Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 4028 712625 703946 2026-09-11T03:04:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712625 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;" ! {{chembox header}} | {{PAGENAME}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" | [[Gambar:Benzene_structure.png|250px|Bénzéna]] |- ! {{chembox header}} | Umum |- | [[Tata ngaran IUPAC|Ngaran sistimatik]] | Bénzéna |- | Ngaran lian | Bénzol |- | [[Rumus kimia|Rumus molekul]] | C₆H₆ |- | [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]] | C1=CC=CC=C1 |- | [[International Chemical Identifier|InChI]] | InChI=1/C6H6<br />/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H |- | [[Massa molar]] | 78.11 g/mol |- | Panémbong | Cair teu warnaan |- | [[nomer régister CAS|Nomer CAS]] | [71-43-2] |- ! {{chembox header}} | Pasipatan |- | [[Dénsitas]] jeung [[Pase (zat)|pase]] | 0.8786 g/cm³, cair |- | [[Leyur|Kaluyuran]] dina [[Cai (molekul)|cai]] | 1.79 g/l (25&nbsp;°C) |- | [[Titik lééh]] | 5.5&nbsp;°C (278.6 K) |- | [[Titik golak]] | 80.1&nbsp;°C (353.2 K) |- | [[Viskositas]] | 0.652 [[Poise|cP]] at 20&nbsp;°C |- ! {{chembox header}} | Struktur |- | [[Hibridisasi orbital#Bentuk molekul|Bentuk molekul]] | Planar |- | [[Gugus simétri]] | D_6h |- | [[Dipol#Dipol molekul|Momen dipol]] | 0 [[Debye|D]] |- ! {{chembox header}} | Bahya |- | [[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]] | [[{{PAGENAME}} (data page)#Material Safety Data Sheet|External MSDS]] |- | [[Directive 67/548/EEC|EU classification]] | Gampang kaduruk <br />[[Karsinogén]]<br />[[Mutagén]]<br />Toksik |- | [[NFPA 704]] | [[Gambar:nfpa_h2.png]][[Gambar:nfpa_f3.png]][[Gambar:nfpa_r0.png]] |- | [[Daptar frase-R|Frase-R]] | {{R45}}, {{R46}}, {{R11}}, {{R36/38}},<br />{{R48/23/24/25}}, {{R65}} |- | [[Daptar frase-S|Frase-S]] | {{S53}}, {{S45}} |- | [[Flash point]] | −11&nbsp;°C |- | [[Autoignition temperature]] | 561&nbsp;°C |- | Nomer [[RTECS]] | CY1400000 |- ! {{chembox header}} | Sanyawa nu patali |- | [[hidrokarbon]]<br />nu patali | [[siklohéksana]]<br />[[naptaléna]] |- | Sanyawaan nu patali | [[toluéna]]<br />[[borazina]] |- | {{chembox header}} | <small>Iwal mun disebutkeun sacara husus, data anu dipidangkeun<br /> téh pikeun bahan dina [[kaayaan baku|kaayaan baku (25°C, 100 kPa)]]<br />''[[:en:Wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Infobox disclaimer and references]]''</small> |- |} '''Bénzéna''' atawa '''bénzén''', ogé katelah '''[[Karbon|C]]₆[[Hidrogén|H]]₆''', '''[[Fénil|Ph]]H''' jeung '''bénzol''' mangrupa [[sanyawa organik]] nu wujudna cair teu [[warna]]an, gampang kaduruk, sarta seungit kaambeuna. Bénzéna téh [[karsinogén]], sahingga geus teu dipaké salaku aditif pikeun [[béngsin]]. Bénzéna kaasup salah sahiji [[pangleyur]] industri penting sarta bahan baku pikeun produksi [[tatamba|ubar]], [[plastik]], [[karét]] sintétik, jeung [[pewarna]]. Bénzéna téh aya dina [[minyak bumi]], tapi pikeun kaperluan industri mah sok disintésis tina sanyawaan séjén nu aya dina minyak bumi. == Sajarah == Bénzéna kapanggih taun [[1825]] ku élmuwan [[Inggris]] [[Michael Faraday]], nu ngisolasi tina gas minyak sarta dingaranan ''bicarburet of hydrogen''. Taun [[1833]], [[kimia]]wan [[Jérman]] [[Eilhard Mitscherlich]] mroduksi ieu sanyawa tina [[distilasi]] [[asam bénzoat]] jeung [[kalsium oksida|kapur]]. Ku Mitscherlich ieu sanyawaan dingaranan ''benzin''. Taun [[1845]], kimiawan Inggris [[Charles Mansfield]], nu digawé ka [[August Wilhelm von Hofmann]], ngisolasi bénzéna tina ''coal tar''. Opat taun salajengna, Mansfield mitambeyan produksi bénzéna skala industri, dumasar kana métode ''coal-tar''. <!-- ==Structure== :''Main article: [[aromaticity]]'' The formula of benzene (C₆H₆) caused a mystery for some time after its discovery, as no explanation had been found that could account for all the [[chemical bond|bonds]] — [[carbon]] usually forms four single bonds and hydrogen one. The [[chemist]] [[Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz]] was the first to deduce the ring structure of benzene. An often-repeated story claims that after years of studying carbon bonding, benzene and related molecules, he dreamt one night of the [[Ouroboros]], a [[snake]] eating its own tail, and that upon waking he was inspired to deduce the ring structure of benzene. However, the story first appeared in the ''Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft'' (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a [[parody]] of the ''Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft'', which appeared annually in the late-19th century on the occasion of the congress of German chemists; as such, it is probably to be treated with circumspection. While his (more formal) claims were well-publicized and accepted, by the early-1920s Kekulé's biographer came to the conclusion that Kekulé's understanding of the tetravalent nature of carbon bonding depended on the previous research of [[Archibald Scott Couper]] ([[1831]]-[[1892]]); further, the Austrian chemist [[Josef Loschmidt]] ([[1821]]-[[1895]]) had earlier posited a cyclic structure for benzene as early as [[1861]]. The cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the eminent crystallographer [[Kathleen Lonsdale]]. Benzene presents a special problem in that, to account for all the bonds, there must be alternating [[double bond|double]] carbon bonds: [[image:benz1.png|Benzene with alternating double bonds]] Using [[X-ray diffraction]], researchers discovered that all of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, and it is known that a [[single bond]] is longer than a [[double bond]]. In addition, the [[bond length]], the distance between the two bonded atoms in benzene is greater than a double bond, but shorter than a single bond. There seemed to be in effect, a bond and a half between each carbon. This is explained by electron [[delocalized|delocalization]]. In order to visualise this, one should consider the position of electrons in the bonds of benzene. One representation is that the structure exists as a superposition of so-called [[resonance structure]]s, rather than either form individually. This delocalisation of electrons is known as [[aromaticity]], and gives benzene great stability. This is the fundamental property of aromatic chemicals that differentiates them from non-aromatics. To reflect the delocalised nature of the bonding, benzene may be depicted as a circle inside a hexagon in chemical structure diagrams: [[image:benz4.png|Benzene structure with a circle inside the hexagon]] As is common in diagrams of organic structures, the carbon atoms in the diagram above have been left unlabeled. Benzene occurs sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules that there is a [[Unicode]] symbol with the code 232C to represent it. Many fonts do not have this Unicode character, so a browser may not be able to display it correctly.'' ==Substituted benzenes== :''Main article: [[Aromatic hydrocarbons]]'' Many important chemicals are essentially benzene, with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced with another [[functional group]]. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are [[phenol]], [[toluene]] and [[aniline]]. Examples of fused aromatic hydrocarbons are [[naphthalene]] and [[anthracene]]. In [[heterocyclic chemistry|heterocycles]], carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with another element such as [[pyrazine]], [[pyridazine]], [[pyridine]] and [[pyrimidine]]. See [[simple aromatic ring]] for analogs of benzene. ==Production== Benzene may result whenever [[carbon]]-rich materials undergo incomplete [[combustion]]. It is produced naturally in [[volcano]]es and [[forest fire]]s, and is also a component of [[cigarette]] smoke. Up until [[World War II]], most benzene was produced as a byproduct of [[coke (fuel)|coke]] production in the [[steel]] industry. However, in the [[1950s]], increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing [[plastic]]s industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Today, most benzene comes from the [[petrochemical]] industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Three chemical processes contribute equally to industrial benzene production: [[catalytic reforming]], [[toluene]] hydrodealkylation, and [[steam cracking]]. ===Catalytic reforming=== In catalytic reforming, a mixture of [[hydrocarbon]]s with boiling points between 60-200°C is blended with [[hydrogen]] gas, then exposed to a [[platinum]] chloride or [[rhenium]] chloride [[catalyst]] at 500-525°C and pressures ranging from 8-50 atm. Under these conditions, [[aliphatic]] hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture by [[extraction]] with any one of a number of [[solvent]]s, including [[diethylene glycol]] or [[sulfolane]], and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. ===Toluene hydrodealkylation=== Toluene hydrodealkylation converts [[toluene]] to benzene. In this process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a [[chromium]], [[molybdenum]], or [[platinum]] [[oxide]] catalyst at 500-600°C and 40-60 atm pressure. Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation according to the [[chemical equation]]: :[[toluene|C₆H₅CH₃]] + [[hydrogen|H₂]] → C₆H₆ + [[methane|CH₄]] Typical reaction yields exceed 95%. Sometimes, [[xylene]] and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency. ===Toluene disproportionation=== Where a chemical complex has similar demands for both benzene and [[xylene]], then toluene [[disproportionation]] ('''TDP''') may be an attractive alternative. Broadly speaking 2 toluene molecules are reacted and the methyl groups rearranged from one toluene molecule to the other, yielding one benzene molecule and one xylene molecule. Given that demand for paraxylene ([[p-xylene]]) substantially exceeds demand for other xylene isomers, a refinement of the TDP process called '''Selective TDP''' (STDP) may be used. In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% paraxylene. ===Steam cracking=== [[Steam cracking]] is the process used to produce [[ethylene]] and other [[olefin]]s from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid byproduct called ''[[pyrolysis gasoline]]''. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or distilled to separate it into its components, including benzene. ==Uses== In the 19th and early-20th centuries, benzene was used as an aftershave because of its pleasant smell. Prior to the [[1920s]], benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. As its toxicity became obvious, other solvents replaced benzene in applications that directly exposed the user to benzene. Benzene was also used to initially decaffeinate coffee by German importer Lugwig Roselius in 1903. This lead to the production of Sanka, -ka for kaffein, but later discontinued the use of benzene. As a gasoline additive, benzene increases the [[octane rating]] and reduces [[Engine knocking|knocking]]. As a result, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the [[1950s]], when [[tetraethyl lead]] replaced it as the most widely-used antiknock additive. However, with the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. In the [[United States]], concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene's entering the [[groundwater]] have led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with values around 1% typical. European gasoline specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. By far the largest use of benzene is as an intermediate to make other chemicals. The most widely-produced derivatives of benzene are [[styrene]], which is used to make polymers and plastics, [[phenol]] for resins and adhesives (via [[cumene]]), and [[cyclohexane]], which is used in Nylon manufacture. Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of [[rubber]]s, [[lubricant]]s, [[dye]]s, [[detergent]]s, [[drug]]s, [[explosive]]s and [[pesticide]]s. In laboratory research, [[toluene]] is now often substituted for benzene because of health concerns. ==Reactions of benzene== [[Image:OChem-Mech-ElectrophilicAromaticSubstitution-General.png|right|450px|Electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzene]] *[[Electrophilic aromatic substitution]] Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of substituting aromatic rings such as benzene. Benzene is [[nucleophile|nucleophilic]] enough, so that, in the presence of strong [[electrophile]]s such as [[acyl]]ium ions or alkyl [[carbocation]]s, reaction will occur to ultimately give substituted benzenes. [[Image:Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene by ethanol chloride.png|right|300px|Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene by acetyl chloride]] The [[Friedel-Crafts acylation]] is a specific example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The reaction is the [[acylation]] of an aromatic ring (such as benzene) with an [[acyl chloride]] using a strong [[Lewis acid]] [[catalyst]]. [[Image:Friedel-craft-alk.png|right|400px|Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with methyl chloride]] Like the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the [[Friedel-Crafts alkylation]] involves the [[alkylation]] of an aromatic ring (such as benzene) and an [[alkyl halide]] using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. The other main reaction types are [[aromatic nitration]] and [[aromatic sulfonation]]. *[[Nucleophilic aromatic substitution]]s take place between electrophilic substituted benzene compounds and nucleophiles *[[Hydrogenation]] of benzene and derivatives is possible with special catalysts at high hydrogen pressure. *[[Nitration]] Benzene undergoes nitration reactions with nitronioum ions as the electrophile. When you warm benzene with concentrated sulphuric and nitric acid, you get nitrobenzene ==Health effects== Benzene exposure has serious [[health effects]]. Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in [[death]], while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, [[headache]]s, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Eating or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, irritation of the [[stomach]], dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, rapid heart rate, and death. The major effect of benzene from [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] (long-term) exposure is to the [[blood]]. Benzene damages the [[bone marrow]] and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to [[anemia]]. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the [[immune system]], increasing the chance of [[infection]]. Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for many months had irregular [[menstruation|menstrual]] periods and a decrease in the size of their [[ovaries]]. It is not known whether benzene exposure affects the developing [[fetus]] in pregnant women or fertility in men. Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene. The [[US Department of Health and Human Services]] (DHHS) classifies benzene as a human [[carcinogen]]. Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause [[leukemia]], a potentially fatal [[cancer]] of the blood-forming organs. In particular, [[Acute Myeloid Leukemia]] (AML) may be caused by benzene. Several tests can show if you have been exposed to benzene. There is a test for measuring benzene in the breath; this test must be done shortly after exposure. Benzene can also be measured in the blood; however, since benzene disappears rapidly from the blood, measurements are accurate only for recent exposures. In the body, benzene is [[Metabolism|metabolized]]. Certain metabolites can be measured in the urine. However, this test must be done shortly after exposure and is not a reliable indicator of how much benzene you have been exposed to, since the same metabolites may be present in urine from other sources. The US [[Environmental Protection Agency]] has set the maximum permissible level of benzene in drinking water at 0.005 milligrams per liter (0.005 mg/L). The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or more of benzene be reported to the EPA. The US [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. In March 2006, the official [[Food Standards Agency]] in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] conducted a survey of 150 brands of soft drinks. It found that four contained benzene levels above [[World Health Organization]] limits. The affected batches were removed from sale. In recent history there have been many examples of the harmful health effects of benzene and its derivatives. [[Toxic Oil Syndrome]] caused localised immune-suppression in [[Madrid]] in [[1981]] from people ingesting benzene-contaminated olive-oil. [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] has also been highly correlated with people who eat "denatured" food that use solvents to remove fat or contain [[benzoic acid]]. Workers in various industries that make or use benzene may be at risk for being exposed to high levels of this carcinogenic chemical. Industries that involve the use of benzene include the [[rubber]] industry, oil refineries, chemical plants, shoe manufacturers, and [[gasoline]] related industries. In [[1987]], [[OSHA]] estimated that about 237,000 workers in the United States were potentially exposed to benzene, and it is not known if this number has substantially changed since then. Water and [[soil contamination]] are important pathways of concern for transmission of benzene contact. In the U.S. alone there are approximately 100,000 different sites which have benzene soil or groundwater contamination. In 2005, the water supply to the city of [[Harbin]] in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a [[Jilin chemical plant explosions 2005|major benzene exposure]]. Benzene leaked into the [[Songhua River]], which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on [[13 November]]. Currently there are some concerns about the potential for the presence of [[benzene in soft drinks]].--> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Benzene|Benzene]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (23 Méi 2006). * [[Archibald Scott Couper]], ''On a New Chemical Theory'', Philosophical Magazine 16, 104-116 (1858) * Josef Loschmidt, Chemische Studien I, Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna (1861), * Josef Loschmidt, Chemische Studien I, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee (1989), catalog no. Z-18576-0, and (1913) catalog no. Z-18577-9 * Kathleen Lonsdale, "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene," ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'' 123A: 494 (1929). * Kathleen Lonsdale, "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method," ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'' 133A: 536 (1931). == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/benzene/ ATSDR - Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Benzene Toxicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424053458/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/benzene/ |date=2006-04-24 }} * [http://www.phc.vcu.edu/Feature/oldfeature/benzene/index.html Benzene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202031900/http://www.phc.vcu.edu/Feature/oldfeature/benzene/index.html |date=2007-02-02 }} * [http://www.hazard.com/msds/f2/bqv/bqvjq.html Benzene Material Safety Data Sheet] * [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0015.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0015] * [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/12.html National Pollutant Inventory - Benzene] * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0049.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] * [http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl7/benzene.html IARC Monograph: "Benzene"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051012214340/http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/suppl7/benzene.html |date=2005-10-12 }} * {{ecb}} * {{PubChemLink|241}} * [http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Benzene Computational Chemistry Wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002174011/http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Benzene |date=2006-10-02 }} * [http://classes.yale.edu/chem125a/125/history99/5Valence/Couper/Couper.html Couper and Carbon bonds] * [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=0707525C-0F07-05BF-A16CAC7B0ECC97B5 Dept. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene] * [http://classes.yale.edu/chem125a/125/history99/5Valence/Kekule/Kekule.html Kekule, Couper and dreams of Benzene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522073205/http://classes.yale.edu/chem125a/125/history99/5Valence/Kekule/Kekule.html |date=2006-05-22 }} * [http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-3/captions/p45cap4.html Loschmidt's Benzene structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102032822/http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-3/captions/p45cap4.html |date=2009-01-02 }} * [http://www.sgipt.org/th_schul/pa/kek/pak_kek0.htm Kekulés Traum] (impian Kekulé, dina basa Jérman) * [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/index.rss video podcast] (Ceramah Sir john Cadogan taun 1991) {{Gugus_Fungsi}} [[Kategori:Hidrokarbon aromatik]] 7d2ww0682zgner1itfucn04bhiao7nh 0 4085 712628 681106 2026-09-11T05:56:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox_begin | color = violet | ngaran = ''Virus imunodéfisiénsi manusa''}} {{Taxobox_image | image = [[Gambar:Human_Immunodeficency_Virus_-_stylized_rendering.jpg]] | caption = Gambar potongan<br /> ''human immunodeficiency virus''}} {{Taxobox_begin_placement_virus}} {{Taxobox_group_vi_entry}} {{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = ''[[Retroviridae]]''}} {{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = ''[[Lentivirus]]''}} {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 1'''''}} {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 2'''''}} {{Taxobox_end_placement}} {{Taxobox_end}} {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Codes | ICD10 = B20-B24 | ICD9 = {{ICD9|042}}-{{ICD9|044}} | }} '''Virus imunodefisiénsi manusa''' anu katelah HIV (''human immunodeficiency virus'') mangrupa [[retrovirus]] nu utamana nginféksi bagian vital [[sistim imun]] [[manusa]] kayaning [[Sél T panulung|sél T CD4+]], [[makropag]], jeung [[sél déndritik]]. Ieu virus ogé, boh sacara langsung atawa henteu, ngancurkeun sél T CD4+. Ku sabab sél T CD4+ T dipikabutuh pikeun jalanna sistim imun, mun sél ieu geus diancurkeun ku HIV, sistim imun bakal tumpur, antukna ngabalukarkeun kasakit nu katelah [[AIDS]]. Virus HIV bisa ditularkeun ngaliwatan cairan Semen ([[baranahan]]), [[getih]], cairan [[tumbung]] jeung ASI.<ref>Jenny Page, Maylani Louw, Delene Pakkiri, Monica Jacobs. 2006. Working with HIV/AIDS. Cape Town: Juta Legal and Academic Publishers</ref> [[Indonésia]] mangrupa nagara katilu sadunya anu pangseueurna kaserang ku panyakit HIV. Jumlah kasus HIV di Indonésia sakitar 640.000 jiwa, sanggeus [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] jeung [[India]]. Hal éta disababkeun lantaran tilu nagara ieu ngagaduhan populasi anu gedé. Sanajan kitu, prévalénsi di Indonésia ngan ukur 0,43 persén atawa masih handap tina tingkat épidemi hiji persén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/600718/cho-kah-sin-indonesias-hiv-prevention-should-be-an-example|title=Cho Kah Sin: Indonesia's HIV prevention should be an example|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Dina taun 2014, [[Joint United Nation Programme]] on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) méré kartu rapor beureum ngeunaan kontrol HIV/AIDS ka Indonésia. Pasién anyar naék 47 persén ti taun 2005. Pati alatan AIDS di Indonésia masih kénéh luhur, sabab ngan 8 persén jalma anu kaserang HIV AIDS (ODHA) anu narima perlakuan obat [[antiretroviral (ARV)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pekanbaru.tribunnews.com/2014/07/19/memprihatinkan-indonesia-sumbang-empat-persen-infeksi-baru-hiv-di-dunia|title=Memprihatinkan, Indonesia Sumbang Empat Persen Infeksi Baru HIV di Dunia|website=Tribunpekanbaru.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> == Gejala HIV == Gejala panyakit HIV bisa dibagi dumasar kana tahap perkembangan panyakitna di antarana nyaéta: === Tahap 1: Inféksi HIV Akut === Tahap kahiji HIV nyaéta tahap akut inféksi. Tahap ieu lumangsung dina sababaraha bulan kahiji sanggeus hiji jalmi kena ku HIV atawa sanggeus hiji jalmi geus ngaliwatan periode inkubasi virus. Dina tahap ieu, sistem imun jalmi anu kakenaan ngabentuk antibodi pikeun ngalawan virus HIV. Gejala dina tahap ieu muncul 2 nepi 4 minggu sanggeus inféksi lumangsung. Panyakit umumna henteu sadar yén salah sahiji jalmi kainfeksi HIV. Kusabab gejala nu muncul sami sareng gejala flu sareng tiasa ngaleungit sareng kambuh deui. Dina tahap ieu, jumlah virus dina aliran getih cukup luhur sahingga transmisi inféksi lumangsung leuwih gampang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/hiv-aids/gejala|title=Gejala HIV dan AIDS|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Gejala tina tahap akut inféksi tiasa hampang mun parna sarta tiasa lepas ti sababaraha poé nepi ka sababaraha minggu. Gejala-gejala dina tahap ieu ngawengku: # [[muriang]] nepi ka ngagidig # ruam muncul dina kulit # [[utah]] # nyeri dina [[sendi]] sareng [[otot]] # titik [[limfa]] ngabareuhan # nyeri [[sirah]] # nyeri [[beuteung]] # borok [[tikoro]] jeung [[baham]] === Tahap 2: Inféksi HIV Kronis (Periode Latén) === Sanggeus sababaraha bulan, inféksi HIV asup kana tahap kronis atawa periode latén. Inféksi dina tahap ieu tiasa nepi ka sababaraha taun atanapi puluhan taun. Dina tahap ieu, virus HIV tetep aktip dina ngancurkeun sistim imun awak, tapi baranahana teu loba. Gejala inféksi HIV dina tahap latén rupa-rupa. Sababaraha penderita henteu ngaraos gejala naon waé dina tahap ieu.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan kitu, sabagian penderita ngalaman gejala-gejala sapertos: # beurat awak turun # [[késang]] peuting # [[batuk]] # [[diaré]] # seueul jeung utah # [[hérpes zoster]] # titik limfa ngabareuhan # nyeri sirah # kacapéan === Tahap 3: AIDS === Inféksi tahap latén anu dirawat telat bakal nyababkeun HIV langkung berkembang. Kaayaan ieu ngajadikeun inféksi HIV asup kana tahap katilu, nyaéta [[AIDS]]. Dina tahap ieu, sistem imun ruksak parah sahingga penderita langkung rentan ka inféksi anu sanés.<ref name=":0" /> Gejala AIDS ieu ngawengku: # beurat awak turun tanpa sabab # késang peuting # bintik bodas dina létah, baham, alat kelamin, jeung anus # bintik-bintik ungu dina kulit anu moal leungit # demam anu lumangsung leuwih ti 10 poé # [[diaré]] kronis # inféksi jamur dina baham, tikoro, atanapi [[tumbung]] # titik limfa ngabareuhan dina [[kélék]], [[beuheung]], sareng [[palangkangan]] # gangguan [[saraf]], sapertos sesah konsentrasi, leungitna ingetan, sareng kabingungan # gampang memar atawa getihan # awak karasa gampang capé # gampang ambek jeung depresi # ruam atanapi bintik dina kulit # hésé ngarenghap == Sejarah == Ngenaan sajarahna, para ahli ngira-ngira virus HIV awalna datang tina [[simpanseu]] jeung [[virus immunodeficiency simian (SIV)]]. Virus ieu nyerang sistem imun [[monyét]] sareng [[Kera|kera.]] Dina taun 1999, panalungtik ngaidentifikasi galur simpanse SIV anu disebut [[SIVcpz]] anu idéntik jeung HIV. Diperkirakeun yén simpanse moro sareng ngamangsa monyét leutik anu kainfeksi SIV. Dua galur virus ieu teras ngagabung sareng ngabentuk SIVcpz. Panyakit ieu tiasa nyebar ka simpanse sareng manusa.<ref name=":2" /> Virus SIVcpz tiasa nyerang manusa kusabab pamburu di Afrika ngadahar daging simpanseu anu katépaan panyakit atanapi getih simpanseu asup kana awak pamburu ngaliwatan tatu dina kulit pamburu. Panyebaran munggaran SIV ka HIV dina manusa dianggap tonggak awal dina sajarah HIV/AIDS, mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1920. Ti saprak éta pandémik HIV nyebar di Kinshasa, [[Républik Démokratik Kongo|Républik Démokratik Kongo,]] Afrika. Ti dinya, virus ogé nyebarkeun ngaliwatan TKI sareng perdagangan séks. Dina 1960, HIV nyebar ti Afrika ka [[Haiti]] jeung [[Karibia]]. Dina taun 1970, virus HIV diduga asup ka [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] sarta sumebar ka sakuliah dunya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://health.kompas.com/read/2022/08/25/163100868/sejarah-hiv-aids-dari-masa-ke-masa-dan-asal-usulnya|title=Sejarah HIV/AIDS dari Masa ke Masa dan Asal-usulnya|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> == Penularan jeung Pencegahan == Panyakit HIV tiasa ditularkeun ti hiji penderita ka nu sanés ngaliwatan cairan awak dina kaayaan anu tangtu. Dina konteks ieu, jalma tiasa katularan ku HIV saatos kontak langsung sareng cairan awak penderita HIV anu ngagaduhan viral load terdeteksi (kaayaan panyakit anu teu terkendali).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://health.kompas.com/read/2021/11/09/220100568/7-cara-penularan-hiv-dan-pencegahannya|title=7 Cara Penularan HIV dan Pencegahannya|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Cairan awak anu jadi gerbang panularan HIV di antarana nyaéta getih, cairan mani jeng mazi, cairan ti dubur, cairan tumbung, jeng ASI. Panyebaran bisa lumangsung nalika HIV dina cairan awak nu tos disebutkeun asup kana aliran getih jalma séjén ngaliwatan mémbran mukosa. Mémbran mukosa aya dina anus, tumbung, ujung sirit, baham, tatu muka, atawa ngaliwatan liang suntik.<ref name=":1" /> Di handap ieu sababaraha cara panularan panyakit HIV. === Seks anal === Seks anal mangrupa salah sahiji hubungan seksual sareng résiko pangluhurna janten panto transmisi HIV. Résiko ieu ningkat upami sirit henteu disunat sareng aya tatu leutik dina sirit. === Seks tumbung === Salin seks anal, hiji jalma ogé tiasa kaserang HIV upami aranjeunna gaduh séks tumbung tanpa kondom sareng jalma anu positif HIV anu kaayaan panyakitna henteu dikontrol. === Indung ka orok nalika kakandungan sareng nyusu === Panyebaran HIV ti indung ka fétus dina kandungan ogé tiasa lumangsung nalika kakandungan, kalahiran, atanapi pas nyusuan. Nanging, résiko panularan tiasa dicegah salami ibu hamil nu gaduh panyakit HIV/AIDS nginum obat ARV nalika kakandungan dugi ka nyusuan. === Ngagunakeun jarum suntik anu henteu steril === Maké [[jarum suntik]] sareng alat suntik sanés anu henteu steril saatos dianggo ku penderita HIV anu henteu terkontrol tiasa janten salah sahiji cara pikeun nyebarkeun HIV. Résiko ieu tiasa timbul tina nyuntik narkoba, tato, atanapi ''piercing'' awak. === Seks baham === Résiko transmisi HIV salila seks baham sabenerna rendah. Tapi, jalma-jalma aya résiko kaserang HIV upami penderita HIV gaduh hubungan seksual baham dina baham pasangan anu ngagaduhan borok baham, gusi ngaluarkeun getih, nyeri baham, atanapi tatu sareng inféksi dikirimkeun séksual dina sirit penderita. === Digégél === Sanaos digégél kawilang jarang, digégél ku panyawat HIV anu panyakitna teu kaampeuh dugi ka getihan sareng tatu robek ogé tiasa janten jalan pikeun nyebarkeun HIV. Tapi émut, henteu aya résiko panularan upami kulit anu digigit henteu luka. === Nyium nalika anjeun ngagaduhan sariawan, gusi berdarah, nyeri waos === Sapertos digégél, nyium dina baham sareng penderita HIV anu panyakitna henteu dikontrol nalika aya sariawan, gusi berdarah, nyeri waos, atanapi aya tatu dina jero sungut ogé tiasa ningkatkeun résiko kaserang panyakit ieu. Tapi, HIV henteu ditularkeun upami cium dilakukeun ku baham anu séhat. Salian ti cara-cara panularan di luhur, HIV moal tiasa ditularkeun ngaliwatan: # kemih, tai, ciduh, utah, cimata atawa késang # cipratan tina batuk atawa bersin # nyepeng leungeun # ngabagi parabot dahar atawa gelas nginum # digigit ku reungit, keletik atawa serangga lianna. # babagi jamban # nyium dina pipi atawa jeung baham ditutup Di samping éta, ngenaan pencegahan panyakit HIV. Jalmi nu gaduh panyakit HIV sareng sok nginum obat ARV atanapi terapi anti-HIV unggal dinten sakumaha anu disarankeun ku dokter tiasa ngajaga ''viral load'' anu teu tiasa dideteksi. Ku cara éta, résiko panularan HIV ka pasangan tiasa ngirangan. Sanajan kitu, kadang penderita poho nginum obat atawa alesan séjén ambéh ''viral load'' maranéhanana dideteksi deui sarta aranjeunna rawan ngirimkeun HIV ka pasangan maranéhanana.