majapahit Jajah hingga Semenanjung Malaya|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2012/12/05/19045066/majapahit-jajah-hingga-semenanjung-malaya|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2012-12-05|access-date=2026-09-10|language=en|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref> Malahan aya paguron silat nu ngaranna ''Kali Majapahit'' anu populér di [[Pilipina]] jeung anggotana ti Asia jeung Amérika. Silat ''Kali Majapahit'' ieu ngakar tina Kamaharajaan Majapahit kuno anu disebutkeun ngawasa Pilipina, Singapura, [[Malaysia]], jeung Kidul Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kali-majapahit.com/|title=Martial Arts Academy Singapore {{!}} Kali Majapahit|website=kali-majapahit.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> === Bukti arkéologi === Upama dibandingkeun jeung peradaban kontémporér séjénna di Asia, peninggalan fisik Majapahit anu masih aya kaasup saeutik.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia : peoples and histories|url=http://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-300-09709-2|last=Internet Archive|first=Jean Gelman}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, Kamaharajaan Majapahit ninggalkeun bukti fisik anu bisa kapanggih, utamana di wewengkon Trowulan anu pernah jadi ibu kota karajaan. Ieu kawasan ayeuna jadi pusat kajian sajarah Kamaharajaan Majapahit. [[Situs arkéologi Trowulan]] mimitina didokumentasikeun dina abad ka-19 ku Sir [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], Letnan-Gubernur Jawa Britania ti Kongsi Dagang antara taun 1811 nepi ka 1816. Dina catetanana, manéhna nyebutkeun aya "ruruntuhan candi anu kasebar di rupa-rupa juru nagri sapanjang sababaraha mil" sarta ngagambarkeun Trowulan salaku "kebanggaan Jawa". Gambar satelit geus némbongkeun jaringan kanal anu jembar sarta ngalengkepan wewengkon ibu kota Majapahit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Menyusuri Majapahit dengan Panduan Peta National Geographic Indonesia {{!}} National Geographic|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13295399/menyusuri-majapahit-dengan-panduan-peta-national-geographic-indonesia|access-date=2026-09-10|language=id|first=National|last=Geographic}}</ref> Panggihan dina April 2011 ngaindikasikeun yén ibu kota Kamaharajaan Majapahit jauh leuwih jembar tina perkiraan saméméhna, sanggeus sajumlah artéfak hasil kapanggih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/07/majapahit-capital-may-be-larger-previously-believed|title=Majapahit capital may be larger than previously believed - Fri, January 7, 2011|last=Harsaputra|first=Indra|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> === Sumber ti Tiongkok === Sumber-sumber sajarah Tiongkok ngeunaan Majapahit utamana diala tina [[kronik Dinasti Yuan]] jeung satuluyna Dinasti Ming. Catetan Tiongkok ngeunaan Majapahit utamana asalna tina laporan laksamana Ming, Zheng He, salila kunjunganana ka Majapahit antara taun 1405 nepi ka 1432. Panerjemah Zheng He, Ma Huan, nulis déskripsi rinci ngeunaan Majapahit jeung panyicingan raja Jawa. Laporan kasebut disusun jeung dikumpulkeun dina ''Yingya Shenglan'', anu méré wawasan berharga ngeunaan budaya, adat istiadat, sarta rupa-rupa aspék sosial jeung ékonomi di Jawa (爪哇, ''chao-wa'') salila masa Majapahit. Catetan Resmi Dinasti Ming (''Ming shi-lu'') méré bukti pangrojong pikeun kajadian-kajadian tangtu dina sajarah Majapahit, saperti Perang Regreg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/|title=Introduction {{!}} Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu|website=epress.nus.edu.sg|accessdate=2026-09-10}}</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Karajaan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Majapahit| ]] 1zykumtlslo25lbzixd40h7o8e6n1gs 0 108852 712610 2026-09-09T18:39:16Z Imam Bagus Saputra Sarjana Kehutanan 37322 Nyieun kaca anyar '''TK Ikal 2 Bulog Pos Pengumben''' nyaéta unit PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini) swasta terakreditasi anu diadegkeun ti saprak taun [[1982]]. Tempatna aya di Kompleks Bulog Jalan Pos Pengumben, Sukabumi Selatan, Kebon Jeruk, [[Jakarta Barat]]; ieu sakola ngagunakeun métodeu pangajaran dumasar kana puseur kagiatan (*center-based*) jeung dumasar kana proyék (*project-based*) pikeun barudak usia dini. <ref>"TKAL II" https://sekolah.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/profil-sekolah/... 712610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TK Ikal 2 Bulog Pos Pengumben''' nyaéta unit PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini) swasta terakreditasi anu diadegkeun ti saprak taun [[1982]]. Tempatna aya di Kompleks Bulog Jalan Pos Pengumben, Sukabumi Selatan, Kebon Jeruk, [[Jakarta Barat]]; ieu sakola ngagunakeun métodeu pangajaran dumasar kana puseur kagiatan (*center-based*) jeung dumasar kana proyék (*project-based*) pikeun barudak usia dini. <ref>"TKAL II" https://sekolah.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/profil-sekolah/A641CDC5-AA1D-4025-A27E-3D8B0421A266</ref> == Kurikulum jeung Kagiatan == * Métodeu Pangajaran: Dumasar kana puseur kagiatan (*center-based*) jeung dumasar kana proyék (*project-based*). * Program Kelas: Nyadiakeun tingkatan *Toddler*, *Playgroup* (PG), jeung Taman Kanak-kanak (TK). <ref>"IKAL II Kindergarten School Profile & Data, Kota Jakarta Barat, D.K.I. Jakarta - DaftarSekolah.net" https://daftarsekolah.net#google_vignette</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Jakarta]] k1s4moyz4c3yh0oul2spf1wmrgc2ygl