<ref name=":1" /> Aya sababaraha léngkah pencegahan HIV anu tiasa dilakukeun pikeun nyegah panyakit kronis ieu: # Nganggo kondom unggal waktos berhubungan seks, boh lewat kelamin tumbung, baham, atanapi anal. # Kéngingkeun tés HIV upami jalmi nu gaduh panyakit sareng pasanganna sami-sami gaduh résiko HIV/AIDS. # Satia sareng ulah ganti pasangan séksual. # Periksa panyakit séksual sacara rutin. Upami kadetéksi, kontrol sareng ubaran panyakitna. == Rujukan == <references /> == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.POZ.com POZ provides information and networking opportunities for the HIV community.] * [http://www.AIDSmeds.com AIDSmeds is a place to find complete and easy-to-read information on treating HIV & AIDS.] * [http://www.HIVMedicine.com HIV Medicine 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607164221/http://www.hivmedicine.com/ |date=2019-06-07 }}, a medical textbook, >700 pages (free download) * [http://www.structure.org/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0969212605003898 The Mechanism of HIV-1 Core Assembly: Insights from Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of Authentic Virions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709223931/http://www.structure.org/content/article/fulltext?uid=PIIS0969212605003898 |date=2006-07-09 }} * [http://www.aids.org AIDS.ORG: Educating - Raising HIV Awareness - Building Community] * [http://www.bethegeneration.org Be the Generation - Information on HIV Vaccine Clinical Research in 20 American Cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925074044/http://bethegeneration.org/ |date=2017-09-25 }} * [http://www.aidsvaccine.org/ Capital Area Vaccine Effort] * [http://www.aegis.org AEGiS.org: AIDS Education Global Information System- Patient/clinician information & Historical news and treatment database] * [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9212/hiv.htm AIDS/HIV Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618220559/http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9212/hiv.htm |date=2006-06-18 }} * [http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/microbiology/hiv.html Watch an animated tutorial on the life cycle of HIV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616061044/http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/microbiology/hiv.html |date=2006-06-16 }} * [http://www.cmeonhiv.com Continuing medical education about HIV for healthcare providers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611063516/http://cmeonhiv.com/ |date=2023-06-11 }} * [http://fightaidsathome.scripps.edu/ FightAIDS@Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008123857/http://fightaidsathome.scripps.edu/ |date=2019-10-08 }} * [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/hiv Everything you wanted to know about HIV and AIDS] — Provided by ''[[New Scientist]]''. * [http://3dscience.com/advancedsearch.asp?stS=hiv&cboMatch=Any&selectcategory=0&txtMinPrice=&txtMaxPrice= Free HIV Images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528093010/http://3dscience.com/advancedsearch.asp?stS=HIV&cboMatch=Any&selectcategory=0&txtMinPrice=&txtMaxPrice= |date=2006-05-28 }} * [http://www.hivatis.org HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028003445/http://www.hivatis.org/ |date=2020-10-28 }} * [http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-3/hiv.html HIV/AIDS Education in Teacher Preparation Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618083346/http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-3/hiv.html |date=2006-06-18 }} * [http://hivinsite.org/InSite HIV InSite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050809233618/http://hivinsite.org/InSite |date=2005-08-09 }} * [http://health.howstuffworks.com/aids.htm How Aids Works] (with animation) * [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/hiv-aids/index.cfm Medecins Sans Frontieres/Doctors Without Borders HIV/AIDS Pages] * [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/daids/ NIH/NIAD/DAIDS] * [http://aidshistory.nih.gov/ History of AIDS research at the NIH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615133329/http://aidshistory.nih.gov/ |date=2006-06-15 }} * [http://www.mcld.co.uk/hiv/ "The Molecules of HIV" information resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614085651/http://www.mcld.co.uk/hiv/ |date=2006-06-14 }} * [http://www.phrusa.org/campaigns/aids/release080103.html Unsafe Health Care and the HIV/AIDS Pandemic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515222359/http://www.phrusa.org/campaigns/aids/release080103.html |date=2006-05-15 }} 2003 * [http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/1/1/13 HIV/AIDS: global trends, global funds and delivery bottlenecks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529034053/http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/1/1/13 |date=2006-05-29 }} * [http://www.unaids.org/NetTools/Misc/DocInfo.aspx?LANG=en&href=http%3a%2f%2fgva-doc-owl%2fWEBcontent%2fDocuments%2fpub%2fPublications%2fIRC-pub06%2fAIDS-scenarios-2025_report_en%26%2346%3bhtm UNAIDS document regarding three scenarios for HIV/AIDS in Africa for the year 2025 (Large PDF file)] * [http://www.unaids.org UNAIDS - Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS webpage] * [http://www.knowhivaids.org Media Campaign: HIV leads to AIDS] * [http://www.csa54.info/ CSA54 - AIDS Cure News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528013842/http://www.csa54.info/ |date=2006-05-28 }} * [http://www.fedde.eu/HIV_DC/index.html The role of dendritic cells in HIV pathogenesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113110540/http://www.fedde.eu/HIV_DC/index.html |date=2006-11-13 }} * [http://www.gsk.com/yourhealth/aids.htm HIV overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614210731/http://www.gsk.com/yourhealth/aids.htm |date=2006-06-14 }} * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5961064535480432230&q=hiv+treatment&pr=goog-sl/ video ofTreatment Update 2006 from the Conference on Retrovirus'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206151352/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5961064535480432230&q=hiv+treatment&pr=goog-sl%2F |date=2012-02-06 }} * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/ "The Age of Aids"] March 30, 2006 ''Frontline'' == Warta AIDS == * Nop. 2005 - Kamajuan dina panalungtikan vaksin HIV - [http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/011205a_trans.htm Recorded interview with Prof. Robert Gallo (HIV researcher)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211030931/http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/011205a_trans.htm |date=2005-12-11 }} * Jan. 2006 - Kabongkarna struktur 3D HIV - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4642940.stm 3D map of AIDS causing virus revealed] * Méi 2006 - Asal-usul HIV 'kapanggih dina simpanse liar' — [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5012268.stm HIV origin 'found in wild chimps'] {{Panyakit alatan virus}}{{Virus-pondok}} [[Kategori:HIV/AIDS]] [[Kategori:Retrovirus]] [[Kategori:Panyakit]] edhfyd63wfp9frh5nwo2nkbf5uehzaz 0 20428 712631 698053 2026-09-11T11:46:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Quake epicenters 1963-98.png|thumb|300px|Puseur-puseur lini di sakumna dunya, 1963–1998]] [[Gambar:Global plate motion.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Gerakan téktonik lémpéng global]] '''Lini''' nyaéta geteran nu kajadian di pabeungeutan [[bumi]]. Lini biasana disababkeun ku ayana gerakan [[intip bumi]] (lémpéng bumi). Bumi urang téh sanajan padet ogé, sok gerak, balukarna lini bakal kajadian lamun seug tekenan nu kajadian alatan gerakan éta geus pohara gedéna, nu antukna teu bisa ditahan-tahan deui, jadi waé lini. [[Gambar:Fault types.png|thumb|right|Tipe kasalahan]] == Anatomi lini == Lini kajadian unggal poé di bumi, tapi kalolobannana mah leutik tur henteu nyababkeun karuksakan nanaon. Lini leutik ogé bisa marengan lini gedé, sarta bisa kajadian saméméh, sanggeus, atawa satutasna lini gedé. == Intensitas == Intensitas nyaéta besaran nu dipaké keur ngukur lini, lian ti maké ''magnitudo''. Intensitas bisa didefenisikeun minangka gedéna karuksakan di hiji tempat baukar tina lini nu diukur dumasar kana karuksakan nu aya. Niley intensitas mangrupakan fungsi tina ''magnitudo'', jarak ka ''episenter'', lilana geteran, jerona lini, kondisi [[taneuh]] sarta kaayaan [[wangunan]]. Skala Intensitas Modifikasi Mercalli (MMI) mangrupa skala intensitas nu ilahar dipaké.<ref>[http://www.pirba.ristek.go.id/det.php?id=4 Pusat Informasi Riset Bencana Alam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731094615/http://www.pirba.ristek.go.id/det.php?id=4 |date=2007-07-31 }}</ref> == Balukar tina lini == [[Gambar:Chuetsu earthquake-earthquake liquefaction1.jpg|thumb|200px|Right|Lini Chuetsu.]] [[Gambar:Sanfranciscoearthquake1906.jpg|thumb|200px|Right|Kahuruan sanggeusna [[Lini San Fransisco 1906]].]] [[Gambar:Pictures from bus 13.jpg|thumb|200px|Right|Salasaurang lalaki leumpang dina sanggeus sunami.]] Lini ngabalukarkeun loba karuksakan. == Tempo ogé == {{wiktionarypar|earthquake}} * [[Modél katastrop]] * [[Cryoseism]] * [[Asuransi lini]] * [[Géofisika]] * [[Lini inter lémpéng]] * [[Lini antar lémpéng]] * [[Daptar lini]] * [[Daptar lémpéng téktonik]] * [[Skala inténsitas Mercalli]] * [[Lémpéng téktonik]] * [[Skala magnitudo Richter]] * [[Skal séismik]] * [[Gelombang séismik]] * [[Lspisan séismogénik]] * [[Séismograf]] * [[Séismologi]] * [[Sunami]] * [[Métode VAN]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{commons|Earthquake}} === Pangatikan === * [http://www.electricquakes.com Earthquake Information] - Electricquakes.com Exploring possible links between solar activity and éarthquakes with éarthquake and solar data stréaming sources shown side by side for visual correlation. * [http://earthquakedb.com Earthquake Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123072558/http://earthquakedb.com/ |date=2015-11-23 }} - detailed statistics and integrated with Google Maps and Google éarth * [http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12460 Earthquake Information from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319033156/http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12460 |date=2009-03-19 }}, [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/ ''Earthquakes''] — an educational booklet by Kaye M. Shedlock & Louis C. Pakiser * [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/ USGS Earthquake FAQs] * [http://www.earthquakecountry.info/ earthquakecountry.info] Answers to FAQs about éarthquakes and éarthquake Preparedness * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,1121610,00.html Interactive guide: Earthquakes] - an educational presentation by [[Guardian Unlimited]] * [http://www.geowall.org Geowall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708210004/http://geowall.org/ |date=2008-07-08 }} — an educational 3D presentation system for looking at and understanding éarthquake data (click on the Visualizations menu entry) * [http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualEarthquake/ Virtual Earthquake] - educational site explaining how epicenters are located and magnitude is determined * [http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/locating.html Geo.Mtu.Edu] — Another site showing how to locate an éarthquake's epicenter * [http://science.howstuffworks.com/earthquake.htm HowStuffWorks — How Earthquakes Work] * [http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/earthquake.html Natural Disasters - Earthquake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716090138/http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/earthquake.html |date=2007-07-16 }} - géological information for kids * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1561/science_technology/earthquakes_and_tsunamis/ CBC Digital Archives — Canada's Earthquakes and Tsunamis] * [http://www.territorioscuola.com/tsodp/dmoz.php3?browse=/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geophysics/Earthquakes/ Earthquakes Educational Resources - TerritorioScuola ODP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213841/http://www.territorioscuola.com/tsodp/dmoz.php3?browse=/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geophysics/Earthquakes/ |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.earthquake-news.net/ Latest Earthquake News and Earthquake Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701143803/http://www.earthquake-news.net/ |date=2007-07-01 }} - View in néar-réal time all of the recent éarthquake events on the planet. * [http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/browse/kozak?eq=5234 Photos/images of historic earthquakes] === Puseur data seismologis === ==== Eropa ==== * [http://www.emsc-csem.org/ European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)] * [http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/seismon/globmon.html Global Seismic Monitor at GFZ Potsdam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607215245/http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/seismon/globmon.html |date=2008-06-07 }} * [http://tsunami.geo.ed.ac.uk/local-bin/quakes/mapscript/demo_run.pl Global Earthquake Report – chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411231003/http://tsunami.geo.ed.ac.uk/local-bin/quakes/mapscript/demo_run.pl |date=2006-04-11 }} * [http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html Earthquakes in Iceland during the last 48 hours] * [http://www.ingv.it Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy] * [http://www.ingv.it/DISS/ Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Central Mediterranean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221160237/http://www.ingv.it/DISS/ |date=2007-02-21 }} * [http://www.meteo.pt/opencms/im/en/sismologia/sismObservGeral.jsp Portuguese Meteorological Institute (Seismic activity during the last month)]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==== Amerika Sarikat ==== * [http://www.eqnet.org/ EQNET: Earthquake Information Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623161522/http://www.eqnet.org/ |date=2007-06-23 }} * [http://neic.usgs.gov/ The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916004205/http://neic.usgs.gov/ |date=2008-09-16 }} * [http://www.data.scec.org/ Southern California Earthquake Data Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228040619/http://www.data.scec.org/ |date=2009-02-28 }} * [http://www.scec.org The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)] * [http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/ Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224145132/http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/ |date=2009-02-24 }} An éarthquake Science and Preparedness Handbook produced by SCEC * [http://www.data.scec.org/recenteqs/Quakes/quakes0.html Recent earthquakes in California and Nevada ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306075606/http://www.data.scec.org/recenteqs/Quakes/quakes0.html |date=2009-03-06 }} * [http://rev.seis.sc.edu Seismograms for recent earthquakes via REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112160736/http://rev.seis.sc.edu/ |date=2006-01-12 }} * [http://www.iris.edu Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)], éarthquake database and software * [http://www.iris.edu/seismon/ IRIS Seismic Monitor] - world map of recent éarthquakes * [http://www.iris.edu/seismo/ SeismoArchives] - seismogram archives of significant éarthquakes of the world === Skala seismik === * [http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/projekt/ems/ The European Macroseismic Scale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521225145/http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/projekt/ems/ |date=2007-05-21 }} === Informasi ilmiah === * {{cite web | url=http://simscience.org/crackling/Advanced/Earthquakes/GutenbergRichter.html | title=Earthquake Magnitudes and the Gutenberg-Richter Law | publisher=[http://simscience.org/index.html SimScience] | accessdate=2006-08-14 }} * {{cite journal | author=Hiroo Kanamori, Emily E. Brodsky | title=The Physics of Earthquakes | journal=Physics Today | year=2001 | month=June | volume=54 | issue=6 | pages=34 | url=http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p34.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011203204/http://physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p34.html |date=2008-10-11 }} === Rupa-rupa === * [http://www.kashmirearthquake.com/ Kashmir Relief & Development Foundation (KRDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207032432/http://www.kashmirearthquake.com/ |date=2012-02-07 }} * [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/ PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes] * [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900] * [http://www.armageddononline.org/earthquake.php The Destruction of Earthquakes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208004752/http://www.armageddononline.org/earthquake.php |date=2009-02-08 }} - a list of the worst éarthquakes ever recorded * [http://www.losangelesearthquakes.com Los Angeles Earthquakes plotted on a Google map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108183803/http://www.losangelesearthquakes.com/ |date=2019-01-08 }} * [http://www.em-dat.net the EM-DAT International Disaster Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107121958/http://www.em-dat.net/ |date=2007-01-07 }} * [http://www.earthquakearchive.com Earthquake Newspaper Articles Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109174133/https://earthquakearchive.com/ |date=2019-01-09 }} * [http://www.earth-quake.org Earth-quake.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319011408/http://www.earth-quake.org/ |date=2019-03-19 }} * [http://www.petquake.org PetQuake.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224152216/http://www.petquake.org/ |date=2017-12-24 }}- official PETSAAF system which relies on strange or atypical animal behavior to predict éarthquakes. * [http://carlogesualdo.altervista.org/pagine/terremoto_irpinia_1980.htm A series of earthquakes in southern Italy - November 23 1980, Gesualdo ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312135706/http://carlogesualdo.altervista.org/pagine/terremoto_irpinia_1980.htm |date=2007-03-12 }} * [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/ Recent Quakes WorldWide] * [http://www.newsweather.co.uk/weather/earthquakes.html Real-time, worldwide earthquake list for the past 7 days] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150004/http://www.newsweather.co.uk/weather/earthquakes.html |date=2007-09-29 }} * [http://www.aus-emaps.com/earthquakesRSS.php Real-time earthquakes on Google Map, Australia and rest of the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221155200/http://aus-emaps.com/earthquakesRSS.php |date=2009-02-21 }} [[Kategori:Lini]] [[Kategori:Séismologi]] [[Kategori:Musibah géologis]] [[Kategori:Téhnik struktur]] i31pyvg0qipbr83doknj16alxsd5f5g 0 35623 712622 710047 2026-09-11T02:17:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | native_name = ''République de Côte-d'Ivoire'' | conventional_long_name = Républik Basisir Gading | common_name = Ivory Coast | image_flag = Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg | image_coat =Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg | national_motto = ''Union&nbsp;– Discipline&nbsp;– Travail''<br /><small>(Kahijian&nbsp;– Disiplin&nbsp;– Gawé)</small> | national_anthem = "[[L'Abidjanaise]]"<br /><small>"Lagu Abidjan"</small> | image_map = Location Côte d'Ivoire AU Africa.svg | map_caption = Lokasi Basisir Gading dina [[Uni Afrika]] | demonym = Ivorian/Ivoirian | official_languages = [[basa Perancis]] | capital = [[Yamoussoukro]] |latd=6 |latm=51 |latNS=N |longd=5 |longm=18 |longEW=W | government_type = [[Républik]] [[Sistem présidénsial|présidénsial]] | leader_title1 = [[Présidén Basisir Gading|Présidén]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Basisir Gading|Perdana Mentri]] | leader_name1 = [[Alassane Ouattara]] | leader_name2 = [[Patrick Achi]] | largest_city = [[Abidjan]] | area = 322.460 | areami² = 124.502 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_rank = ka-69 | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | percent_water = 1,4<ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate = 20.617.068<ref name="CIA">{{citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |chapter={{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}} |title=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=8 August 2008 |date=24 July 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831020553/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |date=31 August 2020 }}.</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2009 | population_estimate_rank = ka-56 | population_census = 15.366.672 | population_census_year = 1998 | population_density = 63,9 | population_densitymi² = 165,6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = ka-139 | GDP_PPP_year = 2010 | GDP_PPP = $37,020&nbsp;milyar<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=57&pr.y=9&sy=2008&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=662&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Côte d'Ivoire|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=21 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111190330/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=57&pr.y=9&sy=2008&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=662&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |date=11 January 2012 }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1.680<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2010 | GDP_nominal = $22,823&nbsp;milyar<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1.036<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | HDI_year = 2007 | HDI = {{increase}} 0,484<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G|format=PDF|publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=17 October 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115116/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |date=22 November 2009 }}</ref> | HDI_rank = ka-163 | HDI_category = <span style="color:#e0584e;">handap</span> | Gini = 44,6 | Gini_year = 2002 | Gini_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> | sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]] | established_event1 = ti [[Perancis]] | established_date1 = 7 Agustus 1960 | currency = [[Franc CFA Afrika Kulon]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[UTC]] | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = ''teu kaobsérvasi'' | utc_offset_DST = +0 | drives_on = katuhu | cctld = [[.ci]] | calling_code = 225 | footnotes = ^a Pakiraan pikeun nagara ieu kuduna mah diperhatoskeun ogé kana lobana nu pupus akibat AIDS; hal ieu bisa nyababkeun jumlah populasi nu leuwih saeutik ti nu dikira. }} '''Basisir Gading''' ('''''Côte-d'Ivoire'''''; {{IPA-fr|kot diˈvwaʁ|lang}}) atawa '''''Ivory Coast''''', mangrupa hiji nagara di [[Afrika Kulon]]. Nagara ieu tepung wates jeung [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], sarta [[Ghana]]; wates kidulna aya sapanjang [[Teluk Guinea]]. Saméméh panjajahan ku Éropa, di Basisir Gading pernah aya sababaraha nagri, kaasup [[Gyaaman]], [[Kakaisaran Kong]], jeung [[Baoulé]]. Pernah aya dua karajaan [[urang Anyi|Anyi]], ''Indénié'' jeung ''[[Karajaan Sanwi|Sanwi]]'', nu nyobi nahankeun cicirénna dina jaman panjajahan [[Perancis]] jeung sanggeus kamerdikaan nagara.<ref>{{citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0013)|title=Library of Congress Country Studies|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=11 April 2009|date=November 1988}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114225808/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0013) |date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Hiji traktat 1843–1844 nyieun Basisir Gading hiji "[[protéktorat]]" ti Perancis jeung dina 1893, jadi hiji jajahan Perancis salaku bagain ti [[Parebutan Afrika]] Éropa. [[Basa resmina]] nyaéta basa Perancis, sanajan loba basa lokal nu dipaké sacara luas, kaasup [[basa Baoulé|Baoulé]], [[basa Dioula|Dioula]], [[basa Dan|Dan]], [[basa Anyin|Anyin]], jeung [[basa Senari|Cebaara Senufo]]. == Ngaran == Wewengkonna jeung nagarana katelah salaku "Basisir Gading" ([[basa Indonésia]]: ''Pantai Gading''). Dina Oktober 1985, pamaréntahna sacara resmi ngagentos ngaran nagara ka "Côte d'Ivoire".<ref>{{Harvnb|Jessup|1998|p=351}}</ref> Loba pamaréntah nganggo "Côte d'Ivoire" pikeun alesan diplomatik. Organisasi nu ngaggo "Côte d'Ivoire" kaasup [[FIFA]] jeung [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]], majalah warta ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100401042949/http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805717|title=Research Tools |work=The Economist |accessdate=20 June 2010}}</ref> ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire |title=Cote d'Ivoire&nbsp;– Encyclopedia&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=20 June 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618075934/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire |date=18 June 2010 }}</ref> jeung ''[[National Geographic Society]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cote-d-ivoire-guide/?source=A-to-Z |title=Places Directory&nbsp;– Facts, Travel Videos, Flags, Photos&nbsp;– National Geographic |publisher=nationalgeographic.com |date=25 June 2008 |accessdate=20 June 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326211631/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cote-d-ivoire-guide/?source=A-to-Z |date=26 March 2011 }}</ref> == Région jeung departemén == :''Artikel utama: [[Région di Basisir Gading]], [[Departemén di Basisir Gading]]'' Basisir Gading dibagi kana 19 région (''régions''): {{col|2}} #[[Agnéby]] #[[Bafing (region)|Bafing]] #[[Bas-Sassandra]] #[[Denguélé]] #[[Dix-Huit Montagnes]] #[[Fromager]] #[[Haut-Sassandra]] #[[Lacs]] #[[Lagunes]] #[[Marahoué]] #[[Moyen-Cavally]] #[[Moyen-Comoé]] #[[N'zi-Comoé]] #[[Savanes (Côte d'Ivoire)|Savanes]] #[[Sud-Bandama]] #[[Sud-Comoé]] #[[Vallée du Bandama]] #[[Worodougou]] #[[Zanzan]] </div> Région-région salajengna dibagi deui kana 81 [[Departemén di Basisir Gading|departemén]]. === Populasi kota-kota utama === Ibu kota resmi Basisir Gading nyaéta [[Yamoussoukro]] (295.500). [[Abidjan]], kalawan populasi 3.310.500, mangrupa kota panggedéna jeung ngalayanan salaku puseur padagangan jeung bank ti Basisir Gading jeung ogé salaku ibu kota ''de facto''. {|class="wikitable" |- !Kota!!Populasi |- |[[Abidjan]] ||3.310.500 |- |[[Bouaké]] ||775.300 |- |[[Daloa]] ||489.100 |- |[[Yamoussoukro]] ||295.500 |- |[[Korhogo]] ||163.400 |- |[[San Pédro]] ||151.600 |- |[[Divo, Côte d'Ivoire|Divo]] ||134.200 |} == Tempo ogé == {{col|2}} * [[Perang sadulur di Basisir Gading]] * [[Komunikasi di Basisir Gading]] * [[Fédération Ivoirienne du Scoutisme]] * [[Hubungan luar nagri Basisir Gading]] * [[Misi diplomatik Basisir Gading]] * [[Daptar kota di Basisir Gading]] * [[Daptar inohong Basisir Gading]] * [[Tansportasi di Basisir Gading]] </div> == Catetan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/citoc.html#ci0079 LoC Country Studies: Côte d'Ivoire] * {{CIA World Factbook}} * {{StateDept}} == Réferénsi == {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Amin|first=Samir|coauthors=Bernard Nantet|chapter=Côte-d’Ivoire|title=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]]|publisher={{lang|fr|Encyclopædia Universalis}}|location=Paris|year=1999|isbn=|oclc=}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Amondji|first=Marcel|authorlink=Marcel Amondji|title={{lang|fr|Côte-d'Ivoire. 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{{citation|last=Gnahoua|first=Ange Ralph|title={{lang|fr|La crise du systéme ivoirien: aspects politiques et juridiques}}|publisher=Harmattan|location=Paris|year=2006|isbn=2-296-00425-3|oclc=67609894}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Goba|first=Arséne Ouegui|title={{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire: Quelle issue pour la transition?}}|publisher=Harmattan|location=Paris|year=2000|isbn=2-7384-9483-8|oclc=216694298|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q17BbTGXGe4C&pg=PA15}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last1=Gonnin|first1=Gilbert|last2=Allou|first=René Kouamé|title={{lang|fr|Initiation à l'économie des pays en voie de développement}}|publisher=CERAP|location=Abidjan|year=2006|isbn= 2-915352-30-5|oclc=144686149}}. * {{citation|last=Handloff|first=Robert Earl (ed.)|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/citoc.html|title=Ivory Coast: A Country Study|series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|U.S. GPO]]|location=Washington|year=1991|isbn=0160309786|oclc=21336559}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201081332/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/citoc.html |date=2010-12-01 }}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Hauhouot|first=Antoine Asseypo|title={{lang|fr|Développement, amenagement, régionalisation en Côte d'Ivoire}}|publisher={{lang|fr|Editions universitaires de Côte d'Ivoire}}|location=Abidjan|year=2002|isbn=2-84515-020-2|oclc=56179194}}. * {{citation|last=Jessup|first=John E.|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jh3Q5F7BaB8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=October+1985+name+C%C3%B4te+d%27Ivoire|year=1998|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], Connecticut|isbn=0-313-28112-2|oclc=37742322}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Kipré|first=Pierre|title={{lang|fr|Histoire de la Côte d'Ivoire}}|publisher=Editions AMI|location=Abidjan|year=1992|oclc=33233462}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Koné|first=Amadou|title={{lang|fr|Houphouët-Boigny et la crise ivoirienne}}|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|year=2003|isbn=2-8458-6368-3|oclc=52772495}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Koulibaly|first=Mamadou|title={{lang|fr|La guerre de la France contre la Côte d'Ivoire}}|publisher=Harmattan|location=Paris|year=2003|isbn=2-7475-5367-1|oclc=53961576|url=http://books.google.com/books/harmattan?hl=fr&vid=isbn2-7475-5367-1&printsec=frontcover#PPA15,M1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907092052/http://books.google.com/books/harmattan?hl=fr&vid=isbn2-7475-5367-1&printsec=frontcover#PPA15,M1 |date=2013-09-07 }}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Lisette|first=Gabriel|authorlink=Gabriel Lisette|title={{lang|fr|Le Combat du Rassemblement Démocratique Africain pour la décolonisation pacifique de l'Afrique Noire}}|publisher={{lang|fr|[[Présence Africaine]]}}|location=Paris|year=1983|isbn=2-708-70421-4|oclc=10765611}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last={{lang|fr|Loucou}}|first={{lang|fr|Jean Noël}}|title={{lang|fr|Côte d’Ivoire: les résistances à la conquête coloniale}}|publisher=CERAP|location=Abidjan|year=2007|isbn=2-915352-31-3|oclc=234202640}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|author=Ministry of Economy and Finances of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire|title={{lang|fr|La Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres}}|publisher=Dialogue Production|location=Abidjan|year=2007|oclc=173763995}}. * {{fr}} {{citation|last=Miran|first=Marie|title={{lang|fr|Islam, histoire et modernité en Côte d’Ivoire}}|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|year=2006|isbn=2-84586-776-X|oclc=70712775}}. * {{citation|last=Mundt|first=Robert J.|editor=John F. 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Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 2011) == Tumbu kaluar == {{SisterLinks|Côte d'Ivoire}} ;Pamaréntahan * {{fr icon}} [http://www.gouv.ci/ Portal resmii] * {{fr icon}} [http://www.cotedivoirepr.ci/ Présidence de la République de Côte d'Ivoire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324075757/http://www.cotedivoirepr.ci/ |date=2011-03-24 }} Loka resmi kaprésidénan ;Informasi umum * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm Propil nagara] ti [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire Côte d’Ivoire] ti [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|iv|Cote d'Ivoire}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cotedivoire.htm Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907063559/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cotedivoire.htm |date=2015-09-07 }} ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Côte_d'Ivoire|Basisir Gading}} * {{wikiatlas|Côte d'Ivoire}} ;Warta * [http://allafrica.com/cotedivoire/ allAfrica&nbsp;– Côte d'Ivoire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129071055/http://allafrica.com/cotedivoire/ |date=2010-11-29 }} * [http://www.abidjan.net/ Abidjan.Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426014822/http://abidjan.net/ |date=2011-04-26 }} tutumbu forum warta ;Pelesir * {{wikivoyage|Abidjan}} {{Countries of Africa}}<br /> {{African Union}}<br /> {{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}}<br /> {{OSI}}<br /> {{La Francophonie}}<br /> {{Uni Latin}}<br /> {{Niger-Congo-speaking}}<br /> [[Kategori:Basisir Gading| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Komunitas Ékonomi Nagara Afrika Kulon]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Perancis]] [[Kategori:Anggota La Francophonie]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]] [[Kategori:Anggota OSI]] [[Kategori:Républik]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1960]] [[Kategori:Afrika Kulon]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] lw1rs2sskfi7xpss9ypi2x79n3x7idy 0 35723 712624 711556 2026-09-11T02:57:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = Republika y'u Burundi<br />République du Burundi |conventional_long_name = Républik Burundi |common_name = Burundi |image_flag = Flag of Burundi.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Burundi.svg |national_motto = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">''"Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Iterambere"''<small>([[Basa Kirundi]])</small><br />''"Unité, Travail, Progrés"''<small>([[Basa Perancis]])<br />"Kahijian, Gawé, Kamajuan"&nbsp;¹</small></span> |image_map = Location Burundi AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=paul kolot|region=[[Afrika]]|region_color=kulawu kolor|subregion=[[Uni Afrika]]|subregion_color=paul ngora|legend=Location Burundi AU Africa.svg}} |national_anthem = ''[[Burundi bwacu]]''<br /><small>(Burundi Urang)</small> |official_languages = [[Basa Kirundi]], [[Basa Perancis]] |capital = [[Bujumbura]] |latd=3 |latm=30 |latNS=S |longd=30 |longm=00 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Bujumbura]] |demonym = Burundian |government_type = [[Républik]] |leader_title1 = [[Daptar Présidén Burundi|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] |leader_title2 = [[Wakil Présidén Burundi|Wakil Présidén I]] |leader_name2 = Prosper Bazombanza |leader_title3 = [[Wakil Présidén Burundi|Wakil Présidén II]] |leader_name3 = [[Gervais Rufyikiri]] |sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[Bélgia]] |established_event1 = Kaping |established_date1 = 1 Juli 1962 |area = 27.834 |areami² = 10.745 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-145 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |percent_water = 7,8 |population_estimate = 10.216.190<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html CIA – The World Factbook – Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424083404/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |date=2020-04-24 }} [[CIA]]. Ditarima 8 Juni 2008.</ref> |population_estimate_year = [[2011]] |population_estimate_rank = ka-89 |population_census = 8.053.574<ref>[http://www.presidence.bi/spip.php?article405 3rd general census (2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523051745/http://www.presidence.bi/spip.php?article405 |date=2013-05-23 }}</ref> |population_census_year = 2008 |population_density = 367,0 |population_densitymi² = 836,5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-45 |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $3,397 milyar<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=618&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=62&pr.y=14|title=Burundi|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2011-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513231139/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=618&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=62&pr.y=14 |date=2011-05-13 }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $410<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $1,489 milyar<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2010 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $180<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI = {{increase}} 0,282 |HDI_rank = ka-166 |HDI_category = <font color="#e0584e">handap</font> |Gini = 42,4<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-09-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=2009-05-13 }}</ref> |Gini_year = 1998 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> |FSI = 95,2 {{decrease}} 1,5 |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = ka-19 |FSI_category = <font color="#FF0000">Bahaya</font> |currency = [[Franc Burundi]] (FBu) |currency_code = BIF |time_zone = [[Wanci Afrika Tengah|CAT]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = teu kaobsérvasi |utc_offset_DST = +2 |drives_on = katuhu |cctld = [[.bi]] |calling_code = 257 |footnote1 = Saméméh 1966, "Ganza Sabwa". |footnote2 = Pakiraan dumasar kana régrési; inohong PPP nu lian diékstrapolasi ti Program Pabandingan Internasioanl pikeun pakiraan bandingan. }} '''Burundi''', resmina '''Républik Burundi''' ({{lang-rn|Republika y'u Burundi}}; {{lang-fr|République du Burundi}}), nyaéta hiji [[nagara nu dilingkung]] di wewengkon [[Dano-Dano Garedé (Afrika)|Dano-Dano Garedé]] di [[Afrika Wétan]], tepung wates jeung [[Rwanda]] di kalér, [[Tanzania]] di wétan jeung kidul, sarta [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] di kulon. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Bujumbura]]. Sanajan nagara ieu mangrupa [[nagara nu dilingkung]], kalobaanana wates kidul-kulon nepi ka [[Dano Tanganyika]]. == Propinsi == {{utama|Propinsi di Burundi}} Burundi dibagi kana 17 propinsi, nyaéta: {{col|2}} * [[Propinsi Bubanza|Bubanza]] * [[Bujumbura|Bujumbura Mairie]] * [[Propinsi Bujumbura Désa|Bujumbura Désa]] * [[Propinsi Bururi|Bururi]] * [[Propinsi Cankuzo|Cankuzo]] * [[Propinsi Cibitoke|Cibitoke]] * [[Propinsi Gitega|Gitega]] * [[Propinsi Karuzi|Karuzi]] * [[Propinsi Kayanza|Kayanza]] * [[Propinsi Kirundo|Kirundo]] * [[Propinsi Makamba|Makamba]] * [[Propinsi Muramvya|Muramvya]] * [[Propinsi Muyinga|Muyinga]] * [[Propinsi Mwaro|Mwaro]] * [[Propinsi Ngozi|Ngozi]] * [[Propinsi Rutana|Rutana]] * [[Propinsi Ruyigi|Ruyigi]] </div> == Catetan == {{Reflist}} == Réferénsi == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last =Allen | first =J.A. | authorlink = | coauthors =et al. | title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara |publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| year = 2003| location = 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0915984202 }} * {{cite book | last = Weinstein| first = Warren | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historical Dictionary of Burundi| publisher = Scarecrow Press, Incorporated| year = 2006| location = Metuchen, New Jersey| pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0810809621 }} 1st. edition. {{Refend}} == Bacaan salejengna == * Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould ''Burundi on the Brink, 1993-95: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy'' * Bentley, Kristina and Southall, Roger ''An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi'' * Chrétien, Jéan-Pierre ''The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History'' * Daley, Patricia ''Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region'' * Ewusi, Kale and Akwanga, Ebenezer ''Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad'' * Jennings, Christian ''Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness'' * Kidder, Tracy, ''Strength in What Remains'' (Hiji biografi ngeunaan saurang imigran Burundi di Amérika Sarikat) * Krueger, Robert and Krueger, Kathleen ''From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide'' * Lemarchand, Rene ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'' * Melady, Thomas Patrick ''Burundi: The Tragic Years'' * Nivonzima, David and Fendell, Len ''Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi'' * Uvin, Peter ''Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi'' * Watt, Nigel '' Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country'' == Tumbu kaluar == {{SisterLinks|Burundi}} * {{fr}} [http://www.burundi-gov.bi/ Loka resmi pamaréntah Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106204744/http://www.burundi-gov.bi/ |date=2008-11-06 }} * {{CIA_World_Factbook link|by|Burundi}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burundi.htm Burundi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523153822/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/burundi.htm |date=2009-05-23 }} ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Burundi|Burundi}} * {{Wikiatlas|Burundi}} * {{wikivoyage|Burundi}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Niger-Congo-speaking nations}} [[Kategori:Burundi| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota La Francophonie]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara jeung téritori Bantu]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Perancis]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu dilingkung]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1962]] [[Kategori:Républik]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Swahili]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Burundi}} d6heuimaefl5gobz547ycysdkfjlne2 0 40172 712621 711623 2026-09-11T02:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Dzongkha |nativename=[[File:Dzongkha-02.svg|56px]] |region= [[Butan]], [[Sikkim]] (India) |ethnicity=[[Ngalop]] |speakers=170.000 (2006) |ref=e17 |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=([[rungkun basa Tibét-Burma|Tibét-Burma]]) |fam3=[[rungkun basa Tibét-Kanauri|Tibét-Kanauri]] |fam4=[[rungkun basa Bod|Bod]] |fam5=[[rungkun basa Tibét|Tibét]] |fam6=Dzongkha–Lhokä |script=[[Aksara Tibét]] |nation={{flag|Butan}} |agency=[[Komisi Pamekaran Dzongkha]] |dia1=[[Dialék Laya|Laya]] |dia2=[[Dialék Lunana|Lunana]] |dia3=Adap |iso1=dz|iso2=dzo |lc1=dzo|ld1=Dzongkha |lc2=adp|ld2=Adap |map=[[File:Dzongkha native language districts.svg|250px]]<br><center>Peta distrik di Butan di mana wewengkon anu urangna maké Basa Dzongkha salaku basa asli diwarnaan konéng.</center> |notice=Indic }} '''Dzongkha''' ({{bo-textonly|རྫོང་ཁ་|lang=dz}}; [[Alihaksara Wylie|Wylie]]: ''rdzong-kha'', <span >Jong-kă</span>), sok disebut ogé ''[[Ngalop]]kha,'' nyaéta basa resmi [[Butan]].<ref name=CoBE>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |format=PDF |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Art. 1, § 8 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=2008-07-18 |accessdate=2011-01-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162637/http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20%28A5%29.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }}</ref> Kecap "dzongkha" hartina "basa (''kha'') anu dipaké di ''dzong''". [[Dzong]] nyaéta biara anu rupana kawas bénténg anu raloba diwangun di Butan ku [[Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]] dina [[abad ka-17]]. ==Pamakéan== Dzongkha sarta dialék-dialékna téh minangka basa asli di 8 distrik di Butan beulah kulon, nyaéta [[Wangdue Phodrang|Phodrang]], [[Punakha]], [[Thimphu]], [[Distrik Gasa|Gasa]], [[Distrik Paro|Paro]], [[Haa|Ha]], [[Distrik Dagana|Dagana]], jeung [[Chukha]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Dzongkha |first1= Van Driem |last1= George |author1-link= George van Driem |first2= Karma |last2= Tshering of Gaselô |series = Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region |volume= I |year= 1998 | publisher = Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, [[Leiden University]] |location= Leiden, The Netherlands |page = 3 |isbn= 90-5789-002-X }}</ref> Aya ogé sababaraha panyatur Dzongkha di [[Kalimpong]], India, anu baréto mangrupa bagian ti Butan, nanging kiwari asup kana [[Benggala Kulon]], India. Pangajaran Dzongkha wajib di sadaya sakola di Butan. Basa Dzongkha mangrupa ''[[lingua franca]]'' di sababaraha distrik di Butan beulah kidul jeung wétan di mana basa ieu sanés basa asli masarakatna. Pilem Butan taun 2003, ''[[Travellers and Magicians]]'', mangrupa salah sahiji conto pilem anu dimaénkeun dina basa Dzongkha. ==Panulisan== Basa Dzongkha ilaharna ditulis dina [[Aksara Tibét]] vérsi Butan nu disebut ''Joyi'' ''(mgyogs yig)'' jeung ''Joshum'' ''(mgyogs tshugs ma)''. Buku-buku dina basa Dzongkha sacara husus dicitak dina [[Aksara Ucan]]. ==Tingali ogé== {{Portal|Butan|Basa}} {{Contain Indic text}} *[[Angka Dzongkha]] *[[Basa di Butan]] ==Rujukan== <references /> <!-- this footnote seems to have been separated from its reference ¹ {{cite book | author=van Driem, George L. | title=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Vol. 1, Dzongkha | location=Leiden | publisher=Research School CNWS | year=1998 | isbn=90-5789-002-X}} --> ==Pustaka== * {{cite book | first =George | last = van Driem | author-link =George van Driem | editor-last =Moseley | editor-first =Christopher | contribution = Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages | contribution-url = | title = Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | year = 2007 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970/page/294 294]–295 | place = | publisher = Routledge | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970 | doi = | isbn = 0-7007-1197-X }} * {{cite conference |last = van Driem |first = George L |authorlink = George van Driem |title = Language policy in Bhutan |publisher = |year = 1993 |location = SOAS, London |url = http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |accessdate = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911043324/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |date=2018-09-11 }} * {{cite book | last=van Driem| first= George L| authorlink=George van Driem |coauthors=Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab) | title=Dzongkha |series= Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region| publisher=Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies| location=Leiden | year=1998 | isbn=90-5789-002-X}} - A language textbook with three audio compact disks. *{{cite book |title=The Grammar of Dzongkha |last=van Driem |first=George |authorlink=George van Driem |year=1992 |publisher=RGoB, Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= }} *{{cite book |title=Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization |last=van Driem |first=George |authorlink=George van Driem |year=1991 |publisher= Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= }} *{{cite book |title=The First Linguistic Survey of Bhutan |last=van Driem |first=George |authorlink=George van Driem |year=n.d. |publisher= Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= }} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission | authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary (<span lang="dz">འབྲིང་རིམ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིང་ལིཤ་ཚིག་མཛོད་རིག་པའི་ལོ་འདབ།</span>) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=2009 | isbn=978-99936-765-3-9 | url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Lodap_Rigpai%20Lodap.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission | authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms (<span lang="dz">རྫོང་ཁའི་མིང་ཚིག་རྣམ་གྲངས་དང་འགལ་མིང་སྐར་ཚོགས་ཕྲེང་བ།</span>) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=2009 | id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|99936-663-13-6}} | url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117075318/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf |date=2010-11-17 }} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission |authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=1999 | id=}} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission |authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=1990 | id=}} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Authority | title=English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལིཤ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད།) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Authority, Ministry of Education | year=2005}} * {{cite book | last=Imaeda| first=Yoshiro | authorlink=Yoshiro Imaeda | title=Manual of Spoken Dzongkha in Roman Transcription | location=Thimphu | publisher=Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), Bhutan Coordinator Office | year=1990 | id=}} * Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. “Dzongkha Number Systems.” S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southéast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 124-57 * Mazaudon, Martine & Boyd Michailovsky. 1988. “Lost syllables and tone contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan).” David Bradley, Eugénie J.A. Henderson & Martine Mazaudon (eds.). Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. (Pacific Linguistics, Series C-104). 115-36 * Mazaudon, Martine & Boyd Michailovsky. 1989. “Syllabicity and suprasegmentals: the Dzongkha monosyllabic noun.” D. Bradley et al. (eds.). Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. Canberra. (Pacific Linguistics). 115-36 * Michailovsky, Boyd. 1989. “Notes on Dzongkha orthography.” D. Bradley et al. (eds.). Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. Canberra. (Pacific Linguistics). 297-301 * Tournadre, Nicolas. 1996. “Comparaison des systémes médiatifs de quatre dialectes tibétains (tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo).” Z. Guentchéva (ed.). L’énonciation médiatisée. Louvain_Paris: Peeters (Bibliothéque de l’Information Grammaticale, 34). 195-214 * Watters, Stephen A. 1996. A preliminary study of prosody in Dzongkha. Arlington: UT at Arlington, Masters Thesis == Referensi ngeunaan Dzongkha == === Kekecapan === * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionary.php Online searchable dictionary (Dz-En, En-Dz, Dz-Dz)] or [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html Online Dzonkha-English Dictionary] - site ''[[Dzongkha Development Commission]]'' ([http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html en] - [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/ dz]) * [http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/DCT.pdf Dzongkha Computer Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053822/http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/DCT.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf English-Dzongkha Pocket Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507123629/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf |date=2016-05-07 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Rigpai_Lodap.pdf Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525005136/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Rigpai_Lodap.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Thesaurus.pdf Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms]<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Countries_and_Capitals_in_Dzongkha.pdf Names of Countries and Capitals in Dzongkha]<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Translation-Guidebook.pdf A Guide to Dzongkha-Translation]<small>(pdf)</small> === Tata basa === * [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie.html Dzongkha transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711102721/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie.html |date=2021-07-11 }} - site ''[[National Library of Bhutan]]'' (en - [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie-DZ.html dz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711012551/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie-DZ.html |date=2021-07-11 }}) * [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/script.html Dzongkha, The National Language of Bhutan] - site ''Dzongkha Linux'' ([http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/home.html en] - [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/dzo_web1024X768/home.html dz]) * [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Romanization of Dzongkha] * [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/visin/bt_dzongkha01.html Dzongkha : Origin and Description] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/dzongkha.php Dzongkha language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.panl10n.net/Presentations/Laos/RegionalConference/LanguageProcessingApps/Dzongkha_TTS.pdf Pioneering Dzongkha Text To Speech Synthesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051548/http://www.panl10n.net/Presentations/Laos/RegionalConference/LanguageProcessingApps/Dzongkha_TTS.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.en.html Dzongkha Grammar & other materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815015339/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.en.html |date=2013-08-15 }} - site ''[[The Dzongkha Development Commission]]'' (en - [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.html dz]) * [http://www.iling-ran.ru/langworld/transcript/Dzongkha.shtml Коряков Ю.Б. Практическая транскрипция для языка дзонг-кэ] * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/Old-publications/PDF-publications/Guide_to_Official_Dzongkha_Romanization.pdf Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization - by Dr. George van Driem]<small>(pdf)</small> *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Choke-Dzongkha_Dictionary.pdf Classical Tibetan-Dzongkha Dictionary]<small>(pdf)</small> ==Tumbu kaluar== {{InterWiki|code=dz}} *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html Komisi Pamekaran Dzongkha] Thimphu, Butan *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=dzo Ethnologue entry on Dzongkha] *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html Dzongkha-English Dictionary] *[http://podcast.com/show/6924/ Dzongkha podcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807154426/http://www.podcast.com/show/6924/ |date=2011-08-07 }} *[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Dzongkha Romanization for Geographical Names] *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/index.en.html Free textbooks and dictionaries] published by [[Dzongkha Development Commission]] *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/PDF/National%20Policy%20and%20Strategy%20of%20Dzongkha%20%28web%29.pdf Bhutan National Policy and Strategy for Development and Promotion of Dzongkha] * [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha.html Dzongkha Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712101944/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha.html |date=2021-07-12 }} - site ''[[The National Library of Bhutan]]'' (en - [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha-DZ.html dz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201180859/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha-DZ.html |date=2019-12-01 }}) {{Languages of Bhutan}} [[Kategori:Basa di Butan]] [[Kategori:Basa nu ditulis maké aksara Tibét]] [[Kategori:Basa Dzongkha| ]] kr7jkc3o320646dhju9eh3pbcz2663y 100 43809 712620 674154 2026-09-11T00:07:17Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 daftar anyar 712620 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--====IEU NU ANYAR====--> {{Div col|2}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Abdoel Moeis Hassan}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lisa del Giocondo}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Isidor Isaac Rabi}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Omayra Sánchez}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Satoru Iwata}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Jomo Kenyatta}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Oei Hui-lan}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Moendarsih}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Habis Gelap Terbitlah Terang}} # {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Laskar Wanita Indonésia}} {{Div col end}} <!--'''Édisi Romadon''' {{Div col|2}} #[[Ali Imron]] #[[An Nisa]] #[[Al Ma'idah]] #[[Al An'am]] #[[Al A'rof]] #[[Al Anfal]] #[[At Tawbah]] #[[Yunus (surat)]] #[[Hud (surat)]] #[[Yusuf (surat)]] #[[Ar Ro'd]] #[[Ibrohim (surat)]] #[[Al Hijr]] #[[An Nahl]] #[[Al Isro]] #[[Maryam (surat)]] #[[Tho-Ha]] #[[Al Anbiya]] #[[Al Hajj]] #[[Al Mu'minun]] #[[An Nur]] #[[Al Furqon]] #[[Ash Syu'ara]] #[[An Naml]] #[[Al Qisas]] #[[Al Ankabut]] #[[Ar Rum]] #[[Luqman (surat)]] #[[As Sajdah]] #[[Al Ahzab]] #[[Saba (surat)]] #[[Fatir]] #[[As Shaaffat]] #[[Shod (surat)]] #[[Az Zumar]] #[[Ghafir]] #[[Fushshilat]] #[[Ash Shura]] #[[Az Zukhruf]] #[[Ad Dukhan]] #[[Al Jatsiyah]] #[[Al Ahqaf]] #[[Muhammad (surat)]] #[[Al Fath]] #[[Al Hujuraat]] #[[Qaf (surat)]] #[[Adz Dzariyat]] #[[At Tur]] #[[An Najm]] #[[Al Hadid]] #[[Al Mujadilah]] #[[Al Hashr]] #[[Al Mumtahinah]] #[[As Saff]] #[[AlMunafiquun]] #[[At Taghabun]] #[[At Talaq]] #[[At Tahrim]] #[[Al Qalam]] #[[Al Haaqqah]] #[[Al Maarij]] #[[Adam]] #[[Idris]] #[[Nuh (nabi)]] #[[Hud (nabi)]] #[[Sholéh]] #[[Ibrohim]] #[[Luth]] #[[Isma'il]] #[[Ishaq]] #[[Yaqub]] #[[Yusuf (nabi)]] #[[Ayyub]] #[[Syu'éb]] #[[Musa]] #[[Harun (nabi)]] #[[Zulkifli]] #[[Dawud]] #[[Sulaéman]] #[[Ilyas]] #[[Ilyasa]] #[[Yunus (nabi)]] #[[Zakariyya]] #[[Yahya]] #[[Syits]] #[[Khidir]] #[[Yuwsya]] #[[Hazqiyal]] #[[Shamu'il]] #[[Asya'ya]] #[[Aramiya]] #[[Daniyal]] #[[Uzaér]] #[[Syam'un]] #[[Hanzhalah]] {{Div col end}}--> <!--======= NU KACUMPONAN IEU MAH======> #[[Ancung]] #[[Asétik]] #[[Comé]] #[[Cumbung]] #[[Gacok]] #[[Gada]] #[[Gaét]] #[[Gegendir]] #[[Gobéd]] #[[Gubang]] #[[Irig]] #[[Jara]] #[[Jubung]] #[[Kolanding]] #[[Saji]] #[[Sésérok]] #[[Tangkeb]] #[[Tingkeum]] #[[Tolok]] #[[Tomo]] #[[Undem]] #[[Nuh (surat)]] #[[Al Jinn]] #[[Al Muddatstsir]] #[[Al Qiyamah]] #[[Taméng]] #[[Tolombong]] #[[Céntong]] #[[Cewo]] #[[Balincong]] #[[Bubu]] #[[Burang]] #[[Buyung]] #[[Tampir]] #[[Tampolong]] #[[Téténong]] #[[Rantang]] #[[Pipiti]] #[[Parako]] #[[Korang]] #[[Leukeur]] #[[Lodong]] #[[Lulumpang]] #[[Kalo]] #[[Kastrol]] #[[Kekeb]] #[[Kélé]] #[[Kihkir]] #[[Koja]] #[[Kanéron]] #[[Dékol]] #[[Emuk]] #[[Bandring]] #[[Boboko]] #[[Cécémpéh]] #[[Sair]] #[[kecrik]] #[[Siwur]] #[[Baskom]] #[[Kukuran]] #[[Parudan]] #[[Jubleg]] #[[Lisung]] #[[Halu]] #[[Coét]] #[[Mutu]] #[[Sintung]] #[[Cocolék]] #[[Jojodog]] #[[Pago]] #[[Tarumpah]] #[[Bakiak]] #[[Gamparan]] #[[Dudukuy]] #[[Cetok]] #[[Kanéron]] #[[Kempis]] #[[Posong]] #[[Gayung]] #[[Congkrang]] #[[Linggis]] #[[Nyiru]] #[[Pangarih]] #[[Parang]] #[[Poci]] #[[Rajang]] #[[Rampadan]] #[[Ranggap]] #[[Rawé]] #[[Rimbas]] #[[Salang]] #[[Salumbat]] #[[Sangrayan]] #[[Sentég]] #[[Sinduk]] #[[Sirib]] #[[Sundung]] #[[Tatah]] #[[Porog]] #[[Urek]] #[[Talenan]] #[[Hawu]] #[[Hihid]] #[[Songsong]] #[[Arit]] #[[Koréd]] #[[Sungkal]] #[[Patik]] #[[Cedo]] #[[Sugu]] #[[Rancatan]] #[[Buleng]] #[[Garu]] #[[Wuluku]] #[[Caplak]] #[[Lalandak]] #[[Gosali]] #[[Piruruhan]] #[[Kowi]] #[[Ububan]] #[[Paron]] #[[Capit]] #[[Cangkorah]] #[[Abiyasa‏‎]] #[[Bajra]] #[[Baki]] #[[Centing]] #[[Amba‏‎]] #[[Arimba]]‏‎ #[[Aswatama‏‎]] #[[Babruwahana]]‏‎ #[[Bagawad Gita]]‏‎ #[[Barbarika‏‎]] #[[Burisrawa‏‎]] #[[Citrānggadā]]‏‎ #[[Drupada‏‎]] #[[Durwasa‏‎]] #[[Jarasanda‏‎]] #[[Jayadrata]]‏‎ #[[Kertawarma‏‎]] #[[Krishna Dwaipayana Wyasa]]‏‎ #[[Kuru (raja)]]‏‎ #[[Perang di Kurusétra]]‏‎ #[[Satyaki‏‎]] #[[Silsilah Dinasti Kuru jeung Yadu]]‏‎ #[[Utara]]‏‎ #[[Utari‏‎]] #[[Wirata]] #[[uncal]] ([[:id:Rusa|id]]) #[[biruang hideung]] ([[:id:Beruang-hitam asia|id]]) #[[céléng]] ([[:id:Babi_celeng|id]]) #[[angkrék]] ([[:id:Anggrek|id]]) #[[caladi]] ([[:id:Burung pelatuk|id]]) #[[kijang]] ([[:id:Kijang|id]]) #[[rakun]] ([[:id:rakun|id]]) #[[bison]] ([[:id:bison|id]]) #[[zébra]] ([[:id:zebra|id]]) #[[balong]] ([[:id:kolam|id]]) #[[rawa]] ([[:id:rawa|id]]) #[[bakau]] ([[:id:bakau|id]]) #[[iklim]] ([[:id:iklim|id]]) #[[komunitas]] ([[:id:komunitas|id]]) #[[biosistem]] ([[:id:biosistem|id]]) #[[lingkungan]] ([[:id:lingkungan|id]]) #[[hétérotrofik]] ([[:id:heterotrofik|id]]) #[[subtropis]] ([[:id:subtropis|id]]) #[[épifit]] ([[:id:epifit|id]]) #[[Klasifikasi biologi‏‎]] #[[ISO 4217‏‎]] #[[Amérika]] #[[Biografi]] #[[Kitakyushu‏]] </small> {{Div col|2}} #[[Afrika Kalér‏‎]] #[[Aksara Arab‏‎]] #[[Aksara Brahmi‏‎]] #[[Aksara Tionghoa]] #[[Aksara‏‎]] #[[Aktor‏‎]] #[[Aréa]] #[[Awak‏‎]] #[[Basa Malayu]] #[[Beusi‏‎]] #[[Carolus Linnaeus‏‎]] #[[Fumio Goto‏‎]] #[[Industri‏‎]] #[[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2‏‎]] #[[ISO 3166-2:JP]] #[[Karajaan Kuru]] #[[Karibia]] #[[Kristen‏‎]] #[[London‏‎]] #[[Magnoliophyta‏‎]] #[[Magnoliopsida‏‎]] #[[Masayoshi Ito]] #[[Mayasura‏‎]] #[[Mikio Aoki‏‎]] #[[Nagara lintas buana]] #[[Naoto Kan‏‎]] #[[New York]] #[[Per kapita‏]] #[[Sakai, Osaka‏]] #[[Samudra Atlantik‏]] #[[Samudra Pasifik‏‎]] #[[Taro Aso]] #[[Tata ngaran binomial‏]] #[[Time zone‏]] #[[Uchida Kosai]] #[[Unicode‏‎]] #[[Wewengkon Hokuriku‏‎]] #[[Wikisource‏]] #[[Yukio Hatoyama]] {{Div col end}} <===========NU KACUMPONAN========--> g8vkq5hkfs2520v70iy682zhlye5cd1 0 75492 712630 710527 2026-09-11T11:34:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Risa Oribe''' (織部 里沙 ''Oribe Risa'', babar kaping 24 Juni 1987)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618150606/http://www.gifu-bravo.com/~chucky/biog.htm|title=Biography|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref>, leuwih kasohor ku ngaran panggung '''LiSA''' (singgetan tina '''Love Is Same All''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202636/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/sd/NADESHIKO/event/artist06.html|title=NADESHIKO{{!}}ナデシコ 出演者一覧|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref>, nyaéta [[penyanyi]], [[penulis lagu]], sarta [[penulis lirik]] [[Jepang]] ti [[Seki, Gifu]] jeung dikontrak jang [[Aniplex]] handapeun [[Sony Music Artis]]. Saenggeus diideuan janten musisi ti mimiti hirup manéhna mimitian gawé musikna salaku penyanyi band indie Chucky. Saenggeus Chucky dibubarkeun dina taun 2012, LiSA pindah ka [[Tokyo]] kalawan tujuan ngudag karir sorangan, nyieun debut utamana taun 2010 nyanyikeun lagu jang séri télevisi animé ''[[Angel Beats!]]'' salaku salah sahiji tina dua vokalis band piksi Girls Déad Monster.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://manga.tokyo/otaku-articles/7-popular-japanese-anime-song-artists/|title=7 Popular Japanese 'Anime Song' Artists|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> Dina bulan April 2011, manéhna nyieun album mini ''Letters to U''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/shoot-to-fame-with-anime|title=Shoot to fame with anime|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124220540/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/shoot-to-fame-with-anime |date=2021-01-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yp.scmp.com/entertainment/music/article/91586/lisa-transitions-anime-voice-talent-successful-starlet|title=LiSA transitions from anime voice talent to successful starlet|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717184136/https://yp.scmp.com/entertainment/music/article/91586/lisa-transitions-anime-voice-talent-successful-starlet |date=2019-07-17 }}</ref> Manéhna midang dina [[Animelo Summer Live]] di bulan Agustus 2010, [[Anime Expo]] di tahun 2012, jeung jadi béntang tamu tetap di [[Anime Festival Asia]]. Lagu LiSA geus kapilih jadi musik tema rupa-rupa animé, siga ''[[Fate/Zero]] jeung'' ''[[Sword Art Online]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Laguna biasa nempatan sapuluh lagu pangluhurna di tangga lagu mingguan Oricon, lagu "Crossing Field" meunang sértipikat platinum ku [[Asosiasi Industri Rekaman Jepang]] jeung "Oath Sign" meunang sértipikat emas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaj.or.jp/f/data/cert/gd_search.html|title=Japanese album certifications 2013|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> Manéhna midang di [[Nippon Budokan]] dina taun 2014 jeung 2015. Dina taun 2015, manéhna ngamimitian maén peran jadi pangeusi sora [[basa Jepang]] Madge Nelson dina pilem animasi ''[[Minions]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2052203/|title=LiSA、『ミニオンズ』で日本語吹替え初挑戦　オーディション審査員長に就任|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Musik]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] 7u0tx768g2dwvo3w5zdq0wfr2ijp82d 0 100174 712626 603185 2026-09-11T03:16:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Camila Cabello | background = solo_singer | image = Camila Cabello AMAs 2019.png | caption = Cabello, 2019 | image size = 400px | birth_name = Karla Camila Cabello Estrabao | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1997|3|3}} | birth_place = Cojímar, Havana Timur, Kuba | origin = [[Miami|Miami, Florida]], Amerika Serikat | genre = {{flatlist|<!--Both sourced in "Artistry" section. Don't add genre without a proper source--> * [[Musik pop|Pop]] * [[R&B kontemporer|R&B]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Penyanyi * penulis lagu }} | instrument = Vokal | years_active = 2012–ayeuna | label = {{flatlist| * [[Epic Records|Epic]] * Syco }} | associated_acts = [[Fifth Harmony]] | website = {{URL|camilacabello.com}} | signature = [[Gambar:Camila Cabello Signature.svg|75px]] }} '''Karla Camila Cabello Estrabao''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|m|iː|l|ə|_|k|ə|ˈ|b|eɪ|oʊ}}, {{IPA-es|kaˈmila kaˈbeʎo|lang}}; {{lahirmati||3|3|1997||}})<ref>{{cite tweet |last= Cabello |first=Camila |user=camilacabello97 |number= 572879103914721280 |date=March 3, 2015 |title=I AM 18 |access-date=July 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6msQgIFfq |archive-date= December 19, 2016 |dead-url=no}} Archive link requires long scrolldown to pertinent tweet.</ref><ref name="infoplease">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/biography/var/camilacabello.html|title=Camila Cabello|publisher=Infoplease|accessdate=February 19, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222082231/http://www.infoplease.com/biography/var/camilacabello.html |date=December 22, 2016 }}</ref> nyaéta panyanyi sareng panulis lagu nasionalitas [[Kuba-Amérika Serikat|Kuba-Amérika Serikat]]. Anjeunna kasohor saprak janten anggota grup Fifth Harmony, dibentuk dina usum kadua The X Factor (The X Factor) dina taun 2012. Saatos éta, grup éta nandatanganan kontrak gabungan. kalawan Syco Music sareng [[Epic Records]] kanggo ngaleupaskeun musikna. ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{commons category}} * {{Official website|https://www.camilacabello.com/}} * {{IMDb name|5305981|Camila Cabello}} {{Biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]] aceglv8i663cm5rhfu9dm53oc8he4j1 0 108761 712627 710946 2026-09-11T05:52:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 712627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Genosida Gaza | location = [[Jalur Gaza]] | date = {{Start date|2023|10|07|df=y}} – ayeuna | partof = [[Perang Israel-Hamas]] jeung [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|Okupasi Israel ka wilayah Paléstina]] | image = Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_36.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = Poto | caption = Warga Paléstina nampi parawatan di lanté bangsal darurat Rumah Sakit [[Rumah Sakit Al-Shifa|Al-Shifa]] anu pinuh ku jalma di Kota Gaza, Oktober 2023. | native_name = | native_name_lang = | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --> | time = | target = [[Urang Paléstina]] | type = [[Genosida]], [[hukuman koléktif]], [[pambunuhan massal]], [[pabersihan étnis]], [[pindahan paksa]], [[pengeboman]], [[pambunuhan anu ditargetkeun]], [[kalaparan (kejahatan)|kalaparan]] salaku métode perang, [[hukuman pati]], [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|pameureusa]] | fatalities = {{bulleted list| |Saeutikna 41.200 urang tiwas{{efn|name=gazamoh|Nurutkeun [[Kementerian Kaséhatan Gaza]] jeung Kantor Informasi Pamaréntah,<ref name="Death-number"/> anu sateuacanna dianggap bisa dipercaya ku organisasi-organisasi nonjol sarta indepénden.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |work=[[Vice News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Chin |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Spiegel |first3=Paul B. |date=6 December 2023 |title=No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=403 |number=10421 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 |pmid=38070526}}</ref> Dina période anu sarua, saeutikna 700 urang Paléstina tiwas di [[Tepi Barat]].<ref name="Death-number"/>}} |Diberenjakeun leuwih ti 10.000 urang katimbun ruruntuhan<ref name="10,000">{{cite web |title=10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |date=3 May 2024 |website=[[Palestine and the United Nations|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Paléstina]] |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-date=5 May 2024 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |date=5 May 2024 }}</ref> |Jumlah tilar dunya henteu langsung kamungkinan ageung sababaraha kali lipet leuwih luhur{{efn|Nganggo métode anu dijelaskeun dina ''The Lancet'', [[Devi Sridhar]], lulugu kaséhatan global di [[Universitas Edinburgh]], nulis dina éditorial Séptémber 2024 yén "total tilar dunya saprak konflik dimimitian diperkirakeun sakitar 335.500 urang sacara sakabéh".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |website=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Khatib|McKee|Yusuf|2024|p=237}}}} | injuries = Saeutikna 95.400<ref name="Death-number">{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=20 September 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Netanyahu knows Americans can't stop him' - Here's what happened today |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134541/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |archive-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="10,000"/> | victims = * Karuksakan atanapi karuksakan sakitar 80% bumi sarta 50% wangunan di Gaza{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000648/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Karuksakan kasebat kalebet:<ref>{{cite news |first1=Tamila |last1=Varshalomidze |first2=Maziar |last2=Motamedi |title=Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory' |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317121442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |title=UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment-January 2024 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210004011/https://reliefweb.int/map/occupied-palestinian-territory/unosat-gaza-strip-comprehensive-damage-assessment-january-2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{bulleted list|saeutikna 360.000 bumi|392 fasilitas pendidikan|267 tempat ibadah|17 rumah sakit ngan fungsi sabagian|83% sumur cai taneuh henteu beroperasi}}}} * 20% tina populasi mayingan "tingkat karawanan pangan akut anu parah pisan" anu ngalibetkeun "kakurangan pangan anu ékstrém, kalaparan, sarta kalulutan"<ref>{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=24 June 2024 |title=One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report |archive-date=6 July 2024}}</ref> * 1.900.000+ pangungsi internal<ref name="HRW-Starvation"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sathar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Qutami|2023|p=532}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|p=4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}</ref> | motive = * Pambalesan sarta tumpukan amarah tina [[serangan 7 Oktober]]<ref>{{harvnb|Fassin|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|pp=1, 3|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="Response">{{harvnb|Mackenzie|Lubell|2023|ps=: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world." "}} ; {{harvnb|Antonio|2023|ps=: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."}} ; {{harvnb|Chacar|2023}}; {{harvnb|Smith|McCarthy|Londoño|Jordan|2023}}; {{harvnb|Nichols|2023}}; {{harvnb|Bishara|2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |date=3 April 2024 |title='Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US |quote="There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations — so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. … A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.}}</ref> * [[Zionisme]]{{sfn|Litvin|2023}}{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} * [[Anti-Paléstinanisme]],{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=2–3}} [[Rasisme anti-Arab]],<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Dehumanization of the Palestinians |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1654481 |website=palestine-studies.com |publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies |access-date=3 July 2024 |quote=The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing.}}</ref> sarta [[Islamofobia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The role of Islamophobia in the genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |website=[[Cage (organisation)|CAGE]] |publisher=Cage International |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525142150/https://www.cage.ngo/articles/the-role-of-islamophobia-in-the-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> * [[Kolonialisme pamukim]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}}; {{harvnb|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Shaw|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Üngör|2024|pp=3–4, 5–6}}</ref> | accused = [[Israel]] * [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] sarta [[kabinet perang Israel]] jeung [[Pamaréntah Israel|Pamaréntah]] * [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Yoav Gallant]] * [[Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional (Israel)|Kementerian Kaamanan Nasional Israel]], di handap pimpinan [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] '''Kacandakan''' *[[Amérika Sarikat]], di handap pamaréntahan [[Joe Biden|Biden]] *[[Britania Raya]], di handap kementerian [[Rishi Sunak|Sunak]] jeung [[Keir Starmer|Starmer]] *[[Jérman]], di handap [[kabinet Scholz]] *[[Australia]], di handap [[Pamaréntahan Albania]] | litigation = [[Kasus genosida Afrika Kidul ngalawan Israel]] | english_name = | duration = | also_known_as = }} Para ahli, pamaréntah, badan-badan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], sarta [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi-organisasi non-pamaréntah]] parantos netepkeun yén [[Israel]] ngalakukeun [[genosida]] ka rahayat Paléstina salami [[Invasi Jalur Gaza ku Israel|invasi]] sarta [[pengeboman Jalur Gaza]] dina [[Perang Israel–Hamas|perang Israel-Hamas]] anu nuju lumangsung. Panalungtikan ogé nunjukkeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza mangrupikeun anu panggoréngna saatos abad ka-20. Kulantaran kitu, ieu kajadian ngaleuwihan pangeboman Sakutu di Jérman salami Perang Dunia II dina jangka waktu anu jauh leuwih sakedap. Saurang dokter Amérika anu angkat ka Gaza nétélakeun yén naon anu kajantenan di Gaza téh sanés perang, melainkan Musnahkeun total. [[Pelapor Husus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], [[Francesca Albanese]], parantos ngutip pernyataan-pernyataan pajabat sénior Israel anu katingal aya "[[Genosida#Niat untuk menghancurkan|niat pikeun ngancurkeun]]" ([[Genosida#Secara keseluruhan atau sebagian|sacara sagemblengna atanapi sabagian]]) padumuk Gaza. Pernyataan pajabat Israel kasebat mangrupikeun hiji kaayaan sarta kalebet salah sahiji kriteria yén Israel parantos ngalakukeun genosida.{{harvnb|Burga|2023}}; {{harvnb|Soni|2023|p=81}} Mayoritas cendekiawan Wétan Tengah anu sabagian ageung dumasar di AS percanten yén tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza dimaksudkeun supados éta wilayah teu tiasa dicicingan deui ku warga Paléstina, sarta 75% ti maranéhna nyebatkeun tindakan-tindakan Israel di Gaza mangrupikeun "kajahatan perang ageung anu sami sareng genosida" atanapi "[[genosida]]". Dina bulan Juni 2024, Kantor Hak Asasi Manusa PBB nyawad pambunuhan anu [[Pembunuhan pekerja kesehatan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|dilaporkeun ka 500 padamel kaséhatan]]. Dina bulan Agustus 2024, ngan 17 tina 36 rumah sakit di Gaza anu fungsi sabagian; 84% pusat kaséhatan di wilayah kasebat parantos ruksak atanapi kabeunangan karuksakan. [[Blokade Israel di Jalur Gaza Oktober 2023|Blokade Israel]] anu dilarapkeun kalintang nyumbang kana [[kalaparan]] sarta ancaman bencana kalaparan di Jalur Gaza, samentawis pasukan Israel parantos nyegah [[pasokan kamanusaan]] dugi ka padumuk Paléstina, ngahalangan atanapi nyerang konvoi kamanusaan. Dina awal konflik, Israel mutuskeun pasokan cai sarta listrik ti Jalur Gaza. Israel ogé parantos [[Penghancuran warisan budaya selama invasi Israel di Jalur Gaza|ngancurkeun seueur wangunan penting sacara budaya]], kalebet 13 perpustakaan, sakabéh tina 12 universitas di Gaza sarta 80% sakolana, puluhan masjid, tilu réja, sarta dua muséum. Dina pertengahan Agustus 2024, saatos salapan bulan serangan, aksi militer Israel parantos ngabalukarkeun leuwih ti 40.000 tilar dunya warga Paléstina anu dikonfirmasi—1 tina unggal 59 urang di Gaza—kalayan rata-rata 148 tilar dunya unggal dinten. Sabagian ageung korban nyaéta warga sipil, anu di antarana saeutikna 50% nyaéta awéwé sarta barudak, sarta leuwih ti [[Pembunuhan wartawan selama Perang Israel-Hamas|100 wartawan]]. Rébuan mayit sanésna diperkirakeun aya di handapeun ruruntuhan wangunan anu ruksak. Pamaréntah [[Afrika Kidul]] parantos ngamimitian prosés hukum, [[Afrika Selatan v. Israel (Konvensi Genosida)|Afrika Kidul v. Israel]], ngalawan Israel di [[Mahkamah Internasional]] (ICJ), kalayan tuduhan palanggaran [[Konvensi Genosida]]. Dina putusan awal, ICJ mutuskeun yén Afrika Kidul ngagaduhan hak pikeun ngajukeun kasusna ngalawan Israel, samentawis Paléstina diaku ngagaduhan "hak anu asup akal pikeun ditangtayungan tina genosida" anu mayingan résiko nyata karuksakan anu teu tiasa dilereskeun deui. Pangadilan maréntahkeun Israel pikeun matuh kana kawajibanna dumasar kana Konvensi Genosida ku cara nyandak sadaya tindakan dina kawenanganna pikeun nyegah kajantenanna tindakan genosida, pikeun nyegah sarta ngahukum panyuntrung (hasutan) kana genosida, sarta pikeun ngawenangkeun layanan kamanusaan dasar lebet ka Gaza. Pangadilan ogé saterusna maréntahkeun Israel pikeun ningkatkeun bantosan kamanusaan ka Gaza sarta pikeun nyegah tindakan genosida salami [[Serangan Rafah 2024|serangan Rafah]]. Pamaréntah Israel nolak tuduhan Afrika Kidul, sarta nuduh pangadilan boga sikep [[Antisemitisme|antisemit]], hal anu [[Persenjataan antisemitisme|mindeng dilakukeunana]] nalika dikritik. == Tingali ogé == * [[Kajahatan perang Israel dina perang Israel-Hamas]] * [[Dugaan genosida dina serangan anu dipimpin Hamas dina taun 2023 ngalawan Israel]] * [[Stéréotip sato ka warga Paléstina dina wacana Israel]] * [[Kuburan massal Jalur Gaza]] * [[Palanggaran hak asasi manusa ka warga Paléstina ku Israel]] * [[Rasisme di Israel]] * [[Kekerasan seksual dan berbasis gender terhadap warga Palestina selama perang Israel-Hamas|Kakerasan séksual sarta dumasar gender ka warga Paléstina salami perang Israel-Hamas]] == Catetan suku == == Referensi == === Karya anu dicutat === {{refbegin|colwidth=30}} ==Rujukan== rk8rwn5e7vk357p0qpgengpsuazwpxf 2 108840 712619 712609 2026-09-10T14:57:30Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 - 712619 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- INI HALAMAN KOSONG. MAU NGEDIT APA? --> 55c6utk9ovttwhzjo6pfsp7mgfttnhk 1728 108853 712615 2026-09-10T14:40:44Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 tes 712615 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn Banner.png </gallery> <templatestyles src="Citakan:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/styles.css" /> {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="margin-bottom: 0;" |- style="white-space: nowrap;" |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026|<span class="teks">'''Tepas'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel|<span class="teks">'''Daftar artikel'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Berkas|<span class="teks">'''Média'''</span>]] |class="up"| |hateup="hateup"|[[Obrolan Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026|<span class="teks">'''Sawala'''</span>]] |class="up"| |hateup="hateup"|[[Obrolan Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Hasil|<span class="teks">'''Hasil'''</span>]] |}<br> <div style="font-family:Trebuchet MS"> {{Cquote|Ngaguar Élmu, Ngarawat Alam, Nyepeng Basa.|author=Anonim}} </div><br> Anjeun apal yén [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]], naturalis légéndaris ti Jérman, kacida reueusna ka Parahiyangan nepi ka milih neundeun napas panungtungna di suku Gunung Jayagiri, Lémbang? Élmuwan anu miboga jujuluk '''"Humboldt ti Jawa"''' ieu teu ukur hasil ngabudidayakeun tangkal kina nepi ka nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa tina panyakit malaria, tapi ogé jadi jalma kahiji anu metakeun gunung-gunung seuneu di Jawa kalawan wincik ngaliwatan sudut pandang sastrawan sarta élmuwan. Bulan Wiki Junghuhn aya minangka inisiasi gerakan nulis kolaboratif di proyék Wikipédia basa Sunda pikeun ngarangkén deui carita, papanggihan, sarta tapak lacak sajarah Junghuhn langsung dina basa indung masarakat Parahiyangan. Proyék ieu lain saukur nambahan akumulasi artikel, tapi ogé jadi sasak digital anu ngahubungkeun warisan sains abad ka-19 jeung generasi ngora Sunda kiwari. ==Tujuan== Proroyék Bulan Wiki Junghuhn ieu miboga tujuan, nyaéta: *Nambahan artikel anyar sarta ngalengkepan eusi ngeunaan Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, géologi, volkanologi, botani, fitogéografi, kartografi, topografi, météorologi, klimatologi, étnografi, antropologi, fotografi, jeung seni lukis alam. *Ngadorong pamakéan basa Sunda pikeun nyebarkeun informasi ilmiah, sajarah, jeung kaanékaragaman hayati sangkan tetep éksis di éra digital. *Ngadokuméntasikeun tapak lacak kontribusi Junghuhn di Tanah Jawa ka dunya digital sangkan gampang diaksés ku balaréa jeung generasi kahareup. <!--==Cara miluan== *Anjeun daptar di dieu *Anjeun nulis sarta ngamekarkeun artikel nu aya dina daftar artikel *Kirim artikel anjeun ka [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathon/bwj26 dieu]--> ==Daftar artikel== {{Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel}} ==Penyelenggara== <div style="width: 100%; text-align: center; font-size: large;">'''Sukarélawan Wikipédia bahasa Sunda'''</div> ==Didukung ku== [[File:Logo Komunitas Bandung.svg|200px|center|link=meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Bandung Community]] g7eeskv8tovegy2xo8zr1nt5qq9uxm0 712616 712615 2026-09-10T14:49:48Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 712616 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn Banner.png </gallery> <templatestyles src="Citakan:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/styles.css" /> {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="margin-bottom: 0;" |- style="white-space: nowrap;" |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026|<span class="teks">'''Tepas'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel|<span class="teks">'''Daftar artikel'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Berkas|<span class="teks">'''Média'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Obrolan Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026|<span class="teks">'''Sawala'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Obrolan Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Hasil|<span class="teks">'''Hasil'''</span>]] |}<br> <div style="font-family:Trebuchet MS"> {{Cquote|Ngaguar Élmu, Ngarawat Alam, Nyepeng Basa.|author=Anonim}} </div><br> Anjeun apal yén [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]], naturalis légéndaris ti Jérman, kacida reueusna ka Parahiyangan nepi ka milih neundeun napas panungtungna di suku Gunung Jayagiri, Lémbang? Élmuwan anu miboga jujuluk '''"Humboldt ti Jawa"''' ieu teu ukur hasil ngabudidayakeun tangkal kina nepi ka nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa tina panyakit malaria, tapi ogé jadi jalma kahiji anu metakeun gunung-gunung seuneu di Jawa kalawan wincik ngaliwatan sudut pandang sastrawan sarta élmuwan. Bulan Wiki Junghuhn aya minangka inisiasi gerakan nulis kolaboratif di proyék Wikipédia basa Sunda pikeun ngarangkén deui carita, papanggihan, sarta tapak lacak sajarah Junghuhn langsung dina basa indung masarakat Parahiyangan. Proyék ieu lain saukur nambahan akumulasi artikel, tapi ogé jadi sasak digital anu ngahubungkeun warisan sains abad ka-19 jeung generasi ngora Sunda kiwari. ==Tujuan== Proroyék Bulan Wiki Junghuhn ieu miboga tujuan, nyaéta: *Nambahan artikel anyar sarta ngalengkepan eusi ngeunaan Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, géologi, volkanologi, botani, fitogéografi, kartografi, topografi, météorologi, klimatologi, étnografi, antropologi, fotografi, jeung seni lukis alam. *Ngadorong pamakéan basa Sunda pikeun nyebarkeun informasi ilmiah, sajarah, jeung kaanékaragaman hayati sangkan tetep éksis di éra digital. *Ngadokuméntasikeun tapak lacak kontribusi Junghuhn di Tanah Jawa ka dunya digital sangkan gampang diaksés ku balaréa jeung generasi kahareup. <!--==Cara miluan== *Anjeun daptar di dieu *Anjeun nulis sarta ngamekarkeun artikel nu aya dina daftar artikel *Kirim artikel anjeun ka [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathon/bwj26 dieu]--> ==Daftar artikel== {{Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel}} ==Penyelenggara== <div style="width: 100%; text-align: center; font-size: large;">'''Sukarélawan Wikipédia bahasa Sunda'''</div> ==Didukung ku== [[File:Logo Komunitas Bandung.svg|200px|center|link=meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Bandung Community]] 5yjmssq5o41lfgogyfdufl9mqxnr9fi 712629 712616 2026-09-11T08:35:58Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 + 712629 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn Banner.png </gallery> <templatestyles src="Citakan:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/styles.css" /> {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="margin-bottom: 0;" |- style="white-space: nowrap;" |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026|<span class="teks">'''Tepas'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel|<span class="teks">'''Daftar artikel'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Berkas|<span class="teks">'''Média'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Obrolan Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026|<span class="teks">'''Sawala'''</span>]] |class="up"| |class="hateup"|[[Obrolan Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Hasil|<span class="teks">'''Hasil'''</span>]] |}<br> <div style="font-family:Trebuchet MS"> {{Cquote|Ngaguar Élmu, Ngarawat Alam, Nyepeng Basa.|author=Anonim}} </div><br> Anjeun apal yén [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]], naturalis légéndaris ti Jérman, kacida reueusna ka Parahiyangan nepi ka milih neundeun napas panungtungna di suku Gunung Jayagiri, Lémbang? Élmuwan anu miboga jujuluk '''"Humboldt ti Jawa"''' ieu teu ukur hasil ngabudidayakeun tangkal kina nepi ka nyalametkeun jutaan nyawa tina panyakit malaria, tapi ogé jadi jalma kahiji anu metakeun gunung-gunung seuneu di Jawa kalawan wincik ngaliwatan sudut pandang sastrawan sarta élmuwan. Bulan Wiki Junghuhn aya minangka inisiasi gerakan nulis kolaboratif di proyék Wikipédia basa Sunda pikeun ngarangkén deui carita, papanggihan, sarta tapak lacak sajarah Junghuhn langsung dina basa indung masarakat Parahiyangan. Proyék ieu lain saukur nambahan akumulasi artikel, tapi ogé jadi sasak digital anu ngahubungkeun warisan sains abad ka-19 jeung generasi ngora Sunda kiwari. ==Tujuan== Proroyék Bulan Wiki Junghuhn ieu miboga tujuan, nyaéta: *Nambahan artikel anyar sarta ngalengkepan eusi ngeunaan Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, géologi, volkanologi, botani, fitogéografi, kartografi, topografi, météorologi, klimatologi, étnografi, antropologi, fotografi, jeung seni lukis alam. *Ngadorong pamakéan basa Sunda pikeun nyebarkeun informasi ilmiah, sajarah, jeung kaanékaragaman hayati sangkan tetep éksis di éra digital. *Ngadokuméntasikeun tapak lacak kontribusi Junghuhn di Tanah Jawa ka dunya digital sangkan gampang diaksés ku balaréa jeung generasi kahareup. ==Cara miluan== *Pastikeun akun anjeun geus [[Husus:AsupLog|asup log]] ka Wikipédia. Atawa [[Husus:NyieunRekening|jieun akun]] heula lamun teu acan gaduh. *Daftarkeun diri anjeun ku cara klik tombol "Register for Event"/"Daftar untuk Acara" di luhur kaca. Atawa klik tombol biru di handap ieu. anjeun tiasa gabung iraha wae salila kampanye ieu lumangsung. <center> {{Clickable button 2|Husus:RegisterForEvent/4582|Daftar ayeuna|class=mw-ui-progressive}} </center> *Ulah poho tambahkeun citakan di handap ieu dina kaca pamaké anjeun ngarah seueur nu ngaréréa kampanye ieu. <center> {| style="border: none; border-collapse: collapse;" |- |<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" copy>{{Pamilon Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026}}</syntaxhighlight> | |{{pad|1.5em}} | |{{Pamilon Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026}} |} </center> ==Katangtuan artikel== *Artikel dijieun ku anjeun nyalira salila kampanye lumangsung, nyaéta '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1789470000 15 September, 11.00 UTC (18.00 WIB)]''' nepika '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793444340 31 Oktober 2026, 10.59 UTC (17.59 WIB)]'''. *Artikel eusina minimal pisan 3.000 bita jeung 300 kata. *Artikel nyirikeun [[w:id:Wikipedia:Kelayakan artikel|kalayakan artikel]] *Artikel miboga rujukan anu cukup *Artikel henteu murni meunang nerjemahkeun ku mesin. *Artikel henteu ditandaan ku tag pemeliharaan *Artikel kudu informatif <!--*Artikel yang dibuat menggunakan bantuan kecerdasan buatan harus mengikuti [[w:id:Wikipedia:ARTIKELAIketentuan yang berlaku]].--> ==Daftar artikel== Di handap ieu mangrupakeun rekoméndasi artikel-artikel nu tiasa di jieun dina kampanye ieu. Anjeun tiasa ogé nyien artikel di luar daftar salila patali keneh jeung tema. {{Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel}} ==Ngirim artikel== *Tentukeun artikel nu badé ditulis ku anjeun. Tingali [[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel|Daftar artikel]] pikeun rekomendasi artikel nu tiasa dijieun. *Kumpulkeun artikel ku cara klik tombol di handap ieu. <center> {{Clickable button 2|https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/bwj26/add|Kumpulkeun artikel|class=mw-ui-progressive}} </center> *Panitia ngagunakaeun pakakas Fountain. Anjeun tiasa mantau hasil tulisan anjeun ditarima atanapi aya koreksi dina [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/bwj26|pranala ieu]. <!--==Apresiasi== *Pamilon anu tiasa nyieun sakurang-kurangna 2 artikel nu sesuai jeung [[Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026#Katangtuan artikel|katangtuan artikel]] bakal dapat medali digital. *Komunitas Wikimedia Bandung bakal mikeun suvenir pikeun 6 pamilon anu tiasa meunangkeun poin ageung.--> ==Penyelenggara== <div class="panitia">Sukarélawan Wikipédia bahasa Sunda</div> ==Didukung ku== [[File:Logo Komunitas Bandung.svg|200px|center|link=meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Bandung Community]] 7nqusxva4c0vvaeppsagsbjc61hksfg 10 108854 712617 2026-09-10T14:50:03Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 tes 712617 sanitized-css text/css .up { width: 5px; background: transparent; } .hateup { width: 15em; border-top: 0.5em #006699 solid; background: #d5efff; padding: 10px; text-align: center; } .teks { color: #006699; } jz73xzz4dgch54oc62g1s1tb86sro8a 1728 108855 712618 2026-09-10T14:53:13Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 tes 712618 wikitext text/x-wiki === Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn}} {{Div col end}} === Bidang kajian === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Botani|Botani}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Étnobotani|Etnobotani}} ** {{small|[[Fitogéografi]]}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Araceae}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Hérbarium|Herbarium}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Géologi|Geologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Vulkanologi|Vulcanologi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Géografi|Geografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Topografi|Topografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kartografi|Kartografi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Klimatologi|Klimatologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Iklim}} ** {{small|[[Klasifikasi iklim Junghuhn]]}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Météorologi|Meteorologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cuaca}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Antropologi|Antropologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Etnobiologi|Etnobiologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Etnografi|Etnografi}} {{Div col end}} === Karya === {{Div col|2}} * {{small|[[Die Battaländer auf Sumatra]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und Innere Bauart]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Rückreise von Java nach Europa]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Reizen door Java, voornamelijk door het oostelijk gedeelte van dit eiland]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Licht und Schattenbilder aus dem Innern von Java]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Java-Album]] (kumpulan litograf)}} {{Div col end}} ==== Peristiwa pakait karya ==== {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pendakian gunung di Pulau Jawa}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kampanye militér Padri di Taneuh Batak|Kampanye Militer Padri di Tanah Batak (1818–1820)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Panyebaran agama Kristen ka Suku Batak|Sejarah penyebaran agama Kristen ke suku Batak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Ékspédisi tambang emas Cikotok|Sejarah penambangan emas di Indonesia}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lini Batavia 1699|Gempa bumi Batavia 1699}} {{Div col end}} === Hérbarium Junghuhn === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kina|Cinchona}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Andalas|Andalas (pohon)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pinang kera paya}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia africana]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia chlamydospora]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia collabens]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia glabricystidia]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia globospora]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia japonica]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia kotlabae]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia luteoalba]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia nitida]]}} * {{small|[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]}} * {{small|[[Nepenthes junghuhnii]]}} {{Div col end}} === Tempat === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Tangkuban Parahu|Tangkuban Perahu}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lémbang, Bandung Kulon|Lembang}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kawah Putih}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Gedé}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Pangrango}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Slamet}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Patuha}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Butak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Gamping}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cagar Alam Gunung Gamping}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cikotok, Cibeber, Lebak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Karajaan Pannai|Kerajaan Pannai}} {{Div col end}} === Inohong pakait === {{Div col|2}} * {{small|[[Justus Carl Hasskarl]]}} * {{small|[[Johannes Elias Teijsmann]]}} * {{small|[[Johan Eliza de Vrij]]}} * {{small|[[Johan Coenraad van Hasselt]]}} * {{small|[[Thomas Horsfield]]}} * {{small|[[Pieter Willem Korthals]]}} {{Div col end}} 5cfb3l3rfmsbje5to4vyqaqhl9gmuti 712623 712618 2026-09-11T02:40:08Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 712623 wikitext text/x-wiki === Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn|de}} {{Div col end}} === Bidang kajian === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Botani|Botani}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Araceae}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Hérbarium|Herbarium}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Étnobotani|Etnobotani}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Fitogéografi|Fitogeografi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Antropologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Etnografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Etnobiologi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Klimatologi|Klimatologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Iklim}} ** {{small|[[Klasifikasi iklim Junghuhn]]}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Géologi|Geologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Vulkanologi|Vulkanologi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Géografi|Geografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Topografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kartografi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Météorologi|Meteorologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cuaca}} {{Div col end}} === Karya === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Die Battaländer auf Sumatra|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Die Battaländer auf Sumatra|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und Innere Bauart|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und Innere Bauart|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Rückreise von Java nach Europa|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Rückreise von Java nach Europa|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{small|[[Reizen door Java, voornamelijk door het oostelijk gedeelte van dit eiland]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Licht und Schattenbilder aus dem Innern von Java]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Java-Album]] (kumpulan litograf)}} {{Div col end}} ==== Peristiwa pakait karya ==== {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pendakian gunung di Pulo Jawa|Pendakian gunung di Pulau Jawa}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kampanye militér Padri di Taneuh Batak|Kampanye Militer Padri di Tanah Batak (1818–1820)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Panyebaran agama Kristen ka Suku Batak|Sejarah penyebaran agama Kristen ke suku Batak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Ékspédisi tambang emas Cikotok|Sejarah penambangan emas di Indonesia}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lini Batavia 1699|Gempa bumi Batavia 1699}} {{Div col end}} === Hérbarium Junghuhn === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kina|Cinchona}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Andalas|Andalas (pohon)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pinang kera paya}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia africana]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia chlamydospora]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia collabens]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia glabricystidia]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia globospora]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia japonica]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia kotlabae]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia luteoalba]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia nitida]]}} * {{small|[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]}} * {{small|[[Nepenthes junghuhnii]]}} {{Div col end}} === Tempat === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Tangkuban Parahu|Tangkuban Perahu}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lémbang, Bandung Kulon|Lembang}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kawah Putih}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Gedé|Gunung Gede}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Patuha}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Pangrango}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Slamet}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Butak}} <!--* {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Gamping}}--> * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cagar Alam Gunung Gamping}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cikotok, Cibeber, Lebak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Karajaan Pannai|Kerajaan Pannai}} {{Div col end}} === Inohong pakait === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Justus Carl Hasskarl|Justus Carl Hasskarl|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Johannes Elias Teijsmann|Johannes Elias Teijsmann|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Johan Eliza de Vrij|Johan Eliza de Vrij|de}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Johan Coenraad van Hasselt|Johan Coenraad van Hasselt|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Thomas Horsfield|Thomas Horsfield|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pieter Willem Korthals|Pieter Willem Korthals|en}} {{Div col end}} akd5tnf1q2hjxx39f0ghjx19zm92n5k